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The Atlanta University Publications, No. 18
MORALS AND MANNERS
AMONG
NEGRO AMERICANS
A Social Study made by Atlanta Uni*
versity, under the patronage of the
Trustees of the John F. Slater Fund
Price, 75 Cents
The Atlanta University Press
ATLANTA, OA.
1914
OH THOU, who didst with pitfall and with gin
Beset the Road I was to wander in,
Thou wilt not with Predestin'dEvil round
Enmesh, and then impute my Fall to Sin!
— Omar Khayyam
The Atlanta University Publications, No. 18
MORALS AND MANNERS
AMONG
NEGRO AMERICANS
Report of a Social Study made by Atlanta Uni¬
versity under the patronage of the Trustees of the
John F. Slater Fund; with the Proceedings of
the 1 8 th Annual Conference for the Study of the
Negro Problems, held at Atlanta University, on
Monday, May 26th, 1913
Edited hy
W. E. Burghardt DuBois, Ph.D.
Dire&or of Publicity and Research, National Association for
the Advancement of Colored People
and
Augustus Granville Dill, A.M.
Some time Associate Professor of Sociology in Atlanta University
The Atlanta University Press
ATLANTA, GA.
1914
e>S*H ^
S AT any rate, we must depend for S
w the peace and progress of the ^
^ world upon the formation of a gj
S horizontal upper layer of cultured M
w persons among all the more civi- ^
ized peoples—a cross-section, as it ^
S) were, of the nations, whose convic- M
w tions and sentiments shall supply w
^ the moral force on which interna- ^
M tional arbitration courts and similar M
w agencies will have to depend. w
—Felix Adler
^ 0>3<0 ^
COPYRIGHT, 1915 BY ATLANTA UNIVERSITY (S)
Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
Contents
Page
Program of the Eighteenth Annual Conference 4
Preface 5
Resolutions 7
Bibliography 9
1. Scope of the Inquiry 11
2. The General Problem 13
3. The American Environment 16
4. Good Manners • ' 16
5. Sound Morals 26
6. Cleanliness 50
7. Personal Honesty 58
8; Home Life 67
9. Rearing of Children 82
10. Amusements for Young People 90
11. Caring for Old People . . 97
12. The Church 103
13. Present Conditions compared with past 119
14. Conclusion 135
Index 137
The Eighteenth Annual Conference
"Morality and Religion among Negro Americans"
PROGRAM
First Session, 10:00 a. m.
President Ware presiding.
Subject: "Social Service and the School."
"Methods of the Present Investigation." Mr. A. G. Dill, of Atlanta
University.
Address: Prof. L. H. Williams, of Macon, Ga.
Address: Dr. W. E. B. DuBois, of New York City.
Second Session 11:30 a. m.
Subject: "Health and Service." (Separate meetings for men and wo¬
men.)
Address to men: Dr. Loring B. Palmer, of Atlanta, Ga.
Address to women: Mrs. Dinah Watts Pace, of Covington, Ga.
Third Session, 3:00 p. m.
The Fifteenth Annual Mothers' Meeting. (In charge of Gate City Free
Kindergarten Association.) Mrs. I. E. Wynn presiding.
Subject: "Social Service and the Child."
1. Kindergarten songs, games and exercises by one hundred and fifty
children of the five free kindergartens.
East Cain Street—Mrs. Ola Perry Cooke.
Bradley Street—Miss Willie Kelly.
White's Alley—Mrs. Idella F. Hardin.
Presbyterian Mission—Miss Rosa Martin.
Leonard Street Orphanage—Miss Sadie Anderson.
2. Symposium: Social Work among Children.
Mrs. Ruth Greenwood Carey, Atlanta, Ga.
Mrs. Dinah Watts Pace, Covington, Ga.
Miss Lucy C. Laney, Augusta, Ga.
Miss Amy Chadwick, Atlanta, Ga.
Mrs. John Hope, Atlanta, Ga.
Fourth Session, 8:00 p. m.
President Ware presiding.
Subject: "Social Service and the Negro American."
Address: Miss Lucy C. Laney, of Augusta, Ga.
Music.
Address: Dr. W. E. B. DuBois, of New York City.
Discussion.
Preface
There is only one sure basis of social reform and that is
Truth—a careful, detailed knowledge of the essential facts of
each social problem. Without this there is no logical starting
place for reform and uplift. Social difficulties may be clear
and we may inveigh against them, but the causes proximate
and remote are seldom clear to the casual observer and usually
are quite hidden from the man who suffers from, or is sensi¬
tive to, the results of the snarl.
To no set of problems are these truths more applicable
than to the so-called Negro problems.
One of the most fundamental of these problems is that of
the manners of the Negro race. On this question the most
diverse and contradictory opinions are confidently exprest,
leaving the real, inquirer for truth in great bewilderment.
There is without a doubt a deep-seated feeling in the
minds of many that the Negro problem is primarily a matter
of morals and manners and that the real basis of color pre¬
judice in America is the fact that the Negroes as a race are
rude and thotless in manners and altogether quite hopeless
in sexual morals, in regard for property rights and in rever¬
ence for truth.
Tbis accusation, which has been repeated for decades, is
the more easily made because manners and morals lend them¬
selves but seldom to exact measurement. Consequently,
general impressions, limited observations and wild gossip
supply the usual data; and these make it extremely difficult
to weigh the evidence and to answer the charge.
This study is an attempt to collect opinion on the general
subject of morals and manners among Negro Americans from
those who ought to know. It is by no means complete or
definitive, but it is to some degree enlightening.
The first attempt to study the moral status of the Negro
was made in 1903, the results of the study appearing as No. 8
of the Atlanta University Publications, bearing as its title
"The Negro Church". The present study goes over a part
of this ground after an interval of ten years.
Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
The study is, therefore, a further carrying out of the plan
of social study of the Negro American, by means of an an¬
nual series of decennially recurring subjects covering, so far
as is practicable, every phase of human life. This plan
originated at Atlanta University in 1896. The object of
these studies is primarily scientific—a careful research for
truth; conducted as thoroly, broadly and honestly as the
material resources and mental equipment at command will
allow. It must be remembered that mathematical accuracy
in these studies is impossible; the sources of information are
of varying degrees of accuracy and the pictures are wofully
incomplete. There is necessarily much repetition in the suc¬
cessive studies, and some contradiction of previous reports by
later ones as new material comes to hand. All we claim is
that the work is as thoro as circumstances permit and that
with all its obvious limitations it is well worth the doing.
Our object is not simply to serve science. We wish not only
to make the truth clear but to present it in such shape as will
encourage and help social reform. In this work we have
reseived unusual encouragment from the scientific world,
and the publisht results of these studies are used in America,
Europe, Asia and Africa. Very few books on the Negro
problem, or any phase of it, have been publisht in the last
decade which have not acknowledged their indebtedness to
our work.
We believe that this pioneer work in a wide and important
social field deserves adequate support. The Trustees of the
John F. Slater Fund have given us generous aid in the last
six years, which aid has been supplemented by the general
funds of the University. These latter funds are limited,
however, and needed in many other directions. What we
earnestly ask is an endowment for this research work. A
fund yielding $5,000 a year might under proper supervision
yield incalculable good and help the nation and the modern
world to a righteous solution of its problems of racial contact.
Resolutions
The following resolutions are the expression of the mem¬
bers, delegates and attendants upon the sessions of the eigh¬
teenth annual Conference:
The eighteenth Atlanta Conference has reviewed the
moral and religious condition of the American Negroes and
its changes during the last decade. It finds a decided
strengthening of the home life, a betterment in the habits of
courtesy, cleanliness and thrift and a wider conformity to the
rules of modern morality. The Conference finds two great
hindrances still in the path of advance: the persistence of
older habits due to slavery and poverty and racial prejudice.
It is not to be expected that a people whose original morality
had been wholly destroyed by slavery and but partially re¬
placed should not show in a single generation of freedom
many marks of the past in sexual irregularity, waste, ir¬
responsibility and criminal tendencies. The Conference finds
that much has been done in the last decade to improve these
habits; and that much more could be done if racial prejudice
did not operate to leave colored women unprotected in law
and custom, to invade colored residence districts with vice
and bad sanitary conditions and to degrade and make inef¬
ficient the Negro public school system. We regard it as the
burning shame of the decade that of three and a half millions
of colored children of school age two millions were not even
enrolled in school last year.
The Conference is glad to note in the Negro church some
signs of awakening to new duties and larger responsibilities.
New institutional work of social uplift is appearing here and
there under trained men. The majority of Negro churches
remain however financial institutions catering to a doubtful
round of semi-social activities. The Negro church must, if
it survives, adopt a new attitude towards rational amusement
and sound moral habits.
8
Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
The Conference is pleased to call the attention of the
country to the fact that much of the real work of social up¬
lift and moral awakening is being carried on by Negro wo¬
men in their clubs and institutions. No group of women in
the world have amid studied insult and race discrimination
made so brave a fight for social betterment or accomplisht
so much of actual, tangible good.
The hope of the future in moral uplift lies in thoro com¬
mon school training for Negro children, respect and protec¬
tion for Negro women, widened industrial opportunity for
Negro men and systematic effort to lessen race prejudice.
(Signed)
W. E. B. DuBois, New York, N. Y.
L. H. Williams, Macon, Ga.
A. G. Dill, Atlanta, Ga.
A Select Bibliography
Arranged alphabetically by authors
American Academy of Political and Social Science:
The Negro's Progress in Fifty Years. Philadelphia, 1913. 244 pp.
Atlanta University Publications:
No. 9. Notes on Negro Crime, particularly in Georgia. 1904. 68 pp.
No. 12. Economic Co-operation among Negro Americans. 1907.
184 pp.
No. 13. The Negro American Family. 1908. 152 pp.
No. 14. Efforts for Social Betterment among Negro Americans.
1909. 136 pp.
No. 15. The College-bred Negro American. 1910. 104 pp.
No. .16. The Common School and the Negro American. 1911. 140 pp.
No. 17. The Negro American Artisan. 1912. 144 pp.
Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Anonymous. Boston, 1912. 207 pp.
Baker, Ray Stannard. Following the Color-Line. New York, 1908.
314 pp.
Barnes, Albert. The Church and Slavery (with Appendix). Philadel¬
phia, 1857. 204 pp.
Blyden, Edward Wilmot. Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race. In¬
troduced by Samuel Lewis, London, 1887 (4) VII (1) 423 pp.
Boas, Franz. Commencement Address at Atlanta University, May,
1906. Atlanta University Leaflet, No. 19. 15 pp.
The Mind of Primitive Man. New York, 1911. 294 pp.
Brawley, B. G. A Short History of the American Negro. New York,
1913. 242 pp.
Crawford, Daniel. Thinking Black. New York, 1913. 16,485, 17 pp.
Crisis, The. Organ of the National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People. New York, 1910, et seq.
Crummell, Alexander. A Defense of the Negro Race in America, etc.
Washington, 1883. 36 pp.
Douglass, H. Paul. Christian Reconstruction in the South. Boston,
1909. 407 pp.
Du Bois, W. E. B. The Philadelphia Negro. Philadelphia, 1896. 520 pp.
The Quest of the Silver Fleece. Chicago, 1911. 434 pp.
Souls of Black Folk. Chicago, 1903. 264 (1) pp.
Dunbar, Paul Lawrence. The Sport of the Gods. New York, 1901.
Ferris, William H. The African Abroad. 2 Vols. New Haven, 1913.
Hare, Maud Cuney. Norris Wright Cuney. New York, 1913. 230 pp.
10 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
Hartshorn, W. N. An Era of Progress and Promise. Boston, 1910.
576 pp.
Haynes, George Edmund. The Negro at Work in New York City. New
York, 1912. 158 pp.
Johnston, Sir Harry. Negro in the New World. New York, 1910.
499 pp.
Krehbiel, H. E., Editor. Afro-American Folksongs. New York and
London, 1914. 176 pp.
Laidlaw, Walter, Editor. The Federation of Churches and Christian
Workers in New York City, N. Y.
Sociological Canvasses 1896, First, 112 pp. Second, 116 pp.
Miller, Kelly. Race Adjustment. New York and Washington, 1908.
316 pp.
Negro Young People's Christian and Educational Congress. The United
Negro. Atlanta, 1902. 600 pp.
Ovington, M. W. Half-a-Man. New York, 1911. 236 pp.
Hazel. New York, 1913. 162 pp.
Spiller, G., Editor. Inter-Racial Problems. London, July, 1911. 485pp.
Stewart, William and T. G. Gouldtown. Philadelphia, 1913. 237 pp.
United States Census. Vol. on Churches, 1904.
Thirteenth Census, 1910.
Washington, B. T. and Du Bois, W. E. B. The Negro in the South.
Philadelphia, 1907. 222 pp.
Williams, George W. History of the Negro Race in America from 1619
to 1880. New York, 1883. 2 Vols.
Wright, R. R., Jr. The Negro in Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, 1912.
250 pp.
Morals and Manners among Negro
Americans
Section 1. Scope of the Inquiry
The results of the eighth annual social study of the Negro
American were publisht as "The Negro Church". The
largest volume yet issued by the Conference, it was an his¬
torical and institutional inquiry into the moral and religious
condition of Negro Americans. The historical and institu¬
tional phase of the subject does not as yet call for further
investigation. On the other hand, one section of the report,
the moral status of Negroes, is a large field for inquiry. The
problem before the social investigator is this: How can such
an inquiry be made scientifically? The chief sources which
suggest themselves for such an inquiry are birth statistics,
crime statistics, and statistics of religious bodies. All of
these we have endeavored to find, but there are compara¬
tively few available. Birth statistics are not kept in the
localities where the masses of Negroes live, save in the Dis¬
trict of Columbia. Crime statistics are too general and too
much mingled with extra-moral causes and motives to be
trustworthy. In this connection we have used the report
issued in 1904 by the Department of the Census. The statis¬
tics of religious bodies from the same source have seemed
sufficient for our purposes, since the later figures reported by
the churches are liable to exaggeration.
The reports of the Department of the Census served as a
basis for the following studies made' by the members of the
class in Sociology in Atlanta University:
Negro Americans in the United States.
The Negro American Farmer.
Marital Conditions among Negro Americans.
Religious Bodies among Negro Americans.
Using the following questionnaire, the class also made an
intensive study of:
12
Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
The Negro Church in Atlanta, Georgia.
1. City—Atlanta. State—Georgia
2. Name and denomination of church.
3. Location.
4. Name of pastor.
Address of pastor.
Where educated.
5. Membership. Number under twenty years of age.
6. What is the proportion between male and female members?
7. Value of church property.
8. Total expenditures of church last year.
Amount expended for missions.
Amount expended for education.
Amount expended for buildings and repairs.
Amount expended for charitable work.
9. What is the church doing along the following lines:
Caring for old people.
Encouraging young people.
Holding to young men.
Other social service.
10. Where does the church encounter its greatest difficulty?
Investigator
In addition to the above sources, the only, and in some
respects the best, available material for the use of this inves¬
tigation seemed to be the opinions of trustworthy persons in
various parts of the United States who ought to know of the
morals and manners of Negro Americans. Such a study was
attempted in the use of the following questionnaire sent to
interested persons thruout the United States:
1. City State
2. What is the condition of colored people whom you know in regard
to the following?
(1) Good manners.
(2) Sound morals.
(3) Habits of cleanliness.
(4) Personal Honesty.
(5) Home life.
(6) Rearing of children.
(7) Wholesome amusement for young people.
(8) Caring for old people.
3. What is the church doing along these lines?
Scope of the Inquiry
13
4. How do present conditions in these respects compare with con¬
ditions ten (or twenty) years ago?
Name
Street Address
The questionnaire was sent to four thousand people resid¬
ing in all parts of the country and engaged in all walks of
life. Ten per cent of those questioned made replies to this
questionnaire, the answers coming from thirty states and
from persons classed under the following groups:
Preachers:
Bishops (2)
Presiding Elders (5)
Ministers (125)
Teachers:
Presidents of Colleges (1)
Principals of Public Schools )
Principals of Private Schools )
Teachers in Public Schools )
Teachers in Private Schools >
Social Workers:
Y. M. C. A. Secretaries (7)
Nurses (2)
Artisans:
Contractors and Builders (5)
Bricklayers (3)
Tailors (3)
Painters (4)
Blacksmiths (4)
Dressmakers (4)
Cigar Manufacturers (1)
Harness Makers (1)
Stationary Engineers (1)
Professionals:
Physicians (40)
Dentists (14)
Lawyers (7)
Unclassified (40)
Section 2. The General Problem
When we consider the ten million American Negroes from
the standpoint of their daily conduct and personal morality,
what sort of folk are they? How^far have they assimilated
1 4 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
and presumably how far are they able to assimilate modern
culture of the average kind?
Two elements would, to most minds, enter into the final
answer to these questions: The general racial morality of
the Negro and the social environment of the American Negro.
The general racial morality of any great group is exceedingly
difficult to determine, if indeed there is any such thing. The
Negro race, like all great races, is, even in Africa, widely
divergent in type, largely mixt with other races, and the
result of widely differing influences of climate and contact.
To speak of a single racial morality under such conditions is
not to speak intelligently. We can, however, quote with
advantage the judgment of competent and careful observers
as to particular tribes and nations. A few such judgments
are subjoined:
It is therefore by no means difficult to account for the deep impres¬
sion made by the Niam-niam on the fantastic imagination of the Soudan
Arabs. I have seen the wild Bishareen and other Bedouins of the Nubian
Deserts; I have gazed with admiration upon the stately war-dress of the
Abyssinians; I have been riveted with surprise at the supple forms of
the mounted Baggara: but nowhere, in any part of Africa, have I ever
come across a people that in every attitude and every motion exhibited
so thoro a mastery over all the circumstances of war or of the chase
as these Niam-niam. Other nations in comparison seemed to me to fall
short in the perfect ease—I might almost say, in the dramatic grace—
that characterized their every movement.1
The numerous skulls now in the Anatomical Museum in Berlin are
simply the remains of their repasts which I purchased one after another
for bits of copper, and go far to prove that the cannibalism of the Mon-
buttoo is unsurpassed by any nation in the world. But with it all, the
Monbuttoo are a noble race of men; men who display a certain national
pride, and are endowed with an intellect and judgment such as few
natives of the African wilderness can boast; men to whom one may put
a reasonable question, and who will return a reasonable answer. The
Nubians can never say enough in praise of their faithfulness in friendly
intercourse and of the order and stability of their national life. Accord¬
ing to the Nubians, too, the Monbuttoo were their superiors in the arts
of war, and I often heard the resident soldiers contending with their
companions and saying, "Well, perhaps you are not afraid of the Mon-
ISchweinfurth: Heart of Africa, Vol. 2, p. 12.
The General Problem
15
buttoo, but I confess that I am; and I can tell you they are something
to be afraid of".1
Ratzel says:2
Agreeably to the natural relation the mother stands first among the
chief influences affecting the children. From the Zulus to the Waganda,
we find the mother the most influential counsellor at the court of fero¬
cious sovereigns like Chaka or Mtesa; sometimes sisters take her place.
Thus even with chiefs who possess wives by hundreds the bonds of blood
are the strongest. The father is less closely bound up with the family.
He is indeed the head, and is recognized as such; it is said too that the
Negro is in general a lover of children and therefore a good father. But
even here he often rules more by force than by love. Among the institu¬
tions recalling Roman law which Hubbe-Schleiden, an expert on that
subject, found among the Mpongwes, he mentions their domestic or
family life: "We find among them the patria potestas equally compre¬
hensive and equally strict, if not carried into such abstraction. Wives,
children, servants, are all in the power of the pater-familias or oga. He
alone is quite free; a degree of independence to which a woman among
the Mpongwes can never attain". Yet that woman, tho often
heavily burdened, is in herself in no small esteem among the Negroes is
clear from the numerous Negro queens, from the medicine-women, from
the participation in public meetings permitted to women by many Negro
peoples.
Sweinfurth says:3
Parental affection is developt among the Dyoor much more decidedly
than among the other tribes. A bond between mother and child which
lasts for life is the measure of affection shown among the Dyoor.
Parents (among the Dinkas) do not desert their children, nor are
brothers faithless to brothers, but are ever prompt to render whatever
aid is possible. Family affection is at a high ebb among them".
Miss Kingsley says:4
The House is a collection of individuals; I should hesitate to call it a
developt family. I cannot say it is a collection of human beings,
because the very dogs and canoes and so on that belong to it are a part
of it in the eye of the law, and capable therefore alike of embroiling it
and advancing its interests. These Houses are bound together into
groups by the Long ju-ju proper to the so-called secret society, common
to the groups of houses. The House is presided over by what is called
in white parlance, a king, and beneath him there are four classes of
1 Ibid, p. 94-95.
2 Ratzel: History of Mankind.
3 Sweinfurth: Heart of Africa.
4 Kingsley: West African Studies, 2d ed., p. 366
1 6 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
human beings in regular rank, that is to say influence in council: firstly,
the free relations of the king, if he be a free man himself, which is fre¬
quently not the case; if he be a slave, the free people of the family he
is trustee for; secondly, the free small people who have placed them¬
selves under the protection of the House, rendering it in return for the
assistance and protection it affords them service on demand; the third
and fourth classes are true slave classes, the higher one in rank being
that called the Winnaboes or Trade boys, the lower the pull-away boys
and plantation hands. The best point in it, as a system, is that it gives
to the poorest boy who paddles an oil-canoe a chance of becoming a king.
Section 3. The American Environment
The environment of the American Negro has not been in
the past and is not today conducive to the development of
the highest morality. There is upon him still the heritage
of two hundred and fifty years of the slave regime. Slavery
fosters certain virtues like humility and obedience, but these
flourish at the terrible cost of lack of self-respect, shiftless-
ness, tale bearing, theft, slovenliness and sexual looseness.
Ignorance and poverty have been the greatest and most
influential facts for the freedmen, and to these must be added
the disadvantage of a strong caste system. The average
Negro child must be educated in poor schools, if indeed in
any school at all; he must grow up in an atmosphere where
he can scarcely escape humiliation, contempt and personal
insult; his chances for work are narrowly restricted; as a
man he lives in a world limited by law and custom in such
ways that he is liable to violent punishment for acts involv¬
ing no moral turpitude or to excessive punishment for pecca¬
dillos. His general outlook on life is apt to be distorted by
such surroundings and his tendency, if he is thotful, is
to become surly in temper, or pessimistic or hypocritical. If
he is careless he becomes more so and tends to shiftlessness
and irresponsibility. The history and environment of the
American Negro have brot their marked results.
Section 4. Good Manners
We subjoin one hundred and twenty-three answers from
twenty-nine states as to the manners and general courtesy
of Negro Americans.
Good Manners
17
Alabama
The educated class of our people shows a certain degree of culture
and refinement; but the masses do not. The latter need especially to be
careful about their manners and general deportment in public places.
The manners of the colored people whom I know are fair. They are
about as good as can be expected in the present state of intelligence.
They often are rude, but mean well.
The manners of the majority of our people are very good and they
are making improvement, of which we are very proud.
There are two distinct classes of colored people in Birmingham: (1)
the mining class,—a very poor and ignorant set of miners; (2) the better
class,—the people who own homes and are engaged in the professions and
paying occupations. The manners of class (1) are sometimes rowdy in
public places. The manners of class (2) are practically irreproachable.
As a whole their manners are not up to the standard, but this is due
very largely to the lack of proper training. In cases where they have
had the proper training they are as a rule very good.
The general manners of the colored people in the district where I
preside is 75 per cent better now than what it was five years ago. It
is the Tuscaloosa district and covers about 50 square miles of territory.
A few not unusually good—fair; a smaller number, good; a number
by far greater than aggregate of other two classes, bad.
The majority of colored people of this vicinity have very good man¬
ners. They are very kind and courteous to each other and to strangers.
They work to the advantage of each other.
Fairly good, can be a great deal better.
For uneducated people their manners are harmless enough.
All sorts of manners, from the best to the worst. The best educated
have the best manners as a rule. On the whole they are better man¬
nered than their white friends. ..
In the presence of whites timid, then obsequious; for the most pa^t
selfish with regard to themselves. Lack of ease due to restricted
contact.
In most cases where the proper influences have been brot to bear
and most especially where a thoro school training has been given the
individual, my people exhibit remarkably good manners. :, (.
As a rule I find them very polite, but the rougher element, such ap.
we find hanging around pool rooms and barber shops, is not so polite.
The happy, cheerful, care-free disposition of the Negro makes hirp.
at times seem loud and ill-mannered but this must be charged as often
to his peculiarities as to persistent bad manners. One has only to note
the courtesy and consideration shown to women in public places to
become convinced that there is improvement in both the lettered and
unlettered Negroes.
1 8 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
Good manners are inborn instincts in Negroes everywhere, especially
in the South.
There are a number with very good manners but they are sadly in
the minority. It seems not because they do not know good manners but
rather that they prefer to be rude.
Arkansas
I cannot say that our young people are as careful as they might be,
certainly not as much so as I would like.
Among the more enlightened and cultured the number of those who
exhibit good manners is large. But there is a large class of careless,
rude and coarse-mannered people yet untoucht by the influences of
culture.
The manners are not what they should be.
Fair. There is room for a great deal of improvement.
California
Very much improved.
Connecticut
As time goes on they are improving along this line. Education and
the refinement associated with it are doing their work well.
Among the lower element there is a real lack of good manners but
among those of training, that is of ordinary training, there is a fine
sense of fitness of things and conduct.
Delaware
Good.
District of Columbia
Generally good.
This varies with the social grade and opportunities for contact with
cultured people. Judged by the American standard they are governed
by fear of disapproval rather than by habits of regard for the presence
and feeling of the other man, and are better mannered than a class of
whites of a better economic condition. They imitate the bizarre and
unusual rather than the spirit of social intercourse. They inquire for
your health not because they appreciate the value of it but to be please-
able. They remove their hats and bow to position and authority rather
than to indicate conscious courtesy.
Not at all such as was to be expected, considering that manners
should improve with the acquisition of knowledge. The lack of good
manners among us supplies a cursed prejudice with a specious excuse
for "Jim-Crowing" the race, and makes of the "Jim-Crow" a hell.
Excellent with a large majority of the people but very reprehensible
wi th a great portion of the lower class.
Good Manners
19
Florida
Sixty per cent of them very poor. Perhaps have been instructed
but not introduced into practice. Especially is this true of the young
men.
We have gentlemanly and lady-like manners among the boys an<d
girls that have attended our good schools. But there is much rudeness
and even coarseness among the young ones who have not enjoyed, or
rather have not availed themselves of, school privilege.
Compare favorably with the other race.
I think they are improving as they become more and more educated.
Good speakers and leaders help our people very much. They are all
eager to learn and improve their condition.
The people in general have. very good manners as far as they really
know, while there is room for improvement.
We have many that are fair, yet there are many who seem to know
or care very little about good deportment.
With few exceptions manners very poor. Polite enough, but man¬
ners poor except very small minority. Young men as a rule have no
respect for their girls but seek their down fall. They keep company
with the lewd and best at one and the same time. They are boisterous
and loud, they are given to clog dancing and the reel. They feel that
they are privileged in every home on equal terms and will bloat if they
are restrained from their street manners.
About as they are elsewhere. A shade better than average Ameri¬
can who has a reputation for bad manners.
Georgia
The better class of people have very good manners and are still
improving.
While the condition is not as general as desirable, yet there is
progress toward good manners.
Good in many instances; majority exceeding poor. The tendency
among the young (after going thru the 4th, 5th and 6th grades in
city schools) is to live in the streets and their manners and street
behavior are very, very bad. We might as well face the music, for here
I think you have toucht a key that will make a very harsh note. Some
of these young people come from the homes of parents that have good
homes and fair surroundings and fair education, too.
In general the manners of the Negro are good when alone, but when
in crowds he usually becomes boisterous, rough and impolite.
Great improvement. There have been wonderful changes during thfe
last decade. The improvement is greatest among the young women.
I have an extensive acquaintance with all classes of colored people
20 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
in the city of Atlanta. I think their general manners compare favor¬
ably with those of any people among whom I have lived.
There is much room for improvement along the line of good manners
among the colored people, especially towards one another. Yet there
are marks of improvement. Our young men and women do not seem to
use as good manners towards one another as the older people.
The colored people of my acquaintance have about as good manners,
if not a little better, than any other people of equal education and
refinement.
Thoro manners are scarce among the colored people here. The
percentage of forct manners, that is manners from a selfish standpoint,
is somewhat greater. There is much need of improvement and the
schools here are giving the subject more attention.
The colored people whom I know, -as a rule, have very good man¬
ners. . They are polite and respectful. Of course, there is a class who
are not so polite and respectful, but the majority of the people have
very good manners.
Illinois
It seems to me that we are losing our good manners in cities.
Parents take too little time to train their children. The older folks are
selfish and to a very large degree don't regard the feelings of people
they don't know. There seems to be an effort to break away from the
old ways.
I am inclined to think that the large city Negro suffers by com¬
parison with the Negroes of the smaller populated cities and towns and
the rural district. As to manners I am not sure the race is any improved
by its education over the first generation removed from slavery.
Indiana
Fair. It must be admitted while the manners of our populace is
fairly good there is room for vast improvement. Our bumptious Negro
is ever present.
Kansas
Are lacking on account of false standard of morals. Much is being
done to build a foundation for good manners.
Kentucky
Good when not molested.
I find much improvement, a steady growing better along this line.
Good . when restricted by fitting rules and regulations provided they are
properly executed; otherwise uncouth.
The manners of many of our young- people, particularly women from
the ages of twenty-four to thirty-seven years of age are not just what
Good Manners
21
they should be in regards to politeness. They seem to forget what appre¬
ciation of small favors means. "Thank you" is obsolete.
Need more culture.
Markt improvement during the last ten years, in public, especially.
The schools in these parts have succeeded in supplying the training often
neglected in the home. The results both apparent and pleasing.
Not so good. They need more training in that line. Young people
have not got the manners they should have. They should be trained in
the churches and in the schools. Good manners will help us at any time
and any place.
Louisiana
The great mass of Negroes possesses excellent manners, but you
would be surprised to know that a goodly number of those who attend
and finish school assume an air of importance and fail to look up to their
superiors.
They are very generous in every stage of life so far as I have seen
in business with quite a deal of them.
Manners are comparatively good. I have always found them so,
individually. In crowds they are noisy but, as a rule, good natured.
Majority seem very polite.
Manners among our young boys and girls who are attending school
and college are not what they should be. Truthfully, there is room for
improvement.
Sorry to admit but the average is poor here.
Maryland
They are improved wonderfully.
I find among people with whom I work no great lack of manners.
As a rule they are kind, polite and respectful.
This phase of development of the Negro here is very good. How¬
ever, something must be done to touch the boys and girls along this line
or we may have to soon change our statement.
Minnesota
The manners of the race here are good and compare favorably with
those of the dominant race.
Mississippi
They are growing much better thruout this community, as our
people educate themselves.
Negroes here are very well behaved. I find them too ready to resent
minor insults from one another while they calmly suffer any indignity or
insult from whites,—possibly due to lack of protection before the law.
22
Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
Missouri
Manners are good. Boisterousness and rowdyism are exceptional in
public conveyances or in halls and on the streets.
I should think it might be called a result practiced by those who are
educated to know and trained to practice the rules of good morals. Our
people are gradually emerging from ignorance, thus the counteracting
forces of good manners are gradually lessening.
St. Joseph, a city of possibly eighty thousand, has not more than
four or five thousand Negroes. These are scattered over the city and
there is no one street where the rough element congregates in large
numbers. I would say the people are well mannered as a whole. Few
are seen on the streets. They are admitted to public parks and receive
courteous treatment.
Show markt improvement yet uncertain as to what constitutes
same. Standard rising.
New Jersey
Among the older people fair to good. Among the youths rather
below fair.
On par with the average American.
New York
Fairly good in this section of the state. Of course, the colored peo¬
ple here mostly, as to the number of them, came direct from the South
here. They compare favorably with any others of any other race here.
Considerable carelessness, thotlessness as to manners but notice¬
able improvement constantly seen. Little viciousness, teachable with
the jolly spirit so overflowing that it is difficult to get them to be
seriously thotful. Spirit of reverence greatly lacking among the young
people.
Generally good. Somewhat conceited.
The majority of the colored people whom I know have very good
manners, especially toward strangers.
There are between 700 and 800 colored persons in the city of Troy
sharply divided into two classes: The one made up almost wholly of
members and adherents of the (colored) Presbyterian and A. M. E. Zion
and of the various white churches. The other, non-church goers. About
300 of the former and 400 of the latter. Class A, good; class B, poor.
North Carolina
Are generally good among the colored people. Are very much
improved. Their deportment is much better now than in the past.
A few have gtood manners but the greater number are rough and
uncouth. This has been neglected in the homes by the parent. Polite-
Good Manners
23
ness and refinement are lacking in the most of our young people.
Respect for the aged and those in authority is not adhered to as it should
be. We find one here and there with refinement, showing it in their
daily deportment and life.
Improving. They have not reacht the stage of the most cultured as
a mass but quite a number are refined. The masses need to be improved
in this respect.
Our town is divided into two very distinct elements, viz., the factory
and non-factory elements. The former is exceedingly good; while the
latter would not get as high an averge their manners could not be con¬
sidered bad.
Ohio
I would say that they are far in advance of many other races of
people. In our city the condition is not one that gives us fear only on a
few streets where the saloons are located.
The colored people here use good manners with one exception and
that is a tendency toward boisterousness. I mean by this loud talking
and laughing which seems to be a trait of character not yet overcome
by culture.
Oklahoma
The truth and nothing but the truth:—There are a few who possess
this grace. Every day I see the Bible is more and more true. We are
truly living in the last days according to II Timothy, 3:1-17. Read St.
Matthew, 7:13-14. "Few there be that find it".
There is, I think, a steady improvement. There seems to be a
decrease in boisterous conduct.
They have improved 50 per cent over five years ago and I can can¬
didly say that the condition of my people along the above line is very
hopeful.
The manners of the Negroes of this community are not far below
standard. Their street manners and conventional etiquette are fairly
commendable.
Pennsylvania
I am living in the North for the first time. I am a Virginian by
birth. The colored people of the North have not the good manners of
the colored people of the South. Of course, there are exceptions to this
rule.
The manners of the middle class are what one would expect from
such a class. The lower strata are vulgar and loud and sometimes
annoying.
Not very good except that quite a number imitate in a superficial
manner the manners of the upstart white people.
24 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
The more cultured classes behave themselves like others in like situ¬
ation and so with the less cultured.
I find the great majority with good manners.
Viewing the colored people of today from but two classes, viz., the
upper and the lower, or the professional or laboring classes, I find myself
inclined to believe that with the different social and intellectual advan¬
tages at their respective doors, the laboring class exhibits a greater and
a more pleasing degree of conventional good manners than the profes¬
sional class, whose exhibition savors of a veneer.
Rhode Island
Boisterous manners from the class very recently from rural parts of
the South. Among the best class the manners are typically New Eng¬
enders informal, cold and precise.
South Carolina
A majority of young people are rude.
As a whole the colored people in this section of the country are very
polite, charitable, sympathetic.
My impression respecting the matter of good manners among our
people is that they are about the same as among other people of similar
intellectual and social standing. While there are, of course, markt
instances of the woeful lack of what are usually called good manners—
and these make so profound an impression upon us that we are likely to
note and remember them—there are many, a very great many, who are
of polish and culture in these particulars;-and those having a reasonable
degree of these graces are in my opinion in the large majority.
Among some very good. Among a large number of others bad,
especially on the part of our men toward our women.
They behave as well as the whites who have had equal advantages;
and I think better.
Tennessee
Clarksville is a small town of about ten thousand inhabitants, over
half of them being colored. In manners and culture our people excel
most places of its size. Our public entertainments are frequently visited
by some of our best white citizens who always commend them.
As a rule children get but little teaching or drill as to good manners
in the home. The school teachers in the schools do most of the teaching
along this line. While there is but little uncouthness there is on the
other hand not much real politeness.
Texas
While the manners of our people here are not as good as desired
there is a constant tendency toward improvement in this respect and it
is hoped that conditions of this character will soon be second to none.
The old people are exceedingly polite. The Negro who has had
Good Manners
25
school advantages is polite. The unchurcht and uneducated Negro is
rough and ugly in manners.
Texas is still in that period known as the condition of the wild and
woolly West. People are not as polite here as in the East. I am a Vir¬
ginian by birth and have lived all my life in the East. I do not think the
folks here measure up to the folks in the East in manners, still there are
some here who are up to the standard of any race.
The colored people have great respect for the white people but they
are greatly wanting in manners for their own people.
The older colored people are ostensibly more defferential in matters
of salutation, etc. There seems to be a general lack of good manners
now a days among all classes of the younger generation both white and
colored, but the colored people of the South are inclined to have good
manners.
On the streets, in the churches and at other public places, fairly good.'
When sober the conduct of the average Negro is kind, thotful;
restrained and considerate. When under the influence of strong drink
or excitement he is noisy, boisterous and sometimes dangerous. The
decent people are always decent.
Among educated Negroes good; varying from fair to bad among the
less fortunate.
Far above that of the average southern Negro due to the fact that
this city is an educational center for whites and the schools furnish work
for between 300 and 500 young men and women. Thru such sources
they gain much uncommon knowledge.
Always kindly disposed, growing. It has always been so with the
older members of the race. The charge that the younger elements of
the race are gross, insulting, uncouth, is false. He is actually demon¬
strating to the world his great susceptibility to good manners and prac¬
ticing them.
I live in an exceptional town. The colored people are very kindly dis¬
posed toward each other. They are trying to raise their children to
honor and respect everybody; but the newcomer is so very much different
in his life and manners until we hate to see the new class come among us.
Virginia
Some of them excellent. Many very deficient.
My impression is that on all of these subjects improvement can be
seen in proportion to the amount of education and proper home training.
Of course, much depends on environment.
Some have excellent manners, all that anyone might desire. Others
that I know are sadly lacking in this particular. In some instances the
lack of good manners is due to home training. In other cases it is not
due to home training.
Adults have become more formal and affected and young people are
less respectful than formerly.
26
Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
West Virginia
A large percent are still very much too loud in public places, but the
Negro as a whole.is improving in his manners.
Generally speaking the Negroes of Clarksburg have good manners.
Among the transient element we sometimes meet with the coarse, inso¬
lent Negro.
They are up to the average. The younger people seem to be more
careless in other things than in good manners.
The condition of our people in regards to manners is excellent. They
surpass the Anglo-Saxon in many respects.
Section 5. Sound Morals
Morals are matters of vaguer speculation and more vari¬
able judgment than manners. There are few figures by
which sexual morals can be judged. The record of illegiti¬
mate births in Washington, D. C., is as follows:
Washington, D. C.
Year
Total Negro
Births Reported
Percentage of
Illegitimate
Births Reported
1870 .
1879
1880 ,
1881 .
1882 .
1883 .
1884
1885 .
1886 .
1887 .
1888 .
1889
1890 .
1891 .
1892 .
1893 .
1894 .
1895 .
1896 .
1897 .
1898 .
1899 .
1900 .
1901 .
1902 .
1903 .
1904 .
1905 .
1906 .
1907 .
1908 .
1909 .
1910 .
1911 .
1912 .
1,659
1,793
1,536
1,592
1,397
1,482
1,500
1,584
1,761
1,756
1,804
1,848
1,891
1,910
1,963
2,001
1,942
1,842
1,875
2,043
1,737
1,867
1,735
1,846
1,817
2,224
2,275
2,199
2,322
2,205
2,220
2,392
2,260
2,273
18.8
18.1
18.6
19.7
21.1
20.2
22.2
22.9
19.5
22.3
26.2
26.4
25.0
27.1
26.7
25.7
26.8
27.0
25.9
25.1
27.6
25.5
24.3
24.7
22.7
24.6
24.7
22.1
21.4
20.9
21.9
19.9
20.7
21.8
94,446
Sound Morals
27
One hundred thirty-two answers from twenty-six states
giving general impressions as to moral conditions among
Negroes are printed here:
Alabama
Medium.
They have not got real good morals.
The majority have good morals.
Both classes should awake to a deeper sense of true morality. We
should commend the right as right and condemn the wrong as wrong.
Too much illegitimacy still exists.
The standard of morality practiced is not what it ought to be. Fla¬
grant and open immorality is not tolerated. The standard is high but
few live up to it.
The people in this city have made and are making rapid improve¬
ment along the line of sound morals. I note a wonderful improvement
during the last fifteen years.
Their morals are very bad in places.
Depending on circumstances among them. Poverty, low wages and
home conditions have all to do with them.
Condition as to this feature poor, especially females. Larger element
of "grass widows" here than any place I have lived. Cause, most
usually, infidelity. Adultery common. Larger number of bastards born
since 1870 I think than any other town in the state—proportionately.
Miscegenation has been the order of the day—changing however for
better. Most products of this mating among females are some of our
worst characters. Been low white trash and Negro, mostly mulattoes,
concerned.
All sorts of morals from the best to the worst. The best educated
have the best morals as a rule. On the whole their morals are better
than those of their white friends.
It is a well known and lamentable fact that the code of laws sub¬
scribed to" by a large percentage of our people has not brot as good
results as we might have wisht. But on the whole this was largely
consequential. The Negroes' morals status is about as good as the con¬
ditions and possibilities will admit.
I think we are improving in morals. The same crowd that hangs
around bar rooms, pool rooms and barber shops furnishes our darkest
side as to morals. Girls who work out and come home after dark are
subjected to too much temptation for lack of the proper protection along
this line.
The general feeling is that the Negroes have not grown as rapidly in
sound morals as in economic lines. My feeling is that this is not true.
One, you can see and tabulate the data; the other is ethical and cannot
be so readily recorded, but I believe it is as real nevertheless.
2,8 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
Very poor. The old Spanish treaty insured exemption from slavery
to the Creoles in this section of the state, opened an avenue for white
men to make inroads upon the morals of Negro women who were anxious
for their children's future. The effects still last.
I am sorry to say that I find colored people very lax in their morals
but not more so than the other races.
Arkansas
Those I know personally and those with whom I most often come in
contact are of good morals.
Among the more enlightened and cultured the number of those who
exhibit sound morals is large. But there is a large class of careless,
rude and coarse mannered people yet untoucht by the influences of cul¬
ture. Far too many seem to be without proper sense of right and wrong
both as to honesty and chastity.
I find many with sound morals, but about the city the masses are
very weak.
I find that the moral condition of the people, generally speaking, is at
a very low ebb. There are so many children born and reared in the slums
who know nothing else but that kind of life. Some have never heard
the Gospel of Jesus Christ.
So far as the better class is concerned it is 0. K., but not as a
whole; understand this part.
California
Our people are acquiring good morals in social and religious organi¬
zations.
Connecticut
I think in this there is an improvement.
For the most part here there is a rather low standard of morals due
to the fact that a large percent of the colored population is constantly
coming and going.
District of Columbia
More honest thru fear and ignorance than morality. Less restrained
in sex contact than desired. Not sufficiently capable of sustained reaction
to idea of "I ought". Average higher than ten years ago.
The partaker and sharer of the general deterioration of morals so
alarmingly characteristic of our day. "Evil communications corrupt
good morals" but comparatively in my opinion, strange to say, the
Negro has yielded less to the tendency sweeping downward. He is more
conservative.
Good in a very heavy majority. Still there is need for improvement.
Florida
■ The morals are good and sound except one family and we had them
leave the settlement.
Sound Morals
29
It is lamentable that there is not more emphasis placed on sound
morals. The people are not classified in this particular. Character does
not count, if one has money and can dress well and put on a good exterior.
There are only a few exceptions in this particular city.
The majority is weak. There are very few that have that un-
blemisht morality. Since our state has collected a mass of floating
element from all other states to do public labor in Florida and in this
mass it has brot a large number of immoral characters.
Quite an improvement over the past ten years among the people I
have moved and been laboring with. Sound morals count for everything
and they look upon it as such.
The morals of our young people are very much corrupted. Their
highest ambition seems to be this rag-time dancing which in my estima¬
tion is very degrading.
About as good as their neighbors, especially in sex morality. The
Negro (thru ignorance of course) washes his dirty linen in public and
hangs it on the front yard fence. Their white neighbors more or less vice
versa.
Sound morals are much in the minority and it should be taught that
good morals go far in summing up a race. Of course, here, the white man
in our section is trying to place a colored liquor bar on every corner.
Georgia
Very sound. You can depend upon them in business.
It is very burdensome for the few who possess them to bear the
blame of the masses who lack them. It is alarming that our educators
have shown weakness in some cases.
As good as that of the community in general.
To this question many claim that there is a going back but I do not.
I think that, when a fair examination is given them, under conditions,
etc., the Negro is holding his own. I am fifty-three years old and have
been teaching twenty-three years and twenty years in the ministry and
I can speak for this part of the state.
The morals of the older of the race are very good. Those of the
younger set are very bad. To my personal knowledge we have many
young girls from twelve to eighteen who are morally wrong and yet they
have good moral parents and good homes. The under class (from whom
these children take lessons in public schools), they number the sands.
They are to be found in every city I have traveled, North, South, and
East and West, (the West not so much as the other sections and none so
prolific as the Southern cities). I find them in the country also. Poor
public schools are the cause in my opinion.
The Negro is making progress toward sound morals but is at present
far from the desired goal.
30 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
Much better than formerly. A high sense of moral purity is domi¬
nant and apparent.
Their morals are improving and the future is bright.
Quite a deal of improvement may be made and yet I do not regard
the condition as one not readily susceptible to the proper kind of training
and help.
There is much room for improvement along the line of sound morals
among the colored people, especially towards one another. Yet there is
markt improvement. Our young men and women do not seem to have
as good morals towards one another as the older people.
In this respect our people have greatly advanced.
I would say the same about sound morals that I said in inquiry one
about thoro manners. I believe, however, that there is an earnest
effort in this community to improve substantially along moral lines. The
percentage of morals is much lower than it ought to be, so it seems.
Judging my race by its best element, I consider the moral standard
of the race a good one. In our schools the children are taught morality
by action as well as word. We have organizations connected with the
various churches that tend to raise the moral standard of our people and
better them in every way.
Their morals are something better than a few years back. They are
beginning to manifest shame for wrong-doing.
Illinois
The crowded conditions, fashions, pleasures, resorts, etc., seem to be
making hard against our sound morals. Temptations are carrying us
away. The high cost of living and small opportunities for earning money
have a great deal to do with lowering our standard.
Bad; town wide open to vices led by white citizens and imitated by
black.
Poor, but as compared to the white people of this community and of
whom I know, they are good.
Not worse than other races but much room for improvement in this
branch. Thirst for gold and luxuries seems to affect sound morals.
I do not think the Negro is wholly to blame. The whole country
seems to suffer from the hypnotism of debauchery. The Negro is not
more to be charged than the white race that invented the debased system.
Kansas
Misconception of morals is generally found. Strong men and women
have been kept in the back-ground. While it is a slow process, the con¬
dition is changing.
Kentucky
Is very good and really growing better each and every day.
I think they are progressing along these lines.
Sound Morals
31
While the morals of our people are not as sound as we should like to
have them, not by any means, yet, I am frank to confess that there
seems to be progress and improvement and upon the whole our people
are doing about like other folks with similar environments.
Much improvement is needed, yet the standard has been perceptibly
raised.
There is a small but growing number who show sound morals. Too
many have questionable morals or bad associations.
Each generation more solid.
Not prepared to speak authentically, yet considering the general
moral laxity of both races in theiE search for pleasure and desire for fine
clothes, there is a reasonable proportion of colored homes who uphold
purity and foster morality.
Bad in some places. Leading men are doing bad along this lipe.
Young people should be taught that they will kill the race by not
having sound morals. It should be imprest upon them to be sound in
morals.
Making rapid progress, but far from "A" No. 1.
Louisiana
Considering the poverty of our people, their craze for fine dress, the
low wages paid, their recent deliverance from slavery, etc., we have
among us a goodly number of young people whose morals are as sound as
those of any people.
Would say that when we classify, there are marked improvements,
but when we consider the masses, of course, there is a deficiency; yet,
generally speaking, there are evidences of progress.
I think the majority are immoral but I am glad to say that I have
noted a change for the better in the last few years. Where there has
not been actual improvement, they have grown less careless.
In my personal estimation, they are worse than cannibals, altho they
are only imitating their white brothers.
Maryland
The question of morals is rather a grave one due mostly to the fact
that girls are not taught to be strong of volition in order to resist the
snares set for them. I think much can be done along this line, too, by
teaching colored women and girls their rights and privileges when insult¬
ed by white men. My attention has been called often to cases where
white men have insulted colored women and the women feeling the sting
refrained from calling public attention when they should have gone as
far as the law would protect them in the case.
Minnesota
The moral status of the race is good, tho there is much room for im¬
provement.
32 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
Mississippi
The morals of the people of Indianola and community are decidedly
better than in former years. Marriages among those of higher moral
training and the building of homes with purer surroundings are consider¬
ably on the increase.
Of course, there are a great many Negroes of my acquaintance
whose moral character is without reproach. I know too many colored
people however, not a majority, whose morals will not stand close inspec¬
tion.
Some of our women and men stand for absolute purity. I regret to
say, as a whole, Negro men have not and do not accord our women that
respect and attention so much in evidence in Southern white men. Again
a Negro woman, self-respecting and good looking, is too often the target
of attack for white men and when Negro women fall, they seem to be
cheaper and fall lower and are more common than white women.
Missouri
Sound integrity is somewhat lacking; the spirit of getting by on ap¬
pearances and covering up ends and short-comings pervades much of our
atmosphere. Conceptions of sexual morality are low with a class of our
people.
In all essentials poor.
The schools and churches are popular here. All of the teachers and
most of the people are church going people. The ministers are above the
average and the teachers are of sound morals generally. I can't say so
much for the younger set; seems to be a reign of loose morals. I believe
children are trusted too much alone. The wants of the parents have in-
creast; the mothers leave home to work; charity no longer begins at
home. The mothers give their time to churches and clubs.
There is also some improvement here, tho not so "sound". I feel
justified in saying that in proportion to the intelligence, morals are good.
Some are pulling upward—many are pulling downward.
New Jersey
Among the masses, there are low moral standards, consequently
loose living. There is a better element, fewer in number, who have
sounder morals.
New York
The law governing immorality is quite rigidly enforced for such a
large summer resort like Niagara Falls. The Negro has his weak spots
here morally, but on the whole his comparison with the other races who
live here, is not odious.
About with the average as noted generally in other places—in most
places. Fidelity to the marriage vow, with probably but few exceptions.
Depends entirely upon training, grade for grade.
Sound Morals
33
North Carolina
The majority are very much improved for the last ten years and they
are doing much better on this line.
Some improvements among the masses.
The standards are not high in this community—about an average.
The leaders are at times immoral and illiterate, prejudiced and super¬
stitious. There are no lines of demarkation of morality drawn plainly
here and it will be some time before this will be a strong healthy place
with good sound morals. But we can see a slight improvement here and
there and a desire for a purer and a higher life. Reformation is taking
place here and there and we hope for a better time and believe it will
come in the near future.
Very poor but is kept within the race.
The moral condition seems above the average of the race; conditions
have greatly improved in the last ten years.
I think the moral tendency is better than in previous years.
Ohio
Far from perfect but need have no immediate concern as long as our
organizations for good are at work.
It is below the average of the white race. The sexual instinct seems
not to be governed by high respect for female chastity.
Oklahoma
This is hard to report; and yet we must admit the steady thumping
they are getting is having its effect.
Their morals have kept pace with their manners and I feel much
encouraged at the rapid advance of my people.
Am sorry that I cannot say as much for the morals in a general way
as may be said for their manners. The ministry in these parts is far
from clean. In fact, it has been so vile that the reaction among the
people has been far from healthy. Our people have not been trained to
a proper conception of the worth of feminine virtue and the rigid fidelity
in domestic relations.
Much improved over conditions ten years ago. When properly
trained, our people seem to be more steadfast. Much improvement
needs to be made yet.
Pennsylvania
The morals of this city are fairly good but sadly imperiled by flat
and tenement housing. The localities in which many of the colored people
have to live are not conducive to the best morals.
The superficial are prone to imitate the degenerate society of the
whites in evenings of debauchery.
The moral aspect is not just what it might be considering the educa-
34 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
tional and social advantages to which they have access.
The morals are undergoing quite a change due to the influx of people
from the South. That is, it is a common thing for the better class as
well as the lower, to be mistresses of white men. This is a serious
matter here.
My observations and dealings especially in connection with Jews,
Italians and middle class of white Americans, convince me that there is
no essential difference between them and Negroes of the same class.
About four-fifths of the number that I have had dealings with, I
have found morally sound.
From all points of vantage the morals of the people deserve favor¬
able comment, despite adverse criticism from many sources. Morality
from the civilized viewpoint receives less insulting thrusts from the
Negro than from the Caucasian, for the simple reasons that: First—the
former adopts principles somewhat foreign to those of his ancestral
teachings. Second—he is forct to adopt idealistic theories which are
inconsistently practict by their creator, the latter. Hence, the ques¬
tionable exemplary effect on the imitator. Ethnologists have satisfied
us that the primitive peoples, and those slightly more fortunate, enjoy a
more serene phase of "Sound Morals" than do the so-called highly
civilized.
Rhode Island
Reformed municipal government has driven to the wall open houses
of shame. Divorces on the ground of adultery or desertion are rare.
There are few instances of illicit relations openly practiced. On a
whole, there is room for improvement.
South Carolina
Not very good but some improvement noticed in recent years, and as
they grow intelligent their morals improve.
In morals, I believe we are making fair headway in an upward ten¬
dency. The thousands of good and pious people are likely to be over-
lookt in considering the large number of the vicious and the criminal
who are members of the race. One very bad man will very frequently
attract more attention than a thousand good people.
Morals are good among those who have been trained, but a large
number who have had little or no training of home or school are very low
in morals.
Tennessee
I think the moral conditions of our people might be improved upon.
However, they are quite as good as are found elsewhere and much better
than are found in some places.
Sorry to say that sound morals are at a low ebb. There are some
who are moral in the strictest sense of the word but the majority are
Sound Morals
35
very slack. Here, as every where else, a great many rank in society as
moral people who are not. I am answering your questions to the letter.
I know a large number of Negroes whom I believe to be thoroly
sound in morals, but not a large per cent. Many seem to be moral along
certain lines but not so on others.
Much the same as above but the baneful influence of immoral men
of prominence among the colored people is alarming.
Texas
Unsound as to high morals. Have almost lost respect for truth.
Few if any people can boast of entirely sound morals. To be sure,
our people here must make great advances before reaching anything like
perfection in the moral standard.
There are many Negroes who are pure in character; who live in a
pure atmosphere; they are true and honest. There are many who are
immoral.
The moral question is lookt into and unless they stand for what they
pretend, they are set aside and set to themselves.
Morals in the masses are not so good. The failure to enforce the
laws has caused many to go astray. Here in our city colored women
are allowed to remain in the red-light district for the exclusive use of
white men. Many of the leading people are divorct. Improper causes
are at the bottom of the trouble. Many of our women will get fine
clothes at any cost and by any means. I consider their morals below par.
From my study and observation, I am prepared to pronounce the
morals of the colored people sound. The refinements of vice render vice
really insidious. Vice among the Negroes, where it appears, is very
coarse and brutal and therefore repulsive. Only the brutalizing labor¬
ing and housing conditions are responsible for the lack of sound morals
among certain classes. Religion in its peculiar aspects has inculcated a
fear of evil into the average Negro's mind; beside this the virgin moral
nature of the colored people has not yet been infected by the pernicious
virus of refined and perverted instinct and habit.
Not common. Even the ministers are some of them not above
reproach. Divorces are very common.
Seventy-five per cent of the colored people, I believe, might be
clast as morally sound.
Conduct mixt; good morals in all classes; bad morals in all.
The moral conduct of the Negroes of this city is highly complimented
by the whites.
Much sounder in their life than formerly. The race is becoming less
spotted. Virtue and uprightness greater elements in its life. It is less
wavering; stability and firmness greater watchwords.
The morals among our people could be better. As a poverty-stricken
36 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
race, a great many of our people are led away and their morals become
unsound like other races. I note that the morals of our people are
about as good as those of other races.
I am afraid to speak along that line. Great improvement can be
made along that special line. I sometimes fear we are retrograding,
while I know we are improving but not fast enough for me.
Virginia
Improving, but still standards are low even in many from whom
better things would be expected. Some are excellent.
They have sound morals in proportion to their education and
environment.
Lack exalted ideals of morality. For some reason the lower classes
speak lightly of the morals of the more favored.
For the most part, according to the educational advantages the
people have had, there ought to be a higher moral standard. The
women and girls are not as chaste as they ought to be.
The standard is not as good as we would like it to be altho some are
all right.
I don't think the advance in morals has been commensurate with
that in other respects.
The moral standing of the people is very low.
West Virginia
Above the average of a mining settlement.
I fear that the people feel that they have done well by their children
when they are properly sheltered, fed and clothed. My impression is
that but little time is spent in moral instruction. It seems that this is
one of Clarksburg's greatest weaknesses.
On par with those of other races around them. Above the average
you will find in any industrial section composed of a changing population.
The morals of the young people, I am sorry to say, do not favorably
compare with the older generation.
Morality seems to be at a stand-still, or at its critical stage with the
scales waiting to tip for better or for worse.
How far has the moral condition of Negroes shown itself
in crime?
This is, despite general opinion, a question difficult to
answer. Previous to 1904 our data were gathered at the
time of the decennial census and were estimated on a
counting of all persons in prison on a particular day. These
figures for Negroes were:
Sound Morals
37
Number of
Ratio -per Million
Prisoners
of Negro Population
1870
8,056
1621
1880
16,748
2480
1890
24,277
3250
In 1904 the number of prisoners enumerated did not
include those unsentenct and awaiting trial. Subtracting
those from 1890 and estimating the Negro population for
1904 we have the following data:
Number of
Ratio per Million
Prisoners
of Negro Population
1890 "
19,808
2649
1904
26,087
2783
Taking the proportion of prisoners by color, we have the
following percentages:
White
Negro
1890
69.6
30.4
1904
67.4
32.6
In other words, according to the method of enumerating
prisoners on a certain day every ten years, the Negro Ameri¬
can forming one-eighth of the population seemed responsible
for nearly one-third of the crime; and his criminal tendencies
increast rapidly from 1870 to 1880, enormously from 1880 to
1890, and perceptibly from 1890 to 1904.
It was pointed out, however, in 1890 that this method of
estimating crime was misleading and erroneous. Such a
method furnisht no basis for estimating the increase or
decrease of crime; and without doubt it exaggerated Negro
crime. For example: If in communities A and B five men a
year are arrested but B punishes her men by twice as long
terms as A, by the method of enumeration of prison popula¬
tion on a certain day community B appears on a given day
with twice as many criminals as community A, when as a
matter of fact there is no difference in the number of crimes
38 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
ocmmitted. The better method is to count the number of
prisoners committed within a certain time period. Dr. R. B.
Falkner estimated that if such a method had been used the
Negro would be found responsible for nineteen per cent of the
crime in 1890 instead of thirty per cent.
The report of 1904 counted not only the prison population
but also the commitments. It is striking and reassuring to
black men to find that instead of being responsible for thirty-
three per cent of American crime, the report shows them
responsible for only fifteen and eight-tenths per cent.
Prisoners Committed in 1904
Number
Per Cent
Whites
Negroes
125/93
23,698
83.6
15.8
Or in other words one-eighth of the population furnisht
one sixth of the crime,—a condition not unfavorable to the
Negro, considering his past history.
Why is it that Negroes formed so much smaller a propor¬
tion of the commitments than of the prison population? This
is because of their longer sentences. In 1890 the average
white prisoner had a sentence of three and one-half years,
the average Negro of nearly five years. So, too, one-third
of the white prisoners were in for less than a year; while
only one-fifth of the Negroes were thus favored. The figures
for 1904 show that this condition still continued. First note
the curious discrepancy in numbers:
Color
Prisoners Enumerated
June, 1904
Prisoners Committed
1904
White
Negro
55,111
26,087
125,093
23,698
Sound Morals
39
Then the reason:
Sentences
Total
Number
Number
Negroes
Percent of
Negroes
For Life
640
343
53.5
15 Yrs. and Over
808
408
50.5
Under 1 Yr
116,129
7,363
6.3
Or again in the North Atlantic States only one-tenth of
one per cent of all sentences were for life, while in Mississippi,
where nearly all convicts were Negroes, six per cent were for
life; in the North Central States forty-two percent sentences
were for less than a month; but in Georgia only one per cent
were for so short a time. Why is it that Negroes were so
severely punisht? The editors of the census bulletin, while
admitting the possibility of ' 'A somewhat greater severity in
dealing with colored criminals than white" were disposed to
think that a part of the cause is that the Negro is guilty of
the more aggravated forms of crime.
They divided all prisoners committed in 1904 into major
and minor offenders and found that Negroes contributed
thirty-one per cent of the graver and thirteen per cent of
the minor offenses.
Two difficulties present themselves in this argument:
1. Length of sentence to some extent determines the
classification into graver and minor offenses.
2. Negroes are indicted often for the graver of two pos¬
sible offenses: To strike a white woman is for a white man
"Assault"; for a Negro it may be "Attempted Rape".
The classification leads to apparently inexplicable re¬
sults: If, for instance, we take the prisoners committed in
1904, we find that of all offenses the following proportion are
major offenses:
.b.
©
Percentage of "Major" Offenders among all Offenders
Southern Negroes 45.
The South 41.3%
Southern native whites, native parents . . . 38.6%
Southern native whites 38.0%
Southern foreigners 38.0%
Negroes, United States 36.0%
Northern Negroes 25.0%
Native whites, native parents, United States, 19.0%
Native whites, United States 17.0%
Northern native whites, native parents . . . 15.1%
Northern native whites 14.7%
The North 14.3%
Foreigners, United States 12.0%
Northern foreigners 10.5%
l»
3
0-
tfl
3
o
3
TO
z
ft)
DO
>
3
Sound Morals
41
This would look as tho the South was a veritable school
of graver crime for all colors unless we go back of the figures
and remember:
1. Southern whites are not arrested and punisht for
smaller misdemeanors.
2. The number of foreigners in the South is very small.
3. The Negroes suffer from race discrimination.
The criminologist passes no judgment on the right or
wrong of this discrimination. He simply recognizes it as a
fact; but he knows:
(a) That many economic forces of the South depend
largely on the courts for a supply of labor.
(b) That public opinion in the South exaggerates the
guilt of Negroes in certain crimes and enforces itself thru
police, jury, magistrate and judge.
(c) That southern public opinion over-looks and unduly
minimizes certain other Negro misdemeanors, which lead to
immorality and crime.
Of the truth of these statements there can be no reason¬
able doubt in the mind of any careful student.
In crimes against society (unchastity, perjury and violat¬
ing United States laws) the Negro is less seldom committed
than whites. This is because his crimes against chastity,
when his own race are victims, are seldom punisht properly
in the South. His proportion of crimes against property are
larger, due to his past economic history. His proportion of
crimes against the person are greatest because right here, in
his personal contact with his fellows, prejudice and discrimi¬
nation, exasperation and revolt show themselves most fre¬
quently; and also because his masses are reaching the brawl¬
ing stage of self-assertion.
While the proportions vary the actual number of those
committed for bigamy, perjury, arson, adultery and violating
United States laws is small. Of the more frequent delin¬
quencies, vagrancy, drunkenness, and fraud show the Ne¬
groes less guilty than whites. The cases of disorder are but
a little larger than the Negro's proportion. The cases of
42 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
stealing are more seriously in excess, but this excess is hardly
more than would be expected from the heritage of slavery,
the custom of partial payment in kind and very low wages
contrasted with' rapidly expanding wants. The cases of
rape, altho absolutely few in number, are relatively large,
but here the influence of racial prejudice is large: Any insult
or suspected insult to white women by a Negro in the South
is liable to be denominated and punisht as attempted rape.
How much real guilt therefore lies back of the figures can
only be conjectured. The really dangerous excess of Negro
crime would appear to be in assault and homicide, fighting
and killing. Here again interpretation is difficult: How much
of these are aggressions on whites, repelling of white aggres¬
sions on Negroes, and brawling among Negroes themselves?
Undoubtedly the majority of cases belong to the last cate¬
gory, but a very large and growing number come under the
other heads and must be set down to the debit of the race
problem.
Any Negro tried for perjury, assault, robbery, rape, homi¬
cide, arson, burglary, larceny or fraud is going to get a
severer penalty in the South than a white man similarly
charged. This the white community judges to be necessary
^and its decisions are carried out by police forces, police
magistrates and juries drawn from the white classes whose
racial prejudices are strongest. The higher judges tend
toward greater independence but even they must stand in
fear of the white electorate, whose power is exercised at
short intervals.
Next to this stands the fact that in the South road-build¬
ing, mining, brickmaking, lumbering and to some extent
agriculture depend largely on convict labor. The demand
for such labor is strong and increasing. The political power
of the lessees is great and the income to the city and state is
tempting. The glaring brutalities of the older lease system
are disappearing but the fact still remains that the state is
supplying a demand for degraded labor and especially for
life and long term laborers and that almost irresistibly the
Sound Morals
43
police forces and sheriffs are pusht to find black criminals
in suitable quantities.
If this is so, many ask, how can crime in the North be
explained? Northern Negro crime is different in character
and cause. It arises from:
(a) A sudden change from country to city life.
(b) Segregation in slums.
(c) Difficulty of obtaining employment.
The proof of (a) is seen among the whites: Massachu¬
setts and Iowa are of similar grade of culture, yet Massachu¬
setts, a state of towns and cities, has 846 annual commitments
per 100,000 of population while Iowa, a state of farms, has
402. Thus prejudice and economic demand account for much
of the excess of Negro crime. But they do not account for
all of it. Another factor as shown by the census is: Ignorance.
Of native white criminals ninety-three per cent could read
and write; of foreigners seventy-eight per cent; of Negroes
only sixty-two per cent. This minimum of education it is
the duty of the state to furnish; and since this is not done,
the Negro, more than any other criminal element has the
legitimate but costly excuse of sheer ignorance. Another
faetor is: Neglect of the young. The South sent to prison in
1904 sixteen hundred children of both races under twenty
years of age, nine hundred and fifty of whom were under
fifteen years of age. Yet, North and South Carolina, Ala¬
bama, Mississippi, Texas, and Oklahoma made no provision
whatsoever for juvenile delinquents among Negroes; and
Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Tennessee and West Virginia
had each one small institution with from thirteen to fifty-
four inmates. Probably a thousand delinquent Negro chil¬
dren in the South to-day are being trained in prisons by com¬
panionship with the worst grown criminals. And this thing
has been going on for years.
This is the more serious because Negro crime is peculiarly
the crime of the young. The following table is explicit:
44 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
Ages by Percentages
N ative Whites
N egroes
Under 20 years of age . . .
10
19
20-30 years
35
52
30 years and over
55
29
The caus£ of this youthful crime is:
(1) The difficulty of adjusting the young to a caste system.
(2) The poor home training.
(B) The demand for strong young convict labor.
Other causes of crime not shown in these figures are:
(1) Poverty.
(2) Discouragement arising from lawless treatment and
withdrawal of civil and political rights.
(3) Lack of self-respect under a caste system.
What now is the remedy for Negro crime?
1. Justice in southern courts; Negroes on the police force
and in the jury box.
2. Abolition of the economic demand for criminals in the
South.
3. Better housing and free chance to work in the North.
4. National aid to Negro education.
5. Better wages.
6. Full civil and political rights for Negroes, on the same
basis as they are granted to whites.
There is a theory held by many persons and often openly
exprest, that Negroes are especially guilty of crimes against
white women. The facts do not bear this out. In the West
Indies, with an overwhelming preponderance of Negroes in the
population, such crimes are practically unknown. In the Unit¬
ed States lynching has long been excused by many as the only
cure for these crimes. But of 2855 lynch law murders done,
between 1885 and 1913, the accusation of assault on women
was made in only 706 or 24.4 per cent, less than a fourth, of
these cases. It is moreover fair to assume that in these 706
Sound Morals
45
alleged cases the proportion of guilty persons was small.
It must be remembered that in a condition of inflamed
racial hatred, where sexual intercourse between colored men
and white women is regarded as a crime in many sections
under any circumstances and where fear and suspicion are in
the air, the general accusation of rape may include much
that is not criminal at all. Personal insult of all degrees,
wrongful suspicion, lying and disguise, accident, self defense,
circumstantial evidence, burglary in a woman's room, ex¬
aggeration, illicit relations and sheer mental suggestion may
all go to swell the charge of rape. A few actual newspaper
clippings are given below as illustrations:
Insult:
Estherwood, La., Oct. 8. —Two men with
the aid of a blacksnake whip gave a strange
Negro a sound thrashing at Mr. Breaux's
thrashing outfit, where all were working,
for making remarks about some white
girls. He was ordered to leave at once.
Galveston, Tex., News.
Ed Wren, a young white man of Ensley,
is dead and Aaron Duncan, a 16-year-old
Negro boy, is in the county jail charged
with his murder, as a result of the young
man resenting an alleged insult offered a
young lady whom he was escorting at the
fair last night.
While details are lacking and stories re¬
garding the cause of the murder differ
greatly, it seems from all accounts that
the Negro brushed against the lady and
Wren turned to resent it. After a word
or two was passed the Negro drew a knife
and made a slash at Wren, cutting him in
the neck, severing the jugular vein.
Birmingham, Ala., Age-Herald.
Hope, Ark., Oct. 17.—Charley Lewis, a
Negro, died near here this afternoon from
the effects of wounds received this morn¬
ing while his capture was being made.
Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
Lewis went to the home of Mr. Lewellan,
a prosperous white farmer, who resides a
few miles south of Hope, this morning, and
used very insulting and abusive language
to Mrs. Lewellan, who was alone at home,
threatening to kill her. She secured a gun
and fired several shots at him, all of which
went wide of their mark, and he escaped.
He then went to the home of Will Byrom,
a white farmer, and, securing an ax, tried
to kill him, again making his escape. Con¬
stable Steve Berry, of this place, was no¬
tified, and with a number of armed citizens
started for the scene of the trouble. In
the meantime a posse of armed citizens
had been formed and the Negro's capture
effected before Constable Berry reached
them, but his capture was not made until
his body was riddled with bullets.
Memphis, Tenn., Commercial-Appeal.
Suspicion:
Clinton Glover, a young Negro of St.
George, charged with attempted rape, was
convicted last Tuesday and sentenced to
on be hanged on the 10th inst. There was
no direct testimony to convict this man.
He was only seen in the street opposite
the house where the assault was attepmted
at about 3 o'clock, whereas the attempt
was made about 10 o'clock that evening.
The lady is reported to have said that she
did not know the man, did not know
whether he was white or colored. She
only felt the touch of some hand.
Charleston, S. C., Southern Reporter.
Lying:
Cumberland, Md., Oct. 22.—After she
had stabbed her sweetheart, Clarence But¬
ton, because he teased her about another
girl, Mrs. Walter Williams set her um¬
brella up over his head to keep the rain off
him, and knelt beside him and talked to
Sound Morals
him lovingly during the few minutes that
he lived. * * * * * He talked to her
affectionately and begged her to get rid of
the knife and say he had been attacked by
a Negro who had insulted her.
"For God's sake get rid of that knife!"
he said as he died.
New York World.
Washington, Pa., Wednesday.—Publicly
repudiating the story told by Miss Beatrice
Burr of an attack by Negro highwaymen
near her home November 15, in which the
automobile she was driving was damaged,
the young girl's father today announced
that he would pay damages to W. H.
Adams, of Philadelphia, whose buggy he
says was smashed by his daughter's ma¬
chine.
New York Herald.
Entering a Room:
Irwinton, Ga., October 10.—Because he
entered the room of Miss Effice Chappell,
the daughter of a planter, last Sunday
night, after she had retired, and ap¬
proached her bed, Andrew Chapman, a
Negro, to-day was hanged from a tree near
here by a mob and his body riddled with
bullets.
Miss Chappell awoke, as the Negro ap¬
proached her bed, and screamed. Her
cries aroused the family, and the Negro
fled.
Cincinnati, O., Enquirer.
Revenge:
Caruthersville, Mo., Oct. 11.—Shortly
after midnight last night a mob broke into
the city jail and dragged therefrom two Ne¬
groes, carrying them to the baseball park,
on the edge of the Mississippi river, north
of town, and from there sounds of lashing
and screams of the blacks were heard. An
Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
hour or so later flames were seen bursting
from an ancient frame building, which has
for several years been used as a Negro
boarding house, and which has long been
the rendezvous of many tough characters
of the race. It is evident the building was
saturated with oil, and before the fire com- '
pany could respond the old landmark was
a glowing bed of coals.
Early yesterday evening a Negro known
as High Pockets followed two young lady
clerks of the supply store, Miss Josie Faulk
and Miss Bessie Gee, to their homes. It
was growing dark and the Negro hid in the
shrubbery of the J. H. McFarland place,
near the home of the girls. The girls
called the attention of J. W. McClanahan
to the threatening actions of the Negro,
and the police were telephoned for. The
Negro was found where he had hidden, and
was placed in the city jail. In some way
the suspicious action of the Negro became
known, but to the public there appeared no
evidence of the gathering of a mob.
* * * *
There has been smouldering excitement
in this city since last week when Lee Flem¬
ing and Albert Dugger were slashed nearly
to death by a knife in the hands of a bad
Negro. This Negro was arrested and car¬
ried to Kennett, the county seat of Dunk¬
lin county. Excitement ran high and a
mob captured a train and made the Ken¬
nett jailer a midnight call, but Kennett
was wired and the Negro taken from jail
and hidden.
Memphis, Tenn., Commercial-Appeal.
Illicit Intercourse:
These headlines tell their story.
NEGROES IN A
BOLD OUTRAGE
Sound Morals
BREAK INTO WOMAN'S HOME AND
ASSAULT AND ROB HER
SUSPECT IS CAPTURED IN THE
CANADIAN SOO
ATTACK UPON LITTLE GIRL IS
UNSUCCESSFUL
One of Two Thieves Remained in House
for Two Hours After Assault and
Robbery Had Been Com=
mitted—Other Flees
Sault Ste. Marie Evening News
Tuesday, Oct. 2U, 1911
SENSATIONAL STORY
Might Have Led to Lynching in
Many Communities
A MOUNTAIN OF A MOLE HILL
"Social Call" Stamped as "Most Das=
tardly Crime Ever Committed
in This Community"
Soo Times, Oct. 28,1911
Imagination:
Several days ago a very sensational story
of an assault on two little girls at Rocky
Mount was told in the papers, and the
man -who was suspected was arrested, and
he was identified by the girls, one of them
11 years old and the other 10. Nothing
has been said of the matter lately, it was
left like the sensational stories in the
paper, right where it was the most sensa¬
tional. The mob was after the Negro and
it was uncertain whether the sheriff could
protect him or not.
50
Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
The sheriff was suspicious of the story
when it was told by the children but the
mob believed it and thought that they
were doing their duty by their families
and the race in trying to lynch the Negro.
It is understood that the children had
been hearing and reading sensational stories
throughout the country which have been
very frequent in the papers recently and
they thought that they would get up a sensa¬
tion on their own account, so they made
up the tale and only the fact that the
sheriff was a level headed man saved that
section of the country an outbreak of law¬
lessness.
The sheriff got the story from the child¬
ren after some persuasion.
Florence, (S. C.) Times.
Section 6. Cleanliness
The dirt and squalor of the slaves was often spoken of,
altho there was much difference between house servants and
field hands in this respect. One hundred nineteen selected
answers from twenty-six states indicate general improve¬
ment.
Alabama
Our people have made great progress in this particular. We are
realizing that cleanliness of person, home and general surroundings.is es¬
sential to good health.
Habits of cleanliness are far above the average. The homes and sur¬
roundings and general appearance are clean, generally speaking.
As a rule our people do not use all the soap and water that they
should but some very earnest efforts are being made to get them to form
habits of cleanliness.
Many of the wives and mothers do the washing for most of the city
in a most acceptable way. As compared with the J^ews and Italian in
the city they are decidedly superior in the matter of cleanliness.
The majority of our people present themselves to the public in a very
decent manner.
As a whole they don't come up to the mark; but the better trained
people here are very careful along this line.
Cleanliness
51
Improving.
They are growing better every day along this line of cleanliness.
The ministers and teachers are doing more along this line than ever be¬
fore in the history of this state.
Fair proportion have habits of cleanliness. That class, however, is
not in number large enough to appreciably affect health status of the race
generally.
The most of the people of the vicinity wear good clothes and they go
neat and tidy. Also they are very neat in their homes.
Habits of cleanliness are very much improved over what they were
five years past. People want to know and daily apply them more and
more. Pleasingly remarkable. Can easily be denominated.
Habits of cleanliness have their bearing on morals; and if living con¬
ditions were better for colored people most assuredly their morals would
be better. On the whole where conditions are favorable the habits of
cleanliness are all that could be expected of them. We cannot make
brick without straw even in this field.
There is a wonderful improvement among them as to cleanliness.
They are more cleanly both as to their homes and person.
Arkansas
Not as good as it should be. Much improvement is needed among
the uneducated class.
For the most part habits of neatness in home and business obtain.
The percentage of those who observe a fair degree of personal and
home cleanliness is encouragingly large.
Our people are learning this rapidly and are building sanitary homes
and keeping them in sanitary condition. There are few exceptions.
They are fairly clean because the city is demanding that everything
be kept in a sanitary condition. There are some homes yet that could
do better along that line.
They have made wonderful progress along sanitary lines.
California
The people here take a pride in adopting modern sanitary practice.
District of Columbia
Tho, perhaps, if not contradictory, then somewhat paradoxical, yet
it is a fact that the Negro has improved appreciably in habits of cleanli¬
ness while in morals and manners he has not.
Growth of self pride seems to go hand in hand with increase in clean¬
liness in small particulars. High standard here. Public assemblies dis¬
play tastefully drest, clean people in numbers as large as 5000 at one
time. Alley, drinking population below the standards of any whites in
the city in filth. Bodies, clothes, houses, neighborhoods and relations all
indicate shiftlessness which demands continued training to induce the
52 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
feeling of cleanliness. Our dictum to graduates is: "Wherever you go,
clean up first, teach afterwards".
Florida
As clean as their neighbors will encourage them to be. Not as dirty
as they seem.
In housekeeping and cleanliness there is a wonderful change. You
seldom see many real dirty colored people. You see the most dirt among
the very ignorant colored people.
The sanitary conditions of our people are poor on the public works
and around some of the little towns; while in some of our cities they are
pretty good.
There is little to complain of in this respect. I presume physical
cleanliness is meant by your question.
Georgia
Habits of cleanliness are growing better on all lines.
The more enlightened our people are, the cleaner they are inclined to
be. Contact with the best class of white people has improved my race.
In most parts fairly good, but much improvement can be made.
There has been a markt change in the last ten years toward general
habits of cleanliness. They are as a rule clean. They delight to clean up
and parade the streets. They are clean on the outside, clothing fairly
good tho cheap. I have nothing to say on the subject of cleanliness.
They are doing well along that line.
Not what it should be. As to the masses they are not so clean but
about one third of them are clean.
That the Negro is making progress along the lines of cleanliness is
evident to the most casual observer. He is tidy in dress, especially on
Sundays, and neat in his home.
Great improvement both in homes and personal habits. Less snuff
and tobacco is used among the women but no decrease among the men.
The majority that I come in contact with seem to be clean with their
person and in their appearance.
They are not as clean as they could be under the circumstances be¬
cause they have not been taught the importance of it. I think, however,
conditions are better than when I came here eight years ago.
Advance in this particular is very encouraging. The homes of the
people from kitchen up are up to the average in this community to that
of his white brother. You will find the screens very much in use and the
people are fond of the baths. Much work to do yet, however.
The people, as a rule, are very clean. A great number of the col¬
ored citizens of Dublin own their homes which are well kept. Dublin
should be proud of the cleanliness of her colored people.
The more intelligent people are aiding the City Board of Health in
Cleanliness
53
enforcing the laws of cleanliness.
In this section, the country people are more tidy than those in town,
but all are improving in this respect.
Illinois
Bath tubs and shower baths are becoming very fashionable. Most
all try to be clean and appear well. Large numbers of hair dressing and
manicure parlors are establisht among them.
As a whole, the race is superior in personal cleanliness and dress. I
find many unsanitary homes tho.
Indiana
Exceedingly good. No city of its size in the country can present as
well drest clean looking people. A stranger notices this and soon gets
the habit.
Kansas
In the mining towns of Kansas, Missouri and Oklahoma poor. Bet¬
ter conditions prevail in Kansas City, Kansas and Missouri.
Kentucky
Are good with the majority of Negroes and this is growing better
among the young race.
Outwardly good; but the laws of health and rules for cleanliness are
not strictly obeyed by far.
We have a cleaner and healthier community than we had five years
ago.
Great and daily improvement along this line. It is a rare thing to
see a dirty child in a school of this city. Our people have begun to real¬
ize the true worth of the bathtub. Not fine clothes but clean clothes
and clean bodies has begun to be the slogan of the humblest homes.
Still greater progress. No race in this section, under similar condi¬
tions, ranks higher.
Louisiana
Our people are arranging their homes so as to include bath rooms
and are equipping them with the necessary paraphernalia to serve water
and keep themselves clean. They are learning quite rapidly to be clean.
Ordinary. Some excellent.
Most of them have clean habits. This is due in a large measure to
being servants and the campaign against tuberculosis.
There is a markt improvement along this line among the better
classes. The poorer classes could do much better.
Exceptional cases are good but the average is poor.
Maryland
I find that their habits of cleanliness are not wofully lacking tho
they could improve.
54 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
The Negroes here have made considerable development along this
line. They have very good homes, etc., yet we have the alley to con¬
tend with. The Colored Doctors' Medical Association is helping along
this line.
Minnesota
Habits of personal cleanliness are splendid and taken as a whole I
think they excel those of their fellow citizens.
Mississippi
Much improved.
Evidences of cleanliness can be seen in most of the homes.
Good. There are a few Negroes who still cling to the weekly bath
but as a rule the sporty and the honest striving Negroes look after their
bodies and clothes beyond their means in certain cases.
A little better. We have some that are all 0. K. but they are in the
minority.
Missouri
The people are divided into classes with respect to cleanliness. The
movement is toward better homes and greater cleanliness. The schools,
with their bathing facilities, strengthen this movement.
Decidedly on the increase for the better.
Habits of cleanliness are necessary to fit a young man or woman for
good society. This is generally being aspired for by young Afro-Ameri¬
cans.
There has been great improvement along this line. There have been
so many lectures during the past ten years. The public school teachers
are required by the Board to attend such lectures. Our people are elast
as intelligent people. The children from the second grade up visit regu¬
larly the Public Library. A reading people cannot but improve along
this line.
Ninety per cent of all the families here are exceptionally clean with
their persons and their homes. Out of about thirty families only three or
four are indecent as to clean linen.
New York
Their showing in this direction is commendable.
Much carelessness among many but very good among many others.
Progress so general that it can be constantly noted along this line. Gen¬
eral personal appearance favorable. Generally well developt physically
and healthy.
Comeliness the rule with few exceptions.
Among the improved, excellent. Worse than twenty-five years ago
among the laboring people in the cities.
Good; far above the average of the same class of whites with whom
Cleanliness
55
I come in contact.
These people are surprisingly clean, especially in keeping their homes.
Many colored people take pride in the cleanliness of their homes and not
of their bodies.
North Carolina
Very good. Improvement on this line and striving to do better all
of the time to make themselves a nation.
Not as great among the people as we should like it to be. Bodily
cleanliness is adhered to at times, but lacking greatly. Some put on
clean clothing, bathing weekly, generally Saturday nights for Sunday,
while others don't put on clean clothing at all unless compelled to do so.
Sanitation and general cleaning up around the house is lacking much in¬
deed. Some have neat and clean homes while others have not. This can
be improved on much in this community. Practical sanitation is much
needed and there are some who regard this as a very important matter
and practice it in their lives.
Good for a rural section. It is said that the people here dress neater
and look cleaner than you find them anywhere else similarly situated.
Very much improved. I speak from personal knowledge. I am in a
position to come in contact with almost every family here.
Ohio
Some among the poorer classes, perhaps because of poor accommo¬
dations for living, are not as clean as one would wish; but as a general
thing I find homes exceedingly clean.
I think here while there is much room for improvement we are on a
par with any nationality who have to labor in the same occupations as
ourselves. Tha whites sometime raise the question but as far as I can
see, and I have lookt closely, it is about all prejudice.
Oklahoma
There are quite a few who are clean and tidy in their persons and
homes and a great multitude who are not.
Just fairly clean, generally our homes are not furnisht with bath
tubs. We are not provided with public baths and the daily sponge off is
none too familiar with the rank and file of our citizens. Still, most of
them put on a veneer of cleanliness when they go to church and other
gatherings. They are gradually improving in the conditions of their
homes.
Naturally reasonably clean and according to their means, I believe,
surpass the other races here, i. e. white and Indian.
Pennsylvania
The colored people here are generally neat when they appear in pub¬
lic but their home surroundings are not always clean.
We are rising.
56
Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
On the whole very clean. I would say that the average about eigh¬
ty percent.
My observation is that there is no difference between the Negro and
other races of the same class.
This depends upon the class and the environment. If the class is
low and the environment bad, you must expect dirt and filth. This is
not peculiar to the Negro but to any race with similar conditions. The
best classes and the middle classes are as clean as anybody.
Some very clean while others are to the opposite.
In this measure, the American Negro compares favorable with Ne¬
groes in England, Canada, West Africa and the West Indies from the
point of class and education. Thru long years of social relationship, the
example with the more fortunate members of the human race, the Cau¬
casian, he has imbibed and exhibits traits of innate tendencies toward a
love for what is clean. Hence, my comparison as the result of personal
experience in the above-mentioned countries. I defy contradiction, that,
taking it class for class, the colored people in America are in no way be¬
hind the whites in habits of cleanliness.
Rhode Island
Fair, but the old fashioned houses make personal cleanliness difficult.
Most of them maintain pleasant surroundings. The best is exception-
tionally good.
South Carolina
They are good in their habits of cleanliness; homes are nicely kept
with some exceptions of course, and the women in town and country dress
nicely and fashionably. One used to be able to tell just when a country
girl struck town by her seven primary colors but not so now. The R. F.
D. carries the style to the country as well as to the town.
The increast instruction given in the schools regarding hygiene and
sanitation, and the attention given in the pulpit, press and on lecture
platform to "Gospel of Cleanliness" and to matters involving the ques¬
tion of good health, and the removal of the belief that it is "Saintly to
be sickly and sinful to be healthy and strong," are having good results
among the rank and file of our people.
For the last ten or fifteen years, I have found this to be a growing
habit among our people both in town and cities and the country places.
Good where the facilities are favorable. We have many communi¬
ties where the houses are almost packt upon each other with almost no
front or back yards. Cleanliness is not to be found in such places.
Tennessee
The sanitary conditions of our people are good. We have an infirm¬
ary owned and controlled by Dr. R. T. Burt which is a credit to the race.
Proud to say the colored people are ahead of the white people in that
Cleanliness
57
respect, there being not an infirmary for the white people in the city. Dr.
Burt is called by all one of the finest surgeons in the country.
This is the most rapid advance that I have noticed in the race.
They are as clean as their occupations and means allow.
People here practice personal cleanliness and also take pride in car¬
ing for their homes, most of which they own. They have habits of
beautifying their homes and churches.
Progress. More pride and attention are being manifested and pro¬
gress made.
I know many who are personally clean and whose houses are kept
in a beautiful fashion. Many who would like to be neat housekeepers
are out at service and do not have the time or strength.
Texas
Are not what they ought to be. There can be no excuse for filth.
As to cleanliness, conditions are fair in this city among our people
There seems to be improvement in this respect. The city enforces some
regulations as to cleanliness also.
Of course, here the Negroes are divided again into two classes. Both
as to their personal appearance and home life some are scrupulously
clean, others are not.
Clean-up days have been instituted among the colored people and there
are few yards that are not overgrown with beautiful flowers and fern.
They vie with each other in their yards of beautiful flowers. Their
homes are beautiful thruout.
About seven-eighths of the colored people here seem to try to keep
very clean around them. There are some' who are not concerned.
They are generally coming to this great virtue.
The colored people take pride in cleanliness.
Uncleanliness is forst upon them by their occupations and lack of tha
means of keeping clean. They are really clean as far as their knowledge
of cleanliness and their means allow them to be. The Negro is not apt
to appear as tidy as he is, when seen in his working clothes, but when
the nature of his work is considered he is as clean as he can be. He has
much to learn in this line for the modern idea of cleanliness is in advance
of that of colored people generally; but the most uncleanly and unsani¬
tary conditions are forst upon them.
The Public School system of our State has done and is doing a good
work among the young; and race pride has taken root and produced a
great people whose habits lead to cleanliness and virtue.
Considering their homes and advantages, they are exceedingly good.
Greatly improved both as to person, dress and homes.
The white Civic League takes much interest in the general cleanli¬
ness, hence, thru the Negro Civic League, many lectures and suggestions
58 Moral and Manners among Negro Americans
are given by the leading whites.
The masses are putting more stress upon cleanliness. They are
understanding that prolongation of life is guaranteed more to a clean
body than to a filthy body.
Virginia
Taking conditions of our city under consideration, the best class of
our people are very clean.
Generally, people here are cleanly both in their homes and on their
person.
In this particular with many it is all that could be desired. I am
acquainted with a few who are not so particular as they might be.
I should say good. The habits of the older heads of cleanliness
appear to have been good.
Good and still improving.
Medium, due to the fact that the city has no sewerage.
West Virginia
They are gradually growing more cleanly. They are growing quite
rapidly in their adherence to sanitary laws.
There is, to my knowledge, one section where Negroes of careless
habits live contrary to all habits of cleanliness; but in the main they
are clean.
Not the best. Due to segregation, high rents, obliged to live in
unsanitary districts and several families live in one house to enable them
to pay their rent.
In most cases good. There are those as are found in every commu¬
nity who are filthy.
A great deal of training needs to be done along this line. Yet the
outlook is hopeful.
Section 7. Personal Honesty
Slavery meant compulsory poverty and the lack of incen¬
tive to thrift. The result was the encouragement of petty
thievery. Among the house servants this took the form of
taking food and clothes. Gradually this grew to be a tacitly
recognized custom. After emancipation the ' 'wages" promist
house servants were arranged with the mutual understanding
more or less clearly made that cold food and old clothes
together with small quantities of other perquisites would
periodically disappear. In this way the distinction between
meum and teum grew slowly and vaguely among the freed-
men and caused much harsh and unmerited criticism among
Personal Honesty
59
outsiders trained to the modern commercial code.
Our correspondents were therefore askt about habits of
personal honesty among- Negro Americans. We select one
hundred twenty-two answers from twenty-six states and
print them here.
Alabama
Very good.
Below par.
Some are honest and some are not.
We can see the remarkable results of this virtue in the fact that
many Negroes hold honorable positions not only on the farm but even in
the government service. The court records are also more favorable.
The colored people are much more honest now than some years back.
They are becoming much more reliable in the matter of paying their
debts.
As a rule they will do to depend upon.
Not reliable at all.
They are not honest as a rule. We have some honest people here
but the dishonest outnumber the honest by far.
All of the best families are real honest and a few of the other class.
I am sorry to say but I do not think that honesty stands as firm and
prominent as it should.
As to their personal honesty I am inclined to the opinion that not
more than seventy per cent of them are real honest in their general
dealings. My opinion comes from personal contact and general obser¬
vation.
Rated equal in comparison to other race, I say good. Conclusion
from observation of cases in police court. Cases calendared are as a
rule disorderly conduct or something more or less trivial.
Poor among all classes but improving wonderfully.
There is room for improvement along this line but the disposition to
be dishonest has decreast wonderfully in the past ten years. Poor pay
is partly responsible for a good bit of the dishonesty.
Very little. The Negro here is divided and it is impossible to look
for personal .honesty where each one of any race feels that his success
depends upon the destruction of all else besides and that he has a right
to a part of whatever the other fellow has, his own improvidence not¬
withstanding.
Arkansas
One rarely hears of dishonesty.
60 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
Those with whom I have had dealings are ninety per cent honest.
I don't suppose this city is any worse than the general run of cities.
I think I can safely say that the larger per cent is honest.
The younger ones seem to have a higher sense of honesty than the
older ones.
California
I think our police court records show us to be above the average in
this respect and I can speak favorably of the race from this point of
view.
Occupations circumscribed, wages small, cost of living high, stand¬
ard of personal honesty low.
District of Columbia
Severe conditions of competition engender small peculations and ly¬
ing; but standard of dependableness higher than ever before.
Florida
Good. I know whereof I speak.
They are not honest to themselves. Therefore cannot be to their
fellowmen.
Good. So much so that even in a town as Dunnelton where I've
taught some people never lock their doors. It is a rare thing to hear of
any one being arrested for stealing in this section.
Generally speaking the average person is not as bold with his dis¬
honest habits as was the case ten or twelve years ago, while we have
some exceptions both ways.
No. Here again the tendency is*quick and easy money with the least
effort.
I can say we don't have very many cases in court for stealing.
Georgia
Decidedly honest considering their way of getting means.
Towards the white man is gradually improving but towards one
another not much of a change.
Merchants say that in general they are more trustworthy than the
whites, especially the women.
There is no doubt a general betterment, not as large as desirable,
yet enough to mark progress.
The Negro is generally honest. As he accumulates he becomes more
trustworthy and dependable.
Great development. The improvement is more noticeable among the
women.
As a genera] thing we find that the colored people are very honest
and have made a great improvement along this line in the last few years.
On an average I believe they are ahead of the other races along this line.
They are not as honest and trust-worthy as they might be. A great
Personal Honesty
61
deal of this is due to the leadership of many of those who have had bet¬
ter advantages than the masses trying to take advantage of the weak¬
er and less fortunate to build up their own wealth.
A conscientious regard for keeping his word seems to be much be¬
low normal in this community. Promises made are not lookt upon with
as much seriousness as in some other settlements I have observed.
There are many colored men here who can go security on bank notes
who are not in real possession of property. Their honesty has gained
for them a pretty good standing.
This is a thing that our people seem slow to learn; but I am very
glad to say that they are showing a great deal of improvement along the
line of personal honesty.
Illinois
A large number of "confidence men" have developt. They often
have women confederates, but generally, with these two exceptions, they
are honest. The waiters and porters and real estate agents make up the
principal groups of "shrewd dealers".
Good toward the white but only fair toward each other.
Indiana
Judging from my practice I should say ninety per cent are honest;
my accounts will bear out this statement.
Good. On a whole the people are hard-working, honest people.
Much given to extravagance of dress and entertaining. This has a ten¬
dency to impair them financially.
Kansas
There is a growing tendency to individual pride and personal honesty.
Kentucky
I think they desire to be honest but cannot always act in accordance
due to low wages, etc.
The people here are trust-worthy.
I find them about as honest, speaking of the masses, as other people.
Good. A large number carry snug bank accounts.
Has increast wonderfully.
For the past ten years I have taught in the public schools and have
left my purse with sums as high as ten dollars in it lying on my desk and
have left it unguarded often, yet never has it been toucht. The rogue
in the room is a thing of the past generally. The colored servant is gen¬
erally trusted by the employers.
As a general rule it is bad, more so among the young people. Some¬
thing must be done to show our people that they should be honest in
dealing with mankind. Some of them for a dollar will do almost any¬
thing or tell you any kind of a story to get a dollar. This must be stopt
62
Morals and Manners among Negro American
before we can be a good race and reliable.
Louisiana
Evidences of personal honesty are manifested in business relations
one with the other, viz,—the faithful carrying out of contracts, agree¬
ments, etc.
I don't consider our people actually dishonest but their love to ape
the white man in his more expensive living, dress, etc., compels the little
money they make to give out and then that is the cause of the trouble.
He means well but after getting into debt as a result of these things he
finds he cannot get out. This is found more so among the so-called bet¬
ter class. They do but little stealing.
The masses are not educated in square dealing.
Minnesota
There is much personal dishonesty among us here and I often feel
that this is the Negro's greatest weakness in the far North. It certain¬
ly closes the door of opportunity to him in many places where he might
otherwise enter. He is lamentably wanting in reliability.
Mississippi
Yes, I feel safe in saying that the coming young citizens have more
regard for their word and honesty is more evident among Negroes gener¬
ally.
Personal honesty is prevalent among the colored people whom I know.
Dishonesty is certainly an exception to the rule.
Good. In only a few cases have the servants around white homes
or at the places of work violated any trust imposed. Whites have taken
advantage of the Negro's honesty and his abnormal wants. They sell
him cheap furniture at high prices on time and lend him money at exor¬
bitant rates of interest and many are kept in real need due to poor
management.
The majority are lacking in it. There are some notable exceptions.
Missouri
Vast improvement within the last ten years.
Personal honesty is a trait in the Negro lad that is growing, due pro¬
bably to penalty for violated law inflicted by a prejudiced race and as a
poison kills a poison thus the would-be suppression becomes an incentive
and a blessing.
Since the general trend of our people is onward and upward religi¬
ously and intellectually, I believe that habits of personal honesty are un¬
consciously being formed ani strengthened. They are trusted so com¬
pletely by the opposite race that when one deceives they are shockt.
While they claim all Negroes steal, yet, if they have ten servants, nine
white and one Negro, the Negro is the trusty.
Personal Honesty
63
They are fairly honest but apparently the law is extreme with most
of them. Within ten years only one Negro has been arrested and con¬
victed for dishonesty.
New Jersey
Very good.
Promises not too reliable. Too little value put on their word. You
will note that ninety-five per cent is recently from the South and over
fifty per cent is from the worst instead of thebest element of our southern
folks.
New York
In this he is the equal of any here. The chief of police informed me
the arrests made each month were one or two out of a population of 500
and this was for drinking, none for stealing.
The people, tho poor, work hard, spend freely—too freely, but as a
rule are honest. Not inclined to idleness and idle only, as a rule, when
they cannot find employment.
Much improved.
Their honesty is unsurpast by any race of people. This information
comes to me, aside from personal knowledge, from credit houses with
which colored people have dealt.
Good in both classes. Few arrests for larceny either grand or petit,
but many for drunkenness and disorderly conduct,—that is proportionate-
ly.
North Carolina
Extra good compared with whites.
Many do not regard their word or promise as anything to be kept.
Do not like to come up to their obligations. I find many who do not like
to pay honest debts, especially to one another.
Along this line the improvement has been rapid. We can say truly
that the people are generally honest and reliable. Perhaps the cashier
of the Merchants' and Farmers' Bank of this place, who is a white man,
can give you a better answer to this question.
They are learning to be honest. In proportion to the numbers and
opportunities for training, quality, I mean, they are as honest as others.
Ohio
Excellent in places of trust and seldom betrays that trust.
I think, the percentage of petit thievery is too great. I think, too,
that this is due to the fact that many Negroes think that the white race
took all from them in slavery and that they are justified to get what
they can from them now even by theft. Then too, the white race offei s
very little inducement to inspire the Negro to look upward.
Oklahoma
Am almost afraid to say. The wave of graft and money madness
64 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
has also struck one section and I could not conscientiously say that there
is' any increase in that respect.
The per cent of our people who possess personal honesty is lower than
it should be. They are not as truthful as they should be.
Very good.
Just fair. The majority are not reliable in their negotiations and
their business promises do not amount to much. We are backward in
this respect.
A good number of our people are as safe as a bank. The masses
are not honest. Much improvement needs to be made for our welfare.
Women are more honest than men.
Pennsylvania
Of course most of the people with whom I come in contact are honest
but the grafting of the city must have infected our people also.
My observations and dealings especially in connection with Jews,
Italians and the middle class of white Americans, convince me that there
is no essential difference between them and Negroes of the same class.
Are better than they were ten years ago.
While there is a good deal of dishonesty in every race, I believe if
this race is placed side by side with others and note made of financial
and other losses that this race would be guilty of taking less.
Good as can be expected under the conditions.
Honesty in the sense of honor needs continuous and careful fostering
by the representatives of the people so as to prevent deceptive encroach¬
ments; while honesty from the standpoint of business inter-relationships
generally holds its own encouragingly well. Especially so among the
bulwarks of the race—the women.
The greater part of them pay their debts.
Rhode Island
Excellent. I have no knowledge of a single case of a person having
the reputation for dishonesty. Perhaps the explanation is that it is diffi¬
cult to be dishonest here and not be caught.
South Carolina
I have had great experience with my people on the point of personal
honesty and find that as a rule the people here have honest intentions
even tho circumstances happen that they can't come up to their obliga¬
tions. Give him a chance and treat him human and he will do all that is
within his power to meet his obligations. I find that the high cost of liv¬
ing and the low price paid for labor are greatly responsible for the seem¬
ing dishonesty of the people of this community.
I am optimistic enough to believe that we are improving along this
line also. It is true that we have as yet a long way to go before reach¬
ing perfection, yet that is not alone the case as to the black man. Shady
Personal Honesty
65
transactions and graft as they exist among white and black these days
are being given much notice in the press; and far too many among all
people are failing to respect the vast difference between the "Meum and
Teum" as regards property. But a candid and unbiast observation of the
state of affairs as they exist forces me to believe that our race is really
making more advancement along the line of recognizing and respecting
that difference than are the whites.
The percentage of honesty is far greater than it was ten years ago.
This is my experience and I have been interested in the subject for years.
Tennessee
Exceedingly good. They hold many positions of trust with credit to
he race. All of our mail carriers are colored men and all of our sick
nurses are colored ladies.
Generally good, many exceptions.
As a rule, honest. White people credit them for any reasonable
amount and it is a rare thing that there is any trouble given. As to
stealing, this town is almost free from that. A few years ago there
were two Negroes and one white man nabbed on account of stealing and
house breaking and since then there is but little stealing here.
Somewhat below the average. It will grow with other things.
When put under special trust they rarely fail to be true.
I know many whom I regard as eminently trustworthy. The dis¬
tinctions between meum and teum are not as clear as might be, es¬
pecially in small things.
Standard not so high as it ought to be.
Texas
Needs to be improved, could be better. When one is not honest to
himself it is impossible to be honest to others.
The standard in this respect is not as high and hence not satisfactory
as it should be. However, many of our people are the very soul of hon¬
esty and I am confident that the future will find much improvement along
this direction.
Collecting from students and parents, I can say that eighty per cent
of the colored people are honest.
Not much abuse of honesty—a pretty fair dealing set of people are
found here and confidence of both races enjoyed.
About two-thirds who txy to pay up and be true to their word.
Totally disregarded in all business affairs.
As a rule good. This applies especially to the lower class people. It
is a fact that the only Negro bank here has gone to the wall. Many
of the Negro business enterprises have gone down as a result of dishon¬
esty. Our leading doctor and several of our leading colored wealthy men
are now in the courts charged with stealing church money. It is a com-
66 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
mon saying here that "You must do this fellow or he will do you."
Here the Negro fails. The word has no meaning to the average
Negro.
As a whole the colored people are honest. It is wonderful to what
extent the servant class is trusted by their white employers. If it were
not for their honesty they would not be tolerated. Where a Negro ap
pears dishonest, it is more the fault of the economic and soeia conditions
forst upon him than because of any real defect in his morality. A study
of the criminal Negro reveals more delinquency on the part of modern
society to give the Negro a chance to be honest than it reveals any dis¬
position on the part of the Negro to be dishonest. He is forst into what
often appears dishonesty. The true morality of the Negro is found
largely in the awful conditions under which he is forst to live.
They are reliable.
There is a making for better in all walks and with all classes among
our people. They have learned that they must be honest if they would
have a place in the world among men.
Getting better. They have not reached perfection yet, but there is
a vast improvement. Defalcation in positions of trust are the exception.
Petty thieving is on the decrease. The average man's word means more
than it used to.
The general average is not so good. Tho there are some that are
safe and most worthy.
This one feature is to be especially complimented. When you can
hear many hundreds of Negroes say "Charge it to me" at the leading
institutions in the city it means a lot.
This is my thirtieth year in the college room and in that time there
have come to me more than ten thousand pupils. I am pleased to add my
personal testimony to the fact that the Negro is improving in integrity,
honesty and sobriety.
Bad pay masters make dishonest people. The Negro race is honest.
Virginia
Some absolutely trustworthy, but a very large part are careless
about paying debts, keeping contracts, meeting engagements, etc.
Depends upon the environment.
The following statement from the banker at this place answers your
question: "I have loaned colored people thousands of dollars and I have
never lost a cent either on a loan made to a colored person or on a loan
endorsed by one".
My experience does not justify me in thinking that there is more
honesty among those whom I know than there was twenty-five years ago.
Not able to say much on this line. The business men seem to not
run accounts, the people are required to pay as they go and I don't know
Home Life
67
whether it is from dishonesty or from the fact that it is a strict cash
business which is easier and safer.
West Virginia
So far as my observation serves me, the Negroes are quite honest.
It is rare indeed to read of dishonesty among them here and the papers
usually publish everything disparaging concerning the Negro.
Fair. Attempting to meet a false standard of living often contracts
debts which they cannot pay even if they have the inclination to pay.
With himself good. I think with the trust of others he thinks all
others are dishonest. He has some traits which lead up to personal dis¬
honesty, altho I think he is in a fair way honest with himself.
Section 8. Home Life.
, Africa is distinctly the land of the Mother. In subtle and
mysterious way, despite her curious history, her slavery,
polygamy and toil, the spell of the African Mother pervades
her land. Isis, the Mother, is still titular goddess in thot, if
not in name, of the dark continent. This does not seem to
be solely a survival of the historic matriarchate thru which
all nations pass. It appears to be more than this; as if the
black race in passing down the steps of human culture gave
the world not only the Iron Age, the cultivation of the soil
and the domestication of animals but also in peculiar empha¬
sis the Mother-idea. Schneider writes: "No mother can love
more tenderly and none is more tenderly loved than the Ne¬
gro mother". Robin tells of the slave who bot his mother's
freedom instead of his own. Mungo Park writes:
' 'Everywhere in Africa I have noticed that no greater
affront can be offered a Negro than insulting his mother.
'Strike me,' cried the Mandingo, 'but revile not my
mother.'"
A student of the present Gold Coast life describes the
Headman as head of the village:
It is the duty of the Head of the family to bring up the members thereof
in the way they should go; and by "family" you must understand the en¬
tire lineal descendants of a head materfamilias, if I may coin a conveni¬
ent phrase. It is expected of him by the State to bring up his charge
in the knowledge of matters political and traditional. It is his work to
train up his wards in the ways of loyalty and obedience to the powers
68 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
that be. He is held responsible for the freaks of recalcitrant members
of his family, and he is lookt to keep them within bounds, and to insist
upon conformity on their part with the customs, laws, and traditional
observances of the community.
It is a difficult task that he is set to, but in this matter he has all-
powerful helpers in the female members of the family, who will be eith¬
er the aunts, or the sisters, or the cousins, or the nieces of the Headman;
and as their interests are identical with his in every particular, the good
women spontaneously train up their children to implicit obedience to the
Headman, whose rule in the family thus becomes a simple and an easy
matter. "The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world." What a
power for good in the Native State System would the mothers of the
Gold Coast and Ashanti become by judicious training upon natives lines!
Upon this African Mother-idea, the westward slave trade
and the regime of slavery in America struck like doom. Sex
statistics of our early census reports indicate in a numerical
way the social dislocation which the slave regime brot to the
Negro population of this country. But beneath this numeri¬
cal indication of social dislocation lay polygamy, polyandry,
concubinage and moral degradation.
The crushing weight of slavery fell heavily on black wo¬
men. Under slavery there was no legal marriage, no legal
family, no'legal control over the children. To be sure cus¬
tom and religion here and there supplied what the law denied,
yet one has but to read advertisements like the following to
see the iniquity which lay beneath the system:
' 'One hundred dollars reward will be given for my two fel¬
lows, Abram and Frank. Abram has a wife at Colonel
Stewart's in Liberty county, and a sister in Savannah at
Capt. Grovenstine's. Frank has a wife at Mr. LeCont's
Liberty County; a mother at Thunderbolt, and a sister in
Savannah.
—Wm. Roberts. Walthourville, 5th Jan., 1839."
''Fifty dollars reward—Ran away from the subscriber, a
negro girl named Maria. She is of a copper color, between
thirteen and fourteen years of age—bareheaded and bare¬
footed. She is small for her age—very sprightly and very
Home Life
69
likely. She stated she was going to see her mother at Mays-
ville.
—Sanford Thomson"
"Fifty dollars reward—Ran away from the subscriber, his
negro man Pauladore, commonly called Paul. I understand
Gen. R. Y. Hayne has purchased his wife and children from
H. L. Pickney, Esq., and has them now on his plantation at
Goose Creek, where, no doubt the fellow is frequently lurk¬
ing.
— T. Davis"
The Presbyterian Synod of Kentucky said to the churches
under their care in 1835:
• Brothers and sisters, parents and children, husbands and wives, are
torn asunder, and permitted to see each other no more. These acts are
daily occuring in the midst of us. The shrieks and agony often witnessed
on such occasions proclaim, with a trumpet tongue, the iniquity of
our system.
There is not a neighborhood where these heart-rendering scenes are
not displayed. There is not a village or road that does not behold the
sad procession of manacled outcasts, whose mournful countenances tell
that they are exiled by force from all that their hearts hold dear.
Such a system was bound to have its evil effects upon both
sexes of the slave population. Certainly the greater burden
was felt by the women of the black race.
Alexander Crummell in writing of his darker sister said:
In her girlhood all the delicate tenderness of her sex has been rude¬
ly outraged. In the field, in the rude cabin, in the press-room, in the
factory, she was thrown into the companionship of coarse and ignorant
men. No chance was given her for delicate reserve or tender modesty.
From her childhood she was the doomed victim of the grossest passion.
All the virtues of her sex were utterly ignored. If the instinct of chas¬
tity asserted itself, then she had to fight like a tiger for the ownership
and possession of her own person, and ofttimes had to suffer pain and
lacerations for her virtuous self-assertion. When she reacht maturity
all the tender instincts of her womanhood were ruthlessly violated. At
the age of marriage—always prematurely anticipated under slavery—she
was mated as the stock of the plantation were mated, not to be the com¬
panion of a loved and chosen husband, but to be the breeder of human
cattle for the field or the auction block.
70 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
Yet thru all this mire the Negro woman has come; and in
thousands of cases has demonstrated superior qualities of
character, intellect and ability. The names of Harriet Tub¬
man, Sojourner Truth and Phyllis Wheatley stand out in the
early records of the race.
One of the early workers in the Negro Church, Mary Still, writes
quaintly in the forties;
When we were as castouts and spurned from the large churches,
driven from our knees, pointed at by the proud, neglected by the careless,
without a place of worship, Allen, faithful to the heavenly calling, came
forward and laid the foundation of this connection. The women, like the
women at the sepulchre, were early to aid in laying the foundation of
the temple, and in helping to carry up the noble structure, and in the
name of their God, set up their banner. Most of our aged mothers are
gone from this to a better state of things. Yet some linger still on their
staves watching with intense interest the ark as it moves over the tem¬
pestuous waves of opposition and ignorance. ***** But the labors of
these women stopped not here, for they knew well that they were sub¬
ject to affliction and death. For the purpose of mutual aid, they banded
themselves together in society capacity, that they might be better able
to administer to each other's sufferings, and to soften their own pillows.
So we find the females in the early history of the church abounded in
good works, and in acts of true benevolence.
The sacrifice of Negro women before the war for freedom
and uplift is one of the finest chapters in their history. Such
women it is, added to thousands of humbler black "Mam¬
mies", faithful servants, toiling housewives and self-sacrific¬
ing mothers, who have builded the womanhood of to-day.
In 1900 there were in the United States 4.447,447 females
of Negro descent, of whom twelve thousand were children,
about a million were girls and young women under twenty
years of age and two million grown women. As a mass these
women were intelligent,—only a third of those from fifteen
to twenty-five years of age being unable to write. While
their grandmothers had married at twelve and fifteen, thirty
per cent of those over fifteen were single. In 1910 there were
4,941,882 Negro females in the United States of whom two
and one-half million were grown. Of those ten years of age and
over 30.7 per cent were illiterate and only 16 per cent of those
Home Life
71
between the ages of fifteen and nineteen. Marriage was
more normal among them, 26.6 per cent of those fifteen years
of age and over being single.
The economic foundation of the family, the abilty to sup¬
port and keep the group intact is not yet certain, not simply
because of moral laxness but principally because of low wages.
This explains in large measure the fact that among Negro
women in 1900 one woman in six was widowed or separated
from her husband, while among whites there was but one in
ten. In 1910 this condition had improved slightly. The cor¬
responding figure for Negro women being 15.9 per cent.
That the Negro woman is compelled in so many cases to
help in the support of the family, is a fact often overlookt by
the casual observer of Negro life. In 1900 there were 1,832-
818 Negro homes in this country. Out of these walkt daily
one and one-third million women and girls over ten years of
age to work—four out of every ten as against one out of each
six white women. These then were a group of workers fight¬
ing for their daily bread like men, independent, approaching
economic freedom. They furnisht a half million farm labor¬
ers, 70,000 farmers, 15,000 teachers and professional folk,
700,000 servants and washerwomen, and 40,000 in trades and
merchandising.
Add to these those engaged in miscellaneous work and
200,000 school girls and we have nearly a million and a half.
Subtracting the old and feeble, the defective and the idle and
we have probably less than one and a half million housewives
to manage nearly two million homes. This is a sad deficiency
and it tells for harm. Black mothers who ought to be home
training their children are away at work. Girls who ought
to be at school must help earn bread and butter. But while
toil holds their brothers in the small towns and country, high¬
er wages call the sisters to the city. The result is that in
cities like Washington and Baltimore the Negro women out
number the men ten to nine.
It can be said without danger of contradiction that consid-
72 . Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
ering their poverty and lack of legal protection, no modern
women have maintained and achieved greater purity of life
and strength of worthy purpose—and this too without taking
into account the horror of their past deliberate and forst deg¬
radation. Not only this but to-day this group is developing
a social leadership and a sense of deep social responsibility.
A glance at their work is almost bewildering. Not only do
they furnish two-thirds of our teachers, an overwhelming ma¬
jority of our church workers and no small proportion of our
business folk, but they are the ones who, turning from the
beaten paths to bread and butter and livelihood, have taken
up definitely and successfully the inner burden of social re¬
form. Their work takes the form of general charity, Wo¬
men's Clubs, Old Folks' Homes, Orphanages, Hospitals,
Christian Associations, Literary and Art Clubs, Day Nurs¬
eries, Settlements, Kindergartens and Civic Reform. It is a
fact worthy of special note that much of the real work of so¬
cial uplift and moral awakening to-day is being carried on by
Negro women.
The census statistics show gradual improvement in home
conditions. The disparity between the numbers of the sexes
is less. In slavery days it was abnormal, there being only
nine hundred sixty-seven colored women to every thousand
men in 1820. Directly after the war the disparity went the
other way and there were one thousand thirty-nine females
to a thousand males of the Negro population. Since that the
number has become more normal, being a thousand twelve
females to a thousand males in 1910.
The figures for marital conditions in 1910 are:
MARITAL CONDITIONS AMONG NEGROES-1910
NEGRO POPULATION—15 YEARS AND OVER
Married
Widowed and Divorced
Total
Single
0„
Total
%
Married
%
Widowed
%
Divorced
%
Male. . .
Female .
3,059,312
3,103,344
1,083,472
823,996
35.4
26.6
1,959,344
2,269,066
64.0
73.1
1,749,228
1,775,949
57.2
57.2
189.970
459,831
6.2
14.8
20,146
33,286
0.7
1.1
Home Life
73
The figures for 1890, 1900 and 1910 show a general im-.
provement in marital conditions among Negro Americans.
The following table is compiled from the census reports:
NEGRO MARITAL CONDITIONS
By per cent-1890, 1900, 1910
Per Cent Married, Widowed or Divorced
MALE
FEMALE
1910
1900
1890
1910
1900
1890
15 Years and over . .
64.0
60.2
60.0
73.1
69.9
69.8
15 to 19 Years
2.8
L8
0.9
18.1
16.6
15.0
20 to 24 Years
39.6
35.1
34.2
64.8
60.0
61.7
25 to 34 Years
74.5
71.6
74.7
85.3
82.4
84.8
35 to 44 Years
87.5
86.5
88.5
92.8
91.9
92.4
45 to 64 Years
93.7
93.3
93.9
95.4
95.1
95.2
65 Years and over . .
95.5
95.0
94.3
95.9
95.2
95.3
Some answers to our questions as to home life among Ne¬
gro Americans follow:
■Alabama
It is very good. The young people are making a more rapid progress
along these lines than the older people in this section.
Very good but not as it should be.
In this particular great improvement is being shown. The size and
appearance of the house, habits of cleanliness and industry and general
intelligence all show a commendable degree of advancement.
The home life of the colored people of this city has wonderfully advanct
in the last twenty years. They are building good and comfortable homes
many of which have the latest improvements.
The home life of these people is especially notable for the maternal
devotion which usually keeps the family together. The home life of the
better class compares very favorably with that of the average white
American family.
Family ties are alarmingly too loose, concubinage too common and
divorces too popular.
They don't seem to know how to deport themselves in their home
life in order to be happy and to have things in good shape around them
but they are growing better.
Fair in some instances. Generally does not measure up to this rat¬
ing.
74
Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
There are several paople here who own land and homes of their own.
Some of them have very nice homes and nice conveniences around them.
Generally live in one room cabins.
Varies according to economic and intellectual conditions. Our colored
people are growing encouragingly in good life.
Not what it should be but getting better.
More in evidence and becoming of greater moment in the thot and
plans of the average Negro.
The home life among colored people in the South is so much like that
other employment, farming, in which many of us are engaged without
a clear knowledge of the rules governing it. For reasons which we
will not discuss here, home has not meant and does not mean to the aver¬
age colored man what it means to some others living under the same
flag.
On a whole they live happily with few separations but a vast im¬
provement can be made in building good homes.
Perhaps this is a line in which we will see most improvements in the
cities and communities near the various industrial schools. Many ig¬
norant people have comfortable homes and the home life is Usually com¬
mendable.
Better homes in both town and country give us the best evidence that
there is improvement along this line.
Marvelously improving from day to day. Education and increast
earning capacity together with other thirigs have lifted the ideal of home
life among the Negroes thruout the South.
Arkansas
This among the religious and educational part of the Negro people
according to my experience is fairly good, but much improvement is
needed among the less fortunate.
Nearly every family owns a home and in many instances more than
one so that a natural love of order, etc., is maintained.
About seventy-five per cent of the people lead fairly good sound con¬
genial home life, care for their children and try to make home happy.
The majority of the people live well. Most of them own their own
homes.
A great deal of the property of the city is owned by colored people.
Their home life is one hundred per cent better than it has been.
California
Very much up to modern requirements.
Connecticut
The majority of our people are lovers of home and while property is
high yet they are making the struggle to make the home-life pleasant
and agreeable. Recently in our daily paper an article appeared stating
Home Life
75
that we owned more property for our numbers than any other race.
There is little real home life due to long working hours and large
numbers of secret organizations which take both men and women away
from home. Their small wages prevent home from being made attractive.
District of Columbia
Every grade and condition of home-life is to be found. The funda¬
mental sacredness of home is absent, however, in even the best. Pride
of appearance extends to size of house rather than to condition; but the
interiors are artistic and in many cases the reflection of keen artistic
sense of owners. Desire for pleasure and lack of opportunities to labor
for high returns change many homes to lodging houses with the attend¬
ant evils to young girls. Owned homes and homes on principal streets
grow by leaps and bounds. No suburban life of any account.
Better classes of colored people have good home life. Among the
lower elements it is deplorable.
Florida
They seem to take a great interest in home life.
Seem to be all one would wish according to their condition. Quite
an interest manifested in getting good homes and all the things that go
to make life happy.
The Negro home life is far from what it ought to be and that is very
evident in the conduct of his children. Taking the Negro as a whole
you find very rare cases where the father and mother are both proper
examples for their children.
The Negro men in my community are among the working class and
they spend all their leisure away from home while the women seem to be
interested in home life.
The greatest change can be seen in home life. More persons are be¬
ing built some very pretty homes; others comfortable. Children are
being taught to love the home and respect their parents.
Industrial, economic home life is very encouraging.
The most of the people own their own homes, from forty to one
hundred sixty acres and are making their living at home.
Most colored people here own their homes, which are very neatly
kept in most cases.
A true and pure home is the crying need of this place. There is
need of a proper conception of the relations of all the members of the
household.
Georgia
They are trying to get homes and care for them.
Their home life seems to be very fair, with the majority of our peo¬
ple having their own stock and vehicles and some with their own homes
76 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
As they become home owners home life is showing constant improve¬
ment.
Too careless. Much rather the outer world see their greatness than
use scant means at home where they are needed.
The Negro is building better and more attractive homes. Landlords
are recognizing the fact that Negroes no longer live in any sort of hut
and are building better tenements. I suppose this has some bearing on
the subject of home life.
This is good in the majority of people in Atlanta who are striving to
climb. There is great improvement in this line, but it seems to have
little effect on the young in the homes.
He has more respect for the marriage vow than in former times;
home and surroundings in general are more comfortable; therefore, home
life is more ideal.
The average person seems desirous of having a nice well furnisht
home.
Each year shows new interest and progress in home life.
Very fond of home life and they seem to strive to make home life
more happy.
Most of the folk are renters and take little interest in where they
live and how.
Their home life is not what it ought to be because in the main they
are without homes of their own and do not try to improve their homes
or home life.
Home life is not ideal, by any means. The conduct of the children
in the school rooms and on the streets is the greatest proofs of this
statement. Parents being in service has much to do with the great de¬
ficiency.
There is a decided improvement and progress is being made still.
They do not pack in such small quarters as they used to.
Illinois
They, for the most part, have well furnisht, well kept houses. There
is almost always music but seldom a proper supply of good books. Few
comparatively subscribe for a daily paper.
Miserable; fifty per cent of which is due to poverty and lack of time
to develop same in the struggle for an existence.
Negro home life at best is never ideal. It is too soon for him to
boast of a family tree. I believe he measures up with many of the more
favored races; is far superior to the various nationalities coming to our
shores. His married life is on the up-grade. Behavior is very good con¬
sidering the short time.
Kansas
Is not what it should be but much is being done by the schools in the
Home Life
77
vicinity, such as the extension work of Western University.
In many cases an unwholesome one. Kansas is a prohibition state
and the temptation to sell liquor in the home is very great.
Kentucky
They are greatly improved in regards to the comfort and govern¬
ment of their children on a whole.
Much improvement .in the home life of the masses of our people.
Home life is becoming more cheerful and delightful.
Most families are industrious, prosperous and own homes with
pleasant surroundings.
They need a little training on that line that must be done from the
pulpit and the school room.
The past ten years in this city has been an era for acquiring homes
on the part of the Negro population. They are taking pride in making
their homes the center of their social and intellectual life.
Some of our people do not take the pride that they should in the
home life. Some say they don't want any home and will let anything do
and will" try to have absolutely no progress along that line.
Far from the ideal but improving yearly.
Louisiana
Not improving much among the masses of our people. It is growing
better and better among the trained.
In particular do we find evidences of progress along this line. Homes
are more comfortable, hygienic and sanitary conditions show markt
improvement.
We are learning the needs of the bath tubs, wire screens, etc., for
the home.
Much better than it was five years back.
Simple but not very attractive, owing to a lack of proper knowledge.
The home life of the people of this section of the country is good.
About half own their homes and are very industrious.
Exceptional cases good but the average is poor.
Maryland
This is a city that is rather characterized by attention given to home
life.
The home life among the Negroes here is about as good as any large
city in the Union. About forty per cent of the colored population is
fairly well housed.
Minnesota
We are rapidly cultivating the highest ideals of home life and learn¬
ing more and more the great responsibility imposed in the care and rear¬
ing of children.
78
Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
Mississippi
Thirty per cent pretty fair, twenty per cent poor, fifty per cent in¬
different.
They can greatly improve in their home life especially as it pertains
to the mutual respect and honor of husband and wife and the careful
training of their children.
Generally over crowded and living in poorly kept and dirty sections.
A very large number of Negroes here own homes and have modest and
otherwise very attractive homes. A large number here are forst to live
in very undesirable sections because of small wages.
Missouri
St. Louis is a city of homes. The home life of those I know best is
admirable. There are others with whom home life is not exemplary.
Is not keeping pace with other improvements.
Is improving. For a long time there was this complaint: few chil¬
dren were found in the homes of people of intelligence. There is great
improvement along this line but most of the mothers are very young.
They need mothers' clubs to instruct them for they send their children to
school without any breakfast and give them money with which they buy
pickles and doughnuts.
All homes except two or three are well kept. About eighty per cent
own their own homes. They are peaceably quiet. Almost every house
has a telephone.
New Jersey
Owing I think to the narrow quarters in which most of the people
must live, home conditions are not good.
Improving among the home-buying element.
New York
In most cases good and in some cases exceptional.
Improving constantly and yet there is a large margin left for further
improvement. At least a third own homes, but many are careless in
their keeping of them. Just at this time there is a new awakening
among the people in the matter of purchasing homes. This they do
mostly thru Building and Loan Associations.
The average colored man and woman in this city, as far as my obser¬
vation goes, takes very little advantage of home life. I have come in
contact with very few families in proportion whose home life is ideal.
North Carolina
Their deportment on this line has improved very much indeed. They
are looking ahead for better things.
* Is far from what it should be. It is poor and meagre. Many have
no personal pride and the home is not what it ought to be. Decoration
Home Life
79
and adornment is lacking many a home. We find some homes that com¬
pare favorably with any home in town and city, rich or poor.
Sad lack of home discipline.
The homes are good—far above the average rural home. They are
well kept and furnisht and many families own two-story dwellings paint¬
ed inside and out.
The home life of the people of this town is fairly good; of the peo¬
ple of the rural districts and most of the county—very good. I refer
to the county because I come into close contact with people all over the
county.
Ohio
Our city is called the city of homes and there are some very beauti¬
ful ones. Those who can find good homes usually keep them good.
On this subject, as far as their means will permit, they score as
high a percentage as any in the country. I think the whites here have
the greater number of divorces.
Oklahoma
Impure.
They are in the dark.
In poor condition—most generally with the untrained.
There is absolutely a betterment along this particular line.
None too good. Conjugal infidelity is common both with spouses and
divorces from that cause are very rare. Many of our people come in
here from those parts of the South where it is not considered a disgrace
for a young woman to bear an illegitimate child.
Much improved but too much freedom and not enough exactness and
punctuality.
Pennsylvania
There is very little real home life among the colored people in this
city because they have to live in tenements and flats. I speak of the
masses, not the exceptions.
Very much improved. Better perhaps than the home life of the
same class of whites.
I don't believe there is a race that loves home life much more than
the Negro.
I know of instances where a comparatively poor family has taken
some sick person or friendless one in to share their shelter and food.
Rhode Island
The males have many outside attractions, such as amusements, so¬
cial life and lodges. On the whole, home life for the females is normal.
South Carolina
Both good and bad. Most of our people in this state do not pay
80
Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
sufficient attention to home life. Some few are making great efforts to
improve along that line, others are almost totally indifferent.
Camden is noted for the anxiety of the colored people to own their own
homes, and I think I am correct when I say that the majority of the
town people own their homes and as a rule they are kept very nicely.
In this respect we are making only a very limited improvement in
my judgment, altho I believe we are making some advancement in pro¬
moting and strengthening the sanctity of the home. For while the num¬
ber who seriously fail in this respect is very large, there are evidences
that as a whole we are making some headway in making the home in
truth what it ought to be.
This is very good because many of them have their own homes and
live in larger and better houses in town, cities and the country.
In the congested districts mentioned above—and many rural tenants
locate there—the home life is very poor and disorderly.
Tennessee
Good and compares well with that of the best communities. A large
percentage own their own homes which are beautiful and well kept.
In the majority of homes the men seem not to realize their responsi¬
bility.
As a rule when young people marry they begin to build up a home
and rear their family. The town does not afford work for the men the
year round and this makes it difficult to have the homes as they should
be. The majority are happy and agreeable.
A decided progress shown. There is a growing pride and ambition
to have better homes. These are signs of better living.
Becoming better, especially as shown in the children of our gradu¬
ates.
Texas
Far below normal; many are impure and their habits of life are too
bad for the public to know.
Parents could be stricter on children.
Very particularly guarded. A great rivalry exists in trying to make
the homes inviting and cultured.
Practically thirty per cent property owners whose home life is fair
but that of the remainder is questionable.
Turbulent, or there would not be so many divorce cases.
He does not understand the value of home. .But little attention is
given to this most essential of all his needs.
Simple and inadequate in too many instances. Hard work and late
hours returning home and early hours to work undermine the home life.
r But the colored people are home loving and do much to have good homes.
Economic conditions outside the home handicap the Negroes' homes.
Home Life
81
Judging from the girls who coma here, I should think that they did
as they pleased and had no proper government.
Is broadening. Home-getting and home-keeping is the chief ambi¬
tion. Happiness generally reigns in the home.
Home life is not what you would call ideal, but a majority are learn¬
ing the importance of proper environment in forming character.
Rather better homes, cleaner and more comfortable.
Fairly good, most Negroes here own their own homes, and take a
certain amount of pride in them.
Out of three thousand seven hundred seventy Negroes in this city,
more than ninety-eighf per cent read and write; eighty per cent own
their own homes and among them are many nice ones.
Sad conditions—constantly moving, renting and mortgaging.
He is improving here very markedly. The roaming disposition is
giving away to building up the home and making it more attractive.
Virginia
Great improvement.
Better homes and surroundings may be seen in the city and country,
which indicate better home life.
Improvement. Often unlettered parents use advice of children in
lower grades at school.
In those families where the parents are educated, the homes are as
they should be—on a high plane. In lower classes, it is coarse and crude.
There are exceptions to the latter.
Morally good. They devote their time mostly to work in and about
the home.
Medium according to surroundings. This is a furnace and public-
work town and women give most of their time to cooking and carrying
meals, washing and ironing; consequently they have no time to care for
their homes.
West Virginia
Is improving but not enough buying of homes.
Home life is improving rapidly especially during the past five years.
Decided improvement. Great interest is shown in purchasing homes,
beautifying and keeping them.
Too much time is given to dressing, eating and hunting amusements
to spend much time in trying to inculcate the principals of truth, virtue,
honesty and cleanliness.
Poor. Have but little respect for home or how they live. Small
rooms poorly ventilated. Have but little for the uplifting of those de¬
pendent upon them.
Compare favorably with all races in other parts of the country. The
average American home life is below what it should be.
82
Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
Section 9. Rearing of Children
The children of the slave families did not belong to their
parents and discipline was lax. The selected answers which
are here printed indicate present conditions. These answers
come from twenty-five states.
Alabama
Is not as good as it should be. •
Better families look after children well. Others are somewhat
neglectful.
A deeper interest relative to the education of children is now being
manifested. They are sent to school rather than to work. Sometimes a
great sacrifice is made for" the proper rearing of children.
Generally speaking the rearing of children is well done tho many
fail thru ignorance and lack of character.
Greatly neglected in this city. Many parents allow their children to
run at large at late hours of the night. They assemble in dives and hang
around the corners in great numbers, especially the boys. Many of them
are becoming gamblers and idlers.
The children are neglected in many cases from lack of facilities to
rear them properly, inadequate schools, necessity of the parents to work
and spend little time in the home.
They delight in education. Children have access to three good
schools which run from eight to nine months in the year.
Four fifths of the children are improperly reared. The parents in
equal numbers have never had the proper training themselves.
As a majority they are allowed to go too much undisciplined.
These people are gifted in loving their offspring to such an extent
as not to bend them in time, so to speak, consequently so many stray.
The education ot more fathers and mothers proves to be of much
improvement in the rearing of children.
Some improvement.
They are very careful in the rearing of their children. Some of
them teach them how to work, send them to Sunday school and church
and to the day schools.
Varies according to economic and intellectual conditions. Our colored
people are growing encouragingly in the rearing of their children.
Improving but very slowly.
Rearing and training of children is the most difficult problem of any
people and because of the colored man's financial and political status and
because of having to battle with conditions which are imposed upon him
Rearing of Children
83
the work of properly rearing his children has been far from satisfactory
either to himself or to his best friends.
A little too careless and not taking the proper interest in schools.
Not very good. Few are being born and they are not provided for
as they ought to be.
I fear that married couples are not inclined to rear large families as
used to be the case with our fathers in the past. This is not due to nat¬
ural conditions but to the crime of abortion in many cases. This is es¬
pecially true of those who live in cities.
The fact that all the schools both public and private are each year
overcrowded must indicate a corresponding interest in the home care and
concern about the child.
I am not prepared to answer this question.- I have given this sub¬
ject considerable thot but am still undecided as to whether the Negro of
my community is rearing his children in a way that could be improved
under circumstances or not.
A very great falling off along this line. Children are allowed to be
idle and slothful.
Arkansas
This needs much improvement among all classes.
There is a tendency to permit children to have too many liberties be¬
fore they are really able to see for themselves or really know what are
the consequences that result from too early taking upon themselves the
responsibility which belongs to mature years and I believe the parent
is wholly in error.
Think they are a little careless along this line as a majority; yet we
have ample provision for schools, etc.
Some of the children are well reared. A large per cent of them at¬
tend Sabbath school and.church, also the city schools. A great many of
the children have little restraint and are allowed to run the streets.
It is not as good along all lines as it should be. While there are
many of our people who try to raise their children right others let them
come on as they can.
They bear children freely.
Connecticut
There is a decrease, I am sure, along this line. Some large families
are left but not as many as formerly. The high cost of living and medi¬
cal aids given women to prevent increase are the causes partly at least.
Children are much on the streets and in cheap places of amusement
and are harmed.
District of Columbia
This, formerly considered the duty of parents, has been delegated to
84 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
the public schools. Our children are longer in contact with their teach¬
ers and under their influence than with and under their parents. Modern
conditions.
All grades of care and neglect are to be found in the children of the
same schools. Proper feeding and hygiene are the deficiencies. Children
of Negroes are dependent upon the schools to a greater extent than the
whites for all ideals of living, even in the best homes. Too much dress
and cheap pleasure and too little formation of right habits characterize
the people as a whole.
Better classes of colored people rear their children properly. Among
the lower elements the children are not reared properly.
Florida
Seem to be losing ground with quite a majority of our people.
Not as good as it ought to be, thanks (?) to their leadership (?).
Most children these days get no home training and the example of
their parents is such as is sure to corrupt their morals and manners.
If there is any one thing that should be establisht it is a school to
teach our people how to rear their children. For God knows they don't
know and don't care.
They are somewhat careless with their children. The principle of
their training comes from mothers and when the boys reach a certain
age they are beyond her reach.
Children are being reared properly and sent to school. Mothers are
one hundred per cent more intelligent than they were years ago, so I
think they can rear the young better.
Very little stress is being put on the rearing of children and home
culture.
Little attention is paid to the proper rearing of children in many
homes.
Georgia
We do not. We turn them loose and let them go as they want to go.
He is taking greater interest in his children.
Anxiety is exprest by all to have their children come up under bet¬
ter conditions than their parents. Heretofore, parents have said that as
they were raised the same conditions were good enough for their chil¬
dren, —but that idea is not the one now.
On a decline. Leave the children to assume duties beyond their
abilities which ends disastrously.
Much care is exercised in many cases while some are careless.
There are but few or no children in the families of the younger set
of educated people; but the children as a whole are given a better edu¬
cation and stay in school longer than in former years. There are two
orphanages in the city.
Rearing of Children
85
I must admit that along this line there is slow progress yet nothing
to cause hopelessness.
Very careless. Seems that they are taking new steps along this line.
Domestic influence is more wholesome, parents are more intelligent,
therefore, children are receiving better training.
Less are being born but more care is given. Negro parents need to
know better how to treat their children.
I do not think that parents are quite as strict with their children as
they were when I was a child.
Another field for improvement. The condition of the working peo¬
ple hinders them in the rearing of their children. Among the better
class it is good.
• Improving rapidly along this line. It seems that they take great
care in observing the health rules and have made great improvement
along this line.
Not much care is taken along this line. Many mothers work out and
children are left a great deal to themselves.
They are being educated and trained in better habits.
They are generally trained in schools and parents are rigid in having
their children mannerly.
Entirely too lenient in rearing their children and hire them out to
work too young.
Rapid improvement; care more for children; keep them in school and
send them to Sunday school.
Illinois
Parents don't seem to be taking enough time to teach children what
they ought to know and to encourage them to do what they ought to do.
They tell them and just pass on, and then wonder why they do not get
better results.
Reared in the streets. Some of our best citizens hardly know what
their children are doing.
Not much rearing the children in the big cities; often children are
what their parents wish them to be thru pride. Of course, there are
many families in large cities who are earnest and direct their children
properly, but they belong to a pitiable minority.
About the ordinary; some spoiled and over-fed; others neglected and
go unwashed; nothing unusual.
There is a great laxity. Not enough education, especially in the
higher branches. Too great a stress on dressing.
Indiana
Good. Famil> normal. No race suicide. The slogan is: "Fewer but
better children".
86 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
Kansas
Upon the decline. Smaller families in most communities.
Very much neglected. Small houses and large families make a very
perplexing problem.
Kentucky
We are spoiling our children with over indulgence.
They raise themselves.
They drift to the city too soon. They should be put to work.
Altho many of our children are neglected and allowed to run to the
moving picture shows and public dances at night unaccompanied, yet the
"Parent-Teachers' Association" is making a winning fight to give assis¬
tance to incompetent mothers.
Bad. Parents think too much of them when they are young and
when they become men and women they are looking for some way to
beat thru the w'orld.
Louisiana
Below par. On account of not receiving that training which per¬
tains to their religion and education. A four months' school term and
no effort to have it lengthened is put forth by parent or church.
As the race improves in education, there is a tendency toward fewer
children, but they are rearing the few they have better.
Among the lower classes, the children are left entirely to the teachers.
Maryland
Children are loved too dearly, if that is possible, and are allowed to
get beyond control.
Finding difficulty along this line. For many instances, the mother
is away all day from home. Yet the conditions along this line are very
fair.
Mississippi
More wholesome environment than formerly.
Not so carefully raised as in former years. Parents of the second
generation after slavery do not seem to be so expert in that art as their
ex-slave parents.
It is really pathetic to see the sacrifices the humble Negroes are mak¬
ing to educate their children. There is very little companionship; while
the parents work and strive to improve their children's condition, they
very often take them in their confidence and talk with or advise them
to live honestly and uprightly.
Missouri
Children are given too great liberties. There is not enough of
the wise restrictions that aid positively toward the building of character.
Just waking up to the great importance.
Rearing of Children
87
Fair, but girls are cared, for more than boys which is always a dan¬
ger. Out of two hundred school children less than a dozen illegitimate
ones among them.
Some of the best women we have in morals and education, are the
poorest housekeepers. They are just now beginning to appreciate being
taught sewing, cooking and manual training in the schools. They are
not the equal of the older people in rearing children.
I know of only one family where the children were desired. Ninety
per cent were either accidental or incidental. Very little pride. Sixty
per cent are legitimate. Very little interest taken in them.
New Jersey
Very little; domestic services and "day's work" make it difficult for
them to give the time they should to their children.
Most of the parents are rearing their children well, failing however,
in many cases to teach them respect for elders and reverence for God.
New York
Conditions in this direction could be improved. They are not all that
they should be but the many exceptional cases found form the basis of
hope for the others.
Our people here marry early in life and as a rule have large and rapidly
increasing families. There is probably no effort among any of them to
prevent or to hinder rapid increase of children. There is much parental
negligence and many of the children do not receive the proper home
attention.
Discipline not as severe as formerly. Method of moral suasion more
generally followed.
Like all other people except the Jewish, Negroes are not taking the
proper interest in their children. Result: the children become immoral
before they are matured.
As a race their one idea is to keep them healthy long enough to go
to work for parents; there is no pressure brot to bear to force the child
or encourage children to remain in school.
Ohio
Many are by far too easy with them. Even our curfew can hardly
keep them off the street at night. Their entertainment is left too much
for their selection.
The teachers and preachers need to thunder forth a change. There
is too much laxity, children are not taught to obey their parents and su¬
periors as they should; they are allowed to go and come too much at will
without reporting to superiors; to visit pool rooms, saloons, dances and
places of cheap notoriety.
88
Morals and Mariners among Negro Americans
Oklahoma
The children are left to themselves.
Their children are not cared for as they should be on account of our
mothers being called from home much of the time to help make the
living.
Educational interest is slowly but gradually growing. Ninety per
cent of our children of school age are in school.
A radical change for the better has been wrot in the last ten or
twenty years. More home interests and instructions should be given.
Pennsylvania
It is very difficult for the average colored people in this city to rear
their children. They have no places in which they may play except the
parks and streets; often the parks are far away.
A tendency not to have children; but when they have them they
make an honest effort to educate them.
Rhode Island
The children have very little of a father's care and on a whole not
enough of a mother's.
South Carolina
Some few properly reared. Most are allowed to come up as best
they can; to have their own way. A majority of our boys and girls do
not attend school. A large number do not attend any Sunday school.
I should say they are totally ignorant and this is one of their weak¬
est points.
Children are very well cared for and attend school very largely but
there should be some improvement along this line.
Imitating the whites in desiring small families. The high cost of
living and the increast number of what were formerly regarded as luxuries,
that only the rich were to have, but now must be supplied in even the
more humble homes, had the same effect among our people as among the
whites in making many of them consider a large number of children a
burden. More colored children have school training and home instruction
now than at any former time.
This is better because they are better trained, clothed and fed. Not
brot up in one-room houses.
Quite a number of mothers in service thus leaving children to care
for and rear themselves during the very time they need watching. Many
children attend school from such homes having to prepare themselves.
In many such cases the children are taught at home to defend themselves
at all hazards.
Tennessee
The children of our town as a whole are well cared for. I regret to
say that I do not think there is enough attention paid to the rearing of
Rearing of Children
89
the boys in our town and many other towns I have visited. We have a
splendid school system but it carries only nine grades. Every year we
have from twenty to twenty-five very young children to finish school that
might otherwise be held in school longer.
They are making a hard struggle to bring their children up right.
Children are rearing the parents. The rule seems to be "Children
make your parents obey you".
People are too slack in the rearing of their children; seem to have no
rule to conform to. Do not see after them especially but send them to
school until they are fourteen or fifteen and for the most part to Sabbath
school; but after that age they go to the amusement halls, the cafes etc.
Suffer from ignorant and incompetent parents. Do not get proper
physical, mental and moral training. Poor and but little parental gov¬
ernment. Much carelessness and neglect in essential things. Need of
reform.
The homes where children have the care and training which they
ought are comparatively few but increasing in numbers.
Texas
Is a complete failure. Lost almost without a remedy. Indeed a sad
state of affairs as the children are permitted to run the streets at will.
Some are rearing their children with great care as regards the cardi¬
nal elements of truth, honor, virtue and usefulness; many others ex¬
tremely careless. Some homes are without children.
Receives great attention among the people of our race and every
school is supported by strong mothers' clubs who go side by side with
teachers in the welfare of the children.
Only about one-half who seem to pay the right attention; some of
them dress their children all right and try to school them and teach them
how to work while others work themselves and let the children stray and
go where they please.
Not so good in many. I think this is because of the conduct of the
children in the high school and the grades; also from their actions in the
street.
The Father's Club is doing a grand work. Pastor and people alike
have united to see that the children are trained in the home and that
good instruction is gently given them.
Smaller families or no families at all seems to be the general rule.
Not strict enough. Children are given more liberty than is good for
them.
This is fairly good altho there are some who do not take the proper
interest along this line.
The teaching of the leaders and especially of teachers is having more
weight in our state. So that there is better family government. Par¬
ents are firmer in seeing that home regulations are obeyed.
90 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
Virginia
The children are too frequently allowed too much latitude, but this
is a weakness of the time among white and colored.
Parents seem anxious to put children forward and lose sight of the
necessity of exacting strict obedience and respect to all.
Children have good educational advantages of which they avail them¬
selves up to the grammar grades. Seventy-five per cent don't go beyond
the grades.
Among the educated parents, the majority of the children are being
beautifully reared. Some of the families are large and some small.
There are ignorant families where the children are being neglected.
This is easy to account for.
The children are comparatively behind as they have no high schools
and the city school is run on the same basis as the county and district
schools, from four to six months. Many are ill-mannered.
West Virginia
Parents are not giving the attention to their children that they should
so as to have them grow up the most useful men and women. In the sec¬
tions where it is possible to secure homes, that is, purchase homes, the con¬
ditions are much improved; but here in the coal fields where it is impractic¬
able to purchase homes, the people have made but slight improvement.
There is a large orphanage at Huntington, W. Va.
We have here a parents' union in which we aim to discuss the practical
things of life such as amusements, associations and dress, in fact any
phase of life which will benefit the child.
But very little done. Children left very largely to themselves.
Lack of parental restraint. Mother and father so busy trying to secure
a livelihood, children not thot of until the close of the day.
They are almost a failure in the rearing of children. Giving them
too much liberty allowing them to roam the streets and keep late hours.
Section 10. Amusements for Young People.
Few persons pause to consider how difficult is the prob¬
lem of amusement for young Negroes in America. First,
they are frankly shut out of most places of public amuse¬
ment and most Negro parents are afraid to send their chil¬
dren where they would be admitted for fear that some veiled
action or word would poison their pleasure. Secondly, these
naturally joyous, dancing, singing people have received a puri¬
tanic training which continually thunders against "worldly"
amusements. Small wonder is there that our answers here
Amusements for Young People
91
are strangely contradictory and that they reveal astonishing
moral attitudes.
Alabama
Fairly good. There is no such thing as dancing in this section of
the country.
As a rule the young people do not have a sufficiency of wholesome
amusement. Hence, their minds are often wrongly influenst.
Very little wholesome amusement if any is provided for the young
people, hence, they seek the amusement which is not best for them nor
for any race.
Wholesome amusement for young people is insignificant when com¬
pared with the hurtful amusements, such as gambling, drinking intoxi¬
cating liquors, frequenting what is known as "Honky-tonks" etc.
The majority of them seem to take more delight in the unwholesome.
The communities are in poor condition as to wholesome amusement.
As to the wholesome amusement for the young people we use such
as the Christian endeavor, Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A. and libraries.
None, save what children from their own resources create at school.
Some of the people have musical instruments in their homes to
amuse the young people. They give entertainments for the young people,
and also have a society for the young people.
Very much needed. Very poor opportunities in this. Amusement
places "for whites only" except cheap shows.
The lack of wholesome amusement among our people is having its
unwholesome effect upon the church. The tendency also is to lessen the
charms which a well ordered home should have for the child in its forma¬
tive period.
I find that steps are being taken by many intelligent leaders to fur¬
nish the young people with wholesome amusements. Many are making
the effort to eliminate the dance by the skating rink and such other
amusements as will take up their time at times when they usually go to
the dance halls.
There is almost none. Here is the greatest avenue for the service
of the social worker.
We are wofully lacking in this. The most of the amusements for
our young people are furnisht by white people whose interest is financial
returns.
They are beginning to see the need of wholesome amusement for
children.
Arkansas
In churches only.
There is no general movement in this direction but we feel the need
92
Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
of it and with the co-operation of the teachers another year we mean to
start a work of this kind. Most young people are not among the unedu¬
cated class.
This important work is far below what it should be among the best
of us.
The amusements are few, if any. The Y. M. C. A. does not afford
any. There are no play grounds or public parks. The theatre is about
the only place for amusement. This not very wholesome.
California
A beginning has been made along this line but lack of means is hin¬
dering progress.
Connecticut
Fraternal societies occupy much of their time. The theatre and
dance halls form some amusement but ought to be engaged in by the
young under parental guidance or ministerial advice, especially the
dances.
Y. M. C. A. and churches are seeking to furnish wholesome amuse¬
ment, but the masses are not attracted.
District of Columbia
The cheap picture shows more than neutralize the good done by the
recent institution known as the play-ground.
School play-grounds are in existence but sex contact spoils most of
their results for children over twelve. Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A.
are engaged in work which are giving better opportunities for adolescents,
but fundamental racial feelings are being disregarded for imitation of
methods in white institutions of same kind. Culture clubs exist among
classes but are offset by cheap dances which attract splendid female pos¬
sibilities with the usual results. Syncopated music with its sensual
stimulus is in every house with a piano and dancing at any hour.
Our people are fairly well equipt in this regard but we are in need
of more playgrounds.
Better classes of colored people have wholesome amusements. Among
the lower classes the amusements are not wholesome.
Florida
Woefully deficient. Too much time devoted to getting ready for
heavenly citizenship; too little for earthly citizenship.
There are no special arrangements made for amusements for chil¬
dren in and thruout this section. Hence, they seek their own amuse¬
ments.
The church should furnish such but alas it seems that the church
has partially joined the rag time amusements which seem to be the only
kind which will draw a crowd. To build churches our people seem wil-
Amusements for Young People 93
ling to sacrifice all.
What a fair-minded person would call none for persons between the
ages of twelve and twenty years.
Vaudeville theatre and moving pictures are among the chief amuse¬
ments of the young people.
The young people are free moral agents and are zealous in keeping
up with every questionable fad that is brot into the city.
Very little amusement for young people.
The greatest amusement here for young people is dancing and I do
not consider this wholesome.
There is nothing in an organized way. The ballroom is the most
popular amusement; also cards. A good effort to do something in this
line has been undertaken.
Georgia
Not being furnisht as it should be. Hence they amuse themselves
with things that destroy them.
Leads our people .away from education and refinement.
We need amusement for young folk. The manner of dancing and
playing cards has misled many.
Only two playgrounds and these only recently establisht. No parks
for them. They live in the streets or closed up in the homes. This is a
condition found in practically every southern city.
Little or no wholesome amusement is held out to country children
aside from hunting, fishing, etc. The Negro children hardly consider
this amusement. Where the sexes are brot together socially they are off
when it comes to wholesome amusement.
Our people go on too many excursions.
I don't think as much attention is given as should be to provide the
young people with wholesome amusement.
Housekeepers are supplying their parlors with pianos and organs and
are lavish in granting innocent amusements.
Very little effort in general is put forth to better conditions along
this line. No group seems to be especially interested in this phase of
development. Some individal efforts are being made to do something.
Illinois
The churches and Sunday schools and the Y. M. C. A. are furnish¬
ing a great deal of wholesome amusement in some places and the others
are seeing the need of doing so.
None that I would call wholesome save a few selected church enter¬
tainments and settlement affairs.
Movies, I believe, have an unwholesome effect upon the young peo¬
ple. Roller skating, rag-time music, cabaret songs, and ugly suggestions
of the big city are all pernicious. The dancing clubs in the big cities
94
Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
are also vicious.
Indiana
A little short on this point, I think, but thru public playgrounds con¬
nected with some of the schools, the junior department of the Y. M. C.
A. and a constantly growing number of home-purchasers the condition is
growing better.
Kentucky
Wholesome amusement has been so unwelcome that pleasing amuse¬
ment has overwhelmed it.
The Mothers' Club and the Association mentioned above are trying
to supply this great need, knowing that children are truly social beings.
Maryland
The Dunbar Athletic Club devotes a good bit of its time to provide
wholesome amusement for the young. The children are trained in many
athletic sports and have several meets a year.
Very good, but more stress should be put on them for the purpose
of counteracting the improper amusements.
Practically none, other than incidental amusements of the church
and school. Tendency to theatrical and house and ball dances harmful.
Minnesota
In the abstract, all public amusement (of which there is much here)
is open to the race; yet, nevertheless, there is need and want of some¬
thing more racial in character to bring them more closely together in so¬
cial contact and intercourse.
Mississippi
None. Nor are there any arrangements being made. No choice as
to the kind. Twenty-five per cent do not go or allow their children to go.
I know of nothing that I could call wholesome.
None. A moving picture place is their resort; that has a Negro
gallery.
No play grounds, clubs nor a decent hall in the town.
Missouri
There is much being begun. The public dance hall is still the chief
place of amusement.
Does not receive the attention that should be given it by the parents
here. Very often as a result boys and girls are thrown with bad associ¬
ations which have their demoralizing effects.
I think that we are a sleeping people when it comes to amusements
for young people. Little or nothing is being done. Personal efforts were
abandoned for lack of support.
Amusements for Young People
95
New Jersey
Very little—too much of the unwholesome; the public dance hall, so-
called dancing class, is the worst.
New York
Illiberal regulations must be abolisht. Standards of many Christian
bodies make hypocrites of the youth.
Many and a variety of which they readily take an active part. Ath¬
letics among boys greatly encouraged and willingly and strenuously strive
to excel.
North Carolina
Slow on this line, but they have improved. Somewhat better for the
past ten years.
No definite kinds—sometimes baseball, tennis, croquet, socials, etc.
A few have them but this is greatly neglected in the home. Therefore
the streets and public places draw many of the young people to resorts of
low repute and demoralizing habits.
Ohio
Partly answered in the preceeding. There is lack of wholesome
amusement and we can hardly blame them for their selection unless we
present something else.
We have here a Y. M. C. A. which is being well patronized by them.
The women, too, are making efforts along the same line.
Oklahoma
Real advancement—popular lectures, concerts, etc.
We encourage such games as baseball, tennis, croquet, basket ball
and the indoor gymnastic exercises generally. Our greatest struggle in
this direction is to counteract the influence of the dive Negro as seen in
the music and dancing.
Pennsylvania
The "Nickelodium" is the only amusement and often the children are
compelled to seek their own amusement.
There are many clubs and centers for such but they need careful di¬
rection.
None but dancing, moving pictures and a low life of vaudeville,
which is running riot here at the present, given by the better classes for
the benefit of their institutions and which include all types of dancing.
The low dance hall has almost entirely disappeared before the com¬
monly used vaudeville theatre and moving picture shows.
Unfortunately for the colored people in Philadelphia such amuse¬
ment is limited. Racial barriers act as retarding forces in the attain¬
ing of such desired goals. The Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A. are time¬
ly growing in numbers and in financial strength and so will soon be able
96 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
to offer a variety of healthy pastimes. S^me of the theatres and dance
halls accommodate colored patrons while others do not. The public parks
discriminate very little.
Rhode Island
Moving picture shows maintain a high level. Vaudeville does not
edify. Show3 generally fair. Concerts and lectures uplifting.
South Carolina
None whatever. No reading room, no Y. M. C. A., no Christian En¬
deavor or anything whatever to inspire the young and therefore, con¬
sidering all things, Camden people succeed wonderfully well.
The development of a true home life and the increast personal care
given to the young in the matter of educating them in mind and heart,
both are, in my opinion, showing themselves also in the growth of a
proper sense of the necessity that suitable and helpful as well as instruc¬
tive and developing amusement be provided; such amusement as will
polute not the mind and corrupt not the heart will attract and sustain
the interest of the child.
Tennessee
Some are very strict. There is absolutely nothing that could be
called wholesome amusement. Our best young people cannot mix with
them at all, they are conducted in such a bad manner.
Not so much being done as might be done considering the increasing
number of children who are not obliged to go into service early.
Very little done—a great need in this line.
Texas
Have about gone into rag-time. No one has charge of affairs except
the Police Recorder.
The places for wholesome amusements are few, especially for our
people.
Social centres are in vogue thruout the city for pastime and amuse¬
ment for our young and work a great benefit in training the young how
to amuse themselves in wholesome games.
Poorest sort—poor concerts, moving pictures, etc.
None save that provided by church and school.
Dancing, ball playing.
Moving pictures and shows.
Question not yet reacht. We have failed a long time along these
lines of giving our young inviting fields of pleasure.
Literary meetings and church socials.
Not enough of it. The children now are amused by contact as it
were at so much per moving picture show, theatre, entertainments of
various and questionable kinds.
Caring for Old People
97
The children select their own amusement. The public schools fur¬
nish various games, such as basket ball, tennis, base ball, etc., and our
church is attempting the same.
They are adopting a system of amusement as a substitute for rough¬
er or coarser amusements with better results.
Virginia
Here is a weak spot. It is hard to get the church people to see
things with our new light.
Moving picture shows with vaudeville for those who delight in such
things but the better class of our people are religiously inclined.
West Virginia
Has received but little attention but thru the Parents' Union we
hope to arouse the parents. Indiscriminate nickelodium attendance is
common here. Parents are careless about attending different places of.
amusement with their children.
None whatsoever. No playgrounds, parks, gymnasiums even, con¬
nected with the school.
They are very poorly planned. Anything almost to be on the go.
There are but few. Too much night carousing, no outdoor or fresh air
amusements.
In many sections they are few and far between. The dance halls are
the curse of the day.
Section 11. Caring for Old People
A last measure of the family and group tie is the care
bestowed on the old. From early times Negroes in the
United States have establisht old folks' homes and have now
perhaps a hundred such homes thruout the nation. Our cor¬
respondents send these answers to our question concerning
the care of the old people.
Alabama
Much attention is given. Have old people's homes here for colored
supported by the colored people.
Most of the old people are cared for by relatives, friends, or some
charitable institution. Many of them have acquired enough to maintain
their own support.
Each family is caring for its old people.
Nothing is being done for the old people by way of caring for them.
A committee of colored citizens have establisht an Old Folks' and Or¬
phans' Home and an attempt is made to care for the old people.
98 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
The old people are cared for by the family and city.
There is no organized effort to care for the old people nearer than
the city of Birmingham.
Old people who have homes or people who are able to see after them
are cared for by their people. As a rule the old people who have not
someone to care for them see a very hard time.
Those of the church are seen after.
There are several old people's homes being provided for and charit¬
able donations for the benefit of the old people.
Poorly cared for old folks' home. Individuals take goofl care of aged
parents in their respective homes.
The people are very nice in caring for old people. They have a
society to help the people, a sick committee to visit and see after them
and they take up collections in the church for the old people.
Our home with about six inmates.
Women's clubs here do a most commendable work in this respect,
especially the Dunbar Club.
The churches and a number of benevolent institutions are turning
their attentions more and more to this most needed work. Our local
church here has a treasury from which it disburses monthly a stipend as
to its worthy poor old people. The love and care are growing propor¬
tionately in the home and church as the people are being educated to it.
The principal way which I know of for caring for old people is in the
various old folks' homes establisht thruout the country. Several cared
for by contributions from churches and some by local contributions in¬
cluding money and clothing, supplies, etc.
I can point to a good many Old Folks' Homes started and maintained
by colored women. Dozens of cases of young people giving up education
and pleasures for aged parents come under my notice annually.
Very little is done along this line. We have an Old Folks' Home
and Orphans' Home for the care of the aged and distrest but it is poor¬
ly provided for as there is no general awakening with interest in the
care for the aged.
They are beginning now to reverence old age more and to make pro¬
visions for old people.
Arkansas
Very much neglected.
Our Women's Club and one or two of the churches assist the aged.
Much of it is done by the individual family. Very little organized
work for that purpose. One Old Folks' Home.
There are homes built for old and decrepit people, also charitable
hospitals.
There is a home for the aged but few ever go out to be cared for.
At present there are no inmates.
Caring for Old People
99
California
Many organizations and the public at large seem to regard it their
duty to contribute to this purpose.
Connecticut
Nothing at present is being done along this line. Six years ago a
home was started for such but about a year ago was closed for lack of
funds.
There is a good one of some ten years' standing in New Haven.
Home for aged women supported by colored people but no provision
made for the aged men.
District of Columbia
Ancestral worship is a cult which is not yet affected by our people.
In return, for the missionaries of the Gospel sent to them, we hope that
China will send to us, who will teach us the meaning of the fifth com¬
mandment.
Commendable efforts are made to care for the aged and indigent
but much is needed to be done in these matters.
Florida
No provision made in this community for the care of old people and
no effort being made to that end.
This subject seldom enters into their religion. They do not even
take care of their worn-out preachers, but appropriate these funds to
suit their own conveniences.
Very little, if any, as yet. There is a plan now on foot in this com¬
munity that will soon have a comfortable home for the old and helpless.
The old people are cared for in an Old Folks' Home which is sup¬
ported by the people here.
A philanthropic association by the name of the Buckingham-Smith
Association left considerable cash, stocks, bonds, real estate, etc., all of
which is very valuable to the old colored people of St. Augustine. The
value exceeds over a half million but it is now in the hands of a white
man who gives a small pittance to a few now and then. This gift is
worthy of investigation but the colored people here seem afraid to tackle
it. The leading whites say that something should be done about it.
They die here before they get old. Notwithstanding, Pensacola has
begun to operate an Old Folks' Home and Orphan Home.
Georgia
A growing necessity. The white people are saying the Negroes were
better cared for in slavery than now. Too much shiftlessness character¬
ize the youths of to-day. We should wake to our sense of duty.
We have two homes for old people; one dependent upon the general
public and the other supported by the Steward A. M. E. Church.
100 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
Everybody is in societies which care for them.
There are quite a number of societies that are doing real good work
in looking after and caring for the old and needy.
No place for old people supported by the city. The Carter Old Folks'
Home is the only place in the city. It is largely sectarian in its admis¬
sions; not wholly so, however, I am told.
The old are pretty well cared for by church and society.
Good. Old Folks' Homes are being establisht in many places.
I know of only one place for the care of old people as an institution.
In the homes the old people seem well cared for.
No arrangement is made for them. They are left to individual care
of whoever may do for them. A number are cared for by their former
white employers.
I know of several homes for the old, both North and South, and I
think our race is as generously supporting them as any other race.
We have an Old Folks' Home.
Illinois
There seems to be a growing pride in the Old Folks' Home. The
churches are establishing them and the Woman's Clubs as well.
Dependent upon charity; no organized effort.
Kentucky
Cared for as best we cam under present conditions. No home for
them—yet they do not suffer.
I really believe better efforts would be put forth in this respect if
the Negro's salary was better. His spirit is willing but his pocket weak.
No hospital nor home for the aged and helpless. Lodges and other
charitable organizations contribute to the needy.
We have a home for the old and infirm which is fairly well supported
by the race.
Louisiana
There are two homes in New Orleans for the old people: "The
Lafon" and "Faith Home". In my home, committees are organized to
erect an Old Folks' Home.
There are many benevolent societies whose mission is the care of the
old and helpless. The churches are doing much along this line.
Maryland
Homes for aged conducted by the M. E. Church and another by
Bethel A. M. E. Church. Then there is still another shelter or home for
the aged.
Mothers, fathers and relatives are seldom neglected altho they are
not as well lookt after as are the Hebrew parents. This should ba lookt
Caring for Old People 101
after.
I know of only one home not conducted under auspices of some
church.
Mississippi
They are caring for old people all right in my churches.
An Old Folks' Home managed by a club of Christian women; non-
denominational. They have a small home and a few old people in it.
Missouri
An Old Folks' Home is maintained, but it is not at all creditable to
the people.
An old and invalid hospital home. In place of the old people going
to the poor farm, we get the County Courts to let us have them in the
Hospital and give us what it would cost to keep them at the poor farm
and we beg the rest of the money necessary.
Little generally done. As individuals, our people are proud and care
for their old in a very creditable way. Our people remain young and we
have very few real old and helpless people.
New Jersey
A home with limited improvements is being developt in Newark.
New York
In a community so small as this, the number of old people is, of
course, not large. There is no "Old Folks' Home" here; yet, I know of
none of the old people here that are not fairly well cared for. The
churches here, regardless of color or race, look out for such.
Great interest manifested in the past ten years due, I think, to the
fact that white people are gradually withdrawing their support along
this line.
Seemingly indifferent except among the colored Catholics and Episco¬
palians.
North Carolina
Quite dutiful in way of Old Folks' Home.
I have noted in many places that great care is given the old.
Ohio
All things considered, I think we are to be commended on the care
given. I can call to mind a dozen families who are caring for their aged
parents respectfully and not one where their parents are on charity.
There are a few of the other kind however.
Oklahoma
This duty is performed very largely thru the church organizations.
102 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
Pennsylvania
Some commendable enterprises are on foot for caring for the aged
which is very commendable for the colored people. The Home for the
Aged and Infirm Colored People is located here.
Philadelphia has, perhaps, the best home for old folks in the country.
The churches are beginning to provide for their aged.
Satisfactorily met with. Churches and small charitable bodies make
provision for the aged. This is a beautiful contrast to the lamentable
neglect observed twenty or more years ago and as is met with in un¬
civilized countries.
Rhode Island
The state maintains an institution. Our people have a home in
Providence, which is supported in part by contributions from clubs run
by leaders of the race.
South Carolina
The lessened number of our old people proportionately now found in
poor houses and on the streets as beggars, and as subjects and' objects
of public charity, convinces me that they are being cared for more suc¬
cessfully by their own relatives than was the case some years ago. Many
of the secret societies and charitable orders among our people too, are
largely supplementing what is being done in private homes for the sup¬
port of the aged.
Tennessee
They are establishing and maintaining an Old Folks' Home.
Not much provision. Even the county does not provide a place for
them, altho it will appropriate a small sum for their maintenance if they
are in some home. Some lodges provide a home for the old and orphans.
They are generally very kindly cared for by some member of the family
or friend.
In the main, by the various benevolent organizations. There is no
special suffering here. All things considered, they are lookt after very
well.
Nothing systematic. Personal response as occasion calls is most
gratifying.
Texas
The fraternal and benevolent societies and church organizations are
doing much in this direction, the sick and feeble being cared for and the
dead being buried.
Greater interest being taken. Old Folks' Homes being establisht.
Caring for Old People
103
Lookt after by various charity clubs but there is not an establisht
institution in the city to care for the aged. That has been and is shame¬
fully neglected.
Outside of societies, there is little care for the aged.
On a whole, there are a few old paupers among our people consider¬
ing the large number of aged Negroes. Fine examples of filial loyalty
to aged parents and relatives are not rare.
Most excellent. Now, more than ever, the Negro's Home is an old
folks home as well as an orphan asylum.
In Texas, our people are becoming aroused on this subject. While
several meagre attempts have been made to help the aged, last week
the Baptist Conventions of Texas raised several thousand dollars to con¬
struct a building. Ten acres of land paid for here in Houston, Texas.
Virginia
• My observation is that while many old people are neglected, in the
majority of cases they are better cared for than formerly.
There is no organized charity but the aged are taken care of by their
relatives. I do not know of a single case where an aged or helpless per¬
son has been neglected.
I know of numbers of old people who have been helpt and cared for.
I have in mind also the caring for older parents by the children.
West Virginia
Only family care. No institutions.
A healthy sympathy is growing. The needs are being fairly well
lookt after thru relatives, benevolent societies and the Church.
Section 12. The Church
Our publication of ten years ago, Ihe Negro Church,
went so thoroly into the subject of the history and function
*vf the Negro church that little needs to be added. In 1906
the United States government publisht a census of churches.
The following tables were compiled from this government
report. They present statistics of interest to this study.
104 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
Church organizations among Negro Americans
DENOMINATION
All denominations, consisting in whole or in part of colored organizations
Denominations consisting wholly of colored organizations
Baptist Bodies
Baptist National Convention • ■
Colored Primitive Baptists in America
United American Freewill Baptists
Church of God and Saints of Christ
Churches of the Living God
Church of the Living God (Christian Workers for Friendship) ....
Church of the Living God (Apostolic Church)
Church of Christ in God
Evangelistic Associations
Voluntary Missionary Society in America
Free Christian Zion Church of Christ
Methodist Bodies
Union Amer. Methodist Episcopal Church
African Methodist Episcopal Church
African Union Methodist Protestant Church
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
Congregational Methodist Church
Colored Methodist Episcopal Church
Reformed Zion Union Apostolic Church
Reformed Methodist Union Episcopal Church
Evangelist Missionary Church
Presbyterian Bodies
Colored Cumberland Presbyterian Church
Denominations consisting in part of colored organizations
Adventist Bodies
Advent Christian Church
Seventh-day Adventist Denomination
Baptist Bodies
Baptists—Northern Convention
Baptists—Southern Convention
Free Baptists
Primitive Baptists
Two-Seed-in-the-Spirit Predestinarian Baptists
Christians—(Christian Connection)
Churches of God in N. Amer., Gen. Eldership of the , . .
Congregationalists
Disciples or Christians
Disciples of Christ
Churches of Christ
Independent Churches
Lutheran Bodies
United Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the South
General Council of the Evangelical Church in North America . .
Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference of America
Methodist Bodies
Methodist Episcopal Church
Methodist Protestant Church
Wesleyan Methodist Connection in America
Independent Methodists
Moravian Bodies
Moravian Church (Unitas Fratum)
Presbyterian Bodies
Presbyterian Church in the United States of America
Cumberland Presbyterian Church
Presbyterian Church in the United States
Associate Reformed Synod of the South
Synod of the Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America
Protestant Episcopal Church
Reformed Bodies
Reformed Church in America
Reformed Episcopal Church '. ! ! !
Roman Cathdic Church ' ' ,
United Brethren Bodies
Church of the United Brethren in Christ ! . .
Colored Organizations, Communicants or Members, 1906
DENOMINATIONS
organizations
reporting
sex
Number
Per
Cent
of
Total
communicants or members
reported by sex
Total
Number
Total
Number
Per
Cent
Male
Number
Per
Cent
Female
Number
Total
Baptist National Convention (Col.)
African Methodist Church
Methodist Episcopal Church (Part)
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church . . .
Colored Methodist Episcopal Church
Roman Catholic Church (Fart)
Colored Primitive Baptist in America
Baptist Northern Convention (Part)
Presbyterian in United States of America (Part)
Protestant Episcopal Church (Part) ......
Colored Cumberland Presbyterian Church . . .
United American Freewill Baptist (Col.) ....
Congregt tionalist (Part)
Disciples or Christians (Part)
Free Baptist (Fart)
All other Bodies (26)
34,648
18,034
6,486
3,183
2,156
2,309
33
329
98
356
151
196
135
155
168
175
604
94.2
97.3
97.6
85.9
97.8
97.0
(2)
41.1
90.7
85.4
76.3
100.0
53.8
99.4
94.5
3,685,097
2,201,549
494,777
308,551
184,542
172,996
38,235
35,178
32,639
27,799
19,098
18,066
14,489
11,960
11,233
10,876
43,051
3,527,660
2,201,599
481,997
271,821
180,501
169,252
35,430
17,881
29,802
23,898
15,487
18,066
7,835
11,952
11,179
8,951
42,059
95.7
97.3
97.4
88.1
97.8
97.8
92.7
50.8
91.3
86.0
81.1
100.0
54.1
99.9
99.5
82.3
97.7
1,324,123
822,162
177,837
102,740
67,096
64,988
16,838
6,386
10,694
8,935
5,414
8,405
3,438
4,613
4,414
3,397
16,734
37.5
2,203,537
62.5
37.3
1,379,387
62.7
36.9
304,160
63.1
37.8
169,081
62.2
37.2
113,405
62.8
38.4
104,264
61.6
47.5
18,592
52.5
35.7
11,495
64.3
35.9
19,108
64.1
37.4
14,963
62.6
35.2
10,041
64.8
46.5
9,661
53.5
43.9
4,397
56.1
38.6
7,339
61.4
39.5
6,765
60.5
38.0
5,559
62.0
39.8
25,325
60.2
O
Ui
CO
G
cC
U
<0
6
<
60
V
Z
cm
c
o
H
(0
<u
c
c
(0
T3
C
(d
Colored Organizations
COLORED ORGANIZATIONS
DENOMINATION
Number
Per Cent
Distribution
Increase from
1890 1906
Rank in
Number
1906
1890
1906
1890
Number
Per Cent
1906
1890
Total
36,770
23,462
100.0
100.0
13,308
56.7
Baptist National Convention (Col.)
18,534
12,533
50.4
53.4
6,001
47.9
1
1
African Methodist Episcopal Church
6,647
2,481
18.1
10.6
4,166
167.9
2
3
Methodist Episcopal Church (Part)
3,750
2,984
10.2
12.7
766
25.7
8
2
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
2,204
1,704
6.0
7.3
500
29.3
5
5
Colored Methodist Episcopal Church
2,381
1,759
6.5
7.5
622
35.4
4
4
Roman Catholic Church (Part)
36
31
0.1
0.1
5
(2)
15
13
Colored Primitive Baptist in America
801
323
2.2
1.4
478
148.0
6
7
Baptist, Northern Convention (Part)
108
406
0.3
1.7
298
73.4
14
6
Presbyterian Church in U. S. A. (Part)
417
233
1.1
1.0
184
79.0
7
9
Protestant Episcopal Church (Part)
198
49
0.5
0.2
149
(2)
9
12
Colored Cumberland Presbyterian Church
196
224
0.5
1.0
28
12.5
11
10
United American Freewill Baptist (Col.)
251
0.7
251
8
—
Congregationalist (Part)
156
85
0.4
0.4
71
(2)
13
11
Disciples or Christians (Part)
170
277
0.5
1.2
107
38.6
12
8
Free Bap tist (Part)
197
5
0.5
(6)
192
(2)
10
14
All Other Bodies (26)
724
368
2.0
1.6
356
96.7
(6) Less than one-tenth of one per cent.
(2) Base less than 100.
vO
O
The Church
107
WHAT IS THE CHURCH DOING ALONG THESE LINES OF SOCIAL
. UPLIIFT?
Alabama
It is trying to do and is doing much good.
Very little.
The church is doing well but since it is such a potent factor there is
still room for improvement. When other institutions fail in their appeal
the church can wield an influence.
Most of the churches do nothing for the colored citizens generally—
and little for their own denominations aside from annual picnics, occa¬
sionally supervising a colored lecturer but not settlement work outside
of their own churches of any note.
Nothing. She is asleep.
The churches are making an earnest effort to improve the people
along these lines but are progressing very slowly, by reason of the fact
that the majority of churches are being led by ignorant but zealous minis¬
ters—zealous avariciously, spectacularly and superficially.
The church is not doing very much along this line.
The churches are beginning to work to educate the people along
these lines.
I think really, churches should be the principal means to rectify these
conditions. They are somewhat asleep.
All branches of the Christian churches thruout this section seem to
have awakened along the lines of caring for the unfortunate old and
young.
Not as much as might be expected. More intelligence and a better
quality (not a bigger quantity) of religion is needed.
In the church we have a regular department which makes special
provision for its worn out ministers and the widows of deceast ministers.
The results are not as satisfactory as we would have them but we are
far from doing nothing. Thousands of dollars are distributed thru this
one department every year to widows and orphans of our church. This
is true of other churches right here in this state and southland.
The church is doing some good work.
All it can but it seems that very little good is done.
Many churches have benevolent societies connected with them. The
lodges are taking the lead in this respect, however.
Sorry to say that the church seems backward along these lines. The
Negro minister has not yet been trained for social service. He is a
slave still to the old individualism. At present the school is the chief
agency along these lines.
As such, the churches are doing nothing along these lines and be¬
coming more interested in worldly things.
108 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
Arkansas
The churches, I think, are doing much to improve the above condi¬
tions.
Some of its duty but not all. There is a vast room for improvement.
Nothing. Our pastors are advising all the time but the people are
far from us so we can't do anything but tell them and give the plans.
The regular societies connected with all the churches do their part. Near¬
ly every church has its special young people's society and occasional con¬
cert or social—that is about all. The churches mostly content them¬
selves with frowning upon conditions without taking the lead in substi¬
tuting better ones.
The churches are trying to do what they can to effect for good the
lives of those within their reach. Their influence is far-reaching.
California
The church is assisting nobly in all this general work of uplifting.
Connecticut
Altogether too little. Individuals are helpt but many I fear go un¬
aided. The large Episcopal churches of this and other cities spend much
money in rendering help but the smaller ones fail to do the little they
might do. Aside from ordinary church work we have Saturday morning
classes for girls in sewing and physical culture with paid teachers; Sat¬
urday afternoon classes for boys in electrical experiments, photography
and physical culture; weekly free socials for young people. We continue
to support our poor.
Delaware
All that is in its power.
District of Columbia
Rather, what effect have these conditions on the church? The church
is less concerned about the improvement of morals and manners and per¬
sonal honesty, the home life, the rearing of children, etc., than about get¬
ting money and preaching the gospel of materialism.
Ministers as a whole are active social forces but the church as an in¬
stitution is hardly maintaining its own as compared with ten years ago.
The young peoples' societies are largely literary in their nature and
the Sunday school is perfunctory. Intensive study of Bible history is
neglected and little interest is manifested in social activities outside of
the church as a unit of property. Even church weddings are less com¬
mon. Catholic and Episcopal churches seem to be striving to imitate the
activities of their parents. Moving pictures and spectacular entertain¬
ments take much time formerly given to church activities. The Negro
Protestant church needs to learn the truth uttered by Van Dyke some¬
where, "The man who aims to save his own soul is on the road to
The Church
109
Heaven but will never arrive; while he who serves his fellows cannot
miss the goal".
The church is doing its part and in many instances more than its
part along these lines.
Florida
Some of the churches are doing some good while most of the smaller
ones only preach Heaven and Hell and never tell their people how to live
each day.
Raises collections.
Failing sadly taken by and large.
Nothing worth while.
All she can do to better the conditions.
Nothing. The churches now are clamoring for money, money and
are neglecting even the souls of men.
The church is failing miserably in every one of the above questions
and should be severely held responsible. They fail to take proper action
in matters pertaining to the best welfare of the people. The majority
of the ministers are far from what they ought to be and the people very
often complain to no purpose.
The church is a potent factor on these lines and is doing a deal of
good in the uplift of our people.
Some churches are working faithfully while others are dead or dying.
The churches are helping all these organizations whenever called up¬
on to do so. Th^y also help the orphanage and rescue home for way
ward boys and girls.
The indifference of the church is the result of its heavy denomina¬
tional alliances. The minister theoretically exhorts, criticises, and de¬
nounces; but actively he is very busy in getting the money from any
source to meet the claims of his denomination. Hence, the church is
not doing anything along local lines but complaining and resenting in¬
sinuations.
Contributing to an undenominational city home for infirm also to
Baptist Stats Home and then caring for our own aged by a Poor Saints'
Fand, a free dinner on the first Sunday in each month, two benevolent
and burial societies for members of the church.
Practically nothing. The spiritual life of most of the churches we
regret to say is at a low ebb.
Georgia
Untold good toward helping to better their conditions on all lines.
Nothing. The societies have taken them away from the church and
we can't get them to see that the souls of them are in need.
The church does not take, I think, - altogether the right step on the
lines of care. Why? Because we have too many pcor preachers who
1 10 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
look too hard for themselves and do not think of their friends.
I think the churches are carrying the greatest part of the burden.
Nothing. The pastors of the churches seem to have the idea that
their only mission in life outside of making a loud noise in church ser¬
vice is to raise money for themselves. While this is not the case always
the majority of them act in that manner and this is the bane of our peo¬
ples' progress as the ministers exercise the greatest amount of influence.
I think the church is doing the best it can along these lines.
The Methodist churches are doing nothing. The Baptists are doing
a little; and when we take into consideration the great number of our
people to be reacht, their work is but a drop in the great bucket. Here
is where I think our churches are practically failures. Oh, the improve¬
ment that is needed in this line! And the strange thing about the whole
matter is that so few ministers take time or have the time to think of
these great questions that to my mind are to be found at the very bot¬
tom of the church work.
A little something, not much; but what is being done in this part of
the Lord's world is being done by the church.
The church is doing most along these lines by establishing institu¬
tions of learning and the many small domestic schools which it maintains.
The Negro pulpit is well up on teaching religion but deficient in the
science of hygiene and the rules of right living.
Very little as the minister is almost alone so far as this work is con¬
cerned.
Practically nothing.
The churches seem to be doing all they can along these lines; the
"higher-ups" ought to feel more in sympathy with those who are not so
fortunate.
The church is the greatest force along many of these lines.
Untold good along these lines. We have very nearly all first class
ministers in town and they are doing good, by meeting once a week and
discussing the many things mentioned here.
Taking a very little interest.
Illinois
Lending their support quite freely to charitable institutions.
Nothing. City and state authorities protect places which are breed¬
ing crime and criminals and the preachers have made no organized ef¬
fort to destroy these places.
Nothing. Absolutely nothing because they are too busy trying to
see who can build the finest church and fighting among themselves, es¬
pecially the Baptists. The Methodist some better, yet, not what they
should be.
Cannot say as I believe in any religion that has a Jim Crow attach¬
ment.
The Church
111
Making some effort but accomplishing less than we would expect.
The church may be moving on. It does call for penny collections to
devote to worthy charity but there is some doubt prevalent as to wheth¬
er such collections are always devoted to the causes for which they are
raised. The churches are still the great sun of Negro life. I think too
much is intrusted to the preachers.
Not so much as possible, that is in my opinion.
Nothing to my knowledge.
Indiana
The Missionary Baptists of the state have just establish t a home for
superannuated ministers and their wives and for worthy aged of that de¬
nomination. Once a month, the representative of the Alpha Home lo¬
cated here (Indianapolis) takes up in various churches a collection for
that institution, which is establisht for aged colored women. Formerly,
the superannuated and aged women were left to the poor house and pub¬
lic hospitals.
Practically nothing. Ladies' Club doing excellent work. Civic League
also is especially interested in this work.
Kansas
Church leaders are selfish. Money getting is their chief interest.
The Baptist church has a home for the aged but is neglecting it.
Here and there may be found a church which is wielding a definite,
wholesome influence upon the community. There is a great field for con¬
structive work by each church.
Kentucky
I think the churches are doing their best along this line.
Nothing special.
Not doing its full duty along these lines, yet, I find it taking a more
positive stand for the general uplift of the people. To me the future
seems bright.
Just enough to be well reprimanded and enforced to do better.
Some are doing much but most carry heavy debts and are trying to
out do each other in raising money and erecting great church buildings.
Some excellent work on or along this line.
Not as active in actual work and endeavor as it should be.
Not much. Preachers mercenary.
Many are being helpt in all churches and yet, not as they should.
Louisiana
Great good, both religiously and morally. We have one main hin¬
drance, that is, a deficient ministry. We will rejoice when the time
will come that our ministers will be better prepared.
Take great interest in the work as to the interest of both old and
young. The Methodist churches of this county are in lead of the work.
1 12 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
In some localities, manly efforts are made with ministers of churches
and Sunday school teachers. The ignorance of the pulpit as to the duty
of the minister with respect to his race is a great hindrance.
Its best; but there are not enough intelligent ministers in this com¬
munity to do any real benefit to the colored people.
Maryland
They give as much attention as possible to the topics thru their
leagues and other young people's meetings, Mothers' Day, and special
exercises of this sort, as well as by missionary work.
Particularly M. E. and A. M. E. provide homes. The Baptists make
donations of money, etc., to the needy.
Mississippi
All that is done.
Of the six colored churches at Indianola, all of them do something
towards the caring for the aged.
Nothing in a general way. In a few personal or individual cases,
it puts forth small efforts.
Not anything along these lines—only after all of the money they can
get for the preachers.
Nothing as to amusement. Little as to the care of the aged.
Almost nothing. In fact, here there are by far too many churches.
Most of them are heavily in debt and they are in a constant strain for
a very humble existence. They beg the public regularly for support but
do little moral or charity work. The Catholic and Episcopal churches
have a school each.
Missouri
Practically nothing.
Only beginning to give attention to these things. Establishing itself
and acquiring property has been the church's main object thus far.
Far less than it should be. Not yet awake to its duty along this
line.
It has organized Missionary Societies, B. Y. P. U., Old Folks' Home
and a Young People's League.
Only a feeble effort. We are mostly Baptists and Methodists.
Practically nothing. Our ministers are uneducated, well meaning
but not seriously interested in anything except making a financial suc¬
cess with the church, upbuilding the parsonage, etc.
New Jersey
All that it can do. It is limited on account of the poverty and lack
of appreciation on part of the non-church people, who will not accept
the help of the church, who will not go to the church or permit the
church to come to them.
The Church
113
New York
Not as much as it could have done. Heretofore, it has been handi-
capt with an ignorant ministry—a ministry without an ideal. However,
better days are now expected along this line and better work can reason¬
ably be expected.
The Mother Church here (white) of which mine (colored) is a mission,
takes deep and active interest in the well being of the Negro citizens of
this village and of those in the vicinity round about; ample facilities are
provided for the general needs and well-being of the people.
Not much. If colored ministers would preach Christ crucified and
the Bible, and discipline based upon the Ten Commandments, emphasiz¬
ing the Seventh and Ninth, the church would be a better and a greater
force.
The church cares for some of the sick and destitute, provides some
amusements, but has no organized effort as to home life. The matter of
church attendance and collections is emphasized by the churches.
A great work along the line of caring for the aged; along other lines,
the church seems to fall far from doing much good. In my opinion, the
reason for this is that too many young people in the church are immoral.
Many old people in the church have immoral past lives.
Impossible to tabulate all of the activities of the churches even along
these lines; but I believe I can say they are aware of the needs and up to
their financial ability are seeking to meet them.
Catholics and Episcopalians something—others very little.
North Carolina
A good record, on these things and looking for a brighter future.
Very little or nothing.
Does much in this direction. It makes offerings to the sick and poor
as a free-will offering, yet, it does not do as much as it should.
Nothing in an organized way. Collections are raised regularly to aid
the old and the sick.
Each one is doing some work in its own way. We have not an
organization among them or among the ministers.
Scarcely anything except in a general way. There is not any united
work of any consequence by the churches as I am aware of.
Introducing harmless and healthful games.
Nothing, except giving of contributions for the immediate relief of
the poor, disabled and afflicted.
More for the general uplift of our people than ever before in all its
history.
The Home Missionary societies have made efforts along these lines
but really it seems that district schools, foreign missions, and orphans
homes are the greatest problems of the church.
I 1 4 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
Ohio
Gradually awaking to the real sense of its real duty, rather than the
Lodge doing it all. Our missionary societies are doing a grand work.
Not much. It cannot as it seems that all they can do is to meet cur¬
rent expenses and keep out of debt. There ought to be fewer churches
and larger congregations. We need to study up in Church Economy.
Our pastor can preach to a thousand as easily as to a hundred, then the
salary of the other two pastors would be better.
Oklahoma
Absolutely nothing.
Nothing; they are for themselves and the preacher.
The church is very liberal toward its individual members.
More fine churches than any city in the Union and fighting every
degrading influence.
The church is a negligible force in this section. The rank and file
of our ministry is uneducated and immoral. Hence, no appeal is made
to the younger classes of our people, and as a result there is no growth
in our churches. The church in Western Oklahoma is almost entirely de¬
void of influence.
Pennsylvania
Practically nothing that is worthy of note. The average church is
so deeply in debt that it takes all of its energies to look out for its debt.
Nothing but getting the money and the trustees are poor examples
from a moral standpoint. The same holds true for the church leaders
and on the whole those in church are more immoral than the non-church
goers.
As a moral force, the church may be doing much, but as an organiz¬
ation, it is not so much felt. That is to say, it is difficult to get a united
movement of it as an organization in a given direction for social or politi¬
cal betterment.
Found wanting "Money Crazy."
They are doing something, but might do more. I would say com¬
paratively, the little church in the community, gives more than some
wealthy congregations.
While the church makes a noble effort to combat existing evils, and
to encourage good actions and intentions, yet, with the exercise of less
sectarian selfishness and a leaning toward progressive lines, the masses
would be more generally benefited, socially and industrially. The church,
which has always been the pioneer in advancement, ofttimes, thru the
changing of its leaders, lags by the wayside; and thus, allows science, the
co-discoverer of truth, to surpass it by leaps and bounds.
The Church
Rhode Island
I believe all four churches here are working along these lines to the
best of their knowledge and ability and they are heartily supported by
the people; yet we are often guilty of more zeal than knowledge.
South Carolina
The best they can under the circumstances but much remains to be
done.
More than they have ever done in helping on in the good work men¬
tioned under the above questions. There is a less and less influence now
being exerted by the ministerial hobo and vicious "whangdoodle" in the
pulpit than before. The preacher who succeeds is finding that it re¬
quires more than a strong voice and a saintly moan and hallelujah groan
to hold a respectable charge these days and that religious life must more
and more show itself.
Recognizing and performing its duty.
The average church is not doing much.
Tennessee
We have seven handsome churches which are in a prosperous and
thriving condition and are doing much good for the uplifting of our peo¬
ple. Each church has its B. Y. P. U. or other society for the uplift of
our people.
Giving moral encouragement to all movements for the betterment of
the race.
Along some lines, active. Along others, silent or indifferent.
Not as much as the lodges. There is a number of lodges and every
one belongs to one or more lodges and insurances and in that way every¬
body is cared for; but the churches are doing very little altho people
have church pride. We have seven good churches, four brick, three
frame and people attend well and think a great deal of their churches.
Some do something, others nothing. It too often happens that those
who could do the most good along these lines, afford an opportunity for
immorality. Decency, morality and character are foreign to many.
Piety is unpopular. I regret to say that their training and influence do
not contribute to righteousness, edification and elevation.
Texas
Some do well, while others devote little, if any to same.
In connection with the societies mentioned, is doing a good, commend¬
able work.
They help some along these lines but not as they could or should; this
is due to the fact that out of ten churches, nine are led by ignorant,
mercenary ministers, whose only aim is self gain. The secret orders do
more for the uplift than the churches.
1 16 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
Positively doing the least of all.
Some of them are really retarding the progress of the race. Others
are doing good work in the educational and moral uplift of the race.
Many of them by the example of their preachers and leading men are
sending more to hell than they are saving for heaven.
The church does very little more than collect money.
The church is the most active force working among our people. It
is often pointed out that the church does too little, but however, the
church does most and very often all that it can, and all that is done.
The colored church is poor in money and workers, yet it does almost all
that is done for our people along lines of moral uplift. Too little is be¬
ing done; that is true; but the church alone deserves credit for what it is
doing.
Our church is doing very little. It is in its infancy.
Very little. The churches have failed to unite their forces as a
church. God only knows what will become of our aged. We hope that
you may be able to awake our people along this line.
The church is trying to meet these conditions and fill them but has
not been able to. I believe the church would, if it were not a question
of money, prove to be the most eifective agent in helping people to
solve righteously and sensibly problems indicated by these questions.
Not what it might do for the reasons that too much attention is given
to the secret societies to do this work.
The church is doing more than any other factor.
It is in the lead or at the head of all concerns for the uplift of our
race and the betterment of mankind.
Virginia
Beginning to talk about and encourage improvement.
The churches are slowly awaking to their duty and are doing more
work along a social line.
I speak for the church of which I am a member; collections are
lifted on every second Sunday for the poor; strong sermons are preacht
by our pastor in reference to unfavorable conditions.
Just about what the average Negro church does and that is not
much. They seem to emphasize the spiritual rather than the social life.
The church here stands out strongly for all you have askt and
preaches good manners, good morals, Christian honesty and cleanliness.
It is strongly opposed to all questionable places. All of the churches
give aid to its old and needy members.
A good deal of work and a great deal more of talk.
The church is a mighty factor in this community for the moral and
spiritual uplift of the people.
West Virginia
Accomplishing something but there is very much room for improve-
The Church
117
ment.
Thru Aid and Missionary Societies, the church is working to uplift
the people of the community. The ministers are active in movements
for the uplift of the race.
But little. An occasional collection after other church obligations
have been met; would not get enough to feed a person for a week.
Something but not what they should or could. Too much pride in
churches to consider the poor. The church is almost afraid to speak of
the true condition of the people; they are weak along this line.
Sorry to say, the church seems to be doing very little along these
lines due largely to our weak ministry, which is often a stumbling block
to good efforts.
Very little, if anything and certainly, not as much as it might do
along these lines.
THE NEGRO CHURCH IN ATLANTA
The students of the class in Sociology in Atlanta University made a
study of the Negro churches in Atlanta. Data were secured for fifty-
five of the sixty three churches. The following figures are compiled
from the reports of the investigators:
Activities of Fifty=five Atlanta Negro Churches
Total membership 28,328
Number of members under twenty years of age .... 5,897
Value of church property 798,500
Total expenditure year 1912 $67,040.92
Spent for missions year 1912 $6,242.14
Spent for education year 1912 $7,677.68
The investigators report that the Ministers of the Negro churches in
Atlanta were educated as follows:
Public Schools
Atlanta University
Morris Brown
Atlanta Baptist College
Greely Institute
St. Augustine School
Paine College
Fisk University
Yale Divinity School
Clark University
Gammon Theological Seminary
Philadelphia Divinity School of the Protestant Episcopal church
Central City College
1 1 8 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
Normal School
Ballard
Claflin University
Union Theological Seminary
Biddle University
Lincoln University
Howard University
The investigators askt: Where does the church encounter its great¬
est difficulty? The following answers chosen from the reports are charac¬
teristic:
In securing the honest efforts of men.
In securing leaders to carry on the work.
In reaching and holding men.
In securing and maintaining the conscientious aid of men.
Lack of enthusiasm and devotion.
Lack of voluntary self-sacrifice in service, consecrated and sys¬
tematic liberality. Lack of Bible study and home devotion, ir¬
regularity of attendance, lack of missionary fervor and ambition.
Lack of religious devotion.
Lack of regular attendance and devotion.
In finding freedom from an erroneous conception of the church
and religion.
The church is hindered by the lack of attendance.
The poor wages paid the members for their work give them lit¬
tle money to contribute to the church.
Careless, unconcerned and disgruntled members.
In enlisting young Christians for active service.
In getting men to identify religion with life.
Getting hold of, and holding young people.
Getting the members to work together in a unit.
To my mind the Boy and Men problem presents the church's
greatest difficulty.
Social evils together with Sunday sales of luxuries thruout the
city from Greek stands and other business houses. In securing
a regular attendance at eleven o'clock service by young people
and attending weekly prayer meetings.
In meeting its financial obligations.
Poor preachers, bad management and factions in the church.
Weak pastor.
No particular difficulty, except ignorance of pastor and members.
Irregular attendance; lack of power to attract the people.
To get the men to manifest interest in the church.
In getting proper amount of money in order to do its full service.
Present Conditions compared with past
119
Section 13. Present Conditions compared with the past
We askt our correspondents how present conditions in
these respects compare with conditions ten or twenty years
ago. These are their answers in part:
Alabama
In this section of the country it has greatly improved; at least fifty
per cent.
Except for rearing of children, greatly improved, perhaps fifty per
cent.
Better.
Pretty fair. Above that of ten years ago.
No, they are not.
Conditions as a whole are ninety per cent better than twenty years
ago.
Not as good.
There is a great change along this line. More attention is being
given to this line of work by our people.
Present conditions are indeed encouraging. Ten or twenty years ago
the situation was quite different. "Let us then be up and doing" and
success will crown our efforts.
They are two hundred per cent better now than they were twenty
years ago.
There is not much general, improvement in a general way over that
ten years ago. There is considerable improvement being done by indi¬
viduals but no concerted efforts on the part of the people generally.
Conditions have improved greatly in the past ten years in that Bir¬
mingham was at that time considered unsafe on account of the pre¬
ponderance of the mining class while now there are less of these people
for they are gradually being considered in the better class.
There are much better lookt after and cared for by one hundred per
cent.
Ten years ago church work was hardly known here, immorality was
rampant, as a matter of course, but now the churches are growing in
influence, the moral status is being considered, the schools are being im¬
proved and homes are being built and owned.
Things are much better now along some lines. Schools and churches
are better and the people are better educated.
I should say on the decline.
There is just as much difference in the conditions ten or twenty years
ago as there is in day and night.
Now two hundred per cent better than twenty years ago.
About fifty per cent in advance.
120 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
People are much wiser but no better and we might truthfully say
it might be worse, because much learning with a corrupted heart makes
people more wicked.
Five hundred per cent improvement.
I think these people would be in worse condition than the heathen
if there was no advancement in these conditions. There is some, of
course.
Fifty or sixty per cent better.
The present conditions far excel the conditions ten or twenty years
ago.
Forty per cent better, at least, along all lines.
I have been a public school teacher thirty-eight years. There is
not less than seventy-five per cent improvement on the above questions.
Seventy-five per cent is a big improvement since 1865, all things con¬
sidered.
Can't speak for twenty years ago in this community. Have been
here two years. According to information of others, conditions indicate
improvement compared with ten or twenty years ago. A woman's club
recently organized as a side issue distributed a little cheer to poor Christ¬
mas 1912. First in history, as far as "Old Timers'" know. Created
much favorable comment. My answers refer to the Negroes of this
community who are in the corporate limits of Demopolis, only.
It is seventy-five per cent better than it was ten or twenty years ago.
Much better.
In the present condition there is a vast change. The people have
nice churches and schools, societies, good roads and nice homes which
they did not have ten or twenty years ago.
Fifty per cent better.
Now in this respect they are a great deal better. They are some¬
where about seventy-five per cent better in many degrees.
About twenty per cent better.
In some things a little better.
Improved. Much improved.
Not as good by a great deal.
All the way from sixty to one hundred and fifty per cent improve¬
ments.
Improved.
Conditions to-day compared with ten or even twenty years ago are
almost too far ahead to suffer comparison. The almost innumerable
benevolent, fraternal and church institutions have raised this question
beyond the point of speculation or experiment.
Better than ten years ago.
They are much improved.
Much better.
Present Conditions compared with past
121
I believe we were better then morally; now we excel along other
lines.
Much more is being done now towards caring for the old than was
done ten or twenty years ago.
Very much better in every respect.
Surpass them with exception of good morals and manners.
In this city the change in the past ten years has been wonderful.
The backward tendency is due to poor school facilities and ante-bellum
teachers. I regard conditions as being on a whole better than they were
ten years ago.
There is an improvement over ten or twenty years ago.
Arkansas
There is quite an improvement.
To compare with ten years ago we are fifty per cent better; but some
are just in the reverse.
They have changed for better all the way from twenty-five to seven¬
ty-five per cent.
About the same or worse.
Not favorably in many respects.
On the whole there is some improvement.
Better.
I believe that conditions are in advance of that time at least by fifty
per cent.
It has increast eighty per cent.
Not as good as it was even ten years ago.
From twenty years the progress of our people is above the average.
They are far better.
California
The social and religious condition I regard as being far in advance
of the past.
Connecticut
My hope is that the condition existing will arouse us to our sense of
duty. The need is greater and greater. People from the Southland are
flocking to the northern cities and the privileges as they call them are
often engaged in to the detriment of their health. As a result age or
disease siezes them and they become wards. This illustrates individual
cases. On the other hand the man born on southern soil is the most
thrifty class among us.
With reference to morals and training of children conditions do not
seem as hopeful as ten years ago. This may be due to the fact that long
residence has given us better knowledge.
Delaware
I think they are forty per cent better than they were ten years ago.
122 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
District of Columbia
Possibly, we are in the midst of a period of transition which will not
admit of comparison with conditions of other times. But I cannot but
confess to a sense of disappointment as regards conditions in some par¬
ticulars.
The general average is higher than ten or twenty years ago but in
different directions. More effort is expended to make money for money's
sake. The standard of dressing is higher and more becoming. The am¬
bitions are more rational. The morality is more conscious. The chastity
of girls is more deliberate. The care of the body is gaining its respect.
The preparations for living is longer and better. Marriage is postponed
and the size of families reduced thru regard for children as well as aim
to live well.
About ten per cent improved.
Greatly improved. Say about fifty per cent.
Marvelous advancement. Momentary increases. Leaning forward
to better things. Hope, courage, work are to be ceaselessly empha¬
sized.
Very, very great improvement on the past and growing encouraging¬
ly better all the time.
Florida
It seems as if the race is short of competent leaders and is at a loss
as to proper instruction. Moving pictures and places of fun and amuse¬
ment seem to be in majority on the Sabbath day.
Ten or twenty years ago the colored people were not as able as they
are now to do what they desired to do.
Greatly improved.
I hope better. It is only a hope, however. My optimism compels
me to think there is improvement along all lines tho imperceptible in
places.
Very unfavorable in many respects.
Ten or twenty years ago, our people were in a better condition
religiously and morally. You askt me my candid opinion and I have
given it. I do not mean to say that this applies to every one in the race
but the majority.
There has been quite an improvement along all lines to that of ten
years ago excepting to that of old people. They seem thrifty and pro¬
gressive.
Seventy-five per cent better now than they were twenty years ago.
I think in many ways they are better while in some of them I think
they have taken a decided fall especially in rearing their children and in
sound morals.
They are improving.
Present Conditions compared with past
123
I see a great improvement in the conditions of people within the last
ten or fifteen years. Since the fire the city has been made the homes of
people from all states and this has changed conditions considerably but
there is a constant improvement along all lines.
A great improvement.
To differentiate is but to show what has been neglected and what
has been subjected in the terms of years of moral activities. By compari¬
son of conditions we have enough light to see the wrongs and virtues of
the past, which are conclusive beyond a reasonable doubt that conditions
are better than they were twenty years ago.
There is somewhat of an improvement along some lines.
Fairly well. Some of our people are improving themselves very well.
Twenty years ago we had no church here but now we have also a school
house and colored teachers. The condition is one hundred per cent better
now than it was ten years ago.
Much better. One hundred per cent at least.
The way I understand it our churches twenty years ago were doing
as much again for the old people as it is doing to-day.
There is progress. There would have been more had there been a
better leadership in the church and in the school. Better pulpit leader¬
ship is the crying need of St. Augustine. The preachers are the veri¬
table leaders of the people. The lives of only a very few are any pattern
for the young people.
Georgia
Much better.
We are fifty per cent in advance..
They are far different now than twenty years ago. There was
more union and we used more cordiality amang ourselves and punctuality
made us live better then than now in many ways; and in some ways we
are better off; in some ways by having our own publications.
I feel that present conditions are much better than they were ten
years ago.
A great improvement.
Now, as a matter of fact, I believe that the times are better but the
church in some respects has lost his grip on young people and they no
more go to church or enjoy themselves as they did in days gone by.
I think there is great improvement in twenty years along these lines.
Just how much as a whole I could not say but they are better on all
lines. As bad as they are now, they are better than they were in for¬
mer years.
Some are in the front of that time and some are in the rear.
In the matter of homes, rearing of children and caring for the old
there is decided improvement over the conditions that obtained ten years
ago The morals and manners of the children are also better.
124 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
Fifty per cent better.
» I am candid in saying that I feel safe in telling you that there is a
general sign of betterment in the questions askt in our town and county.
I was born here fifty-three years ago and have spent my whole time
here save a few years away at school.
To my judgment morals are growing worse and raising children the
same; but other matters have improved ten to thirty per cent.
Very progressive. About seventy-five per cent compared with ten
or twenty years ago.
When we speak as to the masses these conditions have been improved
forty per cent.
The help which we are getting from white people, especially northern
white friends, has lifted us to that degree.
There is a perceptible advancement along all worthy lines.
Things are so much better.
They compare very unfavorably in view of the vast educational ad-
tages of to-day and ten or twenty years ago.
One hundred per cent in advance.
They are not as good. This is an exceptionally bad place. The
morals are the lowest here of any place I have ever been.
Great improvement in my race over ten or twenty years ago.
Some improvement, I think.
Far surpass.
Some improvement, yet not what it should be.
I should think they have made at least seventy-five percent improve¬
ment along these lines in the last fifteen years.
Cannot say. I have lived here only eight years and it seems that
immediate circumstances are making the race restless and unstable. Of
course, the older and wiser ones are careful and by their frugality are
accumulating means and getting real estate.
There is a falling off.
Ninety per cent are worse than they were ten or twenty years ago.
He is better prepared to-day than he was twenty years ago.
I do not know so much about twenty years ago, but there is a won¬
derful improvement on forty years ago. Much of it is due to having
more property. I do not know as the disposition to be upright and pru¬
dent is much more than forty years ago. Our people are making great
strides in bettering their condition.
In my opinion, conditions as compared with ten years ago show
markt improvement and progress.
Considerably advanced in comparison with those of ten years ago.
They are much better than they were ten or twelve years ago. Show
markt improvement and progress.
Considerably advanced in comparison with those of ten years ago.
Present Conditions compared with past
125
They are much better than they were ten or twelve years ago.
As to inquiry one and two, advancement is questionable; as to the
other points, there has been a markt improvement. To say at least
thirty or thirty-five per cent would not be too liberal.
I would think that the conditions are much better, at least fifty per
cent better, than twenty-five years ago.
I feel that our people are far in advance of what they were ten or
twenty years ago and many testimonies here are to this effect. This
does not look like the same place it was twenty or ten years ago.
The people have made such rapid speed during the last ten years,
until the'fellow that was here ten years ago hardly favors himself and
I must say they have outstript themselves since ten years.
The comparison is favorable.
Illinois
There seems to be less individual pride relatively and less individual
feeling of responsibility, but greater effort collectively than we have had
before.
This city is a Mecca for the criminals from other places and is grow¬
ing worse. The school advantages are excellent.
The conditions now are so far superior to the conditions of twenty
years ago along these lines until there are few comparisons to make.
Children have less respect for parents than they did twenty years
ago and lack the modesty and courtesy of long ago.
In this particular section of the city there has been some improve¬
ment along all lines, but the people are not very progressive as a whole
and present conditions are not so improved over the past as they should
be.
Some very great progress has been made in many different direc¬
tions; I think the race has lost what it may not retrieve in a great many
years by the easy acceptance of false standards—too much gaudy gloss,
fine feathers, no fixt notions, excuses, promises, resolutions, determina¬
tions, etc.
They are very much better.
Greatly improved.
Can see markt improvement.
Great improvement in almost every line.
Indiana
Conditions are fifty per cent better than they were twenty years
ago The people are living in better houses; some have bot homes; they
are better drest; conditions are improved openly, wh,le the high cost of
living has impaired some. The race has kept abreast of the time.
Kansas
Present conditions are fifty per cent better than ten years ago. We
126 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
have a community of which we are proud.
It seems fair to say that all conditions of life among our people have
been changed for the better; I take it as a hopeful situation.
Much worse as the city increases in size.
Kentucky
It is three to one better at the present time than it was ten years
ago, considering I can find no real low faults of more of the above con¬
ditions at present.
Not so much better in this town.
No improvement. All is left to private benefits and friends..
Much improvement in last twenty years.
Do not know but I am told much better now.
A decided improvement along all lines.
Better by far.
We are more easily discouraged, farther apart, more jealous, better
educated, more restless and less persistent than we were ten years ago.
Conditions compare favorably with that of twenty years ago in many
instances and much improved in others.
Very little advancement.
A slight improvement.
There is really no comparison at all—so much difference on all lines.
Better.
In comparing conditions would say that in every respect, it is a great
increase, except in rearing children. The new mother is too indulging.
Many are still in the dark and are a shame and disgrace to the race.
Yet, in the past decade, the ranks of those going "Onward and Upward,"
have greatly increast.
They are worse today than they were ten or twenty years ago. Peo¬
ple are thinking right on this point. Something should be done to help
conditions along these lines
The last decade has been a decade of progress except probably
along the lines of commercial honesty. The American greed has great¬
ly influenct the Negro.
Louisiana
Greatly improved wherever the training, environment and example
whether in the home, the school and the church has been of the right
kind.
Compared with ten or twenty years ago there are evidences of pro¬
gress.
Very much improved.
Conditions are seventy-five per cent ahead of that time. It might be
well for me to say that, thinking closely on conditions, one hundred per
cent would not be an exaggeration.
Present Conditions compared with past
127
Fifteen per cent better.
Excellent.
There is no apparent improvement whatever. Immorality and ignor¬
ance reign supreme. The greatest impediment in the way of general
improvement among the colored people is its poor public school system.
They are better. Better school teachers, better preachers and more
sincere Negro leaders are what we are most in need of and in my opinion
we are gradually getting them.
I think conditions are better.
Better than ten years ago.
From what I can learn there is quite an advance in all of these lines
during the past decade.
They are some better than they were but there is a tremendous
amount of teaching and praying necessary for their salvation.
Maryland
The present conditions are fifty per cent better to-day in the uplift
of the race.
Better.
Am not able to say.
Some improvement but not decidedly so. I know all the homes are
in the crowded blocks of the city.
General improvement, raising of standard along all lines.
Minnesota
The improvement has been so markt and wonderful that one would
hardly realize that we are the same people. Taking all in all, I think
that you who carry the torch of advancement in these matters have rea¬
son to be exceedingly glad.
Better.
Mississippi
There is an improvement of fifty per cent.
There seems an improvement in all save in morals and personal
honesty, in which there seems a decline.
The people have made great strides along both moral, religious and
material lines since ten years ago. This is evident on every hand.
Less is being done now. The arrangements and privileges of to-day
were begun or made ten or twenty years ago.
There has been some improvement along some lines—morals and
honesty.
There is n jt as much love and care for religion and the churches and
old people now-a-days as there was ten or twenty years ago. All have
baeksliden. Backsliding along these lines is mighty dark.
The conditions are better in everything except the "Rearing of Chil¬
dren," "Amusements of the young," and "Care for the old people."
128 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
Fifty per cent worse.
There is improvement in some things. Negroes have and are build¬
ing better and more modern homes. Increast desire to educate the chil¬
dren. I regret to say there is not as yet any increasing demand for a
high-class educated ministry.
I think there is improvement along all lines, —less in morals, in my
judgment, than anywhere else.
They are improving fast; they are far beyond what they were years
ago.
Much better.
Seventy-five per cent advance.
Missouri
Present conditions are worse.
From all I hear of former conditions they were far worse than any¬
thing we know of to-day.
Better.
They are worse in many respects. The Negro is being lured by the
vanities and superficialities of life and is losing the seriousness of twenty
years ago.
They are very much improved.
Much improved in every way. More homes owned and yards beauti¬
ful. Our people leaving the alleys at every chance. The two and three-
room houses are almost gone.
Negroes in this city wearing better clothes, eating better food, liv¬
ing in better homes, buying more and better homes than they were
twenty years ago.
In many respects, conditions are not as good as they were ten years
ago and in some they are better. The young people seem to be disre¬
garding church and are going after the evil things of life. It seems to
be the home that is not discharging its duty to the children.
Speaking for this vicinity alone, there appears a seventy-five per
cent advancement, except in religious worship. In this respect, there
seems to be a strong tendency to "Stick to the oft-trodden path."
About the same.
Somewhat favorable.
New Jersey
Ten per cent better.
Very appreciably improved.
Improving from personal knowledge of five years' sojourn here.
There is some improvement; one good sign is, these people seem wil¬
ing to follow a competent leader.
Favorably.
Better.
Present Conditions compared with past
129
New York
From what I can gather from those who are in a position to know
the conditions of to-day are better than they were either ten or twenty
years ago.
Have lived here only six years and note considerable improvement
along all lines herein mentioned.
Greatly improved.
I think conditions are better. The ministers are of a higher class
and the home life is better.
Getting better.
I have no personal knowledge of ten or twelve years back but in¬
formation on the matter leads to the conclusion that there is an improve¬
ment.
There appears to be a gradual improvement along all lines, except
it is now more difficult for colored men to secure good employment at
fair wages.
The comparative conditions present a growing and healthy aspect.
Very encouraging racially—indicating great progress and rapid strides.
Tho morals of our young men and women should be lookt after more.
Public vulgarity should be discouraged in our youth.
North Carolina
The standard is at least twenty-five per cent higher than it was
twenty years ago.
Over fifty per cent improved and we hope to reach the one hundred
mark in the near future.
Much improved.
The conditions of say ten years ago are vastly different. The child
has become the parent, therefore, it makes discipline wanting.
There are to my mind not as good as twenty years ago. People are
careless and unconcerned about these things. Everybody must look out
for himself, and not be interested in any one else much. Live if you
can, if not, die. "Might is right" is the slogan now with the people.
They have more money, more property, live in better houses, have
better schools and their opportunities along all lines are better; but they
seem to lack ambition for those things to make them useful. Education,
spiritual development, strict home rules are things of the past and held
very cheap here; but money, fine dress, a big house to live in are the
things they are striving for here, regardless of other things and at any
sacrifice
We note wonderful improvements. The changes seem almost miracu-
l0US As far as I can see and hear we are not doing as much.
Present conditions are a decided improvement on past ones.
130 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
Ten years has made quite a difference for the better, especially
financially and intellectually. More could have been done on other lines.
Favorably.
They are far superior.
In home life, habits of cleanliness, good manners, the present condi¬
tions are better than they were ten years ago. In the others, I cannot
see that any improvement has been made.
Conditions twenty years ago cannot be compared with the mighty
upward trend of our people.
They compare favorably.
Ohio
Well—about fifty per cent better.
An improvement worth while. I speak directly for the Association
work among our men and boys. A wonderful increase in the last three
years.
. There seems to me to be a steady growth in the right direction all
along the line with the possible exception of rearing of children. I some¬
times think of the past generation, how they were more on the Puritan
line.
Oklahoma
Condition is improved.
Conditions in these respects compared with those ten years ago are
entirely'new.
I was not in this country ten years ago, but for the past four years
of my life, which I have spent here, I can truthfully say there has been
a great change in this place among the colored people.
In general, they seem to be more in earnest. The condition of the
present to that of four years ago would be amazing to anyone who had
not visited this country in four years.
Sound morals decreasing. Personal honesty decreasing. On the
whole, I believe there is an improvement.
This is a new state and town. The town is a little more than eight
years old. I judge conditions are about as they would be in any newly
opened country where mines are opened. Hence, it requires time and
patience, energy and money to bring about the needed reformations.
These conditions are better.
Ten or twenty years ago, this was the Indian Territory and condi¬
tions were bad. The new comers have been busy attending to their in¬
dividual affairs but heroic efforts are being made by a few strong men
and women and we are pleased to see progress along all lines.
They are improving slowly.
Quite an improvement.
Much improved.
Present Conditions compared with past
131
Much better on the whole. Quite fifty per cent better than it was
twenty years ago.
Pennsylvania
I think there is an advance in this regard, but nothing to what it
should be. Colored people ought to learn to look after their own people
as other races are doing.
All told, there is great improvement in everything save child bear¬
ing. There is a distinct tendency among the higher classes not to have
children.
Very much improved.
Present conditions are better than they were ten or twenty years ago.
As far as I can learn it compares very favorable.
They have made advancement along all lines and even in this they
are like all American people.
Favorably, on a whole.
Great improvement.
The above conditions compare very favorably.
I think they are better than twenty years ago.
The developing sense of ownership, as is evident by the increasing
number of home buyers; exhibition and cultivation of personal and racial
pride; the markt decrease in illiteracy; and the attention, protection and
forethot given to those who have braved the wars of time, and who
scarce tell of their conflicts with varied vicissitudes; these conditions and
more compare most favorably with those of a decade or two, thus giving
hope to all.
Markt difference along all lines. Much improvement.
Rhode Island
The progress is evident and the results are gratifying.
South Carolina
An improvement along all lines save in the home life and the rearing
of children.
I have been in the practice of medicine for the last 'twenty years,
and this work has given me a different insight into the real life of our
people. Previous to that I taught school, and thot then that we
were making fair progress. In this state everything is as bad as anyone
should want to see it. In my opinion, most if not the greatest progress
that we have made has been in getting homes and farms etc.; but I am
aware that the most valuable asset we can have is men and women of
character and efficiency.
Conditions are changing and people seem to be waking up to the situ¬
ation There are some influences at work for the betterment of condi¬
tions.
I 32 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
Very poor.
Not much better. If any a very little. I, personally, don't see any.
In all these respects there has been, in my opinion, a great advance.
The thousands of lodge members, who in the secret meetings are taught
valuable lessons of duty and destiny and receive therein earnest train¬
ing in the matters involved in their relation to themselves, to their neigh¬
bor and their God, are having great influence in showing and setting
good examples of the necessity of recognizing the moral obligations rest¬
ing upon them in all their relations in life. The better schools and the
cleaner pulpits are also helping ably in this great improvement that I
believe is daily going on all around us.
Much improved, resulting from the progress of education and con¬
stant agitation along the above lines. The people are being aroused and
are moving towards the light. They are knowing the truth, which is
setting them free.
They appear about fifteen or twenty per cent better if not more.
About the same.
They are like the noon day sun over against the twilight.
Conditions are improving but not as fast as they should.
Tennessee
A gradual improvement on some things, such as finances, education,
home improvements. Religion is on the decline.
Our people have improved religiously, intellectually and financially;
but they have lost politically. We have been represented in the City
Council by an alderman and have had a colored squire and constable;
but we have neither now.
There seems to be improvement along all lines.
Considerable improvement.
Some improvement.
About the same.
An improvement on them.
Very little to be proud of.
There have been advancements in enlightenment along all lines ex¬
cept sound morals. There I cannot see much improvement owing I sup¬
pose, to transitory people who do not care for building up as they are not
long in a place.
It seems to be a day of reaction. In some respects, they are better;
and in some, apparently worse. There is more intelligence of a kind, but
not the improvement in manners, morals, parental training that you
would expect. The Negro has far to come. He had to go so far and
reverse himself and begin again. Moral growth is very slow and the
teaching, training and development of our young is a work of generations.
About fifty per cent better than they were twenty years ago.
Better in every way.
Present Conditions compared with past
133
General improvement except in slums.
Very greatly improved at present.
Texas
They are not as good as they were a few years ago.
Conditions are growing worse; we have been flattered and we flatter
ourselves with the idea of the contrast.
Not competent to judge conditions further back than eight years but
there has been a decided change for the better in that time.
Not much improvement.
Conditions have taken a step in advance and there has been apparent
improvement along the entire line.
Fifty per cent better.
The change for the better is so great that no comparison can be
made, for with rapid strides all obstacles have been overcome and thou¬
sands upon thousands of dollars are possessed about here by our people.
There is a little fall off and all lines have gained in wealth; this part
is better by two-thirds.
There is much change for the period in favor of the present.
I am thoroly acquainted with conditions in almost every city of Texas.
Sorry to say, but I firmly believe the conditions in this city are worse to¬
day than formerly.
I am not able to speak of the conditions ten years ago. I was not in
these parts. I am told that there is an improvement. I hope so.
They are worse.
Sixty per cent.
Very good; they are improving slowly.
This is a hard question to answer, but I think I may safely say that
social and economic conditions are making it more difficult in every way
for tha Negro to make an excellent moral showing.
Perhaps some better.
They are much better now. For only five years ago we had noth¬
ing here; but now we have a beautiful church and a few members.
They are much better.
Quite a contrast. Much better now than it was ten or twenty years
ago.
Better now by far.
There is on a whole some improvement made, say thirty-three and
one-third per cent better over ten years ago; but there is a long field for
improvement.
Ninety per cent better.
Some increase in each inquiry as I see it.
All are at least seventy-five per cent better.
Bad The people seem to be wild and hard to civilize. Can't get
many of the old people to church. Only a small percentage of the young
134 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
people attend Sunday school.
On the whole an improvement is noted.
Somewhat for indifferent people.
We have less members more churches, more schools, more preach¬
ers and teachers.
Except the freedom of children, everything better. The strain is
too great on the bodies and souls of the young people. If they could only
find amusement and happiness in their own homes, instead of the public
places, there would be less vice, disease and death.
I don't know definitely as I have been here only about nine months.
I should think they were improving, tho.
They show a markt progress along every line.
Some improvement. The most markt is for better morals.
There have been remarkable changes along all lines in the last few
years. Conditions are tending upwards. Agencies which were lifeless or
silent ten or twenty years ago have awakened to see marvelous progress
in every phase of the Negroes' life.
Better.
Eighty-five per cent better to-day than they were twenty years ago.
It is at least seventy-five per cent better now. They have grown
more enlightened and think on higher things.
Some better.
They have made wonderful improvement in every respect. In pro¬
perty, in education, in banking, in tailoring, in claiming his rights.
Some improvements.
Much improvement.
Virginia
Great improvement in my judgment.
I am very gratified at improvements made and hope that the next
decade will see evidence of still greater growth.
In some instances, conditions are better, while in others they are not
as good.
Should say on the whole, conditions are improved.
About seventy-five per cent behind, so I am told.
There has been some improvement.
There is more affectation, more treachery, more frivolity and more
selfishness.
Not as good to my mind, by twenty per cent. Our people need to be
aroused along these lines.
Conditions, to my mind, are much better in many respects now.
Very little, if any improvement, has been made along this line. I
am a new man here but those who have been here twenty-five years say
very little improvement has been made; possibly in purchasing property,
owning homes, etc., there has been some improvement, but education
Present Conditions compared with past
135
and religion are at a stand still.
I have been here four years. The advancement for that time has
been remarkable.
West Virginia
County schools are merely one-room shacks and the teachers employed
are not prepared for the work. One-third of the children of school
age attend school. Do not know how conditions were ten years ago.
A perceptible improvement.
Our present conditions are much better than they were ten years ago.
In short, I would say, we are too far apart in all our lines of progress.
I can only say conditions are so different now from what they were
ten years ago. The colored population has increast rapidly and the ma¬
jority coming to us have been a hindrance, rather than a help. We have
a large floating population. They contribute nothing to our good.
The idea of separate districts for the race was not so distinct. A
person able to pay the rent or purchase property could do so and feel that
he would not he molested. Home life is better. Sanitary conditions as
well as morals, also; a general sign of uplift and higher ideals.
Conditions are not as good now as they were twenty years ago.
Our leaders fear to speak of the true condition; they seem to think it
will be detrimental to their financial gains. In this section, I think con¬
ditions are a little better than they were five years ago.
I think they will continue better to some extent.
There is some improvement; but it is of such slow growth that we
are impatient.
In some respects better and in other respects not so well.
All things considered, conditions are more hopeful due to education
of the masses, and largely to civic organizations.
One hundred per cent better than it was ten years ago.
Generally, I think, I am safe in saying they are improving.
Conditions are very much better.
Section 14. Conclusion
This study is fragmentary and impressionistic. It had to
be. The subject does not easily lend itself to figures; and
such parts as call for statistical study have few such collec¬
tions of facts at hand.
And yet one cannot read this study without coming to
some conclusions. The Negro race in America is in spiritual
turmoil. It is self-conscious, self-critical, and has not yet
grasped great and definite ideals. On the other hand, its
spiritual advance has been enormous. One can sense this in
the very terms of the criticisms exprest and in the ideals thus
revealed.
136 Morals and Manners among Negro Americans
It is manifest that the Church no longer holds the place of
sole center of Negro activity. It is a social organization of
large meaning but it does not speak ex cathedra; and there is
a distinct tendency to bring it down to definite present so¬
cial ends and to criticize it severely if it does not accomplish
something in these lines.
The peculiar social position of the Negro is having its ef¬
fect on his manners. The problem of the ' 'second generation"
is with him, with all its tendency to self-assertion, wayward¬
ness and revolt. But with this are coming new efforts and
a new sense of responsibility toward the children. Here the
older church, with its imported puritanism and theoretical
crying down of amusements, stands in the way. But it must
move. Dancing, games and organized play for young colored
folk must be openly encouraged or they will be pushed, as
they are to-day, into the furtive and questionable.
Moral standards are difficult to fix and fathom. For this
very reason there is extraordinary divergence of judgment
and expectation. Yet there cannot be in the mind of the
patient unprejudiced observer any doubt but that the morals,
sexual and other, of the American Negro compare favorably
to-day with those of any European peasantry and that a large
and growing class is in this respect the equal of the best in
the nation.
There are, of course, the economic hindrances to sound
moral life and these are tremendous in the case of the Negro.
One can sense a strain to live according to the higher Ameri¬
can standards on a wage below the American standard. This
leads to crime and laxity. But the fight is being bravely
made.
The criminality of Negroes is not large or dangerous con¬
sidering their economic status; it calls, however, for far dif¬
ferent treatment than it is receiving. Meantime, homes and
home life are improving and there is wide spread effort in
social reform.
With all its shadows and questions one cannot read this
study without a distinct feeling of hope and courage.
Index
Africa . 14, 15, 16, 67, 68
Alabama ... 17, 27-28, 43, 50-51, 59, 73-74, 82-83, 91, 97-98, 107, 119-121
American Environment, The 16
Amusements 90-97
Arkansas 18, 28, 51, 59-60, 74, 83, 91-92, 98, 108, 121
Atlanta, The Negro Church in 117-118
Bibliography, A Select 9-10
California 18, 28, 51, 60, 74, 92, 99, 108, 121
Caring for Old People 97-103
Children, Rearing of 82-90
Church, The 103-118
Church, The Negro, in Atlanta 117-118
Cleanliness 50-58
Conclusion . . 135-136
Connecticut 18, 28, 74-75, 83, 92, 99, 108, 121
Contents 3
Crime 36-50
Delaware 18, 108, 121
District of Columbia ... 18, 28, 51-52, 60, 75, 83-84, 92, 99, 108-109, 122
Environment, The American 16
Florida 19, 28-29, 43, 52, 60, 75, 84, 92-93, 99, 109, 122-123
Georgia 19-20, 29-30, 43, 52-53,60-61, 75-76, 84-85, 93, 99-100, 109-110, 123-125
Home Life 67-81
Honesty 58-67
Illinois 20, 30, 53, 61, 76, 85, 93-94, 100, 110-111, 125
Indiana 20, 53, 61, 85, 94, 111, 125
Inquiry, Scope of the 11-13
Kansas 20, 30, 53, 61, 76-77, 86, 111, 125-126
Kentucky 20-21, 30-31, 53, 61-62, 69, 77, 86, 94, 100, 111, 126
Louisiana 21, 31, 43, 53, 62, 77, 86, 100, 111-112, 126-127
• 16'26
Manners
72-73
Marital Conditions Among Negroes '
Maryland 21, 31, 53-54, 77, 86, 94, 100-101, 112, 127
Minnesota 21, 31, 54, 62, 77, 94, 12
Mississippi 21, 32, 43, 54, 62, 78, 86, 94, 101, 112, 127 128
Missouri 22, 32, 54, 62-63, 78, 86-87, 94, 101, 112, 128
*<r i 26-50
Morals
Negro Women 67 72
New Jersey 22, 32, 63, 78, 87, 95, 101, 112, 128
Newspaper clippings 45-50
New York 22, 32, 54-55, 63, 78, 87, 95, 101, 113, 129
North Carolina 22-23, 33, 43, 55, 63, 78-79, 95, 101, 113, 129-130
Ohio 23, 33, 55, 63, 79, 87, 95, 101, 114, 130
Oklahoma 23, 33, 43, 55, 63-64, 79, 88, 95, 101, 114, 130-131
Pennsylvania 23-24, 33-34, 55-56, 64, 79, 88, 95-96, 102, 114, 131
Personal Honesty 58-67
Preface 5
Present Conditions compared with past 119-135
Problem, The General 13-16
Program of the Eighteenth Annual Conference 4
Rearing of Children 82-90
Resolutions 7-8
Rhode Island 24, 34, 56, 64, 79, 88, 96, 102, 115, 131
Scope of the Inquiry 11-13
Statistics of Illegitimate Births in Washington, D. C 26
Statistics of Marital Conditions among Negroes 72-73
Statistics of Negro Churches 104-106
Statistics of Prisoners 37, 38, 39, 40, 44
Statistics of the Negro Church in Atlanta ....
South Carolina ... 24, 34, 43, 56, 64-65, 79-80, 88, 96, 102 115 131-139
Tennessee .... 24, 34-35, 43, 56-57, 65, 80, 88-89, 96 102' 115' 132 133
Texas 24-25, 35-36, 43, 57-58, 65-66, 80-81, 89, 96-97 in? in® -.-.r '
• 9* KB aa ary « i02-103,115-116,133-134
2rK:,a 25, 36, 58' 66"67' 81> 90- 103, 116, 134-185
Washington, D. C
West Virginia 26, 36, 43, 58, 67, 81, 90 97 1no ^
' vt> 103, 116-117, 135
STUDIES OF NEGRO PROBLEMS
The Atlanta University Publications
COPIES FOR SALE
No. 1. Mortality among Negroes in Cities; 51 pp., 1896.
Out of print.
Mortality among Negroes in Cities; 24 pp. (2d edi¬
tion, abridged, 1903). 53 copies at 25c.
No. 2. Social and Physical Conditions of Negroes in Cities;
86 pp., 1897. 520 copies at 25c.
No. 3. Some Efforts of Negroes for Social Betterment; 66
pp., 1898. Out of print.
No. 4. The Negro in Business; 78 pp., 1899. Out of print.
No. 5. The College-bred Negro; 115 pp., 1900. Out of print.
The College-bred Negro; 32 pp., (2d edition,
abridged, 1902). 690 copies at 25c.
No. 6. The Negro Common School; 120 pp., 1901. Out of
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No. 7. The Negro Artisan; 200 pp., 1902. 210 copies at 75c.
No. 8. The Negro Church; 212 pp., 1903. 27 copies at $1.50.
No. 9. Notes on Negro Crime; 75 pp., 1904. 621 copies at 50c.
No. 10. A Select Bibliography of the Negro American; 72
pp., 1905. 640 copies at 25c.
No. 11. Health and Physique of the Negro American; 112
pp., 1906. Out of print.
No. 12. Economic Co-operation among Negro Americans;
184 pp., 1907. 1021 copies at $1.00.
No. 13. The Negro American Family; 152 pp., 1908. 807
copies at 75c.
No. 14. Efforts for Social Betterment among Negro Ameri¬
cans; 136 pp., 1909. 365 copies at 75c.
No. 15. The College-bred Negro American; 104 pp. 1910.
810 copies at 75c.
No. 16. The Common School and Negro American; 140
pp., 1911. 984 copies at 75c.
No. 17. The Negro American Artisan; 144 pp., 1912. 1078
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No. 18. Morals and Manners among Negro Americans; 138
pp., 1914. 2000 copies at 75c.
r>RONE in the road he lay,
* Wounded and sore bestead:
Priests, Levites passed that way,
And turned aside the head.
They were not hardened men
In human service slack:
His need was great: but then,
His face, you see,"was black.
—Nicholas Worth