Two African-American physicians, Lawson A. Scruggs and
Monroe Alphus Majors, published book-length collective
biographies of black women in the same year. Majors, born in
Texas in 1864, was graduated from Meharry Medical College in
1886. He worked in Los Angeles for several years, serving as
editor of The Western News, and then returned to Texas where
he wrote Noted Negro Women; Their Triumphs and Activities
(1893). He also founded the "Lone Star Medical Association,"
the first black physicians' organization in America.
The Negro History
Campaign
AS OF MAY 1, 1938
Those who are interested in the work of the Association for the
Study of Negro Life and History and anxious to see the organiza¬
tion go forward will doubtless welcome this statement as to the
status of the effort up to the 1st of May.
Contrasting the amounts allotted with the amounts raised, one
will observe that only two states have raised their quotas. The
other states will doubtless be thus occupied even until the end of
the school year when most of the friends of the Association will
scatter for their vacations.
Amt.
Amt.
Amt.
Amt.
Allotted
Paid
Allotted
Paid
Alabama
$500.00
$59.74
Minnesota
$150.00
$1.00
Arkansas
250.00
14.22
Mississippi
350.00
19.98
California
200.00
23.62
Missouri
400.00
69.73
Colorado
100.00
2.36
Nebraska
150.00
23.24
Connecticut
100.00
2.00
New Jersey
200.00
23.49
Delaware
100.00
3.00
New York
1,500.00
175.26
District of
North Carolina -
600.00
97.62
Columbia
1,000.00
1,249 62
Ohio
500.00
105.27
Florida
500.00
183.77
Oklahoma
500.00
213.19
Georgia
600.00
27.83
Pennsylvania
400.00
126.31
Illinois
500.00
225.16
Rhode Island
100.00
12.00
Indiana
300.00
55.26
South Carolina-
500.00
34.25
Iowa
100.00
31.00
Tennessee
500.00
81.40
Kansas
100.00
12.80
Texas
500.00
61.44
Kentucky
400.00
42.75
Virginia -
700.00
277.92
Louisiana
500.00
28.94
West Virginia ...
300.00
103.91
Maryland
400.00
131.69
At Large
500.00
507.00
Massachusetts ...
200.00
12.00
Michigan
300.00
337.04
Totals $
14,000.00
$4,375.81
It is earnestly hoped that all will cooperate in arousing the whole
country that the drive may close by the end of the spring with the
required amount raised. The work requires $14,000, and $4,375.81
or less than one-third, has been collected.
Send your contributions to Mr. Louis R. Mehlinger, Secretary-
Treasurer of the Association for the Study of Negro Life and His¬
tory, 1538 Ninth Street, Northwest, Washington, D. C.
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
1sy
M. A. MAJORS, M. D.
"A race, no less than a nation, is prosperous in proportion to the
intelligence of its women."
The criterion for Negro civilization is the intelligence, purity
and high motives of its women.
the highest mark of our prosperity, and the strongest proofs of
negro capacity to master the sciences and fine arts, are
evinced by the advanced positions to which
negro women have attained.
" I will go forth 'mong men, mailed in the armor of a pure intent.
" Great duties are before me, and great deeds, and whether crowned or
crownless when I fall, it matters not, so as Gods work is done."
DONOHUE & HENNEBERRY,
Printers, Binders and Engravers,
CHICAGO.
Copyrighted in 1893
BY
M. A. Majors, M. D.
DONOHUE & HENNEBERRY
Printers, Engravers and Binders
CHICAGO
DEDICATION
The surest way to demonstrate our true devotion to our sisters is to
write a volume depicting their lives, achievements and activities.
The strongest proof that we appreciate the high ground our sisters have
reached, consequent of their tireless efforts for the good of humanity, is to
DEDICATE this volume to their unspotted lives.
The Author.
INTRODUCTION.
Dr. M. A. Majors, who in this work has, in my opinion,
given the world a book covering rich and hitherto neglected
ground, was born in Waco, Texas, October 12, 1864, of hon¬
ored parents—Andrew and Jane Majors—who now reside in
Austin, whither they moved, in 1869, to secure the at that
time best educational advantages for their children in the State;
Waco being not then as now the Athens of Negro education,
where is situated Paul Quinn College, a very superior school
of high and industrial education.
After attendance continuously and successively upon the
public schools, West Texas College, managed by the Freed-
men's Aid Society; and Tillotson Institute, under the auspices
of the A. M. Association, he was appointed assistant mailing
clerk in the post-office, which position he resigned, in 1882, to
enter Central Tennessee College, Nashville, Tenn.
He relinquished his literary course in October, 1883, to enter
the Meharry Medical College, from which he graduated in
February, 1886, with honor, being salutatorian in a class of
ten, thus completing his professional course at twenty-one
years of age.
During his school life at Nashville he conducted the depart¬
ment of penmanship for the whole college, and was conspic¬
uous as a reporter for the local daily and weekly papers on all
public occasions.
Since graduation as a physician he has practiced in differ¬
ent parts of the State of his birth, as well as for some time in
Los Angeles, California. He is the first to advocate the organ¬
ization of the Lone Star Medical Association, the first Negro
V
▼i *
INTRODUCTION.
medical association ever organized in America. While in Cali¬
fornia, Dr. Majors married Miss Georgia A. Green, of Texas,
an accomplished lady, in 1889.
Dr. Majors was a welcome associate in the medical societies
of California, where his color was no bar to his participancy in
the proceedings. He was invited to lecture on medical topics
before the Los Angeles Medical College.
He was also very active in the political life of the State,
and through The Western News, a paper which he edited,
secured recognition of his race on the police force, in city
public works, and in the office of assessor and collector. Prior
to this no Negro had ever been so employed in any of the
departments of the city.
Returning to Texas, in 1890, he at once began the compila¬
tion of "Noted Negro Women."
This merited recognition of the virtues and force of the
noted women of the race, whose work and influence have all
too long been unnoticed, will receive at the hands of a discrim¬
inating public the attention its importance demands.
Epic in subject, inspiring in effect, it is no less true in fact,
and only a culling from the wealth of similar material supplied
in the lives of hundreds of others, who, though possibly less
eminent in the public eye, are no less true, devoted, capable,
and noble exemplars of our possibilities and queens in our
homes.
H. T. Kealing,
W aco, Texas. President Paul Quinn College.
PREFACE.
I regard a true woman as the best, the grandest of all
God's human creatures; a being of light, immaculate in her
chastity, a paragon in her purity and capable of ennobling
the man of her liking. A woman's gentle spirit is an all-per¬
vading virtue, whose influence softens the spell and fills our life
niche with its calm soul fragrance. Her smile intensifies our
joys and leads us to forget the bickerings, the sins, the hard,
angular elbowing in the avaricious competition of a calloused
world and opens our eyes to the brighter, the better sidep#^
eaKli's paradise. ¥o,s^r.
"Hefs-.^ire spaces of labor, wide as lofty as
heaven." self-forgetful,
virtuous and hence noble. It is the only inspiration now
vouchsafed to man. Like Pickering, blend humility with
learning. Like Story, ascend above the present in place and
time. Like Alston, regard fame only as the eternal shadow
of excellence. Like Channing, bend in adoration before the
right. Cultivate alike the wisdom of experience and the wis¬
dom of hope. Mindful of the future do not neglect the past;
awed by the majesty of antiquity, turn not with indifference
from the future. True wisdom looks to the ages before us, as
well as behind us. Like the Janus of the Capitol, one front
thoughtfully regards the past, rich with experience, with
memories, with the priceless traditions of virtue ; the other is
earnestly directed to the All Hail Hereafter, richer still with
its transcendent hopes and unfulfilled prophecies. We stand
on the threshold of a new age, which is preparing to recognize
vii
PEE FACE.
new influences. The ancient divinities of violence and wrong
are retreating to their kindred darkness. The Son of our
moral universe is entering a new ecliptic, no longer deformed
by those images of animal rage, Cancer, Taurus, Leo, Sagit¬
tarius, but beaming with mild radiance of those heavenly
signs, Faith, Hope and Charity:
" There's a fount about to stream,
There's a light about to beam,
There's a warmth about to glow,
There's a flower about to blow,
There's a midnight blackness.changing
Into gray ;
Men of thought and men of action
Clear the way.
Aid the dawning tongue and pen ;
Aid it, hopes of honest men
Aid it, paper, aid it type ;
Aid it, for the hour is ripe,
And our earnest must not slacken
Into play.
Men of thought and men of action
Clear the way."
In presenting this book to the public, the author has taken
into consideration the Latin proverb, Qualitatum non Quantum.
And in a work so promiscuous, yet tedious, we find it a pleas¬
ing task to bring into reality the object of which our highest
hopes have at times wavered. Now undaunted, with energies
concentrated we spring upon the nation this little effort, hoping
that many firesides will be made brighter, many a father's and
mother's darling daughter will catch the inspiration of womanly
attainments, and bloom into beautiful and useful womanhood.
What our intelligent women will do, to glorify our race in this
hospital of tears, fears, doubts and dogmas depends largely our
success as a race. The present era is teaching humanity the
moral, intellectual and religious worth of our women. We are
living in a classified era of goodness. Whether our leading
PREFACE.
ix
women have cleared the culminating point and out-distanced
our great men, is a subject now engaging the attention of the
thinking and agitating world. And jubilant of what we see
around and about us, where continual changes are coming to
view, we look forward to brighter and grander days. The
effulgent rays of God's glory cast their meteoric sparks upon
our pathway as never before, and the goodness of the nations
join our feeble efforts to rise higher and higher, day by day. A
wholesomeness of looking upwards is the fruition of a Mighty
Powei actuating mankind, with the universal acknowledgment
of mankind that no race is making more rapid progress under
the circumstances than ours. To our readers allow us to
emphasize, we are not attempting to say anything new. For in
the mind and heart of humanity there is nothing new. We are
intensely concerned, when our duty prompts us to cast our
might in defense of the race. Now that we have painstakingly
projected this unit to the catalogue of the literary world, let
us say to the critic, do unto others as you would have them do
unto you, we do not claim widespread authority, nor more than
meager attainments, and since perfection is not the rule on this
mundane sphere, " no writer can be free where all have power
to judge." We pursued this gentle and timid toil, not because
we were so well fitted for the task, but because of its extreme
necessity. Being accompanied this pleasant journey through
the field of literature we have participated in many a joyous
argument, striving at all times to deal as mildly with our com¬
pany as it became our better nature. Unspeakable pleasure
and good humor have characterized all our efforts to insert, or
cut down, as the case necessitated, and without overdrawing, or
magnifying too much, we hope we have pleased all.
We present this little volume to our race and friends of the
race, with the hope that the many and varied avenues into
which our women are crowding may give inspiration to the
X
PREFACE.
girls of present and future generations. They can " make their
lives sublime."
We have not by any means exhausted the subject, but feel
that we have given a far-off view to the beautiful landscape.
Others no doubt less conspicuous but. possibly more capable
than'many whose biographies appear in this book, owing to dis¬
advantages under which we have' labored, have no lengthy
mention, possibly do not appear upon the scene.
The world is full of books, yet few of them appeal directly
and peculiarly to the Negro race. Many books written of
persons and things have their beginning and their ending in
fancy, without special design for the elevation of mind or the
culture of literary taste and pure morals, but for entertainment
and amusement and gratification of sentiment without utility
to the reader in any sense whatever. "We commend these
pages to the reading world, trusting that they will for long
stand out in bold relief, a signification of Negro progress.
The Authoe.
1
CONTENTS.
■
11
Albert, Octayia Y. R 219
Allen, Ammelia 296
Anderson, Mrs. Naomi 82
Arnett, Mrs. Rt. Rev. B. W 88
Anderson, Mattie E 324
Ayler, Ella Jones ■. 328
Adams, Lucinda Bragg 215
Arnett, Anna L 148
Arnett, Flossie Gr 43
Atwell, Mrs. Cordelta 131
Anderson, Dr. Carrie V. Still 324
Alexander, Miss Rachael 319
Alexander, Miss Louise 319
Allen, Laura 327
Booth, Mrs. Rey. Geo 171
Britton, Mrs. M. E 216
Brown, Miss M. E , 322
Baines, Alice 336
Baines, Adel 336
Bryant, Mrs. J 346
Buckner, Mrss Ella * 350
Browne, Madam 349
Bowers, Sarrah Sedgwick 349
Bowers, Elnora 328
Bean, Cora 300
Bazel, Katie Stewart 148
Baltimore, Anna 147
Battles, Bertha 148
Brown, Hallie Q 230
Baltimore, Anna S 148
Browne, Celestine O 349
Bergen, Flora Batson 92
Bergan, Cora L 251
Bowser, Rosa D 149
Benchley, Willey 302
Ballad, Bessie Brady 327
Barbosa, Mary 271
Becraft, Maria 152
Brooks, Mrs. Blanche V. H 30
Briggs, Miss 48
Ball, Mrs 50
xi
xii CONTENTS.
Bowman, Guilly Ann 83
Bustill, Mrs 129
Buckner, Mary Frances 335
Corpassa, Mohango 348
Cole, Miss Mary 350
Cole, Miss Fannie 350
Cooper, Miss Flora 351
Cowan, Miss Eliza J 351
Coston, Julia Ringwood 251
Coleman, Lucretia Newman 197
Clark, Dr. Consuella 181
Coppin, Fannie Jackson 170
Cooper, Anna Julia 284
Cooke, Mary Y 195
Campbell, Mary A 294
Campbell, Haydie 328
Carter, Bessie Gibson 327
Cook, Bertha B 147
Cheeks, Mattie E 148
Coleman, Annie Jones 148
Clark, Mrs. Sarra.h 170
Cook, Mrs. Jno. F 147
Cooke, Essie Fry 175
Cooper, Ada A 298
Chapman, Katie B 322
Childers, Lulu Yere 346
Curd, Mrs. Sarrah 346
Dehart. Jennie Jackson 134
Davis, Henrietta Vinton 102
De Baptiste, Georgia M 297
De Morte, Louise 113
Dudley, Caroline E 58
Dyer, Mrs. M J. (nee Emma Fisher) 90
Davis, Mrs. Louisa 139
Dougan. Madame 148
Dever, Miss 171
Dickerson, Carrie L 341
Dillon, Dr. H. T 354
Dover, Mattie E 317
Dove, Mrs 336
Evans, Ida B 327
Evans, A.Laura 328
Early Sarrah J. W 101
Edwards. Mrs. J. E 333
Eato, E. Y. C 272
Evans, Mrs. D. A 341
Fox, Mamie E 125
Flemming, Florence A. T 300
Fairchild, Annie 327
Ferguson. Happy 132
Forten. Sarrah 194
Freeman, Harriet E 351
Felts, Mrs. Dr. Alice 311
Foster, Mrs. Addison 336
Glover, Mrs P. A 351
CONTENTS. xiii
Gray, Dr. Ida 241
Griffin, Carrie L 325
Golden, Dr. Carrie 336
Green, Hattie. 288
Greenfield, Elizabeth T 155
Goudy, Mrs. C. C.. '. 327
Grant, Mrs. Dr. G. F 123
Gi.over, Madam 270
Grimke, Charlotte Forten 213
Garrison, Nancy 341
Garnett, Mrs. H. H 271
Gordan, Hester Ann 39
Girard, Frances L 45
Goins, Mrs. R. M 343
Gibson, Mary 138
Gibbs, Prof 301
Garner, Beulah V 323
Garnett, Mrs. Prof 320
Gibbs, Ida 327
Griffin, Ida R 336
Hicks, Miss Fannie 344
Hart, Myrtle 301
Hawkins, Stella 354
Harper, Frances E.W 23
Hall, Annie Marie 180
Hood. Mrs. Bishop 326
Hyers, Anna Madah and Emma Louis 108
Holland, Clara Monteith 350
Howard, J. Imogene 289
Hurlberts, Misses 320
Hyers, May C 88
Heard, Josie D 261
Hayden, Julia 333
Hammond, Mrs. Dr. Frank 305
Henderson, Mattie Allison 121
Hawkins, N. Gertrude 274
Hayden, Della Irving 32
Harris, Mrs. R. E 71
Handy, Hellen D 148
Highwarden, Bell Johnson 148
Howard, Adeline 289
Howard, Joan L 289
Hamilton, Olivia 298
Jones, Sarah Gibson 13$
Jones, Dr. S. G 242
Johnson, Mrs. A. E 210
Jackson, M. Bell 151
Jones, Mdme. Sisseretta 328
Jones, Miss Fredericka 273
Jones, Anna H 147
Jones, Gussie E. Cla.rk 148
Jones, Dr. Sophia B 148
Johnson, Amelia E 216
Johnson, Miss L. M 323
Jackson, Addie 322
Jones, Madam John. 346
xiv CONTENTS.
Johnson, Eliza 346
Jones, Mrs. C. E 346
Jeffreys, Mrs. Hester 351
johnson, willetta 190
King, Dovia 14&
Keckley, Elizabeth 259
Lewis, Edmonta 27
Lewis, Lillian A 198
Lambert, Mrs. M. E 335
Lee, Sarrah H 309
Laney, Lucy 325
Laibsu, Princess 277
Lyon, Mrs. Abbie Wright 90
Lankford, Mrs. Clarrissa 143
Lee, Mary E. Ash 311
Lewis, Gay 148
Leslie, Mrs. N. A. R 242
Lee, Miss Theodora 346
Lewis, Eva 336
Morris, Mary F 349
Matlock, Miss M. E 321
Martin, Miss Arimenta S33
Mossell, Mrs. N. F 129
Moore, Vara Lee 328
Montgomery, Mrs. Y. A 258
McEwen, Miss A. E 250
Miles, Miss E. 0 342
Mathews, Mrs. W. E 211
Moran, Miss Ophelia 343
.Mossell, Mrs. C. W 179
Me Kinney, Dr. Susan 269
Moore, Serena L 208
Mullen, Amanda S 827
Merchant, Amanda 343
Mitchell, Nellie E. Brown 176
Moxley, Mrs. Eliza 40
Moore, Amelia 114
McKinney, Lena Miller 148
Mitchell, Miss Sarrah 171
Moten, Miss Lucy E 318
Moffard, Mabel 336
Majohs, Georgia Green 336
"Newton, Mrs. Sadie 320
Nesbitt, Mrs. E. C 181
Nahar, Ednora 244
Owen, S. A 336
Page, Mrs. Zelia R 50
Peake, Mary S 183
Platt, Miss Ida 335
Petty, Sarrah E. C. Dudley 57
Penn, Mrs. Anna Bell Rhodes 75
Prout, Mary 178
Philips, Minnie Brinkley 325
Preston, Frances E 95
CONTENTS. xv
Preston, Miss L 100
Patton, Dr. Georgia L 117
Pelham, Meta E 199
Penman, Eliza 207
Powell, Miss Pauline 217
Powell, Josephine 217
Phelps, Miss E. N 323
Patterson, Miss Chanie 319
Paxton, Miss Alice 343
Powell, Mrs. Frances 351
Ray, Charlotte E 183
Ricks, Mrs. Martha Ann 304
Rat, Florence 179
Roberts, Mrs. J. J 268
Reddick, Phebe 352
Randolph, Mrs. A. G 37
Ralls, Mrs. 132
Roberts, Mattie F 148
Richards, Alice . 148
Richards, Miss 171
Ridley, Anna Augusta 301
Ranavalona (Queen) 181
Ramsey, Miss 321
Reynolds, Miss Emma 348
Reed, Mrs. Hettie : 350
Sprague, Miss Estella 348
Smith, Mrs. Ella 350
Sawyer, Mrs. Ellen 351
Sloan, Silena M 327
Sinclair, Mary De McLemore 328
Smothers, Mrs 336
Sheldon. Mary Frances 141
Sharpe, Jennie A 186
Sneed, Lavina B 236
Sprague, Mrs. Nathaniel 194
Smith, Amanda 278
Smith, Lucy Wilmot 202
Smith, Christine S 326
Selika Madam (Mary Williams) 307
Steel, Miss Carrie 342
Sampson, Miss G. G 300
Shepherd, Ella F 249
Shorter, Susie I •. • 143
Stumm, Mrs. C. C 207
Smith, Margaret 202
Stephens, Miss Maggie 1 37
Silone, Parthenia R 44
Suggs, Mrs. Esther 208
Saxon, Celia Dial Ill
Smith, Mrs. Caroline 211
Shadd, Mary A 112
Sheldon, Susan 141
Switzer, Anna 146
Switzer, Bell 146
Stewart, Jennie Robinson 148
Still, Carrie V. Anderson 148
xvi CONTENTS.
Simmons, Jane 148
Terrell, Mollte Church 321
Thurman, Mrs. Lucy 326
Truth, Sojourner 184
Thompson, Miss Clarrissa M 64
Tilghman, Miss A. L 203
Thompson, Eliza Henrietta 66
Turner, Kate 148
Turpin, Maria Y 199
Tilghman, Margaret A 203
Thomas, Lillian Parker 204
Tilman, Katie D 337
Tapley, Mrs Lucy 341
Thompson, Miss Rachel 352
Trappe, Mary 300
Vanella, Mrs. Dr 320
Winslow, Valetta 237
Washington, Olivia Davidson 53
Wassom, Frankie E. Harris 71
Walker, Rachel L 283
Wells, Ida B 187
Westbrooks, Mrs. L. A 114
Wilson, Mrs. Albert 258
Washington, Josephine Turpin". 199
Wood, Ione E 237
Wheatley, Phillis 17
Woodson, Jemima 101
Wetzel, Madame 282
Ward, Mrs. Josephine 1H9
Watson, Cora Lee 148
Williams, Mary E 148
White, Miss Adina E 199
Wadkins, Mrs. Prof 324
Wilsons, Misses 322
Weston, Miss P. B 322
Washington, Miss Blanche 258
Watson, Mrs. Minnie 346
Werles, Miss Sarrah ! 350
Warwick, Miss Bessie 350
Washington, Esther 351
Washington, Fannie A 351
Withers, Mrs. Mary 320
Washington, Miss Lucilla 325
Withers, May 336
Yates, Mrs. J. Silone 44
Young, Mrs. Lizzie 340
Young, Jessie 346
Young, Mrs. Robert 346
Zinga, Anna 153
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
" Good heaven ! what sorrows gloomed that parting day
That called me from native walks away! "
PHILLIS WHEATLEY,
Great Poetess, O-uest of the Royal Family. Friend and Associate to Lady
Huntingdon.
HILLIS WHEATLEY was a woman whose greatness of
soul the whole world admired. Her generosity was such
that it evaded demands and saved the receivers the confusion of
requests. In referring to Webster's unabridged biographical
names, we find that she was born in Africa, 1753. Professor
William T. Alexander, in his History of the Colored Race in
America, in paying tribute to Phillis Wheatley and the colored
race, beautifully Says : " There is little doubt but when once
furnished with these keys, the colored race are capable of reach¬
ing andunlocking all the doors accessible to any other people.
We need not dip into the future for the law of higher inheritance
to note examples of this truth, or even to depend entirely
upon the present, with its increased facilities to this end, but
may go back and take an instance from the dark days of
slavery, and of one direct from Africa. We refer to Phillis
Wheatley, who, tho' a " child of Africa," was, for her literary
talent and virtue, accorded the highest distinction and honor
both in the United States and Europe. It seems that she was
brought over to this country in a slave vessel from Africa
when but a little child."
The following from her biography by Benson J. Lossing,
17
18
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
L.L.D.,willbe interesting. The wife of a respectable citizen, of
Boston, named Wheatley, went to the slave market in that city
in 1761, to purchase a child-negress, that she might rear her to
be a faithful nurse in the old age of her mistress. She saw
many plump children, but one of delicate frame, modest
demeanor and clad in nothing but a piece of dirty carpet
wrapped about her, attracted her attention, and Mrs. Wheatley
took her home in her chaise, and gave her the name of Phillis.
The child seemed to be about seven years of age, and exhibited
remarkable intelligence, and apt imitative powers. Mrs.
Wheatley's daughter taught the child to read and write, and
her progress was wonderful. She appeared to have very little
recollection of her birthplace, but remembered seeing her
mother pour out water before the sun at its rising. With the
development of her intellectual faculties, her moral nature kept
pace, and she was greatly loved by all who knew her for her
amiability and perfect docility. She soon attracted the atten¬
tion of men of learning ; and as Phillis read books with great
avidity, they supplied her. Piety was a ruling sentiment in
her character, and tears born of gratitude and love for her mis¬
tress often moistened her eyes. As she grew to womanhood
her thoughts found expression through her pen, sometimes in
prose, but more often in poetry, and she was an invited guest in
the families of the rich and learned, in Boston. Her mistress
treated her as a child and was extremely proud of her. At the age
of about sixteen years Phillis became a member of the "Old
South Church," then under the charge of Dr. Sewall. It was
about this time that she wrote the poem of which a verse
below is an extract. Earlier than this she had written poetry,
poems remarkable for both vigor of thought, and pathos in
expression. Her memory in some particulars appears to have
been extremely defective. If she composed a poem in the
night and did not write it down, it would be gone from her
forever in the morning. Her kind mistress gave her a light and
writing materials afc her bedside that she might lose nothino-
and in cold weather a fire was always made in her room at
night.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
19
In the summer of 1773 her health gave way, and a sea
v°yage was recommended. She accompanied a son of Mr.
Wheatley to England, and there she was cordially received by
Lady Huntingdon, Lord Dartmouth and other people of dis¬
tinction. While there her poems, which had been collected
and dedicated to the Countess of Huntingdon, were published,
and attracted great attention. The book was embellished with
a portrait of her, from which our picture was copied. She was
persuaded to remain in London until the return of the Court,
so as to be presented to the king, but, hearing of the declining
health of her mistress, she hastened home. That kind friend
was soon laid in the grave, and Phillis grieved as deeply as
any of her children. Mr. Wheatley died soon after, and then
his excellent daughter was laid by the side of her parents.
Phillis was left destitute, and the sun of her earthly happiness
went down. A highly intelligent colored man of Boston,
named John Peters, offered himself in marriage to the poor
orphan, and was accepted. He proved utterly unworthy of
the excellent woman he had wedded, and her lot became a
bitter one indeed. Misfortune seems to have expelled her
muse, for we have no production of her pen bearing a later
date than those in her volume published in 1773, except a
poetical epistle to General George Washington, in 1775, and a
few scraps written about that time. Washington replied to
her letter on the 28th of February, 1776. His letter was
written at his headquarters at Cambridge :
Miss Phillis: Your favor of the 26th of October did not
reach my hands till the middle of December, time enough you
will say to have given an answer ere this. Granted. But a
variety of important occurrences continually interposing to
distract the mind and withdraw the attention, I hope will
apologize for the delay, and plead my excuse for the seeming,
but not real neglect.. I thank you most sincerely for your
polite notice of me, in the elegant lines you enclosed, and
however undeserving I may be of such encomium and pane¬
gyric, the style and manner exhibit a striking proof of your
poetical talents, in honor of which as a tribute justly due to
20
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
you, I would have published the poem, had I not been appre¬
hensive that, while I only meant to give the world this new
instance of your genius, I might have incurred the imputation
of vanity. This, and nothing else, determined me not to give
it a place in the public prints. If you should ever come to
Cambridge, or near headquarters I shall be happy to see a
person so favored by the muses, and to whom nature has been
so liberal and beneficent in her dispensations.
I am, with great respect,
Your obedient, humble servant,
George Washington.
A few years of misery shattered the golden bowl of her
life, and in a wretched apartment, in an obscure part of Boston,
that gifted wife and mother, whose youth had been passed in
ease, and even luxury, was allowed to perish alone! She died
on the 5th of December, 179i, when she was about thirty-one
years of age. The following is an extract from one of her
poems previously referred to :
" Twas mercy brought me from my pagan land,
Taught my benighted soul to understand
That there's a God—that there's a Savior too.
Once I redemption neither sought nor knew."
Among other noticeable features in this touching story, we
find that the great George Washington—" first in war, first in
peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen"—did not
hesitate to speak in the highest, terms of the genius of this
gifted colored woman, nor to pay her an honor which might
well be coveted by the greatest intellects of our land to-day.
And Goldsmith adds :
" Thine, Freedom, thine the blessings pictured here,
Thine are those charms that dazzle and endear!
Too blest indeed were such, without alloy ;
But, fostered e'en by Freedom, ills annoy;
That independence Britons prize too high,
Keeps man from man, and breaks the social tie;
The self-depending lordlings stand alone,
All claims that bind and sweeten life unknown."
Under the caption of "Women of the Century" Mrs.
Hannaford, in her illustrious work, " Daughters of America,"
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES. 21
says of Phillis Wheatley : She was one of the four illustrious
women who dwelt in the United States previous to the United
States century. She (Phillis) was brought from Africa to
Boston in 1761. When but six years old, she wrote a volume
of poems, which was published in London in 1773, while she
was in that city with the son of her owner, for she was a
slave. She was educated through the favor of her mistress,
and was quite proficient in the Latin language. A poem,
which she sent to General Washington, gave her enduring
fame. Her life bore evidence that the colonial women, though
some of them slaveholders, were not destitute of a lively
interest in those the custom of the times placed wholly in their
charge. Phillis herself is a proof that even African women,
despised as they have been, have intellectual endowments, and
with culture and Christian attainment may rival their fairer
sisters in the expression of high thoughts in poetic phrase."
BROUGHT TO LIGHT.
Phillis 'Wheatley Poem, Dedicated to General Washington,
From the Boston Courant: Last week we attempted to
offer a few remarks on the life and uncollected works of
Phillis Wheatley, thinking thereby that the attention of our
readers might once more be called to the contemplation of her
genius and writings. If we have been successful, if we have
succeeded in arousing even a transitory interest in her now
waning memory, we could ask no more. But we shall take
advantage of it, transient as it may be, to offer to the public
Phillis' letter and poem to General Washington.
This poem was sent to General George Washington just
after he took command of the continental army in 1775, and
was intended to celebrate that event; by Sparks, the biographer
of Washington ; by Williams, our best historian; in truth, by
almost all writers of this period, this poem was supposed to be
lost. But such was not the case. The poem was sent to the
publisher by the old general himself, though he said otherwise
in his letter to Phillis.
22
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
Phillis Wheatley to General Washington.
Sir: I have taken the liberty to address vour excellency
in the enclosed poefri, and entreat your acceptance, though I
am not insensible to its inaccuracies. Your being appointed by
the Grand Continental Congress to be Generalissimo of the
armies of North America, together with the fame of your
virtues excite sensations not easy to suppress. Your gen¬
erosity, therefore, I presume, will pardon the attempt. Wish¬
ing your excellency all possible success in the great cause you
are so generously engaged in, I am your excellency's most
obedient, humble servant.
Phillis Wheatley.
Providence, October 26, 1775.
HIS EXCELLENCY, GENERAL WASHINGTON.
Celestial choir! enthroned in realms of light,
Columbia's scenes of glorious toils I write,
While freedom's cause her anxious breast alarms,
She flashes dreadful in refulgent arms.
See mother Earth her offspring's fate bemoan,
And nations gaze at scenes before unknown ;
See the bright beams of heaven's revolving light
Involved in sorrows and in veil of night!
The goddess comes, she moves divinely fair,
Olive and laurel bind her golden hair ;
Wherever shines this native of the skies,
Unnumbered charms and recent graces rise.
Muse! Bow propitious while my pen relates
How pour her armies through a thousand gates ;
As when Eolus heaven's fair face deforms,
Enwrapped in tempest and a night of storms ;
Astonished Ocean feels the wild uproar,
The refluent surges beat the resounding shore;
Or thick as leaves in Autumn's golden reign,
Such, and so many moves the warrior's train.
In bright array they seek the work of war,
Where high unfurled the ensign waves in air.
Shall I to Washington their praise recite?
Enough, though knowest them in the fields of fight.
Thee first in place and honor we demand,
The grace and glory of thy mortal band,
Famed for thy valor, for thy virtue more.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
23
Hear every tongue thy guardian aid implore ;
One century scarce performed its destined round
When Gallic powers Columbia's fury found ;
And, so may you, whoever dares disgrace
The land of freedom's heaven-defended race.
Fixed are the eyes of nations on the scale,
For in their hopes Columbia's arm prevails.
Anon, Britannia droops the pensive head,
While round increase the rising hills of dead.
Ah! cruel blindness to Columbia's state,
Lament thy thirst of boundless power too late.
Proceed, great chief, virtue on thy side;
Thy every action let the goddess guide.
A crown, a mansion, and a throne that shine
With gold unfading, Washington, be thine.
It will be seen that Phillis refers to America as Columbia,,
the origin of which saying is erroneously ascribed by histo¬
rians to Dr. D wight. But the name Columbia must have been
applied to America long before Dr. Dwight, and possibly
before either writer lived.
The line beginning "When Gallic power," etc., refers to
the old French and Indian war, which began in 1755.
FRANCES E. W. HARPER was born in Maryland in
1825 and reared there. Her early education was meagre,
having left school at the age of fourteen. She is truly a self-
made woman. As a lecturer she has few equals. She has also
contributed largely to the most prominent Afro-American jour¬
nals. Her poetical and prose writings are extensively read by
white people as well as black and she has furnished inspiration
to many of the young writers of the race. Of late years she has
been prominently connected with the Woman's Christian Tem¬
perance Union, and has augmented the work among the women
of her race.
When great minds agree upon a fact which is thus made
" FEKilET."
24
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
popular, lesser minds have nothing more nor less to do than
assent. Mrs. F. E. W. Harper, such as Mrs. Phoebe A.IIanno-
ford has already briefly described, possesses the happy faculty
of equilibrium upon all the prominent issues of the day.
MKS. F. E. W. HARPER, PHILADELPHIA.
Eloquent, fluent in speech, forcible in argument, versatile with
the pen, rhythmical in poetry, logical in prose,and blessed with
the rareness .of congeniality, she becomes at once to those who
have heard or read her thoughts a lover, a friend, yea! a disciple.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
25
Her Story of the Nile " is one of her latest achievements, and
as our power of judging is meagre we fully and freely assent
to its grandness. Dr. Marshall W. Taylor says: Of the Negro
race in the United States since 1620, there have appeared but
four women whose careers stand out so far, so high and so
clearly above all others of their sex, that they can with strict
propriety and upon well established grounds be denominated
great. These are Phillis Wheatley, Sojourner Truth, Frances
Ellen Watkins Harper and Amanda Smith.
Mrs. Harper, possessing superior advantages, is superior to
any one of the four great women here mentioned in mental drill
and versatile literary culture ; she is an erudite scholarly woman;
she too is a reformer, an agitator, but not in the rough, or with
any political tendency; she is polished, and may be called the
greatest of school-made moral philosophers yet developed among
the women of the Negro race. If Sojourner Touth was a blind
giant, Frances Harper was an enlightened one. Standing out¬
side of the church and churchly relations, Mrs. Harper is with¬
out an equal among Negro men of her times and type of
thought.
As early as 1845, Frances Ellen Watkins Harper began to
figure conspicuous!}7 as a literary leader and teacher, starting
out in her career as assistant instructress under the principal-
ship of, now, Bishop John M. Brown. Whether she has kept
pace with this learned prelate, we leave our readers to judge.
Her activities then as now, in the cause of the Negro, battling
for its education and equal rights, startle us wTith love and
admiration, while our hearts go out in search of even the crumbs
of her wonderful pioneer life. As to the world did God give
Adam and Eve, not only to dwell upon the earth, but to be
master over every living creature, so did he almost sponta¬
neously give to the Negro race two people, a man and a woman,
to stand ont beyond opposition intellectually, the man Et. Rev.
Bishop D. A. Payne, the woman Mrs. Frances E. Watkins
Harper,the equals of any of our nineteenth century civilization.
Phceba A. Hanaford, in her "Daughters of America,"
under the caption of " Women Lecturers," says:
26
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
Francis E. W. Harper is one of the most eloquent women
lecturers in the country. As one listens to her clear, plaintive,
melodious voice, and follows the flow of her musical speech in
her logical presentation of truth, he can but be charmed with
her oratory and rhetoric, and forgets that she is of the race
once enslaved in our land. She is one of the colored women
of whom white women may be proud, and to whom the aboli¬
tionists can point and declare that a race which could show
such women never ought to have been held in bondage. She
lectures on temperance, equal rights, and religious themes, and
has shown herself able in the use of the pen.
Prof. George W. Williams, in his " History of the Negro
Race in America," says of our subject: " She was born in
Baltimore, Md., in 1825. She was not permitted to enjoy the
blessings of early educational training, but in after years
proved herself to be a woman of most remarkable intellectual
powers. She applied herself to study, most assiduously; and
when she had reached woman's estate she was well educated.
She developed early a fondness for poetry, which she has
since cultivated, and some of her efforts are not without merit.
She excels as an essayist and lecturer. She has been heard
upon many of the leading lecture platforms of the country ;
and her efforts to elevate her sisters have been crowned with
most signal success.
A clear, strong, musical voice, capable of expressing all
human feelings and passions, is among the most desirable
qualities in the formation of a consummate orator.
Her words have such a melting flow,
And speak of truth so sweetly well,
They drop like heaven's serenest snow,
And all is brightness where they fall.
" There is a charm in delivery, a magical art,
That thrills, like a kiss, from the lips to the heart;
'Tis the glance, the expression, the well-chosen word,
By whose magic the depths of the spirit are stirred—
The smile—the mute gesture—the soul-stirring pause—
The eye's sweet expression, that melts while it awes—
The lip's sofc persuasion—its musical tone :
Oh! such are the charms of that eloquent one."
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
27
A hearer might well say, as he listens to the charming
accents of her musical voice :
Thy sweet words drop upon the ear so soft,
As rose leaves on a well; and I could listen,
As though the immortal melody of heaven
Were wrought into one word—that word a whisper—
That whisper all I want from all I love.
EDMONIA LEWIS,
ICHOLIS FRANCIS COOKE, M. T>., LL.D., in his
work styled Satan in Society, in his article, "What can
Woman Do in the World? says, as sculptors there are already
several who have achieved both fame and fortune. In a foot¬
note we find the following tribute from his liberal and descriptive
pen: " Edmonia Lewis, a colored sculptress, not yet twenty-five
years old, whose studio at Rome is sought by the cultivated and
wealthy, and whose works command almost fabulous prices, fur¬
nishes a remarkable instance of perseverance, not only against
disadvantages of sex, but the still greater obstacles of race and
color. Her father a Negro, and her mother an Indian, both
dying early, she was " raised " among the Chippewa Indians,
but, through the generosity of her brother, was enabled to obtain
a few years at school. Thence she made her way to Boston,
where she landed penniless and friendless. Wandering
abstractly through School street, she gazed in wonder and
admiration upon the statue of Franklin, and, to use her own
words, " was seized with the desire of making something like
that man standing there." She asked a kindly looking lady
" what it was made of," and being informed, sought the studio
of Mr. Brockett, from whom she obtained some clay, some
modeling tools and " a baby's foot." In about three weeks
she returned with a tolerable reproduction of the foot, which
the artist commended, and lent her " a woman's hand." Mean¬
while she made herself a set of implements the exact counter¬
part of those she had borrowed, and, being equally successful
28
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
in modeling the hand, she received from the artist a letter
to a ladv who gave her eight dollars. With this modest
" capital" she established a studio, on the door of which a
simple tin sign announced: Edmonia Lewis, Artist." From
that time forward her career has been one uninterrupted
triumph. Her latest work, " Hagar," is valued at six thousand
dollars, and has earned a handsome revenue by its exhibition.
Among the great women in Daughters of America, we find
her classed among the women artists of their first century in
art.
Phoeba A. Hanaford justly says Edmonia Lewis is entitled
to be mentioned with the women artists of our first century.
Let " The Christian Register " tell her story :
" All who were present at Tremont Temple on the Monday
evening of the presentation to Rev.Mr. McGrimes of the marble
group of ' Forever Free,' executed by Miss Edmonia Lewis,
must have been deeply interested. No one, not born a subject
to the " Cotton King, could look upon that piece of sculpture
without profound emotion. The noble figure of the man, his
very muscles seeming to swell with gratitude; the expression
of the right now to protect, with which he throws his arm
around his kneeling wife ; the ' Praise de Lord ' hovering on
their lips ; the broken chain,—all so instinct with life, telling
in the very poetry of stone the story of the last ten years.
And when it is remembered who created this group, an added
interest is given to it. Who threw so much expression into
those figures? What well-known sculptor arranged with such
artistic grace those speaking forms ? Will any one believe it
was the small hands of a small girl that wrought the marble
and kindled the life within it ?—a girl of dusky hue, mixed Indian
and African, who not more than eight years ago sat down on
the steps of the City Hall to eat the dry crackers with which
alone her empty purse allowed her to satisfy her hunger ; but
as she sat there and thought of her dead brother, of her home¬
less state, something caught her eye, the hunger of the
stomach ceased, but the hunger of the soul began. That
quiet statue of the grand old Franklin had touched the
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
29
electric spark, and kindled the latent genius which was
enshrined within her, as her own group was in the marble till
her chisel brought it out. For weeks she haunted the spot,
and the State House, where she could see "Washington and
"Webster. She asked questions and found that such things
were made of clay. She got a lump of clay, shaped her some
sticks, and her heart divided between art and the great
struggle for freedom, which had just received the seal of
Colonel Shows' blood. She wrought out, from photographs
and her own ideal, an admirable bust of him. This made the
name of Edmonia Lewis known in Boston. The unknown
waif on the steps of the City Hall had, in a few short months,
become an object of interest to a large circle of those most
anxious about the great problem of the development of the
colored race in their new position.
We next hear of Edmonia in Rome, where her perseverance,
industry, genius and naivete made her warm friends. Miss
Charlotte Cushman and Miss Hosmer took great interest in
her. Her studio was visited by all strangers, who looked upon
the creations of this untaught maiden as marvelous. She
modeled there " The Freed "Woman on First Hearing of Her
Liberty," of which it is said : " It tells with much eloquence a
painful story." No one can deny that she has distinguished
herself in sculpture ; not, perhaps, in the highest grade, but in
the most pleasing form. Six months ago she returned to her
own country to sit once again on the steps of the City Hall,
just to recall the "then," and to contrast it with the " now."
"Then," hungry, heart-weary, no plan for the future. " Now,"
the hunger of the soul satisfied; freedom to do, to achieve, won
by her own hands, friends gained ; the world to admire.
She brought with her to this country a bust of " our " poet,
said to be one of the best ever taken. It has been proposed
by some of Longfellow's friends to have it put in marble for
Harvard. It would be a beautiful thought that the author of
Hiawatha should be embalmed in stone by a descendant from
Minnehaha. And certainly nothing can be more appropriate
than the presentation to Rev. Mr. Grimes^the untiring friend
30
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
of his race, the indomitable worker, the earnest preacher, of
this rare work, "ForeverFree," uniting grace and sentiment,
the offspring of an enthusiastic soul, who consecrates her
genius to truth and beauty.
Professor George G. W. Williams in his History of the
Negro Race in America says: "Edmonia Lewis, the Negro
sculptress, is in herself a great prophecy of the possibilities of
her sisters in America. Of lowly birth, left an orphan when
quite young, unable to obtain a liberal education, she never¬
theless determined to be something and somebody.
This ambitious Negro girl has won a position as an artist, a
studio in Rome, and a place in the admiration of the lovers of
art on two continents. She has produced many meritorious
works of art, the most noteworthy being Hagar in the Wil¬
derness) a group of the Madonna with the Infant Christ and
Two Adoring Angels / Forever Free / Uiavjalha1 s Wooing • a
bust of Longfellow, the Poet / a bust of John Brown, and a
medallion portrait of Wendell Phillips. The Madonna was pur¬
chased by the Marquis of Bute, Disraeli's Lothair.
She has been well received in Rome, and her studio has
become an object of interest to travelers of all countries.
t,S. BLANCHE V H. BROOKS, the subject of this
sketch, is deserving a place in the galaxy of noted
Negro women. She was born in Monroe, Michigan, where she
lived until thirteen years of age.
- The prejudice which forbade the girl entering the young
ladies' seminary with her associates in the high school only
paved the way for her entering the world-renowned Oberlin
college. The prejudice before mentioned induced her parents
to send her. to Oberlin, where she could procure the best
educational facilities,; here she remained until she was grad-
MRS. BLANCHE V. H. BROOKS,
Able Pioneer Teacher, Able Writer, President W. C. T. TJ.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
31
uated in the class of '60, endearing herself to the faculty
teachers and to her classmates.
Though quite young at the time of the late war, and the
call for teachers for Freed men came, she responded to Rev.
George Whipple: "Here am I; send me." Leaving home,
friends, and all comforts, she
entered upon her life work
in that demoralized region,
demoralized because of the
effects of the late war.
The hospital needed
nurses; the Freedmen,—men,
women and children—needed
teachers, not only in books,
but in every department, and
there she found earnest, hard
work; when not in the
school-room night after night
she could be found by the
cot of the sick and dying.
So firm an advocate of
temperance is she that
through her influence she
was instrumental in saving
many from drunkards'
graves; through her influence an opening was made for
other young women to go to the South land. When her labor
was no longer needed as a pioneer she returned to the North
to re-engage in school work. To direct young minds is a task
for which Blanche V. H. Brooks is fitted by her natural
endowment of taste, judgment, firmness and decision of char¬
acter, softened and modified by sweetness of temperament.
For seventeen years she has been engaged in the public
schools of Knoxville. Since her graduation, until the present
time, the productions from her pen have been a source of
entertainment and instruction. As we before mentioned, she
is a strong advocate of the temperance cause; for five years
MRS. BLANCHE V. H. BROOKS.
33
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
she has held the position of president of the W. C. T. U., and
works earnestly, it may seem, in season and out of season, to
bring the wine-drinking habit into disfavor.
MRS. DELLA IRVING HAYDEN,
Eminent Educator.
T the close of the Civil war we find the subject of our
sketch in the town of Tarboro, N. C., without a
mother's care, her mother having in the early days of the
war moved to the "Old
Dominion."
In her incipiency she
knew not the care of a
mother, but had a loving
grandmother to whom she
was devoted with all the de¬
votion a child could bestow.
Though separated for years
by landscape, there continued
in the mother's breast that
love and devotion that are
peculiar to her sex; hence
she returned in search of her
lost child in 1865. Finding
her in vigorous health, she,
as the shepherd doth the
lost sheep, took her child
upon her breast, and over
rocky steeps and swollen
streams, wound her way back to Virginia. As the infant
grew she proved to be of a brilliant mind, and even when
but a child exhibited great tact in the management of little
folks around her. There being no free schools in operation
at that day for colored children, she was taught to spell by
MRS. DELLA IRVING TTAYDEN.
TI1EIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
33
a white friend, who consented to teach her at the request of
her mother.
From an old Webster spelling book she made her first
start, and soon learned as far as "baker," a great accomplish¬
ment in those days. After getting a foretaste of an education
she then, a young miss, became very anxious for an education.
Free schools were not yet in existence, so she entered a school
seven miles away in Nansemond county. This school was
under the control of the Freedman's bureau, and was taught
by a Mr. A. B. Colis, of New Jersey. The next year her
parents moved from Nansemond county to Franklin, South
Hampton county, Virginia, where she entered the public
school.
In school she was obedient, docile, kind and punctual. Out
of school she was the delight of her playmates and apparently
the life of the school.
Early in life she was converted and joined the Baptist
church. As a Christian she was a shining light and an ardent
worker in the cause of Christianity.
Years and deeds having hastened her near the verge of
womanhood, she became a faithful teacher and an ardent
worker in the Sabbath-school, to which work she became very
much attached.
She was secretary for Sunday-school and church clerk for
several years.
In 1872 she entered the Hampton Normal and Agricultural
institute with very limited means, with none to look to but a
widowed mother. And just here it is fitting to say that that
mother was a mother in the truest sense. For she made great
sacrifice to help her daughter through school. Lapse of years
having brought her to the age of womanhood, we may now
call her Miss Irving. She being of an industrious turn of mind
and eager to go through school, was glad to do any work
assigned her to assist in paying school bills. During her
school days at Hampton she stood high in the esteem of both
her schoolmates and teachers. In her second term in school
she made the acquaintance of Mrs. G. M. Jones, of Philadel-
34
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
phia, who gave her some financial aid, and has ever since been
a warm and devoted friend.
In 1874 Miss Irving (as she was then), having a determined
will of her own, and hearing continual appeal of her people to
"come over in Macedonia and help us," could no longer
resist the pitiful cry, but laid down the pursuit of her studies,
and, with that burning zeal of a missionary, laid hold of her
work that she had for so long desired. By so doing she did
much to dispel the gloom which overshadowed her people, and
financially enabled herself to resume her studies in 1875. Her
first school-house was a little log-cabin in a section of her own
county known as Indian Town.
Her first term was marked with great success, and she filled
the first place in the hearts of the people among whom she
labored.
There she organized a Sunday-school in which she acted as
teacher, chorister and superintendent. So great was the love
of the people for her that they said they didn't believe that
the county paid her enough for the valuable services she ren¬
dered them, and as a unit came together and made up the
deficiency as nearly as they could, for they thought that cur¬
rency could not compensate for the great good and the bless¬
ings that she had been the means of bestowing upon them.
Her second term was taught four miles from this place, where
it was difficult to find a family near the school with sufficient
room to board a teacher (most of the houses having only one
room). She was sent to such a house to board. This was too
much for the young teacher. The people looked upon her as
a jewel and would do anything to please her, so she called the
parents together and they willingly united and built another
room, the teacher furnishing the nails.
In 1875 she returned to the Hampton Normal and Agricul¬
tural institute and resumed her. studies. In 1877 she grad¬
uated with honor and was the winner of a $20 prize, offered to
the best original essayist of the class. On her return home to
resume the work among her people, to which she felt so
closely espoused, she was elected principal of the town public
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
35
school. Here she met with some competition for the position,
but energy, push and competency always hold sway over all
opposition when fair play is granted. She outstripped her
rivals and filled the position with credit three }Tears. She was
looked upon as the spiritual, educational, and political adviser
of her neighborhood, for the colored people. In the church
and Sunday-school she had no peer, for both minister and
Sunday-school superintendent sought her advice as to the best
means of spiritualizing the church and enlivenisg the Sunday-
school. She stands in the ranks among the best educators of
her race. Through her influence and recommendation a great
many young men and women have gained admission into some
of the best institutions of learning in the United States.
Many of them she assisted financially while in school from
her scanty income, which was a sacrifice, but a pleasure.
Quite a number of them have graduated and are now filling
honorable positions.
As a politician she was so well informed, and could discuss
so intelligently the public issues of the day, that in her town,,
in the campaign of 1884, she was styled the "Politician's
Oracle." She, as did Paul, ceased not day nor night to warn
her people of the danger that awaited them. While teaching
she did not fail to practice economy, for she saved means to
lift a heavy debt off her property, which she mortgaged to
secure means to finish her education.
In 1880 she married Mr. Lindsej^ Havden, an accomplished
gentleman who was principal of the public school of Liberty
(now Bedford City), Virginia. Unfortunately for her, Mr.
Ha}7den lived only a few months after marriage. During his
short illness Mr. Hayden found in her every requisite of a true
wife and ever his administering angel. After the death of her
devoted husband, she resigned the position as first assistant
teacher in the school in which her husband had so recently
been principal, and returned to Franklin to live with her
widowed mother. Notwithstanding all hearts.went out in
sympathy for her in her bereavement, there was a sort of
mingled joy at her return to her old field of labor, since it
36
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
seemed a matter of impossibility to fill her place as a worker
among her people. In the fall of 1881 she was again elected
principal of the town school, which position she held for nine
years. As a temperance lecturer and worker in general, the
United States can not boast of one more ardent. She served
three years as president of the W. C. T. U. and the Home
Missionary Society, organized by Mrs. Marriage Allen, the
wonderful messenger of England, and for four years recording
secretary of the county Sunday-school union, and one year
corresponding secretary of the Bethany Baptist Sunday-school
convention.
She has organized a great many temperance societies and
hundreds have taken the pledge. She is at present president
of the Virginia Teachers' Temperance Union, and an active
worker and officer of the Virginia Teachers' Association.
In 1890 she was elected lady principal of the Virginia
[Normal and Collegiate Institute, which position she now
holds. Says General S. C. Armstrong, principal of the Hamp¬
ton Normal and Agricultural Institute:
" Mrs. Delia Irving Hayden was at Hampton school four
years, and made her a most excellent record. We all here,
teachers and frifends, expected a great deal of her, and have
not been disappointed. She married a noble young man, Mr,
Lindsey Hayden, who soon died—a great loss. Since her
bereavement Mrs. Hayden has devoted herself nobly to her
people. We hope she maj^ be spared many years. She is
among the famous women of her race."
To the Author of Noted Women.
Dear Sir: I can most heartily endorse all that Mr. W. B.
Holland has said of the life and work of Mrs. D. I. Hayden,
of the Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute, Petersburg,
Virginia. She is indeed an earnest laborer for the elevation
of her people, as hundreds of others can testify. I was once
her pupil and by her taught the most useful lessons of life I
know.
Mrs. Hayden is a born teacher, and her sixteen years of
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
37
faithful service in the school-room rightly places her among
the Noted Women of the Colored Race.
Mrs. A G. Randolph.
Hempstead, Texas.
Says Miss Maggie I. Stevens: "Mrs. Delia Irving Ilayden
well deserves the name woman. I was a pupil in her school
thirteen years ago. It was through her I gained admission
into the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute. It is to
her (through the help of God) I owe my success in literary
attainment. She has no peer as a quick thinker and an earnest
worker."
James H. Johnston, A. M., president of the Virginia
Normal and Collegiate Institute, in speaking of her work as
connected with that institution, says : " Since Mrs. Hayden's
election as lady principal of this institution, she has exhibited
unusual tact and ability in the performance of her duty,
thereby gaining the love and esteem of the students and com¬
mendation of the board of visitors. Aside from her special
work, she has been exceedingly active in organizing temper¬
ance societies among the students and among the teachers of
our annual summer session. As a result of her labors in this
direction there now exists in the school a society of more than
one hundred members, and among the teachers a State tem¬
perance association. In our school, where once temperance
views were unpopular, the leading students are the most active
temperance advocates. Doubtless the teachers of the State
organization, in- their several localities, have disseminated
seed the fruit of which can only be estimated in eternity. She
has also been instrumental in planting in our midst a branch of
the " King's Daughters," which has done good work both in
the school and out. In holiday seasons she has been active in
good work in the Sunday-school, church and among the people
generally. She does not fail to use her pen and power of
speech, which she possesses in no ordinary degree, to advance
the Master's kingdom by the promotion of temperance.
Southampton and the State of Virginia need many more
Delia I. Haydens."
38
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
Dr. J. F. Bryant, county superintendent of Southampton
county, in speaking of her qualifications as a teacher, said :
"Mrs. Delia I. Hayden taught twelve (12) years in the public
schools of Southampton, to the entire satisfaction of patrons
and school officers, the most of the time under my supervision.
She was principal of a large graded school in this place. Her
executive capacity is of a high order. And she manages a
school of a hundred or more pupils with as much dexterity
and ease as most teachers with twenty or twenty-five pupils.
Her ambition in her chosen profession is unbounded, and she
never tires.
Beginning with a third grade certificate she was enabled
to attend the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute,
teaching one j^ear and returning to the school the other,
until she graduated with distinction at that institute. She
finally obtained a professional certificate, the highest grade
under the public school system, as a reward for her persever¬
ance, energy and ability."
The foregoing statement will give our readers a faint view
only of the wonderfully useful life that Mrs. D. I. Hayden has.
lived for and among her people.
Willis B. Holland.
MRS. RT. REV. B. W. ARNETT,
W. C. T. U. Advocate.
'' The growing good of the world is largely dependent on unhistoric
acts ; and that things are not so ill with you and me as they might have
"been, is half owing to the numbers who lived faithfully a hidden life."
Geo. Eliot in Middlcmarch.
HAYE often felt how true this is of the wives of great men.
The patient, unseen, devoted toiler with loving self-forget
fulness, standing ever true at her husband's side, kindling his
belief in himself by her pure belief about him, urging him on
to his highest endeavor by expecting from him his best,
applauding his noblest achievements and giving nerve and
stimulus to his success, cheerfully sharing and smoothing over
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
39
his disappointments, shielding him from the petty irritations of
the domestic machinery, thus making it possible for him to
throw his whole soul into the larger outer work for God and
the race; soothing, comforting, cheering, inspiring—and then
quietly drinking in as her reward the praise and appreciation
lavished by the world on him.
Of no woman is all this more true than of Mrs. Bishop Ben¬
jamin "W. Arnett, one of the strongest of our mothers in Israel,
and one whose life and example should be studied by every
girl that stands hesitantly " where the brook and river meet,"
wondering with throbbing pulses what life has in store for
her. ,
Mary Louise Gordon was born near Geneva, Pa., August
1st, 1839. Her parents, William and Hester Ann Gordon,
were substantial hardworking people who had removed from
Virginia some years before Louise was born. In 1845 they
left Geneva to live in Uniontown, Pa., where they lived till
1865, when they moved to Brownsville, Pa., where they still
reside.
Little Louise was put in school at an early age, Miss Sarah
J. Allen being her first teacher, followed by Keziah Brown
Jackson and John Bellows in private schools. Public schools
in those days ran four months of the year, and were generally
taught by superannuated white teachers without maps or
charts or any of the modern furnishings which we think so
indispensable in our day. But they managed to get through
the three R's and teach the little folks to " sit up straight and
look on the book," and I don't know but these same little folks,
now grown up, look back with just as much pleasure on those
"good old days" as will our.highly developed kindergartners
with all their stick laying, and paper folding, and clay mold¬
ing. The school house in which my young heroine's ideas
were first taught to shoot was the typical log-house, 15x12,
adorned with long benches made of slabs with four wooden
pegs stuck in for legs. It stood on the site of the present
A. M. E. Church of Uniontown and managed to attract col¬
ored children from two and three miles around. Private
40
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
schools supplemented the short terms of the public sessions^
serving to keep the children out of the streets certainly, if not
for very extensive scholarly advancement.
Louise at first attended a Presbyterian Sunday-school,
Miss Mary Duncan being her first teacher. When a little later
she entered the A. M. E. Sabbath-school, Mr. J. H. Manaway
was superintendent and Mrs. Eliza Moxlev, still living in Union-
town, her first colored Sabbath-school teacher. She was con¬
verted in 1855 and received into the church by Rev. Solomon
H. Thompson and into the class of Alexander Moxley, one of
the leading men of Union town in his day—long since gone
to his reward.
In the fall of 1855 she went to spend some weeks with a
married annt living in Brownsville. Now it so happened that
the husband of this aunt had a nephew, a promising lad,
christened Benjamin William, but popularly dubbed Bennie
by his numerous friends, young and old. Naturally enough
Bennie went in the course of events to pay his dutiful respects
to his uncle and aunt; and there he met the interesting young
maiden who was making a visit from Uniontown. The gal¬
lant lad of course did all in his power to keep the young
stranger from feeling homesick, and she naturally enough felt
grateful for the endeavor and both were pleased at the success
of their dutiful visits to uncle and aunt. Well, the course of
true love didn't run any smoother in those days than now.
The young people parted with palpitating hearts and many
magnetic pressures of the hand and promises of eternal
remembrances, when the day came for Louise to return to her
home in Uniontown, twelve miles away. They had promised
a regular correspondence and Tuesday was the day for Ben
to get his letters. Life rolled on deliciously for several elysian
weeks. But one Tuesday no letter came; Wednesday, again
disappointment ; Thursday—misery ; Friday—despair; Satur¬
day—rage ; and the exasperated boy, surcharged by his pent-
up feelings, exploded in a bitter reproachful letter. For six
months a long and dreary silence ! At length Ben drove over
to Uniontown for a Sunday service. He met Louise at
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
41
church and asked the privilege of walking home with her.
It was granted with averted eyes; and, hearts beating
furiously, they walked along some distance in silence. After
awhile the lad in a tremulous low tone inquired " Why didn't
you write that week ? " " I could not, I had a felon on my finger
and there was no one to write forme," was the low reply. And
the two foolish hearts, smiling through tears at all their self,
inflicted torture, were one again and forever.
But the old folks had to be approached! for it was in the
good days long ago when parents were ashed for their
daughters. And the redoubtable Ben, ready enough with his
tongue on all ordinary occasions, had a most stammering and
trembling time of it, getting to the point with the " old lady."
From early morn till dewy eve he sat. He exhausted every
available topic under the sun. He talked of the weather,
talked of the crops, the probable price of coal and the usual
cost of ice. All of which good mother Gordon submitted to
most serenely. At last about supper time he desperately gulped
down a great lump in his throat and took the bull by the horns,
plunging blindly right into the middle of the thing. The old
lady smiled on him benignly, saying after a pause: "Well,
Bennie, you may have Louise if you can take care of her and
will be good to her." The ice once broken, Ben's tongue was
now loosed and discoursed volubly enough on his prospects and
hopes for their future. When father Gordon came in he said,
reassuringly: "Well, whatever mam says—whatever mam
says." And so the happy young couple began to prepare for
their union.
But a great shadow casting its gloom clear down a life
came athwart their path. Young Arnett was working on the
river when he met with an accident which cost him a limb.
All that friendship, skill and money could devise were
exhausted in trying to save the fatal operation. But after
weeks of weary but heroically cheerful suffering the leg was
amputated. Then came the test of love and the triumph of
devotion. The stricken lover stoically released his fiancee,
firmly saying: "I cannot ask you to accept a shattered life of
42
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
poverty and misery on my account." Louise's own friends and
relatives urged that she accept her release, saying : "Of course
he can never take care of you now." But the brave little
woman, with lips set and determined, rejoined:" Well, if he can't
take care of me, 1 can talce care of him" . Accordingly on the
25th of May, 1858, they were quietly married by Rev. Geo.
Brown, President of Madison College at Uniontown. That
heroic little woman could not at that time foresee the rounds
of the ladder then hid in cloud and gloom by which the
resolute heart to whom she had committed her happiness and
the arm on which she leaned would one day mount to the
stars and fill the gaze of his fellows by his dauntless courage,
untiring energy, unblemished integrity and lofty purpose;
But then, she could only trust and love and inspire. In those
days to be able to meet the rent (twelve dollars a year)
for a model three-room cottage to her was wealth ; and to
preside with wifely thrift and economy over that mansion in
union with the husband of her heart's first choice was her
ideal of earthly bliss, and richly has she been rewarded.
At first there was some uncertainty as to what employment
young Arnett would settle down to. With ready pluck and
energy he took hold of every means in reach of turning an
honest penny. He sold fish, sold coal, tried his hand at bar-
bering and even steeled his conscience to torturing as a dentist.
But Louise declared she didn't want any barber nor dentist
either; she thought he could aim higher than that if he tried,
and so the ardent young husband was constrained by the
sweet insistence of love to buckle his powers down to a course
of study preparatory to a more intellectual calling. Meantime
by her skilful needle and untiring thrift Louise successfully
kept the wolf from the door, till the needed preparation
obtained, her husband was able to earn the enormous salarv
/ «/
of twenty-five dollars a month as village school-master, and I
know the black eyes danced when the first month's roll of bills
wTas presented and the lips melted into a roguish smile as she
whispered softly " Thats right. I told you so! " The other
rounds were speedily gained and passed after that; and at what-
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
43
«ver station the ambitious toiler found himself—whether the
struggling boat hand, the anxious student, the village teacher
or an honored instructor at the nation's capital; whether local
preacher, presiding elder, or financial secretary of a great con¬
nection ; whether the eloquent speaker or the powerful worker
in the legislative halls of his adopted State ; whether as bishop
or as president of a theological seminary, there has ever been
helpfully near his side a true and loving wife. Wherever his
checkered life has called him to reside, her rare intelligence
and womanly tact and, withal, her Christian worthiness and
sincere benevolence, have drawn unusual esteem and apprecia¬
tion to herself and won many friends to her husband. She is
in the highest sense a help-meet for him.
They have reared a family of children of whom any parents
might be proud. The eldest, Alonzo, now working at home;
Benjamin W. Jr., ex-president of Edward Waters College,
Jacksonville, Fla.; Henry Y., professor of mathematics at Allen
University, Columbia, S. C.; Anna L., music teacher and pri¬
vate secretary of her father; Alphonso T. and Flossie G.,
attending school; and Daniel A. Payne, "captain of the Arnett
house."
One can scarce resist the temptation to moralize over such
a life for the benefit of those luckless young souls who, carried
away with the shimmer and tinsel of superficial young dudes,
wreck their happiness on good looks and fine clothes by mar-
rving some fellow without purposes or ambitions and with no
higher conception of woman than as one to minister to his
vanity and pleasures. Eut such a life as Mrs. Arnett's preaches
its own sermon. I will not add to it.
A. J. Cooper,
Tawawa Chimney Corner.
September 19, 1892.
44
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
JOSEPHINE A. SILONE YATES,
Scientist, Educator, Writer, Known as Mrs. R. K. Potter.
M:S. JOSEPHINE YATES, youngest daughter of
Alexander and Parthenia Reeve-Silone, was born in
1859, in Mattituck, Suffolk county, New York, where her
parents, grandparents and great-grandparents were long and
favorably known as individuals of sterling worth, morally in¬
tellectually and physically speaking. On the maternal side
she is a niece of Rev. J. B. Reeve, D. D., of Philadelphia, a
sketch of whose life appears in " Men of Mark."
Mrs. Silone, a woman of
whose noble, self-sacrificing
life of piety from early youth
until her latest hours volumes
might be written, began the
work of educating her daugh¬
ter Josephine in her quiet
Christian home, consecrating
her to the service of the Lord
in infancy and earnestly pray
ing that, above all else, the
life of her child might be a
useful one. Possessed her¬
self of a fair education, she
well knew the value of intel¬
lectual development and
spared no pains to surround
her daughter with all possible
means of improvement; the
MRS. JOSEPHINE A. SILONE YATES. nQW grQwn tQ woman_
hood, delights to relate that the earliest event of which she
has any distinct remembrance is of this sainted mother taking
her upon her knee and teaching her to read from the Bible by
requiring her to call the words after her, as she pointed them
out.
Josephine was sent to school at an early age and had
already been so well advanced by her mother in reading,.
TIIEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
45
writing and arithmetic that she was at once able to enter one
of the higher classes of the district school, and because of her
eagerness and readiness to learn, soon became a favorite with
her teachers, although the only colored pupil in the school.
She possessed an excellent memory, good reasoning powers,
and at the age of nine was studying physiology and physics,
and was well advanced in mathematics. Through the kind¬
ness of a Mrs. Horton, her Sunday-school teacher, she had at
this time access to a large and well selected library for young
people and in all probability thus acquired an additional taste
for literature which was, perhaps primarily, an inheritance
from her ancestors ; however this may be, a keen ambition to
write, coupled with a corresponding appreciation of first-class
literature, began to assert itself at an early period. Her school¬
girl efforts at composition were very favorably commented
upon by her teachers, and while yet in her ninth year she
wrote a story which she sent to one of the prominent New
York weeklies, and although the manuscript was returned, it
was accompanied by a letter of such kind encouragement and
suggestion that it served to increase rather than diminish her
OQ
ambition.
At the age of eleven her uncle, the Rev. J. B. Reeve, believ¬
ing that her'desire for knowledge should have better oppor¬
tunities for fulfillment than could be obtained in a district
school, very kindly invited her to his home in Philadelphia
that she might attend the institute conducted by Mrs.
Fannie Jackson-Coppin. Here for the first time brought in
contact with a large number of cultured persons of her own
race in society, church and school she received a new and
stronger inspiration for the acquisition of.knowledge.
Rapid progress was made during this school year. Mrs.
Coppin, who has ever since manifested much interest in her
welfare, still often refers to her as a brilliant example of what a
girl may do. The following year the Rev. Dr. Reeve was
called to Washington to accept the chair of theology in Howard
University and Miss Silone returned to her home. A year
later Mrs. Francis L. Girard, of Newport, Rhode Island, her
46
AO TED NEGRO WOMEN.
maternal aunt, a woman well known for the moral and intel¬
lectual strength of her character, and revered by many
students for her benevolence and kindness, made her a proposi¬
tion which she accepted ; and in her fourteenth year went to
Newport, and became a resident of that beautiful " City by
the Sea."
Here she at once entered the highest grade of the grammar
school and maintaining her usual scholarship, the only colored
pupil in the school at the time, she attracted the attention of
Col. T. W. Higginson, then a citizen of Newport and a prom¬
inent member of the School Board; of the Hon. George T.
Downing, through whose untiring efforts the doors of the
public schools of Rhode Island were thrown open to all, with,
out regard to race or color ; of Thomas Coggeshall, at that
time chairman of the school board ; of Rev. Dr. Thaj^er and
wife and other persons of distinction.
The year following she entered the Rogers High School, an
institution which takes first rank among the schools of the
land. Taking the four years course in three, she graduated
from this school in the class of '77, delivering the valedictory
address, and receiving the Norman medal for scholarship. She
had the honor to be the first colored graduate of the above
mentioned school and here, as in the other institutions which
she attended, gained the love, and admiration of her teachers
by her demeanor and devotion to her studies.
Her instructor in science considered her his brightest pupil,
and especially commended her for her work in chemistry, a
study in which she was particularly interested (although, if
the statement were not paradoxical, it might be said that she
was particularly interested in each study), and by doing addi¬
tional laboratory work at odd hours under the guidance of her
instructor, became quite an efficient and practical chemist.
On graduating from the High School she wras urged to
take a university course; all of her own purely personal desires
■ and inclinations led her that way, but from the beginning it
had been her purpose to fit herself for teaching and if possible
to be—not an artisan, but an artist in the profession ; therefore,
TIIEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
47
after reflecting calmly upon the subject, taking the advice of
Colonel Higginson and other stanch friends; she decided to take
a full course in the Rhode Island State Normal School. She was
already well known in the capacity of an earnest student to
the principal, Professor James C. Greenough, and found him
and his able corps of teachers very willing to assist her to gain,
what she needed in the line of preparation for her professional
career. In '79, the only colored scholar in a class of twenty
or more, she graduated with honor from the Normal School.
"While attending this institution she entered a teachers'
examination in Newport with sixteen Anglo-saxon candidates
and came out of it with a general average of 94^ per cent.;
this, while not exceptionally high, was, according to official
statement, the highest average that had up to date been gained
in that city in a teachers' examination.
A regulation certificate duly signed, allowing her to teach
in the public schools of Rhode Island, was granted her, the
first time in the history of Rhode Island that anything of the
kind had occurred.
In the fall of '79 she began her life-work as a teacher and
ten continuous years were thus spent in an enthusiastic and
self-sacrificing manner. Eight of these years were spent at
Lincoln Institute, Jefferson City, Missouri, to which institution
she was called by Professor Page soon after he became its
official head. He had been made acquainted with her success
as a student through her former instructors. She was at once
put in charge of the subject chemistry and succeeded so well
with this and other scientific branches assigned her, that
eventually the entire department of natural science was turned
over to her. At the time of her resignation, she was professor
of natural science in the above mentioned institution at a
salary of one thousand dollars per school year and was at the
time probably the only colored lady in the country holding
such a position. During this entire period her summers were
invariably spent in the East, where, seizing every opportunity
afforded by teachers' associations, summer schools and individ¬
ual effort, she endeavored to find out the best methods of pre-
48
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
senting the subjects which she taught. It was not long before
her work as a teacher and writer became well known to the
public, and among others, it attracted the attention of such
well known educators as President Mitchell, of Wilberforce,
Booker T. Washington, of Tuskegee, and the late Miss Briggs,
Washington, D. C. In '86 Mr. Washington, feeling that she
was just the one needed for the work in Tuskegee, urged her
to become the lady principal of that institution, but after giv¬
ing the matter careful thought, she decided to remain at Lin¬
coln Institute. In '89 she resigned her position in this institu¬
tion to become the w ife of Professor W. W. Yates, principal of
Wendel Phillips school, of Kansas City, Missouri. Mrs. Yates
carried with her the love of the students, the best wishes of
President Page and the Board of Pegents and all felt that in
parting with her they were losing the services of an able and
enthusiastic educator.
Mrs. Yates has many warm friends among both the colored
and white citizens of Kansas City, where she was well and fav¬
orably known in educational circles before her marriage.
Previous to this event, she had on request read a paper before
the general section of the Kansas City Teachers' Institute, a
highly educated body, consisting of a large number of white
and colored teachers of the city public schools and outlying
districts ; during the first winter of her stay in Kansas City,
she was invited by Superintendent James C. Greenwood to read
a paper before the Greenwood Philosophical Club, a circle
composed of the leading educators and literary lights of Kan¬
sas City.
Her doors and heart are always open to young people, for
whom she has an intense love and sympathy, as many students
in various States will testify. In the midst of a round of
social household and maternal duties she finds time to pursue
a regular line of study and literary work; in the latter she has
the full sympathy of her genial husband. He is verv proud
of his wife's attainments and she feels that his searching
criticism aids her not a little in her literary work. Since her
marriage, in addition to the work before mentioned, she has
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
49
taught for a portion of the time in Lincoln High School of Kan¬
sas City, performing the work assigned her to the entire sat¬
isfaction of all parties concerned.
Reading French and German with ease, she has made quite
a study of literature of both these languages and a few years
ago wrote a series of articles upon German literature which
were very well received by the press. Russian life and liter¬
ature also possess for her a peculiar fascination ; possibly because
of the large class of persons in Russia, which, in some respects
like the Negro in America, is struggling for a more complete
independence. Gogol, Turgenief, Tolstoi, Stepniak and other
Russian authors setting forth the cause of the people, find in
her an appreciative reader.
She has a great amount of race pride and fully believes in
the bright future of the Negro, provided the young people for
the next quarter-century are fully alive to the great responsi¬
bilities resting upon them. For years she has been a close
observer of human nature and of the great problems of
the age.
As a writer, her articles are characterized by a clear, vigor¬
ous, incisive style and have embraced a wide range of thought,
from the purely literary to the more practical social, economic
and scientific questions now confronting us. These have
appeared in various periodicals and weeklies, under the name
"R. K. Potter," a nom deplume which she selected while yet
a student and has ever since retained. In some moods the
poetic strain of her nature asserts itself, and several little
gems have thus found their way into print; among these may
be mentioned, "Isles of Peace," " Royal Today," and "The
Zephyr."
Durirg the early years of her work in teaching she made
quite a name as a lecturer and many of her friends wished her
to give up teaching and enter the field as a lecturer, but feel¬
ing that the class room was the place where her efforts would
result in the greatest good to the greatest number she did
not make the change. Her mother used to relate that before
her daughter could talk plainly, when asked what she wanted
50
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
to be when grown, the answer would invariably be " I want to
be a tool teacher."
Mrs. Yates is the mother of one child, a little daughter, and
in the line of special study much of her work is done with the
hope of being better prepared to wisely direct the education of
this child.
MRS. ZELIA R. PAGE.
Dramatist, Teacher of Natural Science; Friend of the Poor.
TpT was in the old aristocratic city of Alexandria, Yirginia,
<f| that Zelia R. Page, nee Ball, first saw the light of day.
She was not a slave. She was reared by her mother, a woman
of remarkable ingenuity and foresight, who during the dark
days of slavery helped many a poor bondman on his way to
Canada. At one time whilst living with a wealthy Southern
family in Washington City, she kept concealed for one week
in the atic six slaves waiting for the password to march.
This mother, seeing and knowing the degradation and misery
of slavery, was determined that her daughter should know
as little of it as possible. She having faith in the girl's future
was deeply interested in her education. Having many friends
in New England and knowing of the educational facilities that
colored youths had in that section of the country, she made
up her mind to take this child to New England. But the
question was how to pass through Baltimore and Harve De
Grace alone with her child. Being intimately acquainted with
the family of the celebrated Dr. Peter Parker who had
recently returned to Washington City from China, knowing
that they intended to visit the East, she consulted them about
the matter. Dr. Parker told her the only way she could travel
with his family was to go as far as New York as their slave,
she and her child. She readily consented. And thus one Sat¬
urday morning in the month of June the mother with her
child arrived in Providence, Rhode Island. She found, after
reaching Providence, that the educational facilities were not as
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
51
good for the colored youth, as those in Boston, so she sent
Zelia to Boston to school.
This girl possessed great dramatic and artistic powers.
During her stay in the New England school she would always
be called upon to declaim in the presence of visitors. She
MRS. ZELIA R. PAGE.
declaimed before the great educators Bigelo w and Green. They
said to her, " Go on. You have talent; improve it." But alas,
like many others, she had no one to depend upon but a poor
mother for her support. Her mother sent her to Wilberforce
in 1870. She was graduated in 1875. She returned to Provi¬
dence. In 1878, June 27th, she married Inman E. Page, the
52
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
first colored graduate of Brown University and now president
of Lincoln Institute at Jefferson Cit}7, Missouri.
Her life has not been one of continual sunshine, and yet it
has not been at all times the opposite. Having a strict moral
principle, she could never wink at any thing that was wrong or
seemingly wrong. Perhaps if she had been so constituted as to
be able to close her eyes to wrong doing she might have pre¬
vented a good many hard, false and cruel statements that have
been made about her.
She is a diligent student constantly seeking to add to her
store of knowledge some new truths from the different depart¬
ments of learning. She has written several excellent papers
that have been read before the public and published by
request. Before she was twelve years old she had read the
works of Scott, Milton, Dante and other noted authors.
She has been at Lincoln Institute fourteen years, and
during the greater part of that time she had served either as
matron or as teacher of natural science. She has been the
means of doing much good in Jefferson City. She organized
a Union Training School for the poor children, September 25,
1891, which meets every Saturday afternoon. The value of
the instruction which she gives to these children will be seen
in future years. I have often heard her say " O ! if I was only
rich. I do not want money for myself, but I "would like to be
rich in order to do some good in this world. I would build an
institution of learning simply for the poor colored young men
and women of my race and have them to learn everything
that would enable them to vie with the Anglo-Saxon race."
She is a devoted Christian, and always seeking to do what
good she can and to help others. Mrs. Page will long be
remembered by the students of Lincoln Institute and especially
the poor students for her deeds of kindness to them.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
53
MRS. OLIVIA DAVIDSON WASHINGTON.
Educator, Financier and Christian Martyr.
If^RS. OLIYIA DAVIDSON WASHINGTON was born
in the western part of Virginia, June 11,1854. When
quite young she moved with her parents to the State of Ohio, and
the family made its home at Gallipolis, Ohio, and later at Athens.
From her earliest
childhood she had an
intense desire for edu¬
cation and by some
means managed to
remain in the com¬
mon schools until she
was fifteen years old.
When about fifteen,
she had made such
progress that she was
able to pass an ex¬
amination in Ohio for
a teacher's certifi¬
cate, and taught ac¬
ceptably in the State
for one or two terras.
But it was in the
South, among the
lowly of her race,
that she did her life-
work and built a
monument in the
heart of the people that will be everlasting. About the year
1874 she went into Mississippi and began teaching, and a little
later she was given a position in the city schools of Memphis,
Tenn., where she taught till 1878. During the summer vaca¬
tions she would teach in Mississippi and Arkansas. It was
the work among the ignorant but simple country people of her
race that she enjoyed most. In fact, she often said that she
MRS. OLIVIA DAVIDSON WASHINGTON.
54
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
was scarcely ever so happy as when teaching in the country on
a large cotton plantation; where she came in daily contact
with those whose burdens she could lighten. She lived in the
hearts of the lowly.
Often have her friends heard her tell how she has sat up all
night with a sick pupil after teaching all day. At one time;
when a neighbor was sick with the small-pox and others seemed
afraid to go to her relief, she volunteered her service and
remained with the patient till she was well.
In 1879 she resigned her position in the Memphis city
schools with a tiew of more thoroughly preparing herself as a.
teacher.
Soon after leaving Memphis and going to her home in Lee,
Athens county, Ohio, the great yellow fever epidemic broke
out in Memphis. As soon as she heard of the suffering in
Memphis she at once sent a telegram to the mayor of the city
offering her services as a yellow fever nurse; but as she herself
had not had the disease, the health authorities refused her
services for the reason that her coming would merely serve to
" add fuel to the fire."
Seeing that she would be of no service to the Memphis
sufferers, she decided to enter the Hampton Institute, at
Hampton, Ya. In the fall of 1879 she entered the senior class
of that institution, and remained at the institution one year,
completing the course with the highest honors and winning
the love and confidence of all with whom she came in contact.
General Armstrong says she was the strongest and most effi¬
cient woman ever graduated from Hampton.
While at Hampton, Mrs. Mary Hemmenway, the millionaire
philanthropist of Boston, visited the institution and became
so interested in Miss Davidson that she told her that if she
wished to extend her education she would gladly bear her
expenses in one of the best schools in New England. Accept¬
ing this proposition the following fall Miss Davidson entered
the State Normal School, Framingham, Mass., where she
remained two years and graduated with the highest honors
of her class. While at Framingham, as at Hampton, she won
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
55
the love and confidence of all with whom she came in con¬
tact.
In 1881, just before Miss Davidson's graduation fromFram-
ingham, Mr. Booker T. Washington had gone to Tuskegee,
.Ala., to found the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute.
Yery soon after he arrived at Tuskegee, and seeing the field
for work, he invited Miss Davidson to come to Tuskegee as an
assistant teacher as soon as she finished her course. This
position Miss Davidson accepted and very soon after coming
was made assistant principal of the Tuskegee School.
At the time this institution was started it owned no
property whatever of its own and had no resources except a
promise of $3,000 a year from the State of Alabama to be
used in paying teachers exclusively. Mr. Washington and
Miss Davidson soon began to make plans for the purchase of
a permanent location for the institution and put up buildings
suitable for class work and dormitories. A large farm near
the school was found and within a few months after they came
to Tuskegee they had made a contract for the purchase of
this farm. Miss Davidson threw herself with all the energy
and zeal possible into this work. She not only went among the
white and colored people of Tuskegee and collected money
from them, but went North, and within two or three months
was able to collect in cash several thousand dollars among her
numerous friends in Massachusetts.
While in the North she got acquainted with such men and
women as Rev. E. Hale, Hon. Robt. C. Winthrop, Ex-Gov.
John D. Long, Mrs. Mary Hemmenway and William Lloyd
Garrison.
Through the combined efforts of Mr. Washington and Miss
Davidson within a few months after they came to Tuskegee
they had secured not only enough money to pay for the farm
on which the school was located, but over $6,000 with which
to erect a large building. In the meantime the number of
students was increasing very fast and new buildings had to be
provided. Miss Davidson went North for a few months each
year, and on these trips was most successful in securing money;
56
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
and she had a peculiar talent for reaching and interesting
wealthy people. At one time she received $7,000 from two
persons and on one of these trips raised $10,000. Several
persons who met her became not only interested in the school,,
but so interested in her person that they remembered her in
their wills.
On August 11, 1886, Miss Davidson and Mr. Washington
were married at Athens, Ohio. After their marriage, she
still kept up her work as usual. She was never strong and
much of the time was only able to keep on her feet by mere
strength of will. Persons who saw her in Boston and other
large cities soliciting money often wondered how it was possible
for a woman no stronger than herself to do such work. She
never seemed to think of herself in anything she -undertook to
do. Sometimes when she would call on persons for funds, and
while sitting waiting for them to come to see her, she would
fall asleep—being so exhausted from her efforts. After
several months of sickness, Mrs. "Washington died May 9,
1889, leaving two bright little boys.
It is said by those competent to judge, that not one colored
woman in this country has done so much to further [Negro
education as Mrs. Olivia Davidson Washington. The school
at Tuskegee is her monument ; for, without her work in it&
behalf, it could not be what it is. As a result of her work,
the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute is the largest
institution in this country in the hands of colored people.
It has property valued at $160,000, consisting largely of 1,400
acres of land on which are eighteen buildings. There are
also eighteen industries and the school has an annual
income of $70,000 a year. There are 511 students representing
thirteen States under thirty-four competent teachers.
On the occasion of her death Miss Mary F. Mackie, late
lady principal of Hampton Institute (Va.), speaking of her
life and work says: " She gave herself without stint, and while
her life has not extended over many years, she has crowded
into it that which many of double her years will never do."
Gen. J. F. B. Marshall says of her: "Mrs. Washington
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
57
was in my opinion a true Christian martyr ; giving her life,
as it were, a ransom for many."
Gen. S. C. Armstrong says : " She was the finest woman
who ever went out from this school. Her work for Tuskegee
was as perfect and beautiful an offering for the cause of the
Negro as ever was made."
Soon after her death the Springfield Republican contained
the following notice : " Mrs. Olivia Davidson Washington,
wife of the principal of the Tuskegee (Ala.) Normal School,
who died recently, has done much for the cause of the Negro,
and was an example of the capacity of the properly trained
Negro to conduct wisely and successfully large educational
enterprises. She was a teacher in Memphis when the schools
were broken up by the yellow fever epidemic. Afterward
she entered the Hampton Institute, to learn its methods, and
through the kindness of a Boston woman took a course at
the Framingham State Normal School where she graduated
with the honors of her class. Booker T. Washington, a
Hampton graduate, had just established the Tuskegee Nor¬
mal School and thither Miss Davidson went as woman prin¬
cipal. To the work of establishing this school she devoted all
her energy,ability and strength; and her early death is
doubtless owing to her overwork in its behalf. She was suc¬
cessful as a teacher, and remarkably so in the wearing work
of making appeals in the North for aid. A few years ago she
married Mr. Washington, and her early death is not only a
great loss to her husband and his two motherless children,
but also to the cause of Negro education."
MRS. SARAH E. C. DUDLEY PETTEY.
Christian Temperance Advocate, Musician, Treasurer of Woman's Home
and Foreign Missionary Society of A. M. Zion Church in America,
Africa and the Isles of the Sea; Tourist, Linguist
and Experienced Teacher.
TpN the ancient town of New Berne, N. C., situated at the con-
fluence of the beautiful sinuous Trint and historic Neuse,
lived E. R. and Caroline E. Dudley, the former who by dent.
58
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN.
energy and indomitable will secured for himself a practical
education, rarely found in one who had endured the hardships
of slavery, and been blunted by its curses. For four years
prior to the close of the war, he was foreman of a large tobacco
factory at Salisbury, N. C. After the war on returning home
he was elected on the police force. Shortly afterward he was
elected first deputy high-sheriff; he then held positions of city
marshal, magistrate and later was appointed postmaster of
New Berne by the postmas¬
ter-general, which he de¬
clined in favor of a colored
friend who served his full
term. He served the legisla¬
ture of his State; in fact, for
many years he was a member
of the house. For ten years
he was first deputy collector
of internal revenue for east¬
ern N. C.
In 1883 he retired from
public life, having accumu¬
lated sufficient means to in¬
sure comfort and educate his
children. He invested most
of his means in real estate.
Mrs. Dudley as a slave
enjoyed peculiar advantages
MKB. SAKAH E. C. DUDLEY PETTEY. ^ ^
in those poverty days of servitude. She was taught to read
and write in the great house, in fact her education at the
close of the war became a mite in the great educational work
of the Negro in the South, and indeed we may style her a
pioneer heroine who, seeing the necessity of education, plunged
in for duty and championed the golden rule.
Along with the spirit of education which led her on, she
gathered strength and added to her domestic life the qualifica¬
tions of an expert in needle work and embroidery.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND AC1IVIT1ES.
59
To this couple was born the subject of our sketch, Nov-
yember 9, 1868.
At the age of six she was reading and writing, being taught
at home by her mother. She then entered the graded school.
After leaving the graded school she entered and completed the
course in the State Normal under the instruction of the effi¬
cient and worthy professor, George H. White. (At this writing
he is now solicitor for the second judicial district of North
Carolina, the only Negro in the United States filling such a
position.) At the age of twelve Miss Dudley entered Scotia
Seminary at Concord, North Carolina; after graduating with
first honors, she began teaching in her native city as second
assistant in the graded school which she held for one year.
Her work thus demonstrated the necessity for her promotion
to assistant principal, which position she held for six years, and
for two years acted as assistant professor in the County Teach¬
ers' Normal Institute, which position she held until she mar¬
ried the Rt. Rev. Charles Calvin Pettey, A. M., D. D., Bishop
of the A. M. E. Zion Church in America. Her peculiar fitness
for teaching brought her the coveted reward she justly merited.
At various times very many positions in academies, high
schools and State normals have been offered her, which she
declined, owing to her fondness for home and pleasant sur¬
roundings. For four and a half years she gratuitously gave
her services as organist for the church of her choice. Sunday-
schools and missionary societies have always had in her a
stanch friend and advocate. Immediately after marriage she
made a tour of the United States, Mexico and Continental
Europe. We insert for our readers her own sketch of incidents
by the way:
" All is ready, at last comes the sailing day, the brass gong
sounds and all continental passengers board the great iron-clad
steamship—" City of Chicago." The sails are hoisted. The
Stars and Stripes with King George's cross are unfurled to the
breezes. A signal is given when a little tug steams up and
pulls us from the shore. Such a waving of handkerchiefs on
the pier. Many were the eyes bedimmed with tears.
60
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
" The pilot goes with us down to Sandy Hook, and returns
to New York City. "We pass briggs, barks, vessels and steam¬
ships in the harbor, from every known part of this inhabited
globe. Each in their way salute us as we pass. Oh how sad
it was when we reached the " bar" and our pilot was lowered
into the tug and raising his cap bade us bon voyage across
the deep and started back to pilot out a steamship for some
other line. Our first night out we. were a little too sick to enjoy
the delicious supper prepared and served. The second day
dawned most beautifully. The sun seemingly rose up out of
the broad expanse of water. The day passed along, all on
board were feeling a little seasick.
" The very heavens seemed black with ugly clouds torn and
tattered by the raging tempest and dashed forward as an
avalanche. "We felt doomed to a watery grave, but He whose
mandates the winds and waves obey was not yet ready to
engulf us, and waft our spirits to the Beulah land. The storm
at last spent all its fury, and Sol's bright rays peeping over the
eastern hills heralded the dawn mid thrones of sapphire beauti¬
fying and making more picturesque the landscape, bidding us
once more enjoy the sublime tranquility of a glorious day.
" Two days after the storm subsided,a huge whale followed us
for ten miles or more and then becoming angry because no one
chanced to fall overboard, he swam away toward Greenland's
icy peaks, spouting water as he went, ten or twenty feet high.
" At last on the morning of the 12th day we spied land,
shouts of praise and laughter rent the air. "We glided along
and at high noon were passing the reefs of Ireland. A cannon
was fired and a cablegram sent back to America saying that
we had passed the Point. About five o'clock in the afternoon
we reached Queenstown, Ireland; a walled city with beauti¬
ful gardens, terraces and overhanging festoons artistically
arranged by " Dame Nature." After passing through the cus¬
tom-house, where we were searched for fire-arms, etc., we
started out sight-seeing. We hardly planted foot on Irish soil
when one of Kate Karney's daughters insisted on bishop's pur¬
chasing a piece of shamrock—the Irish emblem which, as she
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
61
said, would give him good luck. After visiting all of the prom¬
inent places we traveled for several miles along the banks of
the river Lea. Passed the tower containing the famous Shan-
don Bells of which Father Prout so beautifully sings. At last
Cork was reached. We registered at the Imperial Hotel where
we met not a colored face. All were white, and yet we were
royally entertained. Bishop preached at the French Wesleyan
Church the following Sunday where we met a white minister
and his wife. "We four formed a party to visit the continent.
" Among the sights and wonders of the Emerald Isle we
have the Giant's Causeway in the north and the famous Blar¬
ney stone.
" ' If ye kiss it they say, from that blissed day ye may kiss
whom ye plaze wid yer blarney.'
"Next we would notice the beautiful Bantry Bay ; it has a
miniature Brooklyn bridge spanning it. Then we see the
charming scenes of Glengariff and the three lakes of Killarney,
all famous for many legends. "VVe passed through the Gap of
Dunloe, and upon making some inquiry our guide informed us
that the giant of Ireland, wishing to visit the giant of Scotland,
not desiring to go fifty miles around the mountain, drew his
sword, and with one mighty stroke cut the famous Gap of
Dunloe, and passed onward. We traveled by hack and stage
o'er the Prince of Wales route to Dublin and were followed
by bonny Irish lassies, carrying goat's milk and brandy to
refresh the weary traveler, for which they expected in return
the tip of a penny, a sixpence or a shilling. They were very
desirous of coming to America, the basin in which flows the
amalgamated tide of humanity. Being weary of Home Eule,
they craved the protection of the Stars and Stripes.
" In rural districts some of the houses are low, built of stone,
and thatched with straw. Oft times we would find a man, his
wife and eight or ten children living in one room, a pig under
the table, a donkey in the corner and the chickens roosting
o'er head ; yet all seemed to be healthy and enjoying life.
" Ireland is famous for its natural beauty. You can roam at
will o'er hill and dale, through meadows green, and pluck the
62
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
flowers growing in rich profusion. One of the Irish legends
goes that St. Patrick prayed all insects and serpents from his
•domain. Our guide took us to the upper lake of Killarney,
and where the water formed a little whirlpool; he pointed and
said : " Look and see the box containing the last serpent which
St. Patrick conquered and chained," and he verily believed it
too. Hurriedly leaving the Emerald Isle, we crossed the Irish
channel and arrived at Holly Head in Wales.
" Wales is a mountainous country, much given to mining;
the people are kind and courteous to strangers. The Welch-
men gave us a right royal welcome. On we go with all the
steam velocity of the " Flying Dutchman." until we reached
London, which has been justly styled the center of the terres¬
trial ball, for indeed it is a great sea of stone flats and moving
faces.
"Here we visit Westminster Abbey, the House of Parlia¬
ment, the British Museum, London Tower, the National Art
Gallery, Piccadilly Art Gallery, Hyde Park, Regent's Park,
Crystal Palace and many places which space forbids our men¬
tioning. We took sacrament in the lamented Spurgeon's
Tabernacle, also in John Wesley's old church. We were
received by Dr. Parker, Bishop, and by his Grace, the Lord
Archbishop of Canterbury, at Lambeth Palace. Bishop
preached and lectured in most all the prominent churches
throughout the kingdom. While in France we rode across the
beautiful river Seine, went up the Eiffel tower, in Paris, visited
the tomb of Napoleon, the Chambers of Court, the Morgue,
Notre Dame Cathedral, the Hippodrome and various other
places. We had to hire an interpreter. We walked into one
restaurant and after many hard trials I made the porter under¬
stand what I wanted by flapping my arms. He brought me a
chicken. And we enjoyed it, too. While the porter was
gone, Bishop looked up and spied a large cat in one of the
windows. He said 'Kitty, kitty,' and the cat said 'Mieu,'
and came to him. He said: ' Bless my squl, the cat is the only
thing in the house that understands a word of English.' We
visited all the prominent towns and cities in France, and then
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
returned to Great Britian, spent some time, and then set sail
for the home of the free and the land of the brave. Our voy¬
age home was almost without incident save the passing of
many icebergs when nearing Labrador and the shores of Green¬
land. Bishop often joked me about being seasick, but during
the gale he received a wound which cost him just two gold
guineas. Of course he was not seasick. Arriving in New
York and planting foot on American soil we started south¬
ward, spent pleasant days in the Old Dominion, which has been
justly called the home of presidents. Passing on through the
Carolinas we kept on and on until we reached El Paso, Texas,
then we concluded to see something of real life among the
Mexicans in their adobe houses. After visiting many promi¬
nent points and securing some Mexican relics we left Mexico
for the Golden Gate. "We traveled through southern Califor¬
nia, visiting many orchards and vineyards ; of times our iron
horse was dashing along through fields of clover daises and
alfalfa when we were gazing upon the snow-capped peaks of
Mount Shasta."
On arriving home (Newberne, N. C., U. S.) a grand recep¬
tion was tendered the bishop and his lady, by the affable
banker and broker, Isaach IL. Smith. After which they were
tendered many grand receptions in all parts of the United
States, including California and Oregon.
Mrs. Pettey having turned her attention to the interests of
the A. M. E. Zion connection, has become a great church
worker and bids fair to lead the women of her church on
this line. At the last general conference held in Pittsburg,
Pennsylvania, May, 1892, she was elected treasurer of the
"Woman's Home and Foreign Missionary Society for the A. M.
E. Zion connection, which position she now holds with great
honor to herself and the church.
"While Mrs. Pettey is doubtless a good scholar, yet the ease
and facility which characterize her instructions in the school¬
room caused a great educator to say of her: " She is a born
teacher." There are many young teachers whose erudition is
quite sufficient, but yet there is something wanting. Her
«4
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
education in every way apparently reaches farther, and gives
her the reputation that many who surpass her in the classics
never dreamed of.
The English language has in her a champion and devotee.
The cadence, rising and falling inflections of her voice, in fact
every accent portrays a musical rhythm. While her teaching
is limited by a few short years, many young men and women
who have been under her instruction no doubt will come forth
to bless the race.
CLARISSA M. THOMPSON,
Novelist, Educator, W. C. T. TI. Advocate, Poetess.
/^^OLUMBIA, the capital of the Palmetto State, has been
the home of many illustrious men. It is a beautiful city,
finely located on the right bank of the Congaree. Crowning a
lofty hill, with broad, level streets crossing each other at right
angles, and ornamented by a double and sometimes triple row
of shade-trees—with well-kept flower-gardens in which plants
of almost every description flourish so luxuriantly as to give it
the name of " City of Flowers,'" Columbia seems to merit the
praise bestowed on it by tourists as the loveliest city in the
South—if we take natural beauty as the criterion. It is the
seat, too, of many well-known institutions of learning; one of
these, the South Carolina Universit}^ which has been the Alma
Mater of so many men who have figured in the history of our
country, was established as long ago as 1801. An atmosphere
of intellectuality has always characterized the town, and it is
not surprising that, notwithstanding its lack of enterprise and
its general conservatism, Columbia possesses a charm sufficient
to attract to it a population far above the average in intelligence
and moral worth.
In ante-bellum times, Columbia was the aristocratic center of
one of the most aristocratic commonwealths of the South ; and,
as those Southerners with the bluest of blue blood in their
veins are almost invariably the most courteous and considerate
in their dealings with our race, Columbia has always been noted
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
65
for the kindly feeling existing between the two classes of its
citizens.
Since the dawn of anew and brighter era, Columbia has been
the home of many of our leading Afro-Americans. James
Smith, who, way back in the seventies, knocked at the doors
of "West Point, and was the first colored youth to do so, was a
native Columbian, and so were many others who have made
their mark in different avocations of life. Among the adopted
citizens of Columbia, for a
time at least, were R. H. Cain,
who once represented South
Carolina in the national coun¬
cils, and latterly was elected
to the bishopric of the A. M.
E. Church; the gifted lamen¬
ted Bishop "William F. Dick-
erson; Robert B. Elliott, than
whom the race has produced
no greater or more eloquent
statesman; Francis L. Car-
dozo, at one time filling the
honored position of secretary,
and subsequently treasurer of
his native State; Jonathan J.
"Wright, the first and theonlv
colored man ever elevated
to the supreme bench o f
r CLARISSA M. THOMPSON
any State ; the brilliant, cul¬
tured, genial Richard Theodore Greener; D. Augustus
Straker, of whom the correspondent of a leading New
York daily wrote: "One of the ablest speeches ever made
before a criminal court was that made by D. A. Straker, a black
lawyer from Bermuda;" and "William Myrtenello Dart, one of
the brainiest men the race can claim, whose early death ended
a career rich in promise for himself and the people with whom
providence had identified him.
Immediately after the smoke of the conflict which trans-
66
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
formed three millions of slaves into citizens of the mightiest
country on the face of the earth had cleared away, many of
the former bondmen came to the front in their respective
localities. Among these was Samuel B. Thompson. He was
a man of much natural ability, and, for a time, his people
" delighted to honor him." During the Republican regime he
held many positions of trust and emolument. For eight years
he filled the office of justice of the peace in the capital city,
and for six years he represented his native county in the State
legislature. A newspaper, edited by men of Caucasian lineage,
said of him, several years afterward : " He is a colored gentle¬
manin every essential." His wife, Eliza Henrietta, one of
the most amiable of women, was a worthy helpmeet, and to
this happy couple were born nine children, one of whom is the
subject of our sketch.
Clarissa Thompson's opportunities have always been of the
most excellent character. Those Northern societies who have
done so much for the amelioration of the condition of the
freedmen sent some of their noblest and best to labor in the
Palmetto State; and Columbia, with her usual good fortune,
secured some of the choicest spirits among these. Howard
school, named in honor of the philanthropic General O. O.
Howard, boasted of a fine corps of thirteen teachers. Miss
Carrie H. Loomis, of Hartford, Conn., had charge of the most
advanced grade. She was a born teacher, and manifested the
deepest interest in her pupils. Clarissa had just completed her
ninth year when she entered this lady's department, and she
has always regarded Miss Loomis as the teacher to whom she
is most indebted. A few years in Howard school, and then
she is enrolled as a member of the South Carolina State Normal
school, of which Prof. Mortimer A. Warren, of Connellsville,
Conn., was principal, and Miss Loomis chief assistant. Professor
Warren was one of the best educators on this continent. An
enthusiastic believer in the inductive system of teaching, he
founded his methods on those advocated by Pestalozzi, Froebel
and Horace Mann. While here, Miss Thompson had the
privilege of'attending lectures given by members of the faculty
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
67
of the South Carolina University. The standard of this uni¬
versity was high. The board of regents had spared no pains
to secure the services of the best talent in the country. Its
library has always been famous; its laboratory has always been
considered one of the best in the United States, and its repu¬
tation, with such intellectual giants as McDuffie and Hayne,
claiming it as their Alma Master, has always been enviable. It
was the aim of the board to put it on a level with what it was
in ante helium times, and, judging from the graduates it turned
out—such scholars as T. McCants Stewart and the lamented
William M. Dart—their efforts did not lack much of bein^
crowned with success. The normal school was, de facto, a
part of the university; and during the last year of their course
the class of which Miss Thompson was a member pursued
some of their studies in conjunction with the junior class of
this institution.
Immediately after graduation Miss Thompson began her
career as first assistant in Howard school. Having been
elected principal of Poplar Grove School in Abbeville, S. 0.,
she resigned her position in Howard, and for fifteen months
taught with gratifying success in A bbeville. Bishop Dickerson
was at this time making herculean efforts to build up the school
he loved so well—Allen University and, at his request, Miss
Thompson accepted a position there. For fifteen months she
was preceptress in Latin, algebra, physical geographer, and
ancient and modern History. The work at Allen was very
congenial. But there has always been latent inner heart some¬
thing of the missionary spirit, and, despite the entreaties of her
friends, she resigned her position, and, in February, 1886, left
her native home for Texas. For three years she labored in
Jefferson, the former metropolis of the lone Star State. " The
people of Jefferson were as kind to me as those of Abbeville,
and that is saying a great deal," she writes concerning her stay
there. From Jefferson Miss Thompson came to Fort Worth,
the busy, enterprising, rapidly-growing railroad center of Texas.
The school here<has the reputation of being one of the best in
the State, and she fills at present the position of first assistant.
68
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
Miss Thompson began at an earl\r age to write for the press.
While a school-girl, she wrote several essays, which were pub¬
lished in the Christian Recorder. Professor Warren spoke to
her once : " I think you will be a good writer some day, Clarissa,
but you must not make the mistake of rushing into print too
early." But the " fury " was on her. There were some things
in the social life of her people that filled her mind with fore¬
bodings. Knowing the salutary effect of a good novel, she
determined to attempt one herself, to show up this "crying
weakness." With this end in view, she wrote "Treading the
Winepress," a serial of forty chapters which ran for several
months in the columns of-the Boston Advocate* A brief
extract from this novel may not be out of place here.
Will De Yerne, the hero, says to his aunt :
"What a poor opinion you have of your 'brethren after the
flesh,' Aunt Madeline! One would never judge from your
words that you form ' part and parcel' of that much-abused
race."
" Thank heaven, very few drops of that blood course through
my veins," and Madame De Yerne gazed with much com¬
placency on her dainty wThite hands and finely-moulded
arms.
The playful look left Will's eyes.
" And yet, Aunt Madeline," he said, with all the earnestness
he was master of, " as long as those few drops remain, it would
be well to recognize a fact many of our people are in danger of
forgetting, viz., that just one scintilla of Negro blood,
be the possessor thereof as white as the driven snow, is sufficient
to fix your status forever, as far as public opinion is concerned.
If some of our leaders could be made to see this, perhaps
instead of isolating themselves from the race so sorely in need
of their assistance they would come down from their eyrie and
try to lift up the masses. We cannot hue out for ourselves a
separate destiny. It may seem to benefit us, but it will avail
*It was begun in the Christian Recorder, but, awaking to the fact that
the plot and development of the story would scarcely become an ecclesiastical
paper, it was withdrawn after three chapters had been puM'shed.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
69
our children nothing. We must all rise together or fall
together. There is no middle ground.
Later on, in the same dialogue, DeYerne says: "You
should have been born on European soil, Aunt Madeline.
Your sentiments are entirely too aristocratic to flourish under
the American eagle. In an institution like ours, we could not
tolerate, for a single moment, such exclusive ideas. There we
have, and can have, no aristocracy but the aristocracy of
genius. The aristocracy of blood must take a back seat, for
blue blood does not always bestow brains; the aristocracy of
wealth must follow suit, for, though money is a mighty factor
in human progress, fortune is too notoriously blind and fickle
for us to gauge a man's worth by the size of his pocket-book ;
and that peculiar aristocracy of which you and your friends
are such ardent advocates—in both precept and practice—the
aristocracy of color—should never be allowed to rear its
serpent head among our people. The day it does, our race is
doomed. We are fighting the self-same monster without; we
can not afford to let it come within and live. Our social
structure must have a different foundation. Moral character
should be the corner-stone; mental culture one of the main
columns. A man must be respected for his worth, not for the
color of his skin' or the strength of his bank account."
This novel has never been, and will never be, published in
bookr form. Miss Thompson regards it as a girlish protest
against what seemed to be serious dangers threatening our race.
Her object was not to gain " name and fame," but to call the at¬
tention of thinking people to these blots in our social firmament.
Since coming to Texas, Miss Thompson has written a tem¬
perance poem entitled " A Glass of Wine," which was pub¬
lished in the Texas Blade, and was favorably received by
the critics. Texas boasts of quite a number of race papers,
and under the nom deplume of " Minnie Myrtle" Miss Thomp¬
son has contributed letters, poems, and, in one instance, a
novelette called"" Only a Flirtation/' to several of them.
But. while her tastes are literary, her chief desire is to
accomplish good in her profession. "We must work out our
^0
noted negro women,
destiny, in a great measure, in the school room," she says.
u Among most races, the mothers mould the character of the
children; but so many of our women have been deprived of
the opportunity to elevate themselves, and poverty compels so
many of them to spend most of the time away from their fam¬
ilies, that a large proportion of the children cannot receive the
home training imperative for the production of grand men and
noble women, with heart and head cultivated to the utmost.
It may seem a thankless task, and even the most enthusiastic
among us ofttimes get discouraged ; but, if we will only perse¬
vere, ' rich will the harvest be.' The elevation of our race
depends largely on the character of the work done in the
school-room. The teacher can, by a few well-chosen words,
touch the very chord that will inspire 'some mute, inglorious
Milton,' some embryo physician, financier or mechanic to
devote himself to the vocation for which Nature has designed
©
him, instead of frittering away his talents on something to
which he is entirely unsuited. A teacher's influence may make
a life, or it may mar it."
Some of the members of Miss Thompson's family have
attained a considerable degree of prominence in their respect¬
ive localities. Among these are her paternal cousin. Dr.
Alonzo C. McClennan, of Charleston, S. C., and his partner,
Dr. John McPherson Thompson, her oldest brother, who has
made a fine reputation as a mathematician, as well as a physi¬
cian. Miss Thompson says that what little of literary ability
she possesses she inherits from her father, while to her mother,
to whom she is devoted even beyond the ordinary, she owes a
retentive memory.
Miss Thompson's ideal of womanhood is very high, and in
her writing she has always endeavored to hold up to
her readers the model extolled by the great Justin J.
Holland, as contained in the following lines, with which we.
conclude this sketch:
" She was my peer.
No weakling girl, who would surrender will
And life and reason, with her loving heart,
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
71
To her possessor; no soft, clinging thing
Who would find breath alone within the arms
Of a strong master, and obediently
Wait on his will in slavish carefulness;
No fawning, cringing spaniel to attend
His royal pleasure, and account herself
Rewarded by his pats and pretty words.
But a sound woman, who, with insight keen,
Had wrought a scheme of life, and measured well
Her womanhood; had spread before her feet
A fine philosophy to guide her steps ;
Had won a faith to which her life was brought
In strict adjustment—brain and heart meanwhile
Working in conscious harmony and rhythm
With the great scheme of God's great universe,
on toward her being's end."
MRS. FRANKIE E. HARRIS WASSOM.
^RANKIE E. HARRIS WASSOM, daughter of Beverly
and R. E. Harris, was born in Monroe, Michigan, and
while quite small her parents moved to Oberlin, Ohio, so that
their children might be educated. Having sprung from a
noble ancestry of which she may be proud, not many of her
race can boast of such noble parentage.
Her father figured very conspicuously in the underground
railroad with Dr. Wm. Wells Brown, of Boston, and others,
always trying to lend a helping hand to his race, while her
mother was smart, intelligent and independent, always labor¬
ing for the good of her race. Mr. and Mrs. Harris believed
that freedom was a gift from God to every man, and that all
children should be educated alike. They left their beautiful
home in Michigan, with their four children, and moved to
Oberlin. The oldest daughter, having gone on before, was in
school. Frankie was yet too young, but when she became of
suitable age was entered into the city school, where she spent
nine years ; after which she entered Oberlin College and spent
four years. During this time she also studied music and fine
Teacher and Poetess.
72
NOTED NEGRO WOVEN,
arts. When through studying, although not in the best of
health, she had a desire to go out in the world and make her
mark.
We find her quite young, a mere child, goingsouth to teach
school. She had that force of purpose, and strong, determinate
will to conquer whatever obstacles might come, and fight life's
battle, aiming to reach the goal some day. She met with
success, and was encouraged to go on. We next find her
would remain, but she told them it was too late; she
had accepted the position in Mississippi, where she went
in February, '74. Here she taught a successful term.
At the close, the superintendent asked Miss Harris to please
return and teach for them the next year; but as she had an¬
other engagement in June, she told him she could not come
back. She left Mississippi June the 1st, and on June 10,
1874, was married to Col. George T. Wassom, who is one of
America's bright sons, and who has won for himself a lasting
MRS. FRANKIE E. HARRIS WASSOM.
teaching in the public schools
of Virginia. During her va¬
cation in '71, she went with
her sister, then Miss Blanche
Y. Harris, on a visit to Knox-
ville, Tennessee. Here they
were both employed as prin¬
cipals of schools in Knoxville.
Frankie E. Harris remained
teaching in the city schools
of Knoxville for nearly three
years, when she received a
letter requesting her to go to
Mississippi to teach. Wages
were better than in Knox¬
ville, so she concluded to
resign and go to Mississippi.
The board, finding out her
reason for leaving, offered
to raise her wages if she
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
reputation. He is not only a politician, but a shrewd lawyer.
Although quite a young man, he has filled places of honor. In
1878 he was appointed colonel of the Fourth battalion of eastern
North Carolina, In 1882, under Arthur's administration, he
was appointed postal clerk ; was also one of the delegates to
the national convention held in Chicago which nominated
Harrison; and we find him again reappointed as postal clerk.
Frankie E. Harris Wassom published her first book of
poems in '86. She wrote a number of years for two period¬
icals, and was on the staff of the Goldsboro Star for three
years. After marrying, she stopped her school work for a
short time, but feeling she must go back into this field of labor,
resumed her teaching, and is still teaching. During this time
she has contributed to a number of newspapers, and since '85
has done a great deal of work in the fine arts. In '86 she put
on exhibition some of her crayon work at the North Carolina
State Industrial Fair, and was awarded first premium. At the
same fair ex-Senator Blair delivered the annual address, and
Mrs. Wassom composed a song and music in honor of Senator
Blair's coming. The piece was entitled " Coming to the Fair,"
and many were the compliments she received from friends and
through the press. "We quote only a few : The Baptist Com-
f anion said : " At the Educational Convention held in Baleigh,
in 1886, in the Metropolitan Hall (and which was fully at¬
tended) the exercises were of a high order. Bev. J. C. Price,
president of the Association, delivered an able address, after
which ex-Senator Henry W. Blair delivered a powerful
address. One of the most entertaining and inspiring features
of the evening was afforded in a song entitled ' Coming to the
Fair,' composed by Mrs. F. E. H. Wassom, who now resides
and is teaching in Goldsboro, N. C. It was a quartette, and
most beautifully rendered, being very appropriate for the oc¬
casion. No higher compliments need to be paid to the merits
of this soul-stirring, highly musical composition than the
enthusiastic applause tendered the author during and after its
rendition at the fair. The whole audience was intensely
delighted. Senator Blair, in honor of whose visit it was
74
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
composed, evinced the keenest interest in its merits. No one,
especially in North Carolina, should be without this piece of
music. Senator Blair, at the close of the exercises, requested
Mrs. Wassom to send him a copy."
Mrs. Wassom's book of poems is highly meritorious. The
author possesses great proficiency as a poet, which is evidently
the bent of her genius.
The Charlotte News, said: " The song composed by Mrs.
"Wassom, and sung by an able quartette in his honor, was
loudly applauded at the conclusion of each verse."
We could write many such compliments from different
periodicals, but we have taken enough of your good time.
Mrs. Wassom is now teaching in the city graded schools of
Knoxville, Tennessee, where she has been for the past five or
six years. "We copy one of her poems:
LIFE'S STRUGGLE.
If you wish to be successful
In the pathway of your life,
Press forward ever seeking
The burden of the strife.
If the struggle be a fierce one
Fight it with patience, vim,
The end will come before you think
And in it you will win.
If you struggle thus with courage
The barriers will surely full,
And you'll find a way to conquer
Be that power great or small.
Let the maxims of your conscience
Guide and guard you in the fight,
And with duty as your watchword,
You will ever go aright.
Push onward then and upward,
Always strive to lead the van,
" For as fire doth prove the metal"
So do struggles prove the man.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
75
ANNA BELLE RHODES PENN.
Pedagogue, Poetess and Essayist, Lynchburg, Virginia.
fp\^HE lady whose name we have chosen for our subject is a
y|[j resident of Lynchburg, Virginia. She belongs to that
younger class of women in our national life who are slowly, but
ANNA BELLE RHODES PENN.
surely,making themselves an enviable place in the literary future.
She is one of that class that has been fitted for the arduous
labor our women must encounter in the march to success by
years of training at home and school, coupled with a few years
of bitter mental experience.
76
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
The Afro-American must inevitably attain a place in th©
world of enlightenment and civilization, and in reaching such
a place every human being of the race must share a respon¬
sibility.
It will mete itself out as the ability to do demands. In this
respect some may do more than others. Man will doubtless
do more than woman, yet she has a work to do in purifying
every sphere of our life which she alone can do. Since eman¬
cipation the women of our race have not failed to begin this
work and that our literary, our social and our moral life has
been reaping the beneficent results of her labor goes without
saying. Madame Penn is a Kentuckian by birth, the place-
and time being Paris, Kentucky, June 18, 1865. When very
small she was taken to Yirginia and located in Lynchburg,
where her parents William and Sophia Rhodes are respected
and well-to-do-citizens at this writing. At the proper time our
subject was entered in a private school taught by Mrs. C. C.Ellis ;
from this school she matriculated at Shaw University, Raleigh,
North Carolina, when a mere child. She was put under the
care of Rev. H. M. Tupper D. D., LL. D., president of Shaw
University, and his very estimable wife. She at once ingra¬
tiated herself in their favor, as did she in the favor of all others
in authority. As a student she enjoys the record of having
been a brilliant one, of having always pursued her studies with
diligence and profit. She holds a full-fledged diploma from
the scientific department of that university.
It was while a student at this school her friends saw in her
eminent literary qualities and bade her put them to use in the
betterment of mankind and the lifting up of her oppressed
people. Her essays and poetical writings at this time gave
every assurance that if continued with the same care and
interest her life without the confines of Shaw would be
decidedly a grand one and a fitting example of race possibilities.
For two years she taught in the normal department of her
Alma Mater and voluntarily resigned in order to return to
Yirginia and home. She afterwards taught in Chatham, Vir¬
ginia, and then in the primary department of the Lynchburg,.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES,
77
Virginia, school where she is now. She ranks among the first-
class primary teachers in Virginia and is one of the three best
salaried lady teachers in a group of eighteen or twenty belong¬
ing to the corps. It is as an essayist and poetic writer Mrs. Penn
has been brought into national notice. In these fields of literary
pursuits she is the possessor of some considerable notice which
is only the result of her labor. In other words, she justly
merits all the notice she gets at the hands of her admirers. The
many occasions upon which she has figured as an essayist are
two numerous to mention, save one. At the closing exercises
of the summer normal held at the Virginia Normal and Colle¬
giate Institute, Petersburg, Va., in 1886,Mrs. Penn was assigned
the duty of essayist upon the occasion. The title of the essay
for the occasion was u All that glittees is not gold." It was
well arranged and winningly delivered in Madame's own particu¬
lar style. It was enthusiastically received. The president,
John Mercer Langston, LL. D., commenting on the essay, its
delivery, etc., said that for chasteness of language, beauty of
diction and composition it was one of the best he had ever
heard. He was very elaborate in his complimentary com¬
ment, showing that under its mellifluous flow he had grown
rapturously dizzy.
In her poetical compositions, Mrs. Penn has won an admir¬
able place in her people's esteem. It cannot easily be erased
nor can it soon wither. She has read original poems on very
many great public occasions, the last of which was the Quarto-
Centennial Celebration of Alma Mater Shaw University. Upon
invitation she was present December 1, 1890, and read a poem
entitled " Light Out of Darkness," entirely of her own
thought and composition, which would have done credit to any
one claiming poetic ability. It was fifteen verses of eight-
line poetry portraying the Afrio-American in ignorance and
darkness and the light coming to him through the aid of
Northern friends.
The poem was well delivered and received at the hands of
the president, Dr. H. M. Tupper, Hon. Elijah J. Shaw and
Rev. Dr. McVicar many warm and congratulatory expressions.
78 NOTED NEGRO WOMEN.
We indulge the opinion that to insert a few stanzas of this
poem here will be pleasing to the reader and at the same time
substantiate our assertions :
LIGHT OUT OF DARKNESS.
Once this land of light and beauty
Was a blank, a perfect chaos,
With no call to life and duty
And no mortals crying, " Save us !"
There were no radiant sunbeams
To brighten the wanderers' way ;
No beautiful silver moonbeams
To announce the death of day.
But Gi d, in his Divine wisdom,
From this chaos formed the world,
Bid sun and moon in their season
Each its banner of light unfurl.
When this was fully completed
And the Master about to rest,
He remembered man secreted
In earth embrace, without a test.
Thus the life of the world began
Surrounded by riches from God ;
Cursed by the wickedness of man
Which makes its progression still hard.
But none seem to have felt the blow
More keenly than our forefathers,
Who for two hundred years and more
Lived the life of slaves and martyrs.
In poetical ecstasy she begins to line out the help which
has come to us through our friends in the following stanzas:
The Lord in his royal Kingdom,
Turned a listening ear to their cries ;
And through the wealth of New England
Were their children's wants soon supplied.
And among the institutions
Reared in the beautiful Southland
By God as a restitution,
For the conflicts of the bondman,
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
Was our noble Alma Mater
Who in the fall of '65
Amidst blame and cruel hatred,
Threw her college doors open wide
To Africa's sons and daughters
Who for knowledge were then athirst.
The enemy scorned and fought her,
But he found her on the alert.
Year after year she has labor'd
To rescue the youth of this age,
From Ignorance's thralling savor,
Which has darken'd History's page.
Some are in the rural districts,
Where the light has recently gone,
Where the neat and comely rustics
Are eager, anxious for the morn
Some are in the busy city
Where the constant and endless buzz
Makes the masses lose their pity
And many fathers void of love.
Some have crossed the briny ocean,
And are now in the heathen lands
With the Gospel's fragrant odor,
A heeling from the golden strand.
Some have gone to fairer regions,
Into the land of light and love;
They have joined the heavenly legion
And the musical band above.
Some of us are still remaining,
And we have gathered here to-day,
Events of the past explaining,
Causing future dread to allay.
God bless our faithful president,
Who in the night of '65,
Regardless of the pestilence
Harken'd at once to our cries.
And now since the night is over
And the light with the years have come,
We will be no longer rovers
But a race with victory won.
Farewell to you, midnight darkness,
Farewell to you, dreams of the past,
Tis nearing the time of harvest,
Behold! the grain is ripening fast
so
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
Farewell to each comrade present,
Soon we may part to meet no more,
Thoughts of to-day will be pleasant
We'll meet on the beautiful shore."
We also insert another of her excellent poems which has
been published and read by several persons upon public occa¬
sions as an exemplification of Afro-American ability. It is
entitled:
GRIEF UNKNOWN.
Who can tell the bitter anguish
Of a true and noble heart ?
Who can quote in simple language
Words which bid its grief depart ?
When its dearest earthly trtasure,
When its life, its love, its all,
He who ever sought its pleasure
From earth to heaven is called.
Ask the starry orbs of midnight,
Seek an answer in the deep,
Ask the sun which rules the daylight,
Ask the mighty ones who steep.
Ask the queen who sways her millions,
Ask the king and ask the priest,
Ask those with ancient wisdom,
. Yea, the answer always seek.
Alas I they send you no reply;
Not a word as yet they say.
They dare not picture or surmise
That which in its mem'ry lay :
They dare not use the phrase of poets
To describe its inmost grief ;
They dare not censure or ignore it
In its longings for relief.
But turn ye to a humble cot,
To a dwelling by the sea,
To one where gladness dwelleth not
And where God seems not to be;
Where mists of sorrow always stay,
Where the mighty thunders roar,
THEIR TEIUMP1IS AND ACTIVITIES.
81
Where rays of promise never stray
And the angels never soar.
There, in the dusky twilight hour,
Seek a maiden mild and fair,
Hid within a mystic bower,
Enrobed in dark despair;
Whose downcast eye and pallied cheek
Are moments of distress,
Whose twitching brow and nervous speech
Are tokens of unrest.
And while her soul is thus confined
Within sorrow's dungeon cell,
Strive to have her fully define
The grief she cannot expel.
Why her young heart should thus repine
O'er joys past, but once beheld:
When rays of hope deigned to shine
O'er that cottage in the dell.
She may tell of a happy past,
Of a voice so sweet and low,
Of a beautiful golden clasp,
Which united soul to soul;
Of the gloom which was o'er her cast,
When the jewel was from her borne ;
And yet she has not told the half,
For the depth is still unknown.
She may tell of a quiet mound
In the city of the dead,
Where rest from labor is found
And strangers lightly tread.
The secret she cannot expound,
Of sorrows from heaven sped.
Only God, who is most profound,
Would dare to answer in her stead.
" No Footsteps Backward " was the title of the class poem
which Madame Penn composed and read at the graduating
exercises of her class at Shaw. It was looked upon by many
as a verv excellent effort, some of which declare it to have
been the effort of her life, though she was then in her " teens."
As can be seen the writings, poetical and prose, of our subject
are familiar for their rich and mellow sound. While a tinge
82
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
of the melancholy and sad pervades them, yet the language
employed is so chaste, her periods so well rounded, the rhythm
so true, the thought so pure as to attract and please one in the
most felicitous manner. Our subject's poems and prose writ¬
ings have appeared at various times in our papers, such being
eagerly sought for. Expressions complimentary to her poetic
and pedagogic ability have followed the publication of her
efforts. Locally she is well known as an elocutionist, accom¬
plished'and able. Her aid in this field is very frequently called
for wherever she is once heard. She has done very little trav¬
eling, though very flattering requests have been made to her
so to do.
December 26, 1890, she became the wife of I. Garlan
Penn, who is an author, pedagogue and editorial writer of
national reputation. She was of very much service to her
husband in the preparation of his great work, " The Afro-
American Press and its Editors." But the best thought con-
nected with this dissertation is the fact that the past career of
this young woman can not give an accurate forecast of her
future. She is young, ambitious and able; not content to be
anything less in the future than an equal of any of the litera-
teurs of her sex. The reading Afro-American must not be
surprised if the Madame gives a book to the world of letters
in the near future.
MRS. NAOMI ANDERSON,
Lecturer, Poetess, Advocate of Woman Suffrage, Member of the W. C. T. U.,
President Orphans' Home.
OT in the nature of things can it be consistent for a race
so depraved by slavery, so outraged by cruel human¬
ity, to boast of genealogy. Better it were not so for the
oppressed in the days of such barbarism. But fortunate,
indeed, for those it may be truly said, that were born in a free
state, a community of Christians, a land of enlightenment, a
section where
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES. 83
" Nature, mother alike to all,
. Still grants lier bliss at labor's earnest call."
In this respect Mrs. Naomi Anderson was truly blessed.
She was born at Michigan City, Indiana, March 1, 1843; her
parents, Elijah and Guilly Ann Bowman, were natives of Ohio.
Christian people they were and possessed of moderate means.
Her mother hired a private teacher, as children of color were
not allowed to attend the public schools anywhere in the State,
except in localities where
there were enough to have a
separate school for them¬
selves. This was not the case
in Michigan City, there being
but two families of color in
the town. She early evinced
a talent for versification, and
this talent bespoke for her a
place in the sympathetic
hearts of people or commun-
nity where she lived, and at
the age of twelve she was
admitted with the whites in
the public schools, where she
even amused her schoolmates
by her poems. It was the
heighth of her mother's am¬
bition to have her daughters
graduate from Oberlin col¬
lege. But when Naomi was only seventeen years old the good
Lord called her mother to rest from all earthly labors,
and this sad occurrence changed her whole after life, for her
father, though kind and indulgent, could not perceive the
necessity of giving her a finished education. She was married
at the age of twenty to Mr. William Talbert, a tonsorial artist,
of Valparaiso, Ind. In less than two months after marriage
she was called back to Michigan City to watch by the bedside,
and experience another sad bereavement, in the burial of her
84
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
only sister, her only brother having died some months previ¬
ous at Jacksonville, Florida, in the Union service. Thus the
first five years of her married life was spent in the city of her
birth (here also she buried her first-born boy). In 1868 she
moved with her husband, little boy and her father to Chicago.
Here she became actively engaged in the temperance work of
the I. O. G. T., it being all the go at that time. In February,
1869, she spoke from the platform of the first Woman's Eights
Convention ever held in the "West at Libra Hall, Chicago, Mrs.
Mary A. Livermore presiding. This stand injured Mrs.
Naomi's popularity among her very peculiar people, and she
was severely censured. But she never wavered from her princi¬
ples, and at the earliest opportunity vindicated herself in an
article published in the Chicago Tribune, March 6, 1869. This
indeed brought out her powers with the pen, proving that she
could not only talk, but could write.
In the autumn of '69 she made a lecturing tour through
O o
southern Illinois, Indiana and Ohio, and shortly after moved
with her family to Dayton, Ohio. Here she was true to the
cause of woman, and spoke before the convention held in that
city in April, 18T0. Her pen was active and her articles on
the fifteenth amendment to the constitution were read by many
and solicited by many thousands. In the same year a very
popular song appeared in the Dayton Journal from her pen.
She moved thence to Cincinnati, Ohio. Here as elsewhere she
was active as a speaker, a writer, an advocate for Woman's
Suffrage and a worker in Christianity and temperance.
Her husband's health having failed completely, she, rest¬
less and energetic and " true until death us do part," learned
the hair-dressing trade, and moved with her afflicted family
to Portsmouth, Ohio, working diligently to support her
family. There she organized a Children's Home, and success¬
fully managed it for four months, but finding the county
appropriation too scant, the work too hard with family
responsibilities, laid it down; passed the board of examiners,
and was employed as a teacher in the public school at the time
of her husband's death, which occurred in December, 1877.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
85
In the spring of 1879, she moved with her three children and
aged father to Columbus, Ohio, applying herself to her trade,
built up an excellent business ; here as elsewhere her pen was
busy. She worked with the Murphys, and spoke on a special
occasion in front of the State capital. Here also she met her
present husband, Mr. Lewis Anderson. She married this
fortunate man at Urbana, Ohio, May 17, 1881, Key. Phil.
Tolwes officiating. Shortly after, however, they retired to a
farm near Columbus, Ohio. There three happy years of
"married life were spent. In the wave of Kansas fevers, they
as many thousands succumbed to its ravage and scourge, and
in the spring of 1884 moved to Wichita, Kansas, where Mr.
Anderson enjoyed a lucrative situation in the citizen's bank
which he has held for seven years. By his christian life and
sterling worth has influence worthy of any man. Is a member
of the craft and enjoys the confidence of all men.
Mrs. Anderson, on leaving for Kansas, determined to find
where she really desired to live, then she would drive a stob
down deep and live there. Wichita, thou fortunate city!
proud possessor of her citizenship. Here she is known as a
lecturer, poetess, and an advocate of Woman's Rights.. She is
a member of the W. C. T. U. and actively engaged in every
good and public work, affiliating with the white women as if
she was one of them. Because, as she says, " Our leaders are
wrong in fighting and clamoring for 4 social equality' and at
the same time holding themselves aloof and claiming to be a
separate people." She says: "We are one and the same people,
made so by the strongest ties of nature, bone and flesh of
every nationality of white men in this country;" that "We are
not negroes, but Americans, because we were born here in
America. Negroes are foreigners, we are not foreigners,
hence not Negroes, but Americans, and not until we walk side
by side with the white people claiming no nationality save that
of American citizens and knowing no people but God's people,
will we ever get our rights."
The white women of Wichita organized a Children's Home
.and have managed the same for four years, but would not
86
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
admit a colored child within its doors. So Mrs. Anderson
called a council of intelligent women of color, and they deter¬
mined then and there to organize a home of their own, which
was done scarcely two years ago, electing her for their presi¬
dent. They now rent a comfortable little home, have a very
efficient matron, and receive a monthly appropriation of $25
from the city, and $12 a month from the county, and all are
jubilant at the success attending Mrs. Anderson's efforts. All
admit that to her belongs the triumph, and the financial endow¬
ment from both city and county as the fruit of her energetic
labor.
She is soon to engage in a biography of herself, in which
will appear her productions in poetry and prose.
In all of her writings concerning the American people of
color she characterizes them in the same category as that of
the children of Israel.
The following is a poem written by her at Portsmouth,
Ohio, 1876, on the event of the United States American Cen¬
tennial, entitled:
CENTENNIAL POEM.
We come in this centennial year
Ana ask to be received
The praises of your brother men,
The race whom you have freed.
How different from our fathers !
They one hundred years ago
Were chained down in slavery ;
No talents did they know.
I need not tell you of their trials,
You know how it has been :
Forced from old Afric's clime,
Bold gold-designing men.
But there were Christians on this land,
The hand of God did reign.
Though we've groaned beneath the fetters,
We're thankful that we came.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
For over in our fatherland
The light of Christ was hid.
Our fathers were benighted there,
Knew not what Christians did.
But now we hail that bleeding lamb,
We send our greetings high.
We feel the power of God at heart,
We know that Christ is nigh.
He held us as an Israel band,
He's crossed us o'er the sea
Of Rebellion's cruel war just past,
And now we know we're free.
Our Moses sleeps beneath the soil
In yonder sister State ;
Abraham Lincoln, it, was he
Who first our bonds did break.
Charles Sumner next did lead the van
Of equal rights to all;
Here thanks we bring to all of those
Responding to his call.
We come with gratitude to all
Who lent a hand to save
Our starry banner, flaunting high,
From floating o'er a slave.
We're free to do, as all are free,
All o'er this mighty land,
And we will serve both Nation and State
As justice doth command.
Heaven's greatest blessings here,
Education, you will find,
Will bring our latent talents up
On level with mankind.
We pledge ourselves, this July 4th
If ever called in wars,
Our sable hands will ever
Uphold our Stripes and Stars.
Then let us give to God the praise
For all that He has done—
For giving us this land of bliss,
The best beneath the sun.
88
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
MAY C. HEYERS nee REYNOLDS.
Actress, Singer, Musician, Writer of Operas.
AY C. REYNOLDS (MRS. HEYERS) is the wife of
the noted S. B. Heyers and first theatrical manager
of the United States. This worthy young woman is now before
the public classed as the leader of her race as an actress. In
the year of 1882 she left her dear old home a mere girl, and
the sad parting will never be
erased from hermemor}7; how
her loving, noble father, after
having tenderly impressed
upon her inexperienced mind
the difference between the
outer world and home, ca¬
ressed his darling and turned
to hide the tears. She left a
home indeed made cheerless
by the death of her mother
when but an infant, but made
happy by an indulgent father
and careful stepmother; lux¬
ury and refinement were ever
before them. We say them,
as there were five little ones.
Miss Reynolds has three
beautiful and talented sisters,
mrs. may c. heyers. an(j one brother, a fine musi-
cian. They are all well educated and fitted for ornaments
in society, or a noble cause in public life. While attending
school it was discovered that Miss Reynolds possessed
a remarkable voice for singing. Mr. Reynolds, her father,
was advised to put her under training, which he accordingly
did, sparing no means. Madam Rose Cogeshall was her first
teacher, and after a series of terms left, after which Mr. Rey¬
nolds placed his daughter under tuition of Miss Lulu Borden, a
graduate of the Boston conservatory, where she received good
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
89
and careful training; when the term of school ended the music
lessons ended also for that season. Miss Reynolds having the
honor of being called a singer by every one at her little country
home, Tioga, Pa., she did not seem to care or know the worth
of the praises showered upon her by old artists, but went along
with her favorite playmates, jumping rope, playing ball, run¬
ning races and tagging after her big sisters. Her last vacation
was in June, 1882, having at that time entered into all the
highest branches, French being her last and favorite study. She
was a finished bookkeeper and elocutionist as well as a singer.
During vacation, with the permission of pa, she went to Hor-
nellsville to visit her grandma and aunt, while there the famous
" Hvers Sisters" company were billed to give an entertain¬
ment. Her heart was heavily burdened, as she had just received
a letter from her sister Almira to return home as school com¬
menced the following Monday. Everywhere she turned she
could see the flaming letters: " Hyers Sisters.'1'' It seemed to put
a charm over her. She, however, wrote to her papa pleading
with him to let her remain to see the first stage show of her
life. Her father in his loving way answered in the affirmative.
She staid and met her fate. She went and heard them warble,
and saw them dance and beheld their magnificent costumes.
She saw the awful funny man " Sam Lucas," who could make
himself tall or short, and every one and everything was so new
and wonderful that it set her brain in a whirl. " Oh, if I could
only leave the hateful old school-room and go on the stage,"
was her first thought. Mr. Hyers called on her aunt the fol¬
lowing morning.. May was in the parlor playing on the piano
and singing. " I Am Content." The manager was startled
with delight and asked who was singing. He was shown into the
parlor and introduced. He declared she had the most wonderful
contralto voice he had ever heard. Asking her if she would like
to travel with his company she said, "Yes sir, but pa would
not let me.'\ The company left and May went home with a
new idea. Mr. Hyers corresponded with her father, gaining
his consent. Miss Reynolds joined the company in Cleveland,
She gained upon the stars rapidly and is now one of the most
90
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
brilliant in the profession. She was married to Mr. Hyers the
following season at her father's home. She composed a poem
on the late " Johnstown Horror," which is quite dramatic, and
she recites it with great success ; she also wrote a play for her
company entitled, " Tip the Wharf Rat," and is now engaged
in writing another play entitled the " Dreaded Witch of
Africa." She thinks her profession a grand work, and when
she secures the warm applause of every tongue she gives a
deep-souled gratitude-filled look, and thanks her father for his
tender training and her Creator for the talent he endowed her
with
MRS. REV. M. J. DYER, nee EMMA FISHER.
Singer.—"Star of Evening
WE have seen those virtues which have, while living,
retired from the public eye, generally transmitted
to posterity as the truest objects of admiration and praise.
Such is the subject of our sketch, who was born in Catskill,
X. Y., July 4, 1857. She was reared in the American metrop¬
olis, educated and trained in music by Madam Messimore, a
lady of rare musical accomplishments, who originally lived in
England; also by Professor Eeason. Her father having died
when she was only three years old, trua to the instincts of
nature, where a will forced by a necessity for action existed,
Providence provided a way. She suffering some physical
deformity — that of a healthy body of excellent and elegant
physique is minus one arm—in the place of this incon¬
venience God provided a rich and unparalleled voice, so at
nine years of age she could sing from low soprano to E above
the staff. From the general concessions and praises heralded
abroad by people who were intoxicated with melody such as
they had never heard from one so young, people came for
miles around to catch a marvelous and deep-reaching but dying
note, the quintessence of melody itself. This created rare
excitement—we say rare, because such as existed at that time
had never in the world's history produced such profound asser-
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
91
tions— "a thrill of joy prophetic" of the possibilities of the
colored race. The press paid flowing tributes to her, and
styled her the " Star of Evening1."
At the age of fifteen she suffered the misfortune of caring
for her mother, who had become an invalid, and, true to her
trust, as her voice never failed her, she bore her task bravely,
•and sang to eager and anxious audiences which crowded
her concerts. Her first concert was given October 12, 1875,
at Line church, on which occasion the door receipts alone
were $550. With the assured appreciation of this demon¬
stration she was forced on and on by the current which had
already taken control of her soul and body, "on toward her
being's end." She traveled and sang to appreciable audiences
in all the large cities of New York, through the East, South,
North and West, meeting with unbounded success everywhere.
She grew in public favor so rapidly that her name spread all
over the States and her talents were boasted by the millionaire
as well as the miner, in fact such an impetus was given to her
progress that nowhere was there a church barred against her.
Suffering physical deprivation in the absence of an arm, she
nevertheless plied the one God-given hand to the organ and
piano, with the nimbleness of the applauded disciples of
Excelsior.
She sang several years with the New Orleans Jubilee
Troupe, under the direction of Rev. Dr. W. D. Goodman,
which traveled through the Eastern and Middle States.
In the year of 1884 the death of her invalid mother became
the sad reality which tried her melancholy spirit and dejected
heart, but in the midst of her despair hope pointed to her a
star. The next year she married Rev. M. J. Dyer, a very esti¬
mable man, a minister of power and concentrated ability, and
a distinguished member of the Louisiana Annual Conference
M. E. Church.
92
NOTED NEGRO WO ME IS
FLORA BATSON,
Queen of Song.
TggpLORA BATSON was born at Washington, D. C., in
1P>- 1864, Her father died from wounds received in the
war. At three years of age her mother removed with her to
Providence, R. I. At nine years of age, as a member of the
then famous Bethel Church choir of that city, she attracted hun¬
dreds to hear the child singer.
Her professional career
commenced at thirteen years
of age, singing two years in
the interest of Stoore's Col¬
lege, Harper's Ferry, three
years in J. W. Hamilton's
Lecture Bureau for the
People's Church of Boston,
one year in Redpath's Lecture
and Lyceum Bureau, one year
in temperance work; and in
1885 Manager J. G. Bergen
secured her services, and
under his management Stein-
way Hall, New York, the
Academy of Music, Phil¬
adelphia, and the largest
music halls of the Eastern
cities were packed to hear
the new star, styled by
the New York World the colored Jenny Lind. On
December 13, 1887, Miss Flora Batson and Manager J.
G. Bergen were married at the Sumner House, New York
City, and since their marriage Mrs. Batson-Bergen has
sung with great success in nearly every leading city in the
country, and probably no American singer has been more
strongly endorsed by the press of the country. The following
are a few of her testimonials, which are only samples of hun¬
dreds that might be given:
MLLE. FLORA BATSON.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
93
The Patti of her race.—Chicago Inter-Ocean.
The colored Jenny Lind.—New York World.
The peerless mezzo-soprano.—New York Sun.
The unrivaled favorite of.the masses.—New York Age.
A mezzo-soprano of wonderful range.—San Francisco Examiner.
She carried the house by storm, and five times was recalled to the foot¬
lights.—New York Herald.
A sparkling diamond in the golden realm of song.—San Jose Californian.
Her progress through the country has been one continuous triumph.—
Denver Rocky Mountain News.
All her numbers were sung without effort—as the birds sing.—Mobile {Ala.)
Register.
A voice of great range, and of remarkable depth and parity.—Louisville
(Ky.) Courier-Journal.
She will never lack for an audience in the "City of Seven Hills."—Rich¬
mond (Va.) Planet.
The sweetest voice that ever charmed a Virginia audience.—Lynchburg
{Va.) Advance.
Her articulation is so perfect, her renditions seem like recitations set to
music .—Kansas City Dispatch.
A highly cultivated mezzo-soprano, of great sweetness, power and com¬
pass, and of dramatic quality.—Charleston {S. C.) News and Courier.
The indescribable pathos of her voice in dramatic and pathetic selections
wrought a wondrous effect.—The Colonist, Victoria, British Columbia.
Though of pleasing presence, she is unaffected, almost child-like in her
bearing; this, with her wonderful singing, captivates the heart of the listener,
regardless of the "color line."—Californian.
Her voice showed a compass of three octaves, from the purest, clearest
soprano, sweet and full, to the rich round notes of the baritone register.—
Pittsburgh Commercial Gazette.
Flora Batson, with her wonderful voice, has a divine mission to aid in
breaking down the stubborn walls of prejudice, which must sooner or later
give way in our Nation's progress toward a higher civilization,—Boston
Transcript.
She scored a complete success as a vocalist of high ability, and fully justi¬
fied the favorable criticisms of the Eastern press.— San Francisco Examiner.
The flexibility, metal and purity of her vocal organ justly entitle Flora
Batson to the distinction of being called the colored Jenny Lind.—Pittsburgh
Dispatch.
In response to an encore she gave a selection from "oil Trovatore" in
baritone, showing the extraordinary range of her voice, and producing a mel-
94
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
ody like the low tones of a pipe organ under a master's touch.—San Diego
(<Gal.) Sun.
The press of the country, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, unite in crown¬
ing her the greatest singer of her race, and worthy to rank amoDg the great
singers of the world.—Portland Oregonian.
She wore a crown, heavily jeweled, and diamonds flashed upon her hands
and from her ears. Her singing at once established her claim of being in the
front rank of star artists, and there is a greater fortune than that already
accumulated in store for her.—Providence (B. I.) Dispatch.
She sings without affectation, and has an absolute command of her voice,
from the highest to the lowest register. She was a surprise to every one
present, and established a reputation that will guarantee her full houses at her
future engagements on the Pacific Coast.—San Francisco Call.
Her voice is rich in the qualities most valuable to a singer. The range is
wonderful. It is clear and resonant, exceedingly flexible and pure. Her
articulation is perfect, and she sings with a freedom from effort seen rarely,
except in the most famous singers. The tones of her voice are powerful and
thrilling. It is rather dramatic than emotional. Her renditions last night
■covered an extraordinary versatility and range.—Nashville American.
MRS. ABBIE WRIGHT LYON.
Gifted Pianist and Singer.
KEE subject of this sketch, Abbie Wkight Lyon, was born
in Stony Brook, Long Island, in the year .1862. When
seven years old she was removed to Harlam, New York, where
she attended school, and subsequently to New York Cit}T,where
she finished a common school education. At twelve years of
age she was employed as organist at the Melrose, St. Paul A.
M. E. Church. Having evinced special talent for music and
adaptability for instrumental playing she was, by special
arrangement of her parents, placed in a condition where she
could receive the very best training from well known instruc¬
tors. She was organist for the Bethel A. M. E. Church, one of
the largest and leading colored churches in New York City, for
three and a half years. She has been a successful teacher of
music.
She met and married the Rev. Ernest Lyon, a graduate of
the New Orleans University, and now a prominent minister of
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
95
the Louisiana Conference Methodist Episcopal Church, while
he was serving his first year as pastor of the M. E. Church, at
Baldwin, the seat of Gilbert seminary, in the year 1883. Since
then she has been with him, sharing in the toils and hardships
which come to a minister's wife. Three lovely children have
been the issue of this marriage. She has followed her husband to
every appointment (he having held some of the most prominent
in the city of New Orleans) and by her kind and affectionate
disposition has made hosts of friends.
Mrs. Lyon is a professional songstress, having been endowed
by nature with a strong and lovely voice. Many souls have
been converted and led into the new life, under the influence
of her christian songs.
Mrs. Lyon was the accomplished organist of the New
Orleans University singers for some years. Through that con¬
nection she became acquainted with the gentleman who became
her husband.
The Rev. Eknest Lyon is now the popular pastor of St.
Mark's M. E. Church, New York City, and Mrs. Lyon is among
her old friends, who rejoice in her prosperity.
W. D. Goodman, A. M., D. D.
MADAME FRANCES E. PRESTON.
Elocutionist.
M.DAME FRANCES E. PRESTON, elocutionist, born
in Richmond Va., came to Detroit, Michigan, July,
2, 1855. The school advantages were then limited in this
city. She being the only daughter, her parents were not will¬
ing to have her leave home to go where a better education
might be obtained. The Detroit Training School in Elocution
and English Literature offered an opportunity that she had long
desired and although a widow with one child and a large busi¬
ness, that of hair-dresser, to demand her time and attention, she
entered this school January, 1880, at the age of thirty-three
years, taking a two years and a half course, graduating May
96
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN|
19, 1882, standing second among a large number of graduates,
the majority being young women with much better schooling
to start with. A position was secured her by the teacher Mrs.
Edna Chaffee Noble, to travel with the Donivan Famous Tenn-
esseeans. The secretary of the school accompanied her to
Delaware to complete the arrangement, so interested was the
MADAME FKANCES E. PKICSTON.
teacher in her pupil that in this new life she might be success¬
ful. After traveling one year with them she returned home
and was appointed a teacher in the school from which she
graduated, which position she still fills when at home.
In '84 she traveled through eastern Virginia, giving programs
alone. In October, '88, she went to Augusta, Ga., accompanied
by her daughter, L, F. Preston, to open a Baptist school for
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
97
girls. The school opened in January with one teacher. Madame
Preston with her daughter, traveling and giving programs, to
raise means to support the school, was called from this field of
labor by the illness of her mother.
In July, 1890, Dr. Derrick of New York appointed her as
agent to assist in raising funds for the foreign missionary board,
and in April, 1891, a position on the W. C. T. U. lecture bureau
was secured her, this being the first literature ever placed upon
their bureau.
Mrs. Frances Preston is prepared to make engagements
with lecture associations, lyceums, clubs, churches, or other
societies, for evenings of dramatic and humorous recitations.
Additional interest arises from the fact that she is a
colored lady, who was formerly a slave. She has educated her¬
self, and has been fitted for her present work by a thorough
course of study in the Detroit Training School of Elocution
and English Literature, under the pergonal instruction of the
well-known reader and teacher, Mrs. Edna Chaffee Noble.
FLATTENING- TESTIMONIALS.
The debut of Mrs. Frances Preston, at Abstract Hall, possessed peculiar
interest, from the fact that she is the first colored lady in this city to essay
public readings. She is to be congratulated on winning a very emphatic
success. She has a melodious voice of excellent range and flexibility, enunci¬
ates with agreeable clearness, and manifests feeling and appreciation in selec¬
tions, grave and gay. A novel feature of the programme was the introduc¬
tory Bible reading; it was excellent. The miscellaneous selections were
appropriate, and admirably rendered.—Detroit Free Press.
Insufficient space made it impossible, yesterday morning, to speak of
Mrs. Preston's debut, except in a general way. There is to be said specially:
" The Black Regiment" and " Howard at Atlanta" were capitally rendered.
Perhaps the best read selection (certainly the one which awakened the heaTt.
iest response of an interested and appreciative audience) was Champney's
quaint, half humorous, half pathetic dialect poem, descriptive of how the
trusty little negro boy, " Persimmons," rescued his baby protege from the
perils of the flood. It is a favorite selection with Detroit readers, but we have
heard none who could read it so well as Mrs. Preston. The hall was crowded
and the lady's reading desk was heaped high with choice floral tributes.—
Post and Tribune.
93
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
A large and select audience greeted Mrs. Preston, at Abstract Hall, on
Monday evening. Mrs. Preston is a pupil of Mrs. Edna Chaffee Noble, and
possesses elocutionary talent of no small order. The principal charm of her
readings is her naturalness and grace of manner. All the selections were
listened to with much interest, but her renditions of "Aunt Phillis' Guest,"
" Persimmons takes cah ob de Baby," and " How he saved St. Michael's,"
were undoubtedly her most successful efforts. In connection with this article
it may be appropriate to state that Mrs. Preston was a slave in the Southern
States during the days of bondage. She is about thirty-five years of age,
and is a widow.—Every Saturday.
Mrs. Preston is certainly a very fine reader. Her reading, entirely devoid
of rant, is simple and impressive.—Sandusky, Ohio, Daily Register.
There was a large audience present at the First Baptist church, on
Wednesday evening, to hear Mrs. Frances Preston, the noted colored elocu¬
tionist, who gave one of her celebrated entertainments for the benefit of that
church. When her recitations were over no one seemed inclined to go, but
applauded and asked for more. Mrs. Preston has a rich contralto voice, over
which she has perfect control. She has a fine stage presence, and whatever
the character of her selection—pathetic, sentimental or humorous—she por¬
trays each with equal skill, and is one of the most finished readers before the
public.—The Caret, Newport News, Va.
The citizens of Lansing were highly entertained by the reading of Mrs.
Preston, the well-known elocutionist of Detroit. The selections were well
received and elicited much applause. Her rendition of humorous selections
was admirable. " How he saved St. Michael's " was read in such a manner
that the vast audience was held spell-bound until its conclusion. But the
crowning event of the evening was the reading of "The Black Regiment,"
when the marvelous voice of the elocutionist was shown to its best advan¬
tage. She has won the hearts of the people at Lansing.—Lansing Republican.
Rev. F. B. Cressey, editor of the Center, the organ of the prohibition
party of Michigan, writes as follows: Mrs. Frances Preston, Detroit.
Respected Madam: Permit me, all unsolicited by yourself, to express my
high appreciation of the readings and recitations which I recently heard
you give. I must say that for distinctness of enunciation and naturalness and
beauty of expression you have powers which will surely obtain for you a
wide patronage. You have my best wishes and cordial commendation.
With kind regards, Frank B. Cressey.
Mrs Preston read before the inmates of St. Vincent's Orphan Asylum, in
Detroit, on Decoration Day. The Michigan Catholic, in a column article
says of the Scripture reading : " Mrs. Preston opened by reading from the
Bible St. Paul's defense before King Agrippa, and listening to the eloquence
thus depicted, one wondered he had not read that particular passage of the
Holy Scripture with more frequency and enthusiasm." Of her rendition of
"Persimmons Takes Care of the Baby," the same paper says: "In this
piece Mrs. Preston had an opportunity for display of her marked and varied
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
99
elocutionary power, and held her audience in a state between tears and
laughter." Mrs. Preston's daughter, Miss Lillie, assisted her mother on this
occasion, and speaking of her singing the Michigan Catholic says: "Miss
Lillie has a remarkably sweet voice, showing good progress in cultivation."
Powhatan Be atty, for many years connected with the theatres of Cin¬
cinnati, says : " Mrs. Preston is a pleasant reader, and thoroughly understands
the principles of elocution. Her gestures are graceful and full of expression-
At times one is forcibly reminded of that eminent actress, Clara Morris. Hex
modulation is excellent, and in the lower and middle register of her voice
she has not an equal. * * * I have heard all of the great readers, and so
far as my judgment goes I would place her in the front ranks. She has a
voice full of pathos, and at times her audience are melted to tears, and at
other times ar e convulsed with laughter.
H. W. Thompson, representative in the Michigan Legislature., from the
Delta district, says : "I have listened with pleasure and profit to the read¬
ings of Mrs. Frances Preston, and do hereby recommend her to any who may
desire her service in that direction."
D. Augustus Straker, the eminent lawyer, formerly of Columbus, S. C.,
at present one of the most successful lawyers of Detroit, writes : " Mrs. F.
Preston. Dear Madam: It gives me pleasure to testify to your merit; as an
elocutionist. I have listened to your renditions in public and in private, and
regard them of the most exalted stj le and of profound conception. It is only
by such speaking as you give to t?*e ideas of others that the hearer can fully
understand and enjoy the depths of soul of our poets and other writers.
Respectfully yours, D. A. Straker."
W. Irving Babcock, State senator from the Ninth district of Michigan,
says: " It gives me great pleasure to say that Mrs. Frances Preston is an
elocutionist of commendable ability and training. Her recitations are partic¬
ularly pleasing."
The Spring Valley Journal says of Mrs. Preston: " She is the greatest
elocutionist of her race."
The New York Globe, speaking of an entertainment given by Mrs.
Preston, closes in these words : " One evening with Mrs. Preston will add
more intellectuality to our children than many books, and we advise our
readers to let no opportunity pass that will do so much for the little folks."
Mrs. Preston attracts the greatest interest wherever she goes, not only by
her wonderful talent, but from the fact that she has been a slave and has had
innumerable difficulties to overcome in the vocation she has chosen and for
which she is so admirably fitted.— Newport News Commercial.
Cincinnati, O., January 11, 1887.
Mrs. Frances Preston, elocutionist and teacher in Mrs. Noble's training
school in Detroit, is well known to me, I having been her pastor two years in
Detroit, Mich. During that time I have heard recitations both in the church
of which she is a member and among the white people of the city. She also
100
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
gave two programmes in this city at the Union Baptist church, at which she
received a perfect ovation. The universal verdict here, entertained by critics
and non-critics, is that she is "equaled by few and excelled by none," as she
is at home equally in any part which she essays, pathetic, humorous or dra.
matic. I cheerfully give this expression because I feel the lady is worthy of it.
Wm, A. Burch, Pastor Union Baptist Church.
The Springfield, O., Republican, in noticing an entertainment given in
that city by Mrs. Preston and her daughter, after paying highest compli¬
ments to Mrs. Preston, says: "One of the most attractive features of the
evening's entertainment was the '^Esthetic Gestures,' and ' Lyre Movement,'
by Miss Lillie Preston, daughter of the elocutionist. Her gestures expressing
profound grief, anguish, supplication and remorse, by turn, were so natural]
as almost to cause a person to feel as if he were witnessing a dire disaster ov
calamity. Miss Preston has remarkable control over her audience as her per¬
formance was something entirely new to many."
Mrs. Frances Preston's reputation is not confined to her home—Detroit—
but is becoming national.—Springfield {Ohio) Republican.
MISS LYLBROUNETTA F. PRESTON.
Vocalist and Pantomimist.
HE is the only and first pantomimist of her race on the
stage. Born in Detroit, Mich. Attended the public
school, studied music at the Detroit Conservatory of Music, at
the same time taking
the junior course in the
school of elocution,
and finishing a thorough
course of calisthenics,
which thoroughly pre¬
pared her for the work
of pantomimist. Has
traveled for four years
with her mother. Her
early death disrobes the
Negro race of one of
its brightest meteors,
and the world of an
actress.
Truly has the poet said "Death loves a shining mark."
miss lylbrounett a p. preston.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
101
MRS. S. J. W. EARLY.
Teacher, Lecturer, W. C. T. 77. Advocate.
ARAH JANE, the youngest daughter of Thomas and
Jemima Woodson, was born Nov. 15,1825, near the city
of Chillicothe, Ohio, where she passed the happy days of early
childhood. In the year of 1829 the family removed to Jackson
county, Ohio. Being deprived of the privilege of attending
school with the white chil¬
dren, aselect school, furnished
with the best teachers, was
provided for colored children
by their parents. The sub¬
ject of this sketch attended
this school with other mem¬
bers of the family from the
fourth year of her age until
her fifteenth year, and in
that period derived all her
early advantages. Her par¬
ents were zealous and con¬
sistent Christians and she
was continually brought un¬
der the best religious influ¬
ences. At the age of four¬
teen she professed religion
and joined the A. M. E.
Church in the year 1840, at
Berlin, Ohio.
Yery early in life she showed a disposition to learn what¬
ever came within her reach. At the age of three she could
sing all the hymns used at family worship. At five she could
commit large portions of the Bible to memory. As the years
rolled by she longed for better educational privileges and
after attending an academy in Athens county, Ohio, she
attended Oberlin College, and graduated therefrom in the
year 1856, and immediately entered upon the duties of a
MRS. S. J. W. EARLY.
102
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
teacher. She was first principal teacher of the public
school of Ganesville, Ohio. In the year 1859 she was called
to "Wilberforce University, being the first colored graduate
ever employed by its trustees to teach in company with white
teachers.
She was afterward principal of the colored public school
of Xenia, Ohio, until the war subsided. Then she went south
and held a very important position as principal of one of the
largest colored schools in North Carolina. Thus for more than
thirty-six years she has been an efficient instructor of the
young, a leader in the church and Sabbath-school and the
reforms of the day. In 1887 she entered the field as a public
lecturer and is now in the service of the two national societies
in the temperance work.
She was married to Rev. J. W. Early in the year 1868,
Sept. 24.
MISS HENRIETTA VINTON DAVIS.
Elocutionist, Dramatic Reader and Tragedienne.
WHE subject of this-sketch, Miss Henrietta Yinton Davis,
. was born in the city of Baltimore, Md. Her father}
Mansfield Yinton Davis, was a distinguished musician, and
from him she inherited a natural taste for music. He died
within a few days after her birth, leaving a young and beauti¬
ful widow and the subject of this sketch. In the course of a
few years her mother contracted a second marriage with
Captain George A. Hackett, who, through the period of a long
and eventful life, was the recognized leader of the colored
people of Baltimore. He was a man of ample means and
generous heart, and gave to his stepdaughter all the advantages
which such conditions allow. He, like her own father, died
while she was young. Her mother, a year after the death
of Mr. Hackett, removed to and became a permanent resident
of the city of Washington, D. C. Miss Davis here had the
advantages of admirable schools, and, having a natural fond¬
ness for books, soon made rapid progress in her studies, and,
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
103
by her studious habits and genial manners, became at once a
favorite with the teacher, Miss Mary Bozeman, who was the
first person to suggest that her little pupil give her attention
to the study of elocution. At the early age of fifteen she
passed the necessary examination and was awarded the position
as teacher in one of the public schools of her native State.
While holding this position she attracted the attention of the
Board of Education of the State of Louisiana, who tendered,
her a higher position to
teach, which she accepted.
She remained there some
time, until called home by
the illness of her mother.
Miss Davis left Louisiana
amidst the regrets of many
friends. She also bore the
certificate of the Board of
Education testifying to the
efficiency and ability with
which she had discharged
her arduous duties.
Miss Davis, in 1878, en¬
tered the office of recorder of
deeds at Washington as copy¬
ist, where she remained until
1884, when she resigned to
follow her chosen profession.
It was while holding this posi¬
tion that she decided to carry
out a long-cherished desire to study for the dramatic stage. She
had in the meantime, by a wide and thorough study of the best
masters in classic and dramatic literature, laid the foundation
for a promising career. Miss Davis became the pupil of Miss
Marguerite E. Saxton, a lady of undisputed ability and a most
conscientious teacher—a lady who knows no one by his
color. Under the tuition and guidance of this lady she made
her debut on April 25,1883, at Washington, before a large and
104
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
critical audience. She was introduced by the Hon. Frederick
Douglass, who takes a deep interest in her success. On this,
her first appearance, her success was instantaneous, and she
received a veritable ovation. A few weeks after her first
appearance she made a tour of the principal cities of New
England, under the management of Messrs. James M. Trotter
and Wm. H. Dupree, of Boston, Mass.
At Boston, Hartford, New Haven, Providence and the
many other places they visited, she was received with every
mark of approval by both press and public.
In April, 1884, Mr. Thomas T. Symmons became her man¬
ager. Mr. Symmons is one of the few gentlemen of our race
who possesses the ability and spirit of enterprise calculated to
secure success. He formed a dramatic and concert company
to support his star, and by novel and liberal advertising
brought her to the notice of new audiences. At Buffalo, N. Y.,
she received most flattering newspaper notices, and was the
recipient of much social attention. Again, at Pittsburg, Pa.,
and in fact wherever she has been, her genial manners and
modest demeanor have attracted to her many friends and
admirers, who have vied with each other in doing honor to a
lady of whom the race may well feel proud. Miss Davis re¬
cently made a tour of the State of Florida, under the able man¬
agement of that public-spirited and dignified lover of his race,
Hon. M. M. Lewey, editor of the Florida Sentinel. Miss Davis
was greeted everywhere by large and enthusiastic audiences.
Miss Davis is the pioneer of her race in the legitimate
drama, and by her success has been the means of stimulating
and encouraging others to emulate her example. Miss Davis
has received many testimonials of appreciation. Presents of
all descriptions have been showered upon her. While she has
many imitators, she has no superiors.
THOUGHTS OF PROMINENT MEN REGARDING MISS DAVIS.
Washington, D. C., November 18, 1883.
Gentlemen: I have many times been called upon to bear testimony to the
remarkable talents of Miss Henrietta Vinton Davis, and I always do so with
pleasure. In my judgment she is one of the best dramatic readers in the
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
country—and the best colored reader that ever came before the American
people. Her personal appearance is strongly in her favor. She instantly
commands attention and sympathy; and -when her deep, fine voice is heard,
her audience at once give themselves up to the pleasure of hearing her. I am
quite sure you will make no mistake in having her read for you.
Respectfully yours, Frederick Douglass.
*
* *
First Episcopal, District, A. M. E. Church,
Bishop II. M. Turner, D. D., Presiding.
Atlanta, Ga., January 21, 1891.
This is to certify that Miss Henrietta Yinton Davis has been known to me
since childhood. She is in all respects a lady of the first grade, spotless in
character, polished in manners, educated and finished in her profession. As
a dramatic reader she has no superiors and should be encouraged by all who
favor the elevation of our race. I commend her services to all ministers of
the Gospel, to the public in general. H. M. Turner.
*
* *
Annapolis, Md., January 21, 1891.
Miss1 Henrietta Yinton Davis, the celebrated tragedienne and dramatic
reader, entertained the people of the A. M. E. Church January 19 and 20,
1891. The audience was large the first night, and the house was crowded the
second night. Her magnetic style, forcible, dramatic and eloquent voice
charmed every one present. She magnetized and electrified the audience
with delight, who loudly applauded each recital. Miss Davis is a first-class
entertainer, a lady of character, ability and great talent; an artist who pre¬
sents living pictures. She is a great help to the ministers in raising money
for churches. Her terms are easy, her work laborious. May God bless her.
Yours respectfully, I. F. Aldridge.
*
* *
Miss Henrietta Yinton Davis, the tragedienne, is personally known to me,
and in my opinion is the finest representative of that class of colored profes¬
sionals in America. Her presence is graceful, her voice rich and flexible,
and she impresses her audience at once with the fact that she is a born actress.
She delights the most critical and convinces the most obdurate sceptic. The
brethren and churches will do well to give her the warmest reception, as she
is a lover of God's Zion, and is always willing to help it first, and herself last.
W. Bishop Johnson,
Prof. Mathematics, Wayland Seminary, and Pastor Second Baptist Church.
Washington, D. C., February 22, 1891.
A Pleasing Entertainment.—A delightful entertainment was given in
Touro Chapel last evening by Miss Henrietta V. Davis, in dramatic recitals.
Miss Davis is the first of her race to attempt Shakespearean delineations. But
her efforts last evening prove her power and skill in elocutionary art. Miss
Davis excels in dramatic recitals, and especially in tragic parts. If it is pos¬
sible to discriminate in the selections of last evening, perhaps the potion
106
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
scene from " Romeo and Juliet" was most ably rendered. She is certainly
worthy of the many encomiums of praise she has received.—Newport Daily
News.
Miss Davis has received thorough instruction, as her recitations showed
marked talent. Asa public reader she is a success.—Albany (N. T.) Daily
Press and Knickerbocker.
The entertainment given at Waite's Hall last evening was one of high
merit. The audience was appreciative and liberal in its applause. Miss
Davis, who is a quadroon, has a graceful presence and a powerful and well-
trained voice, and her renditions showed not only careful study, but an ex¬
cellent appreciation of the various authors. Several selections were given
from Shakespeare, including Portia's speech and the poison scene from
"Romeo and Juliet;" in the latter selection especially marked dramatic power
being displayed. The vivacious rendering of " Awfully Lovely Philosophy,"
" The Jiners," and " Dancing at Flat Creek Quarters" proyedthat Miss Davis
could also read comic selections with success, and two encores testified to the
enjoyment of her auditors.—New Bedford Evening Standard.
Her recital last evening of selections from Shakespeare's plays, especially
" Cleopatra's Dying Speech," parts of "Romeo and Juliet," and the epilogue
in " As You Like It" were received with warm expressions of pleasure. Her
clear enunciation and full, low-pitched voice helped to her success.—New
York Sun.
As a dramatic reader Miss Davis has considerable talent, and the selections
were finely interpreted. The death scene of " Romeo and Juliet" in costume
brought out powers as an actress of no mean order; that and Schiller's
"Battle" were well rendered.—New London Telegram.
A really remarkable entertainment was that given in Association Hall on
Friday night by Frederick Douglass' protege, Miss Henrietta Vinton Davis.
Miss Davis is a singularly beautiful woman, little more than a brunette, cer¬
tainly no darker than a Spanish or Italian lady in hue, with big, lustrously
expressive eyes and a mouth molded upon Adelaide Neilson's. She has a
rich, flexible and effective voice which she well knows how to manage, and
her use of the English'language is not only excellent, but exemplary. She is
not only an elocutionist, but an actress of very decided force, as she demon¬
strated in selections from "Romeo and Juliet," particularly the potion scene,
a piece of work we have rarely seen excelled. We could not help thinking
what a magnificent Cleopatra she would make to a competent Anthony. Her
reading of "Mary, Queen of Scots" was also very fine and elicited much
applause.—Sunday Truth, Buffalo, N. T.
The late entertainment under the auspices of Zion Church, and managed
by Lieutenant Trotter, with the eminent tragedienne, Miss Henrietta Vinton
Davis, was a grand dramatic success. It is said that Adelaide Neilson was
the only true Juliet, but the rendition of the balcony and potion scene by Miss
Davis caused the audience to think that Neilson had risen, " phoenix-like, from
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
107
her ashes." She held the audience in amazement with her animated acting,
graceful movements and correct pronunciation, forcing the acknowledgment
of her great ability. She is very graceful in movement and will beyond a
doubt find her proper rank of fame in the histrionic world. She made a last¬
ing impression in " Brier Rose," by Boyensen, and surpassed even herself in
the comical rendition of the " Jiners." Truly may it be said that the colored
Americans have at last a true representative on the stage, whose fame in time
will become universal.—The Commercial Gazette, Cincinnati.
The select readings by Miss Henrietta Vinton Davis, at Unity Hall, were
finely rendered, showing her to be aa elocutionist of genuine merit. Her
modesty and gracefulness were especially noticeable, and her ways on the
platform exceptionally pleasing. Her selections included " How He Saved
St. Michael," by Mary A. P. Stansbury; "The Battle," by Schiller, and Mark
Twain's " How Tom Sawyer Got his Fence Whitewashed." Selections from
Lady Macbeth " and "Romeo and Juliet" were also given, the renditions
being in several _ respects equal to Mrs. Scott-Siddons' interpretations of the
characters involved. In fact Miss Davis' reading reminds me very often of
■ Mrs. Scott-Siddons.—Hartford Evening Post.
The testimonials show that the pulpit and press unite in
endorsing Miss Davis as the most talented lady before the
public.
In recounting the triumphs of Miss Davis as are presenta-
tive of the school of tragedy we find it a pleasing task to give
utterance to words commensurate to our feelings. Having
heard the so-called best of the dominant race (Mrs. Prescott),
and having also listened to Miss Davis, we fail to see which is
superior, or wherein. Her voice is the ideal, her statue is
matchless, her eyes are charming and can almost read the
thoughts of other people.
Her representations, dialects, gestures, poses are indeed
perfection. She instructs not only her audience, but the au¬
thors of all her selections. Her own peculiar ideas have made
her a teacher in gesticulation, and the wonderful management
of her voice, eyes, yea, mute gestures, make her the compeer of
Miss Couthoui, of Boston, Any one who has met her, conversed
with her or listened to her in the role of drama could not but
agree with us in our assertions. Hard study and close application
to the art has made many grand artists, some great, really good.
Nature makes Miss Davis what other things have made others.
She is natural, easy and graceful. You laugh or feel sad at
108
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
her will, as she takes her audience up with her. She is des¬
tined to be the brightest star in the zenith of our tragical
firmament.
ANNA, MADA AND EMMA LOUISE HYERS.
Vocalists, Pianists and A dresses.
N every human being God, the creator of all, hides a pre¬
cious gem, as the costliest diamond is extracted from
under the rough-edged stone, the most delicate mosses are
taught to grow at the bottom of the deepest cannon. While in
the former the diamond for long remains worthless in the
hands of the cobbler, yet when the master of fine arts manip¬
ulates this apparently rude stone its value increases a hundred¬
fold ratio toward completion. In the latter the most delicate
mosses, admired only by the disciplined eye or the tireless
searcher after the hidden treasures, blooms out into a philoso¬
pher and argues with us to the extent of agreeing.
But the radiance and intellectual charm which in these two
human beings God had hidden was not to remain so very
long. For at very early ages the necessity arose of placing
them in the full and promising attitude where they might be
polished to shine in the realm of music and song. When once
in training the advancement was so rapid and so inspiring that
the celebrated Professor Hugo Sank, whose name betrays his
nationality, took them on and on from the degree of good to
superlative best. Unfortunately a change had to be made for
their instruction, but with the ability JMadame Josephine
D'Ormy possessed, and most especially as a celebrity in operas,
they were instructed in Italian and German, which, in fact, was
necessary to be conversant and to know in order to meet the
public expectations everywhere; they pursued nobly and
became quite proficient in each, and in fact they give Madam
D'Ormy the praise for faith in them to learn, for the patience
which was nursed by the faith. It was not long to wait for
the reality.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
109
Mr. Trotter in his literary feast entitled music and some
highly musical people says : " To Madam D'Ormy the Misses
Hyers owe most of their success to-day. For she it was who
taught them that beautiful enunciation, and sweetness of
intonation, that now are so noticeable in their singing of Italian
and other music."
After finishing their training under Mrs. D'Ormy they
retired seemingly from the public gaze; being quite young,
and there being no reason for a rush.
Finally at the Metropolitan Theatre in Sacramento, Cal.,
April 22,1867, they made their debut before an audience of
eight hundred people. Success, which met them and crowned
them there, has followed them and has ever been a character¬
istic symbol of their genius, their repeated triumphs the lesson
of nature to the world.
Since 1880, when the papers teemed with notices, agents
of books were excited in their enthusiasm concerning " Music
and Some Highly Musical People," an illustrated book by one
of our first autobiographers, Mr. James M. Trotter, which
leaped up into the thousands, and people were anxious about
its sale, from the mere fact of it demonstrating to the world
what education was doing for the colored people in that distinct
sphere. Hyers Sisters, who form a part and add to its reading
matter rich deeds of musical accomplishments, have traveled
around the world, sang before the crowned heads of Europe
and become a house word in the musical circles of the United
States, are again presented to our readers, notably fulfilling their
mission,having demolished the doctrine of incapacity and delight¬
ed the world with their musical chants. For them let it be said:
"All places a temple, and all seasons summer." ISTo time
in their musical history have they failed to sing to crowded,
eager and anxious lovers of their art, reaching their numbers
in the high and low register with the facility and ease of
skilled musicians. Their harmony and cadence are true to
nature, but having become lost in the depth and sweetness of
their rival voices trained to the finish, one would conclude that
Nature had overstepped her bounds and borrowed the symphony
110
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
of heaven. Let what has been said by masters do our bidding.
That great and grand play entitled '• Uncle Tom's Cabin has
more nearly mimicked nature and actual long ago picture of sla¬
very days, when Topsy and her twin are treated with their true,,
comical,yet sublime powers. For more than one season they held
the boards of all the Northern, Eastern and Western cities, play¬
ing to crowded houses. They have demonstrated beyond the
shadow of a doubt what culture, refinement, backed by instruc¬
tion of the best type, can be do for the Negro race under
similar influences. Born in California, reared, educated in her
schools, and clothed and protected by her inalienable rights
and stringent yet equal laws, they show no trait of a low,
despised race, save the color of their skin and the texture of
their hair. c: God save the mark."
Dallas, Tex., August 20, 1892.
To a top-heavy house the McCabe & Young's genuine
darkey minstrels gave a first-class performance last night.
There is no counterfeit about these ebony-hued artists. They
are simon-pure. There is not a man in the company who is
not a good singer, and as for dancing, " go way, dar chilun'."
The specialty work was excellent, and provoked continuous
peals of laughter. The Hyers sisters, whose names are almost
world-wide, made their first appearance before a Dallas audi¬
ence and sustained the reputations which they have won as
possessors of peerless voices.
The matinee to-day is largely attended and to-night the
minstrels will hold down the boards of the Dallas Opera
House for the last time this season.—Dallas News.
Dallas, Tex—Dallas Opera-House.
It cannot be said that good minstrelsy is not appreciated in
Dallas. The opinion seemed fully warranted bv the large and
enthusiastic audience that gathered at the opera-house last night
to see McCabe and Young and their support of ebony artists.
Special mention is due Harry Singleton for his rendition of a
Soldier and a Man, and Will Koberts for his pleasing rendition
of Pauline. The witticisms of Billy Young, Johnny Young and
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
Ill
Ed Cay were received with deserving plaudits. The event of the
evening was the appearance for the first time in Dallas of the
celebrated Hyers sisters. They are vocalists of exceptional
ability. They have highly cultured voices of bell-like tone
and faultless intonations. The show was first-class and will
be repeated at matinee and to-night.—Dallas News.
CELIA E. DIAL SAXON.
Teacher and Sunday-School Worker.
MONG the educators the race has produced, the subject
of this sketch deserves a high place. Few teachers
have met with greater success. The faculty of imparting
knowledge seems innate with her. Graduating from the South
Carolina State Normal School, in May, 1877, she began, in
November of the same year, to teach in Howard school, long
a leading institution of Columbia, S. C. Her abilities soon
placed her among the foremost instructors of that seminary of
learning. She proved herself a born teacher—excellent in
instructing and excellent in governing. Some Northern visi¬
tors, greatly interested in the advancement of the colored
people, once remarked after a visit to her class-room: " What
a fine disciplinarian Miss Dial is!" On the eve of her mar¬
riage to Professor T. A. Saxon, of Allen University, in Decem¬
ber, 1890, she tendered her resignation, but at the urgent
request of the board she was induced to reconsider this action
and continue to fill the position she had filled for so long and
with such uninterrupted success until the close of the term, in
June, 1891.
Mrs. Saxon is also a scholar of no mean rank. She com¬
pleted the Chautauqua course in 1883, and has since won
several of the seals offered to the graduates of this course who
pursue and master some special branch of study after gradua¬
tion. She is a great Sunday-school worker, and has been from
girlhood a most acceptable teacher in the well-known Bethel
A. M. E. Sunday-school. She is a great lover of her race—
112
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
with a high conception of its capabilities and resplendent hopes
for its future. Like the lamented Bishop William F. Dickerson,
she believes that " twenty-five years ago the colored people
were babes; to-day they are children; twenty-five years from
now, despite the pitfalls about them and the prejudices they
have to contend with, they will be approaching the full stature
of manhood." Long may she live to do good to humanity,
and to help lift her race to that high plane which she believes
God intends them to occupy.
MISS MARY A. SHADD.
Lecturer and Editor.
pg|)ISHOP PAYNE, in his recollections of seventy years, in
'E) referring to his travels in the "West, says, among other
things: "I also had the pleasure of hearing that extraordinary
young woman, Miss Mary A. Sh&dd, editor of the Provincial
Freeman, of Western Canada, in two lectures on the condition
and prospects of the colored people in Canada. Her power did
not consist in eloquence, but in her familiarity with facts, her
knowledge of men, and her fine power of discrimination. Her
energy and perseverance, as well as her ability to suffer in the
cause she espoused, entitled her to rank among the reformers
of the time. She went alone into CanadaWest in the fall of 1851,
and traveled it from Toronto to Sandwich, sometimes on foot,
maintaining herself by teaching school. The following spring
she published a pamphlet entitled " Notes on CanadaWest," and
in about one year from the day she landed in Canada she had
nearly established the weekly sheet before mentioned of which
for more than one year she was the sole editor, at the same
time acting as traveling agent and financier. Her editorials
compared well with those of the sterner sex, some of whom
she often excelled. Indeed I could mention at least two col¬
ored editors whose editorials were far beneath hers. This
leads me to note that at the close of 1859 it fell under my
observation that there were but three newspapers among the
TBEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
113
colored people of the United States: The Barn's Horn, pub¬
lished in Philadelphia, and edited and owned by Thomas Yan
Rensselaer; the Christian Herald, of the A. M. E. Church,
published in Pittsburg, Pa., and edited by Rev. A. R. Green;
the North Star, published in Rochester, New York, and edited
by Frederick Douglass, a fugitive slave, but born to distin¬
guish- himself as one of the master minds of the nineteenth
century. Thirty-six years have produced immense changes
and progress in colored journals and journalism/'
LOUISE DE MORTIE.
Christian Martyr, Elocutionist, Missionary and Financier.
IRGINIA has the boast of being the birthplace of
presidents, heroes and heroines innumerable. Let
this suffice; our subject was born in Norfolk, 1833, and suffer¬
ing educational inconveniences, nevertheless born of free par¬
ents, found no race restrictions in Massachusetts, hence made
Boston her home in 1853. Possessing sufficient courage to
master the higher sciences, she at once attracted the attention
of all who came in her way. "None knew her but to love
her," and in the possession of that intellectual radiance which
brightened with effulgency all her companions, she, governed
by such an angelic soul, portrayed a marvelously kind and
genial spirit, which endeared and held all friends.
Nature, kind alike to all who will do, dare, or die, con¬
tributed to her makeup a sound, well-formed body, volumin¬
ous voice, and elocutionary powers wonderful and puzzling to
describe. She has contributed dignity to her art and planted
both body and name among the loving friends of New
Orleans, Louisiana. 1862, "Williams History of the Negro Race
in America, says . " She began a most remarkable career as a
public speaker and reader; an elocutionist by nature, she added
the refinement to the art, and with her handsome presence,
engaging manners and richly toned voice she took high rank
in her profession. Just as she was attracting public attention
114
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
to her genius, she learned of the destitution that was
wasting the colored orphans of New Orleans. Thither she
hastened in the spirit of Christian love, and there she labored
with an intelligence and zeal which made her a heroine among
her people. In 1867, she raised sufficient funds to build an
asylum for the colored orphans of New Orleans. But just
then the yellow fever overtook her in her work of mercy, and
she fell a victim to the deadly foe, 1867, October 10, saying so
touchingly, ' I belong to God, our Father,' as she expired.
Although cut off in the morning of her useful life she is of
blessed memory among those for whose improvement and
elevation she gave the strength of a brilliant mind and the
warmth of a genuine Christian heart."
MRS. LAURA A. (MOORE) WESTBROOK.
W. C. T. 77. Advocate, Teacher and Lecturer.
S Tennessee has long been noted for its beautiful hills
and mountain sceneries, I imagine that somewhere
among the forests of Tipton county, in the year of 1859, was
born the person of whom I shall attempt to write a few things.
Mrs. Westbrook's parents, .Richard and Amelia Moore, were
both slaves, but her mother was free born and when a child
was kidnapped by the slave traders, carried away from her
parents, and ever afterward remained a slave until the emanci¬
pation of slaves. Her father is a mulatto, and is also closely
related to the old Georgia Cherokee Indians. Mrs. "Westbrook's
father, being a great lover of knowledge, could not be satisfied
after the emancipation until he had succeeded, through the aid
of his brother Edward Harris, in obtaining one of Oberlin's
best scholars as a tutor for his two children, Laura and Yara Lee,
the baby. Under the tutorship of Miss Eachel Alexander—for
this was the name of the lady who consented to leave home
and friends and even dared to come South when brave men
would tremble to think of such a thing at that time—Mrs.
Westbrook, after five years of hard study, made herself a good
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
115
scholar in the primary branches. There being a great demand
for teachers in the South at this time, Mrs. Westbrook, who
was greatly in advance of many of her race, though only
eleven years old, was called upon to go and impart to her suf¬
fering sisters and brethren the light which she had already
received. She had already received that great wisdom which
cometh down from above, which makes us wise unto salvation,
and being filled with a great missionary spirit, she readily
accepted the call. She, after
laboring with her people two
years, felt her inability to
execute the work as it should
be, and to meet the demand
of the future she made ap¬
plication and entered the
Central Tennessee College
in 1872. Under the father¬
ly care of Dr. J. Braden
and his noble corps of teach¬
ers, after four years of hard
toil and undaunted courage,
she completed the normal
course 'of that institution
in the year of 1876, during
which time she had proven
herself an enthusiastic and
studious young lady, full
n , , MRS L. A. WESTBROOK.
or moral courage and
Christian piety, which won for her the esteem or her teachers
and schoolmates. Her teachers, seeing she was capable of
doing much good for her people, urged her not to stop with
the normal course, but to continue her studies until she would
have finished the regular classical course, which victory she did
achieve in the year of 1880, graduating with a class of four,
she being the only female. Mrs. Westbrook was honored by
her Alma Mater in the year of 1885 with the degree of A. M.,
which degree she heartily deserved. Mrs. Westbrook continued
116
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN.
to teach daring vacation until she had completed her course
of study, and by this means, with the assistance of her parents,
she was enabled to continue in school. Her education being
finished, she entered fully into the work of teaching. On the
Fourth of July in the year of 1880, she was married to a class¬
mate of hers, Rev. C. P. Westbrook, of Aberdeen, Miss. After
teaching in Tennessee a short time, they were urged by the
president of the college, Dr. J. Braden, to take charge of two
schools in Texas. Mrs. Westbrook, being full of the missionary
zeal, quickly answered to the call, and in December of 1880
they arrived at Yictoria, Texas, where Mrs. "Westbrook took
charge of the Yictoria city school, as principal, while her hus¬
band assumed the principalship of the Goliad city school,
which was afterward known as the Jones' Male and Female
Institute.
Mr. Westbrook's school having increased so rapidly at
Goliad, Mrs. Westbrook was compelled to give up being prin¬
cipal at Yictoria to assist her husband. After teaching in the
Jones' Institute for four years, Mrs. Westbrook came with her
husband to Waco, where she entered actively in the W. H.
Mission work for two years teaching a mission school in which
much good was done, during which time she was appointed
corresponding secretary of W. H. Mission Society of the West
Texas conference, which position she still holds, and has trav¬
eled quite extensively throughout the bounds of the West
Texas conference of the M. E. church and lectured in the
interest of the W.H. Mission cause. In 1888, Mrs. Westbrook
went as a delegate to the W. H. Mission convention which
convened in Boston, Mass. Mrs. Westbrook has labored in the
public school work as teacher for twenty years. She has taught
twelve years in the Texas public schools and is now engaged
in the public school of the city of Waco, where she has taught
for four years. She has been instrumental in doing a great
amount of good among her people and she hopes in the future
to be able to do a much greater work for them.
She is known as a tireless and aggressive woman in main¬
taining the rights of her race. She has many times been
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES. 11?
honored in conspicuous instances and under very flattering
circumstances owing to her undaunted courage.
She has served at various times upon the examining board
of the twenty-second senatorial district for Texas, examining
colored young men and lady applicants for State scholarships
at Prairie Yiew State Normal Institute. She has distinguished
herself as a member of the Woman's Christian Temperance
Union, traveling through various Southern States lecturing,
electrifying and inspiring our youths, and teaching temper¬
ance and Christianity. Her motive to do good far surpasses
her vanity, except when her race is attacked, then, manlike,
she with the pen strikes back, and even goes beyond her
loyalty to serve, but makes lasting impressions upon those
who are so unfortunate to get within her range. She is a firm
believer in the true, the pure, and the beautiful.
Her daily life is characteristic of her essays and lectures.
The hardships and obstacles which we daily encounter are no
strangers to Mrs. Westbrook. She is yet in the blooming
morn of life, with many of us, who will exert our energies to
keep along by her side.
GORGIA E. LEE PATTON, M. D.
Physician and Surgeon, A Meharry Graduate, African Missionary.
UST as the cruel canon had ceased its roaring and the
smoke of the powder had begun to subside, there was
born in Grundy county, Tennessee, two little girls, April 15r
1864. One, too pure for this world, was immediately trans¬
planted in the Eden above; the other, less ethereal, was left to
battle with the storms of life, and was given the name of
Georgia E. Lee Patton.
Shortly after this the mother heard of the glad tidings of
freedom and moved to Coffee, the adjoining county, which
Georgia still calls home.
Like most Negroes the mother was sent away from her
taskmaster who had grown' rich from others' toil, with noth¬
ing, and being a widow with a very large family depending
118
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,.
upon her, she had to struggle hard against the merciless hand
of poverty. But by diligence, working early in the morning
and late at night, she managed to provide for them and send
them to the few months school that was occasionally taught.
You may know that educational advantages were meager
when you are told that Georgia attended every school, yet at
the age of seventeen had gone only twenty-six months.
Tne child's clothing consisted of scanty underwear and a
cotton dress, the thread of
which was spun at night
by a good mother after a
hard day's work, walking
two or three miles to and
from the place of labor.
These garments were
made clean by the same
dear hands on Saturday
night, while the child,
with perfect peace of mind,
too young to' think of hard¬
ships, slept the sleep of the
innocent.
Too poor to afford a tin
bucket, a tin can which had
been used for fruit was made
to serve this purpose by holes
being made and a string put
through them for a handle.
If Georgia had even bread
and meat 10 pat in this she tugged off to school as happy
as a brown thrush with her undisturbed nestlings; not a
care, not a sorrow, only one ambition—to be at the head of
the class at close of school; that meant a perfect lesson, for the
children valued the few days for improvement.
Being the youngest of the family she was the favorite
with them all, and the mother would not allow her to engage
in washing and spinning, as the older sisters did. Being a
GEORGIE E. LEE PATTON, M. D.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
119
child of nature, loving the sweet songs of the birds, the fresh
air, the fragrant clover blooms and the blue vault above, she
turned to the field where she learned to plow before the
shoulders were above the plow's handles.
The child was so delighted with the new work she easily-
persuaded her mother to allow her to continue. Even to-day-
she will not hesitate to go from the school-room or the bed¬
side of the sick to the plow's handle.
At the age of sixteen, death claimed her strongest earthly-
tie (her mother), leaving her alone in this cold, dark world.
Life was indeed gloomy, only one hope found in this world :
" I will never leave nor forsake thee." At last she took up life
alone, and you who have had kind mothers to love know her
feelings.
Georgia now moved to the home of her oldest sister. She
had longed for an education, now that she must fight the war
of life alone she felt the need of it the more. In the mind
plans were being devised by which this might be attained.
The following year she thought she had at last come to
the right plan, that of going out to live with a family. The
work was easy because through it she thought she could see
the way to college. Another sister objecting to this plan it
was soon abandoned. She again entered public school, but
with that craving still, to go off to college. The knowledge
gained at the public school only sharpened this already
indwelling aspiration- for something higher than public
school.
The way seemed entirely hedged up. It was a sore
temptation to the ambitious girl to see her only hopes thus
swallowed, and she began sighing.
How often we close our eyes to blessings that are for us
and stand weeping for what we have, if we will but look up
and claim it for our own.
Her sister secured some money and gave her five dollars -
the same day her earthly possessions were collected, placed in
a small wooden trunk and in a few days she was off for Nash¬
ville. After purchasing the ticket and a hack secured only
120
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
two dollars and fifty cents was left. A strange city, strange
people, books to buy and board to pay, yet she was happy.
How could she be otherwise? Since God had done so much
for her could she believe He had brought her here to suffer?
"We should always feel thankful for to-day's blessing, not
sighing for the one we fear we may not get to-morrow, thus
losing the bliss of the present.
She believed the good president would give her work after
he knew her, as she had written him about it. That was not
God's way. See how providential! At the depot she met a
long-lost brother who was married and living in Nashville,
and went to his house. The board was thus settled for the
year. The other two sisters sent her seven dollars and since
there was only four months she made this buy the necessary
books and pay the tuition, except the last month, which she
paid during vacation.
Though the brother lived more than two miles from the
college, in spite of the condition of the weather she was in her
place in the chapel at the tap of the first bell.
February 6, 1882, will ever be a memorable day to her.
When in the classes, the students laughed at her mistakes and
perhaps awkward manners.
The city had no claims now for the country girl, because
her heart had been wounded the first thing after entering a
class, by the students laughing at her mistakes.
At the close of school the first day she left with a heavy
heart, wishing she had never come, but feeling that since she
had, it must be endured and make the best of it, and she
resolved that they should never have occasion to laugh again.
Possibly they realized her resolution, when in a few weeks she
was promoted to a more advanced class.
She had that in her make-up which every one must have if
he succeeds—a determination not to give up because the igno¬
rant acts provoke a smile on others' faces and some more cruel
may even poke fun. This only made her more diligent.
In May, when the term closed, she went to Kentucky and
secured a small school. This enabled her to attend school a
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
121
few months the next session. Since then she has paid her
way mostly by teaching.
She has completed the senior normal course. As a teacher
she has filled her place well; being a natural lover'of the work
she has always gone into it with the whole hand and heart,
making hard places easy. She was a good, obedient student,
and such generally are successful as teachers. They who
control themselves can control others.
Several times has she been called to places where women
were not wanted because the patrons had gotten the idea that
the children could not be controlled by her or she was unfit
for teaching.
Her work made false these statements and redeemed the
credit of woman as teacher, governess. In each case she was
asked to return, and offered increased salary.
Not satisfied with her ability for usefulness, after finishing
the literary course, she has turned her attention to a profes¬
sion and has now graduated from the medical course of
Meharry medical department of the same school.
" Freely you have received, freely give." Since God has
so freely given her this opportunity for mental and spiritual
development she should freely give it to others and to those
who need it most. It is not hard to decide who these are
who most need this gift. A little knowledge of the condition
of the world will at once show it to be the inhabitants of
Africa.
So she intends to take this as. an offering to the poor
heathens in Africa that she may help hasten the day when
" Ethiopia shall soon stretch out her hand unto God."
Preparations are now being made for life's work on that
dark continent.
7TTIE ALLISON HENDERSON, a typical little
Southern woman, was born in the little mountain
town of Frankfort, Ala., Dec. 24, 1868. She was an orphan at
MATTIE ALLISON HENDERSON.
Teacher, Stenographer and Editor.
122
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
five years of age, and of a family of four brothers and a sister
is the only living member. Falling into the hands of a foster
mother who " ruled with a rod of iron," the subject of this
sketch experienced many of the bitters that really seem to
belong to the lives of most orphans. Her struggle for an
education is somewhat wonderful. At the tender age of thir¬
teen she was compelled to do. as an old Southerner would put
it, " a woman's work."
" Many a time," says she,
"have I been on my feet from
five o'clock in the morning:
till midnight. It was, 'Mat-
tie, do this,' 'go there,' 'get
that,' until I often prayed
that rest, in the shape of
death, would relieve my
tired little body."
Time for study at home
was limited, and thus it hap
pened that she was known to
give strict attention during
class time. In June,1885, she
graduated from Le Moyne
Normal Institute, Memphis,
Tenn., with the first class
honor, and composed, also,
the class poem. After teach¬
ing the following year in her
Alma Mater, she resolved to begin a classical course at Fisk
University, Nashville, Tenn, having spent one year there. For
lack of means she was caused to abandon the idea, and again
she began life in the school rooms of Arkansas and Tennessee
district schools, finally drifting back to the institution where
her first work as pupil and teacher begun. Tiring of teaching,
and heartbroken over the loss, by death, of two friends, Miss
Henderson resigned her position in the Le Moyne Institute
and went to Cincinnati, Ohio, fcr a change and to learn sten-
MATTIE A. HENDERSON.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES■
123
ography, in which she completed her course in the spring
of 1892.
At an early age she gave signs of literary talent, and her
contributions to the little weekly school-paper were much
commented upon by her fellow-students. The first newspaper
article from her pen was published in the Marion, (Ark.)
Headlight. This article was published in full and most favor¬
ably commented upon in the editorial columns of the
Avalanche, then a leading democratic paper of Memphis
and the South. This would have been a world of encourage¬
ment to most young scribblers; but Miss Henderson, at that
time, saw little in Negro journalism to encourage her, and
although from time to time acting as correspondent and occa¬
sionally contributing an article to different papers, under
assumed names, dropped out of the literary world until she
suddenly appears in Kansas City as one of the two editors of
The Future State, a weekly paper, devoted to the interests of
the Negroes of the State of Missouri, where she manages every
department of that paper with the ability of a man. Her con¬
tributions under the nons deplume of "Aunt Alice,', "Jack
Hastings," "Mary Allison" and "Aunt Sarah" have made
lasting impressions in the hearts of her readers. Her writings
are fast winning for her a place among the writers of her race,
and her exceptional powers of conversation make her many
friends.
MRS. DR. G. F. GRANT (nee GEORGINA SMITH).
Pianist, Vocalist.
WMONGrthe gifted singers and pianists of the race, Mr.
Trotter delights to honor Mrs. Grant in his book
entitled, Music and Some Highly Musical People. He says:
" She was formerly the efficient organist of the North Eussell
Street Church, and has been regarded as a most pleasing
vocalist, possessing a very pure, sweet soprano voice. She
was for some time a pupil of the New England Con¬
servatory of Music, and on more than one occasion was
124
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
chosen to represent at its quarterly concerts before large
and cultivated audiences in Music Hall the system taught
and fine progress made by the attendants of that institution."
On such occasions her naivete, her graceful, handsome stage
appearance, and expressive rendering, with voice of bird-like
purity, of some of the best cavatina music, always elicited the
most enthusiastic plaudits and recalls. The writer was
present on one of these occasions, fortunately, and remembers
with much satisfaction the delight he felt, not only in hearing
this lady's melodious voice himself, but in witnessing its
charming effect on the audience of nearly four thousand
people, representing generally " Boston's best culture."
Her reception really amounted to an ovation. The event
was a most remarkable one, and exhibiting as it so fully did
the power of art to scatter all the prejudices of race or caste,
was most instructive and reassuring.
Of her appearance at one of the concerts just mentioned,
the Boston Globe thus spoke :
* * * Miss Smith, a fine-looking young lady, achieved a like success in all
her numbers and in fine presence on the stage, and in her simple, unobtrusive
manner, winning the sympathies of the audience.
And tlie Boston Journal said:
An immense audience, in spite of the storm and the wretched condition of
the streets, assembled in Music Hall yesterday evening to listen to the quar¬
terly concert of the New England Conservatory of Music. The spacious hall
was packed in every part. The most marked success during the evening was
that won by Miss Georgina Smith, who has a fine soprano voice, and who
sang in a manner which could but receive the warmest plaudits.
Miss Smith was a member of the chorus composed of
selected singers that sang at the memorable " International
Peace Jubilee Concert," and although still quite young, has
had an experience as a vocalist of which she may well be
proud.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
125
MAMIE ELOISE FOX.
Poetess.
^ip^HE accompanying cut is a most perfect likeness of Mamie
Yjy Eloise Fox, who was born in Chillicothe, Koss county,
Ohio, April 10, 1871. Both of her parents are Virginians
and ex-slaves.
Miss Fox is of short stature, somewhat stout, and very
muscular; she has large,
brown eyes that look straight
and squarely into those of
the person with whom she is
conversing; her high forehead
betokens the intelligence that
she certainly possesses. Her
features in general are well-
defined and intelligent.
In disposition, the young
lady is lovable, kind and
affectionate, having a great
fondness for children and
animals; she is noble, upright
and true, in the highest sense
of the word; having never
been known to betray any
confidence placed in her, she
has a multitude of confi¬
ding friends. Being highly mamie e. fox.
conscientious, Miss Fox will support the right, never for once
oondescending to anvthing that tends to degrade ; it is this
O *J O O y
conscientiousness that makes her so dutiful in home circles, so
faithful a church member, so radical a total abstainer, and so
true a friend ; she truly says of herself that " she is as uncom¬
promising as General Grant was when he demanded General
Lee's unconditional surrender." Although firm and immuta¬
ble in her convictions of the right, Miss Fox is by no means
bigoted, always endeavoring to make a practical application of
the fact that " discretion is the better part of valor."
126
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
In June, 1891, Miss Fox graduated from the Chillicothe
high school, having taken the Latin course. While in the
high school she gave especial attention to literature, in
consequence of which her natural literary inclinations were
rapidly and profitably developed. She is an excellent writer
both of prose and verse, being aided in the latter by her vivid
imagination. At the age of nine she began to write verses,
and has been doing so ever since; indeed, for one so young, she
has written some commendable poems. The lines which
Alexander Pope applied to himself are equally applicable to
Miss Fox:
As yet a child, and all unknown to fame,
I lisped in numbers, for the numbers came.
Once a gentleman asked Miss Fox, ""What is love?" To
which she replied, " Wait a few days and I shall answer your
question " One day, about a week thereafter, while in school
the young poet wrote on the fly-leaf of her astronomy:
What is love ? A higher passion
Emanating from the heart;
'Tis a spark of sacred impulse
Which a word or look can start
To a flame of heightened pleasure.
Only those who love can know
How the pulse and heart are quickened
When the fires of true love glow.
After submitting the answer to the gentleman he told her
she could not have written so concise and definite an answer
had she not been inspired with love, whereupon she amended it
by adding these lines :
Not experience has led me
To the thoughts expressed above,
For I never waste a moment
On that airy subject, love.
Miss Fox contributes poems to Ringwood's Journal, for
which she has written some very beautiful ones, among them
being "Sunset in Ohio," "Ignis Amoris," "Time's Pages,"
u Autumn " and some others.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
127
Aside from her literary qualifications Miss Fox is ail ardent
lover of music, reading it at sight. Her chief ambition, how¬
ever, is to study medicine in order to become a physician and
surgeon. Although she is not yet able to enter upon her
medical studies, yet she possesses the energy and perseverance
that will win for her success.
As an ardent advocate of the temperance cause Miss Fox
is*unexcelled ; she drinks neither malt, vinous nor spirituous
liquors. At a recent reception she attended Miss Fox was the
only one present who did not partake of wine. Her friends
often try to persuade her to drink cider, but she absolutely
refuses. "When asked her reasons for being so extreme in her
temperance views, she says: "Read Romans xiv. 13-23;
1st Corinthians viii., 1-13." When a girl of seventeen she
wrote the following poem on
INTEMPERANCE.
There is a great and awful foe,
That blights the human race,
It plunges men in deep despair,
In sorrow and disgrace.
That evil is intemperance—
The Moloch of to-day.
Upon its altars of distress,
Millions of victims lay.
Their hopes are gone, their consciences
Are dulled by sin and vice ;
Satan has promised "more beyond,"
And virtue is the price.
Cannot intemperance be o'erthrown ?
Must it forver stand !
Why does this blasting, withering curse
Extend throughout the land ?
Let us do all within our power
To break the wine-cup's spell,
And try to keep our men and boys
From going down to hell.
128
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
WHAT IS A RAINBOW ?
What is a rainbow ? ' Tis a blending
Of chromatic rays of light,
Sent by tiny, sparkling raindrops,
When the sun is shining bright.
' Tis the seven tones of music
Metamorphosed for the eye,
Sound converted into color
By the God of earth and sky.
' Tis the emblem of his promise,
* Tis the arch of Heaven's gate,
Where the angels stand and beckon,
Where our loved ones watch and wait.
ECLIPSE OF THE SUN.
When eighty-eight its speedy flight had taken,
And eighty-nine had dawned upon the earth,
With sunshine and with shadows which awaken
Alternate feelings both of sighs and mirth,
Phoebus, whose smiles shone at the dawn of morning,
As eve drew on, concealed them with a veil
Of darkness, as if he would give us warning
Of shadows, which the night is wont to trail.
But why should Phoebus hide his face from mortals ?
Do not his rays both warm and cheer the hearts
Of men, when, as it were, the heavenly portals
Are closed ? What happiness the sun imparts !
But such is life :—with all its rain and sadness,
Sunshine and smiles incessantly are sent;
The Being Omnipresent lpoks in gladness,
When grief makes adamantine hearts relent.
January 1, 1889.
Miss Fox has written a number of fine essays, some of which
will ere long be given to the public; she also thinks of having her
verses published in book form. Being a great church and Sun¬
day-school worker, and secretary of the latter, she is kept very
busy. She has a brother to whom she is very devoted.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
129
MRS. N. F. MOSSELL.
Eminent Writer.
1M NUMBER of years ago at the closing exercises of a
grammar school in the city of Philadelphia, a young
girl read an essay on Influence. This paper was so unusually
interesting and gave such promise for future power that Bishop
Tanner, who was in the audience, procured it for the Christian
Recorder, and invited the young writer to furnish more mate¬
rial for the columns of that journal. Thus modestly stepped
into the literary world one who was destined to take high
place among Afro-American writers, and who to-day, as
Mrs. N. F. Mossell, is one of the leading women of a strug¬
gling race, whose brightest hope is that it can bring forth just
such women.
Mrs. Mossell, nee Bustill, was born in Philadelphia of
parents who were Philadelphians on both sides for several
generations. Her parents were raised in the faith of the
Society of Friends, and at a later date joined the Old School
Presbyterian Church. It will thus be seen that Mrs. Mossell
could hardly have escaped having those strong traits of char¬
acter and that inclination to studious habits which distinguish
O
her, if the law of heredity counts for anything. While still of
tender age, death deprived her of a mother's care, and she and
an older sister were boarded with friends until her twelfth
year, when the sisters returned to their father's house, there to
remain until they left it for homes of their own. The elder
sister married Rev. ~Wm. D. Robertson, now pastor of the
Witherspoon Presbyterian Church, at Princeton, N". J. The
distinguished subject of this sketch became the wife of Dr. N.
F. Mossell, of Lockport, now one of the leading physicians of
Philadelphia, and one of the strongest and most progressive
thinkers of the Anglo-African race.
The first ten receptive, impressionable years make the form
and character of a lifetime, and those early years of Mrs. Mos¬
sell gave the keynote to all her future years. Deprived of the
many influences that cling around a home life and a mother's
130
NOTED NEGRG WOMEN,
care, the two little girls threw themselves into the company of
books for their happiness. They both became omnivorous
readers, and Mrs. Mossell has told me that often when her fund
of books ran low, she would devour the enc3rclop3Bdia or study
the pages of a dictionary. Thus was laid the foundation of that
store of general information and that fluency of language which
have enabled Mrs. Mossell to achieve her present excellence.
After completing a course in the Roberts Yaux Grammar
School, Mrs. Mossell taught school for seven years, a part of
the time in Camden and later on in Frankfort. During all this
time she kept up literary work, contributing a number of
poems, sketches, etc., to the Recorder. Her marriage put an
end to the school teaching, and for a time after it she ceased
active literary work; but later on, she returned with redoubled
vigor to her first love, and for a number of years contributed
articles of special character to the leading journals of Philadel¬
phia. She has edited at different times the woman's depart¬
ments of the New York Age, Echo and Indianapolis World,
and has assisted in the editorship of the Lincoln Alumni Mag¬
azine. Her contributions to the A. M. E. Review and other
standard Negro journals would make, if collected, a volume of
considerable size.
With so much that is calculated to attract the admiration
of the public, the real woman can only be appreciated by one
who sees her in her home life. Perfectly devoted to her
husband's interests, and adopting herself to the increasing cares
of his rapidly widening practice, Mrs. Mossell yet finds time to
do her special work, and to surround her two interesting little
daughters with the watchful care of a mother's love. The
Mossell home is always open to those in need of encourage¬
ment and aid, and many a straggling student can testify to
the beauty of its hospitality. Mrs. Mossell is intensely inter¬
ested in anything that contributes to race progress. She has
acted as agent and canvasser to several race publications, and
has a well-stocked library of Negro literature of her own. She
has in view a collection of her own writings and in actual
preparation of work of value to the race.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES. 181
"When some future historian writes the history of the
American Negro, it must be allowed that the Negro wo¬
man did a noble share in the race development, and when he
calls over the roll of noble dames the name of Gertrude
Mossell must be high on the list. Olive.
We append the following as a sample of her merit as a
writer and thinker:
our women in missions.
It has been my intention for some time to prepare a paper
on the above subject,—the editorial: Have we no Clara
Bartons in our Race, that appeared in the last issue of Our
Women and Children, led me to feel that my choice was
felicitous. All other races have each in its history had noble
women to rise from their ranks and stretch forth the hand
opening the way for multitudes to follow, in good works of
heroism, charity and benevolence. From the times of Joan of
Arc down to Clara Barton of the present day, each race and
era has been blessed in this respect—according to its needs.
Shall we alone fail to find loving hearts, willing hands, and
high inspiration in our midst? Do not fear that such will
be the case. Dr. Crummel, in his beautiful tribute to " the
Black Woman of the South," has shown what our women were
capable of even during the debasing influences of slavery. Shall
we not, in the light of great privileges and hence greater duties,
prove worthy of still greater eulogy ? We shall stand in the
limits of this paper to glean here and there from what has
already been accomplished, and encourage with counsel still
greater effort in this most blessed and desirable work. Unfor¬
tunately I am not a traveler, so have but a limited field of
observation to glean from, and do not know of any collected
facts on this subject. Philadelphia, my birthplace and present
home, has been blessed to some extent. The opening of public
schools to the children of color was accomplished largely
through the labors of Mrs. Mary M. Jennings and her daughter
Cordelia, now Mrs. At well, of New York. Mrs. Ralls, of the
A. M. E. Church, a woman of strong physique, noble in her
appearance, with great love for humanity, established the
132
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
Sarah. Allen Mission House. Boxes of clothing and books,
food for the sick and such articles of use and instruction were
collected and distributed. One summer a number of aged
persons were taken care of in a pleasant country dwelling. A
mission school of fifty pupils was carried on for several years,
and a Christmas dinner to 500 aged poor is now among the
permanent work of the Mission. A faith home for the aged
was started at a later date by Mrs. Ralls for the care of
the aged and infirm; it has some score of inmates, and has
been very successful. Begun without a dollar and carried
on with no income, its daily needs are met by the prayerful
efforts of this God-fearing woman who collects from any source
whatsoever what may be freely given for the support of the
institution according to her faith and works it has been done
unto her, no day has found a lack of the necessaries or many
of the luxuries and nourishments needful for the life and com¬
fort of the inmates. Mrs. Fanny Jackson Coppin, the great
educator of the young of our race, has established, by persist¬
ent, persevering effort an industrial school that is daily prov¬
ing itself of great value in the uplifting of the race. She has
also partially secured the means to found a boarding house for
pupils from a distance.
The first Sabbath-school in New York City on good
authority was established by a colored woman named Happy
Ferguson (how appropriate the name and the work). The fact is
established in two publications, History of Sabbath-schools of
New York by W. A. Chandler, and the Tribute to the Negro
after the statement of the fact in his history. Savs Mr. Chandler:
"God bless the dusky hands that broke here an alabaster box,
the perfume of which still lingers about the great metropolis."
Hope some day our white friends of this hour in their great
memorial meetings will take cognizance of this fact, and that
the women of our race shall erect some monument or cenotaph
to the memory of this noble woman. Amanda Smith, the
African missionary; Sojourner Truth, the abolitionist, did good
won; in their day and generation. Mrs. Mary Barbosa
daughter of our late consul to Liberia; the Rev. Henry High-
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
133
land Garnet, D. D., established a mission for native girls in the
West-Coast of Africa. A hospital fund is being secured by
Mrs. Roberts, the widow of ex-President Eoberts, of Liberia,,
to found a mission hospital at Liberia.
An orphanage for children has lately been secured by the
earnest efforts of noble Afro-American women in the South¬
west. The noble work being done by Miss Hallie Quinn
Brown all show that working and waiting will bring about
the desired result. All over this land different classes of the
"submerged tenth "call for our aid and assistance. It does
not need education, influence, wealth or power, although all
of these may be of value. Mother Margaret, the orphans'
friend of New Orleans, was a poor woman, yet she saved;
thousands from sin and misery. General Booth, of the Salva¬
tion Army, was not a millionaire, Jerry Mc. Auliffes Mission
started in poverty, so it is not wealth that is the prime neces¬
sity, but a brave, loving heart, good health and persevering
energy. Dr. T. G Steward wrote several years ago in the
Christian Recorder a thoughtful paper on Our Women's Work
and Place in the Church in the Present and Future. Women
gave largely in their means, their time and their energy, but in
an unsystematic way. He pleaded for their organization a
larger recognition, and why not ? Why not when two-thirds
of the members of a church are women, and the means con¬
tributed by them swell the exchequer ? Why not give them
official credit for their effort ? Why not learn a lesson from
our sister church of the Catholic faith and establish an order
having special work and costume, so they may not meet with
obstacles while traveling about in the performance of the
duties of the order ? There are many ways in which two or
three women may " lend a hand " in the work of reform. The
ice water, flower, Chrismas card, Shut in Society, Working
Girls' Union and dozens of other works come to our remem¬
brance. Let us think on these things, and, like the people of
the ancient town of Berea, have a mind to work and our duty
will find us out.
Mrs. F. Mossell, in RingwooocP s Jurnal.
134
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
"LOOKING BACKWARD"
Through the Spectacles of Jennie Jackson DeHart, the Famous Soprano of
the Original Fisk Jubilee Singers.
BY A. E. W., CINCINNATI, O.
^Ip^HE name of Jenny Jackson is one that for many years
has been familiar in the homes of this country and
Europe. For nineteen years she traveled from country to
country with that famous band of Jubilee Singers, for the pur¬
pose of raising means to establish a permanent seat of learning
for their race, in the land where they had so recently felt the
lash of the master's whip, and where morally they are still
enslaved by ignorance and crime. Gen. Clinton B. Fisk, in
charge of the Freedman's Bureau in the Kentucky and Tenn¬
essee district, joined hands with the American Mission Asso¬
ciation to establish a school at Nashville. Through his per¬
sonal efforts the hospital barracks, formerly used by the Union
Army, were secured, the purchase being made without it being
known for what purpose they were goingto be used. In 1866
the school was established and named Fisk University in honor
of the man who did so much to make its establishment a cer¬
tainty. To this Jennie Jackson came in 1868 to take advantage
of the opportunity offered for an education, an opportunity
heretofore denied her. In 1871 a crisis in the management of
the school was reached, when it was found that the resources
were inadequate to the demand, and the funds must be
increased or the school must be moved to Atlanta. How to
increase the funds was a perplexing problem, but one that was
happily solved by Prof. Geo. L. White, instructor of music in
the Universitv. With him originated the idea of takino- a
band of singers from the school to the North and by singingin
churches and halls raise the required sum of money. How
well this plan succeeded is well known. In eight months they
sent home $20,000, and when the company disbanded they had
helped the University to the extent of over $150,000.
Their aim being accomplished, the members of this great
band of singers (there were ten of the originals) scattered here
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
135
and there, each (with one exception) a living monument of
love and devotion to race elevation. One, his work being fin¬
ished, has fallen asleep. Jenny Jackson is now the wife of
Andrew J. Dellart, and resides on Walnut Hills, Cincinnati,
O. Her devotion to her race is well worthy of imitation.
While with the company she sent to the University for the
education of poorstudents over two thousand dollars, collected
from friends made in her travels, besides educating two girls
out of her own private funds. Many valuable coins, stones
and other curios have been contributed by her to the Univer¬
sity's cabinets, while to her, also, its famous autograph album
is largely due.
Thinking that something from this woman of such a won¬
derful experience might be of interest to the readers of
"Ringwood," I, one cold, rainy day, not long since, donned
my wraps and ventured over to her home. I found her in her
cosy little dining-room, where burned a cheerful grate-fire,
which, together with a very warm welcome, caused me to
soon forget the cold stornly weather through which I had
come. After making me comfortable in a large armchair and
poking the fire a little she seated herself and—"So you want
.me to talk to you? All right, what shall I talk about?"
" About yourself.1' " About myself ? Why, my dear, there is
nothing to say about myself that's worth saying." "Well, tell
me something about the Fisk Jubilee Singers." "Very well,
I'll just get my scrap-books and photographs, they may inter¬
est you more than I can." She brought out two large scrap-
books and a large box of photographs and placed them on the
table by my side.
The two scrap-books I found filled with newspaper clip¬
pings, programmes, letters, invitation cards, etc., and the box
contained photographs of the singers, of friends connected with
the school, of distinguished persons of this and foreign coun¬
tries, of the school, of halls, churches and hotels. These,
together with the many little reminiscences which they called
forth from the madam, made a story that reads almost like a
romance. That these emancipated slaves should have gone forth
136
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
over the civilized world, the guests of the crowned heads of
Europe, and returned with $150,000, with which to build an
educational institution for the elevation of their race, seems
little short of a marvel.
The story of their travels has been so often told, that it is
no doubt familiar to the readers of this journal. A few clip¬
pings will, perhaps, still be of interest.
Mr. Beecher, one of their earliest and stanchest friends, in
an address delivered in 1886, says : "I think there never was
such a phenomenon as the building of Fislc University. We
talk about castles in the air. That is the only castle that ever I
knew to be built by singing, from foundation to top. That is a
castle in the air worth having. They sang through our coun¬
try, and it is one of the things that I cherish with pride that
they took their start from Plymouth Church lecture room.
Oh ! those days after the war! My brother Tom wrote to me
that this Jubilee band were trying to sing their way to the
East and see if they could not raise a little money, and urged
me to look after them. They called on me. I said, ' I do not
know whether the folks will bear it or not, but come around
Eriday night, at the prayer meeting, and I will give you a
chance.' Friday night they sat there, and after the service
concluded I said to the people: ' There is a band of singers
here, every one of whom has been baptized in slavery, and they
are coming to the East to see if they can raise some little funds
for their education and their elevation, and now I wish you
would hear them sing a few pieces.' I called them upon the
platform. There were about eleven hundred people there.
The Jubilee band began to sing. It was still as death. They
sang two pieces, tears were trickling from a great many eyes.
They sang again and the audience burst forth into a perfect
enthusiasm of applause, and when they had sung four or five
pieces my people rose up in a mass and said : ' These folks
must sing in the church.' I had them sing on Sunday morn¬
ing, and on "Wednesday night the church was crowded and
crammed, and from that they went on, conquering and to con¬
quer. They sang up and down our own country ; they sang
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
137
here; they-sang in the presence of the royal family; they
sang in Paris; they sang in Berlin; they sang before the
Emperor William, and when they came back they had earned
one hundred and fifty thousand dollars for the Fisk University."
beecher's negro minstre
The great Plymouth preacher as an " End Man" is the
heading of an article in the New York Herald, which says.—
The Plymouth Varieties.—
Mr. Plenry Ward Beecher, the eminent divine of Brooklyn,
our sister city, is a man remarkable for many things. His great
aim and chief object in life is never to be like anybody else.
This achieved, and he is perfectly satisfied unto himself and
his very peculiar congregation, or, as the irreverent term them,
his "audience." But never before in his life has Mr. Beecher
essayed to appear as a manager of Negro minstrels or as an
" end man," as was apparent from the nature of the perform¬
ances last evening at Plymouth church. A '' Jubilee Singers'
Concert," to be given by a band of nine Negroes, male and
female, had been largely'advertised among the faithful. Con¬
sequently, last- evening, to answer this call upon the pious and
meek and lowly congregation of Zion, about twenty-five hun¬
dred persons had assembled in Plymouth church, composed
about equally of ladies and gentlemen. The Negroes went
through a very monotonous minstrel performance. " Go
Down, Moses/' "Roll, Jordan, Roll," "The Old Folks at
Home," " Home, Sweet Home" and other Negro melodies were
sung just as they would be sung in a concert hall, and the
behavior of the audience was just as it would be in a Negro
minstrel hall, etc. etc. This same paper, two years later
(1873), in speaking of a concert given by them, says: " The
programme was mainly made up of those fervent and musical
hymns that exactly reflect the enthusiastic, even ecstatic
nature of thfe colored people, and which, having become
wrought into their being during servitude, still holds sway
over their feelings. The worthiness of their enterprise, though
great, will have much less to do with filling the hall than the
pleasing nature of the previous concerts."
138
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN.
The Rev. Newman Hall, after writing a very minute descrip
tion of a breakfast party given to the singers by Mr. Gladstone,
makes this apology :
"To English readers I should apologize for writing in this
way. My description would be severely criticised as giving
prominence to trifling courtesies, which, with us, are matters
of course. No one here pretending to social refinement would
make the least distinction between the guests he might meet
merely on the ground of color, and no one would hesitate on
that account to invite to his house anyone otherwise suitable.
I am told there still exists in the United States some remnant
of the old prejudice. This may be found, no doubt, among
some, of the ignorant and vulgar of our own land, and so also it
would not be fair to infer that such prejudice is general in
America, because exhibited by some low-bred, unrefined and
narrow souls. I fancy some of these were at Surrey Chapel
the other Sunday morning when the Jubilee singers did me
the honor of taking a little luncheon with some ot' my friends
of Rowland Hill's parsonage. Some Americans had come to
take my hand and I asked them to join us. But when they
entered the house, and saw our Negro friends sitting down to
table, side by side with some English ladies, they looked sur¬
prised, stood awhile at the door, and then walked awa}^ down
the street. ' I wish they had been present yesterday to see
Mrs. Gladstone and her daughters, and noble lords and ladies
present, taking their Negro friends by the hand, placing them
chairs, sitting at their sides, pouring out their tea,, etc., and
conversing with them in a manner utterly free from any
approach either of pride or condescension, but exactly as if they
had been white people in their own rank of life."—Ringwood
Journal.
MRS. SARAH GIBSON JONES.
ARAH EMILY GIBSON, daughter of Daniel and Mary
Gibson, was born in Alexandria, Ya., April 13, 1845.
Her father, a man of unusual strength of intellect and will, was
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
139
self-reliant and well-read in, at least, the English literature of
the day ; and her mother, a quiet and practical woman, gentle,
firm and efficient. She was the third of eleven children. Of
these only four survive, Mrs. Josephine Ward, of Walnut Hills;
Mrs. Louisa Davis, of New York, and Samuel Gibson, a young
lawyer'of Troy, New York. Soon after the birth ofSarahher
parents, wishing to give their children better educational advan¬
tages, came to Cincinnati in 1849. Her first schooling was
obtained in a pay school, taught by a Mrs. Hallam, afterward
Mrs. Corbin, a white lady well remembered by old Cincin-
natians. The free schools furnished the rest of her education,
her principal instructors being Mrs. Corbin and Peter H. Clark.
She began her career as a teacher, at Newtown, Ohio, in 1860.
After leaving there became governess in a family near Oxford,
O., then taught a private school at her own home until
appointed to a position by the Cincinnati school board in
September, 1863. Two years later she was united in matrimony
to M. P. H. Jones, younger son of Rev. Samuel Jones, one of
the pioneer Baptist ministers of the State of Ohio. At that
time Mr. Jones was clerk of the colored school board, and
was a gentleman of fine literary attainments, a pleasant and
intellectual conversationalist and possessor of a wonderful
memory. Although he was her senior by twenty years the
marriage was a congenial one. Three children were the result
of the union, two dying in infancy and one—Joseph Lawrence,
surviving. This young man is as talented as one would natur¬
ally suppose the son of such parents would be. He graduated
from Gaines school in, and is to-day one of the rising young
men of Cincinnati.
Mrs. Jones taught in Mt. Healthy two years, Columbus, O.,
three years, and is now employed on Walnut Hills, where she
has been for sixteen years. She is well known as a careful and
conscientious instructor. Her first literary venture was in
1862, when she assisted J. P. Sampson, editor of The Colored
Citizen, writing articles on various subjects. She has con¬
tributed to the Christian Recorder, and later she wrote
regularly for the Indianapolis World, edited by the Bagby
140
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
brothers. She is in constant demand by the different churches,
literary societies, etc., to give readings and is seldom known to
refuse. In 1883 she wrote a lecture which she delivered before
large audiences in Dayton, Zanesville, Cincinnati, Walnut
Hills and other places in the State, but was forced to retire
from the lecture field because it interfered with her school
duties. She was appointed a lady manager of the Col. Orphan
Asylum in 1884 and holds the position at present. In early
life she became a member of the Union Baptist Church, which
position she holds to-day. She is not only a " church member,"
but one of the truest and best christians I have ever known.
Her faith is in right living rather than in church creeds, and
she looks forward to the time when all men shall believe in
" one Lord, one faith and one baptism." She is the only one I
ever knew who always urges something in favor of the erring,
whether friend or foe, and who tries to see only the good in
every one. Her religion is broad enough to cover with the
mantle of charity every sinner in the land. She enjoys a good
sermon whether delivered by one denomination or another, and
is one of the most faithful of friends. Mr. Jones, whose health
had been gradually failing for a number of years, gave up
entirely in 1886. From that time until his death, which
occurred Oct. 3,1891, he was an invalid. For seven months he
was bedfast, but was nursed with a tender patience that never
even flagged for an instant. He bore his affliction through
those long weary months with christian fortitude, and died in
the triumphs of faith.
Mrs. Jones is one of the noblest of noble women. "With
discouragements of all kinds, she has kept on her way, a tender
mother, a loving wife, a consistent christian and a faithful
friend. Pure in heart, mind and conversation she has yet been
misunderstood by many and has at times been the target for
some evil minds, who would dare sully the brightness of the
stars. But by those who know and appreciate her womanly
qualities, she is dearly loved, and they all join in saying—■
"May she live long and prosper."
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
141
"SISTER MARY."
^Ip^O the readers of " Ringwood " will be given a series of
\iy biographical sketches of Afro-American women who
have done or are doing something to lift themselves and their
race to a higher moral and intellectual plane. This will be
done that the readers of this journal may not only become
acquainted with what the women of the race are doing, but
by their successes and achievements in the battle of life may
be inspired to do even greater things, for Longfellow tells us :
Lives of great men all remind us
We can make our lives sublime,
And departing, leave behind us
Footprints on the sands of time.
It requires a number of flowers woven together to make a
garland. It is the more brilliant and fragrant flowers of the
garland, however, that attract attention. But sometimes we find
under a leaf or peeping between petals, an humble little flower,
and with careful touch we coax it from its hiding place and
find that its tiny petals, delicate tints and sweet perfume add
new beauty to our garland. To the list of women who will
constitute the Ringwood garland, I send the name of Sister
Mary. I send it not on account of any very brilliant achieve¬
ments of hers, but as a souvenir to her many friends, who knew
and loved her for her affectionate and sympathetic disposition
and helpful and self-sacrificing spirit. To those who knew her
not, I send it as an example of one who " learned the luxury of
doing good." One of those to whom the Savior will say—" I
was a hungered, and ye gave me meat: I was thirsty, and ye
gave me drink: I was a stranger, and ye took me in : naked,
and ye clothed me : I was sick, and ye visted me: I was in
prison, and ye came unto me."
Mary Frances was the second of ten children of the Rev.
Wallace and Mrs. Susan Sheldon. She was born in Cincin¬
nati, Ohio, March 31, 1836. She was a delicate child and
earlv became subject to severe sick headaches. This affliction
followed her through life, but she was a most patient sufferer.
She early developed such traits of character as not only
142
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN.
endeared her to her mother, father, sisters and brothers, but to
a very large circle of friends. While yet young, she shared
with her mother the responsibilities of the care of the very
large family. To her the father learned to look for assistance
in entertaining the many who came to partake of his hospital¬
ity, and it was to " Sister Mary " the children would come for
sympathy and help. She learned dressmaking and was soon
self-supporting. At about the age of twenty-four she was
married to James Buckner. Two children, a boy and a girl,
were the fruit of this union. The boy died in infancy ; her
daughter still lives. After her marriage she continued to fol¬
low the dressmaking business, and being a very skillful one
she was always kept busy. Many times when help was hard
to find and work was pressing, she would sew all night, and
yet she was never so busy but what she could find time to go
and minister to the sick. Often she has taken me with her on
some errand of mercy, to see some poor one sick or in distress,
and she never left them without doing something for their
comfort and cheer. Strangers came to her, and on hearing
the story of their misfortunes she would take thefn in and give
them shelter and food. No one was ever turned from her
door hungry or emptyhanded. I have known her to give
and cheerfully too, the last cent of money she had to one
in distress. There are many persons in this and other cities
who remember with grateful hearts this woman who took
them in, strangers though they were, and encouraged and
helped them. Then there are many who when sick miss her
gentle soothing touch, miss the nightly visits she would make
them ; when all the world seemed wrapped in forgetful slum¬
ber, she would come and minister to their wants, comfort and
cheer them. Many miss the sympathy that she so freely gave
to the sorrowing or distressed. Her life was one of unceasing
toil, toiling for others, thinking always of the happiness and
comfort of others, always forgetting self. She wore her life
away, and one night, the 22nd of May, 1888, the Master sent
a hasty summons and her soul took its flight.
A. E. W., Cincinnati, O, in RingwootVs Journal.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
143
SUSIE I. SHORTER, nee LANKFORD.
Q|USIE ISABELLA was the eldest-born child to Whitten
S. and Clarissa Lankford. She was born at Terra
Haute, Indiana, January 4, 1859.
Her mother died when she was but fourteen, leaving her
as the one who must care for and comfort a bereaved husband
with five motherless' little ones. She was attending Wilber-
force University when her mother died.
Her father married soon afterward, and she went to
Rockville, Indiana, where she was a successful teacher two
years. Her third term as a teacher was spent at Richmond,
Indiana—her home at that time—from which place she was
married.
Soon after the death of her mother, the family moved to
Baltimore, Maryland, where her father was pastor of Bethel
A. M. E. Church. A little incident occurred which no doubt
helped shape her future course. One evening near sunset a
minister called to see her father. He had every look of a
traveler; dusty, weary, hungry, almost forlorn. However, he
was soon made presentable, and in the meantime Susie had
spread a refreshing meal. He enjoyed it very much, he said,
when he had finished; and pronounced the biscuit excellent
(he had managed to consume eleven, though they were not
very large). The young housekeeper was delighted that her
father's guest—a stranger to her—had been made so wel¬
come.
The minister was a professor of theology, and resided
with his family near Xenia, Ohio. Chief among his friends
there was a bachelor professor, to whom—as soon as they
had welcomed each other—he related the little incident in
Bethel parsonage, and recommended at once the little girl
who could make such good biscuit as a suitable companion for
a wife. Soon after this the second marriage of her father took
place, and what with a new wife and fashionable hired girl, it
was plainly seen that Susie was not needed; so she was
allowed to return to Wilberforce, where, in spite of herself,
144
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
she must come in contact daily with this bachelor professor,
and he taught her all about the verb " love " and " to be "
loved. They were married in 1878, by this same professor and
minister who had enjoyed her hospitality so long ago—Dr. T.
EL Jackson—assisted by Dr. B. F. Lee. It was many years
afterward e'er Susie knew anything of this revelation, when
the doctor mentioned it in her presence, in general conversa¬
tion with Prof. Prioleau and wife, at their residence. Early
in life she was inclined to write. She wrote a poem on the
death of her mother, at the age of fourteen years, which was
highly complimented. For many years she wrote occasional
papers for the Christian Recorder, and is at present con¬
tributor to the news column of the same. She is possessed of
a missionary spirit, and aids willingly any enterprise that has
for its object the bettering of humanity.
HEROINES, BY MRS. SUSIE I. SHORTER.
Believing that much good can and will be derived from
this amiable little book, we have asked the author's permission
to republish a part of it in her column, "Plain talk to girls."
(Editor.)
The crown and glory of man is woman; filling his very
being with joy inexpressible.
"Woman, beautiful being, grandest creation of earth, bright¬
est star in Heaven!
Nothing is more lovely than a good woman; nothing more
loathsome, more detestable than a vile woman.
The woman who lives a pure life, a Christian here and dies
the Christian's death, is queen of earth and Heaven; but what
shall be the portion of the thousand and more women who
live and die in degradation and sin? Surely they will dwell in
the lowest depths of utter darkness, where the sun of right¬
eousness does not shine and where the wicked forever reap
that they have sown.
Women occupy positions no other creatures can occupy—
no others wield so great an influence for good or evil; how
necessary then that we have good women, pure, undefiled,
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
145
pious, yea everything combined to make them fit for the end
of their creation.
Who does not admire a beautiful woman ! I do not mean
beautiful because her face, form or general appearance may be
fascinating or comely—but beautiful in thought, kind words,
loving deeds, amiable in disposition, patient in everything, an
example worthy of imitation.
Hands that are ever ready to assist the needy are beauti¬
ful hands, though they be rough from work or wrinkled with
age.
The diamonds that sparkle in eye^ of noble Christian
women are far more precious than those which deck the
crowns of royalties, or glisten on the throats of gaily dressed
ladies of fashion.
The pearly tears, shed on account of a fallen woman, an
orphan child, an outraged or discouraged comrade, are more
precious than rubies, they are but the outward sign of an
inward sympathy, tender and true.
Those are lovely feet that go on errands of mercy to the
hut of a poor widow, the haunts of poverty, even though they
have only a cup of cold water to convey to the parched lips of
some one slowly but surely dying.
Very much good is daily accomplished by other true
women, who on account of some bodily affliction are not able
to visit the sick, poor or distressed, but who prepare at home
some little relish to. tempt the appetite, some garment that
will shut out the biting blasts of winter, perhaps a letter
whose encouraging words may save some one from despair—
for often timely words are the means of causing those who are
cast down and those who.resolve to go to the bad, to look up
and see that life is not all shadows.
If ever the human heart needs sympathy and encourage¬
ment it is when crushed with sorrow, or heavy on account of
a downfall, for when a woman (or man either) starts on the
down grade very many are ready to give her a push, she is
already conscious of her guilt, the sin gnaws continually, she
feels to be an outcast, and if no kind spirit administers words
146
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
of advice, she plunges hopelessly into the dark chasm beneath
her, a ruined woman. But we thank God there are many
noble women who are in His hands the instrument of doing
much good for this class of individuals by their timely words,
and for other needy ones whom they may not be able to visit
in person, but to whom they send blessings by their children,
not only benefiting the needy, but instilling within the bosoms
of their children a spirit of true benevolence.
In all ages women have been leaders in good enterprises.
Every truly great man owes his success in life to the careful
training of his devout' mother, who led him in the way of true
greatness.
We speak of the nobleness of women of every age, of every
clime—for every age and clime has produced noble women,
grand, good women—but, the women of this busy, ever advanc¬
ing age who shall claim our special attention are our women,
the Negro women of America, the Heroines of African Method¬
ism.
As far back as 1759 (more than a century ago) we find
women leading in the cause of Christ, for the first black per¬
son baptized by John Wesley at Wordsworth, England, Nov.
30,1759, was a Christian woman, and that same woman became
the first black class leader in West India Isle.
In this, our beloved America, where the chains of slaverv
have long since been broken, where we can serve God north,
east, south and west and fear no evil, two classes composed of
Negroes were organized in 3 766. Methodist class north by
Phillip Embry, consisting of five members—a woman in the
midst; Methodist class south by Robert Strawbridge, consist¬
ing of twelve members. One was a woman, Anna Switzer,
who lived in a family of white Christians whose name she
bore. They afterward moved to Brownsville, Penn., where
Miss Bell Switzer, a descendant, taught in the Negro Sabbath-
school. One of her bright-eyed boys—whose first teacher she
was—was Poor Ben, who labored and ascended the ladder of
true Christian progress, round by round, and is to-day before
you one of the greatest of all men, black or white, of the cen-
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
147
tury in which he lives. Bishop, leader, brother, friend, beloved
bv all on account of his pleasing manner, and yet, Bishop
Benjamin W. Arnett owes all his true greatness, all his suc¬
cess in life to his dear mother, who led him in the right way.
She lived to see her boy a noble, Christian man, then quietly
fell asleep in Jesus.
When Bishop Wm. Paul Quinn went to the then far West
to organize a church in St. Louis, Mo., he stopped at the home
of one of our pioneer, mothers, Mrs. Anna Baltimore. She
was ever the friend of ministers, and showed the true courage
of a brave woman by standing between the bishop and a cruel
mob. Ever was she a faithful worker in the African Method¬
ist Episcopal church, and God spared her to see a general
conference in that place.
Phillis Wheatley was born in Africa and brought to Bos¬
ton, Mass., in 1761. Though a slave she was allowed to
improve her talent, and became a noted poetess. "She
addressed a poem to the Earl of Dartmouth, who received it
very kindly," also some complimentary verses to General
Washington in 1776, during the War of the American Revolu¬
tion. Like many other good women, she married a worthless
man, and at last died in poverty. She has gone to the home
of the soul where all is bliss, and in her beautiful compositions
yet lives on earth.
Mary E. Ashe Lee, Lucretia Newman Coleman, Bertha B.
Cook, Fannie Jackson Coppin, Josephine Silone Yates, Ida B.
Wells, Josie D. Heard, Anna H. Jones, A. J. Cooper and
Mary E. Church are but a few of the composers and poetesses
of our times of whom we are proud, and very proud also are
we that we have a Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, poetess and
teacher, who was the first woman connected with the Union
Seminary School, Columbus, Ohio, out of which grew our
beloved Wilberforce.
We are proud of our women. Little as has been written
concerning them, they are walking in all life's avenues success¬
fully, daring and doing what the women of other varieties of
the human race dare and do.
148
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
Listen to the strains of sweet music as they flow from the
lips of Nellie E. Brown, Madame Selika, Harriet E. Freeman,
Jennie Jackson, Lena Miller, Madam Dougan, Mattie E.
Cheeks, Jennie Robinson Stewart, Cora Lee Watson, Anna S.
Baltimore, Essie Fry Cook, Anna Jones Coleman, livers
Sisters, and many others, and tell me, is any sound sweeter?
Hear the melody produced by Ernestine Clarke Nesbit, Gay
Lewis, Bertha B. Cook, Hellen D. Handy (who so lately filled
your courts with sweet music, but whose musical fingers are
now still and cold in death), Mattie F. Roberts,'Katie Stewart
Bazel, Bertha Battles, Alice Richards, Gussie E. Clarke Jones,
Mary E. Church, Dovie King, Anna L. Arnett, Ella Shepherd,
and a number of others; listen, I say, as they ring sweet music
from the piano, organ or violin, and tell me, is it not charm¬
ing?
There was a time when we could not boast of women
physicians and surgeons, but now we have S. B. Jones, Carrie
Y. Anderson Still, Consuello Clark, and others skilled in this
profession.
Gaze upon the beautiful marble statue chiseled by the
skilled hand of Edmonia Lewis, or behold a life-like portrait
of your departed friend penciled by the artistic fingers of
Mattie F. Roberts, and you behold work done by our women
that will compare favorably with that done by women of other
race varieties.
Sit in rapture and amazement at the feet of Hallie Quinn
Brown, as in queen-like manner she personates every phase of
life, and there acknowledge in woman an elocutionist who has
few equals and fewer still superiors.
Visit stores managed and controlled by women like Kate
Turner, Bell Johnson High warden, and Mary E. Williams, and
be convinced that women can carry on business as successfully
as men; indeed, we need not go North for examples of business
women, for I believe the South is ahead. I remember reading
in the Southern Review of April, 1890, published in this city,
of a little mulatto woman, Jane Simmons, of Milledgeville,
Ga., who is said to be the first woman in the South to become
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
149
a butcher by profession. She can kill, clean and cut up more
hogs in a day than any man in the country.
We have women also said to be successful lawyers, who
can plead at the bar as earnestly and successfully as men.
The name of Amanda Smith has long been sung as a great
benefactor, teacher and preacher, who, like Mrs. Mossell, Mrs.
Bishop Campbell, and others, has a missionary spirit, laboring
that those who sit in darkness may receive the light of this
blessed gospel day.
Who shall estimate the worth of the band of faithful
women who are teachers in our Sabbath-schools, day-schools,
high schools, seminaries, colleges, and universities? All over'
this broad, free land of ours, wherever there is a hamlet, town
or city, we find these earnest, faithful workers. Toil on,
noble band, }Tours is the greatest of missions given to women
(save the sacred mission given to mothers) however humble or
obscure. Susie I. Shorter, in Ringwoodh Journal.
MRS. ROSA D. BOWSER.
HEN revolutionary ideas shake society, and the con¬
dition of affairs in church or state calls for leaders,
the demand is usually met. This is no whim of the mind, but
a fact which history will establish beyond the shadow of a
doubt. He who reads history with the eye of the philosopher
will readily see the hand of Providence in the historic devel¬
opment of the race. This fact is very patent in the life of
the one of whom we now proceed to give a brief pen pic¬
ture. Rosa D. Bowser {nee Dixon) was born in Amelia
county, Virginia. When she was but a child her parents
moved to the city of Richmond, Va. Early in life her thirst
for knowledge was great, hence as soon as an opportunity for
attending school offered itself, she availed herself of it,
entered school and began at once. She enjoyed her school
life very much, and made rapid progress in her studies, and
soon won the affection and esteem of her instructors and fellow
pupils. Her design in acquiring a good education was to
150
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
qualify herself for usefulness in a higher degree. She recog¬
nized the fact that much would depend upon the foundation
laid in this the formative period of life, therefore she regarded
it her duty to have a definite aim, to select for herself a
vocation. The importance of this was seen from the sim¬
ple and evident fact that the usefulness of every person
depends wholly upon his own labors. This idea led the
subject of cur sketch onward, and as each new obstacle was
surmounted she saw her fond object nearer her grasp, until
finally, as a reward for her diligent labor, she had the gratifi¬
cation of gaining her coveted object, and the satisfaction of
knowing that it was a recompense for her masterly exertion
in the pursuit of knowledge. She pursued the course of study
laid down in the various grades and finally graduated with
distinction from the Normal School. Mrs. Bowser's makeup
fitted her for work of teaching, therefore she began to teach
soon after she got through with her course of study. If we are
to decide from her work and the success attending her efforts,
we are forced to conclude that she is a born teacher. She
has in herself the element of a true teacher. That element is
sympathy, a sympathy not merely intellectual in its nature,
but a sympathy which flows from a community of life. This
shows itself that she endeavors to help her pupils to become
something in the world. This very effort upon her part has
done much to enshrine her name in the hearts of hundreds of
pupils whom she has taught. If the life she so nobly lives be
lived again in souls she has moulded, it will be to her a monu¬
ment more enduring than any art can devise. She taught
school for seven successive years, and then was married
to James H. Bowser, Esq., a scholarly gentleman, and a
man of most upright Christian character. Mrs. Bowser's
married life was brief, but it was full of pleasure and happi¬
ness ; and this was true because of the fact that she carried
into this new relationship the same devotion and noble charac¬
teristics that she had exhibited all through her career.
Since the death of her husband, Mrs. Bowser has taught
nine years in our public schools and has done her work in the
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
151
same acceptable manner as in former years. Mrs. Bowser
also taught very acceptably in a Summer Normal Institute,
several summers ago, at Lynchburg, Ya. Her course has been
different from that of many of our young people who graduate
from the schools. She gives herself to study and thus endeav¬
ors to advance in knowledge and to acquaint herself with the
most improved methods of imparting information to others.
Mrs. Bowser not only writes well, but she speaks with an ease
and freedom of which many a man who regards himself some¬
thing of a speaker would be proud. We would not close this
sketch without calling attention to the fact that Mrs. Bowser
became a Sunday-school scholar very early in life and soon
saw the need of a personal Savior. She accepted Christ in the
days of her youth, and began at once to make herself useful-
She is found in all good work, whether it is the Church,
Sunday-school, Y. M. C. A., or Missionary Society. The
success which has come to Mrs. Bowser is largely due.to this,
that she recognizes the fact that the changes of earth are con¬
stantly occurring and they depend altogether upon the power
that one has to do good or evil! She is strong in mind, in
heart and in life, and day by day she is impressing the people
with this fact., Mrs. Bowser is serving the second year as
president of the Richmond Normal School Alumni and also of
the Yirginia Teachers' Association which meets at the Y. N. &
C. I. Petersburg, Ya., in July. She is president of the "Woman's
Educational Convention of Richmond, Ya.
Dk. Jos. E. Jones, in Ringwoods Journal.
Richmond, Ya.
M. BELL JACKSON.
Singer.
^HE subject of our sketch was born February 24, 1864,
in Xenia, Ohio. She early convinced her parents, as
well as all who came in her way that, no matter how well she
might become fitted for other things, music burned its
mellifluous incense upon her heart. Indeed, the appellation of
152
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
Jackson's singing girl was applied to her even before she could
walk. The whole trend of her genius was given up to the
fate which seemed to devour her, and hence, as early as eleven
years of age she became a member of the Second Baptist
Church choir, of Spring¬
field, Ohio, and there for
a number of years demon¬
strated that, in the realm
of song, the recipient of
such a marvelous voice was
worthy of the gift.
In 1889, she joined the
Anthony Musical Concert
Company, and traveled
with them one year as the
soloist. Soon after she was
summoned to contract for
the season of 1890 and
1891, to travel in the above
capacity with the Nash¬
ville Students. Her press
notices have been showered
in profusion upon her.
She is thoroughly awake
to the necessity of competency in her art, and is working with
all the energy of her soul to rank among the greatest of our
closing century.
MARIA BECRAFT.
ARIA BECRAFT was among the pioneer colored
Catholics of America, a brilliant light. Her relig¬
ious devotion and wonderful intelligence, as well as piety and
refinement, marked for her a footprint " upon the sands of
time," a paragraph in the history of her race.
She was born, 1805—attended school in Washington, 1812,
and ]ater attended the school taught by Mrs. Billings until
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
153
1820, when she, restless to do good for the race, opened a
school and achieved marvelous success. In 1827 she was given
new duties, more becoming the high place to which she had by
dint and push elevated herself. Her beauty and high char¬
acter inspired Father Yanlomen, the erudite priest, who trans¬
ferred her to a larger house opposite the convent where she
opened a boarding and day school for colored girls, which she
conducted for four or more years. Later, she became a sister
of a convent at Baltimore, where she was noted as a high
teacher. Her name as a sister of Providence was Sister
Aloyn.
ANNA ZINGA.
African Queen.
" A more odious spirit, licentious, blood-thirsty, and cruel, never inhabited
the form of woman," says Mrs. Hale, " and yet she is deserving a place along¬
side of the great women of the world ; for she, in understanding and ability,
stepped far beyond her countrymen, and the circumstances under which she
lived."
MING A was born in Matamba, in Africa, in 1592. Her
f father was what the European travelers and writers
chose to term a king. What state or elevation could be
assumed by a chief of Negroes and cannibals, it would be diffi¬
cult to define; but, at all events, he was the principal person¬
age of his tribe. Nothing can be said about a throne where a
bench or chair was a rare and inappreciable luxury. Zinga
manifested a craft and management by which she soon got the
better of her brothers; and upon the death of her father,
investing herself with the sacred character of priestess, became
the leading spring of the people. At that time the Portugese
and Dutch were attempting a rival influence on the coast of
Africa, for commercial purposes; religious difficulties became
involved in this rivalship ; there were no doubt many mission¬
aries of high and pure motives, while others, forgetting their
message of peace, served to exacerbate the opposition among
Christians. Zinga had the good sense to appreciate the advan¬
tages she could derive from the Christians ; she visited the
154
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
Portugese settlement, ingratiated herself with the Governor,
and was baptized. "With their aid she soon made herself pre¬
dominant among all the tribes of the neighborhood; and as
soon as she had destroyed all whom she might have feared, she
abjured her new faith and returned to her idols. For some
time she lived feared and respected among her own people;
but perpetrating acts of despotic cruelty too terrible for detail,
she soon became wearied of reigning over a race of trembling
savages. Her intercourse with the Portugese had taught her
the advantages of civilization, and her own sagacity perceived
that the introduction of Christianity could alone improve her
nation. She sent for priests, and again became a nominal
member of the Christian church. She was now sixty-five
years old, and determined to remain faithful to the injunctions
of the missionaries. Her example was followed by those who
surrounded her; and had she lived, the spirit of the gospel
might have tempered this savage race, but a sudden illness put
an end to her existence in 1663.
Her courage and vigor were remarkable ; she was naturally
formed for government, and her native capacity and energy
would, in a different country and with suitable education, have
made a great queen; while her extreme hardness of heart must
have rendered her hateful and repulsive as a woman , still, she
exhibited better dispositions than any king of her race had
ever done, and she was the first of her tribe who made any
attempt to adopt Christianity. Had she been born and brought
up under its blessed light, how different would have been her
character and her destiny! When such instances of the
capacity of the colored race are brought before us, we should
be awakened to the importance of sending the gospel and the
means of instruction to the wretched millions of women and
children in Africa.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
155
MISS ELIZABETH TAYLOR GREENFIELD.
The Famous Songstress (The "Black Swan").
JT is very difficult for the historian to say a few words of
one that has so nearly reached perfection in the art of
music and song, hence, the danger of saying too little, when
so much fitting and appropriate should be said, but as Mr.
Trotter's Music and Some Highly Musical People, also her com¬
plete biography, are at our command, we take the liberty of
plucking such as we hope may not prove burdensome to our
readers. As they will see further along in this sketch that
the press, critics and music lovers have gone into ecstasies,
captivated and completely captured when even prompted by a
spirit of curiosity to hear the African nightingale, the peer of
Patti, Nilsson, Jenny Lind or Parodi.
She was not of vanity, nevertheless a child of nature, a vis
a tergo controlled her being and taught her the true lessons of
sublimity. Notwithstanding she knew the power of her
voice, and the perfection of her attitude to command through
curiosity, because of her formidable color, she heeded her
inmost natural feelings and stood fair with all mankind.
She was better known as the "Black Swan" in both
America and Europe. Her career in song and music having
almost annihilated her Elizabeth Taylor Greenfield cognomen.
'"'She was born of slave parents, in Natchez, Miss., in the
year 1809. When but a year old she was brought to Phila¬
delphia by an exemplary Quaker lady by whom she was care¬
fully reared. Between these two persons there ever existed
the warm affection that is felt by mother and daughter. In
the year 1844 this good lady died. In her will, the subject of
this sketch was remembered by a substantial legacy. The
will was contested however, and she never received the
bequest. Her family name was Taylor; but, in honor of her
benefactress and guardian, she took the latter's name—Green¬
field. Previous to the death of this lady, Elizabeth had
become distinguished in the limited circle in which she was
known for her remarkable powers of voice. Its tender thrill-
156
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN.
ing tones often lightened the weight of age in one who was
beloved by her as a mother."
By indomitable will she surmounted difficulties almost invin¬
cible. At first she taught herself crude accompaniments to her
songs, and intuitively perceiving the agreement or disagree¬
ment of them, improvised and repealed until there was heard
floating upon the air a very 4 lovely song of one that had a
pleasant voice, and could play well upon a guitar.'
" There dwelt in the neighborhood of Mrs. Greenfield a
physician, humane and courteous; capable too, of distinguish¬
ing and appreciating merit and genius under whatever preju¬
dices and disadvantages they were presented. His daughter,
herself an amateur in the science of harmonious sounds, heard
of Elizabeth's peculiar structure of mind. Miss Price invited
her to her house. She listened with delighted surprise to her
songs. She offered to accompany her upon the guitar. This
was a concurrence of circumstances which formed the era of
her life. Her pulses quickened as she stood and watched the
fair Anglo-Saxon fingers of her young patroness run over the
key-board of a full toned pianaforte, eliciting sweet, sad,
sacred, solemn sounds. Emotion well-nigh overcame her; but
the gentle encouragement of her fair young friend dissipated
her fears and increased her confidence. She sang; and before
she had finished she was surrounded by the astonished inmates
of the house, who, attracted by the remarkable compass and
sweetness of her voice, stealthily entered the room, and now,
unperceived, stood gathered behind her. The applause which
followed the first trial, before this small, but intelligent aud¬
ience, gratified as much as embarrassed her, from the unex¬
pected and sudden surprise. She not only received an invita¬
tion to repeat hor visit, but Miss Price, for a reasonable com¬
pensation, undertook her instruction in the first rudiments of
music. The progress of genius is not like that of common
minds. It is needless to say that her improvement was very
rapid."
"But the lessons above mentioned were taken quite
privately and without, at first, the knowledge of her guardian.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
157
Elizabeth was rapidly acquiring an acquaintance with music,
when some one maliciously informed Mrs. Greenfield, with the
expectation of seeing an injunction laid upon the pupil's
efforts. The old lady sent for Elizabeth, who came trem¬
blingly into her presence, expecting to be reprimanded for her
pursuit of an art forbidden by the Friends' discipline.
' Elizabeth,' said she, ' is it true that thee is learning music
and can play upon the guitar ?' ' It is true,' was her reply.
' Go get thy guitar and let me "hear thee sing.' Elizabeth did
so; and when she had concluded her song, she was astonished
to hear the kind lady say: 1 Elizabeth, whatever thee wants
thee shall have.' Erom that time her guardian was the
patroness of her earnest efforts for skill and knowledge in
musical science. She began to receive invitations to entertain
private parties by the exhibition of the gift which the God of
nature had bestowed."
Upon the death of her patroness, in consequence of the con¬
tested will she found herself thrown upon her own resources
for a maintenance. Remembering some friends in the
western part of New York, she resolved to visit them.
While crossing Lake Seneca, en route to Buffalo, there came
sweetly stealing upon the senses of the passengers of the
steamer her rich, full, round, clear voice, unmarred by any
flaw. The lady passengers, especially the noble Mrs. General
P., feeling that the power and sweetness of her voice deserved
attention, urged her to sing again, and were not satisfied until
five or six more songs were given to them. Before reaching
their destined port she had made many friends. The philan¬
thropic Mrs. General P. became her friend and patroness. She
at once invited Elizabeth to her splendid mansion in Buffalo,
and, learning her simple story, promptly advised her to devote
herself entirely to the science of music. During her visit a
private party was given by this lady, to which all the elite of
the city were invited. Elizabeth acquitted herself so admirably
that two days after a card of invitation to her through the
public press, signed by the prominent gentlemen of Buffalo,
requested her to give a series of concerts.
158
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
In October, 1851, she sang before the Buffalo Musical Asso¬
ciation, and her performances were received with marks of
approbation from the best musical talent in the city. That
established her reputation as a songstress. " Give the c Black
Swan,'" said they, 'the cultivation and experience of the fair
Swede or Mile. Parodi, and she will rank favorably with those
popular singers who have carried the nation into captivity by
their rare musical abilities. Her voice has a full, round sound
and is of immense compass and depth. She strikes every note
in a clear and well-defined manner, and reaches the highest
capacity of the human voice with wonderful ease and appar¬
ently an entire want of exertion. Beginning with G in the
bass clef, she runs up the scale to E in the treble clef, and
gives each note its full power and tone. She commences at
the highest note and runs down the scale with the same ease
that she strikes any other lower note. The fact that she
accomplishes this with no apparent exertion is surprising, and
fixes at once the marvelous strength of her vocal organs. Her
voice is wholly natural, and, as might be expected, lacks the
training and exquisite cultivation that belongs to the skillful
Italian singer. But the voice is there, and, as a famous maestro
once said, 'It takes a hundred things to make a complete
singer, of which a good voice is ninetv-nine.' If this be so,
Miss Greenfield is on the verge of excellence, and it remains
for the public to decide whether she shall have the means to
pursue her studies."
"To several gentlemen in Buffalo belongs the credit of
having first brought out Miss Greenfield in the concert room.
The Buffalo papers took the matter in hand and assured the
public they had much to expect from a concert from this
vocalist. The deep interest her first public efforts elicited
from them gave occasion to the following certificate :
Buffalo, Oct. 30,1851.
Mb. H. E. Howard.
Dear Sir: At your suggestion, for the purpose of enabling Miss Eliza¬
beth T. Greenfield to show to her Philadelphia friends the popularity she has
acquired in this city, I cheerfully certify as follows:
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
159
The concert got up for her was unsolicited on her part and entirely the
result of admiration of her vocal powers by a number of our most respectable
citizens, who had heard her at the residence of General Potter, with whose
family she had become somewhat familiar. The concert was attended by an
audience not second in point of numbers to any given here before, except
by Jennie Lind, and not second to any in point of respectability and fashion.
The performance of Miss Greenfield was received with great applause,
and the expression since, among our citizens generally, is a strong desire to
hear her again.
Respectfully yours, etc.,
G. Reed Wilson.
Rochester next extended an invitation for her to visit that
city, which we copy :
The undersigned having heard of the musical ability of Miss Greenfield,
of the city of Buffalo, and being desirous of having her sing in Rochester,
request that she will give a public concert in this city at an early day, and
feel confident that it will afford a satisfactory entertainment to our citizens.
(Signed by a large number of the most respected citizens in Rochester.)
Rochester, December 6, 1851.
This evening in Corinthian Hall, the anticipated entertain¬
ment is to be presented to our music-loving citizens. Curiosity
will lead many to attend, to whom the performance of a colored
prima-donna is a phenomenon at once wonderful and rare.
Miss Greenfield has received from all who have heard her the
name of being a vocalist of extraordinary power.
Speaking of her concert in Rochester, The Express says:
On Monday, Parodi, in all her splendor, sustained by Patti and Strakosch,
sang at Corinthian Hall to half a house. Last night Miss Greenfield sang at
the same place to a crowded house of the respectable, cultivated and fashion¬
able people of the city. Jenny Lind has never drawn a better house, as to
character, than that which listened with evident satisfaction to the unheralded
and almost unknown African Nightingale. Curiosity did something for her,
but not all. She has merit, very great merit; and with cultivation (instruc¬
tion) she will rank among the very first vocalists of the age. She has a voice
of great sweetness and power, with a wider range from the lowest to the
highest notes, than we have ever listened to ; flexibility is not wanting, and
her control of it is beyond example for a new and untaught vocalist. Her
performance was received with marked approbation and applause from those
i^ho knew what to applaud.
Another city paper says:
Much has been said and written of this personage since she was intro¬
duced to the public as a musical prodigy. All sorts of surmises and conjee-
160
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN.
tures have been indulged in respecting the claim put forth of her merit, and
generally the impression seemed to prevail that the novelty of 'color' and
idle curiosity accounted more for the excitement raised than her musical
powers. Well, she has visited our place, and given our citizens an opportu¬
nity of judging for themselves. We are ignorant of music and unqualified to
criticise. But a large audience was in attendance at Ringueberg Hall last
evening. Among those present were our musical amateurs, and we heard but
one expression in regard to the new vocalist, and that was wonder and aston¬
ishment at the extraordinary power and compass of her voice ; and the ease
with which she passed from the highest to the lowest notes seemed without
effort. Her first notes of "Where, are now the hopes?" startled the whole
audience, and the interchange of glances succeeded by thurders of applause
at the end of the first verse showed that her success was complete. She was
loudly encored, and in response sang the baritone, " When stars are in the
quiet sky," which took down the whole house.
We have neither time nor space to follow her through her different
pieces. Suffice it to say, that there never was a concert given in this town
which appeared to give more general satisfaction, and every person we met on
leaving the hall expressed their entire approbation of her performance. No
higher compliment could be paid to the "Swan," than the enthusiastic
applause which successfully greeted her appearance, and the encore which
followed her several pieces.
There was a very general expression among the audience that the sable
vocalist should give another concert, and at the earnest solicitation of several
of our citizens, Colonel Wood, her gentlemanly manager, has consented to
give another entertainment to-morrow evening, when the "Black Swan" will
give a new programme, consisting of some of Jenny Lind's most popular
songs.
The concert on Thursday evening was what in other cases would have
been called a triumph. The house was full, the audience a fashionable one,
the applause decided, and the impression made by the singer highly favorable.
We can safely say that Miss Greenfield possesses a voice of remarkable
qualities ; singular for its power, softness and depth. She has applied herself
with praiseworthy perseverance and assiduity to the cultivation of her extra¬
ordinary powers, and has attained great proficiency in the art which is
evidently the bent of her genius. By her own energy and unassisted, she has
made herself mistress of the harp, guitar and piano. We are informed that
the proceeds of the entertainment this evening are to be wholly appropriated
to the completion of her musical education in Paris under the world-famed
Garcia. We predict for Miss Greenfield a successful and brilliant future.
The Rochester American says :
Corinthian Hall contained a large and fashionable audience on the occa¬
sion of the concert by this new candidate for popular favor on Thursday eve¬
ning. We have never seen an audience more curiously expectant than this
"was for the debut of this new vocalist. Hardly had her first notes fallen upon
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
161
their ears, however, before their wonder and astonishment were manifest in
an interchange of glances and words of approval ; and the hearty applause
that responded to the first verse she sang was igood evidence of the satisfac¬
tion she afforded. The aria, " O native scenes !" was loudly encored ; and in
response she gave the pretty ballad, "When Stars are in the Quiet Sky. "
The Buffalo Commercial Adve?%tiser says :
Miss Greenfield is about twenty-five years of age, and has received what
musical education she has in the city of Philadelphia ; she is, however, emi¬
nently self-taught, possessing fine taste and a nice appreciation, with a voice
of wonderful compass, clearness and flexibility. She renders the composi¬
tions of some of the best masters in a style which would be perfectly satisfac¬
tory to the authors themselves. Her low, or properly bass notes, are wonder¬
ful, especially for a female voice ; and in these she far excels any singing we
have ever heard.
We learn that this singer (soon to become celebrated, we opine) will give
a concert in this city on Thursday nest. There is no doubt that the novelty
of hearing a colored woman perform the most difficult music with extraordi¬
nary ability will give eclat to the concert. All representations unite in
ascribing to Miss Greenfield the most extraordinary talents, and a power and
sweetness of vocalization that are really unsurpassed.
The Daily State Register, Albany, Jan., 19, 1852, said :
The "Black Swan's " Concert.—Miss Greenfield made her debut in this
city on Saturday evening, before a large and brilliant audience, in the lecture
room of the Young Men's Association. The concert was a complete triumph
for her; won, too, from a discriminating auditory not likely to be caught
with chaff, and none too willing to suffer admiration to get the better of prej¬
udice. Her singing more than met the expectations of her hearers, and
elicited the heartiest applause and frequent encores. She possesses a truly
wonderful voice ; and considering the poverty of her advantages, she uses it
with surprising taste and effect. In sweetness, power, compass and flexibil¬
ity, it nearly equals any of the foreign vocalists who have visited our country ;
and it needs only the training and education theirs have received to outstrip
them all.
The compass of her marvellous voice embraces twenty-seven notes, reach¬
ing from the sonorous bass of a baritone to a few notes above even Jenny
Lind's highest. The defects which the critic cannotfail to detect in hgr sing¬
ing are not from want of voice, or power of lung, but want of training alone.
If her present tour proves successful, as it now bids fair to, she will put her¬
self under the charge of the best masters of singing in Europe ; and with her
enthusiasm and perseverance, which belong to genius, she cannot fail to ulti¬
mately triumph over all obstacles, and even conquer the prejudice of color-
perhaps the most formidable one in her path.
She plays with ability upon the piano, harp and guitar. In her deport¬
ment she bears herself well, and, we are told, converses with much intelli-
162
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
gence. We noticed among the audience Governor Hunt and family, both
Houses of the Legislature, State officers and a large number of our leading
citizens, All came away astonished and delighted.
A New York paper says:
Miss Greenfield's Singing.—We yesterday had the pleasure of hear¬
ing the singer who is advertised in our columns as the " Black Swan." She is
a person of lady-like manners, elegant form, and not unpleasing, though
decidedly African features. Of her marvellous powers she owes none to any
tincture of European blood. Her voice is truly wonderful, both in its com¬
pass and truth. A more correct intonation, so far as our ear can decide, there
could not be. She strikes every note on the exact centre, with unhesitating
decision She is a nondescript, an original. We cannot think any com¬
mon destiny awaits her.
The Evening Transcript, Boston, Feb. 4, 1852, said:
Miss Greenfield, the "Black Swan," made her debut before a Boston
audience last evening at the Melodeon. In consequence of the price of the
tickets beiDg put at a dollar, the house was not over two-thirds full. She
was well received, and most vociferously applauded and encored in every
piece. She sings with great ease, and apparently without any effort. Her
pronunciation is very correct, and her intonation excellent. Her voice has a
wonderful compass and in many notes is remarkably sweet in tone.
From The Daily Capital City Fact, Columbus, Ohio,
March 3, 1852:
Last evening proved that the " Black Swan" was all that the journals
say of her; and Miss Greenfield stands confessedly before the Columbus
world a swan of excellence. She is indeed a remarkable swan. Although
colored as dark as Ethiopa, she utters notes as pure as if uttered in the words
of the Adriatic.
From The Milwaukee Sentinel, April, 1852:
What shall we say? That we were delighted and surprised? All who
were present know that from their own feelings. We can only say that we
have never heard a voice like hers—one that with such ease and with such
absence of all effort, could range from the highest to the lowest notes.
Said a Rochester (N. Y.) paper of May 6, 1852:
The magnificent quality of her voice, its great power, flexibility, and com¬
pass, her self-taught genius, energy and perseverence, combine to render Miss
Greenfield an object of uncommon interest to musicians. We have been spell¬
bound by the ravishing tones of Patti,Sontag, Malibran and Grisi; we have heard
the wondrous warblings of the nightingale, and we have listened with delight to
the sweet melodies of the fair daughter of Erin, but we hesitate not to assert
that, with one year's tuition from the world-famed Emanuel Garcia, Miss
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
163
Greenfield would not only compare favorably with any of the distinguished
artis'.s above named, but incomparably excel them all.
The Globe, Toronto, May 12-15, 1852, said :
Anyone who went to the concert of Miss Greenfield on Thursday last
expecting to find that he had been deceived by the puffs of the American
press, must have found himself most agreeably disappointed. . . .
After he [the pianist] had retired, there was a general hush of expecta¬
tion to see the entrance of the vocalist of the evening; and presently there
appeared a lady of a decidedly dark color, rather inclined to an embonpoint
and with African formation of face. She»advanced calmly to the front of the
platform, and courtesied very gracefully to the audience. There was a
moment of pause and the assembly anxiously listened to the first notes.
They were quite sufficient. The amazing power of the voice, the flexibility
and the ease df execution, took the hearers by surprise; and the singer was
hardly allowed to finish the verse, ere she was greeted with a most enthusi¬
astic applause, which continued for some time. The higher passages of the
air were given with clearness and fullness, indicating a soprano voice of great
power. The song was encored and Miss Greenfield came back, took her seat
at the piano, and began, to the astonishment of the audience a different air
in a deep and very clear bass or baritone voice, which she maintained
throughout, without any very great appearance of effort or without her
breaking. She can in fact go as low as Lablache or as high as Jenny Lind—
a power of voice perfectly astonishing. It is said she can strike thirty-one
full clear notes; and we could readily believe it.
From a Brattleborrough (Yt.) paper, June 23, 1852:
The "Black Swan," or Miss Elizabeth Greenfield, sang in Mr. Fisk's
beautiful new hall on Wednesday evening last to a large and intelligent
audience.
We had seen frequent notices in our exchanges, and were already pre¬
possessed in favor of the abilities and life purposes of our sable sister; but,
after all, we must say that our expectations of her success are greater than
before we had heard her sing and conversed with her in her own private
room. She is not pretty, but plain. . . . Still she is gifted with a beauty of
eoul which makes her countenance agreeable in conversation, and in singing,
especially when her social nature is called into activity, there is a grace and
beauty in her manner which soon make those unaccustomed to her race for¬
get all but the melody. ... ^
Nature has done more for Miss Greenfield than any musical prodigy we
have met, and art has marred her execution less.
But the limits of this book are such as to preclude my
giving all or even a hundredth part of the testimonials and
criticisms pertaining to the singing of this wonderful Negro
woman, that filled choice spaces in the American newspapers
during her captivating career in the United States.
1G4
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
Doubtless our readers are buoyant as well as enthused over
what they have already read. The few excerpts in com¬
mendation of her abilities are simply fair words of praise as
compared to others too lengthy to publish here.
After singing in nearly all the free States, she resolved to
carry out her long entertained purpose of visiting Europe, in
order to perfect herself in the technique of her art. Learning
of her intentions, the citizens of Buffalo, N. Y., united in ten¬
dering her a grand testimonial and benefit concert. The invi¬
tation was couched in terms most flattering, and signed by
many of the most distinguished residents.
The concert took place on March 7, 1853, and was in all
respects a grand success.
Leaving Buffalo, she went to New York, where, after sing¬
ing before an audience of four thousand persons, she received
the following complimentary note:
New York, April 2, 1853.
Miss Elizabeth T. Greenfield.
Madam: By the suggestion of many enthusiastic admirers of your
talent, I have been induced to address you on the subject of another and
second concert, prior to your departure for Europe. Your advent musical in
Gotham has not been idly heralded among the true lovers of song, and
admirers of exalted genius, of which your unprecedented success on Wednes¬
day evening must have sufficiently convinced you; while all are eloquent in
the commendation of your superior powers and engaging method.
Confiding, madam, in your reported magnanimity and generosity to
oblige, I will divest myself of tedious circumlocution, and fervently exhort
you to make a second exhibition of your skill, which, there can be no doubt,
will be highly successful to you, and as interesting to your admirers.
The Public.
Miss Greenfield embarked from New York in a British
steamer for England, April 6, 1853, and arrived in Liver¬
pool the 16th of April, 1853; rested over the Sabbath,
and proceeded Monday morning to London, in which metrop¬
olis she became safely domiciled on the evening of the same
day. But painful trials awaited her from a quarter the most
unexpected. The individual with whom she had drawn up
the contract for this musical tour was unfaithful to his
promises, and she found herself abandoned without money
and without friends in a strange country.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
165
She had been told Lord Shaftesbury was one of the great,
good men of England, and she resolved to call upon him
in person, and intreat an interview. His Lordship imme¬
diately granted her request, listened patiently to her
history, and directly gave her a letter of introduction to his
lawyer.
It may perhaps be considered a providential concurrence
that Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe was in London this same
time with Miss Greenfield. We notice in her " Sunny Memo¬
ries," under the date of May 6th, the following remarks : ' A
good many calls this morning. Among others came Miss
Greenfield, the so-called " Black Swan." She appears to be
a gentle, amiable, and interesting young person. She has a
most astonishing voice. C. sat down to the piano, and played
while she sang. Her voice runs through a compass of three
octaves and a fourth. This is four notes more than
Malibran's. She sings a most magnificent tenor, with
such a breadth and volume of sound that, with your back
turned, you could not imagine it to be a woman. While she
was there, Mrs. S. C. Hall, of the "Irish Sketches," was
announced. I told her of Miss Greenfield, and she took great
interest in her, and requested her to sing something for her
C. played the accompaniment, and she sang " Old Folks at
Home," first in a soprano voice, and then in a tenor or bari.
tone. Mrs. Hall was amazed and delighted, and entered at
once into her cause. She said she would call with me, and
present her to Sir George Smart, who is at the head of the
Queen's musical establishment, and, of course, the acknowl¬
edged leader of London musical judgment.
"In the course of the day I had a note from Mrs. Hall, say¬
ing that, as Sir George Smart was about leaving town, she
had not waited for me, but had taken Miss Greenfield to him
herself. She writes that she was really astonished and
charmed at the wonderful weight, compass and power of her
voice. He was also as well pleased with the mind in her
singing, and her quickness in doing and catching all that he
told her. Should she have a public opportunity to perform, he
166
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
offered to hear her rehearse beforehand. Mrs. Hall says:
"This is a great deal for him, whose hours are all marked
with gold."
Again Mrs. Stowe says : " To-day the Duchess of Suther¬
land called with the Duchess of Argyle. Miss Greenfield hap¬
pened to be present and I begged leave to present her, giving
a slight sketch of her history. I was pleased with the kind
and easy affability with which the Duchess of Sutherland con¬
versed with her, and betraying by no inflection of voice, and
nothing in her air or manner, the great lady talking with the
poor girl. She asked all her questions with as much delicacy,
and made her request to hear her sing with as much consid¬
eration and politeness as if she had been addressing any one
in her own circle. She seemed much pleased with her singing
and remarked that she should be "happy to give her an oppor¬
tunity of performing in Stafford House as soon as she should
be a little relieved of a heavy cold which seemed to oppress
her at present. This, of course, will be decisive of her favor
in London. The Duchess is to let us know when the arrange¬
ment is completed.
" I never so fully realized," continues Mrs. Stowe, " that
there really is no natural prejudice against color in the human
mind. Miss Greenfield is a dark mulattress, of a pleasing and
gentle face, though, by no means handsome. She is short and
thickset, with a chest of great amplitude, as one would think
on hearing her tenor. I have never seen in any of the persons
to whom I have presented her the least indications of sup¬
pressed surprise or disgust, any more than we should exhibit on
the reception of a dark-complexioned Spaniard or Portuguese.
" Miss Greenfield bears her success with much quietness and
good sense.
" Her Grace, the Duchess of Sutherland, afterward became
her ever unfailing supporter and ad viser.
" The piano-forte which previously had been furnished Miss
Greenfield to practice upon was taken from her. The Duchess
of Sutherland, upon learning the fact, immediately directed her
to select one from Broad wood's.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
167
We cannot refrain from quoting Mrs. Stowe's description
of the concert, after dinner, at the Stafford House :
The concert room was the brilliant and picturesque hall I have before
described to you. It looked more picture-like and dreamy than ever. The
piano was on the flat stairway just below the broad central landing. It was a
grand piano, standing end outward and perfectly banked up among hot-house
flowers, so that only its gilded top was visible. Sir George Smart presided.
The choicest of the elite were there, ladies in demi-toilet and 'bonneted.
Miss Greenfield stood among the singers on the staircase and ezciteda pathetic
murmur among the audience. She is not handsome, but looked very well.
She has a pleasing dark face, wore a black velvet headdress and white Corne¬
lian ear rings, a black moire-antique silk made high in the neck with white
lace falling sleeves and white gloves. A certain gentleness of manner and
self-possession, the result of the universal kindness shown her, sat well upon
her. Chevalier Bunsen, the Prussian ambassador, sat by me. He looked at
her with much interest. "Are the race often as good looking?" he said. I
said: " She is not handsome compared with many, though I confess she looks
uncommonly well to-day." The singing was beautiful. Six of the most culti¬
vated glee singers of London sang among other things, "Spring's Delights
are now Returning," and " Where the Bee sucks, there lurk I." The Duchess
said, " These glees are peculiarly English."
Miss Greenfield's turn for singing now came, and there was
profound attention. Her voice, with its keen, searching fire,
its penetrating vibrant quality, its timbre as the French have
it, cut its way like a Damascus blade to the heart. She sang
the ballad, " Old Folks at Home," giving one verse in the
soprano, and another in the tenor voice. As she stood partially
concealed by the piano, Chevalier Bunsen thought that the
tenor part was performed by one of the gentlemen. He was
perfectly astonished when he discovered that it was by her.
This was rapturously encored. Between the parts, Sir George
took her to the piano and tried her voice by skips, striking
notes here and there at random, without connection, from D
in alto to A first space in bass clef. She followed with uner¬
ring precision, striking the'sound nearly at the same instant his
finger touched the key. This brought out a burst of applause.
Lord Shaftesbury was there. He came and spoke to us
after the concert. Speaking of Miss Greenfield, he said :
I consider the use of these halls for the encouragement of an outcast race
a consecration. This is the true use of wealth and splendor, when they are
employed to raise up and encourage the despised and forgotten.
168
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
Tuesday, May 31. 1853.
Miss Greenfield's first public morning concert took place at
the Queen's Concert rooms, Hanover square. She came out
under the immediate patronage of her Grace, the Duchess of
•Sutherland ; her Grace, the Duchess of Norfolk, and the Earl
and Countess of Shaftesbury. It commenced at three o'clock
and terminated at five.
The London Morning Post says :
A large assemblage of fashionable and distinguished personages assem¬
bled by invitation at Stafford House to hear and decide upon the merits of a
phenomenon in the musical world, Miss Elizabeth Greenfield, better known
in America as the " Black Swan," under which sobriquet she is also about to
be presented to the British public. This lady is said to possess a voice
embracing the extraordinary compass of nearly three octaves, and her perfor¬
mances on this occasion elicited the unmistakable evidence of gratification
The London Times said :
Miss Greenfield sings, " I know that my Redeemer liveth," with as much
pathos, power and effect, as does the "SwedishNightingale," Jenny Lind.
Again, the London Observer remarks:
Her voice was at once declared to be one of extraordinary compass. Both
her high and low notes were heard with wonder by the assembled amateurs,
and her ear was pronounced to be excellent.
The London Advertiser, of June 16th, contained the follow¬
ing comments:
A concert was given at Exeter Hall last evening by Miss Greenfield, the
American vocalist, better known in this country under the sobriquet of the
" Black Swan." Apart from the natural gifts with which this lady is endowed,
the great musical skill which she has acquired, both as a singer and an instru¬
mentalist, is a convincing argument against the assertion so often made, that
the Negro race is incapable of intellectual culture of a high standard. Her
Toice is a contralto, of great clearness and mellow tone in the upper register,
and full, resonant and powerful in the lower, though slightly masculine in its
timbre. It is peculiarly effective in ballad S0ngs of the pathetic cast, several
■of which Miss Greenfield sang last night in a very expressive manner. She
was encored in two, "The Cradle Song," a simple melody by Wallace, and
"Home, Sweet Home," which she gave in an exceedingly pleasing manner.
The programme of the concert was bountifully drawn up, for in addition to
the attractions of the " Black Swan," there was a host of first-rate artists.
Herr Brandt, a German artist with a remarkably sweet voice, sang Professor
Xongfellow's " Slave's Dream," set to very beautiful music by Hatton, in a
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
169
way that elicited warm applause. Miss Rosina Bentley, a fantasia by Lutz,
very brilliantly, and afterward assisted by Miss Kate Lorder (who, however,
must now be known as Mrs. Henry Thompson), in a grand duet for two piano¬
fortes, by Osborne. M. Yaladares executed a curious Indian air, " Hilli Milli
Puniah," on the violin, and Mr. Henry Distin, a solo on the sax-tuba. The
band was admirable, and performed a couple of overtures in the best manner.
Altogether, the concert, which we understand was made under the distin¬
guished patronage of the Duchess of Sutherland, was highly successful, and
went off to the perfect gratification of a numerous and fashionaable audience.
In July, she gave two grand concerts in the Town Hall in
Brighton, under the patronage of her Grace, the Duchess of
Sutherland; her Grace, the Duchess of Norfolk; her Grace,
the Duchess of Beaufort; her Grace, the Duchess of Argyle;
the Most Noble, the Marchioness of Ailesbury; the Most No¬
ble, the Marchioness of Kildare, the Most Noble, the Marquis
of Lansdowne; the Earl and Countess of Shaftesbury; the
Earl of Carlisle; the Countess of Jersey; the Countess of
Granville, the Countess of Wilton; the Viscountess Palmers-
ton ; the Lady Constance Grosvenor, and Mrs. Harriet Beecher
Stowe.
Vocalists.—Miss E. T. Greenfield (the "Black Swan"),
Madame Taccani, . Countess Tasca, Mr. Emanuel Roberts
(Queen's Concerts).
Instrumentalists.—Piano-forte soloists, Miss Rosina Bentley
(pupil of Miss Kate Lorder); violin, M. de Yaladares (pupil of
the Conservatoire, Paris); accompanist, Mon. Edouard Henri;
conductor, Mr. F. Theseus Stevens.
She gave a series of concerts at the Rotunda, in Dublin,
Ireland.
In October, 1853, we find her again at the Beaumont Insti¬
tution, Beaumont Square, Mile End, London, at Mr. Cotton's
concert, supported by Miss Poole, the Misses Alpine, Miss
Alleyne, Mr. Augustus Braham, Mr. Suchet Champion, Mr.
Charles Cotton, the German Glee Union, and the East Indian
violinist, M. de Yaladares ; conductor, Herr Ganz.
These testimonials are a few of the one thousand at our
command, but since it is .-he desire of the author to please as
well as to portray, we must close this sketch here. The music
170
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
people of both continents have been startled with, wonder and
amazement time and time again, when confronted by the
proofs of indwelling genius which seems to be inherent in the
Negro race.
White, the violinist, had pleased two continents with his
violin, Blind Tom had done as much with his piano, Elizabeth
Taylor Greenfield, the wonderful musical nightingale, with her
voice, drew unto her the kings, queens and nobility of the Old
as well as the New Continent.
Her return from London to America was attended with
flattering ceremonies and grand circumstances. Her trip
resulted in much benefit, intrinsical as well as artistical, adding
decided eclat to her professional reputation.
MRS. FANNIE JACKSON COPPIN.
Founder of a College, Teacher, Lecturer, Writer, Great Scholar.
ljgg)ROF. GEO. W. WILLIAMS, in his " History of the
Negro Race in America," says: Fanny M. Jackson, at
present Mrs. Fanny Jackson Coppin, was born in the District
of Columbia, in 1837. Though left an orphan when quite a
child, Mrs. Sarrah Clark, her aunt, took charge of her and gave
her a first-class education. She prosecuted the gentlemen's
course in Oberlin College, and graduated with honors.
Deeply impressed with the need of educated teachers for
the schools of her race, she accepted a position at once in the
Institute for colored youth at Philadelphia, Pa. And here
for many years she has taught with eminent success, and
exerted a pure and womanly influence upon all the students
that have come into her classes. Without doubt she is the
most thoroughly competent and successful of the colored
women teachers of her time.
Her example of race pride, industry, enthusiasm and
nobility of character will remain the inheritance and inspira¬
tion of the pupils of the school she helped make the pride of
the colored people of Pennsylvania.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
171
Savs BingwoocPs Journal:
Mrs. Fannie Jackson Coppin has probably attained more
fame as a teacher than any of the noble A fro-American
women of the age. There are many whose work has
been as noble in conscientious efforts as hers, but few and
probably none have been as conspicuous as hers, nor as
long. The opportunities that presented themselves to her in
her early life were presented to but few Afro-American women
forty years ago. That she grasped them has been made evi¬
dent' by her pre-eminent life of highest usefulness. If the
capability of Afro-American women to govern were questioned,
her wonderful achievements as the principal of the Youth's
Academy of Philadelphia would establish it beyond question.
Mrs. Coppin's fame has been won by her success in a colored
school. There are others, probably not so extensively known,
but whose success as teachers in white schools has been quite
as effective in establishing the ability of Afro-American
women. Miss Richards, of Detroit, Mich.; Mrs. Rev. George
Booth, nee McGlin, formerly of New Haven, Ct.; Miss Sarah
Mitchell and Miss Dever, of Cleveland, Ohio, have done effect¬
ual work in the establishment of our ability.
Their accumulative work has given Afro-American women
an enviable reputation with the educators of the country. The
primary work of these ladies was attended with the greatest
difficulties. They met race prejudice, and successfully van¬
quished it, at least to so large a degree that in the cities in
which they teach no Afro-American woman is denied a position
as teacher on account of her race connection.
The exquisite qualities of these five women have justly
won them the affectionate regards of the race.
Says The Colored American:
The Woman's League.—Its Quarterly Meeting a Grand
Success in Every Way.—An Ovation to Mrs. Fannie
Jackson Coppin by Her Many Admirers.—A Pen Picture.
The quarterly meeting of the Colored Woman's League,
held last Monday evening in the Fifteenth Street Presbyterian
172
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
Church, was largely attended by members and friends of the
organization, which promises to be a great power for good.
After the transaction of business the speaker of the evening
was introduced by the president, Mrs. John F. Cook, who
reminded us that Mrs. Coppin is a Washingtonian by birth,
spoke in glowing terms of her worth and achievements, and
recalled the fact that at Oberlin, where she graduated with
high honors, she was a classmate of the present president of
"Wellesley College.
Mrs. Coppin, whose integrity of heart, purity of life, vigor
of faculties and extent of attainments are acknowledged by
all, was warmly greeted by the audience, whom she promised
to address in an informal manner.
Mrs. Coppin's stature is commanding, her face strong, but
kindly in expression, her manner pleasing but dignified. With¬
out manuscript the speaker proceeded to pay a beautiful
tribute to the women of past generations whose many deeds
of heroism, though not recorded, are nevertheless facts of
unwritten history. By the thoughtlessness and unreasonable¬
ness of those who ignore the services of these women pioneers,
many of whom worked early and late to buy the babes they
bore in their arms, a great Injustice has been done, for these
noble souls fought their part of the battle successfully and
heroically.
The necessity of building up a strong character was earnestly
and eloquently urged upon us. The invincible quality of char¬
acter, said the speaker, is the prerequisite of a race striving to
progress and prosper. Teachers play an important part in
solving the problem. First-class pupils are possible only when
we have first-class teachers, who are the great soul artists in
the school-room, the makers of men and women. The gradu¬
ates of Howard University have done great service, and have
been powers for good all over the country. The father of the
Black Prince, when urged to send assistance to his son who
was hard pressed in battle, refused to do so and insisted that
he should win his spurs. Like the Black Prince we are sore-
pressed in the battle of life, but our Heavenly Father insists
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES
173
that we win our own spurs. What we do for ourselves is that
which.ennobles and enlarges.
Men have their part to perform, for they must see to it
that the fifteenth amendment has its face-value. The right
of petition is a powerful weapon of defense. Lawlessness,
insubordination and hatred are the bloody angle of our race
battle.
According to Mrs. Coppin, the Colored Woman's League is
not a sudden outcropping of a wild idea. Fifteen years ago
she, herself, and others, were earnestly inquiring how our
battle should be fought, and were advocating organization.
Mrs. Coppin then proceeded to a rhetorical annihilation of
young writers who give gratuitous advice to their elders,
making sweeping statements concerning what was not, but
should have been done in the past, and fancy they are origina¬
ting plans which are older than the youthful enthusiasts them¬
selves.
Many of our young women,'tenderly reared and carefully
educated, who go down South as teachers, succumb to the hard¬
ships and privations to which they are not accustomed. We
cannot make martyrs of all the young women who may acquire
an education. Mrs. Coppin then related how a beautiful young
woman of her acquaintance taught in the South, where her
health was destroyed by the long walks she was obliged to
take in all sorts of weather, and the bad fare to which she was
not accustomed. At the expiration of two years she returned
home and died. " I once visited an organization of white
women who were seated in a magnificent building of their own,
when a petition to commute the sentence of a murderess was
brought to them, and they were requested to sign it. They
were terror-stricken that they should be asked to sign such a
petition." " But," said Mrs. Coppin, " I thought of the beau¬
tiful young woman who was obliged to go South, because she
could find no employment at home and I asked myself if these
women were wholly guiltless of her murder. 1 then asked
myself why we have not an organization of our own. A
hundred men can lift a log together very easily, but when
174
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
only a few take hold at a time verv little is accomplished. So
no one of us can promise to find employment for our young
women, but when we combine our forces it becomes an easy
matter.
" First, a building must be secured, and it must be as large
as possible. Then classes must be formed in art, needle-work,
book-keeping, dress-making, Latin, German, French, millinery,
cooking, in short instructions must be given in every trade
and avocation in which women may engage."
Mrs. Coppin laid great stress upon the necessity and
importance of paying special attention to the household
department. Our girls must be taught how to cook on
rational and scientific principles; they must be instructed in
housekeeping, so that their houses may be economically
managed and tastefully arranged.
Cooking has been lifted far above the station it formerly
occupied and is now considered a dignified avocation. Learned
professors are engaged to instruct cooking classes. They show
the human stomach, explain its organization and lecture on
chemistry and hygiene as it relates to food. Women must
learn how to cook to suit men, who are such artists in all that
pertains to eating. Mrs. Coppin assured us that a good cook
could eventually convert a democrat into a republican and
an atheist into a Christian by tickling their palates with tooth¬
some dishes.
We need statistics and statisticians, who shall record what
we do. We need facts to answer arguments of those who
underrate us. We possess much talent and genius of which
we are not aware. A young woman who is a successful com¬
poser of music, but who is buried in obscurity, recently came
to Mrs. Coppin's notice, and there are doubtless others equally
talented of whom we have not heard. We must know what
strength we possess. The proposal to uniform Roman slaves
was once rejected because, said a philosopher, they would
thus learn their numbers and know their strength. When
people are conscious of possessing strength, they rapidly grow
stronger. The Colored Woman's League will thus supply a
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
175
long-felt want in gathering and disseminating statistics. Mrs.
Coppin reminded us that there had been many abortive
attempts at organization which has ended in windy declama¬
tions and inflammatory speeches.
After imploring women who have the leisure to devote
themselves earnestly to the work in hand, and encouraging
the League on what had already been accomplished, Mrs.
Coppin concluded her address.
ESSIE FRY COOKE.
Musician, Talented Contralto Singer.
HIS favored young lady was born in Indianapolis, Ind., in
1868. At quite an early age she manifested an unusual
talent for music and most especially that instrument that so
beautifully adorns the parlor and whose tones remove the
greedy gloom from so many hospitable homes, viz. the piano¬
forte.
Her parents, thoughtful of her future, very highly respected
that wish uppermost in her heart and without hesitancy pro¬
cured both piano as well as teacher worthy of the name, and
started her on toward the high mark she has reached. In
1881 Essie was placed under the instruction of that distin¬
guished teacher, Prof. Frank N. Scott, and he, becoming so
charmed by her matchless range of voice, advised her to sing
contralto; this she did for four years, convincing as well as
establishing an enviable reputation as a contraltist.
Later Mr. Scott organized a troupe of singers, and offered
Miss Cooke the greatest inducements to travel, which she
accepted, and soon the F. N. Scott Indianian's became
quite famous. "Weary of travel and the footlights, as well as
the seas of faces, she retired from the stage until 1888, when
she joined Milton A. Boyer's Troupe, traveling all over the West.
But so unprepared did she feel herself for life's duties, that she
could no longer restrain the principles within and her eagerness
17G
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
of advancing to a finish, that she again retired in 1890 and
was placed under the tutelage of Prof. Gill, of Chicago.
There she made such progress in music and song that
she elicited the greatest plaudits from both press and
people.
On returning to Indian¬
apolis the aristocratic
churches of the white race
offered her special induce¬
ments for her services as
soloist in their choirs, but,
owing to the dismay engen¬
dered by feelings of hav¬
ing to decide which con¬
gregation she would serve,
she did the next best thing
and went again on the
stage, singing with the
Fisk Jubilees.
At this writing Miss
Cooke is pursuing the
higher rudiments of music
in Philadelphia, under the
instruction of Prof. Goul-
dezer, of Germany.
Though young, with only a portion of her latent genius at
work portraying the sagacity and erudition of many twice her
aS:e, we shall watch her career with much interest, fully believ-
ing that when all the dormant energies of this heart, mind and
soul are set in motion, great will the outcome be.
ESSIE FRY COOKE.
NELLIE E.BROWN MITCHELL
ELL1E E. BROWN MITCHELL, of Dover, New Hamp¬
shire, who in a, very few years has, by the great beauty
of her voice, and the exhibition of many noble qualities of
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
177
heart and mind, won a name of which she and all of her
admiring friends may justly be proud.
To Miss Caroline Brockett our subject is indebted the
admonition which has in later years made her famous. Then
at quite an early age the rhythm of nature, as much as the
musical notes which reached her ear, convinced her youthful
mind of dearest love, fondest but not impatient desire to startle
the music-loving world with a correctness of the human voice,
and demonstrate that untrammeled opportunities could for her,
as for Patti, Parodi and Jennie Lind, make her at last appreci¬
ative and much admired, if not famous.
She sailed out upon the broad billows of life with hoisted
sails and banners unfurled, having inscribed thereupon Excelsior.
She says : " My motto is ' Excelsior.' I am resolved to give
myself up wholly to the study of music, and endeavor, in spite
of obstacles, to become an accomplished artist." It may be
observed that none but those actuated by the most noble
motives, and who give utterance to such inspiring words as
these, do become k' accomplished artists."
The following have reference to Miss Brown's appearance
in Boston during the musical season 1874:
Said The Boston Traveler, April, 16th :
Miss Nellie E. Brown has for some months been the leading soprano at
Grace Church, at Haverhill, Mass., which position she has filled with eminent
acceptance, and with marked exhibition of artistic powers."
At another time above named paper said :
Miss" Brown possesses a very flue voice of excellent culture, and gave with
much taste several solos. Noticeably good was her rendering of Torrey's
' 'La Prima Vera." In all h3r selections she exhibited excellent style and
finish.
The Globe, March 31st, said :
Miss Nellie E. Brown showed a particularly well-modulated voice,
trained study and appreciative method, which served her well in the pleasant
rendering given by her so gracefully and unaffectedly.
The same paper, after alluding to her rendition of " Del
Criel Kegina," said:
This lady is fortunate in her exceedingly sweet and well-trained voice,
which, in conjunction with her fine personal appearance and stage manners,
rendered her reception unusually enthusiastic.
178
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
Speaking of an entertainment given at Parker Memorial
Hall, a musical writer said:
Miss Brown has a charming voice and sings with intelligent expression
and good taste. Two of her songs Beautiful Erin " and " Bonnie Dundee,
were rendered with great sweetness."
The Boston Advertiser, March 31st, said :
She has an exceptionally pure voice which has been carefully trained.
The Transcript April 16th, said :
A soprano of good voice and cultivation.
The Journal, Jane 13, 1874, said:
A talented vocalist, with a well-cultivated voice of a remarkably fine
quality. She pleased very greatly in several selections.
Said The Post, Nov. 13th :
An artist of exceptional merit, possessing a voice of rare compass,
flexibility and sweetness. In the solo, " Land of My Birth," by Operti, she
received enthusiastic applause.
Mr. Trotter says: '' Miss Brown has sung in quite a number of the large
towns and cities of Massachusetts, in which State she is scarcely less a favor¬
ite than in New Hampshire. She has appeared in company at concerts with
some of the most eminent artists of the country (such as, for instance, Prof.
Eugene Thayer, J. F. Rudolphsen, Myron W. Whitney, Mrs. Julia Houston
West, Mrs. H. M. Smith, and others), and always with fine success. In her
own city and State she enjoys a popularity unequaled by any other canta-
trice, her beautiful voice and many excellent traits of character winning
her the warmest esteem of all. The people of Dover are very proud of her,
and greatly delighted that one of their number if received with such marks
of enthusiastic favor in other States. The Dover people always readily
recall these triumphs, and proudly speak of her as ' our prima donna.'"
MISS MARY PROUT.
Eminent Pioneer Teacher.
T^P^ISS MARY PROUT is celebrated as one of our earlj/
teachers in Baltimore. She was beloved for her
piety and religious devotion. Bishop Paine says she was born
in 1800, and was still living in 1882. She was a prominent
member of Bethel, and was considered one of its shininc
lights.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
179
MRS. C. W. MOSSELL.
Missionary Christian Martyr.
RS. E,E\^. C. W. MOSSELL takes a prominent
place in the history of our race as a daring
missionary giantess. She is gone from her labors to reward.
Her work still lives. Her monument lives in the hearts of all
Haytians. Like the great Rock of Ages, her memory towers
in the mind of those to whom she carried the missionary light.
The bread which she cast
upon those West India
waters are being gathered
by the grand A. M. E.
Church, after many days.
Her eulogy expressed by
Hon. Jno. M. Langston, is
so splendid in rhetoric, so
touching with love and a
sacrifice of life, that we can
find no words fitting with
which to approach its sub¬
limity and truth.
She laid her life upon
the missionary altar that
the truth might be known
concerning Jesus. She
held a light to guide the
wanderer, and left a foot-
MRS. C. W. MOSSELL.
print as an emblem, announcing the birth of a Christian era
upon the West India Isles. In her death our sainted brother
lost a noble, true and sublime helpmate. Rev. C. W. Mossell,
as others, mourns the death of a saint, for she was a Christian.
MISS FLORENCE RAY.
Eminent Teacher.
T|g|)ISHOP DANIEL A. PAYNE, in the footnotes of his
T|2) " Recollections of Seventy Years," says : " Rev. C. B.
Ray is the father of three daughters now living, of whom he
180
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
has great reason to rejoice, because they have been, well edu¬
cated m the homestead as well as in the public schools of New
York.
Their sound and wholesome education has been manifest
to all acquainted with them, both in the school-room and in
the social circle. All their lives, since the attainment of
mature womanhood, have been spent in the training of chil¬
dren—than which neither man nor woman can be more hon¬
orably employed. Miss Florence, second in age, has always
distinguished herself by her studious habits, and made com¬
mendable progress in German literature. I can truly say it
was a real and a solid enjoyment to spend an evening in the
hospitable and refined home of this sainted man. He has
left behind him a sweet, noble-hearted widow, and three inter¬
esting daughters, whom we have reason to believe and to
hope will honor his memory as they have adorned his life."
ANNIE MARIA HALL.
Pioneer Teacher of Washington, D. C.
T^TRS. ANNIE MARIA HALL ranks among the pio-
neer teachers of the Negro race. Having conducted
successfully a school first started on Capitol Hill, she moved
after ten years to a more commodious structure, and continued
her labors until finally she moved to a house still standing on E.
Street, North, between Eleventh and Twelfth, "West, and there
taught many years. Prof. G. Williams in his history says of
her:
" She was a colored woman from Prince Georges' county,
Maryland, and had a respectable education which she obtained
at school with white children in Alexandria. Her husband
died early, leaving her with children to support, and she
betook herself to the work of a teacher, which she loved and
in which for not less than twenty-five years she met with uni¬
form success. Her schools were all quite large, and the manv
who remember her as their teacher speak of her with very
great respect."
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
181
EARNESTINE C. NESBITT.
Writer, Musician.
7»ES. EARNESTINE C. NESBITT (nee Clark), daugh-
^er • Peter H. Clark, is a sweet and scientific
smger, as well as a talented pianist and instructress. Mrs. Nes-
bitt has the distinguishing honor of being editress of the Mothers
Corner inRingwood's, Journal of Fashion, an illustrated maga¬
zine, really edited and published by the women of the Negro
race; the most brilliant attempt and most successful literary
journal of the present day displaying the genius of our
women.
DR. CONSUELLO CLARK.
Physician, Musician.
BR. CONSUELLO CLARK is a sweet singer and
pianist. Quite early in life she inculcated the ideas of
Similia similibus curantur, and nothing, not even the musical
gift possessed by her which would have in many overthrown
any apparently foreign desire to be anything else, yet man had
not only set the example in the classics, he had said, "Come,
follow," and thus in the professions, as few have made their
advent, Miss Clark, feeling that fruits ripened to an abundant
harvest, but for her sex there were no footprints of discovery,
felt it her duty to explore those untrodden solitudes and
gather those rich fruits and bring them as votive offerings
to the profession. She is a gifted scholar, a practical as well as
theoretical physician, a close student and stands out in bold
relief reflecting credit on the profession of medicine and show¬
ing the capacity of women to follow in the occult avenues of
thought, science and fine arts wherein men lead.
RANAVALONA III.
Queen of Madagascar.
[jf^HE Queen of Madagascar, Ranavalona III, who is a
|j dignified, sensible woman, mounted the throne and was
crowned in 1883, succeeding her aunt, Queen Ranavalona II.,
182 NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
being chosen by her predecessor to succeed her, but was also
formerly elected to the office.
According to the custom of the country, the queen on her
accession married Kamalalarivond, the prime minister of the
QUEEN OP MADAGASCAR.
Ranavalona III.
kingdom, who had also been the husband of the last queen.
The present queen has always been eager to forward the
development of the people. She has embraced Christianity for
herself and made it the State religion. The Hovas are a good
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
183
fighting race, and their experience in repelling the recent
French invasion has developed them greatly in a military way.
Their civilization, also, has been advanced in spite of the
war, daring the past few years under the wise administration
of the present queen. The queen has a council of advisers, but
the royal will is supreme in every case.
The French minister, resident in Madagascar, has advised
his government to confer the decoration of the Legion of Honor
on the queen, regarding her friendship worthy of the gift.—
The Biographical Review.
MARY S. PEAKE.
First Teacher at Fortress Monroe, Abolitionist, Christian Worker.
F the many teachers employed to train the colored
youths of the Southland, Mary S. Peake has merited
the highest encomiums from the lips of an orator, the praise
from the pen. The immortal Mrs. Hannaford says, in her
Daughters of America:
The American Tract Society has issued a little volume as a deserved
tribute to one Christian woman—a free colored woman, whose father was a
white man, Mary S. Peake, who was the first teacher at Fortress Monroe.
After long years of silent and, as many felt, unrighteous ignoring of the
question of slavery, the American Tract Society at last gave the medal of
praise to Christian effort without regard to race or color.
CHARLOTTE E. RAY.
Judge, Practices in the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia—Gifted,
Scholar—First Lady Lawyer of Washington.
WILDER the extensively treated subject,Women Lawyers,
in Daughters of America, by Mrs. Phoeba A. Hanna¬
ford, is found this glowing tribute to our own Charlotte E.
Ray:
In the city of Washington, where a few years ago colored women were
bought and sold under sanction of law, a woman of African descent has been,
admitted to practice at the bar of the Supreme Court of the District of
184
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
Columbia. Miss Charlotte E. Ray, who has the honor of being the first lady
lawyer in Washington, is a graduate of the Law College of Howard Univer¬
sity, and is said to be a dusky mulatto, possessing quite an intelligent counte¬
nance. She doubtless has also a fine mind and deserves success.
Her special endowments make her one of the best lawyers
on corporations in the country ; her eloquence is commendable
for her sex in the court-room, and her legal advice is authori¬
tative.
SOJOURNER TRUTH.
Abolitionist, Anti-Slavery Agitator, Writer, Lecturer and Race Champion.
®URING the close of the 18th century a Negro girl became
as much by blood as by circumstances an adapted
daughter of genius and fame, but it remained for the 19th cen¬
tury, with its civilizing influences, to apply the finishing touch
to make her what indeed and in truth she was, a woman and
very forcibly so a rare specimen of the female kind. Though
black and disfigured by force of circumstances and surroundings,
yet within a capacious breast beat a heart which had a place
for every unfortunate being, a head which contained a brain
full of thought and grand knowledge characteristic of tb e oddity
of her name.
Her life was all her name implies, and if nothing more could
be said, her distinction is already gained, but does Sojourner
Truth claim greatness? We think so, but for the thrilling
appeals of this grand woman in many a public hall throughout
the North and East we doubt not that a sad condition of affairs
would to-day be the lot of every Southern Negro. Her work
as an antislavery giantess commends itself, and fastens us in
praise of her with bands of steel.
On one occasion Hon. Frederick Douglass was making a
public address to 5,000 people, in which he made some dis¬
paraging remarks concerning the Negro's condition in America,
in this fashion :
" We are doomed to go down, doomed to extinction, etc."
Sojourner Truth, then a very old lady, hobbled up the aisle
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES
185
toward the speaker, shouting: "Stop, Frederick; stop, Frederick,
don't say that, does God live ? He is not dead, neither has
He gone off on a journey."
anti-slavery leaders.
Mrs. Harriet H. Robinson, in her book entitled, "The
Woman Suffrage Movement," does not hesitate to give our sub¬
ject justice, for she says, In speaking of the Anti-slavery societv
which met in Worcester, Mass., Oct. 23 and 24, 1850: " Rep¬
resentative men and women were present from the different
States, among whom were the following conspicuous speakers:
Wendell Phillips, William Lloyd Garrison, C. C. Burleigh,
W. H. Channing, Stephen S. Foster, Abby Kelly Foster,
Lucretia Mott, Sojourner Truth " and many others whose names
are too numerous for mention in this brief sketch.
Mr. Fairbanks, in his book entitled " How the War was Pre¬
pared," says of Sojourner Truth : "We were standing in the
great East room, when she came walking in, and approaching
the marshal said : " I want to see President Lincoln." " Well,
the President is busy, I think, and you can't see him now."
" Yes, I must see him. If he knew I was here, he'd come
down and see me." Finally the marshal went to the President's
room with a statement of the case, when the President
said : " I guarantee she is Sojourner Truth. Bring her up here."
And here she came, and we just approached near enough
to catch the glimpses, and hear the words of greeting: " So-
jouner Truth, how glad 1 am to see you." The President bought
her book; then handing him her photograph she said : "It's
got a black face, but a white back, and I'd like one of yours
with a green back."
That was too good. The President laughed heartily; then
putting his fingers into his vest pocket, and handing her a ten-
dollar bill, said: " There is my face with a green back."
Note: For further information concerning Sojourner
Truth read in another place in this book Sojourner Truth,
Amander Smith and Frances E. W. Harper compared.
186
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN.
MRS. JENNIE E. SHARPE.
A Returned Liberian Missionary.
TgTRS. JENNIE E. SHAxiPE, who has been in Western
JIKtszL. Africa since 1883 as a teacher sent out by the Boston
Board of Control of Liberia College, and is now in St. Louis,
gives some interesting facts with regard to the civilization of
African tribes.
" There is no country in the world," said she, " more misrep¬
resented than Western Africa. The situation there is thoroughly
misunderstood. From the accounts in books one would be led
to suppose that the natives were very ignorant and degraded.
This is far from the fact. "While the tribes are largely illiterate,
they are usually bright and capable of a high degree of culti¬
vation. There is one tribe in the interior of which I wish
particularly to speak—the tribe of Mandingos, nearly all of
whom, by the way, are Mohammedans. They are very skillful
in the working of brass, gold and iron. Three young girls of
this tribe were sent to me to attend my school in Liberia. They
came in their savage state, clothed only in a string of beads,
but had the culture and acuteness of children of good families
in this country. By this I mean that they were disposed to
gentleness and refinement and were capable of learning rapidly.
The Veys are another tribe of considerable culture. They have
a written monosyllabic language, the only written language of
Interior Africa.
" It is just here the missionary societies make a mistake.
They think that all Africans are ignoramuses, and that therefore
ignoramuses are good enough to send to teach them; while the
fact is the natives are astute and it requires a good deal of tact
to reach them. The missionary societies have so far done
comparatively little good. Their emissaries seem to go at their
work in a half-hearted sort of way and present the most unlovely
side of the cause to which they expect to make converts.
" But there is an important field to work and I think it must
be reached through Liberia. Liberia has already done more
than all the foreign missionaries together to civilize the tribes
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
187
of Interior and Western Africa, and if good schools were
established and good teachers trained in the African Republic,
there is no limit to the possibilities in the direction of civilization.
I think that Africa must be civilized through the descendants of
Africa. Let the best educated of the race in this country there
seek a field for their labors. The resources of the African
republic are vast and awaiting development. Schools,
churches and colleges are awaiting founding and support.
The work is a grand one. I believe that Liberia can be made
a beacon light to illuminate Africa.
" To be sure, those who emigrate from here to Liberia must
be prepared to endure hardship, as the first settlers did here,
but there are no obstacles which cannot easily be surmounted.
They must not take words of disgusted, lazy colonists, nor yet
squeamish missionaries, but go with a purpose and judge for
themselves. I have no patience with those who fight over the
race problem here. Let the descendants of Africa raise them¬
selves by culture and they cannot fail to command respect.
There is a field for their best energies in Liberia."
Mrs. Sharpe is in the country to recuperate lost health and
intends returning to her labors among her race in Liberia in
about six months. In the meantime she will enlighten Ameri¬
cans on the condition of the civilization problem there, and try
to arouse a sentiment in favor of her views.
MISS IDA B. WELLS (IOLA).
■pT would in our judgment, should we attempt to say over
every good thing that has been said of Miss "Wells, indeed
fill a volume, consisting of the grand and noble experiences as
well as the hardships through which she has passed in the
South. Since " there is a tide in the affairs of men which, taken
at the flood, leads on to fortune." Miss Wells' position and
responsibility actuated and prompted by the highest motives to
be a benefactress to her race, were very similar to that of Fred¬
erick Douglass, when it is taken into consideration that distinc-
188
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
tion and fame are the result of the efforts put forth, and the
manner in which she braved the tide. Iier forcible pen, her
caustic oddness, have disarmed the disputing South as to
women's ability and set up a sign-post portraying their power
with the pen, where the tombstone of doubt had so long re¬
mained. A symbol of Negro genius becomes the proud boast
of Southern contemporaries.
She was born in Holly Springs, Mississippi, where was
forteHs. We believe that Miss Wells possesses the greatest
love for woman in her realm, and chooses her profession
for no other reason than helping to improve our status in
journalism. Felicia Hemans to her is the portrayal of male
mockery, the Amazons are pictures of horror. She is teaching
the nation that sublime lesson of modesty unchanged even at
the severest test.
For several years she was editress of the Memphis Free
MISS IDA B. WELLS.
offered her the best educa¬
tional advantages. At quite
an early age the dreams and
aspirations of her youth were
placed at a disadvantage,
owing to the early death of
her parents and the assump¬
tion of unexpected responsi¬
bilities—that of not only
caring for number one, but
for her five brothers and
sisters. To say that she dis¬
charged her new duties as
two-fold-guardian, as not
only sister but parent, was
quite enough to inspire her
young life, as indeed for
this alone she is a heroine,
but what a world of good¬
ness the harmony of that
useful and sacrificing life
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACT1VI1IES.
189
Speech, a paper which for news and circulation was the pride
of the cultured Negroes of Tennessee.
Many Negro newspapers have been honored by her and
more liberally patronized consequent of her ready articles
touching the many phases of Negro progress. Among them
the New York Age, the Indianapolis World, Gate City Press,
the Detroit Plaindealer, Little Kock Sun, the A. M. E. Church
Itevievj, the Memphis Watchman, have all spoken editorially
touching her ability. Our subject possesses that dignified
pluck, which Webster fails to define, and being protected by
the respect which man endeavors to possess for woman she
has been able to touch as well as treat at length articles upon
which our man editors have shown the greatest reluctance. In
this respect Miss "Wells left locality out of the question, and
wrote what was wanting, naming persons, places, things.
Having by her tireless efforts for the good of the Negro
race been " lead on to fortune " after braving the tide (not of
adversity) for so many well-spent years in Memphis where she
was a noted teacher, she contrived to do what she knew would
be perilous. Looking danger full in the face she wrote a series
of articles which for force are seldom equaled upon the out¬
rages perpetrated upon the Negro, read the proof and started
for New York City, her then future home. These treats to
loyal lovers of liberty came out and started a wave of
indignation, and for the wrongs done the Negro the gap
which of late had become narrowed by Southern cupidity
and deceit grew spontaneously into a broad abyss, and so
terrible was the spark set to inflame and engender activity on
the part of the Negro that the State of Tennessee suffered
severely from the shock.
Previous to going to New York she in person visited Okla¬
homa, as she had so long read of it as a haven of rest free
from depredations upon the Negro, and after spending a few
days there learning all that she could of the Territory she
painted the dwarf State in its proper colorings. Thousands
of persons who had resolved upon what they should do, the
following year, at once relaxed the feelings of departure, and
190
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
reasoned, as Hamlet, " Better to bear the ills we have than fly
to those we know not of." Later, as we have already stated,
owing to outrages and depredations Miss Wells "took up arms
aginst a seat of trouble," that by opposing might endthem.
She is now a citoyenne of New York by adoption. As
formerly with her Southern friends she remains to-day, only a
sufficient distance which, being the metropolis city and State,
lends enchantment around the world. Her readers remain the
same, only the magnetic force of her pen enjoys a broader
scope. Before her audience was a multitude. Now it is the
nation. Ten thousand minds fly out to her in their adoration and
praise. Ten thousand hearts throb with exaltation in witness¬
ing her triumphs. The New York Age is possibly made better by
reason of Miss Wells' association on the staff, for those who
know Mr. Fortune credit him with being one of our greatest
men, and great men adopt only such means as will improve,
and make sure their success.
Miss Ida B. Wells continues as heretofore to dignify her¬
self, her calling and prove the wonderful depth of her powers
of conception of right. She concedes to the fact that a certain
class of American citizens are Negroes, but because of. that
fact it does not necessitate that such a class should be made a
"sideshow" at the World's Fair. Her paper before the
literati of Boston was forcible, logical and full of meaning ;
yet calm as a summer's stream, and wonderfully sublime. She
demonstrated the fact that it is adverse to the thought and
feeling of the Negroes of the South to be set apart on the
occasion of the World's Fair, and womanly denied the attach¬
ment of her name to the World's Columbian Jubilee Day Cir¬
cular. The Negro of the South, as well as the Negro of the
North, has in her a champion for their cause.
This world indeed would be very queer if all could judge
alike. Some capable writers differ in opinions, just as men differ
in politics. The Freeman mildly expresses it when it says that
the editorial below is "How some women reason:"
Miss Willetta Johnson, of Boston, secretary of the " Colored
Jubilee Day " committee, is " all put out" at Miss Ida B. Wells,
THEIR TR1UMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
191
because she had head enough not to indorse the " Jubilee
Day," and without writing her down a "horrid old thing!"
for the simple reason that Miss Wells is young and comely she
says several little spiteful things, which reminds us, laughingly,
how some women reason. Addressing our good brother of
the Boston Courant, she drops such pearls as these, referring
directly to Miss Wells.
*********
I desire to express my surprise that one of our own people should not
appreciate the great benefit to the colored race if the World's Fair manage¬
ment will but accord them the honor of a day's recognition.
*********
In a dignified and comprehensive way seek to mark an epoch in the his¬
tory of the colored race that shall'go down with >the other great and worthy
results of the Fair
*********
Why Miss Wells in particular should attack this committee, which is
just as legally constituted as any committee, and the people of Massachusetts
who have rallied round and supported her in her hour of sorrow and need is
strange to say the least.
*********
The first two " pearls " may speak for themselves, and of
the last we have no apprehension that Miss Wells took
umbrage at the inoffensive "committee" or cared a straw
whether it was legally constituted or not, but at the foolish
block-headed thing it seemed anxious to persuade the race to
do. But the most womanly retort of the whole pronuncia-
mento, and quite inexcusable, if not coarse, is the reference to
what "Massachusetts" had done for Miss Wells "in her hour
of sorrow and need." We don't suppose that this good lady
speaks for the colored people of Massachusetts, when she thus
holds forth, but if she does so much the worse for Massa¬
chusetts. Only very womanly women, and " queer" men
reason like that. Because Massachusetts, in a burst of race
fealty and enthusiasm, chose to honor herself by honoring
this plucky little race lady from the South, what then did it
follow, that in the act of becoming the guest of the " Old Bay
State," and its soulful hospitality, she gave up her right to
opinion on matters affecting her people?—The Freeman.
192
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
MISS WELL'S CONGRATULATIONS.
Editor Freeman :
Accept my congratulations-on the editorial in current Freeman against the
Afro-American Jubilee Day at the World's Fair. It is in the nature of things
that we cannot always agree on matters affecting race interest, but this is
one in which every self-respecting person, it seems to me, can agree. I am
more than gratified to find the Freeman in line. The Afro-American press is
a gradually growing power and rightly used it will at last win the race's
victory. Respectfully, Ida B.Wells,
New York, Feb. £5.
Among those who are doing lasting and beneficial work for
the race, the name of Miss Ida B. Wells is entitled to high con¬
sideration. Born to the end of the high calling to elevate and
defend her race from internal and outside adversaries, her life
has been marked by a steadiness of aim and consistency of
endeavors which seldom fail to attract the attention of pos¬
terity, to say the least. Whether in the schoolroom, behind
her pen or before the public, her blows have been as nails
driven in sure places. For years the press and teacher's desk
have been her native field, until routed by the enemy, who
little thought that though successful in driving this heroine
from her sectional strongholds, they were conducting her foot¬
steps to higher vantage grounds.—The Christian Recorder.
The action of the Memphis (Tenn.) Commercial, in using
grossly insulting language toward the brilliant and self-sacri¬
ficing Miss Ida B. Wells, is indeed reprehensive and deserving
of the severest censure.
The article does more to show up the coarseness and vul¬
garity in the editor that it does in reality injure Miss Wells.
No gentleman would be guilty of such language, and it is to be
regretted that a newspaper of the standing of the Commercial
should be disgraced by such a person as the one who occupies
the editorial chair. Southern spite and hatred are exercised
upon the innocent and the defenseless.
Miss Wells need feel in no wise embarrassed or cast down.
That God who has shielded and protected her thus far will
stand by her to the end.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
193
In the meantime our people owe it to themselves to aid this
young lady by doing all in their power to strengthen her
in her mission, that the American people may be aroused to the
enormity of lynch-law and its kindred ends.—Richmond
Planet.
Miss Ida B. Wells has been invited by the Moral Educa¬
tional Association to read a paper before the Ladies' Physio¬
logical Institute, at Boston, Mass., Jan. 26, 1893.
From an editorial from the pen of Dr. H. T. Johnson con¬
cerning the Philadelphia Conference, we clip the following
tribute to Miss Ida B. Wells :
Among the most prominent visitors to the Conference were Bishops B. F.
Lee, Turner, Grant and Ward; General Officers Embry, Coppin, Green,
Armstrong, Johnson, (editor); Drs. Seaton, Sampson, Morgan, Hannah, and
Editor Ida B. Wells. But few made speeches. Those worthy of note were
Bishop Lee, who said some wise witty things; Bishop Grant, who lifted the
conferenoe out of its boots, to speak elegantly; Bishop Turner, who was
himself, and at his best; Dr. Emory, embrionically dull and droll, but who
woke things upas he warmed in process; Dr. Green, the leonine disputant and
tripod spokesman of the Southern Recorder. Dr. Coppin made some happy
hits on the race question, the climax of which was capped by the dauntless-
but exiled "Iola," whose unique and inimitable speech won the conference,
and so excited sympathy in her behalf that it were well for her Memphian
adversaries that they were in their distant safety in the lower regions of the
Mississippi Yalley.
While our book is in the press, Miss Wells sojourns among
the good and patriotic people of Scotland. At the solicitation
of friends to outraged humanity, she has crossed the Atlantic
to affiliate with them, to confer as to the best plans to be laid,
to reach some conclusion in the attempt of setting forth a
remedy for the evils practiced by one class, and adopt methods
to lift our people out of many of the shameful conditions con-
« sequent of two hundred and fifty years of serfdom. The
Constitution provides certain amendments, fostered by the
chivalry of the republican party, but the rights that these
amendments set forth have not been protected nor subserved
for the good of those of our race who live in the South. We
truly hope that the desired end and aims of this conference
mav be duly met. It will be the noble response to a people
194
NOTED NEGRO - WOMEN,
yet grateful, whose hearts and minds are ever prayerful for
deliverance, and an ensign forever reminding all future gener¬
ations that there still lives a just God, a generous people, who
will lift up an appealing and grateful race. God is guiding
Miss Wells.
MISS SARAH FORTEN.
T^SpTISS SARAH FORTEN, another one of our brainy
women, is deserving especial mention here, from
the fact that her conspicuous efforts to reform the depraved
sentiment of the country concerning the human tie was not in
vain. She addressed the following lines to the White Anti-
slavery Women's Convention, soliciting their co-operation:
We are thy sisters, God has truly said,
That of one blood all nations He has made.
O Christian woman! in a Christian land,
Canst thou, unblushing, read this great command;
Suffer the wrongs which wring our inmost heart
To draw one throb of pity on thy part;
Our skins may differ, but from thee we claim
A sister's privilege and a sister's name.
After this, the whites and the free Negroes met in the same
conventions, and mutually exchanged their opinions, and
together ever afterward dealt their terrific blows at the foun¬
dation of America's disgrace, and, as we all gladly realize, drove
the dreaded monster from this virgin land.
MRS. NATHANIEL SPRAGUE.
Agitator and Author.
M~;S. NATHANIEL SPRAGUE, daughter of Hon.
Frederick Douglass, who resides in Washington,
1). 0., is one who has done very much to ameliorate the
Negro's condition in this country, a woman of purpose, an
exponent for the equal rights, a restless agitator for the cause
of humanity.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
195
-Mrs. Sprague is at present engaged in writing a book set¬
ting forth the deeds of the Negro women of the present
century. She is an able writer, and the world may expect
from her caustic pen a priceless addition to Negro literature.
PROF. MARY V. COOK, A. B.,
NOWN extensively, and especially for literary and
journalistic fame, as Grace Ermine, was born in Bowl¬
ing Green, Kentucky, in those dark days when the gloom of
terror pervaded our virgin country, and laid desolate and bare
the hopeful hearts of a much depraved people. Her education
has fitted her especially for the art of teaching, but indeed,
aside from the genius so necessary for school work which she
possesses to no moderate degree, she has taken quite a step
since 1886, when first she made her initiatory bow to the read¬
ing world, to the front ranks of journalism.
She is bordering on sublimity as a Christian, and is devoted
to Christian charity and temperance. Any one that is fortu¬
nate enough to see the inner life of Miss Cook at once becomes
"a loyal lover" with humanity.
Of her writings to the Negro press, many and varied have
been her articles, shedding therefrom a gleam of light where-
ever found. Biographers delight to honor, as well indeed they
might, some of her sayings ; and feel elated when once inspired
by her elegance and ease, her sparkling thoughts, her erudi¬
tion. Whatever post she has been called to fill in her eventful
life, the position has fully participated in the honor with her;
for with her, as with Josephine, a Napoleon could not fail. Mar¬
velous indeed is it when we take into consideration the fact that
such women are indeed living realities, after only a few years
isolation from slavery and only a few years of freedom to will
and to act, now to think. But, as we believe in a God, we are
mindful of the prayers commingled with tears, which then
was the only comfort to the mothers and fathers of the now
men and women, and we doubt not to-day the sorrows of
thraldom will be fully compensated, for, when we hear such
196
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
papers before conventions, read such articles as Miss Cook
contributes to the press, our confidence in Jehovah reaches its
human limit.
These papers have had a, wide sweep. In August, 1887,
Mobile citizens turned out on the occasion of the National
Baptist Convention to hear this able scholar and writer upon
the theme of " Woman's Work in the Denomination."
At other times and on similar occasions she has discussed
subjects and read papers with the grace characterizing her
talent and power :
" Female education," " Is juvenile literature demanded on
the part of colored children?" " Woman a potent factor in
public reform."
Among the articles she has written for the press, none
seem to have won for her more hearts and minds than "Noth¬
ing but Leaves."
Indeed her life would comprise a history, if on journalism
alone the historian might dwell. For the American Baptist
and the South Carolina Tribune have for years been the battle¬
ground upon which she has crossed swords with our man
editors, in fact she may be styled the equal of many of our
boasted editors.
As an educator she seems to have adopted her own ideas,
instructing with the pen those who unfortunately do not
come under her direct tutelage. This mode of life lifts one up
gradually into the channel of reflecting the goodness of
others, to the extent that they become so charged with the
absorbed reflection that the rays of light shines out impar¬
tially to all. A journal styled Our Women and Children,
published in Louisville, has participated largely in her writ¬
ings, and what the future holds in store for this talented unit
of Woman Fame depends largely upon her own progressive
efforts in the behalf of her race. To become great depends
upon the ease of losing sight of self to accomplish good for
others.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
197
LUCRETIA NEWMAN COLEMAN.
Writer.
WHATEVER is high and ennobling in human beings
largely depends upon their opportunities in early
life, transmitted through years of restless anxiety to become
what was most forcibly reflected upon their young minds.
Some people are born great, some become great through
years of active but patient toil, others have it thrust upon them.
From early life, dealing
with responsibilities, the
.spirit of usefulness seized
upon Mrs. Coleman, and
guided by the unshadowed
Christian lives of her pat¬
ents, who died while she
was quite young,ever kept
the precepts uppermost in
her mind which were to
characterize her daily life.
Dresden, Ontario, is the
city of her birth,and being
early associated with the
intelligence of the place,
she as others felt the spirit
on her to go through col-
i mi i T x LUCRETIA NEWMAN COLEMAN.
lege. She attended Law¬
rence University, finishing the scientific course. Her ex¬
perience as a teacher is the realization of some of her youthful
hopes. Her experience as clerk adds to her grace and dignity,
and most especially her relation as secretary and accountant
for the financial department of the A. M. E. church, where she
showed the pureness and beauty of an inner life, blessing and
brightening the once unhallowed girls of Nashville.
During her connection with the financial department of
the A. M. E. church, Mrs. Coleman contributed spicy philo¬
sophical literature to many Negro journals of the country,
198
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
always portraying the usual fascination for saying things in
her own way.
She has written many valuable poetic lines. Indeed the
sublime is the counterpart of her adorable easy life. Many
indeed are the comments from the press and its editors. Iier
poetic effusions reach such a depth of thought and meaning
which at once establishes her claim to the title which critics-
have been liberal in bestowing.
MISS LILLIAN LEWIS.
Writer,
LILLIAN A. LEWIS ranks among the literary
Those who have read her arti¬
cles in the Boston Advocate have long ago attributed to her the
title she so justly claims (Bert Islew). The above named
paper reflects very great credit on Negro journalism, and much
of its power and potency is due to the unceasing efforts and
well applied tone she has given it. Her association with the
foremost men and women of the race has, coupled with her
indomitable will, brought her in touch with the reading world.
Her articles, teeming with brightness, characterizing the-
productions of the grand and great thinkers, have caused
thousands to misjudge her race, identity and age. Her pen,
as the sword, is ever drawn in defense of her race, and those
who have had the honor of crossing weapons with her gener¬
ally retire from the combat feeling that they have been vigor,
ously fought. A journalistic career, though brief, is full of
honor and deserved merit. What awaits her in the future
none can say. The historian records the past and present; a
speculation is therefore beyond the limit of our imagination;
but if Miss Lewis continues in the path she has learned to
tread so well, grand indeed must be the landscape from the
lofty summit of her goal.
Among the host of women writers of the Negro race we
could not conscientiously conclude this chapter without men¬
tioning Miss Georgia Mabel De Baptiste, who inherits her
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
199
journalistic taste, and who, like the worthy ones mentioned, is
destined to shine as a full-grown meteor upon our cultured
realm. Miss Katie D. Chapman, Miss Alice E. McEwen, Miss
Lucy Wilmot Smith, Miss lone E. Wood, Miss Lavinia B.
Sneed, Miss Mary E. Britton, Miss Meta E. Pelham, Mrs. A.
E. Johnson, Mrs. M. E. Lam- -
bert, Mrs. Frank Grimke, Miss
Adina White, Mrs. Susie I.
Shorter, Mrs. B. F. Lee are all
deserving journalistic lights,
brightening theirseveral homes
with that becoming intellectu¬
ality, proving the fathomless
capacity that startles the read¬
ing world which woman pos¬
sesses to a remarkable degree.
It is no wonder that a race
progresses in spite of its obsta¬
cles when it is remembered that
such women bedeck the bright
escutcheon of our editorial
prow. The efforts of these
brought to bear for the fur¬
therance of the Negro cause
/* £ . • miss lillian lewis.
in a very few years of activity
has told wonderfully for the great accomplishments within the
possibility of the Negro race. Each as well as all seems forced
upon the arena, there to play well her part, not honor-seeking,
but inspired by the mandates of Duty.
JOSEPHINE TURPIN WASHINGTON.
Educator and Writer.
Augustus A. and Maria Y. Turpin was born July 31,
1861, a daughter whose marriage name is Mrs. Joseph-
ine~Turpin Washington, who was destined to shine even in the
great State of her birth. The State of Virginia has long been
200
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
the land of the free and the home of the brave, and where
educational facilities were fostered, and especially by the eru¬
dition of the Negro race.
Goochland county was honored by her nativity and made
prominent by her praise. Soon after moving to Richmond she
matriculated to the Eichmond Institute, having already passed
through the all important high school. Having a strengthened
belief in her power to master the classics, not satisfied with
a diploma from the limited course taken in the Richmond
Institute, she matriculated at
curriculum in the same length
\ ' instances to demonstrate that
JOSEPHINE TURPIN WASHINGTON. .
woman presumes too much m
her attempts to master the sciences. Mrs. Dr. Washington has
not only been honored by a position in Howard University ;
Howard University has been honored by her, not only as a
teacher, but as a pupil, for even as the latter her association
and demeanor served as a blessing to all who were fortunate
to be her friend in the institution.
As a teacher she has so favorably arrayed herself for the
work, and so ably availed herself with what is expected of a
teacher, that her usefulness has a wide range, and her services
have for a goodly number of years been sought bv the presi¬
dents of our Southern colleges. Her efforts to advance Selma.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
201
University are recognized, and the good she accomplished
while connected therewith is being felt.
She possesses a special penchant for writing, as indeed her
literary career, both as a scholar and newspaper correspondent,
has demonstrated to the world the power of thought when
produced from the pen of such a talented woman. Many, and
indeed varied, are the periodicals she has promoted by her
lofty thought and able articles. Newspapers that have the
support of the best writers are the ones most eagerly sought,
and most readily patronized, hence the magnetic force of her
pen found a host of avenues (newspaper columns) open wherein
the race agitations and momentous questions were duly met by
the readiness of her genius. Her will has been to answer back
whenever the lover of Southern pride attacked the unfortunate
race with which she claims identity—thus when Annie Porter,
with concentrated infamy, threw down the sacred altars of
Negro greatness, and played her hostile hand of treachery, in
Miss Turpin (which then was her name) she more than met
her match. The calumny occurred in the Independent—the
dignified reproof of Miss Turpin in the New York Freeman.
All of the prominent Negro newspapers have stood by her in
her bold assertions, and applauded her achievements, have
shared her joys and are made happy by her accomplishments.
She is the author of many high and ennobling subjects
which have engaged the attention of the many eager and anx¬
ious searchers after truth, but our space dictates brevity. Dr.
S. H. H. "Washington, of Birmingham, Ala,, took Miss Turpin's
hand in marriage, thereby stamping the seal of success for all
his future life.
The woman, great as she is, her intellect is greater. God
is demonstrating through such women as Mrs. Dr. Washington
some useful lessons, is writing upon the wall of Time that
which requires no interpretation, words which stand out as in
blocks of fire, famous for simplicity, and all who see may
read.
202
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
LUCY WILMOT SMITH.
Writer.
ISS LUCY WILMOT SMITH is a native of Lexington,
Ky., and from Prof. I. Garland Penn's sketch we
learn some facts (which time and space are not to be considered),
as to her worthiness among the leading Negro women of
America. She was born Nov. 16, 1861. Iier mother, Mrs.
Margaret Smith, the very embodiment of ambition, exerted
herself arduously and unselfishly to place every advantage for
education in her way, she being her sole support.
We learn that she began
teaching in 1877, serving under
Mjjjg board, and in 1887 graduated
from the normal department
jrj of the State University. She
Hi Mjjji mi was ^or a *°ng time private
secretary to Dr. William J.
^ jfg^T Simmons, by whose aid she was
thinkers and writers in news-
^ ' competency of the female to
lucy wilmot smith. ke trusted with responsibilities.
She is now a member of the State University faculty.
She is a newspaper contemporary and has shown her pecu¬
liar fitness for her art in the demonstration of controlling
special columns in Our Women and Children, one of the
best magazines published by the Negro race. She has served
on the staff of the Baptist Journal', in fact her newspaper
career since 1881, though short, has been one full of rare exper¬
iences, and eliciting praise from the pens of the best writers of
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACT1VI1IES.
203
the country. Mrs. N. F. Mossell says: " Miss Smith writes
compactly, is acute, clean and crisp in her acquirements and has
.good descriptive powers." " Her style is transparent, lucid, and
in many respects few of her race can surpass her."
Her success proves the scope of her versatility and talent.
Editor of Musical Messenger, Musical Writer, Talented Vocalist.
^HE subject of this brief sketch first saw the light of day
in Washington City, District of Columbia. Her
parents for uprightness and honesty have no peers in the
race. Henry H. and Margaret A. Tilghman have always
been the centre around which reveled the good and gay citi¬
zens of the national capital. In 1871 she finished the normal
department at Howard University and thereafter taught
fourteen years in the public schools of her native city. Her
knowledge of instruction at once asserted itself, and made for
her the reputation she justly won and merits.
Her musical as well as vocal talent has at all times won
for her the greatest praise both from public and press.
She sang through New York State, at all times meeting
the public expectations, delighting and captivating all who
heard her with her melody in fact in 1881, the JSTew York
press styled her " The Queen of Song." In this same year
she filled an engagement as leader of the Saengerfest, at Louis¬
ville, Kentucky, and two years later she was advised to travel,
acting as the leading sopranist in the Washington Harmonic
Musical Concert Troupe.
Her musical qualifications make her a marvel. Being a
graduate from the renowned Boston Conservatory of Music,
makes her less the foe and more the friend of critics, as for
them their work becomes an easy as well as a pleasing task.
She is a race lover and is restless in new adventures for the
development of her people.
[Ier Queen Esther Cantata, a musical concert played under
her management, is regarded by all by far the greatest musi-
MISS A. L. TILGHMAN.
204
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
cal effort ever carried to perfection in Montgomery, Alabama.
Her instructions to the many young ladies of the race guaran¬
tees to us the realization of many accomplished pianists and
singers in the South.
At Montgomery she published the Musical Messenger. On
leaving the above named city by reason of her ability she was
invited and accepted the, duties of the musical department of
Howe Institute, New Iberia, Louisiana. After one year of
hard work she resigned her position and took up residence in
Washington City, her home, where she, through God, is work¬
ing in the field of music, teaching and editing the Musical
Messenger.
LILLIAN PARKER THOMAS.
Local and Correspondent Editor of The Freeman.
ILLIAN PARKER THOMAS, correspondent editor of
, the Freeman, is a striking illustration of the triumph
of perseverance over obstacles incidental to the experience of
all who, unaided and alone, have hewn for themselves a place
on life's rocky and untoward highway. Associated with her
earliest remembrance has been an inspiration, now inviting,
anon abating, to some time write her name among the galaxy
of those whose sublime mission it had been to preserve for the*
edification and pleasure of coming generations the elevated and
instructive in literature and thought. As if to test the validity
and strength of this dominant aspiration, her lot was cast in a.
portion of the then new Northwest, where the chimes resonant
from the halls of culture and art vied with the weird haloo of
the untutored aboriginee. The members of her own race
being few, the impetus afforded by association for rivalry
played no part in developing her precocious talent. As best
she knew and could, she builded. She c£ shunned delights, and
lived laborious days " of application and study. The schools
of "Wisconsin, excellent and notably celebrated, offered superior
facilities for her eager and inquiring mind. The School Lyceum
had in her one of its most ardent devotees, as did the hio-her
' o
branches of the curriculum of the schools. Her bow to the=
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
205
public as a writer began with a strong, logical protest against
the action of the United States Supreme Court, declaring the
Civil Rights bill unconstitutional. Her protest appeared in
the leading dailies of the State, and was the recipient of wide¬
spread and favorable comment. The succession of events,
since that time, touching the interest of her race have been
LILLIAN PARkEK THOMAS
the animus to many and varied dissertations on this important
theme. Coming to Indianapolis in 1885, she soon attracted the
attention of the literati of the Hoosier capital, and was accorded
that honest recognition due her sterling intellectual gifts and
tastes. Her fame as a chaste and polished reader is far from
being of the common " school-house elocutionary " order, and
has long since ceased to be merely local. She has filled her
206
JSOTMD NEGRO WOMEN,
present responsible position upon the Freeman,the race's greatest
journalistic effort, for something over a year, and has filled it
fully and exceptionally, not through favoritism or the chance of
circumstances, but because her superior and exceptional quali¬
fications and merit, pure merit, have enabled her to do so, she
being the only lad}^ of her race in this section holding a position
of such journalistic importance. The special features of the
Freeman, such as " Race Gleanings," " Church," " Stage" and
" Friendly Reminders," are to be credited solely to her discrimi¬
nating compilation and original creation. Her " Friendly
Reminders," as given each week to the Freeman's thousands
of readers, are solely and originally the children of her own
thought and creation, and are worthy in many instances to be
ranked with Tupper's Proverbial Philosophy. It may be said
in a general way of this talented and growing race woman
that what"she has become to be, what she may yet become
to be, if all signs do not fail and opportunit}7- is not
suddenly cut off, is and will be due solely or mainly to her
own indomitable intellectuality and determination. She is a
credit to her race, an ornament to her sex. The mantle of
mental achievement, that belongs so properly to her was neither
an accident nor a bequest, but one of her own weaving, with %
filling thread of energy in warp and woof. She says:
"We believe that what should most interest women is woman;
-despite the glaring indication that her chief consideration, as
well as chief glorification, is man. Woman's condition to-day,
as compared with her condition in no far remote time, stands
out in contra distinction in favor of the present. But even
now she is environed with untoward odds which operate in
many instances to stultify her aspiration or palsy her effort,
and yet a number sufficient to wield telling influence have in
the last few decades invaded, as one lord of creation has
termed it, the ranks of the arts, sciences and industries, and
have flung into the burning pile which is fast consuming the
yokes of individuals and nations that theoretic weakling, i. <?.,
that woman is incapable of mastering economics outside the
domestic realm. The loom, spinning wheel and quilting frames
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES. 207
have been exchanged for the desk, the ledger, the brush and
palette, the caligraph and the camera; churn, milkstool, soap
kettle and lye hopper have each and all been relegated to dust-
covered obscurity, whence they are only brought to do
service as a corner-stone upon which some muse shall build his
lore of "ye olden time," and yet woman has not abandoned the
duties incumbent upon her as wife and mother, nor waived her
claim to the coronet which bears the inscription ' Queen of
home,' but has resolved the routine of household duties, which
to our grandmothers were veriest meniality and which were
often the bane of a cheerless existence, into a systematized series
of domestic functions of which she is the proud promoter. If
the broadening out of woman's mind by the leaven of science,
philosophy and art bore no other beneficence than the per¬
meating of this earthly shrine, the home, with the aroma of
culture and refinement and inculcating in the breast of the
inmates of that home love for the good and the beautiful, the
seeker after such knowledge had builded well. Nature
mellows the heart, while the development of the mind creates a.
window through which the erstwhile mental captive may behold
and appreciate the beauties of nature. But in this, a day of
great possibilities, the feminine heart yearns for broader paths
wherein to walk, an intellectual highway whereon all nations
or sex may walk abreast. This granted, the son and daughter
go hand in hand to the halls of learning and on common
ground prepare for the arena of life and for the time when,should
fickle fortune, whose mandate barrs no creed or sex, decree
the undoing of their success, they have won alike a safeguard
against wreck or ruin as a resultof helplessness."
MRS. C. C. STUMM.
MONG the women who have made for themselves names
as writers and pioneer teachers, Mrs. C. C. Stumm
ranks very high. She was born in Kentucky, is the daughter
of Thomas and Eliza Penman, and the accomplished wife of
Dr. Stumm, an able minister of Philadelphia. At quite an
208
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
early age she matriculated at Berea College, where she pro¬
cured a fair amount of learning, but by courage and thirst for
knowledge she has studied her way to the top. Her exper¬
ience as a teacher, as well as her reputation, has been won, not
only in the public school-room, but in academies both in Texas
and Kentucky. As a journalist her efforts have been frought
with success. Her writings and editorial work cover many
different States. In Boston the Hub and Advocate, in
Kentucky the Bowling Green Watchman, each have found in
her a ready exponent and versatile writer.
She is at present a resident of Philadelphia, where she is
engaged in journalistic agency for the National Monitor,
published at Brooklyn, N. Y., and Our Women and Children
journal, published at Louisville, Ky.
MRS. SERENA LETITIA MOORE.
Artist.
BY JOHN C. DANCY.
p^HE subject of this sketch was born at Snow Hill, N. C.
Nov. 11, 1863, and is the daughter of Georges Wash¬
ington and Esther Suggs. At the age of three years she removed
with her parents to Wilson, N. C., where she early began to
attend school and continued therein regularly until she was 13
years old. Her principal during these years was the now distin¬
guished Dr. J. C. Price, president of Livingstone College. At
this age she entered the St. Augustine Normal and Industrial
Institute, at Raleigh, N. C., under the presidency of Dr.
Smedes and under the tutelage of such teachers as the now
eminent teacher, essayist and speaker, Mrs. Anna J. Cooper,
A. M.. Washington, D. C. After spending three years
here, she spent one year at Scotia Seminary, Concord, N. C.
After this she spent one year at St. Mary's Academv, Baltimore,
Md.
Mrs. Moore professed religion when only eleven years old
and joined the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church at
Wilson, *N". C.
Til Kill TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
209
In the fall of 1879 the then young principal of Wilson
Academy, Prof Edward Moore, Ph. D., now of Livingstone
College, met her. He had just graduated fcfrom Lincoln Uni¬
versity, and was recognized as a thorough scholar and brilliant
young man. During that year relations began|to grow between
them, which finally terminated in their marriage Nov. 14,
1881, which has proven a very happy and fortunate union.
At school she was apt in
all her studies, but from very
early life she had a peculiar
taste, aptness and fondness
for drawing, which she has in
later life cultivated, until she
is now able to execute most
excellent oil paintings, especi¬
ally portraits. In her parlor
can be seen life-size pictures
of Dr. J. C. Price, Collector
of Customs, John C. Dancy,
Bishop C. R. Harris, and Mrs.
Anna J. Cooper, which would
do credit to many of our best
artists. Her work in water
colors and other forms of the
painter's art does her great
cred it.
In 1883 she was elected one
of the teachers of the preparatory department of Livingston
College. She held this place till the increasing duties of the
family made it necessary for her to resign in 1885. She is
the mother of four interesting children and is always happy in
instructing them, andmarking out their pathway in life.
Mrs. Moore is of medium height, of a lively disposition,
genial nature and beautiful face. Hers is a social nature, high-
minded and ambitious. She always makes it pleasant for her
friends. She delights to entertain, and is known for her char¬
acteristic hospitality.
210
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
MRS. A. E. JOHNSON.
Writer.
RS. A. E. JOHNSON", we learn, was born in Maryland
in 1859. Her education was obtained in Montreal,
Canada, but for the reason that she might be of use to her race as
an educator, she moved to Baltimore in 1874, where she has
since resided. Her marriage with Dr. Harvey Johnson, an
eminent divine, took place in 1877.
Her writings are varied;
MKS A. E. JOHNSON.
she having a clear con¬
ception of what a poet
means, she is reserved in her compositions, and so deep is her
thought that her productions ward off the minnows in search
for those who inhabit deep water. Her powers of imagination
are so forcible that for every true disciple of her muses there
is painted by the fairy a rare picture.
TEEIR TRIUMPES AND ACTIVITIES.
211
MRS. W. E. MATHEWS.
Eminent Writer.
RS. W. E. MATHEWS (Victoria Earle) was born at
Fort Valley, Georgia, May 27, 1861.
Those cruel days of servitude for our subject severed the
parental tie, and by reason of cruelty and outrage perpetrated
in those dark days caused many an unfortunate to seek refuge
in the far North. Mrs. Caroline Smith, for that was her
mother's name, after repeated
attempts to flee, finally suc¬
ceeded, making New York
her home.
After a series of years,
she returned and found liv¬
ing four of her children, our
subject being one of the num¬
ber, whom she freed legally
from the clutches of the law,
and took them finally to
New York, where she might
educate the little ones com-
mitted to her care. -7.
Her opportunities at first
proving to be not so smooth
as anticipated, hence she was
forced to work for main¬
tenance. Possessing all of
the characteristics of a true disciple, she labored and studied
arduously to make her way in the world. Such is the life of
the mother; what of the daughter whose life engages the
attention of the literary world ?
By perseverance Mrs. Mathews has written her way into the
hearts of America's best enlightened citizens. The wonderful
fascination she has for the subjects her extensive writings
embrace place her among the highest American female writers
of the age.
MRS. W. E. MATHiAVS.
212
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
More than a score of leading periodicals, daily and weekly
under the management of both white and Negro editors^
demand the magnetic pulsation that her articles seem to give.
For instance, she has been in demand on the following : The
New York Times, Herald, Mail and Express, Sunday Mer¬
cury, the Earth and the Phonographic World/ meanwhile
acting as correspondent to the National Leader, Detroit
Plaindealer and the Southern Christian Recorder. Her articles
contributed to the A. M. E. Church Review have proven the
force of her literary genius. The following leading Negro
weeklies have always found her a ready exponent: The Bos¬
ton Advocate, Washington Bee, Richmond Planet, Catholic
Tribune, Cleveland Gazette, New York Globe, New York Age,
and the New York Enterprise. Sho is as busy as a bee, for it
has become an established fact that Mrs. Mathews' greatest
pleasure is in the constant pursuit of her literary and journal¬
istic duties.
Her high literary attainments abundantly fit her for
achieving marvelous success in literature; her peculiar fascina¬
tion for stories have added much to her grand attainments, as
her footprints can be seen in the Waverly Magazine the New
York Weekly, the Family Story Paper and Ringwood Journal
of Fashion.
Her many literary achievements go to prove that merit is
the watchword for the world. Of course the city wherein the
most of her life has been spent, where she has proven herself
a worthy scholar, meritorious in every way, and worthy of the
reliance placed in her, naturally offered her the greatest
inducements for her turn of mind. She is a success. The
Negro race should be proud and more courageous in their
boast of their greatest minds.
The Woman's National Press Association finds in her a
worthy member, a giantess, the equal of any of her sex or soci¬
ety, and places the Negro race, from a literary standpoint,
where it justly belongs in story writing and literature in general.
She is not only a novelist and press correspondent, she is
an author of a series of text books and school literature.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
213
Her wide scope with the pen proves the assurance of her
Yersatility and talent, and demonstrates, as well as proves, the
philosophy of industry, that he who would accumulate must
work.
MRS. CHARLOTTE FORTEN GRIMKE.
Educator, Linguist, Writer.
~pT is indeed a pleasure to record the deeds and usefulness of
(fj one who, by her dint and push, has made her name known
to the literary world. She was born in Philadelphia, of hon¬
ored parents, whose genealogy may be traced many genera¬
tions ; in fact, a grand-daughter of that venerable Mr. Forten,
of Revolutionary fame, who was for many years the friend and
adviser of America's great poet, John Greenleaf Whittier,
though Mr. Forten was many years his senior. As soon as
Miss Forten could conceive of the idea of what an education
consisted, and the use of it, she determined to go where the
very best training was to be gotten, hence she went to Salem,
Mass., entered a school in which she, after graduation, taught
for a number of years. Remarkable to say that in her depart¬
ment there was not a colored child, and she experienced no
insinuations of disrespect on the part of the white children who
were committed to her care. Her genius forced open higher
avenues of learning year after year, and served as a convincing
argument that the women of color with equal chances could
do what white women could do. After teaching a number of
years in Massachusetts, the call was made for volunteers to go
South and carry the intellectual light to the boys and girls;
the women and men of to-day. Miss Forten then, as now,
being one of the best educated persons of the race, made her
way to Port Royal, South Carolina, where she gave to the newly
freedmen two of the busiest years of her young life teaching,
working in church and Sabbath-school, and as forcibly as pos¬
sible did she delineate upon their duties to their God, their
fellow-men and themselves. The XIII., XIY. and XY. amend¬
ments to the Constitution found the Negro as void of under-
214
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
standing then, as the sudden issuance of the emancipation proc¬
lamation found them almost incapable of the faith, to compre¬
hend their deliverance. Much had to be accomplished, schools
and school-houses had to be erected, and, true to every instinct
of the genius she possessed, she returned to Kew England and
became correspondent for the New England Ereedman's Aid
Society. This position was the responsive cord to the " even
tenor of her way." She had been South, studied the Negro's
rude conditions, taught their children, labored with them and
knew their wants. God really placed her there. Miss Forten is
an erudite scholar, a forcible writer, and, withal, a woman of
extraordinary powers who would do honor to any race. At
the solicitation of the poet Whittier, she corresponded with him
during her stay South, also while sojourning there she wrote an
article entitled "Life on the South Sea Isles,r which occurred
in the Atlantic Monthly, a journal that needs no praise.
At the suggestion of Colonel Higginson, her knowledge of
the French language was brought to the severest test in the
translation of a book (written in the French language) into
English, copyrighted by Erckmon and Chatrian, and published
in Scribner's Magazine, for which she was long a correspond¬
ent. Unlike very many women writers, Miss Forten enjoyed
the reputation of being a costly correspondent in that a work¬
man was worthy of his hire. She has contributed largely of
her talents and time to invigorate and make interesting many of
our newspapers, and all who have come in for a share of such
of her favors have shown it in their journalistic success. Her
association with such minds as Whittier and Longfellow has
been inspiring in effect, and given her an insight very keen to
appreciate the true, the beautiful; for this rare enjoyment, she
has been caused to feel and know the difference between the
exalted and the humble, and as compared with the literary
work of the exalted, she claims to have done very little; but
those who know her best freely assent in crowning her with
the laurels she has so beautifully won.
After leaving Boston, she came South to Washington, D.
C., where she spent a number of years in the cause of educa-
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
215
ticm. The high school was her workshop, and the material
turned out year after year during her activities there proved
most wonderfully her fitness as a teacher—a leader—and it is
the boast of the whites in Massachusetts, as well as the Negroes
in Washington, D. C., that Charlotte Forten was their teacher.
Here this lady met Hev. Dr. Grimke, and surrendered her life-
work, leaning upon him, who became the mainstay of her
eventful life. He is a husband, a model for men ; she a wife,
an example of purity and chastity; a teacher of Christian
piety ; yea, a copy for our girls, who can make for themselves
a record.
LUCINDA BRAGG ADAMS.
Musician and Writer.
WHE subject of our sketch is the accomplished daughter
of Mr. and Mrs. Geo. F. Bragg. She was born in the
Old Dominion, in the city of Petersburg, and so circumstanced
that she could enjoy the advantages of becoming a musician,
at quite an early age. Proficiency indeed seems to be her second
nature. Her force of character and magical art seem to go
hand in hand, and altogether fit her for the highest realms
of music and song. She possesses every feature of the high
art. Her compositions are full of her soul, portraying in
every line the uppermost tenor of her soul.
She has won the meed of praise from the papers of Virginia
and in an article on musv?, which appeared in the A. M. E.
Review, she seems to have concentrated all her genius, as,
indeed, her friends far and wide paid such glowingcompliments
that she has more than ever confined her talents and time to
music. She is assistant editor of the Musical Messenger, of
which Miss A. L. Tilghman is its accomplished editor. Mrs.
Adams is the author of ' Old Blanford Church,' which she, for
the friendship existing between her family and Hon. John
Mercer Langston's, together with her high regard and concep¬
tion of his rare ability, dedicated to him.
216
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
Prof. I. Garland Penn, in his Afro-American Press, says:
" She is a woman of indomitable will, and a writer of superior
ability. The Messenger, with Mrs. Adams' aid, will be a paper
of commanding influence in Afro American journalism."
MRS. MARY E. BRITTON (MEB).
^Ip^IIE subject of our sketch is an ardent student of meta-
yJHj physics and a firm believer in phrenology, and had her
phrenological character written out by Prof. 0. S. Fowler. He
describes her predominant characteristic as " ambitious to do
her level best." He speaks of
^er as "thoroughly conscien-
$ffr est possible sense of right and
f '/ey & ...m. Her career as a writer began
' WM////z MmtSSmt r/\ an address prepared for
her school exhi^iti^on. ^
mkTmakye. britton. talent for comparing, explain¬
ing,# expounding and criticis¬
ing, and has made no small stir among the city officials and
others for their unjust discriminations against worthy citizens."
We say of her as others; many and varied have been her treatises
on the race question. She is one of the leading women writers
of the South. More than a dozen Negro journals have been
forced onward toward the high mark, owing to the quality of
lier contributions. All Louisville, (Ivy.) is alive to the fact that
within its borders there is one plucky woman and she is our
Meb. Her educational work in Louisville speaks for itself.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
217
The citizens join in one unanimus voice in accrediting her with
all the estimable qualifications of a noted lady, a useful and
tireless worker and a model of our latter day civilization.
MISS PAULINE POWELL.
Eminent Pianist and Artist.
subject of this sketch was born in the city of Oak-
\jjlj land, county of Alameda, June 27,1872, and is the only
daughter of the late William W. Powell and Josephine Powell,
old and respected residents
of the city of Oakland. She
was educated in the public
schools of Oakland and
always stood very high in her
studies. She graduated from
the grammar school, and was
promoted to the high school,
where she remained one year,
when she was taken out by her
parents to pursue her studies
in music and painting. Miss
Powell has been studying
music and the piano for seven
years under the best masters
of the profession, and among
her most prominent teachers
was the late Prof. McDougall,
who took an extra interest in
her progress in that particular
study, and to his teaching
she owes the most of her success as a brilliant performer upon
the piano and her knowledge of music, both vocal and instru¬
mental. Although Miss Powell is well advanced in the musical
profession, being one of the most brilliant performers upon the
piano that we have in the city of Oakland, either white or
colored, she still'pursues her studies in music, and has for her
MISS PAULINE POWELL.
218
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN\
instructor Miss De Gomez, lately of the Conservatory of Music
at Berlin, Germany. She has also pursued her studies in paint¬
ing for five years, having a natural gift and taste for the pro¬
fession. Though she has never had a great deal of teaching in
that profession from the great masters of the art, yet she has
produced some as fine paintings as those who have ranked as
prominent artists in the great studios of Europe and America.
Miss Powell had several paintings on exhibition at the Mechan¬
ics' Institute fair in 1890 in this city, which received great
praise from the committee of award and those who admired
works of art amongst the thousands that visited the pavilion
during the season. They were the first paintings ever before
exhibited by a colored artist in this State at any of the art exhi¬
bitions, and speak well for the push and energy exhibited by
the young lady in showing the capabilities of the race in the
arts and sciences.
Miss Powell resides with her mother, Mrs. Josephine Powell,
at 579 Sixteenth street, corner of Jefferson, in the city of Oak¬
land, who owns a handsome cottage of six rooms, of modern
build and improvements. The family consists of three—the
mother and her son and daughter, Mr. William Powell and
Miss Pauline Powell, who are bright examples for emulation,
as far as refinement, love of mother and home are concerned.
They are a blessing to their widowed mother.
.Read what the San Francisco Examiner sa}rs of her perform¬
ances :
Miss Powell gave a beautiful piano solo, after which. Miss "Winslow gave
a recitation and another exhibition of Delsarte movements. The very excellent
work done by the Misses Powell and Winslow has been one of the most attrac¬
tive features of the assembly. Miss Pauline Powell was born and educated
in Oakland. She has been making music a special study, and has given
several recitals in San Francisco with great satisfaction to her friends. She
interprets classical music with fine taste and exquisite finish. She has made
a most happy success here by her refined and cultured performances, and all
Cliautauquans and their friends have generally bestowed their congratulations
upon her, and prophesy for her a brilliant future as a pianist.
Another brilliant testimonial of her talents :
Miss Pauline Powell's piano performances were from memory, brilliant in
execution and perfect in harmony. Her "Fantasie Impromptu, C sharp
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
219
minor," by Chopin, and " Rondo Bdlliante,'* by Weber, w«re played in a
masterly style, and evoked continued applause.—P. G. Review.
Miss Powell was born in Oakland, Cal., and as a native daughter reflects
credit on the golden State. She has a natural genius for music, and interprets
the classic music of the great masters with evidences of thorough instruction
and rare natural genius. She invariably plays without her notes and entirely
from memory, which is high proof of her talent.—San Francisco Call.
ASSISTED BY C. KELLOG, THE BIRD WARBLER, AND THE MISSES POWELL AND
WINSLOW, PIANIST AND DELSARTIST.
(From, Tuesday's Daily.)
The grand entertainment Saturday evening as per program was held at
the M. E. Church, and really overreached the excellency of the merits claimed
for it, Dr. Hirst presiding. At the conclusion of a few preliminary remarks
by the Doctor, Miss Powell, who has won our hearts, was announced, and
gave a " Rondo from Mendelssohn," the brilliant execution of which could not
be well excelled.—P. G. Review.
MRS. OCTAVIA V. R. ALBERT.
Author of The House of Bondage.
/^\ CTAYIA VICTORIA ROGERS, wife of the Rev. A.
\^/ E. P. Albert, D. D., was born in Oglethorpe, Macon
county, Ga., of slave parentage, December 24, 1853, and was
educated at Atlanta University, in that State. She and Dr.
Albert first met at Montezuma, Ga., where they taught school
together, in 1873, and on October 21, 1874, they were united
in holy wedlock. They had an only daughter, who survives
her mother. She united with the African Methodist Epis¬
copal Church under the preaching of Bishop H. M. Turner, at
Oglethorpe, Ga., and was converted and united with the
Methodist Episcopal Church, under the pastorage of the Rev.
Marcus Dole, at Union Chapel, New Orleans, in 1875. Her
own husband baptized her at Houma, La., in 1878, during the
first year of his ministry. She was an angel of mercy whose
loving spirit will long be cherished by all who knew her but
to love her. Now she rests from her labors, and her good
works do follow her. Peace to her precious memory!
The Compiler.
220
NOTED NEORO WOMEN,
dr. albert says in prefacing.
The following pages, giving the result of conversations and
other information gathered, digested, and written by Mrs.
Octavia Y. Rogers, deceased wife of the Key. A. E. P. Albert,
A. M., D. D., first appeared in the columns of the Southwest¬
ern Christian Advocate, some months after her death, as a
serial story, under the name of The House of Bondage. It
was received with such enthusiasm and appreciation that no
sooner was the story concluded than letters poured in upon
the editor from all directions urging him to put it in book
form, so as to preserve it as a memorial of the author, as well
as for its intrinsic value as a history of Negro slavery in the
Southern States, of its overthrow, and of the mighty and far-
reaching results derived therefrom.
No special literary merit is claimed for the work. No
special effort was made in that direction ; but as a panoramic
exhibition of slave-life, emancipation, and the subsequent re¬
sults, the story herein given, with all the facts brought out, as
each one speaks for himself and in his own way, is most inter¬
esting and life-like.
The conversations herein given are not imaginary, but
actual, and given as they actually occurred. No one can read
these pages without realizing the fact that " truth is often
stranger than fiction." As such we present it to the public as
an unpretentious contribution to an epoch in American history
that will more and more rivet the attention of the civilized
world as the years roll around.
An only daughter unites with the writer in sending out
these pages penned by a precious and devoted mother and
wife, whose angelic spirit is constantly seen herein, and whose
subtile and holy influence seem to continue to guide and pro¬
tect both in the path over which they since have had to travel
without the presence and cheer of her inspiring countenance.
To her sacred memory these pages, the result of her efforts^
are affectionately inscribed.
Editorial Rooms A. E. P. Albert.
Southwestern Christian Advocate, Laura T. F. Albert.
New Orleans.La.,November 15,1890.
HEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
221
the introduction to her book, coming- as it does from one of
America's greatest churchmen, we could not
refrain inserting it.
The story of slavery never has been and never will be. fully
told. In the last letter that John Wesley ever wrote, addressed
to Wilberforce, the great abolitionist, and dated February 24,
1791, and this only six days before his tireless hand was quieted
in death, he wrote these words: " I see not how you can go
through your glorious enterprise in opposing that execrable
villainy (slavery and the slave trade), which is the scandal
of religion, of England, and of human nature. Unless God has
raised you up for this very thing you will be worn out by the
opposition of men and devils; but if God be for you, who can
be against you? Are ail of them together stronger than God ?
O, ' be not weary in well-doing.' Go on in the name of God,
and the power of his might, till even American slavery, the
vilest that ever saw the sun, shall vanish away before it."
It is because American slavery was " the vilest that ever saw
the sun" that it is, and will remain forever, impossible to ade.
quately portray its unspeakable horrors, its heart-breaking
sorrows, its fathomless miseries of hopeless grief, its intolerable
shames, and its heaven-defying and outrageous brutalities.
But while it remains true that the story can never be com¬
pletely told, it is wise and well that the task should be
attempted and in part performed; and this for the reason that
there are some who presume that this slavery, " the vilest that
ever saw the sun," has been, and is still, of divine appointment;
in short, that from first to last it was a divine institution. It is
well to remind all such people that the Almighty Eulerof the
universe is not an accessory, either before or after the fact, to
such crimes as were involved in slavery. Let no guilty man,
let no descendant of such man, attempt to excuse the sin and
shame of slave-holding on the ground of its providential char¬
acter. The truth is that slavery is the product of human greed
and lust and oppression, and not of God's ordering.
Then it is well to write about slavery that the American
people may know from what depths of disgrace and infamy
1322
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
they rose when, guided by the hand of God, they broke every
yoke and let the oppressed go free. Finally, it is well to tell,
though only in part, the story of slavery, so that every man,
woman and child of the once enslaved race may know the ex¬
ceeding mercy of God that has delivered them from the hope¬
less and helpless despair that might have been their portion if
the Lord God Omnipotent had not come forth to smite in divine
and righteous wrath the proud oppressor, and bring his long-
suffering people out of their worse than Egyptian bondage.
This volume, penned by a hand that now rests in the quiet
of the tomb, is a contribution to the sum total of the story that
can never be entirely told.
In her young girlhood the author had known the accursed
system, and she knew the joy of deliverance. With a deep,
pathetic tenderness she loved her race; she would gladly have
-died for their enlightenment and salvation. But she has gone
to her reward, leaving behind her the precious legacy of a sweet
Christian influence that can only flow forth from a pure and
consecrated life.
May this volume go forth to cheer and comfort and inspire
to high and holy deeds all who shall read its pages !
wlllard F. mallalieu.
Boston, Mass., Not. 15, 1890.
To more fully demonstrate her powers as a writer, and to
prove the worth of her contribution to Negro literature we
insert the following:
CHAPTER XVIII.
negro government.
Xuklux—Reign of terror—Black laws—Reconstruction—Colored men in
constitutional conventions and State legislatures—Lieutenant-Governor
Dunn—Honest Antoine Dubuclet—Negro problem—What the race
has accomplished since the war—Emigration and colonization.
If the Kuklux treated the missionaries in that manner you
must not imagine that they left the colored people and their
children unharmed. Thousands of colored men and women
throughout the South were in like manner whipped and shot
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES. 22$
down like dogs, in the fields and in their cabins. The recital
of some of the experiences of those days is enough to chill
your blood and raise your hair on ends. The horrors of those
days can scarcely be imagined by those who know nothing
about it. Why, madam, you ought to have been down here
in 1868. That was the year in which Grant and Colfax ran
for president and vice-president, against Seymour and Blair.
A perfect reign of terror existed all over the South; and the
colored people who attempted to vote were shot down like
dogs everywhere. There was such a reign of terrorism in
many States of the South that the Congress of the United
States refused to count the bloody electoral votes of several of
the Southern States. Two years before that, in July, 1866r
there was a constitutional convention in New Orleans, to
frame a constitution whereby the State of Louisiana might be
reconstructed and re-admitted into the Union. On the 30th
day of that month, I believe it was, a fearful riot was insti¬
tuted by those fire-eaters, and the result was that the streets
of New Orleans were flooded with Negro blood. Hundreds of
them were killed without any knowledge of the murderous
intentions of their enemies. They lay dead on every street
and in the gutter, and were taken out and buried in trenches
by the cart-load in all the cemeteries. The children at school
were also the object of the same murderous spirit. "When we
sent our children to school in the morning we had no idea that
we should see them return home alive in the evening.
"Big white boys and half-grown men used to pelt them with
stones and run them down with open knives, both to and from
school. Sometimes they came home bruised, stabbed, beaten
half to death and sometimes quite dead. My own son himself
was often thus beaten. lie has on his forehead to-day a scar
over his right eye which sadly tells the story of his trying ex¬
perience in those days in his efforts to get an education. I
was wounded in the war, trying to get my freedom, and he
over the eye, trying to get an education. So we both
call our scars marks of honor. In addition to these means to
keep the Negro in the same servile condition, I was about to
224
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
forget to tell you of the ' black laws,' which were adopted in
nearly all of the Southern States under President Andrew
Johnson's plan of reconstruction. They adopted laws with
reference to contracts, to the movement of Negro laborers,
etc., such as would have made the condition of the freed
Negro worse than when he had a master before the war.
But, in the words of General Garfield upon the death of Presi¬
dent Lincoln, ' God reigns, and the government at Washington
still lives." It did live, and, notwithstanding Andrew John¬
son, it lived under the divine supervision which would
not and did not allow the Southern States to reconstruct upon
any such dishonorable, unjust plan to the two hundred thou¬
sand Negro soldiers who offered their lives upon the altar for
the perpetuation of the Union and the freedom of their
country. And the whole matter was repudiated by Congress,
and the States were reconstructed upon the plan of equal
rights to every citizen, of whatever race or previous condition.
It was then declared that, whereas the stars on our national
flag had been the property of only the white race and the
stripes for only the colored, now the stars should forever be
the common property of both, and that the stripes should only
be given to those that deserved them.
" Under this new plan of reconstruction many colored men
entered the constitutional conventions of every Southern
State; and in the subsequent organization of the new State
governments colored men took their seats in both branches of
the State governments, in both Houses of Congress, and in all
the several branches of the municipal, parochial, State and
national governments. It is true that many of them were not
prepared for such a radical and instantaneous transition.
But I tell you, madam, it was simply wonderful to see how
well they did. And, although in the midst of prejudice and
partisan clamor a great deal of the most withering criticisms
have been spent upon the ignorance, venality and corruption
of the Negro carpet-bag reconstruction governments inaugu¬
rated by our people, I believe' time will yet vindicate them>
and their achievements will stand out in the coming years as
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES. 225
one of the marvels of the ages. Who of all the officers of any
State government can compare with the unassuming, dignified
and manly Oscar J. Dunn, Louisiana's first Negro lieutenant-
governor, or with Antoine Dubuclet, her honest and clean¬
handed treasurer for twelve years? His successor, E. A.
Burke, a white man, representing the virtue and intelligence
of our 'higher civilization,' is to-day a fugitive from the State
for having robbed that same treasury of nearly a million dol¬
lars. Alabama has had her Vincent, Tennessee her Polk, Mis¬
sissippi her Hemingway; Kentucky, Maryland, and nearly
every one of the Southern States have had their absconding
State treasurers, with hundreds of thousands of dollars of the
people's money unaccounted for, since the overthrow of the
Negro governments of the South. Such is the contrast that I
like to offer to those people who are constantly denouncing
the Negro governments of reconstruction times in the South.
" If our people did so well when only a few years removed
from the house of bondage, wherein they were not permitted to
learn to read and write under penalty of death, or something
next to it, what may we not expect of them with the advances
they have since made and are making ?"
"I declare, colonel, I would not miss this interview I have
had with you for a great deal. I was so young when the war
broke out that 1 had no personal knowledge of many of the
things that you have told me, and I assure you that you have
interested me with their recital. I understand that you occu¬
pied several very important positions in State affairs duringthe
period of ' Negro supremacy,' as the white people call it, and I
know you must have made some valuable observations growing
out of the downfall of those governments and the condition and
tendencies of things since. Tell me just what you think of our
future in this country, anyway. Tell me whether we are pro.
gressing or retrograding, and whether you think it is necessary
for us to emigrate to Africa, or to be colonized somewhere, or
what %"
" Well, madam, I must conffess that some of your questions
are extremely hard to answer. Indeed, some of them are to-
2^6
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN.
day puzzling some of the profoundest philosophers and thinkers
in this country; and I doubt very much whether I could assume
to answer them dogmatically. One thing, however, I can tell
you, without fear of successful contradiction, and that is that
no people similarly situated have ever made the progress in
every department of life that our people have made since the
world began. Why, just think of it! Twenty-seven years ago
we did not own a foot of land, not a cottage in this wilderness;
not a house, not a church, not a school-house, not even a name.
"We had no marriage tie, not -a legal family—nothing but the
public highways, closely guarded by black laws and vagrancy
laws, upon which to stand. But to-day we have two millions
of our children in school, we have about eighteen thousand
colored professors and teachers, twenty thousand young men
and women in schools of higher grade, two hundred news¬
papers, over two million members in the Methodist and Baptist
churches alone, and we own over three hundred million dollars'
worth of property in this Southern country. Over a million
and a half of our people can now read and write. We
are crowding the bar, the pulpit and all the trades, and every
avenue of civilized life, and doing credit to the age in which
we live.
" I tell you, madam, I am not much disturbed about our
future. True, I cannot and do not pretend to be able to solve
the Negro problem, as it is called, because I do not know that
there is really such a problem. To my mind, it is all a matter
of condition and national and constitutional authority. Get the
conditions right and my faith is that the natural functions,
security to 'life, liberty and happiness,' will follow. ]\Iy advice
to my people is : ' Save your earnings, get homes, educate your
children, build up character, obey the laws of your country,
serve God, protest against injustice like manly and reasonable
men, exercise every constitutional right every time you may
lawfully and peacefully do so, and leave results with God, and
every thing will come out right sooner or later.' I have no
faith in any general emigration or colonization scheme for our
people. The thing is impracticable and undesirable. This is
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
m
the most beautiful and desirable country that the sun shines
upon, and I am not in favor of leaving it for any place but
heaven, and that when my heavenly father calls, and not before.
Of course, in localities where inhumanities are visited upon our
people to such an extent that they cannot live there in peace
and security I would advise them to remove to more agreeable
sections of the country ; but never would I advise them to leave
the United States. Another thing : I do not think we ought
to ever want to get into any territory to ourselves, with the
white people all to one side of us or around us. That's the
way they got the Indians, you remember, and we know too
well what became of them.
" My plan is for us to stay right in this country with the white
people, and to be so scattered in and among them that they
can't hurt one of us without hurting some of their own number.
That's my plan, and that is one of my reasons why I am in
the Methodist Episcopal Church. God's plan seems to be to
pattern this country after heaven. He is bringing here all
nations, kindreds and tongues of people, and mixing them into
one homogeneous whole; and I do not believe we should seek
to frustrate His plan by any vain attempts to colonize ourselves
in any corner to ourselves."
With this the colonel left, expressing himself delighted with
his visit, as I am sure I was.
Between Mrs. Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin" and Mrs.
Albert's " House of Bondage " there is a most beautiful con.
trast; the former dignifies the Negro as a fugitive and asserts
his rights to be a fugitive ; the latter shows up the unrelenting
patience of the Negro and his unrivaled faith in the Giver of all
good. Again, the former is scenic, presenting a most beautiful
as well as lasting, yet touching landscape; while the latter is
just what its title identifies—"The House of Bondage."
228
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
MADAM SISSIRETTA JONES.
The Black Patti of Her Race.
subject of this sketch was born in Providence, R. I.
\j!j When quite a wee child she proved beyond the
shadow of a doubt her fitness for the stage as a race represen¬
tative, and has among other things maintained her ground,
never weakening and giving down, but nourishing a faith fit
only for the righteous, which, has led her gently into the pleas¬
ant and peaceful paths of success. Some say that greatness is
■ sometimes thrust upon us;
' ^ *s in^orn5 others
argue that it is acquired.
;; musical ability reigned up-
her whole attention to
- - - heart and mind thirsted.
Hence, after a few weeks with the classic masters, the whole
Negro race was applauded for the advent of one among us,
and sufficiently black to claim our identity, that was des¬
tined to move the world in tears. Year after year our subject
has won new conquests, and in only a short season she is termed
the Black Patti. Is this an instance of acquired greatness,
thrusted greatness or inborn greatness? We loth to say in¬
born or thrust. For every achievement made by our race that
seems to attract the attention of the world we are caused to
feel that were it not for God's intervention, etc., etc. When
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
229
Negroes are smart, as a rule, a characteristic spirit seems to
predominate in them when very small. Her career, while
brief, is nevertheless full of bright successes. We append be¬
low a few press comments :
At the concert given by the World's Fair Colored Concert Company at
New York, February 13th, Mme. Sissiretta Jones is said to have surpassed all
former appearances. Among the boxholders were Judge and Mrs. Andrews,
Colonel and Mrs. Ingersoll, Mrs. Jeannette M. Thurber, Mr. and Mrs. Henry
Villard, Wallace C. Andrews, Mr. Morris Reno and Miss Reno, Daniel Bacon
and R. W. G. Welling. Three rows of seats in the center aisle were occupied
by a concert party from a fashionable girls' school, and there were musicians
of fame in attendance who join with us in sentiment.—TTve Freeman.
A valentine wokth haying.
Tuesday afternoon, February 14th, Mme. Sissiretta Jones sang at the resi*
dence of Judge Andrews, on Fifth avenue, New York, before a party of
thirty ladies, among whom were Mrs. Hicks Lord, Mrs. C. Fields, Mrs. Van-
derbilt, Mrs. Stevens and Mrs. Astor, at whose house Mme. Jones will sing
next week. The Chief Justice of India, who was present, presented the
singer with a valentine, which, when opened, contained a check for $1,000,
She also received a solid silver basket filled with choice flowers. The ladies
pronounced the singing superior to Patti's, and then sat down to lunch with
Mme. Jones. Mr. Charles Anderson was a guest on this occasion. The pro¬
gram was.a valentine souvenir printed on satin, and will be treasured by all
as a memento.
"BROWN" AND "BLACK" PATTIS.
Their Singing—Selika the Best—Madame Jones a " Great Singer."
Washington, D. C.
Of Mme. Selika the world has spoken, and in her favor. Time nor rivals
can wrest from her laurels so richly won ; but she is not the Selika of yester¬
day, and the fact is most apparent when she sings with another whose share
to public favors is deserving because it is compensating. Selika is a finished
artist who appeals to the technical society lights particularly, but they cannot
support any first-class concert for the reason they are too few. In the rendi¬
tion of the staccato notes Mme. Selika has not been excelled, even by Patti,
and her shading is so smooth and even that you cannot but commend it. Mrs.
Jones is a great singer. She is not the " greatest singer in the world," nor is
she a black, blue or green Patti. She is in no sense a Patti. If Mrs Jones
would remember that Mrs. Greenfield, the Black Swan, made for herself a
name without the need of styling herself the Black Jenny Lind,then she
will know that she can succeed to as great an eminence without having to
shars the success with a white woman who would feel dishonored in wearing
the title the White Black Swan. Afro-Americans need to impress their chil-
230
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
dren that their race develops geniuses and heroes whose deeds can be emu¬
lated and perpetuated with everlasting profit, thus declaring our patriotism.
We need more race pride! Our public men and women must exhibit it.
Mme. Jones is a great singer; Mme. Selika is the greatest colored singer.
You hear Mme. Jones with pleasure ; you hear Mme. Selika with profit.—J.
E. Bruce (Bruce Grit).
Mme. Sissiretta Jones'singing at the exposition at, Pittsburg, Pa., saved
the exposition management from bankruptcy.
MISS HALLIE QUINN BROWN.
. Elocutionist.
TRAVELER passing by a country farm house a few
miles from Chatham, Canada, a few years ago, might,
have seen a little girl of eight or nine summers, mounted upon
a, colt without bridle or girth, hair given to the winds to be
tossed, dashing up a lane to the pasture. There he would have
seen her dismount and hastily perform the duties of dairy¬
maid, first calling each cow by name, and inquiring the health
of each or making some playful remark. The milking finished,
she now goes through the program that absorbs her whole
attention, having risen before any other one of the household,
so that she could not be seen. She jumps upon a stump or log
and delivers an address to the audience of cows, sheep, birds,
etc. Neither knowing nor caring what she says, she goes
through her harangue, earnestly emphasizing by arm gesture,
and occasionally by a stamp of the foot. She has a separate
speech for the larger animals, and special addresses to the
lambs, ducklings and any other juvenile auditors that happen
to be near. Having exhausted her vocabulary, she begins a
conversation in the language of the horse, cow, sheep, goose,
rooster, or bird, until each is imitated; then, bidding adieu to
her pet auditors, she remounts her prancing steed and canters
back to the house. This is her daily morning program. She
supposed all along that her secret was locked in her own breast.
.But a farm hand saw her one morn by chance, himself unob¬
served, and 'twas a secret no longer. Nor did she realize her
"ridiculous capers," as she has called it since, until she had grown
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
231
to young womanhood. Who can say but that propitious Fate
had her then in drill in order to develop the powers of her
soul, so that she might make a portion of mankind happier by
the instruction and amusement she should furnish. "Who was
this little girl ?" ask you. The subject of this sketch—Miss
Ilallie Q. Brown.
Hallie Quinn Brown is a native of Pittsburg, Pa. When
she was quite small her parents moved to a farm near Chatham,
Canada, Ontario West. At an early age, in the year 1868, she
was sent to Wilberforce College, Ohio, to obtain an education
O " 1
the country schools of Can¬
ada could not give, and
where her parents subse¬
quently removed and now
reside, at Homevvood Cot¬
tage. She completed the
classical scientific course in
1873, with the degree of B.
S. in a class of six. One of
her classmates is the wife
of Rev. Dr. B. F. Lee, ex
president of Wilberforce,
and now [1884] editor of the
Christian Recorder; while
another, Prof. S. T. Mit-
Miss halxiie quinn brown. chell, A.M.,has been elected
president of Wilberforce.
Realizing that a great field of labor lay in the South, Miss
Brown, with true missionary spirit, left her pleasant home and
friends to devote herself to the noble work which she had
chosen. Her first school was on a plantation in South Caro¬
lina, where she endured the rough life as best she could, and
taught a large number of children gathered from neighboring
plantations. She also taught a class of aged people, and by
this means gave to many the blessed privilege of reading the
Bible. She next took charge of a school on Sonora plantation
in Mississippi, where she found the effort to elevate the minds
232
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
of the people much hindered by their use of tobacco and
whisky—twin vices.
But as she is an indefatigable worker she accomplished
much, and at this place, as at all others where she is known,
her influence for the better was felt. Her plantation school
had no windows, but was well ventilated—too much so, in fact,
for daylight could be seen from all sides, with no particular
regularity, and the rain beat in fiercely. Not being successful
in getting the authorities to fix the building—shed, we should
have said—she secured the willing service of two of her larger
boys. She mounted one mule and the two faovs another, and
thus they rode to the gin-mill. They got cotton seed, returnedj
mixed it with earth, which formed a plastic mortar, and with
her own hands she pasted up the chinks, and ever after smiled
at the unavailing attacks of wind and weather.
Her fame as an instructor spread, and her services were
secured as teacher at Yazoo city. On account of the unsettled
state of affairs in 1874-5, she was compelled to return North.
Thus the South lost one of its most valuable missionaries.
Miss Brown next taught in Dayton, Ohio for four years. Owing
to ill health she gave up teaching. She was persuaded to
travel for her Alma Mater, Wilberforce, and started on a lec¬
turing tour, concluding at Hampton School, Yirginia, where
she was received with very great welcome. At the " Soldiers'
Home " she was cordially greeted and kindly cared for by the
sister of Dr. Shipman. After taking a course in elocution she
traveled again, having much greater success, and receiving
favorable criticisms from the press. For several years she has
traveled with " The "Wilberforce Grand Concert Company," an
organization for the benefit of Wilberforce College. She has
read before hundreds of audiences and tens of thousands
of people, and has received nothing but the highest praise
from all.
CRITICISM.
Miss Brown may be thought to gesticulate too frequently in
some of her didactic selections; but right here is shown that
she discards the rigid rules of the books and follows nature, for
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
233
she possesses an ardent temperament, and nearly every sentence
she utters in private conversation is made emphatic or impres¬
sive by a gesture or variation of the facial expression.
Miss Brown possesses a voice of " wonderful magnetism and
great compass." At times she thrills by its intensity ; at times
it is mellow and soothing. She seems to have perfect control
of the muscles of her throat and can vary her voice as suc¬
cessfully as a mocking bird.
But we measure things largely by results. As a public
reader Miss Brown delights, enthuses her audiences. In her
humorous selections she often causes " wave after wave of
laughter " to roll over her audience.
In her pathetic pieces she often moves her audience to
tears.
In her didactic recitations she holds the listener spell-bound
as she points out to him the shoals and quicksands or directs
him to paths of right and truth.
But the public press speaks and it has a right to be heard.
The greatest compliment ever paid to Miss Brown, at least
the one she doubtless appreciates the most, was received under
the following circumstances. While at Appleton, Wis., she
recited, among other selections, " How He Saved St. Michael's."
After the concert a lady came forward, requesting to be intro¬
duced to the elocutionist. The Rev. F. S. Stein then intro¬
duced to Miss Brown Mrs. Dr. Stansbury, the author of " How
He Saved St. Michael's." Madam Stansbury grasped the hand
of the elocutionist and exclaimed: " Miss Brown, I have never
heard that piece so rendered before." This, notwithstanding
a famous reader a few weeks before, had given the same selec¬
tion there, and advertised by announcing that she would
render Mrs. Stansbury's famous poem. Miss Brown was con¬
fused. She did not even know the lady lived in the State, and
did not dream of her presence in the house, hence she was
taken completely by surprise, nor would she have attempted to
give it had she heard of the presence of the authoress. The
compliment was all the more appreciated because every elocu¬
tionist who visits that section renders "St. Michael's."
234
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
A CASKET OF LAURELS.
"WON BY MISS .HALLIE QUINN BROWN, OF WILBERFORCE.
Miss H. Q. Brown, the elocutionist, ranks as one cf the finest in the
eountry.—Daily News, Urbana, O.
The select reading of Miss H. Q. Brown is done to perfection. She has
an excellent voice and has good control of it. She makes every piece sound as
if it were the author speaking, and in many of them doubtless she excels the
one she imitates.—Neogo, 111.
Miss Hallie Q. Brown, a general favorite at Island Park, rendered in her
inimitable style, " The Creed of the Bells." A prolonged encore followed.—
Island Park " Assembly."
Her style is pure and correct; her selections excellent. The " Fifty Miles
an Hour" made one thrill, it was so very impressive.—Long Branch (N. J.)
News.
Miss Brown displayed remarkable powers of pathos and dramatic elocu¬
tion . * * * * Her excellent dramatic talent was displayed to
the best advantage in the selection entitled, "The Sioux Chief's Daughter."
The audience was the largest ever gathered at a public entertainment in that
place.—Newport (R. I.) News.
The readings of Miss H. Q. Brown confer a histrionic glow upon the
colored race. She is the superior of nine out of ten elocutionists before the
public. Her description of " The Bells " is a masterpiece of elocutionary art
which will withstand the severest and most cultivated criticism. Her prolong¬
ation of the tones of the bells is a wonderful representation of the poet's lines.
Miss Brown's selections were all of a difficult order and exhibited great versa¬
tility and ability to reach in most of them a still better execution.—Daily
Republican, Emporia, Kan.
Of the recitations of Miss Hallie Q. Brown too much cannot be said. As
a reader she is the peer of any professional in the land.—Richmond (Ind.)
Paladium.
Miss Brown in her elocution is unquestionably brilliant. Her "Fifty
Miles an Hour," descriptive of Mrs. Garfield's ride to Washington when her
husband was shot, was given with that generous touch of womanly feeling
that made it the gem of the entertainment.—Miami Helmet, Piaua, O.
Most excellent was the dramatic i eading of Miss Hallie Q. Brown, a grad-
date of Wilberforce College, and evidently a lady of much intelligence.
* * * * Miss Brown is also at home in humorous pieces. The
description of how a woman joined the Masons was received with almost
continuous shouts of laughter, the members of that ancient and honorable
order apparently appreciating it keenly.—Marion Times (la.).
Miss Hallie Q. Brown has but few equals as an elocutionist. She has a
sweet, flexible voice. Her enunciation is distinct, her manner graceful and
her gesticulations eminently appropriate to the character of her selections.
Some of her humorous selections caused wave after wave of laughter to roll
over the audience and were most heartily encored.—Red Oak (la.) Express.
TUEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
235
The recitations and readings of Miss Hallie Q. Brown were simply
superb. The magnetism, eloquence and wonderful compass of voice, as devel¬
oped in " Uncle Dan'l's Pra'ar," "Farewell, Brother Watkins," and "Aunt
Jemima's Courtship," might be equaled but could never be surpassed.—Rich¬
mond (Ind.) Independent.
The readings of Miss Hallie Brown were grand.—Urbana (0.) Democrat.
The elocutionary entertainment given by Miss Hallie Q. Brown, a-gradu¬
ate of Wilberforce, was worth double the price of admission. She has a
wonderful voice, and a culture to match it. An educated and much-traveled
gentleman who has listened to all the most noted elocutionists in this country
and Europe was si enthusiastic over Miss Brown's rendition of the "Church
Bells," that he declared he never saw or heard it equaled ; that her manner,
voice and gesture were all superior to anything he had ever listened to or
hoped to hear.—Richmond (Ind.) Paladium.
Miss Brown is quite tall, has auburn hair, a keen eye, a voice of remark¬
able compass and features of great mobility. Her selections were as follows:
"The Last Hymn," "The Love Letter," "How He Saved St. Michael's"
—a thrilling story in verse relating how this famous Charleston (S. C.) church
was saved from fire by the daring act of a slave, " Jemima's Courtship,"
" Curfew Must Not Ring To-night,"—in which she exhibited intense dram¬
atic power, "Ameriky's Conversion," " Uncle Daniel's Vision," "The Little
Hatchet," and "The Creeds of the Bells." Miss Brown stands by far above
the readers we are accustomed to hear.—Washington (D. C.) Advocate.
Several of our prominent citizens were present who were greatly delighted
with the skillful and accomplished manner with which Miss Brown rendered
the varied styles of elocution.—New Haven (Conn.) Paladium.
Miss Hallie Q. Brown, elocutionist of the Wilberforce Concert Company,
has the distinguished honor of being the teacher in the department of elocution
at the Monona Lake Assembly, and is meeting with great success.—Corres¬
pondence—Cleveland Gazette.
* * * * Miss Hallie Q. Brown was decidedly entertaining in
her efforts in elocution. She '' brought down the house " cn various occasions
and had to respond repeatedly to the spontaneous calls of the vast audience.—
" Monona Lake Assembly," Madison (Wis.) Daily Democrat.
Miss Brown is so well known in Xenia that one need not go into detail in
praise of the good and even performance of this talented lady ; she will make
friends for herself wherever she goes.—Torchlight, Xenia (O.).
Miss Hallie Q. Brown, the elocutionist, who has always been a great
favorite with Xenia audiences, was cheered to the echo, and in some of her
pieces was really interrupted by the continuous applause. She certainly
excels in her character delineations and varied modulations of tone, three-
fourths of the elocutionists on the stage.—Daily Gazette, Xenia (O.).
But the crowning feature of the company is the elocutionist, Miss Hallie
Q. Brown. Nothing finer in elocution has been heard in this city, with no
exception or reservation in favor of other eminent elocutionists, who have
appeared in this city. She is capable of touching every chord of emotion,
236
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
equally effective in pathos and humor. The intonations of her voice are as
exquisite as those of an eolian harp, and as melodious as music itself, and in
dramatic fervor and power of dramatic expression Miss Brown is inimitable.
What for instance can be more melodious and touching than her recitation of
the " Church Bells," or what more genuinely humorous than the recitation of
the original piece called " The Apple?" Miss Brown cannot fail of establish¬
ing for herself a national reputation at no distant day.—Republican, Xenia(0.).
Miss Hallie Q. Brown, the elocutionist with the company, was loudly
applauded. Many credit Miss Brown with being one of the best elocutionists
before the public.—Indianapolis Times.
Miss Brown, the elocutionist, is a phenomenon, and deserves the highest
praise. She is a talented lady and deserves all the encomiums that she
receives.—The Daily Sun, Vincennes (Ind.).
The select reading of Miss Hallie Q. Brown was very fine. From grave
to gay, from tragic to comic, with a great variation of themes and humors,
she seemed to succeed in all, and her renderings were the spice of the night's
performance.—Monitor, Marion (111.).
We must say the capacity of Miss Hallie Q. Urown to entertain an audi¬
ence is wonderful.—Tri-County Reporter, Gosport (Ind.).
Miss Brown's recitals will compare favorable with many of the female
elocutionists who are classed with Mrs. Scott-Siddons and others of lesser note.
—Vincennes Daily Commercial.
MRS. LAVINIA B. SNEED.
Educator and Writer.
l^TRS. SNEED claims a very high place among the
literary women of the race. For many years she has
shown the trend of her genius as a writer, and though she is
quite young, many a topic engaging the public mind has been
treated at length with an erudite pen from her storehouse of
thought. Happy indeed are they who live in the sunshine of
Fate. Many Negro journalists have boasted of her favors,
realizing the good of her articles gracing their columns. Her
writing possesses that smoothness, clearness and fearlessness so
often said of the great writers.
It is easily predicted that, should she live long, the race will
be blessed with one other such woman writer as Mrs. Harper,
one other such Christian as Mrs. Early, one other such chival¬
rous woman as Sojourner Truth.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
237
IONE E. WOOD.
Educator and Writer.
_.ISS IONE E. WOOD ranks to-day among the fore-
most of our women; first, from the standpoint of
acknowledged intellectual ability to write; second, as an earn¬
est educator and race ad¬
vocate. Not yet in the
zenith of womanhood, but
in the ascendency, she is
unceremoniously climbing
its rugged heights with the
will of a Trojan. For her,
as for others, God has des¬
tined to shine in the bright
arena of American hero¬
ines, and she feels the spirit
on her to quietly and noise¬
lessly move unobserved in¬
to her place. Miss Wood
does not make much noise,
but howbeit she is heard in
the press. The force of her
genius,like the great power
wheel of moving machin¬
ery, is ever asserting itself ione e. wood.
and keeping alive and up¬
permost in the minds of those who think the great topics
agitating the Negro mind.
MISS VALETTA LINDEN WINSLOW.
Elocutionist.
/^\UR race possesses many young ladies of ability who
would prove powerful factors in demonstrating the pos¬
sibilities of the race, if they would only exert themselves and
apply their energies. Not seeming to realize our need of the
highest intellectual advancement, they pass through the soft
233
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
green meadows and flowing pathways of life, with no apparent
aim. But, when we see a young girl, just budding into
womanhood, in the face of many obstacles, making for herself
a name that honors her and exalts the race, it is a pleasure to
record her achievements. Such a one is the subject of this
MISS VALETTA LINDEN WINSLOW.
sketch, Miss Yaletta Winslow. She was born in Chicago, 111.,
January 25, 1871, and is the eldest of three sisters, daugh¬
ters of Elisha and Emma Winslow. She resided in her native
city almost fourteen years, about half of which time she at¬
tended the public schools. Her father having taken up his
residence in California, early in November, 1884, she, in com-
TUETR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
239
pany with her mother and sisters, departed for the far "West,
arriving in Oakland, Cal., on the ninth day of November. In
this beautiful city, the Athens of the Pacific Coast, where the
very best educational facilities are free to all, the family took
up its residence. She began her school career there in Janu¬
ary, 1885. She made excellent progress and attended regularly
until February 14, 1890, when, owing to failing health, she
was compelled to discontinue her studies. The possessor of
commendable ambition, but, unfortunately, not of a robust con¬
stitution, she undertook too many studies, and the result was
impaired health. However, she was able to complete her
junior year in the High School, and did so very creditably.
Miss Winslow had a special taste for elocution, and to this
study she devoted much of her spare time while attending
school.
Her teacher was Mrs. Carro True Boardman, one of the
leading elocutionists of the Pacific Coast. After a short, but
much needed and beneficial rest, she began studying again by
taking up Delsarte and elocution as a specialty, and the pro¬
gress she made was truly phenomenal. Possessed of a kind
and generous nature, she gave unstintedly of her time and tal¬
ents to every worthy cause, and, as a consequence, was a
general favorite.
On the 16th of May, 1891, she was publicly presented with
a, handsome lace pin by the Masonic fraternity. The pin con¬
sisted of two pendants, a cross and the square and compass,
significant of the best motives and resolves in the Masonic
world,—a suggestive token of appreciation of her kind and
generous qualities. In July, 1892, Miss Winslow filled a
special engagement with the Chautauqua Assembly at Pacific
Grove. And when we inform the reader that this Assembly
is composed of some of the ablest men and brightest women on
the Coast, that its entire membership is refined and of exalted
tone, the importance of such an engagement is plainly evident.
The following extracts from leading daily papers give an
excellent impression of the talent and artistic ability possessed
by Miss "Winslow:
240
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
Miss Valetta L. Winslow, in all her public performances here, has shown
most remarkable power, especially as a Delsirtist, carrying her audiences
by storm. Her facial expressions were a constant surprise, expressive of the
various passions and emotions of the soul, while every movement was grace
and beauty. She has made, without a doubt, a fine record at this assembly,
and her future will be watched with increasing interest by the host of Chau-
tauquans and the friends in attendance on these unusually attractive exercises.
It is to be hoped that she will be engaged for assembly next year.—Cor. San
Jose Mercury, July 7, 1892.
Miss Winslow's recitation, "Aux Italiens," was gracefully rendered and
well received. Her portrayal of the different passions and emotions that oft-
times rack we poor mortals sore were true to the letter, particularly revenge,
pain, abject fear, and entreaty. The lady is the personification of grace and
ease, lithe as a panther and willowy as a reed.—Pacific Orove Review, July
9, 1892.
Then came the most pleasing event of the afternoon—Miss Valetta
Winslow in Tableaux d'Art. She gave forty-nine different expressions,
such as anger, horror, bashfulness, ridicule, etc., with appropriate gestures.
The gifted young lady created great enthusiasm. The various expressions
were to the life, and her gestures were full of charming grace and appropri¬
ateness. She was recalled, and recited "Sister and I," with powerful expres¬
sion and gesture.—San Francisco Call, Aug. 1892.
Among Miss Winslow's personal letters none are more
highly prized than the two following:
"Miss Yaletta L. Winslow, as Delsartist and elocutionist,
was engaged for the Pacific Grove Chautauqua Assembly in
July, 1892. Her work was artistic, and gave great satisfac¬
tion. As a Delsartist her movements were most graceful, and
her delineations of the various emotions of the soul full of
force and artistic power. I cheerfully commend her and her
work." A. C. HIRST, D. D.,
President Pacific Grove Assembly.
San Fkancisco, Cal., Oct. 4, 1892.
"I have had the extreme pleasure of hearing Miss Yaletta
Winslow as an elocutionist, and witnessed her rendition of the
Delsarte system. I can conscientiously say that she surpasses
any person in her line that I have met. I can cheerfully rec¬
ommend her as an A JSTo. 1 artist, both as a Delsartist and elo¬
cutionist." A. WALTERS, D. D.,
Bishop A. M. K Zion Church.
San Francisco, Cal., February 16, 1893.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
241
In concluding this sketch, we appreciate the ability of the
newspaper critics and the fine parts of the men whose testi¬
mony is herein recorded. When talented journalists and able
divines of the dominant race use such glowing language to
express their appreciation of a young colored lady's ability
comment is unnecessary.
DR. IDA GRAY.
^HE accompanying portrait is of Dr. Ida Gray, the only
Afro-American lady dentist. Miss Gray resides in
Cincinnati, and was one of the very many who received
their educational start in Gaines High School. On leaving
this school she entered the
dental department of the
University of Michigan,
from which she graduated
in 1890. On returning to
her home she opened a
very cozy office on 9th
street, and has in these
two years built up a large
practice, having as many
white as colored patients.
Miss Gray is a very
refined lady, of whom
the editor of the Planet
says: " Her blushing,
winning way makes you
feel like finding an extra
tooth any way to allow
her to pull."
As a result of strict attention to business and the thorough¬
ness of her work she is kept constantly busy. Cincinnatians
are proud of their Afro-American lady dentist, and she in
every respect proves herself worthy of their confidence and
admiration.—In RingwoofTs Journal.
DR. IDA GRAY.
242
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
SARAH G. JONES, M. D.
Virginia's First Woman Physician.
ARAH G. JOKES, M. D., the first woman to be licensed
to practice medicine in Virginia, is a daughter of George
W. Boyd, the leading colored contractor and builder of this
city. She was born in Albemarle county, Va., and educated
in the public schools of Richmond, being graduated in 1883.
She then taught in the schools of this city for five years. In
1888 Miss Boyd was married to M. B. Jones, who, at that time,
was also a teacher, but now is G. W. A. Secretary of the True
Reformers. Mrs. Jones entered Howard Medical College.
O 7
Washington, D. C., in 1890, and was graduated this year with
the degree of M. D. She appeared before the State Medical
Examining Board with eighty-four others and received a certifi¬
cate, which entitles her to secure a license to practice her
profession. Mrs. Jones received over 90 per cent, on the
examination in surgery. Out of the class of eighty-five twenty-
one white graduates, representing several colleges, failed to
pass. Dr. Jones and her husband are representatives of the
best society of colored people in the State, and are well-to-do
people. When a school teacher she was known as one of the
brightest young colored women in the city. She will practice
among her race.
MRS. N. A. R. LESLIE.
Picmist, Music Teacher.
^zi|f§^HE biography of of Mrs. Leslie would necessitate a
tj{(7 lengthy, but pleasing account of her busy life even in
the realm of music. It is not our purpose to make the least
attempt to say half that might be said in her favor.
For many years she has figured very conspicuously among
the very best musicians of the race, in fact her field of usefuf-
ness takes in a wide scope of country not only many of the
Southern States, but Indian Territory. She is now located at
Corpus Christi, Texas, where she has started a musical conser¬
vatory wherein our ladies may pursue to completion the lyric
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
243
art. For many years those of our race that were musically in¬
clined were almost compelled to leave the State, travel over a
wide stretch of country and under great expenses, in order to
so fit themselves suffer the disadvantage of absence from the
home circle. Mrs. Leslie finally concluded that Corpus Christi
would be a good field for her activities, it being the home of
her brother, Prof. Cole that erudite scholar from the classic
Halls of Yale College, and hence moved there from Muscogee
Indian Territory 1892. Since there her practical life has
added much to the social
status of our race, and in
molding public sentiment
from the standpoint of
music. Words seem indeed
very dull when we attempt
to give the slightest hint
of the good she has ac¬
complished. What Prof.
Cole is, as a scholar, she
is, as a musician. It has
always been the disposi¬
tion of this talented lady to
excel in music, and those
who have been under her
painstaking instruction, or
those who have had the
pleasure of giving them¬
selves up to listen to the plaintive notes under her mellifluous
execution, join in the universal verdict that the spell o'er cast
is not only delightful, but entrancing.
Music indeed though termed easy of accomplishment, and
considered not a task, is really one of the finest arts which if
acquired becomes for the scholar one of the divinest arts, and
made more noticeable in proportion to the complication of it.
It has long been sorely abused especially when we consider
the rude appelation applied to us as a musical race—Musical in
the rough. Why not musical in the fine?
MRS. N. A. R. LESLIE.
244
NOTED NEORO WOMEN,
Mrs. Leslie is demonstrating wonderfully and well in a
peculiar section of country, what our women can do in the art
and science of music. She is not only talented as a reader and
performer of her art, but is a composer of some prominence.
Her fort however lies in the imparting to her pupil with ease,
what she does and knows.
Aside from music, she is scholarly, gifted with force of
character and the impress of her genius leaves the germ of
ambition wherever it is stamped.
Hence the race, which has produced other great minds to
shine forth proclaiming progress in various walks of life may
feel proud of Mrs. Leslie who along with many more of her
sex, is doing what she can to explode the doctrine of inferior
?mm'candthe appellation, musical race in the rough. Much is
accomplished with hard labor, and nothing without. With
our subject as with all who succeed it is labor omnia vincet.
EDNORA NAHAR.
Elocutionist.
WHIS talented lady was born in Boston, of high and well-
known parents, in fact, the Howards possess a much
envied family lineage, as indeed it reaches far down many gen¬
erations. She is a cousin to Miss J. Imogene Howard, who is
honored with the distinction of being a lady member of the
New York World's Fair committee. Miss Nahar was educa¬
ted in the public schools of Boston, and finished in the Fort
Edwards Collegiate Institute, and soon thereafter spent a sea¬
son at Boucicault's Madison Dramatic School, where she, on
account of her genius, as well as being a favorite aspirant for
stage honors, was not allowed to pay the customary $10 as an
entrance fee.
Prior to finishing her education at Fort Edwards Institute,
on account of her adaptability for reading, a class aspiring for
elocutionary honors was placed under her charge. So well
did she discharge her duties under that weight of responsibility
Til EI R TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
245-
that two of her pupils carried off two of the prizes offered at
the end of the school year.
Since her debut she has not been idle by any means, but to'
the contrary, as her record will show. Thus it will prove to
the youth of our race that nothing is accomplished without
great labor. And those young ladies who desire to be known,
which is to be admired, will look upon this record with Longfel¬
low's Psalm of Life upon their pure lips ; they can " make their
lives sublime" only to the
extent of the sacrifice they
make in the world of pleasure,
and strive with all their
might to shine in the world
of grand human accomplish¬
ment.
She has given sixty-eight
readings in Boston. Her
initial bow was made Nov.
16, 1886, and Nov. 2, 1887,
she gave her first press con¬
cert in the famous Chickering
Hall, being the second promi¬
nent woman of her race to
appear behind its footlights.
At two different times she
has appeared before 5,000
people in her native city.
In 1890, Nov. 17, she read ednora nahak.
before 5,000 people in the
Academy of Music, Philadelphia, with the famous Marine band,
from Washington. She has read in ten concerts in the British
Provinces, read in thirty-one States, 300 cities and at over 800
concerts. Out of this vast number she has been her own man¬
ager. Indeed, she has so far exceeded the expectation of many
of her compeers as a manager that she is awakening to the
fact that she can not only manage for herself but for others.
This new career dawned in her busy life with all its sweet
246
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN.
and bitter vicissitudes on the 6th and 7th of February,
1893.
On the 27th and 28th of February she gave a cantata for
children, at Bethel A. M. E. Church-, in Chicago, and had
packed houses each night. On the 7th and 8th of March she
managed for Mme. Sisseretta Jones (otherwise known by the
music lovers of this country as The Black Patti), and packed
Zion Church (New York city) those two nights.
miss nahak's recital.
The Chicago Appeal says: " A fair house greeted Miss Ed.
norah Nahar, of Boston, at Bethel Wednesday evening, to
listen to a very pleasing program. Miss Nahar, from point of
grace on the stage, has very few equals, and to gaze upon some
of her beautiful poses was alone worth the price of admission.
Miss Nahar showed to best advantage in the ' Sioux Chiefs
Daughter,' and in her numerous selections she made a decided
hit. The support of Miss Theodora Lee was very commendable.
Miss Lee has a very sweet voice, and in her rendition of ' Snow-
flakes ' would have done credit to a professional. Miss Ger¬
trude Washington, as accompanist, displaying her usual skill."
The Indianapolis Freeman says: " Miss Ednorah Nahar, the
reader, is an assistant teacher of elocution at Fort Edward
Collegiate Institute."
great concert at bethel church.
Miss Nahar's all star aggregation renders excellent pro¬
grammes to packed houses at Bethel Church Monday and
Tuesday evenings. The " Black Patti" concerts at Bethel
Church were great successes, both artistically and financially.
They reflect credit on the performers, and especially on Miss
Ednorah, who conceived the idea and brought it to successful
issue. No entertainments ever given in Bethel Church have
ever drawn such large audiences of Chicago's most intelligent
and refined people.
what the press say of miss nahar.
Miss Ednora Nahar is a reader of talent. Her gestures are easy, grace¬
ful, and to the point. While her stage presence would do credit to many a
professional actress.—-Boston Daily Advertiser.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
247
Her general style is good, her manner pleasing, added to this she is most
fortunate in the possession of a voice which is a marvel of sweetness and purity
of tone.—Boston Evening Traveller.
Miss Nahar's rendition of the " Chariot Race," from " Ben Hur " was a
revelation, and too much can not be said in praise of it. With a clear resonant
voice, full of fire and dramatic action she electrified her hearers and held
them spell-bound to the end, She has a fine voice, and an earnest and
expressive face.—The Boston Pilot.
Miss Nahar in her description of the " Chariot Race," from " Ben Hur"
showed a notable dramatic skill—Boston Evening Transcript,
Miss Nahar has won for herself the title of "Boston's favorite elocu¬
tionist-"—Boston Advocate.
Her art is no art, but nature itself. She is both elocutionist and
actress.—Newport (R. I.) Daily News.
Miss Ednora Nahar, in her dramatic reading the "Sioux Chief's
Daughter," made a strong hit, and her two encore pieces showed a versatility
rarely seen,—Halifax(N. B.) Morning Herald.
As a dramatic reader Miss Nahar has few equals. Of her readings we
can say nothing but words of praise.—St. John (N. B.) Globe.
Miss Nahar as an elocutionist, is superb. Her voice is well modulated,
her enunciation is very clear and distinct, and she possesses perfect control
over her vocal organs. Her recitation of the " Organ Builder" and "The
Pilot's Story," were pathetic, while the curse scene of "Leah, the Forsaken,"
was apiece of stage work hard to be beaten. Miss Nahar's humorous pieces
took the house by storm. "Aunt Jemimah's Courtship " and " The Lord's
of Creation " were charming, while the rich Irish brogue she brought out in
her rendition, "Low Back Car" was perfection itself.—Danville Daily
Register (Dem.)
Miss Nahar is an elocutionist of rare ability and power. Her diction is
clear and her gestures full of grace. Her selections are the best. It is not
saying too much of her to say, she reminds one very much in her stage
movement and easy manner of Mojeska.—Greensboro North Shore.
Miss Nahar's appearance here was a success in every particular. She made
herself a favorite in her first piece. " The Pilot's Story," and the enthusiasm
kept up during the entire readings. Her manner is decidedly easy and grace¬
ful on the stage. In the curse scene from " Leah " she not only sustained her
reputation as a clear reader, but gave evidence of considerable histrionic
power.— Wash. Cor. of New York Age.
Miss Ednora Nahar received a great amount of applause, and her
rendition of the curse scene from "Leah, the Forsaken" was as fine a bit. of
acting as we have seen.—Charlotte Chronicle.
Miss Nahar, of Boston, was particularly greeted to the echo, in her
almost perfect rendition of dramatic selections.—Norfolk Evening Telegram.
248
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
'' Aux Italiens" by Miss Nahar, was interpreted with anewer and subtile
meaning than ever before, it was pathetic, tender, loving, firefull, fervid and
dramatic, each following in place with a sequence that only comes with
genius.—The Philadelphia Weekly Sentinel.
Miss Nahar is prepossessing in appearanee, graceful in movement, and
confident in bearing. She possesses decided dramatic powers has a fine
voice, strong, pure, flexible and quite voluminous.—Cleveland (0.) Gazette.
In " Aux Italiens," Miss Nahar displayed original conception as well as
•extraordinary powers of execution, she has command of her voice, and her
renditions are more like interpretations than recitations—St. Louis Advance.
Miss Ednorah Nahar, as an elocutionist is superb.—The Daily Record,
Columbia, C. S.
The honors of the evening were properly awarded Miss Nahar, who is a
great favorite in St. John. Her " Chariot Race" from" BenHur" was a mas¬
terpiece of stirring power, while in Cleopatra in Egyptian costume she
brought out fully the tremendous passion of that poem—Daily Telegraph, St.
John, N. B.
In the " Chariot Race " and " Cleopatra " an elegant Egyptian costume
afforded every opportunity for displaying to the best her wonderful abil¬
ities.—Ihe Daily Sun, St. John, N. B.
Her voice one always remembers with pleasure. It is said the charm of
Booth's voice remains with one who has heard him, this is not much to say of
Miss Nahar.—Cincinnati Enterprise.
Miss Nahar is a talented lady whose " Sioux Chief's daughter " given in
Indian costume was finely rendered, while the "Chariot Rice" from Wal.
ace's " Ben Hur " was a revelation.—New York Mail and Express.
At the Hyperion Theatre about 1000 people attended the concert given by
the Dixwell Ave. Church, besides the Yale Banjo and Apollo Club, Miss
Nahar of Boston, a highly gifted elocutionist was received with great
applause.—ihe Paladium, New Haven, Conn.
Miss Nahar is a reader of wonderful talent, very graceful and expressive;
her selections are particularly refined •—Philadelphia Advance.
Her gestures are easy and graceful and she possessse rare gifts and
powers as an elocutionist.—Durham (N- C.) Daily Sun.
Miss Nahar is undoubtedly a genius, to equal her would be a task for
many whose reputation is broader. "Aux Italiens" and the Curse scene
from "Leah the Forsaken " were wonderful.—Raleigh (N. C.) Chronicle.
Miss Nahar captivated the audience with her vivacity, and the " Char-
iot Race" brought dawn the house.—Hertford (Uonn.) Telegram-Record.
Miss Nahar's dramatic readings were splendid and drew forth hearty
applause.—Detroit Free Press.
"Aux Italiens" was magnificently rendered, but the climax was in the
Garden scene from "Mary Stuart." In the character of Mary Stuart it is not
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
249
too much to say her conception would have done credit to Charlotte
Cushman, Jauneschek or Risbtori.—Newport, R. I. Daily News.
PRIVATE OPINIONS OF WELL-KNOWN PERSONS.
She is a genius.—Ex-Secretary Noble.
She has power and the sacred fire of genius, and ought soon to be at the
top as an actress.—Dion Bouccicault.
She has power, force, talent and genius and should forsake the platform
for the stage.—John Boyle O'Rielly.
She has given five readings at the Soldier's Home and has successfully
entertained the theatre full of old soldiers. I consider her a reader of rare
talent.—P. Woodfin, Governor Soldier's Home, Hampton, Va.
She is the finest I have ever heard.—Frederick Douglass.
Her " Chariot Race" from Ben Hur was magnificently rendered.—Col.
Elliott Shepard.
Miss Nahar has plenty of talent.—Modjeska.
ELLA F. SHEPHARD.
Eminent Teacher, Singer, Pianist.
/f^vNE of the most talented women of the race is Miss Ella
F. Shephard of Fisk Jubilee fame, who for a number of
years traveled through the United States, Europe and other
foreign countries delighting with her company of singers the
many thousands who flocked to hear them and even until now
say lasting words of praise of them.
She is an intellectual model of most genial nature, ambit¬
ious; yea one, who has lived laborious days, and shunned de¬
lights, that she might do educational service for her race. For
a number of years she served as lady principal of Prairie Yiew
Normal Institute of Texas, and resigned to recruit the Old
Jubilee Troupe. Her qualifications as a musician, if the " fittest
servive," may beconsidered a criterion, are par excellence. Those
who have sat under the mellifluous music of her voice, have ex¬
pressed their inspired admiration, with their greatest earnestness.
The greater portion of her useful life has been spent in the
South where the greatest battles with ignorance have to be
fought, as a teacher she has always been equal to the emer¬
gency and superior to the general rule. Wherever she has
taught the whites as well as those of her race have become
her faithful and lasting friends. Later in life she has filled
250
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
very dignified positions as professor in some of our leading
institutions of learning.
Her race affiliations are not contracted to a few teachers
and ministers, but the broad field of her active life has brought
her in social touch with the leading spirits of our 19th century
civilization. Her worth cannot be estimated in words, she has
lived in deeds, not the extended life of many, however, but the
tireless activity of this noble heroine tell.
MISS A. E. McEWEN.
Essayist and Editor.
T^lTlSS McEWEN is one of the best essayists of the South.
jK.)Al a ™ter s^e is possessed with that grace and ease
that is so noticeable among the great writers. She has, for a
number of years, assisted her father in the publication of a very
MISS A. E. MC EWEN
able Baptist journal, and with both tongue and pen helped to
make it a very newsy as well as flourishing newspaper. She is
quite young, yet her, ability with the pen gives her notoriety
envied by many twice her age. A remarkable, a useful and
illustrious life, full of good deeds and grand accomplishments
in behalf of her race, beckon her on.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
251
MRS. CORA L. BURGAN. (nee MOORE.)
Pianist and Teacher.
T^^RS. BURGAN is a graduate from o«ne of the leading
ml conservatories of music of America. She was educa¬
ted in the public schools of Detroit, Mich., and at quite an early
age showed the qualifications for which her father, grandfather,
and, in fact, her whole
family for three or more
generations back, have
been famous-that of music.
Her father for many
years was leader of the
best orchestra of her
native city.
For a number of years
she taught music in the
Texas Blind Asylum for
colored youth; in fact,
she was the first lady "that
was honored with a posi¬
tion in the Institute. Later
she was appointed to a
prominent position as teacher in the Paul Quinn College, by the
affable Dr. I. M. Burgan, who in 1889 made her the mate
for his useful career.
Mrs. Burgan is pleasing, courteous—in fact destined to be a
grand and useful woman to her race.
MRS. JULIA RINGWOOD COSTON.
As a Journalist.
ZN journalism, as in every other calling, women are occupy¬
ing a very conspicuous place. We received on our
exchange table last week Rbigwood''s Afro-American Journal
of Fashion, edited by Mrs. Julia Ringwood Coston, of Cleve¬
land, Ohio. It is a beautiful twelve-page journal, and the only
MRS. CORA L. BURGAN.
252
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
publication of its kind on the market. Every colored woman
in America should read it.—Lynchburg Counselor.
Mrs. Coston says:
" The vibrations of our silent suffering are not ineffective.
MRS. JULIA R TNG WOOD COSTON.
They touch and communicate. They awaken interest and
kindle sympathies which arouse public consciousness and bid
it to pity and revolt against the injustice of the oppression.
They touch the keyboard of our human mind and convey
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
253
through the nerve keys the sympathies of the intelligent,
humane and Christian public a knowledge of our grievances
in all parts of this broad land, which will at some time, we
believe, not distant, secure to our children the protection of
the Church and State. The cruelty of the treatment of Afri¬
can women in the South touched this keyboard in eighteen
hundred and fifty-six. Our mothers had suffered long in hope¬
less endurance. But at last the keys moved and a Lincolnic
voice spoke and they received the protection of the State.
Through this board Lincoln spoke to the Church and State.
By the editorials upon our barbarous treatment in the South
and injustice of our treatment in the North we acknowledge
an earnest desire for a humane South and Christian North. It
will increase in potency, and secure for Afro-American women
and children all the blessings of this great country."
As to women writers, and what she thinks, let the following
speak for itself:
THE WOMEN WHO ARE LOVED ARE THOSE WHO ARE WOMEN.
They have a place in all our hearts; the men adore them,
and the women love them, yet they are essentially feminine.
They know naught of woman's rights and universal
suffrage; they are not troubled with the affairs of State, nor
are they agents of reform. They are women, adorable women,
into whose minds has crept no vicious longing for publicity,
no hunger to unsurp the sphere of men.
Would it not be well to make such women models for our
girls ? Would it not be well to consider a little what are the
deepest, truest, highest rights of womankind? Would it not
be well to look ahead a bit and ponder, what sort of a world
will it be when femininity shall be extinct?
Women have so many rights that are truly theirs, so many
opportunities for influence upon the great world, that they
may stop and consider, not how to obtain more, but how to
make the best use of what already is theirs.
There pertains to true womanhood a sanctity and a purity
without which the world must suffer. Politicians, lawyers and
254
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
financiers can all be recruited from the ranks of men, but
where are we to find the softening, refining influences of life if
our women cease to be such ?
No one who comes in contact with homes that are happy
and attractive can doubt the influence of her who is their
inspiration. A truly feminine woman, one who is thoroughly in
sympathy with'great and noble thoughts, has a power so pene¬
trating that our girls have need of carefuL training if they are
to learn to wield it well.
Every true man has stored away in his heart an ideal
woman such as would require all the strength and power of
the real individual to realize. Surely the sphere can not be
low or limited that possesses such possibilities, and surely the
highest, most inalienable right must be that of realizing them.
Not for one moment is it meant to speak a light or dispar¬
aging word of that noble army of women who, finding
themselves thrown on their own resources, have bravely taken
up the burden and borne it through the thick of the fight. To
these be all honor accorded.
It is not the silent army of workers who do harm, but the
ostentatious seekers after notoriety. There is. no good reason
why a woman should cease to be feminine because she is
compelled to work, but it too often happens that the girls who
are forced to earn their own living become embued with a
spirit of bravado.
Gallantry belongs to all strong, vigorous men; their natural
impulse is to protect and help the struggling woman ? But
what is to be done with an unsexed creature, a thing neither man
nor woman ? In every situation in life, at home surrounded by
luxury, or in the world struggling for preference, a woman's
womanhood is her surest, strongest shield.
Recently there has appeared in the world of letters a
certain class of women writers who have thrown off the veil of
modesty, and who, in the name of reform, pose as martyrs,
sacrificing themselves to a great work. To all such would-be
missionaries it may be admissible to hint that the loss of one
chaste womanly woman does more harm than any number of
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
255
novels can ever do good. Also, it might be suggested that,
inasmuch as books are read, not by a limited class only, but by
a large public, there is danger that more minds become polluted
than purified by their influence.
Only an utter lack of femininity could make it possible for a
woman to stand before the world and proclaim its vice. The
harm her example may do to the young and ignorant aspirants
for literary honors is only paralleled by the cause she has
given mankind to hold her womanhood in light esteem.
As to the worthiness of Ringwood?s Journal, of which Mrs.
Coston is the editress, we insert a few of the many comments
from persons and presses :
Walnut Hills, O., March 1, 1892.
Mrs. Coston.
Bear Madam: I am much pleased with " Ringwood," and wish it a hearty
success. Such a journal should be sustained by our people throughout the
Union.
We have among us here and there women and men of considerable literary
ability and sterling moral worth, of whom we maybe proud, who have hitherto
led lives of such seclusion that they are not known beyond the locality in which
they reside by name, yet whose influence has been wielded for good, and who
ould not be encouraged to remain in obscurity.
I can imagine what a great undertaking yours is ; but God is always on
the side of the right, and " perseverance commands success."
Enclosed please find my yearly subscription. Hoping that I shall soon be
in condition to send a short paper for the Journal, and bidding you God-speed
in your noble work, I am, and hope to remain, yours for improvement,
Sarah G. Jones, 86 Chapel street.
Ringwood's Afro-American Journal of Fashion, edited by Mrs. Julia Ring-
wood Coston, Cleveland, O., the only illustrated journal of colored ladies in
the world. Besides the latest Parisian fashions of ladies' gowns, etc., it con¬
tains biographical sketches of prominent ladies of the race and of promising
young misses, edited by the Mrs. M. C. Church Terrel, Washington, D. C.,
with the following departments: " Plain Talk to our Girls," edited by Mrs,
Prof. J. P. Shorter, Wilberforce University ; " Art Department," edited by
Miss Adina White, Cincinnati, O.; "Mother's Corner," edited by Mrs. E. C.
Nesbit, Cincinnati, O.; "Literary Department," by Mrs M. E. Lambert, Detroit,
Mich.; "Home Department," by Miss S. Mitchell, Cleveland, O.
The current issue of Ringwood's Ladies' Magazine contains two very able
articles from the pen of Mrs. Earnestine Clark Nesbit and Miss Adina White.—
Richmond Planet.
256
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
631 Park Row, New York, May 22, 1892.
Editress Ringwood's Journal.
Bear Madam: Through the kindness of some one, I have lately received
a sample copy of Ringwood's Journal for April. I am delighted with it, and
sincerely wish you positive and permanent success in establishing it. It is so
pure, so womanly—positively agreeable in its every feature as reading for
private home, instruction and guidance. Please find enclosed ($1.25) one dollar
and twenty-five cents for yearly subscription, beginning with the May number
Again wishing you every success, I am, very sincerely yours,
Victoria Earle.
Editress Ring wood Journal.
Dear Madam: Through the kindness of Miss Mitchell I am made the
happy recipient of your most satisfactory publication. Many of my patrons
have expressed themselves concerning its value, its novelty and its force,
and the belief engendered by such vehemence causes me to assure you of a
subscription list in Waco.
Though your project be new and youthful as to age, you may freely dis¬
pel the delusion of failure, when taking into consideration the able associates
at your command. Words, notwithstanding taking their poetical regularity,
seem very dull when I attempt to say good of that which to me seems best—
Ringwood's Afro-American Journal of Fashion possessing a multitude of
boastful features is before me in fact a reality. Pure, yet simple, characteriz.
ing the sublime force of education, of woman' prosperity, and portraying
staying qualities in the field of journalism.
Respectfully, M. A. Majors, M. D.
June 29, 1892.
Ringwood's Afro-American Journal of Fashion has made its appearance
in this city. It is a likely journal, edited by Julia Ringwood Coston, of
Cleveland, Ohio, a colored woman of more than ordinary literary ability.
The illustrations are numerous and well executed. The many departments,
especially those for boys and girls, are well edited by educated colored women
Its success is assured.—Philadelphia Recorder.
A new fashion journal published in Cleveland, Ohio, is one that is sure to
attract attention, as it is a well-conducted and bright bit of work. It is espe¬
cially designed to be an Afro-American magazine, and is edited in its differ¬
ent departments by colored women, but the pleasing fashion articles, instruc¬
tive talks with girls and mothers, and witty all-around paragraphs and inter¬
esting love stories make Ringwood's Magazine a welcome addition to any home,
whether its occupants be black or white.—Philadelphia Times.
The November number of Ringwood's Afro-American Journal of Fashion,
needle-work, reading, etc., is a handsome appearing work and reflects credit
upon the publisher, Mrs. W. H. Coston, of this city, It contains much infor¬
mation of interest to the colored people of the city —Cleveland World.
Ringwood's Afro-American Journal of Fashion, published by Mrs. W. H.
Coston, of Cleveland, Ohio, has reached our office. In appearance it is a
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
257
typographical beauty and its matter is nicely compiled and interspersed
with cuts dear to the feminine heart. It is the first publication of the
kind, and should have the support of the Afro-American women of the land,
as it is published by an Afro-American woman, and fully represents them " as
they are intelligent, virtuous and beautiful." Rates $1.25 per year.—The
State Journal, Philadelphia, Pa.
Ringwood's Afro-American Journal of Fashion, published in Cleveland,
Ohio, is deserving first recognition by the race among our papers. We say
this because of the peculiar make-up of this journal, The Ringwood's Journal
is a combination of literary taste and modern fashion, and pre-eminently
accepted in the families and homes of the most cultured and refined of Amer¬
icans.
The journal is edited by Julia Ringwood Coston, Cleveland, Ohio ; asso¬
ciate editors are: Miss Sarah Mitchell, of the same place; Miss Adina E.
White, Cincinnati; Mrs. S. I. Shorter, Wilberforce; Mrs. E. C. Nesbit, Cin¬
cinnati ; Mrs. M. E. Lambert, Detroit; Mrs. Bishop B. F. Lee, Philadelphia,
and Mrs. M. C. Terrill, Washington, D. C. The ladies are managing their
respective departments with ability and literary tact. The illustration and
fashion department in the current number for June is admirably arranged,
and shows very conclusively that Afro-American journalism is advancing.
This is the only magazine of the kind published in the world by our ladies,
and for this reason alone it is suggestive of high appreciation that none can
show more heartily than the race which these ladies so eminently represent.—
Florida Sentinel.
Port au Prince, Hatti, W. I., June 14, 1892.
Mrs. Julia Ringwood Coston,
Publisher and proprietor Ringwood's Journal, Cleveland, Ohio :
Dear Madam : The sample copy of your journal, so kindly sent by you,
has been received.
I perused it with great interest, and noted with pleasure the peculiar
characteristics of its engravings.
Strange as the fact may seem to you it will be the first journal of fashion
issued in Hayti, and I am proud that the introduction be made by a lady of
our race, for none other should have the precedence in a country of independ¬
ent blacks.
Wishing my subscription to be entered at once I could not wait for it to
appear here, but if possible it can be transferred later. I send you a draft of
$1.50 (one dollar and fifty cents), the additional twenty-five cents to prepay
postage.
Praying that all success may attend your efforts, I remain, dear madam,
Yours sincerely,
Theodora Holly, Bishop of Hayti, W. I.
Oak St., Chillicothe, O., May 19, 1892.
Bear Mrs. Coston: Every succeeding issue of your journal makes
advanced improvements on preceding numbers. It is an excellent periodical
258
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
and one that every colored family ought to patronize. Mrs. Shorter's "Talks
with Girls" are very practical and highly useful; she is a true woman in the
highest sense of the word.
I am yours truly,
Mamie E. Fox.
Columbus, Ind., May 2, 1892.
Mrs. Coston —Dear Friend: I prize your journal very much. I have
read it through and think I shall read it again, for its contents are not only
good but great. I certainly did enjoy reading it. May God bless your effort
and crown you with success. I will do all I can for you. There are a great
many young ladies in this city that I trust will become as interested in your
journal as I am, if so I know they will never be without it. You have my
prayers through life as one who prizes your efforts highly.
Yours respectfully,
L. Johnson.
MRS. ALBERT WILSON, MRS. V. A. MONTGOM¬
ERY, MISS BLANCHE WASHINGTON.
JWRS. ALBERT WILSON, MRS. Y. A. MONTGOM-
j^ERY and MISS BLANCHE WASHINGTON, for
music and song, are first among the lovers of their art. Worthy
mention of this trio will be found elsewhere in this volume.
Indeed, a history could be written portraying the musical accom¬
plishments of our women, dwelling alone in the realms of classic
rythm, cadence and harmony. Suffice it; these stand out in
bold relief, proofs of our progress and mile stones along the
intellectual highway of Negro accomplishments.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
259
MRS. ELIZABETH KECKLEY.
Author, Mrs. Lincoln's Dressmaker, Teacher of Sewing at Wilberforce
University.
NYONE who has met Mrs. Keckley, conversed with, or
read her book entitled " Behind the Scenes/' cannot
but exclaim, She is a good, grand, yea, a great woman. With
a life so crowded with interesting incidents, it is no wonder
that at the muses' dictation she has drawn the pen pictures and
shelved them in a bound volume. Her most delightful narra¬
tive begins in 1868, and teems with soul-stirring, melancholic
accounts, with just enough wit and humor to beautify and
sweeten the whole story from beginning to end. Though
apparently advanced in years, she still possesses remarkable
personal charms, and, though she was educated in the school
of experience, she is no less a teacher of maxims and under¬
lying principles which go to make up character. With her
array of ready words at the command of her doctrine, she
argues with elegance and force, and gently convinces you in
her persuasive manner.
She was born in Virginia, a slave, and notwithstanding
opportunity, coupled with fate, said flee for your freedom, she
could not bear the idea of being tracked by hounds or placed
under arrest as a fugitive. While young she was taken to St.
Louis, Mo., and from thence to Washington, in 1860, where she
distinguished herself as a fitter and finisher of ladies' attire.
Indeed, her successful art won for her the admiration of the
ladies of the White House, and later she became Mrs. Lincoln's,
Mrs. Seward's and Mrs. Jefferson Davis' dressmaker. Beyond
this, she was beloved by Mrs. Lincoln for her unswerving prin¬
ciples. After the death of Mr. Lincoln, Mrs. Lincoln found in
her the sympathizing friend, and, indeed, relied very much on
Mrs. Keckley for advice and counsel. When Jefferson Davis
was captured in disguise, Mrs. Keckley was taken before a
notary and sworn that the dress found upon him was Mrs.
Davis' dress, and that she was the maker of it.
For many years our subject has been a firm friend of Wil-
berlorce University, and having'been endowed with a goodly
260
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN.
number of Mr. Lincoln's relics, she anticipated their bestowal
to that institution, but on the account of delay on the part of
the educational board of that school, her patience, became
exhausted, and she parted from them for a considerable sum,
and they are now on exhibition at Libby (Prison) Museum,
Chicago, 111. She to-day wears a gold watch chain which Mr.
Lincoln prized very dearly, and which Mrs. Lincoln gave to her.
Following is a list of the relics:
ARTICLES OF LINCOLN EELICS.
Comb and brush used by the president, during his entire administration.
"Stock" (black silk" worn by the President prior to his administration.
One white kid glove, that the President wore at the last inaugural ball.
One pocket-handkerchief taken from his pocket after his assassination.
One watch case of the President. One nut cracker that he used at his
private table.
Piece of dress goods worn by Mrs. Lincoln at the last inaugural ball, and
made by myself. Neck trimmings worn by Mrs. Lincoln.
Piece of dress worn by Mrs. Lincoln the night of the assassination.- One
pair of rubber over-shoes worn by the President during his entire term.
One bonnet worn by Mrs. Lincoln the night of the assassination. One
black velvet circular worn by Mrs. Lincoln the night of the assassination and
bespattered with the blood of the President.
One china candle-stick, held by Tad Lincoln while his father delivered a
speech from the north window of the White House, the Tuesday night after
the fall of Richmond.
One box containing three pieces of hair. One piece cut from his head,
while he lay in state, the morning of the day that his body was conveyed to
Illinois. The other piece was cut from the head at the tomb.
One white kid glove worn by Mrs. Lincoln. One piece of the carpet that
was on the floor of the room that he was laid out in.
One box. This box contained a large wreath that was sent from (I think)
some association in Philadelphia through the care of Mrs. James H. Vine,
Willard Hotel, which was placed on the carpet when it was taken from the
White House. This box has the address still on it.
One gold watch chain, the property of the President, and given to me by
Mrs. Lincoln.
Elizabeth Keckley.
Mrs. Keckley is at present instructor of the art of sewing
at Wilberforce University, and is quite conspicuous in the Lib¬
eral Arts building at the World's Fair with her figures, posing
as specimens of the work done by her pupils.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
261
There can be seen on exhibition both plain and fancy dress¬
making, the handiwork of her instruction.
The Author.
MRS. JOSIE D. (HENDERSON) HEARD.
Poetess.
RS. JOSIE D. (HENDERSON) HEARD was born in
Salisbury, North Carolina, October 11, 1861. Her
parents, Lafayette and Annie M. Henderson, though slaves,
were nominally free, being permitted to Hire their time and
live in another city, Charlotte, North Carolina.
At an early age Josephine
displayed her literary tastes
and aptness to perform on
almost any musical instru¬
ment. As early as five years
of age she could read, and
was a source of general com¬
fort to the aged neighbors,
delighting to read the scrip¬
tures to them.
She received her education
in the schools at Charlotte,
and having passed through
them with credit, was sent to
the Scotia Seminary at Con¬
cord, North Carolina, spend¬
ing several years there. Her
desire was to reach even a
higher plane, and she was
next sent to Bethany Insti¬
tute, New York, passing with
honors from its walls. She commenced teaching in the State
which gave her birth; then in the State of South Carolina, at
Maysville, Orangeburg, and finally in Tennessee, at Covington,
near Memphis.
MRS. JOSIE D. HEARD.
262
NOTED NEGRO WOMEJS,
In October, 1881, she became acquainted with the Rev. W.
H. Heard, (now Presiding Elder of the Lancaster District
Philadelphia Conference) who was then in the U. S. R. Mail
service, and they were happily united in the bonds of matri¬
mony in the year 1882.
Mrs. Heard evinced a fondness for poetry, and during her
school days contributed to several leading evangelical periodi¬
cals. After her marriage she was encouraged by the Rt. Rev,
Benjamin Tucker Tanner, Rt. Rev. B. W. Arnett, and many
other friends to give more time to it. At their solicitations
she has ventured to bring to light these verses. She has some
musical talent, having composed and written a piece of music
which was played at the New Orleans Exposition, and which
elicited much comment from the democratic press of the
South.
W. H. H.
In giving our subject introduction to the public, Bishop
Benj. Tucker Tanner says that he somewhat influenced the
publication of " Morning Glories," and gives the writer real
pleasure, which is enhanced by the thought that he gladly
accepted the invitation to write the introduction.
For quite a quarter of a century, he has had much to do
with the literary life of the people with whom he is especially
identified ; as that life manifested itself in the production of
papers, of monthly or quarterly magazines, of pamphlets and of
books. He rejoices in the great progress made, both in
quantity and quality. When he may be said to have begun
his public literary career, in 1868, there were scarcely more than
two or three papers published by colored men. There are now
quite as many hundred. Of magazines, there was none; now
there are four. Of pamplets, upon very rare occasions, one
was now and then issued. Now they appear as do the leaves
of autumn. And the same is true of books. A quarter of a
century ago a colored author was indeed a vara avis. Not so
now, however; such individuals are fairly numerous.
What is true of the colored literature of the country, as to
quantity, is equally true as to quality. On this score the most
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
263
rapid advancement has also been made, incipient scholarship
everywhere appearing upon the pages offered the public.
On the line of Poetry, we as a people, give sufficient evi¬
dence to show that the Muse is indeed no respecter of persons.
That he is equally an admirer of shade ; and although at times
compelled in his approaches to us, to walk in unbeaten paths,
yet he condescendingly comes, and inspires a music as sweet as
is the wild honey of unkept hives. If any doubt, let him read,
" Morning Glories," to which these lines are to serve as an
introduction. In rigid versification, the lines herein given,
may here and there come short, but for brightness of imagina¬
tion, for readiness of expression, and now and then for delicate-
ness of touch, they are genuinely poetical; clearly evincing a
talent of no mean order.
We would wish that " Morning Glories " might be received
in the houses of our millions; showing thereby the party of
the second part among us stands ready to support the party
of the first part in all that tends to redeem the good name oi
the Race.
the black samson.
The Product of Her Fertile Brain.
There's a Samson lying, sleeping in the land,
He shall soon awake, and with avenging hand,
In an all unlooked for hour,
He will rise in mighty power;
What dastard can his righteous rage withstand?
E'er since the chains were riven at a stroke,
E'er since the dawn of Freedom's morning broke,
He has groaned, but scarcely uttered,
While his patient tongue ne'r muttered,
Though in agony he bore the galling yoke.
O, what cruelty and torture has he felt 1
Could his tears, the heart of his oppressor melt ?
In his gore they bathed their hands,
Organized and lawless bands—
And the innocent was left in blood to welt.
The mighty God of Nations doth not sleep,
His piercing eye its faithful watch doth keep,
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
And well nigh his mercy's spent,
To the ungodly lent:
" They have sowed the wind, the whirlwind they
shall reap,"
From His nostrils issues now the angry smoke,
And asunder burst the all-oppressive yoke ;
When the prejudicial heel
Shall be lifted, we shall feel,
That the hellish spell surrounding us is broke.
The mills are grinding slowly, slowly on,
And till the very chaff itself is gone ;
Our cries for justice louder.
'Till oppression's ground to powder-
God speed the day of retribution on !
Fair Columbia's filthy garments are all stained ;
In her courts is blinded justice rudely chained ;
The black Samson is awaking,
And the fetters fiercely breaking ;
By his mighty arm his rights shall be obtained f
"they are coming."
Another of Her " Morning Glories."
They are coming, coming slowly—
They are coming, surely, surely—
In each avenue you hear the steady tread.
From the depths of foul oppression,
Comes a swathy-hued procession,
And victory perches on their banners' head
They are coming, coming slowly—
They are coming ; yes, the lowly,
No longer writhing in their servile bands.
From the rice fields and plantation
Comes a factor of the nation,
And threatening, like Banquo's ghost, it stands.
They are coming, coming proudly—
They are crying, crying loudly :
O, for justice from the rulers of the land !
And that justice will be given, _
For the mighty God of heaven
Holds the balances of power in his hand.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
Prayers have risen, risen, risen,
From the cotton fields and prison ;
Though the overseer stood with lash in hand,
Groaned the overburdened heart;
Not a tear-drop dared to start—
But the Slaves' petition reached the glory-land.
They are coming, they are coming,
From away in tangled swamp,
"Where the slimy reptile hid its poisonous head ;
Through the long night and the day
They have heard the bloodhounds' bey,
While the morass furnished them an humble bed.
They are coming, rising, rising,
And their progress is surprising,
By their brawny muscles earning their daily bread;
Though their wages be a pittance,
Still each week a small remittance,
Builds a shelter for the weary, toiling head.
They are coming, they are coming—
Listen ! You will hear the humming
Of the thousands that are falling into line:
There are Doctors, Lawyers, Preachers;
There are Sculptors, Poets, Teachers—
Men and women, who with honor yet shall shine.
They are coming, coming boldly,
Though the Nation greets them coldly;
They are coming from the hillside and the plain.
With their scars they tell the story
Of the canebrakes wet and gory.
Where their brothers' bones lie bleaching with the slain.
They are coming, coming singing,
Their Thanksgiving hymn is ringing.
For the clouds are slowly breaking now away,
And there comes a brighter dawning—
It is liberty's fair morning,
They are coming surely, coming, clear the way.
Yes, they come, their stepping's steady,
And their power is felt already |
God has heard the lowly cry of the oppressed;
And beneath his mighty frown,
Every wrong shall crumble down,
When the right shall triumph and the world be blest!
266
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
Newburyport, Mass., March 24, 1890.
My Dear Friend:
Our mutual friend, Mrs. Higginson. has written me enclos¬
ing a poem which gives me credit for much more than I
deserve, but for which I thank thee. It is a pleasant gift to
express, as thee can, thy thoughts in verse among thy friends
and acquaintances. In this way poetry is its own great reward
—it blesses and is blest.
I am very glad to give the "token" asked for in thy little
poem, by signing my name, with every good wish from thy
aged friend;
John G. "Whittier.
reply to whittier.
Philadelphia, Pa., April 3d, 1890.
I now assume the pleasantest duty of my life, that of
acknowledging the cordial receipt of your most inestimable
favor of recent date.
Cognizant of the weight of years you bear, I will not bur¬
den you with a long letter, while my heart out of its fullness
dictates to me faster than my fingers are able to trace; but my
joy is full; my gratitude unbounded.
I should certainly have congratulated myself upon being so
fortunate as to have obtained even your name from thine own
hand, a letter, such as thee wrote me, freighted with rich advice
and kindly recognition, is priceless.
God Bless Thee, and may thy passage to the land of the
blest be upon a calm sea, with zephyrs laden with the perfume
of thy noble life's deeds to waft thy spirit's bark onward, and
over Jordan. Gratefully Thine,
Josie D. Heard.
Office of the Christian Recorder, )
Philadelphia, April 2nd, 1890. j"
To Mrs. Josie D. Heard:
Dear Madam—Learning that you are about to publish in
book form the poetic writings which from time to time you
THEIR TRIUMPES AND ACTIVITIES.
267
have contributed to the ChristianRecorder and other journals,
and others which have not appeared in print, I write to con¬
gratulate you, and to say that as " Snow Bcfund," "Maud Mul-
ler," ''Evangeline" and "Miles Standish are now recited in the
public schools, so in the future may be To Whittier" and
" Retrospect."
Already one of your poems has been selected from the
Christian Recorder by an Afro-American youth to be read in a
Pennsylvania school, whose teacher and a majority of whose
pupils are white. I am
Very Respectfully Yours,
B. F. Lee.
Cromwell Houses, London, April 15, 1890.
Mrs. Josie D. Heard:
I thank you and answer you that we appreciate most deeply
the expression of your sympathy in our great affliction.
Yery Truly Yours,
Robert T. Lincoln.
solace.
To Minister and Mrs. Lincoln, on the death of their son A. Lincoln.
As o'er the loved one now in grief ye bendeth,
A Nation bows with thee, its sorrow lendeth,
That ye, grief-stricken should's net weep alone,
Above the shrouded form of thy dear one.
But, as we shed with thee our silent tears,
For him who bore himself beyond his years,
Hope bids us cease and banisheth our pain,
And pleads your loss, his soul's eternal gain.
The reaper cuts the grain and lovely flowers,
Transplants them in a fairer land than ours.
The path to heaven rendered thus more plain,
Weep not, press on, ye all shall meet again,
He nobly lived nor feared the shad'wy vale,
Defied the white horse with it's rider pale ;
The grave no terror hath, and death no sting,
For him who fully trusts in Christ the King.
268
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
Mrs. Heard's knowledge is extensive and various, but true
to the first principles of her nature, it is poetry that she seeks
in history, scenery, character aud religious belief poetry that
guides all her studies, governs all her thoughts, colors all her
imaginations and conversation.
^HEY who know this grand woman, are always eager to
emphasize the fact, by relating some of her acts of char¬
ity, reiterating some of her grand sayings, or dwelling at length
upon her activity in behalf of the oppressed. During the many
long years of her eventful life, she has never lagged, to pause,
or loiter, something remained to be done, as she could see
clearly, and possibly better backed by her enthusiasm, and
reinforced by the strength of her indomitable will.
When Liberia declared her independence President Roberts
became one of her active statesmen, later its President, and
through the co-operation of this great woman, the Republio
grew and flourished as the green Bay tree.
Mrs. Roberts is the only Negro woman that has dined with
President and Mrs. Cleveland at the White House. During
her stay in "Washington, the Hon. ex-Minister of Liberia, John
H. Smythe, took an active interest in this deserving woman,
and her honors, as well the introduction to the President and
Mrs. Cleveland is due this race man, of whom the citizens of
the District of Columbia are proud.
She came to America soliciting funds for the erection of a
building to be used as a hospital for Liberian and American
seamen, at Monrovia in Liberia, as a memorial to her husband
ex-President Roberts.
With Longfellow , Mrs. Roberts reasons, when he says :
MRS. J. J. ROBERTS.
Lecturer, Educator, Philanthropist.
' No endeavor is in vain ;
Its reward is in the doing,
And the rapture of pursuing
Is the prize."
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
269
She will more than likely build her hospital, the result of
an earnest, fruitful life, and the happv result of a patient
endeavor to make lasting her husband's name among hia
bemoaning countrymen.
SUSAN McKINNEY, M. D., PH. D.
Member of Brooklyn College of Pharmacy.
N the professions, possibly no Negro woman has distin¬
guished herself more than has Dr. Susan McKinney, of
Brooklyn, N. Y., who takes a leading part in the medical life
of that city. She is strictly a race woman, and most fully por¬
trays that becoming interest in her philantrophic spirit to help
the poor. She is the most successful practitioner of medicine
of her sex and race in the United States.
Located as she is, and capable as she must be, her practice
is not confined to the lowly of any particular nationality, but
among all classes and conditions—the high, the low, the rich
and the poor. Her splendid achievements are answers to the
questions and doubts of the many who question through pride,
and who doubt with curiosity. She is a full-fledged, high-toned
lady physician, worthy of the mission of doing good, because
in this special field she can serve the greatest number of her
fellow sufferers. She is being blessed with some of the goods
of this world as she is blessing others in her daily life.
Woman is proving to man that God is no respector of per¬
sons, and is taking her place in all the leading movements upon
which the progress of the age depends, and is refuting the doc.
trine of incapacity, and is rapidly approaching the summit of
intellectual equality. The old time ideas of Negro unfitness
has become worn threadbare, being so continuously lashed by
the waves of sentiment concerning their intellectual growth
upon the turbulent sea of endeavor, and the once depraved
opinion has become a new-born popular issue subserving the
qualifications of all, regardless of race.
The women are actually entering every avenue of learning)
reflecting credit not only in the forum, the pulpit, the press,
270
HO TED NEGRO WOMEN,
but are adding dignity in the university chairs, where alone
sage once sat, and many lead in the classics, the professions
wherein once they were not allowed to follow.
Dr. McKinney, by the force of her genius, the calmness of
her life and beauty of her character, has set the seal of high
accomplishments upon the pages of history, leading in a field
of usefulness, where many of our young, capable women arc
sure to foliow. She is a worthy member of the Brooklyn Col¬
lege of Pharmacy, which honor " was not attained by sudden
flight."
MADAM GLOVER.
Leading Dressmaker of Boston.
OR energy, pluck and patience, no Negro woman is the
equal to this talented industrious woman. Her busi¬
ness for many years has given employment to more than a
score of women, who through the instruction, attained under
her service, have made for themselves marks in the world.
Her fortune is not the only special proof of her success in the
art of dressmaking and fitting, but the persistency as well as
the high-toned patronage from the best ladies in Boston and
vicinity, as much demonstrate her merit, as other of her quali¬
fications. Every year she goes to Paris for her styles.
The field of industry is broadening for the girls of the
present and future generations, most especially sewing
schools are being established all over this civilized country,
and the sex feel less keenly the necessity of book incul¬
cation and more the demand of the spirit of the age, not
only to know, but to know how to do sewing, painting, sketch¬
ing, telegraphy, stenography, etc., are all coming into custom,
•as in these the women monopolize. The art of dressmaking as
Madam Glover represents it, holds up very grand inducements
for the generations of girls growing up in our race. Knowing
how, attention to business systematically arranged, and a care¬
ful investment of her means, has brought in return the success
•she has accomplished.
TIIRIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
MRS. HENRY HYLAND GARNET.
Early Educator.
"EW YORK CITY has long posed as the place where so
many men and women of African descent first incul¬
cated a spirit of growing out of the conditions made noticeable
by the disgrace of slavery, which destroyed the senses of refine¬
ment and carried nothing but gloom and forbodings in its train.
Dr. Henry Hyland Garnett, Prof. Charles L. Reason, Bishop
D. A. Payne, and a host of the leading lights of our literary
and social firmament, first caught the gleam of inspiration and
started their educational careers, which have so splendidly
refuted the arguments that the Negro could not learn Greek
and Hebrew. It was here that this talented lady answered
the call to teach. History records the wonderful accomplish¬
ments of her efforts to lift up her fellow men. The wave of
education she sat In motion is flowing on. That night school^
the work of her heart and brain as it was forty or fifty years
ago, is now possessed with that enthusiasm she injected into it,
only with increasing years it has kept pace with the progress
of events, conducive to grander accomplishments in an age of
better educational appliances and facilities, conducted by that
noble and scholarly Miss J. Imogene Howard, who for a number
of }Tears has been one of the leading educators of New York
city.
Mrs. Garnett was not only a teacher, she was wife and
mother—wife of a great man whom the great men of the world
have delighted to honor, a minister to a foreign power, a patriot
and philanthrophist—a mother of a great woman, Mary Bur-
bosa, an educator, philanthropist and missionary, who, follow¬
ing in the footsteps of her father, died while engaged in the
missionary work in the Dark Continent.
The triumphs and activities of this grand woman is the early
fulfilment of the highest hopes of those philanthropic person¬
ages, William Lloyd Garrison, Charles Sumner, Henry Wilson,
Wendell Phillips, Mr. Lovejoy, Mr. Parker, and a host of heroes
who have ever watched the race with very much interest. If
'272
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
the history of the past, portraying the rise and fall of empires,
the establishment of empires and kingdoms, republics and
monasteries, can serve as an incentive to the young to be ever
alert to the changes consequent of the progress made in the
enlightened world during the educational centuries, surely the
epochs in biography can be stepping-stones upon which the
aspiring man and womanhood of a defenceless race can find
sure footing.
Mrs. Garnett, exemplary in her life and character, is an
example of our genius and worth as a race when placed in no
indifferent position to the conditions which surrounded her
young life and the facilities for encouragement which kept pace
with her manifold achievements.
During the war she toiled early and late.
MRS. E. V. C. EATO.
Eminent Teacher.
HE subject of this short sketch has by her tact made
for herself a name among the leading educators of
New York City. The inherent principles of her art chrystal*
izing for years in her busy life give her the ease and readiness
of imparting that which she knows to her pupils, and for a
considerable time have served as a convincing argument that
separate schools for the races was not a necessity, and her
special fitness, as well as the fitness of other colored lady
teachers, has done more to bring about the educational reform,
and bridge the chasm of restriction and social life which has
so long made blameful the system of education in New York,
than any thing else. All credit is due these noble heroines of
our race. They have not contented themselves with meagre
possibilities, but have entered the higher halls of learning and
taken degrees of pedagogy.
The writer has met quite a number of the young ladies
who have profited by her teachings, her life and character,
and he knows for a fact, that a lively recollection is cherished
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES. 27tf
in their minds and hearts for this good woman whose labors
show forcibly in these characters, and clearly demonstrate the
quality of seed sown, principles inculcated, the inestimable
value of the good work she has done for her race. This is an
instance in the life of the Negro race in a great metropolis
where merited recognition equalizes the chances for their re¬
demption from ignorance and the quagmires of prophetic
chaos. Mrs Henry Highland Garnett, Miss J. Imogene Howard
and others, possibly not so prominent in the public eye, have
dignified the situation and enabled in every possible way the
high ground of scholar}^ attainment, which has inspired many
young men and women of our land. Mrs. Eato reflects a credit
on the race that is so apparent in our literary and social life,
which reminds us forcibly of our progress.
MISS FREDRICKA JONES.
Educator.
ISS JOiSTES ranks among the leading educators of the
race. She is a grduate from the classic halls of the
famous Michigan University, Ann Arbor Michigan. And has
since done very telling work for our race as teacher in the
northern as well as the southern college. She is .at present
lady principal of Paul Quinn college, Waco, Texas. Her special-
fitness commends her to the higher educational work among
our people, and the above named school has under her watchful
care and tutelage, made very great advances in the right
direction:
She is amiable, most agreeable in manners, and a capable
counselor on topics of advanced studies.
Her prominence as well as intellectual ability, entitles her
to many pages whereon might be forcibly drawn the illustrious
career of one so worthy. We, knowing, Miss Jones' love for
obscurity feel somewhat reluctant in making the fore-going
statement, yet by a sense of right we have thus risked our judg¬
ment.
274
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
NEALE GERTRUDE HAWKINS.
Eminent Singer.
MK MONG- the celebrated singers of the Negro race, JSTeale
Gertrude Hawkins takes her place along by the side
of all. It is not our purpose to give especial space to those
who are actively engaged before the public, for in their realm
they are seen and judged, with better satisfaction than from
an open book. "We therefore
will not give our subject a
lengthy mention.
Mrs. 'Clara C. Hoffman,
president Women's Christian
Union for the State of Mis¬
souri, says of her:
" Miss ISTeale Hawkins is
one of the finest vocalists I
have ever listened to. In
compass, flexibility, sweet¬
ness, pathos and power, her
voice is unexcelled.
While high culture has
developed and perfected her
voice, it has not detracted an
atom of the mellow richness
so characteristic of the Afro-
American vocalist.
Miss Hawkins is a prohib¬
itionist, has perfect'articula¬
tion, and will be a drawing card in any assembty. She will
sing prohibition into hearts whether they will or no."
For quite a number of years, Miss Hawkins has been
singing to delighted audiences, in fact she has been the support
for the famous Jinglers of California, which under the
musical direction of Prof. Ed. F. Morris, has reached that
point in their art that makes them one of the leading musical
troups before the American foot-lights.
NEALE GERTRUDE HAWKINS.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
275
Indeed to write of Miss Hawkins and her capabilities as a
singer, would be incomplete without the mere mention of Mr.
Ed. F. Morris who has taught her step by step, to her present
advanced position in the realm of song.
We append below a few testimonials :
MR. GEO. W. BAIN SAYS :
" Miss Cornelia Hawkins has a marvelous voice. It surpasses in richness
of tone many prima dona's of inter-national fame.
She is as much at home in the role of a singer, as the mocking bird in his
own native orange grove.*'
GEO. W. BAIN.
PRESS NOTICES.
" The concert given by the Jingler Concert Company in the
Yictoria last night was musically a great success. Probably
ownig to the inclement weather there was rather a thin atten¬
dance, but what the audience lacked in numbers they amply
made up for in appreciation. The programme was full of
choice selections and was supplemented by nearly as many
encores. The comic part of the entertainment was inimitably
rendered. The solos were uniformly good, and the impromptu
rendition of " Way Down on the Swanee River," in answer to
a rather unceremonious call from one of the gods was delight¬
ful. The quartette work was good and left nothing to be
wished for. Several character pieces were fairly done
although this is quite evidently not the company's forte. The
audience was sent home in excellent humor after listening to
an excellent chorus entitled ' Good Night.' "
" The Jinglers gave a concert in the M. E. church in the
lecture course and had a fine audience. I have heard in my
life some very fine female voices, but it seems to me Miss
Hawkins has the sweetest voice I ever listened to. The Jing¬
lers will be welome any time, especially Miss Hawkins."
"The Jingler concert company gave their first entertain¬
ment to a very fair audience in the Union church last night.
The audience was very enthusiastic and the performers were
recalled many times. The fine soprano voice of Miss Hawkins,
276
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
the deep bass of Mr. "Wallay and the magnificent tenor of Mr.
Conley are such as are but seldom heard. Their selections
are varied, being Negro melodies, topical selections and popu¬
lar songs of the day. For an evenings' pleasure they excel
any company that has ever visited our town. They sing in Mo¬
desto to-night, giving a return engagement in the Union
church to-morrow night."
" On Saturday evening last Cole's Colored Jinglers appeared
at "Van's Opera House before a fair sized audience. The
house should have been packed full of people, and we wish it
had been, for there has not been a musical combination here
for years that deserves the patronage of the people more fully
than does the Jinglers. The performance was complete in
every respect, and all who heard them on Saturday evening
were more than pleased—they were charmed. The voices
blended so nicely and the songs were so well selected
and sung that the audience was kept busy applauding and the
applause was always cheerfully responded to. Miss C. Haw¬
kins has a soprano voice of remarkable sweetness and Miss
Chinn is a fine alto. Mr. Walley, the lion basso, is all that is
claimed of him and George L. Conley is a good tenor, while
Mr. B. Dozier does his part fully as a baritone. The company
is, by far, the best of the kind that has appeared here since the
old Tennessee Jubilee Singers. That remarkable organization
contained Henry Hunley, the grand basso, and Miss Reynor,
one of the best altos we ever heard. The Jinglers will appear
again tomorrow evening and if you have not heard them you
had better go for you will be pleased,"
A. FIRST-CLASS PERFORMANCE GIVEN BY THE JINGLERS LAST EVENING.
"It was an evening of music and harmony last night at Louis'
opera house, and a first class peformance certainly merited
a better attendance than it received, those present certainly
enjoyed a treat. "The Jinglers" is the name adopted by
this company of colored vocal artists, and no concert company
on the road has made a greater hit. There are six voices, and
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
277
•each one is excel]ent. George L. Conley, the tenor, G. "W.
Wallay,"the base, and B. Dozier, the baritone, are exceptionally-
good. Miss Hawkins has a soprano voice of singular sweet¬
ness and purity—as she demonstrated in her rendition of "The
Huntsman's Horn" and "The Suwanee River"—while Miss
Chinn possesses a cultivated contralto. The entire program
was good and there was hardly a number but received an en¬
core, the male quartet especially carrying off the honors of the
evening. The last three numbers—" Dars a Jubilee," " Don't
Feel No Way Tired" and "GoodNight "— fairly enraptured
the audience. E. F. Morris is an excellent pianist and was
down for several piano selections, but labored under the draw¬
back of having a miserable instrument before him. The piano
used last night possibly harmonizes with a pair of cymbals and
a bass drum, but is hardly up to the mark for a concert.
Those who have heard Miss Hawkins sing and Mr. Morris per¬
form, will not fail to agree that for her under her instructor a
bright future awaits her."
LAISSU OF BASSA LAND.
Princess.
mAISSU was one of the most talented women of her
country, and that is saying very much in favor of her
sex. She is the daughter of Boyer, King of the Bassas, an
African tribe. She was taken from her people when only
eight years old and educated in one of the best universities in
England, where she distinguished her race and elevated the
sentiment concerning the capabilities of the African, from the
standpoint of incapacity to her high intellectual achievement,
then and there and forever.
Many of her English friends, eager to have her remain in
their land of civilization, offered her special inducements; in
fact, such opportunities whereby she could have further digni¬
fied her race; but on failing to charm her imaginations for
future pomp and power among them, they even misrepresented
her native country. Despite thesie entreaties, she determined
278
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
to utilize her education in the training of her own people in
Bassa Land.
After her residence of fourteen years in England, at the
age of 22 years, she returned to her people, bearing the beacon
light of Christianity into a dark and benighted land. In order
that she might become favored, and later secure the coveted
influence among her people, she adopted her native costume,
which was next to nudity. It was through these means that
she Christianized a number of her brothers and her subjects,
after five years of activity, spreading the Christian religion
among her people, she died in the full triumph of faith, beloved
and reverenced by all her people.
AMANDA SMITH.
Missionary, Author, Minister.
HAT is the place of Amanda Smith in American his¬
tory ? Has she any place there ? Mrs. Smith is an
historic character. The biography of great women, and especi¬
ally great women of the Negro race, would be sadly deficient
without her.
Of this race in the United States, since 1620, there have
appeared but four women whose career stands out so far., so
high, and so clearly above all others of their sex that they
can with strict propriety and upon well established grounds be
denominated great. These are Phillis "Wheatley, Sojourner
Truth, Frances Ellen "Watkins Harper and Amanda Smith.
More than a score of Negro women have arisen to the
heigths of fame which leaped beyond the bounds of the States
in which they have resided. Nor is there a single State in
our country, North or South, but that could point to Negro
women, a score or so in number, who are zealous of good
works, endowed with a noble spirit and a love of race, sex
and self which is truly praiseworthy and distinguishing.
Indeed, in every city, village, or country neighborhood, a.
leading Negro woman, who is a full match for its best and
leading Negro man, can be found.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
279
Were this otherwise, it would present a strong incentive
for melancholy, and offer some feeble extenuation to the vague
and morbid dream of redemption from race of degradation by
race blending through blood mingling in unnatural and uncon¬
genial amalgamation.
If there is a graduation from good to greater in the ordinary
walks of female life among the Negroes, who does not feel his
bosom heave with just and excusable pride when he reflects
that among them are also those women who must be
mentioned in the superlative, not only great, and greater, but
greatest? Is there not substantial reason to hope that all may
arise, when we behold one woman, then another, and another
ascend from conditions the lowliest to a place freely ascribed
as among the highest and the greatest ?
This ascent from a depth was made by Phillis Wheatley,
Sojourner Truth, Frances Harper, and Amanda Smith.
But if these women occupy a place superlatively great as
compared to all other Negro women of modern times, we
would ascertain how they stand compared to each other. For
it is by this comparison that we shall be able to determine
which, or whether, either is greater than the other, and wherein.
To begin with, Phillis Wheatley and Sojourner Truth were
both Africans of unmixed blood. Phillis "Wheatley was an
African of superior tribal relations by birth. Crosses in blood
are sometimes found in Africa; for many traders, if no others,
have a " country wife " or so while sojourning in that country.
But Phillis was a child of pure Negro parentage. Mrs. Harper
and Mrs. Smith were mixed in the proportion of about one part
Caucasian to three parts African; hence, whatever be their
claim to greatness and goodness, their racial basis for the claim
is African.
Now let us compare them.
Mrs. Wheatley was the morning star of Negro genius, being
to women what Benjamin Banneker was to Negro men, the
first of her line.
Her advantages were few, and her opportunities to learn
limited. But such as they were she improved them, and
280
NOTEr NEGRO WOMEN
secured fame as a poetess of rare pathos and beauty. Her
claims as a poetess are attested by the few specimens of her
verses which remain, and the claim is universally accorded
to her.
An unfortunate marriage, with other disadvantages, may
have interfered with the attainment of still greater renown
but as it is, Mrs. Wheatley stands peerless among American
Negro women for poetic genius.
Sojourner Truth was a revolutionist and a reformer, with
great political acumen in the rough. She was in her times the
peer of Frederick Douglass, being to Negro women what he
was to men. Aye, in her steadfast love to God, loyalty to the
interest of all, but unyielding and undeviating fidelity, prefer¬
ence and zeal for her own race, she was more than his peer.
She illustrates the capability of the race to rise by its own
unaided efforts, and take a commanding and abiding place
among those eminent for deeds worthy of commemoration.
We have heard somewhere that the bust of Sojourner Truth
adorns a place in the British Museum.
A slave born and reared, a fugitive among strangers, but
not friendless there, Auntie Sojourner Truth has no equal in
the display of natural leadership and inborn mental equipoise
among the four great women with whom we class her.
Mrs. Harper, possessing superior advantages, is superior to
any one of the four great women here mentioned in mental
drill and versatile literary culture. She is an erudite, scholarly
woman. She, too, is a reformer, an agitator, but not in the
rough, or with any political tendencies.
She is polished, and may be called the greatest of school-
made moral philosophers yet developed among the women of
the Negro race. If Sojourner Truth was a blind giant Frances
Harper was an enlightened one. "What she is Sojourner, with
her chances, would have been ; but what Sojourner was, with
no better opportunities, Mrs. Harper would never have been.
Standing outside of the Church and Churchly relations Mrs.
Harper is without an equal among Negro men of her times and
type of thought. To find a literary equal for her we must
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
281
look either in the Negro ministry or among men tvho were
trained for it.*
Mrs. Smith, in connection with the others, except Mrs.
Harper, came u-p through the enthrallments of slavery and the
culture of Christian faith. She is not, then, the indomitable
agitator that Mrs. Harper is, nor the indomitable revolutionist
that Sojourner Truth was, nor yet the brilliant genius that
Phillis Wheatly was. But she matches them all in this : she is
a Christian of the highest type yet produced among women of
her race, and as a simple, confiding child.of God has no superior
among women of any race—and may we modestly say it ?—nor
among women of any time.
She is an evangel of the Christian powers of her race, and
an evangel of that good will from God to men which is the
burden of her speeches. As a demonstration of the possibilities
of the Negro woman—and if the woman, then also the man—
to grasp and hold a place among those who have attained the
highest heights of Christian faith and perfect self-consecration
to the service of God and man Amanda Smith stands without
a rival.
Without the genius of Mrs. Wheatley, the daring of
Sojourner Truth, the logic of Mrs. Harper, Mrs. Smith has a
greatness born not of self nor of mind, but of soul culture by
contact with God. Herein is she great, the equal of either, and
greater than any. Among men of our race and times none
equal Mrs. Smith as exemplifiers of the power of grace to save,
expand and use man as an instrumentality of salvation to the
human race.
She is in these particulars, then, as we have frequently said
not only the greatest Negro woman, but the greatest of the
race in these times.
Let Negro women study well her character and imitate it
Let them read well her struggles up from sin and Satan to God^
and use the same means if they, too, would rise like her in His
likeness and image.
* Mrs. Harper is a member of the Unitarian Church in Philadelphia, and stands high
in it, I learn.—Author.
282
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN.
What grace has wrought in her it has wrought for our
example, that like her in the use of means at hand so like her
we afterwards might be useful in the Master's hands.
As an enlightened, thoroughly consecrated Christian evan¬
gelist among Negro women Mrs. Amanda Smith takes the first
place in American history.
Marshall W. Taylor, D.D.
MADAM WETZEL.
Ice Dealer.
7||pr ADAM WETZEL, of St Johns, New Brunswick, is an
example of what a woman may achieve in the
world, when energy and genius are not wanting.
Some years ago, an enterprise was started by Mr. and Mrs.
Wetzel, which up to her husband's death, had not placed them
in any indifferent relation to poverty, for to be sure their ice
plant was not in a prosperous condition, but has been brought
to its present magnitude through her energies, and business
capability. Today she employs a hundred men, does her house¬
hold duties, has the care and responsibility of a large family,
and by virtue of her strict attention to her business, she has
crushed out the competitors, who predicted her failure, and
poses as a monopolist in St Johns and vicinity.
Woman has a most formidable foe to antagonize at every
turn, and that foe is man. When we see such women forging-
j a a
their way successfully, despite the obstacles engendered by her
sex, she is worth forty men in business, war, politics, bar and
pulpit, she should be admitted on this portrayal of her worth,
to vote, to do whatever men have a right to do. Mrs. Wetzel
was left in an almost destitute condition on the death of her
husband, but the power which was circumscribed in the domain
of home, now had, exercise in their business, the result of which
has been stated
Man will, when woman forces him to, concede to her the
rights she demands. The wanting quality in woman, is yet
too noticeable, to materially effect any anticipated reforms
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
288
with the deep underlying principles of equality of the sexes,
in the government and various forms of business.
Mrs. "Wetzel is not only a success as a woman, but a Negro
woman. She orders, men obey. Let others follow her exam¬
ple.
MISS RACHAEL L. WALKER.
Eminent Vocalist, Distinguished Teacher.
MONG the intellectual citizens of Cleveland, Ohio, most
especially those engaged in teaching music and song,
Miss Walker takes a high place. Her fame has grown out
of the local sphere, and become national in both her mission as
teacher as well as that of a pleasing vocalist. For a number
of years the citizens of
Ohio, Indiana and Illinois
have been captivated by
the exquisite melody of
her voice, and the great
encouragements she has re¬
ceived (in the frequent dis¬
plays of her talents) from
the press, the public, and
critics everywhere she has
been called to play, her
inspiration has quickened
her energies to more vig¬
orously pursue the art of
voice culture.
She has a most excellent
soprano voice, with pleas¬
ing intonations, and marvelously can she command it. She is one
of the few noted singers who perform without effort. She is a
talented teacher in the public schools of Cleveland, Ohio, who,
in spite of obstacles on account of race, has unbidden, entered
the beaten track of imparting as well as reflecting a noble
character on the white, as well as the Negro children who are
MISS RACHAEL L. WALKER.
284
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
committed to her charge. If education is the key by which
aroused intellect may enter all the repository of treasure, and
take for itself available knowledge, she has the happy faculty
of giving that key to the dominant race. Through no favor of
friends does she enjoy the position she occupies along with the
great educators of this great city, but by energy and perse¬
verance backed by a determination to obliterate caste and race
restrictions by proving the merit of her brain, and the versatile
range of her brilliant faculties to serve as a convincing argu¬
ment in behalf of the women of the Negro race has she become
so very noble in the estimation of the leading citizens of
Cleveland. She is a tireless worker, and keenly feels the
necessity of setting a high example for those of her sex, and
especially her race. Miss Walker is of fair complexion, ele¬
gant form, pleasing stage appearance, a lively conversationalist,
and withal an aggressive race agitator. She has a most flat¬
tering hope for the race, contending that concentrated race
effort to rise high in the SGale to cope with other nations is the
only wanting link in our condition. She is a pleasing vocalist,
but a most worthy teacher.
MRS. A. J. COOPER.
Author of a Voice from the South.
RS. COOPER'S book has been received with sur¬
prising consideration by the press throughout the
country, and she is in daily receipt of clippings from quarters
where least expected. As is well known, she is the widow of
an Episcopal clergyman, and at present a teacher in our High
School. She was graduated from Oberlin in '84, and was a
class-mate of Mrs. Mary Church-Terrell. Her first attempt in
literature is undoubtedly gratifying, both to her and her friends,
as the following criticisms show:
. New York Independent: "It is an open secret that the
author of this volume is Mrs. A. J. Cooper. She puts a voice
in her book of which she says modestly that it is only—
" An infant crying in the night,
And with no language but a cry,"
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
235
but it is a piercing and clinging cry which it is impossible to
hear not to understand—which it is impossible to shake off.
She writes with strong but controlled passion, on a basis of
strong facts."
Philadelphia Public Ledger: " There is sound sense in this
author's argument, and what is certainly rare in controversial
literature, an unblemished good humor. Mrs. Cooper
disdains to make use of weapons beneath the notice of a culti¬
vated and high-minded womanhood. The book commends
itself to the attention of all interested in a fair discussion of a
question of the day."
Chicago Inter-Ocean: "It is not often that the question
here raised has been discussed more candidly, more earnestly
and intelligently, and in better spirit than in the volume before
as. The argument is keen, seldom the least shade of vindict-
iveness, and yet so pointed and honest as to be convincing for
its justice. She claims that the best hopes of the race rest
upon the higher education of black women. That only as the
woman is educated and lifted up and refined and the home
made pure, will the black man advance to an honored
position."
Boston Transcript: " Doubtless this black woman of
'Tawawa Chimney Corner,'Anna Julia Cooper, makes an
intimate exposition of qualities of her people which whites
are so slow to appreciate. Indeed, the very fact of her
criticism in excellent English and in welcome style, and phrase,
is a manifest of ability and cultivation of those she repre¬
sents."
Public Opinion-. " This volume posseses a fresh attract¬
ion, because it comes from the eager heart and mind of a
' Black Woman of the South,' as the author terms herself.
All the order of the great race to which the writer belongs
pleads for a hearing for the women of her own color. She
lays down boldly, clearly and strikingly the great law that a
race will finally be what it's women are. Alongside of this
she puts what she claims is a fact that the new movement to
lift the black race into intelligence and spiritual life, compara-
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
tively little place has been found for the young girls. Young
men are everywhere being pushed on and aided by societies
and friends in the struggle to get an education. But young
women are left almost wholly unaided, and very few are as
vet able to complete courses of study. The book is written
in a very judicious and elevated way. The pages are disfigured
by no extravagant ill-judged utterances, but a dignified and
womanly air pervades the whole. We commend the volume
to all who wish to keep in touch with the Negro problem. A
portiait of Anna J. Cooper, whom we take to be the author,
forms a frontispiece of the volume."
Detroit Plaindealer: " There has been no book on the
race question that has been more cogently and forcibly written
by either white or black authors. The book is not only a
credit to the genius of the race, but to woman whose place
and sphere in life men have so long dictated."
The Kingsley (Iowa) Times; " One of the most readable
books on the race question of the South bears the above title.
It is written by Mrs. A. J. Cooper, of Washington, D. C., a
colored lady with the brain of a Susan B. Anthony, a George
Eliot, or Frances Willard. The volume is attracting wide
attention, owing to its being worthy of careful perusal and
because of its originality and great literary strength. It is a
neat, cloth bound book, retailing for $1.25, but to anyone
interested in this race question it is worth many times its cost.
For sale by the author or at all book-stores. The Times editor
never has seen a stronger picture of the true conditions of
affairs in the South than the one coming from this colored lady."
Judge Tourgee: "The habit of a lifetime has made the
Bystander's pencil almost infallible in its indication of verbal
inaccuracy, which is, after all, the very highest test of literary
merit. The word which exactly fills the place where it is used
—neither too large nor too small for the service assigned, or to
the thought it is commissioned to convey—is to literary work¬
manship what the perfect note is to music. It may be slurred
a little—often is—without constituting actual fault, as the rush
of some great movement may even hide or excuse a false note
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
287
now and then, but only precision can give the feeling of finish
which attests the genuine literary artist. Rarel}7- has the
unsparing pencil passed so lightly over the pages of a book of
essays as it did over the pages of this c Yoice from the South.'
Its perusal would be a new sensation to many a white-souled
Christian woman of the ' superior race,' who, when she had
perused its bright pages from cover to cover, would be forced
to admit that though she had encountered many a sharp thrust
she had not received one awkward or ill-tempered blow."
Mr. Tourgee's criticism of Mrs. Cooper's book, "A Yoice
from the South," possesses great interest for us, because we
know him to be both free from prejudice and capable of judging
literary excellence. He declares that few women writers have
shown a " daintier wit, and few works give promise of a purer
literary art." " The deft but stinging satire, the keen but not
ill-tempered wit, but the tasteful self-restraint," says Mr.
Tourgee, " shows the author to be a cultured lady." Accord¬
ing to our critic, " the white-souled Christian women of the
superior race who peruse its bright pages from cover to cover
will be forced to admit that, though they encountered many a
sharp thrust, they received no awkward, no ill-tempered blow."
"While Mr. Tourgee deprecates a little parade of quotation he
pronounces " the abundant use of second-hand material to be
the fashion of the times," and dulls the edge of criticism by
acknowledging that uthe borrowed matter is always good,
aptly used, in the main, shows breadth of reading, keen observa_
tion and thorough good taste in selection." Mr. Tourgee
considers it neither surprising nor discreditable to the
colored people of the United States that they have made so
few contributions to literature. The reason is cogently and
succinctly stated as follows : " The best scion grafted on the
strongest stock requires some period of growth before it pro¬
duces fruit, and a race by law barred from the fields of litera¬
ture for two centuries need at least the lifetime of a generation
in which to produce literary work. The wonder is, not that it
came so late, but that it came so soon and is of such simple,
genuine quality.
288
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN
MISS HATTIE GREEN.
Teacher.
ISS IIATTIE GREEN is one of the lady teachers of
Cleveland, Ohio, who has through her own efforts
unaided won for herself a name in Ohio. Her educational
opportunities have been the best, as her talents show. She
with others, by action has refuted the fallacy of race incom¬
petency, in passing the rigid examinations of the school board
MISS HATTIE GREEN
of Cleveland. She is beloved by a host of persons, who admire
pluck and energy, principles which if well fortified will bring
success to the door of every one. These women command the
attention and respect of the races whose children they
instruct without favor. Their performance of duty actuated by
a sense of right has won for themselves the merited recognition
they deserve, and guarantees to them long tenure.
THE III TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
2e«9
IMOGENE HOWARD.
Eminent Educator; Appointed on the World's Fair Board of Lady Managers.
SKETCH of a remarkably clever Afro-American woman
who has carved a niche for herself in the world of fame:
The appointment of Miss J. Imogene Howard as a member of
the Lady Managers of the World's Fair for the State of New
York has met with general approval.
Miss Howard is a graduate of the Girls' High Normal
School of Boston and was the first of her race to graduate from
that institution. She came to New York shortly after and
was appointed on the staff of teachers of Colored Grammar
School No. 4. She also received the degree of Master of Arts
from the College of the. City of New York in 1879, and for
some years taught day school, and was appointed as principal
of the colored night school, only resigning her post upon the
solicitations of her friends, lest the constant strain on her men¬
tal ability and physical strength impair her health. Supt.
Jasper, it is said, remarked that the school gave the most flat¬
tering results under her management.
Miss Howard is the daughter of Joan L. Howard, of New
York city and Edwin F. Howard of Boston.
Her brother, Dr. E C. Howard, who is an able and large
practioner of Philadelphia was a graduate of Harvard College
and her sister, Miss Adeline Howard is the principal of the
school in the Wormly building, Washington, D. C.
Miss Howard has just received the degree of Master of
Pedagogy of the University of the City of New York, and is
a fit representative of the Educational Committee.
Miss Howard attended the meeting on Tuesday at the
State Capitol, in the Assembly parlors, and in executive session
they elected officers as follows: President, Mrs. Erastus Corn¬
ing, Albany; first vice-president, Mrs. E. V. R. Waddington,
New York; second vice-president, Mrs. J. S. T. Stranahan,
Brooklyn; secretary, Miss Lesslie Pell Clarke, Springfield
Centre ; treasurer, Mrs. Frances Todd Patterson, Westfield.
290
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
An executive committee was also chosen, consisting of
Mrs. Dean Sage, Mrs. Frederick P. Bellamy, Miss Annie
Roosevelt, Miss Caroline E. Dennis and Mrs. Andrew G-. "White.
In the evening the education committee—Mrs. White,
Mrs. Bellamy, Mrs. Stranahan, Miss Patterson and Miss Imo-
gene Howard—met with the State Superintendent of Public
Instruction and Professor Dewey of the State Library, in
reference to the educational exhibit.
Among the associates on the board were Mrs. H. "Walter
"Webb, wife of the vice president New York Central Railroad;
Mrs. Fred P. Bellamy, sister to the author of " Looking Back¬
ward," and Mrs. Andrew G. "White of Cornell College. The
ladies are to meet Mrs. Potter Palmer on her return from
Europe next week. They were entertained at the palatial
residences of Mrs. Dean Sage and Mrs. Erastus Corning. Miss
Howard is flooded with letters of congratulation from her
many friends.
PRESS NOTICES.
"One of the most refreshing and sensible appointments made
in this State for many a day occurred when Miss Imogene
Howard was placed as a member of the Board of Lady Man¬
agers of the exhibits of the State of New York for the "World's
Columbian Exposition. The honor came unsolicited and was
due greatly to the representation of Mr. and Mrs. James C.
Matthews and Mr. and Mrs. Wm. E. Gross. Miss Howard
attended the meeting of the Board in the Assembly Parlors
of the State Capitol on Tuesday, and stopped with the rest of
the Board at the Kenmore Hotel, Albany. The appointment
is the adequate recognition of the race in the State, and is fit¬
ting in that Miss Howard ranks with the brainiest and most
capable of our women; she is able to measure arms with the
cleverest of the opposite race, having just been made Master of
Pedagogy, and winning a scholarship from the University of
the City of New York. She has a record worthy of a good
teacher of many years experience, which would make her a.
credit to any people."
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
291
"Miss Imogene Howard is the first and only colored woman
in the Empire State appointed to a managership in the World's
Columbian Exposition. She is a worthy representative of her
race in the great World's Fair, and colored people throughout
the land may rest assured that in her hands the progress and
ever increasing prosperity of the Negroes of America will be
shown to all the world to the best possible advantage.
" Miss Howard is one of the most thoroughly intelligent and
energetic of her people. From her earliest childhood she felt
that her mission in life was to better the condition of the colored
people, and in so doing she has found her life work and her
pleasure. She has taught and watched and advised, and now that
she has very justly been given an official opportunity to illustrate
the advancement achieved she feels that she has her reward.
" She feels that her people, who have made such grand
strides in intelligence, industry and importance during the past
decade, are entitled to recognition in Chicago's great Fair, and
it is her intention that those of New York at least shall refute
the charge that has often been made, that the race is at a
standstill, or is retrograding. No one knows the colored people
of New York better. No one is better able to bring out their
strong points, and the prospects now are that in the New York
exhibit the corner devoied to the colored people will be one of
the most interesting features."
SHE HAILS FKOM THE HUE.
Miss Howard was born in Boston, and lived there until she
was 17 years of age. She acquired her studious habits under
Boston influences, and in this instance they did not lead to a
life devoted only to Brown or Kendrik Isben. First she
attended the Boston grammar and high schools, from which
she graduated with high honors. She then became a student
in the Girl's High and Normal School. She was graduated
creditably in 1868, and was the first colored graduate of that
high class institution. In the same year she came to New
York and entered the employ of the New York Board of
Education as a teacher in Grammar School No. 81, in West
292
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
17th street, where she has since remained, teaching the
colored children.
Upon the resignation of Mrs. H. H. Garnett, she became
principal of the high school, held in that school house, and
she held that position for eight years. In spite of her arduous
duties as principal and instructor, she found time to attend the
Saturday sessions for teachers in the Normal College, and
received the degree of A. M. This year she completed a three
year's course at the University of the City of New York School
of Pedagogy. She was the only colored woman of her class,
but in the class of last year the Misses F. T. and H. C. Ray, and
Miss Mary Eato received a like degree.
Since beginning her educational labors in School No. 81
Miss Howard has been a keen observer of her charges, and
there is no one who can better testify to the increased intellig¬
ence of the colored children since the "War of the Rebellion.
She is a bright and interesting talker and expresses her thoughts
with a forceftilness that carries conviction to the hearer.
" There is," says she, " no more interesting school in the
world than ours. One must attend it day after day and year
after year, as I have, to be as interested as I have become.
We have much to contend with that others have not. Most
of our children are of poor parentage. Many of them are the
children of very ignorant parents, and home influences are not
always what they should be, but in spite of all these obstacles,
I think it will be impossible to find a lot of children who
exhibit more actual aptitude and acuteness. Their little intel¬
lects often seem to have been sharpened by even their short
contact with an unsympathetic world, and as long as we are
able to direct this precocity into the proper channels they will
become good and useful men and women.
SCHOLARS THIRST FOR KNOWLEDGE.
" They are all willing to learn. Many of them find their
only home recreation in their study, and their advancement is
often almost marvelous.
" We were formerly known as Colored Grammar School
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND AC1IVIT1ES.
293
.No. 81, but by a law passed a few years ago this distinction of
colored was removed. It was right that it should be, for i.t was
unkind, and not in accord with our American institutions—we
are surely all American born—that these children should be
made to feel, even in their school life, that they are of a class
apart. The colored schools are now all numbered in regular,
consecutive order with the others. They are open to children
of all colors and nationalities , and this is as it should be.
" We now have three hundred and fifty boys and girls.
Of course there are more girls than boys. The percentage of
girls is larger, I think, in all public schools. The boys are more
often forced by necessity to go to work at an early age, and
our most effective labor is, therefore, among the girls. The
question as to whether the most good can be accomplished for
our own people by educating the girls or the boys is one I need
not discuss. The influence of one educated woman is certainly
very great; but we try to educate both sexes.
" Our percentage of truancy is, I think, less than that in the
average white school of equal size, and that in face of the fact
that many of our pupils come from distant parts of town.
MODEL SCHOLAKS THESE.
" My own class ranges in numbers from twenty-fi ve to forty.
I have one pupil who comes from 97th street, another from 44th
street and the North river, and another from the Bowling Green,
and these are seldom or never late or absent.
" There is more higher education now among the colored
people than ever before, but in too many instances the children
have to give up when they get what they can in the grammar
schools and go to work.
" Their field of labor is, alas! very much restricted ; but it
is getting broader, and I look forward to the day when any¬
thing and everything will be open to the capable colored man
or woman.
" Of my own boys many have done exceedingly well. Two
are electricians, and have become quite famous. William C.
Green, also one of my boys, is stenographer for Postmaster
294
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
Cornelius Yan Cott. Some of them are in the public and private
banking houses as messengers. One is private messenger to
Archibald Rogers, and many are to be found in positions of
trust in brokers' offices and big business houses. They get
better employment no\v-a-days than ever before, and we hope
for better things yet."
Miss Howard was appointed to the Exhibition management
on June 3, and her selection was announced at a meeting held
in Albany on June 7. She will serve on the Committee on
Education, her particular branch of the exhibit being woman's
part in the education of New York State. She expects to intro¬
duce educators in the work, particularly those who are engaged
among the colored people.
MRS. MARY A. CAMPBELL.
Philanthropist.
^115^0 write a sketch of the life of Mrs. Mary A. Campbell,
vlllj the widow of Bishop Jabez P. Campbell, is the work
that lies before me this beautiful Spring morning, April, 1893.
No more delightful duty will ever devolve upon me. I only fear
that I shall fail to satisfy myself or the friends of this beloved
one in this attempted effort.
Mary A Campbell was born in Philadelphia, January, 1817.
She was reared and trained in Christian duty and the domestic
virtues by a loved mother. For many years a resident of the
southern section of the Quaker City. She met and married in
early life Joseph Shire. By this marriage she had four chil¬
dren. A widow at a later date, in good circumstances, beauti¬
ful in form and feature, with the attributes of a lovable wife,
she entered a second time into the holy estate of matrimony.
As the beloved wife of Bishop Jabez Pitt Campbell, her
personality and its virtues won her world-wide fame. Mrs.
Campbell is about the standard of her sex in height, with a
soft brown skin, to which age only adds greater charms. Her
hair has long been a silver crown, bound with a black velvet
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
295
band, in the lovely style of our grandmothers. The one lovely
charm that strikes every friend of Mrs. Campbell, both old
and new, is her smile. Oh, the beauty and sweetness of it!
The compelling love that lingers in it! Truly it is "a smile
that is a benediction." " To know her is a liberal education."
It is one of the greatest blessings I have known in life to have
had the friendship of this noble woman for a quarter of a cen¬
tury. Her life is that of a devoted Christian; her hospitality
is generosity personified; her home life teaches the young
around her to love the home, make it the center of every noble
effort for oneself and others; beautifully furnished, comforta¬
ble, neat, refined in all its belongings. Her husband's and her
son's children have grown up in it to a pure and noble man-
hood and womanhood. A tender mother, a loving wife, an
ever faithful friend, living close to her Savior, her good deeds
and charities have been manifold.
The Colored Old Folks' Home at West Philadelphia, Wil-
berforce University, the Jabez Pitt Campbell College and the
Women's Mite Missionary Society have been the largest recip¬
ients of her bounty; but no needy cause or worthy sufferer
has ever gone empty from her door. " What have I done, my
child, that I should appear among the distinguished women of
the race ?" was the question asked by her in all sincere humility.
My answer, from a heart overflowing in grateful remembrance
of hundreds of noble deeds, was. "Not what have you done,
but what have you not done, in every line of effort that would
make one of the sex and race distinguished ?" And so I have
tried to tell, in a few feeble words, the story of this helpful
life—to set before your readers the noble, inspiring example of
this lovely woman.
Intelligent, educated, aspiring beyond most of her day and
generation ; loved, not only by her equals but almost idolized
by the young and by the humble in station. When I hear
of her illness I hasten to her side, fearing it may be for the
last time. The years of her life have passed the three score
years and ten limit, but the prayer in many hearts is, " Lord,
spare thy servant yet a little longer."
296
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
Such a character in life is valuable beyond human words to
express, and in death will continue, because of noble deeds, to
live on aud on, by its beneficent example strengthening and
guiding into higher life future generations.
Mrs. N. F. Mossell.
AMELIA ALLEN.
Educator.
WHE name of Amelia Allen is dear to the home and
hearts of all Salina Kansas. She is an answer in the
affirmative to the hopes of the race, and the early fulfillment of
AMELIA ALLEN.
the prophecy that the girls of the Negro race with equal
chances could demonstrate their worth not only in the class
room bat in life as well.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES. 297
Earnestness, which is indicative of strong force of char¬
acter, together with her many acquirements, make possible
the many accomplishments and achievements of a useful,
active life. With just enough obstacles to call forth her force
and ability to overcome them, these will in all probability stir
other latent energies not yet awakened in her young life, and
show fourth the qualifications characteristic of the many lofty
expectations of those who admire her real worth.
GEORGIA M. DEBABTISTE.
Language Teacher and Writer.
MONG the host of young ladies who are doing some¬
thing in an intellectual sense for the cause of the race,
we may be reasonably exultant with the triumph and activities
of this talented young woman.
Her intellectual worth
far excels her opportuni¬
ties, if what a person has
done is the criterion. Miss
Debabtiste is quite young,
but already we see signs of
her labor sparkling with
the brightest rays of hope.
She has started right.
Naturally possessing a
thirst for language, she has
shown her adaptability
by force of her mental
capacity to learn it, and as
well impart it with ease.
For a considerable time
she has been assistant
teacher in languages at Lincoln Institute under the able
management of Prof. Inman E. Page at Jefferson City,
Missouri.
GEORGIA M. DEBABTISTE.
298
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
She is a newspaper correspondent, and writes very able
articles upon all the topics pertaining to the race question. Being
clear in her style, forcible and pointed, she will in time cope
with the leading writers of her sex.
She is the daughter of Rev. Debabtiste, of ministerial prom¬
inence, who is also a writer upon all our social as well as
economic questions. She rightly inherits her talents with the
pen, her logic in debate, and reflects brilliantly her capabilities
to achieve much for herself, her race and prove a lasting honor
to her noble parents.
ADA A. COOPER.
Lecturer, Teacher and Poetess.
~Jp) ADA A. COOPER, was born in Brooklyn on February 6,
1861. I am the daughter of Rev. A. H. Newton, of the
New Jersey Conference of the A. M. E. Church, and Olivia
Hamilton, who was the daughter of Robert Hamilton, who was
known through New York as a singer, and who was connected
with the Anglo-African. At the age of five I was sent to school.
I knew how to read at that early age; just when I learned I
don't know, but it seems to me that I have always known. At
the age of seven my mother died, leaving me in the care of my
grandma. From childhood I was pronounced exceedingly
smart; in fact, smart beyond my years. At ten years old I
had read the Pilgrim's Progress, Swiss Family Robinson
and Robinson Cruesoe; and at fourteen I had read David
Copperfield, and could repeat lots of verses from different
poets. At eighteen I had read Paradise Lost and Pope's Essay
on Man. I have never read either since, yet passages from
both are still fresh in my mind, and I am now thirty-one. I
was always peculiar as a child ; I would take part in no childish
sport, not even to playing with dolls that the girl so much
delights in. I was always impressed with the idea that I had
something to do in the world, something to live for, although I
knew not what it was. At eleven years of age I met with an
accident which gave me the hip-joint disease. I was thus un-
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
299
able to walk for nearly two years. At thirteen I again went
to school, and during that year I wrote a story which I showed
to my teacher. She took it and read it; after which she told
me that if I persevered I would in time be able to write some,
thing that would astonish the world. This opened my mind to
some extent, and I determined to become a writer. At fifteen
I left my northern home to go and live with my father, who
was then in Little Rock, Ark. Although so young, I took the
whole journey, a distance of more than 1,300 miles, by myself.
Shortly after I reached Little Rock my father married a girl
as young almost as myself. I was then, of course, left much to
myself, and during one of my lonely hours I sat down and
wrote a story which I called the " Bride of Death," and laid it
away to use at some time. When I was seventeen my father
removed to Raleigh, N. C., where I was sent to Shaw Uni¬
versity. After I had been in the school a few months my
teacher discovered that I was a very fine reader, hence I was
given all the reading classes to teach, and thus secured my
schooling free. I went to the school a part of three years, and
during that time I had but three dresses. A few months after
I had been in Raleigh I met W. R. Harris, who was at that
time a teacher in one of the city schools. He paid marked
attention to me, and 1 soon learned to love him. Our love was
kept a secret for upwards of a year; but when it finally became
known to my father he sent me to New Berne away tromProf.
Harris, because he concluded that I could not love and study
too. While in New Berne mourning for my lover, I had pub¬
lished the story I had written at fifteen, and continued to write
other stories that soon became the rage throughout the State.
I was also there chosen to read the Emancipation poem on
Emancipation Day. I had no dress in which to appear before
the public, so I borrowed one, but composed the poem that I
read. I knew that, if I could not dress, I had brain, and I was
fully determined to use it. After a time I went back to school,
and again I met my lover, and we determined that we would
wed, let all oppose who would. He was then a professor in
St. Augustine Institute, and was studying to become an Epis-
300
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
copal minister, so I promised to wait until he had completed
his coarse and then be his at all hazards. My father was
bitterly opposed to my union with him, on account of his creed.
I left school at twenty and went with my father north. There
an event happened which I shall never forget. My home to
me was not a pleasant place, and I was sickly, and had been
from birth. A doctor had given me laudanum to use to allay
my pains. One day, as I was about to use it as he had directed,
a thought occurred to me that, as I was sick and seemed to be
in everybody's way, I would end my life, it seemed no good to
me. Even my lover seemed to desert me, as I had not heard
from him in months. So I poured out a spoonful and started
with it to my mouth, but before I could get it there the spoon
was knocked from my hand, and the bottle fell to the floor
shivered into bits. I determined then to live and live for some¬
thing. What my work in life was to be I had not yet
determined, but I knew that something lay before me
which I must accomplish e'er death came to me. After so
long a time I returned south to teach, and again met my old love
whom I found as true as steel. I had had a great many offers
of marriage, for I was a prett}7- girl, being a rosy brown, with
black eyes and straight, black hair; but none of them were
accepted by me, for my heart was given away. While I was
teaching in Haywood, Chatham Co., an event happened to me
which is worth chronicling. I was sick, and having to seek
for a doctor, I went to one known as Dr. Budd, who was said
to be the best in the county. On arriving at the house, which
sat back in the yard, as do the majority of southern country
homes, I met a woman coming down the path and asked her
if the Doctor was at home. Her reply was, "Yes; he is in
the back yard; go there and see him." I answered her, " I do
not go in back yards to see doctors," and went straight to the
front door and rang the bell. The woman went to the side
gate and said to me: " You may ring all day, and nobody will
come." Then she called over the fence to her servant and said:
" Kitty, oh Kitty—tell the doctor there is a nigger woman out
here who desires to see him."
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
301
Well, I have been called a plucky woman; in fact, am said
to be manish. It stood me in hand that day. I only waited
to reply just long enough to see what Kitty would say. She
said to the doctor, after a moment's pause : '' Doctor, there is a
lady out front who desires to see you." Then I spoke and
said: "Theservant is a lady, hence she knows one when she
sees her. The mistress never has been one and never will be
one, and hence she don't know one when she sees her."
" Do you insult me in my own house," asked she.
" I care not whose house it is," said I. " You're no lady, I
tell you."
" Get out of here!" said she.
" I'll not," said I, " until I get ready."
About that time the doctor came up.
"You insulted my wife," he said.
"Your wife insulted me."
"Well, get out of my yard."
" I'll not until I get read_y."
" I'll hit you with this stick!" he said, grabbing a cane
that lay on the porch.
"You do," I said, "and whatever law there is in Carolina
for the black woman I'll get it. There is not much, but I'll
get what there is."
Whereupon he threw down the stick and said:
"I'll put you out, any how."
"You may do that," said I, "for I am on your premises."
He then took me by the arm and led me out of the
gate,
I had to have a parting shot, and so I said to him :
"If I were a man, I'd fight you; but as I am a sick woman,
I tell you that you are a brute, and your wife is no lady."
When this affair became generally known throughout Hay¬
wood the majority of the colored people thought that I had
committed an unpardonable sin-in speaking in this manner to
Dr. and Mrs. Budd; but a few of the best men of the place
Prof. S. G. Atkins and others—went to the doctor and his
wife about the matter. They declared that they knew not
302
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
who I was, and desired the matter hushed up. They thought
that I was one of the townspeople trying to put on airs.
Shortly after this I went to R. and was married to my
heart's choice, Prof. W. R. Harris, who had become an Epis¬
copal minister. We were married in May, 1885. He was
made a priest in June, and died the following January. Hence
I was a bride and a widow in one year. After his death I
taught in Washington graded school for three years. During
that time I was the editor of the woman's column of a little
paper called The Outlook. A Sunday school teacher, which I
have been since I was fifteen, I wrote for papers and interested
myself in all charitable undertakings.
At the end of three years a great sorrow came to me,
which so affected me that it gave me congestion of the brain.
I resigned and went to Philadelphia to the Woman's Hospital.
After remaining there awhile the doctors told me that I would
have to undergo an operation, which was very dangerous, but
which was ray only hope of life. I prayed then, and I made
a vow to Almighty God that if he would spare my life I would
devote it to his service, doing all I could for the sick, the
afflicted and the poor. He answered my prayer, and I set to
work as soon as I left the hospital. I first went to Maryland
to teach, and staid there eight months among the people,whom
I aided in every possible way. Of my experiences there I will
not stop to tell, as it would make this sketch too long. But
they were many and varied.
After leaving Maryland I engaged with a Western publish¬
ing house to become a traveling agent. I entered into the
work, traveling from Trenton, N. J., to Easton, Pa., where I
found myself sick, unable to gain an agent, and not a dollar in
the world. For a while I was nonplussed. I finally decided
to go to the Methodist minister and ask his aid. This I did,
and he said to me:
" I will aid you by allowingyou to help yourself. Can you
sing?"
"Yes," said I.
"Can you recite?"
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
303
" Yes, sir."
"And you can lecture ?"
" I have never tried to lecture," said I, ei but I suppose I
might ?"
u You shall try to-morrow night," said he, " in my church."
This was Saturday. True to his word, on Sunday night he
gave me the stand and I lectured. Well, it was a success.
Then this good brother, whose name was F. F. Smith, said to
me:
" Now, to-morrow night you may sing and recite; and never
be it said hereafter that vou, with the brain that you possess,
are left without a dollar. Start out in the lecture field, and
let this book business alone."
I did as he advised, and traveled as a lecturer from then on,
receiving favorable comments from the press and from such
men as Bishops Turner, Lee, Dr. Coppin, and others. I lec¬
tured and visited the sick until I reached Winchester, Va.,
where I remained five months, working as a missionary in the
Free Will Baptist Church. I accomplished much good in that
community, and there decided that my life work was to be
that of a missionary. I therefore hastened to New Jersey,
joined the conference, and became a missionary, or evangelist,
in the A. M. E. church. I felt that my work lay in visiting the
prisons and places of ill repute. This I did in God's name,
traveling from place to place, lecturing and preaching, until
I again found myself in Raleigh, N. C. I arrived there just
in time to attend the Southern Exposition, and to make a
speech before the N. C. I. A. on the exposition grounds, which
was said to excel any made by the men, although Gov. Pinch-
back and Congressman Cheatham were among the speakers.
This speech was made on the 5th day of November, 1891, and
on the 18th of November I met Rev. A. B. Cooper, a promis¬
ing young minister of the A. M. E. church, and married him
on the 13th day of January, just three days before I had ended
seven years of widowhood.
So you see my life has been a romantic and an eventful one.
1 would tell you many things more of my life and adventures
304
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
in the South were it not that it would make this too long. I
am now engaged in writing a book of poems, which I purpose
to finish in '93. Ada A. Cooper.
W ashington, N. C.
MRS. MARTHA ANN RICKS.
Liber Ian Heroine.
1M MONG the few Negro women of Liberia whose fame as
.ML philanthropists and race agitators is not circumscribed,
but has become universal in both England and America, Mrs.
mrs. martha ann kicks.
Ricks enjoys a prominent place. For many years her voice and
pen have championed the cause of Liberia. Her prosperity has
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
305
largely depended on the unabating efforts of her loyal citizens,
and, regardless of sex, her leading women have figured very
conspicuously in the accomplishment of every success she has
attained.
Mrs. Ricks is a personal friend and correspondent of Queen
Yictoria, and this social attachment has been the cause of con¬
stant interchange of mementoes. Yery recently Mrs. Ricks
presented Qneen Yictoria with a " crazy-patch" quilt, which
for beauty and exceptional merit, as well as the high apprecia¬
tion of the gift, and her high regard for Mrs. Ricks, the Queen
has placed it among the exhibits of the British Dominion in the
World's Fair, at Chicago. Mrs. Ricks ranks among the leading
women of her time and place, and justly merits this grand and
ennobling recognition from the grandest ruler on the Eastern
Continent. Her rare worth is all the more emphasized when
taking into consideration the fact that her prominence asserts
itself at home, and among the leading spirits of Liberia. Her
power is felt. She has made herself an exponent of the pro¬
gress of the people on the Dark Continent by energy and
push, coupled with the other exemplary qualifications which
are God-given.
MRS. DR. FRANK HAMMOND.
Race Leader.
^fjIj0HE remarkable signs of the times setting forth the prog-
Tjlnr ress of the race, based upon facts, and figures, are
prophetic of what the race may accomplish in the world. With
every facility to thoroughly fit and prepare the Negro to take
his place along with the other great races, no one of us can
grow discouraged over our possibilities.
Mrs. Hammond is a convincing unit of our progress, and
demonstrates the fallacy of all doubts which have dawned upon
the vision of the skeptics of her section. She is a forcible
writer, a strong advocate, an active scholar in the cause of
Negro progress—not easily discouraged, possessing very much
physical force, strong and striking qualities capable to lead.
306
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
Her decision and discretion are very strongly marked.
Her vitality bespeaks forth a long and active career in the
cause of human prosperity.
MRS. DR. PRANK HAMMOND.
Alderson, West Virginia, being her home, she is so situated
as to meet and explode the doctrines of incapacity, so often
the ignorant conception of the Southerners regarding our intel¬
lectual progress.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
307
MADAM SELIKA.
Singer of French and Italian Operas.
H^HE world has heard Madam Selika and has been
delighted with her singing. The press every where
has spoken in very high praise of the wonderful range of her
sweet voice , the masters in music have found new beauties in
their songs when sung by her, and in no compromising terms
have placed her where she rightly belongs, second to none of her
1
MADAM SELIKA.
time. Parody nicknaming is a peculiar popularity m which
many of her profession seem to have distinguished themselves,
but Selika needs no gilding.
She has played as Selika and her successes demonstrate
that Selika is quite as convenient a name as she could have.
We may diverge from the general rule, in treating of distin¬
guished women who have figured so very conspicuously as she,
and say that there really is something in a name, and that
308
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
name she has, by the cultivation of her voice, dignified and
made quite as prominent as the many adopted by persons not near
her equal. She has, by study and unceasing practice in the
foreign languages, prepared herself so artistically in the realm
of song as to acquit herself far beyond the expectations of the
many thousands who have flocked to hear her.
Indeed she is so well known, and the sentiment is so general
as to her excellency in her art, that she requires no additional
comments.
She continues to raise the scale of our intellectual possibil¬
ities, and demonstrate before the world that the Negro can not
only sing jubilee songs, and ballads, but they can enter all the
repository of music and song, and discriminate between the let¬
tered and unlettered operas, yea, can sing the French and
Italian as well as the English operas.
Madam Selika has been on the stage seventeen years, during
which'time she has traveled five years in Europe, has sung
before the Czar of Russia, and her many triumphs abroad have
won for her such fame as no other Negro woman of our time
can boast. By special invitation she has sung for President
Hayes, and on more than a dozen occasions where thronged
thousands of the lovers of her sweet intonation, she has been
universally pronounced " the greatest colored singer of the
globe."
We append below a brief extract from The Colored Ameri¬
can, on the event of her expected appearance before a Wash¬
ington audience:
"SELIKA CONCERT POSTPONED.
" Despite the awful inclemency of the weather, hundreds
came to hear the greatest colored singer of the globe last
Wednesday night. Postponed until Monday night, May 8th.
Everybody will be there. Tickets for Wednesday night good
on Monday night.
" The concert to be given Wednesday night would, with¬
out doubt, have drawn the largest gathering ever assembled in
the Metropolitan Church on M street northwest. The talent
and programme were the finest, combining in one the magnificent
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES. 309
soprano, Madame Selika; the peerless little Lotta, the renowned
tenor and instrumentalist, Prof. Laurence, and the famous bar¬
itone, Prof. Yelosko. But ^Eolus and Jupiter Pluvius took
a hand in the matter with disastrous results. These old and
antiquated gentlemen, who never wore white shirts and laun-
dried collars and had no such musical artist to please their tym-
pani with musical strains, concluded and did give us a combi¬
nation of wind and water that made all shiver in their boots*
" The many people who bravely faced the rainstorm on last
Wednesday night showed the appreciation in which Madam
Selika, Profs. Laurence and Yelosko and Little Lotta are held
by the Washington people. The concert was postponed until
Monday night, May 8, 1893, to accommodate the many who
did not come out Wednesday night. Everybody will be there
at 8 p. m. sharp. The managers of the concert have decided
that all tickets issued for Wednesday night will be good on
Monday night. The managers have also arranged 'A" Parlor
Match' with Mr. ^Eolus and Mr. Jupiter Pluvius, and they will
take 'A Night Off' ' Down On the Bowery,' and will not be
here to interfere with ' The Crust of Society.' "
Her rightful position as an accomplished singer is by the
side of Jenny Lind, Parodi, Mlsson, Patti and Elizabeth Tay¬
lor Greenfield. When other aspirants for such honors from
the public pulpit and press startle the world with their"
matchless voices, as Selika has, shall shine upon our musical
horizon and have dignified as well their names, they, as she,
will be doing much to compensate for the evil practices of
some who feel honored in passing a mimetic name. " There all
the honor lies."
MRS. SARAH LEE.
A Noble Mother and Race Benefactor.
l^TRS. SARAH LEE, the mother of Bishop B. F. Lee, was
JSjMl one of a family of nine children—seven girls and two
boys, and was bora in the year 1818, in Cumberland county,
N. J. She was the daughter of Benjamin and Phebe Gould,
and comes of an old family, tracing from one generation to
310
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN.
another, in regular succession, to the first settlers of New
Jersey, ranking with Sir George Carteret and John Fenwick,
and other English Quakers who secured that part of the State
from William Penn. Sarah is fifth in generation. Her father
possessed a small farm and large tract of woodland, and did an
extensive business in the hoop-pole trade. There being so
many more girls than boys, Sarah was often called into service
out of doors as well as in the house ; and in such rural pursuits
and activities her early life was spent.
The educational facilities of the country were those of the
earlier ages, and the three R's were taught in the winter
months, and by this Sarah acquired a common school educa¬
tion. She was always fond of books and study, and was con¬
sidered both handsome and accomplished. At the age of
twenty-one she was married to Abel Lee, who was also one of a
large family and native of the same State. They settled in
life and purchased a small farm, and had six children, three
girls and three boys, born to them. But, alas! when the
eldest had only attained the age of thirteen years the hand of
death took away the fond husband and loving father, and left
the children orphans and Sarah a widow. She has never fully
aroused from that stolid grief but with a set purpose and firm
will she turned her face to the world to defend and take care
of her children and sustain the honor of her husband. His
promises of debts on the place she would pay, and though the
law of ISTew Jersey would not claim such she did pay to the last
dollar; and she had a home secure for her children and herself
in her declining years.
As she began to have a little leisure in life her love of read¬
ing increased; she sought the strongest minds and information
from the best authors in literature.
Of her children she has lived to see them all grow up to
honorable man and womanhood: the girls and one son, the
bishop, to marry; two sons still remain at home with her;
one of them, who had become a smart farmer worth several
thousand dollars, is afflicted with blindness, upon whom she
waits now with tenderest care.
THEIR TRIUMPHS AND ACTIVITIES.
311
A great lesson of life is taught by this woman having lived
—that in working out the every day affairs we are laying
foundations deep and strong; that at home, and unobserved,
we are sending minds to search for the beautiful, the great and
good, and verifying the saying that thoughts spoken in the
bedchamber are repeated on the housetops, and that honor,
strength and perseverance will bring forth a never-failing
harvest; so surely as it is said, what a man sows shall he also
reap.
Mrs. Alice S. Felts,
6 Emerson st., New Bedford, Mass.
MRS. MARY E. LEE.
Educator.
mARY E. LEE, wife of Bishop B. F. Lee, was born in
Mobile, Ala. In this sunny clime she spent the
earliest days of her childhood.
In about 1858 her parents moved to Wilberforce, Ohio, and
there on a farm, near the college, the days of her youth were
spent. She attended Wilberforce University and graduated in
1873, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Science, and composed
the " Class Ode." Previous to the completion of her course}
she had two years' experience as a teacher in Mobile, Ala., and
was quite a successful teacher.
At an early age she showed great talent for writing. Poetry
seemed to be her specialty, for there was something in the
natural surroundings of Wilberforce which harmonized with
her nature, and inspired her thoughts.
On Dec. 30,1873, she was married to Rev., now Bishop, B. F.
Lee, then a professor at Wilberforce, and during his pres¬
idency of eight years her influence was greatly felt by the
pupils.
For many years she has from time to time contributed
poetry and prose to The Christian Recorder, and also to the
A. M. E. Review and other journals, and is at present editor
312
NOTED NEGRO WOMEN,
of " The King's Daughters" department of Ringwoodls
Journal.
She has written many short poems, and several lengthy
ones, such as " Tawawa," and " Afmerica." Although still
young, she has seen much sorrow, having lost by death both
father and mother, with two brothers and five sisters since her
marriage, and having been the mother of nine children, three
of them have been carried to the better land, so that now, but
for a number of nieces and nephews, she would be quite alone
in the world; yet she is of a cheerful and pleasant tempera¬
ment, treating every one she meets with affability, and all who
come to her home are met with a generous welcome and made
to feel at ease during their stay. As a wife and mother, she
is very devoted and careful, overseeing the management of her
house, and, to some extent, the education of her children and
controlling every department with a skill that brings success.
As has been said, during the eight years that her husband
was president at Wilberforce University, she was a great help
to him in caring for the students and helping them with their
studies; there are many young women, and men as well, who
owe to her, and they do not fail to recognize it, a debt of
gratitude for the instruction and sympathy they have received
while students, at that university.
Her reading has been extensive and varied, her book stands
abounding only in the classics of both prose and poems, but
also of the latest and most wide-awake authors, so that she
continually revels in a wealth of literature equaled, by few of
her race.
APPENDIX.
INTRODUCTORY.
These are a set of random facts, gathered from the great
central lights of the subject, and flung, as it were, on the skies,
to be viewed as our telescopic visions, early fulfillment of our
highest hopes, a forcible index to our progress, a conclusive
pledge to redeem ourselves from the thraldom of inferiority
and incapacity. Twenty-seven years of freedom and education
has not only made us men and women worthy of honor and
trust, but we have become features of help and maintenmice
in every avenue of the world's progress. Not far removed
from our former condition, it is not difficult to prove the great
loss of a nation that for more than 250 years in holding one-
fourth of its population in abject slavery, when facts and
figures speak so very eloquently for us to-day. But, " v^e are
coming."
Mrs. Josie D. Heard's prophecy (in "Morning Glories") is
already here, and more than fulfilled in Mrs. Frances E. W.
Harper's " Iola; or, Shadows Uplifted," as well as in Miss
Anna J. Cooper's "A Yoice From the South;" Mrs. Octavia
V. R. Albert's "House of Bondage," all of which forcibly
show their capability as authors.
The poems from the pens of Phillis Wheatley, Mrs. Josie
D. Heard, Mrs. Harper, Mrs. Charlotte Forten Grimke, Miss
Mamie E. Fox, herein, are strong as proofs of Holy Writ, and
"emove Mrs. Heard's prophecy far from vain imaginings.
The Author.
315
WOMAN AS EDUCATOR.
BY MATTIE E. DOVER.
N the beauty, the fullness and inspiration of his soul the poet
Milton has said that woman is God's latest and best gift
to man. And if it is incumbent upon the lesser gift to teach
humanity, it must be a two-fold duty of woman that splendid
gift of divinity. It is an acknowledged fact that a moral,
intellectual and a religious foundation is necessary for our
success in life. That is, truth should be the basis of human action.
It is said that the first impression the human mind receives is
the most lasting. Who teaches the first principles ? Who
gives the mind the first turn, a start and a thought ? Woman.
Education, means to lead out, draw out, set forth, and in those
countries where woman's influence as an educator is recognized
there you find civilization most advanced, piety most sincere,
morality most progressive and knowledge most extensive.
England, for instance, one of the grandest, noblest, and
most influential nations on the globe, is onl}T great because
she recognized the powerful influence of the intellectual force
of woman as an educator. There, too, our own country keeps
pace to the music of mental improvement by conferring upon
woman the rare privilege of instructing the youth. Go to the
public schools—the celestial arch upon which our government
rests—who constitute the majority of our teachers? Women,
for the people know that woman by her neatness, her accuracy,
her patience, her faithfulness and her zeal, can most deeply
impress the aspiring student, than man by his vigorous enforco-
ments. Napoleon once asked Madam DeStael what was the
best thing he could do to elevate France. She replied " instruct
the mothers." That very expression was the essence of true
greatness, the very archstone upon which the greatest prosperity
of the greatest nations rest.
318
OTHER EXEMPLARS
People have often wondered why the Indian does not
become civilized, though the government does more for him
than any other nation does for its wards, and yet he still " sees
God in the wind " and seeks the happy hunting ground as his
final resting-place. I say that people still wonder; the solution
of that question is easy, because in the dark ages and savage
nations woman is not recognized as a partner, as an equal, as a
consoler, as an instructor, but as a servant, as a slave. They
haven't learned that " where woman is most respected, man is
most elevated," and it is a fact that no nation kindred or
tongue, can become powerful or great until their women are
.nstructed in the high principles of morality and truth. For,
when once her heart is lighted up with those high principles it
shines forth with the intensity of a meridian brilliancy. In no
department in which woman has been placed has she disgraced
the position. Which is forcibly illustrated by Miss Sweet, the
agent who handles millions of dollars of pension money and is
always found correct in her accounts. The energetic Lock-
wood's pleas are commended by the bar. Elizabeth Fry and
Mrs. Yancolt's words sink as deep into the heart of the erring
and fallen as their stern brothers. Ellen Foster, Susan B.
Anthony and Sojourner Truth are as eloquent on the platform
as most of the bearded sex, and I know that Frances Nightin¬
gale and Clara Barton, those " angels of mercy " Whittier calls
them, have done as much to lessen the sorrow, to cheer the
faint and lift up the fallen, as their more elevated brethren.
Woman's influence as an educator may be likened unto the
rays of the sun, which come quietly, silently upon the realms
of nature. The clearer woman is of her knowledge of her
duty, of her relation, of her reponsibility so more powerful
will her influence be as an educator and as an elevator of
suffering humanity, Then I would say that the " chiefest"
duty of the age, of the pulpit, of the school, of the statesman
and of the press is to bend all their energies in assisting woman
as an educator.
Miss Lucy E. Moten, of Washington, D. C., is an able
woman. She has a broad knowledge of men of letters, she
OF OUR PROGRESS.
319
has traveled abroad and took in store the great and wonderEul
experiences of a diplomat; she took the classic or gentlemen's
course in Oberlin college and graduated with high honors.
At the annual session of the American Association of
Educators of Colored Youths, she elicited the following com¬
ment :
" The program of the Association embraced many valuable
papers by the most experienced teachers of colored youth.
One of the most interesting occasions of the entire session was
when the beautiful and talented Miss Lucy E. Moten, of
Washington, D. C., delivered an address on the Theory and
Practice of Teaching.—Christian Recorder.
Miss Lucy E. Moten, principal of the Miner normal school
of the 7th and 8th divisions, is one of the most popular and
highly educated teachers in the United States. She has
recently been made one of the vice-presidents of the educa¬
tional conference which meets in Chicago during the time of
the World's Fair. It is conceded by those best posted on
educational affairs that the explanation of the art of teaching
by Miss Moten is equal to an}?- of either race in this country.
Her appointment is a tribute in her deserving ability.— The
Colored American.
Miss Moten occupies a very high place among the great
educators of the age. Her work in the school room portrays
the success to which our race has attained, and marks the
highest nitch in the art of teaching. She is mentally the peer
of her sex, and is working for the race an enviable name by
the side of the leaders of her .art.
Misses Rachel and Louisa Alexander are worthy scholars
and teachers of renown.
Miss Chanie Patterson, of Washington, D. C., is a gradu¬
ate from the classic halls of Oberlin, and takes front rank
among our leading educators. Her experience as a teacher is
lono-, varied and full of rare experiences. As a cultivated
woman her usefulness has added much to the culture and
refinement of the race.
320
OTHER EXEMPLARS
Mrs. Mary Withers, also emerged from the classic halls of
Oberlin, and stands very high in the art of teaching.
Mrs. Dr.Vanella, of Topeka, Kansas, is one of the promi¬
nent female educators of the West.
MRS. PROF. GARNETT,
Louisville, Ky.
Mrs. Sadie Newton, of St. Louis, Mo., is another classic
graduate from Oberlin, who has done much in the educational
cause for the race.
Misses Hurlburts, teachers and elocutionists of Trenton,
New Jersey, are entitled to our notice because of their literary
labors and real worth in the cause of education.
OF OUR PROGRESS.
321
Miss Mattie A. Henderson graduate of Lemoyne Institute,
more recently of Cincinnati Business College, now editor of the
Future State of Kansas City, Mo., ranks very high as a teacher
having completed her course at Lemoyne Inst, graduatingat the
head of her class, she was offered a position in her alma mater
which she accepted, giving in every way entire satisfaction to
all concerned.
Miss Ramsey, of Philadelphia, ranks among the grand edu¬
cators of the race in the Quaker City.
First and foremost among the leading scholars of the Negro
race from the South, stands Mrs. Mollie Church Terrell. She
entered Oberlin at quite an early age, and prosecuted the
studies in the gentlemen's course, graduated with honors, and
was tendered a position in the Oberlin faculty. She has
traveled abroad, studied the dead languages in their native
haunts, in fact became a disciple under the instruction of the
very best foreign instructors. Her field for usefulness is very
extensive. To say the least Mrs. Terrell is a very grand young
woman, destined to do some mighty act, that will place higher
value upon the integrity and character of the race, and cause a
general change of opinion concerning our fidelity, and loyalty.
The School Board of Washington, D. C., immediately after
her European travels tendered her a very high position in the
High School.
MISS M. E, MATLOCK,
Mathematician.
322
OTHER EXEMPLARS
Miss Addie Jackson, of Baltimore, claims space for her
name wherever the subject of Negro education is given consid¬
eration.
The Misses Wilsons, teachers of distinction of Indianapolis,
Indiana, are mentioned here because of their worthiness as
educators.
The Misses Howards, of Philadelphia, are classed very high
in literature and the arts and sciences.
KATIE B. CHAPMAN,
Yankton, S, D.
Rev. Kershaw of the A. M. E. Church in a letter to the
Christian Recorder concerning Edward Waters College noted
the following:
At the class room No. 1, we found Miss P. B. Weston
controling and leading on the primary division ; in class room
No. 2, Miss M. E. Brown, one of Edward Waters' first grad¬
uates is teacher. The trustees made no mistake in electing her
to take charge of the intermediate department. We found her
OF OUR PROGRESS.
S23
drilling her class in that part of hygiene that relates to strong
drink. Masterly and convincing was her instruction to her
class " wine is a mocker, strong drink is raging; whosoever is
deceived thereby is not wise."
Miss L. M. Johnson presides over the musical department,
and there is where 'get along' is the order of the day. After
hearing her I said, " Lord it is good to be here."
In room No. 3, Miss E. N. Phelps is holding the crayon in
front of the Normal department, at the time of our visit to a
class in United States History. The particular subject was
the treason of Arnold. Miss E. N. Phelps is surely mistress of
the position which she occupies.
MISS BEULA V. GARNER,
Winchester, Tenn.
Dr. Georgia E. L. Patton bade farewell to her many
friends, Saturday, Feb. 11th, and started for New York, where
she expects to meet Miss E. Millard, who will assist her in
making the last arrangements for her long journey. The ship
in which she is to embark for Liberia, her future field of labor
324
OTHER EXEMPLARS
quick and ready, and this trait she injects into her pupils. She
possesses more than usual power, and propels her children
seemingly along. Her fitness as an instructor has also won for
her the position of assistant supervisor of the colored schools.
Among the noted people of Kansas, Mrs. Prof. Wadkins, of
Topeka, takes high rank as an educator, scholar and race
agitator.
Dr. Carrie Y. Still Anderson, of Philadelphia, daughter
of the great Still, of underground railroad fame, is able as a
scholar, teacher, lecturer and champion race advocate.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Miss Mattie E. Anderson, principal female seminary,
Frankfort, Ky., ranks very high as a teacher and disciplinarian.
Mrs. Sarah G. Jones of Cincinnati says of her: "Miss Anderson
has labored faithfully for years in Kentucky and has assisted
much in elevating the educational interests of our people in the
locality where she resides. Such influence as she exerts can¬
not, however, be confined to a narrow limit, but asserts itself
positively in every direction for good."
OF OUR PROGRESS.
325
Our Female Teachers who have distinguished themselves
are many, almost innumerable in fact, a tiresome count, but
among them we shall simply name a few.
Miss Lucy Laney of Georgia, stands pre-eminently ahead of
those of our southern ladies. The Christian Recorder, says of
her:
One of the most remarkable and successful women, is Miss Lucy Laney
principal of the Haynes"Normal and Industrial School, Augusta, Ga. This
school is now under the auspices of the Presbyterian church, but like most
of their schools in the South, is open to everyone who comes and complies
with the rules. Miss Laney manages this large school which has an enroll¬
ment of 320 scholars with such an ability and business tact as would do credit
to any institution in the land. She is a model for her numerous pupils in
everything that the word implies.
MISS LUCILLA WASHINGTON,
Memphis, Tenn.
Mrs. Minnie L. Phillips nee Brinkley, of Houston, Texas,
ranks among the greatest modern moldersof clay, and teachers
of the paper folding art. She enjoys a lucrative salary in the
Austin public schools, and it's a very easy task to single out
the little fellows who are under her immediate care. She is
326
OTHER EXEMPLARS
as medical missionary, will sail about the 10th of April. "We
ask for her a prosperous journey and that her work may be a
blessing to many.
Mrs. Lucy Thurman's work for the cause of Temperance
among the race is so very well known that we shall
not necessarily . emphasize for her. The American
people know her as Miss Lucy Simpson. Mrs. Christine Shoe-
craft Smith says of her, " She has lectured extensively in Illinois,
Indiana, Kentucky and Michigan as a woman of note,
distinguished for her tireless advocacy for the Temperance
cause, she is worthy a place in your book."
Mrs. B. "W. Arnet, Mrs. Susie I. Shorter, Mrs. Tanner,
Mrs. Bishop Campbell, Mrs. Bishop Hood and indeed a host of
female giants are worthy of extensive mention in this chapter,
but let the above serve as a hint to those so careless as to be
doubtful. Through these, God is working out the plan of
redemption for mankind. Others will catch a gleam of the
bright spark they hold aloft and succeed these womanly
patriots until wine is proven to be a mocker, and strong drink
forbidden in our christian land.
CARRIE L. GRIFFIN
Dayton, Ohio.
OF OUR PROGRESS.
327
Miss Annie Fairchild is another primary teacher of note.
She is worthy the mead of praise when we consider that prompt
attention is given to her grades to the extent that column after
column ascends each year and in no instance has she let her
little lambs diverge from the path of duty, that of learning or
losing a grade.
Mrs. Laura Allen nee Watson of Nashville, Mrs. Bessie
Carter nee Gibson, Mrs. C. C. Goudy, Mrs. Bessie Brady Ballad,
and a host of Nashvillians rank very high as teachers especially
in the primary art of teaching.
Nashville, Tenn., being the Athens of the South the habit of
striving to excel has grown in the teachers until now par
excellence is the rule.
A Georgia paper says: Miss Selena M. Sloan, proprietress
of Edward Waters Seminary, in Tallahassee, Fla., is a living
example of the excellence of Georgia teachers. She is a charm¬
ing young woman, and is an inspiration to any girl with whom
she comes in contact. Georgia cherishes a remarkable pride
in her, and she deserves the esteem of everyone.
Miss Ida Gibbs is an able teacher, a graduate from Oberlin
College and a classic student. She is principal of the Prepara¬
tory Department of the University at Tallahassee, Florida.
Miss Ida Belle Evans a graduate of the academic, scientific
and collegiate departments of the Central Tennessee College is
a teacher with an excellent record. She has taught three years
in the Prairie Yiew State Normal institute of Texas, having
resigned she returned to Nashville, Tenn., and entered her
Alma Mater, and resumed the position as pupil and teacher
in the college, taking in 1891 the degree of A. B. from the classic
department. Miss Evans is destined to be heard from, not
only as a scholar but a singer, a poetess and a mathematician.
She has traveled through the North with the Tennessee singers
and has been richly endowed with press comments.
Mrs. Amanda S. Mullen, nee Perry, is among our talented
teachers of the South.
328
OTHER EXEMPLARS
Miss Vara Lee Moore is a classic graduate of Central
Tennessee College who has taught unceasingly in Texas, Waco
and Ft. Worth for six years. Recently she has been appointed
Lady Principal of the Central Alabama Academy at Hunts-
ville, Ala., under the auspices of the Freedman's Aid Society.
Miss Hallie Q. Brown ranks among the leading teachers
of the race, at present acting as lady Principal of Tuskegee=
University. Her sketch is given elsewhere.
Mrs. Frankie E. Harris Wassom is making her name not
only as an instructor of the future man and woman, but that
of a poetess, she ranks high among the alumni of Oberlin.
Miss Clarissa M. Thompson is a disciplinarian whose sketch
is given in another part of our book.
Miss A. L. Evans, we may justly say is entitled to be
styled a teacher. Having for some years taught in the capital
city of Texas, and feeling her inability to give value for value,
she went to Oberlin College in 1888, remaining until 1890r
finishing in one of its departments.,
Miss Elnora Bowers, a classic graduate of Fisk University,
located at Galveston, Texas, is a very efficient scholar and able
teacher. All Texas is proud of her.
Mrs. Ella Ayler, nee Jones, of Macon, Ga. is a graduate of
Fisk University and is gifted for generosity and sincerity among
not only her pupils, but all others who come in her way. She
has for many years taught in the Lone Star State; Dallas,
Waco and Huntsville being the fortunate cities that can boast
of her sojourn as teacher.
Mrs. Mary Sinclar, nee Le McLemare, is classed among
the finest musicians of Tennessee. Not only was she a most
pleasing musical performer, but a composer of songs and music.
She is the author of many notable pieces of music that have
found their way into the recognition of the great writers. She
is widely known as a musician of a very high order, and many
surprises has she given when bringing into full view of her
audience her dark skin.
OF OUR PROGRESS.
329
Mrs. Haydee Campbell, nee BenchlEy, is a native Texan.
For some years past she has resided in St. Louis, Mo. Three or
more years ago she distinguished herself by actually going
before the school board of St. Louis, as an applicant for the
position as principal or instructress for the kindergarten de¬
partment. Here she was confronted with the task of making the
highest average, and leaping the obstacle of white applicants,
who for so many years have stood in the way. She, with
MRS. HAYDEE CAMPBELL.
courage undaunted, went into the examination and, to the sur¬
prise of the board of examiners, the white applicants and the
city of St. Louis, she captured the department with the highest
average percentage ever made in St. Louis, for that work.
Mrs. Campbell is a tireless worker, and it is never too cold, too
wet, for her to do a charitable act. The people of St. Louis love
her. She is an ex-student of Oberlin, a scholar but not a
graduate.
330
OTHER EXEMPLARS
Among the host of teachers in the public school service of
Cleveland, Ohio, we delight to mention several ladies of our
beloved race, who are making for themselves a comfortable
living, teaching not only colored children, but white as well.
Since this is a demonstrable fact, we must lay down the excuse
so often made, and say, the way is open, enter while you may.
Merit before examining boards is the watch-word.
Misses Sarah L. Mitchell, Rachel "Walker, Hattie Green, Ida
Deaver, Cora Bean and Mary Trappe, have met boldly the
requirements and pursue their pleasing tasks to the satisfaction
of all.
Mks. Florence A. T. Flemming, nee Hates, is a graduate
from the normal department of Central Tennessee College, who
has achieved some distinction in the Quincy (111.) public schools
as a teacher and efficient disciplinarian. Prior to her going.
North Dr. William "Wells Brown, in his book "The Risino-
1 d
Sun," gave almost a chapter to Mrs. Fleming, nee Hayes, who
was brutally beaten by a white coward, who, if a man, was not
manly. This was in the seventies, when colored teachers were
an experiment in the South, and many there were who entered
upon this pioneer mission. Among these was the subject of
this short sketch.
Mks. I. Garland Penn is a gifted teacher, whoso sketch
appears in another part of this book.
Miss Gkace G. Sampson is among the brainiest young
women of the race. As a scholar she is without a peer. She
is the first and only woman who has secured a first-grade cer¬
tificate from the Dallas City public school board. Having
been reared in Chicago she has enjoyed exceptional advantages
for education. After graduating from the high school of her
native city she came to Texas and accepted a position as
teacher in the Paul Quinn College. Thence she took the first-
grade examination and got the highest average per cent, ever
made in Corsicana, Texas, where she taught one year. Prof.
Kealing, now president of Paul Quinn College, Waco, Texas,
hearing of the rigidness of the Dallas board of examiners,
OF OUR PROGRESS.
331
took the examination in 1888 and passed.it with a very high mark,
as the boast had been made by the whites that "a nigger could not
get sufficient average." Thus Prof. Sealing exploded the doc¬
trine of incapacity, being the first Negro to pass the board.
The remark was made afterward that "no Negro woman
could get a first-grade certificate in Dallas." This remark was
grating on Miss Sampson's ear, hence in 1889 she went to Dal¬
las and applied for a first-grade certificate, to the utter surprise
of the board. She was examined and awarded the coveted
certificate, and thus put an end to the doubts and dogmas of
Negro inferiority. She is at present teaching in the city
schools of the great and future metropolis, Chicago.
We have thus sketched a few of the great, grand and good
teachers of the race. This subject could be carried to infinity, as
they are legion. The work is telling on the present genera¬
tion, and who can doubt the harvest, if they reap as they have
sown ?
Among the musicians of the race we mention Mrs. E. C.
Nesbit , nee Clark, as peerless, while Miss Gibbs, of conserva¬
tory fame, now at the head of the first and only Afro-American
Conservatory of Music in the United States, founded by the
late and lamented Dr. William J. Simmons, at Cane Springs,
Ky., is an accomplished musician, mistress of both key and
stringed instruments, and none her equal. She is the daughter
of Judge Gibbs, of Little Rock.
Miss Myktle Hart is among the noted female musicians of
the race, and the pride and boast of Indianapolis, Ind.
Mrs. Cora L. Burgen, nee Moore, of Detroit, Mich., now of
Oakland, Cal., sister to Prof. A. J. Moore, like him is a
pianist, a graduate in the musical art and a most pleasing per¬
former, an ex-musical teacher in the Texas Blind, Deaf and
Dumb Asylum.
Miss Anna Augusta Ridley is a musician, and at present is
teacher of music in the Tennessee State Deaf, Dumb and Blind
Asvlum. Miss Ridley is yet quite young. She is destined to
become excellent in the pianoforte art.
332
OTHER EXEMPLARS
Miss Willy Benchley, of Oberlin, is one of the best known
organists perhaps in the world. For many years she has
played for the original Fisk Jubilee Singers, who have sung
themselves into the hearts of many nations and traveled around
the world. She has played before the crowned heads of the
Eastern world, besides delighted the audiences of their many
MISS WILLY BENCHLEY.
thousands of concerts in the United States by her harmony and
cadence. She being a good organist is, almost of necessity, a
pianist; yes, a pianist most difficult to surpass, not to be criti¬
cised, never to be frowned upon. Miss Benchley, now residing
in St. Louis, acousin to Mrs. Ha}rdee Campbell, of kindergarten
fame, is a Texan lady, and has for years been proving that
locality is nothing when the mind is made up and the oppor.
tunities are not wanting.
OF OUR PROGRESS.
333
Mrs. J. E. Edwards, of Washington, D. C., now of Galves¬
ton, has enjoyed superior advantages for learning music, being
the adopted daughter of Right Rev. Richard Cain, D.D., whose
heart and mind were fixed on the bringing out of the talents of
the Negro. She is a scholar in piano music, both a composer
and a pleasing performer.
Of the many great literary women of the race Mrs. Harper,
being the oldest, ripe with theory, practice and experience
shines alone. Mrs. Coppin, with her rich opportunities for
showing her stored-up knowledge, most especially in the field
of pedagogy, takes rank by the side of the former; while Mrs.
J. Silone Yates, being the youngest of the three, in her special
field of science, takes the front rank and seems to distance all
of her sex, when age is considered. Where then shall we place
Mrs. Anna J. Cooper? For readiness of speech, for disciplina¬
rian qualities, for her analytical foundation upon which her
principles of instruction are built, forces us to say that she is
equal to all. For depth and solidity, firmness and conserva.
tivism, Mrs. Zelia R. Page takes her place among the galaxy
of bright intellectual stars; so also does Mrs. Blanch Y. H.
Brooks. While Mrs. Mollie Church Terrill, being the youngest
of all, stands in no indifferent relation to the eldest.
As martyrs for the cause of education, the untimely death
of Mrs. Olivia Davidson Washington, ^Miss Arimenta Martin
Mrs. Octavia Y. R. Alberts, Miss Louise Mortie and Miss Julia
Hay den, all thrill our minds with sorrow and regret. As
Mr. Lincoln beautifully said of his comrades who had fallen on
the battle field, so may we say :
" Their swords are rust,
Their bodies dust,
Their souls are with the saints
I trust."
How young, yet how noble in heart and mind, with purpose
fixed and bent upon doing what others had done for them; but
sometimes we overshoot the mark and bring unwelcome grief
and sorrow upon ourselves. They, in the morning of their lives.
334
OTHER EXEMPLARS
had just begun the earthly, heavenly, task, and scarcely had
they learned their duty well ere the summons came to pay the
debt which all must pay.
"We have this comfort, that their deeds still live. The
asylums founded, orphans homes builded, the enlargement of
our universities, are works of their hands and hearts.
Our Temperance Union women are many; and, indeed, that
subject alone would fill a volume doubly the size of our book,
hence we restrict ourselves to the mention of a few who rank
writh any and all in every land of civilization.
Mrs. Abbie Wright Lyon is not only a singer but a Christ¬
ian temperance woman. Mrs. Naomi Anderson is among the
noted females who took the lecture platform in the palm}'- days
when Mrs. Mary A. Livermore and Sojourner Truth stood, in
their gigantic independence, battling for woman's rights. In
1869 she spoke from the platform in Chicago with the leader of
the movement, Mrs. Livermore, and traveled through the States
of Illinois, Indiana and Ohio advocating that cause; but in
recent years Mrs. Anderson has become famous as a temperance
advocate, and is also engaged in the founding of orphan homes for
the poor of the race. We may justly style Mrs. L. A. Westbrooks
a tireless, energetic advocate of the temperance cause. Many
years of her life have been spent in organizing temperance
bands among the race in the Southern States. Perhaps no lady
is more widely known for work in this cause, most especially in
Texas, than Mrs. L. A. Westbrooks, A.M. She is president of
the Woman's Home Mission work for the M. E. Church in
Texas. While the Caucassian race is proud of Miss Frances E.
Willard, who is in every way a pure genuine type of tireless
Christian devotion, we, seemingly the unfortunates of earth
delight to honor the name of Mrs. S. J. W. Early, the peer of
any human advocate for the Christian temperance cause.
While Mrs. Early has not met with the encouragement that
Miss Willard has, yet, with no meager idea of Christian tem¬
perance devotion characterizing the race with which she is
identified—she labors among the illiterate—has accomplished
a two-fold result—that of educating and christianizing. She
OF OUR PROGRESS.
335
has been in the lecture field for more than two decades, we
believe, and in the educational work more than forty years.
Her opportunities for education have been the best. After
receiving the honors from the classic halls of Oberlin, she
became the first colored teacher in Wilberforce University.
Here she sowed the seeds of the temperance cause, which have
brought forth fruit a hundred fold. She is beloved by many
thousands of her race. The presidents of Fisk University 5
Central Tennessee College, and Roger Williams University
delight to be honored by a yearly visit of this talented female
lecturer. As an intellectual woman, Mrs. Early ranks fairly
with our very best educators ; but being more than an educator
we place her in her respective two-fold sphere. Living up to
her teaching, she has all her life enjoyed the very best of
health. We remember when a school boy, at Central Tennessee
College, hearing her say that she had not suffered an unwell
day in all her active life.
Mrs. M. E. Lambert, of Detroit, Michigan, is one of the
leading spirits of her city in all the higher social and intellect¬
ual activities among the race. She was born in Toronto,
Canada, where she enjoyed the very best educational facilities,
preparatory to the place she occupies among the grand people
of our time. She is a poetess, as well as a contributor to the
leading magazines. For a number of years she has been a
special correspondent to the Monitor, Plaindealer, and takes
a leading part in all the life and prosperity of St. Matthew's
Episcopal church. Her poems teem with that beauty, re¬
inforced by her high rhetorical faculties, convincing by her
logic, and betraying very deep imaginative powers.
Miss Frankie Buckner, an accomplished organist and
pianist, received her training at Detroit. She has been
praised by the papers of Madison, Wis.; was at one time pian¬
ist to a large singing society ; and is a contralto vocalist.
Miss Ida Platt ranks among the finest female pianists of
the Negro race. In fact, to say that she is brilliant in per¬
forming is putting it mildly.
336
OTHER EXEMPLARS
Miss Mat Withers emerged from the classic halls of
Oberlin, and stands very high in the art of pedagogy..
Mrs. Dr. Vanella, of Topeka, Kansas, is one of our
prominent female educators.
Miss Eva Lewis, of 19 Grant street, Cambridge, is employed
by the Mass. Inland Fish Commission under the Civil Service.
Chicago has an Afro-American woman physician, Mrs. Dr.
Carrie Golden. -»
Mrs. Addison Foster, of Philadelphia, Pa., will manage
the undertaking business, formerly owned and managed by
her husband, recently deceased.
Mrs. Dove of Keokuk, Iowa, wife of Rev. Dove is a lec.
turer, author, and tireless agitator. Sne has compiled her
deceased husband's sermons into book form, and is now travel¬
ing through the South lecturing and selling the work#of her
hands. This is indeed noble, a splendid lesson full with rare
instruction to our girls.
Mrs. Georgia Green Majors has done something in the
educational cause for her race. Having attended Oberlin Col¬
lege and Fisk University, thereby preparing herself for life's
duties, she returned to Texas and for seven years has labored
earnestly in her public schools. She has been favorably
endorsed by such educational men as State Supt. Carlisle,
Professors Hand, Gambrell, George Hunter Smith, Esq., and
Hon. George Clark. She ranks with the best primary teachers
of the State in which she lives.
Miss Ida R. Griffin, Mabel Moffard, Birdie Williams, Adej
and Alice Baines and S. A. Owens are energetic teachers, and
are doing much in the cause of Negro education in the South.
Mrs. Smothers is one very good and noble woman who for
many years has taught school and lectured throughout Texas
and other Southern States. She is a W. C. T. U. woman, and
one of the brightest stars in the Baptist cause.
OF OUR PROGRESS.
837
GIRLHOOD AND ITS OPPORTUNITIES.
BY KATIE D. TILMAN.
" The hours are flying.
Each one some treasure takes,
Each one some blossom breaks
And leaves it dying.''
JT is the May-time of the whole world, dear girls, and it is
also the May-time of "your lives.
Do you realize as you go carelessly on through life that yo
are now at the most critical period of your lives?"
It is, alas, too true. You who have been watched and
guarded from harm from babyhood will now be brought into
contact with vice, sailing under the garb of virtue; sin robed
in the most alluring forms; passion under the guise of love.
All of these influences will be brought to bear upon your
impassionable natures, and unless you are on your guard you
will not#cross the boundary line and gain the crown of bright
womanhood without having stained your dainty robes.
While there are hundreds of girls belonging to the Afro-
American race who are models of virtue, industry and intelli¬
gence, there are thousands who are living aimless, unhappy
lives, never heeding the truth of the following sentiments :
" Life is a leaf of paper white,
Whereon each one of us may write,
And then comes night."
Among the evils that tend to destroy your lives are novel
reading, bad associates and love of finery.
I maintain that the reading of an impure book is more
injurious to one's moral health than an hour's conversation
upon an immoral subject, for in such a book, as nowhere else,
you will find wrong painted so as to resemble right. I do not
condemn the reading of a good story, far from it; indeed, much
good hath often been wrought by the pen of the novelist. A
book written in vindication of truth, such as "Uncle Tom's
Cabin," "Bricks Without Straw" and "Ben Hur," or to
inculcate a good moral, as "A Golden Gossip," "The
338
OTHER EXEMPLARS
Home at Grey lock," together with the bright, helpful stories
found in such magazines as the Century, Scribner, Ladies'
Home Journal, and the A. M. E. Review, furnish reading of
the best sort and contain nothing hurtful, but too much can¬
not be said against promiscuous novel reading.
The mind that revels constantly in the pages of Bertha
Clay and Laura Jean Libby's sensational romances will, in
time, become a weak, flabby affair unfitted to contend with
the stern realities of life.
Some one has said, " A man is no better than his thoughts;"
so, dear girls, you must be careful of your reading, for low
reading will surely introduce low thoughts into your minds, and
low thoughts will lead to deeds of a similar nature.
You have the opportunity of storing your mind with the
best literature of the age. Books, at American prices, are in
the reach of all.
Dickens pleading in his inimitable style for the poor of
England; Beade, on his tour through the British prisons;
Goldsmith, Byron, Lowell, all look down at you from their
lonely shelves and sigh as you hasten past them to procure the
latest edition of the New York Weekly or the Saturday Night.
If you had only yourselves to consider,—but think of it, if
God spares your lives, in a few years the majority of you will
become mothers, and upon you rest the destiny of your chil¬
dren.
Is there a single line in all the trashy novels that you have
read that will help you to train a soul for all eternity?
But some of you say, you do not make a practice of read¬
ing novels, you only read occasionally, and that is all right
you think. Well, it would be if all were like you, but remem¬
ber that there are many girls around you, who, like the drunk¬
ard, are always crying for more, and I would cite you to that
passage of the Bible which reads, " If meat maketh my brother
to offend/' etc. If you are strong enough to take only an
occasional draught, then you are strong enough to give it up
altogether for the sake of those around you. Here is an
opportunity to influence say a dozen girls to renounce the
OF OUR PROGRESS.
339
reading of impure books. Will you Jo it ? You can if you
will.
I myself owe much to the influence of other girls in the
halcyon days of girlhood. You cannot begin too soon to mus¬
ter your forces and find out how many advocates you have for
pure, healthy literature.
"Let us, then, be up and doing."
We have all heard the old adages, "Evil communications
corrupt good manners," and " Tell me the company you keep
and I will tell you what 37ou are."
Evil associates will bring you nothing but heartaches and
woe.
Now by evil associates, I am not speaking especially of
those who are outcasts of society, pariahs who have chosen to
live in sin. I take it for granted that none of you have such
girls for your associates. But of all those with whom you are
broughtnn contact at home, school, church or anywhere, whom
you know in your soul are not suitable persons for you to be
with, let not lively conversation, wealthy appearance, beauty
or any other attraction cause you to make intimate of unworthy
persons. There is a pretty safe test of such persons; feeling
their own inferiority, they will invariably flatter you. Beware!
Many an innocent girlhood has been blighted by flattery.
As one has said, "If we watch our friends our enemies will
have no power to harm us."
Another person to avoid is the person who tries to create
strife between you and your best earthly friend, your mother.
Out of all the women in the world God in His infinite wisdom
has chosen your mother as the guardian of your young life.
Be sure that you give her all the love and respect that are
due her.
It seems to me that the saddest sight in the world is
the estrangement of mother and daughter. Eemember that
in the majority of cases it is the daughter's place to submit, not
the mother's.
To you who have associates who are not what they profess
to be comes the opportunity to do them good, by refusing to
340
OTHER EXEMPLARS
associate with them any *onger unless they act as they should.
Convert them if possible to your own plan of thought and
then enlist their friendship and services in behalf of others.
Let this thought inspire you. If the majority of our girls
are pure, earnest-hearted women, what a grand race we shall
become ! Our children shall sing our praises to their little
ones.
You have also the opportunity of helping the young men
to lead noble lives. You stand in your dainty fresh girlhood
before their eyes, and your smile is more potent with them
than all the counsel of their fathers. In your slim brown hand
lies " the balance of power." How will you use it? If you will
refuse to associate with all young men of immoral character,
there would be a decided reformation among them and you
will infinitely better your own future happiness.
There are girls who do not read anything, and who do not
associate with evil companions, but are almost insane on the sub¬
ject of dress. Dear girls, the sooner you give up the unequal
struggle in the race for dress and display supremacy, the hap¬
pier you will be.
It is said " that the love of money is the root of all evil,'1
but with many girls it is the love of dress. Not to be desired
in the height of fashion is the greatest curse in their category.
Poverty is no disgrace, if you are not able to afford a dress
for Easter, for every new picnic or excursion, don't try to do
it any way. Be sensible, girls, dress according to your means
and you will win more real friends than by any other means.
A COLORED BUSINESS WOMAN".
Mrs. Lizzie Young, a colored woman of Jacksonville, Fla.,
has established quite a draying business in that city. She owns
three drays, and employs from twenty to thirty more when
occasion, requires. She pays each drayman $1.50 a day, calling
fourteen loads a day's work. At present she is employed in
hauling away the sand from the excavation on the government
lot, and so far has sold every particle of the sand dug out. Mrs.
OF OUR PROGRESS.
341
Young knows by face and name every drayman in her employ.
But draying is not her only business. For six months every
year this enterprising young woman runs an extensive wood
yard at North Springfield, and four or five teams are kept busy
delivering wood. She sells, besides, many hundreds of dollars
worth of pork every year, and does a good trade in poultry and
eggs.— Tonguelet.
The first ballot ever cast by a woman in the State of Missis¬
sippi was that of Mrs. Lucy Tapley, a colored woman.
The silk quilt presented to Queen Yictoria by Mrs. Eicks,
of Liberia, will be exhibited at the "World's Fair.
Miss Carrie L. Dickerson, of San Francisco, has been
appointed to a Federal position after a rigid examination.
Mrs. D. A. Evans, of Columbus, Ohio, is an exceptional
lady, exceptional in her ambition and in the successful prosecu¬
tion of a profitable business. She is a successful builder and
fire insurance agent. Her success offers encouragement to
other Afro-American ladies to enter other useful employments
besides those of the home and school-room. Society and the
apparent fixtures of position have made them the only places
suitable for the employment of ladies. But in this aggressive
age of competition the environment disqualifies a large num¬
ber of women for domestic and educational service. Yet they
are dependent upon themselves for a livelihood and have to
bestir themselves in acquiring a living. We who are mothers
should try to direct the attention of our daughters to the
avenues in which an honorable livelihood may be gained. As
the scope of their knowledge of the industrial world is enlarged
they are made more self-reliant and capable of caring for them¬
selves and assuming the responsibilities of matured years. The
success of this Afro-American woman suggests that others may
be successful in similar pursuits.—Mrs. Julia Ringwood Coston.
Nancy Garrison, an Afro-American living at Holly Springs,
Miss., has the longest hair, probably, of any woman in the
world. She is about sixty years old. Her hair she wears in
342
OTHER EXEMPLARS
three plaits. The side plaits just touch the floor, while the
third plait drags two feet nine inches on the floor and measures
eight feet in length. It is a silver sable in color, and she wears it
coiled up on her head.
Miss E. O. Miles, who sailed to Europe lately, writes that
she has the pleasure of ranking in the best London society,
where no American caste and prejudice dare to exist. She ha&
been invited to the best public places, most popular churches,
sang in a hall, was a guest and ate at the tables with members
of the royal family, and there was no hint of discrimination.
She adds, that on a visit with a company of Grecian and
London ladies to the Women's Christian Association she was
escorted to one of the large branch associations on Regent
street, one of the most popular thoroughfares. There, to her
surprise, she was introduced to one of the principal secretaries
of the department, a Miss Gardner, who is an educated Afri¬
can young lady, doing business with much grace and aptitude,
speaking the English and many other languages with great
fluency and ease.
COLORED WOMAN'S NOBLE WORK.
The most notable colored woman in Georgia to-day is Miss
Carrie Steele. She is now about fifty years of age, and is a
bright mulatto. For many years she was stewardess of the
Central Railroad at Macon and later held the same position in
Atlanta, receiving therefor $100 a month. It was while there
that she became impressed with the necessity of doing some¬
thing to take care of colored orphans. She daily saw them
rushed off to the penitentiary for trivial offenses. She took
several orphans under the shelter of her house, and from this
developed the idea of having an orphan asylum entirely for
colored children. She undertook the collection of funds herself,,
and was so successful that the whites insisted that she should
finish up the work, and thus have the entire credit of the under¬
taking. The result is a building worth $20,000 on a site worth
$10,000, all paid for and under Negro management. She has,
in the prosecution of this work, had to address the City Council,
OF OUR PROGRESS.
343
to juggle with legislative committees and to appear before large
"white congregations, calling for aid. Every request she made
was favorably answered, and she was freely trusted in the
handling of the money and completion of the work.—Chicago
Inter Ocean.
Mrs. Amanda Merchant, the amiable wife of Rev. E. W.
Merchant, of Lawrence, one of the gifted daughters of Missouri,
is president of the Woman's Baptist Home and Foreign Mission
Convention of Kansas. She is a lady of excellent qualities and
high aspirations. In the district convention Mrs. R. M. Groins,
of Fort Scott, Kansas, presides over a grand, intelligent body
of ladies, second to none in the West. Her able, dignified, im¬
partial caste is unimpeachable and without a peer in the cate¬
gory of feminine parliamentarians. She is president of the
Woman's Home and Foreign Mission Convention under Central
Baptist Association. Mrs. M. C., the president of the Woman's
Home and Foreign Mission Convention, an auxiliary to the
Northwestern Baptist Association, is a woman of broad ideas,
intensely Christian in motive, full of zeal and oratorical ability*
She is the Queen Esther of her tribe, and is doing great service
as organizer. Mrs. M. E. Merchant is noted for her eloquence
and push, and is said to be the Laura M. Sohnson of Kansas in
the mission field. Miss Ophelia Moran, of Frankfort, heads the
list as an elocutionist. During the past two years the women
of Kansas have raised more than $1,300 for mission work.
INDEPENDENT AFRO-AMERICANS.
"lpN New Richmond, Ohio, a town about twenty miles above
(g[ Cincinnati, there was, a few years ago, much opposition
shown by the whites to the mixing of the schools. Finally a
settlement was made in court in favor of mixed schools. Since
that time a number of young Afro-Americans have attended
the high school, but for some reason none have ever graduated.
Now, however, a young lady, Miss Alice Paxton, has shown a
determination to do so that must indeed be trying to the
344
OTHER EXEMPLARS
patience of the school management. For some time she had
been put off with promises, although having passed her exam¬
inations. At the end of this school year Miss Paxton would
be put off no longer. So the school decided to have no com¬
mencement exercises this year. Miss Paxton was given her
diploma and the other members decided to take another year
in school and come out when there would be no " nigger " grad¬
uates.
The Afro-American citizens, not to be outdone, secured the
largest hall in the town, sent to Cincinnati and secured one of
Cincinnati's best vocal quartettes, and on Friday evening, April
22d, Miss Paxton read her graduating essay before one of the
largest mixed audiences ever assembled in New Eichmond.
She received an ovation, and was the recipient of many beauti¬
ful flowers. The musical programme, which was well rendered,
met with hearty applause. Many white citizens, who have
outgrown the prejudice that still clings to their more ignorant
townsmen, helped to meet the expenses of the affair and
attended the exercises with their families.
By the way, Miss Paxton is not only a very bright young
lady intellectually, and quite a musician, but is not afraid to
use her hands. I have among my souvenirs a horseshoe made
by the young lady. Her father is a blacksmith, and she likes
to spend an occasional hour or two in the shop with him.—A*
E. W. in RingiooocVs Journal.
Miss Fannie Hicks, artist and teacher of drawing in the
University, at Louisville, has applied for space at the World's
Fair, in which to exhibit work of the pupils of the University.
Tot,a Leroy, ok Shadows Uplifted.—By Frances E. W.
Harper (Philadelphia: Garrigus Bros., No. 608 Arch street).
Perhaps no woman, white or colored, has during the last
decade labored more earnestly and effectively for the upbuild¬
ing of the colored race than Mrs. Harper. She has written
half a dozen volumes, either one of which would be creditable
if it had emanated from the brain of the most cultured white
woman. But her books do not measure her influence for good.
OF OUR PROGRESS.
345
Since the close of the war she has been a constant laborer
among the colored people of the South. Her favored work
has been among the colored women of the South, discussing
temperance, education, home purity, industry, morality; and
helping them to break away from the thoughts and customs
and methods instilled into them during the ages of slavery.
No field has a riper harvest of good to be gathered than in the
upbuilding of the colored man's home in the South. She
knows every intricacy of the condition of the race freed from
bondage. The volume before us, " Iola Leroy," as effectually
discusses caste prejudices on account of color as " Uncle Tom's
Cabin" portrayed the iniquities of the inhuman institution.
The plot, though simple, is clear, clean, and delightfully inter¬
woven with facts and incidents of the war of thrilling interest.
The story is beautiful in its symmetry, its pictures and char¬
acters never overdrawn, and its lessons so pathetic and impres¬
sive as to move the coldest reader into sympathy. No story
of the war is more profoundly interesting as a story, and cer¬
tainly no writing will be more likely to exert a helpful influence
in cultivating public opinion to a more humane and Christian
standard. The black race has its faults, and a multitude of
them grow directly out of its training during all the genera¬
tions of the past. But it is well to stop and remember that as
a race the black man now has a score of merit. Had he been
white, Indian or Asiatic when his case was pending in the
South, thousands of homes and villages of the South would
have been the scene of bloodshed and crime. He knew the
situation, and yet the wives and daughters of his enslavers
were safe under his protection. It is a wonder that Negro
chivalry, as displayed during that period, has not oftener been
acknowledged by the people of the South. But read " Iola
Leroy." It is a remarkable book.—Chicago Inter Ocean.
Mme. Flora Batson has taken permanent residence in Chi¬
cago.
Mme. Lizzie Pugh Dugan scored a success in Cincinnati, as
she does everywhere.—Indianapolis Freeman.
346
OTHER EXEMPLARS
A number of ladies of the two Kansas cities met last week
at the Lincoln High School, Kansas City, Mo., and formed an
auxiliary league, which has for its object the bettering of the
condition of young women.—Freeman.
Miss Eachel L. Walker, of Cleveland, appeared with great
success at the Indianapolis Musical Festival.—Indianapolis
Freeman.
Lulu Yere Childers, who is studying in the Oberlin Conser¬
vatory of Music, is considered its best contralto.—Indianapolis
Freeman.
THE KING'S DAUGHTERS.
The King's Daughters gave a delightful entertainment at
Grace Presbyterian Church Wednesday night. The program,
which was varied and interesting, was enjoyed by a large
audience.
The "Workers for the King "was organized in 1871 by
Mesdames John Jones, J. Bryant, Jessie Young, C. E. Jones.
There are now fifty members. The officers are as follows :
Mrs. Sarah Curd, president.
Mrs. Robert Young, vice-president.
Miss C. E. Jones, second vice-president.
Miss Theodora Lee, secretary.
Miss Eliza Johnson, treasurer.
The object of the organization is to do good, and many are
the wants of the poor and needy which have been relieved
during the past year.—Chicago Appeal.
Mrs. Minnie Watson, a lady of Louisville, Ky., is a gradu¬
ate of the Clark school for embalming. She is the youngest
female graduate in the world. She graduated in February, '92,
in a class of forty-five, three colored and forty-two male stu¬
dents. Mrs. Watson took the first honor. She is a great assist¬
ance to her husband, Wm. Watson, who is running an under,
taking establishment at 312 Ninth street. This little lady
made her husband, who is a graduate himself, open his eyes
with amazement when she embalmed a man who died with the
iropsy, a case that all undertakers dread to handle.—Freeman.
OF OUR PROGRESS.
347
Sarah J. Earley, of Tennessee, addressed the congress on
the organized efforts of Afro-American women in the South to
improve their condition. She could not present all of her
ideas on account of the lateness of the hour. Briefly, she
said :
" In this age of development and advancement, of multi¬
plied methods and opportunities, all the forces which have
been accumulating for centuries past seem to be centered into
one grand effort to raise mankind to that degree of intel¬
lectual and moral excellence which a wise and beneficent
Creator designed that we should enjoy. No class of persons
are exempt from this great impulse. The most remote, as
well as the most obscure, the most refined as well as the most
unlettered, seem to have felt the touch of an unseen power
which caused thein to arouse, and to have heard a mysterious
voice calling them to ascend higher in the scale of being and
bask in the light of the eternal. It is not a strange coincidence,
then, that in this period of restlessness and activity the women
of all lands should simultaneously and at once see the necessity
of taking a more exalted position and seeking a more effective
way of ascending to the same plane and of assuming the more
responsible duties of life with that of her favored brother.
Step by step, as the dark cloud of ignorance and supersti¬
tion. is dispelled by the penetrating light of eternal truth, men
begin to think, and thought brings resolution, and resolution
changes the condition of men. and leads them into a happier and
brighter existence, so have the great revolutions of the age
affected the condition of the Afro-Americans of the State
and brought them into a more prominent and more hopeful
relation to the world. Afro-American hearts are inspired with
all the ambitions which swell the breast, and have pushed
forward in the line of progress their equal advantages; they
will take an equally prominent part in every movement which
has for its purpose the advancement of a higher and better
civilization.
Mrs. Earley was followed by Hallie Q. Brown, who enter¬
tained the audience with Afro-American dialect songs and
348
OTHER EXEMPLARS
an interesting discussion of the position of the Afro-American
in modern civilization.
Mrs. Coppin was called upon for some remarks, but she
declined on account of the lateness of the hour, except that
she regretted the fact that more attention had not been
given to the papers upon the kindergartens. Then she
requested the privilege of introducing her friend, Mrs.
Ellen "Watkins Harper, as it would be the only opportunity
of securing her attention. Mrs. Harper entertained her
admirers in a few well-selected words on the way the Afro-
American girl has improved her opportunities of education,
and how she devoted herself to the spreading of God's word.
The Washington Pilot is an able exponent of the progress
of the colored race, and includes in its sheets many items
indicative of the aspirations and achievements of its women.
This representative of the woman's side of life is perhaps due
to the fact that the editor is Mrs. R. Douglass Sprague, a
daugter of the Hon. Frederick Douglass. In the last issue are
these items of interest:
Mohango Corpassa, the African girl who has been one of
the students at the Howard Asylum, Brooklyn, N". Y., has
been sent to ISforthfield Seminary to prepare for missionary
work in Africa.
Miss Estella I. Sprague, grand-daughter of the Hon.
Frederick Douglass, has volunteered her services gratis for one
year to the Agricultural and Industrial High School at
Gloucester, Ya. She is a graduate of one of the best cooking
schools in Washington.
Miss Emma Reynolds, sister of the Rev. G. Reynolds,
formerly of Chicago, graduated from the Provident Hospital
as a trained nurse, and will enter the medical college of the
Northwestern University in Detroit. She is the first colored
that has entered the institution.
OF OUR PROGRESS.
349
Miss Celestine O. Browne, of Jamestown, New York
possesses fine ability as a pianist. She is thus mentioned by the
Folio, of Boston, in the number for December, 1876 :
She is a fine pianist, very brilliant and showy as soloist and accompa¬
nist.
Again, the same journal in the number for February, 1877,
said of Miss Browne :
A pianist of great merit. Her natural abilities have been well trained.
She has a clear touch, and plays with a great deal of expression.
For more than two seasons she was an honored member of
the Hyers Sisters Concert Troupe.
In his able contribution to the Negro literature of this 19th
century, Mr. J. M. Trotter pays some very high compliments to
our race in music, some of which I take the liberty of append¬
ing. He says:
Madame Browne was long regarded as the finest vocalist of her race in
this country, while only a few of the other race could equal her. Although
now no longer young, she still sings artistically and beautifully. Her reper¬
toire comprises the gems of the standard operas ; and these she has sung and
does now sing, in a style that would reflect honor on those far more preten¬
tious than herself.
Out of compliment to her singing, Miss Sarrah Sedgwick
Bowers, " The Colored Nightingale," is rather conservative as
well as natural.
The Daily Pennsylvanian, in speaking of her vocal
triumphs of May 3, 1856, says:
We have never been called upon to record a more brilliant and instanta¬
neous success than has thus far attended this talented young aspirant to
musical honors. From obscurity she has risen to popularity. She has not
been through the regular routine of advancement, but, as it were, in a moment,
endowed by nature with the wonderful power of song, she delighted the circle
in which she moved, and is now enchanting the public. Last evening the hall
was thronged at an early hour. In every song she was unanimously encored.
" Miss Bowers now lives quietly at her home in Philadel¬
phia," writes Mr. Trotter, " singing in public only on special
occasions."
Miss Mary F. Morris performs upon the piano-forte with
fine skill and taste, and is a vocalist of excellent powers. She
has pursued her musical studies in the Cleveland Convent, the
350
OTHER EXEMPLARS
teachers of which enjoy a high reputation; and also under
Professor Alfred Arthur, one of the finest instructors of Cleve¬
land ; and under these very auspices, opportunities and musical
advantages we also add the name of Miss Annie Henderson,
o 7
who is a very pleasing vocalist.
Miss Clara Montieth Holland, the daughter of the cele¬
brated guitar virtuoso, Justin Holland, gives evidence of a
fulfilled prophecy by Mr. Trotter of her musical powers, and
especially on the piano-forte.
Mrs. Ann S. Baltimore is an accomplished pianist, and
possesses, besides, a melodious voice. She has been favorably
noted by the press, and enjoys the happy faculty of pleasing
all who hear her. Her life before the public is long and
varied. She stands along with the great women of this age.
Miss Mary and Fannie Cole, members of the Mozart
Circle, are distinguished for the beauty of their voices.
Miss Sarah Werles has a voice which is much appreciated,
and under her fingers the cabinet organ itself seems to sing.
For public musical occasions we shall not fail to mention
Miss Ella Smith and Ella Buckner, who have delighted thou¬
sands of Cincinnati's music-loving citizens at various times.
In this connection, and under the head of music, we call
your attention to the fact that, owing to the World's Fair
being held at Chicago, many of our leading and, in fact, most
celebrated singers are taking up a permanent residence there;
hence, to give a long list of Chicago's musical talent, I trust,
will not be expected here—as elsewhere in this book is a
sketch of Mrs. Flora Botson Bergen, the Hyer Sisters, et al
Miss Bessie Warwick, soprano and brilliant pianist, was
formerly a pupil of Prof. Baumback, of Chicago.
Mrs. Hettie Reed possesses a contralto voice of remarkable
beautjr, purity and sweetness. She was one of the principal
singers of the Chicago Colored Musical Society, and has been
highly complimented bv the critics of Illinois and Wisconsin.
OF OUR PROGRESS.
351
Miss Eliza J. Cowan, educated in Chicago, a member of
the Olivet Church choir, is a very sweet singer.
Miss Flora Cooper has a voice of such great depth that it
really may be styled baritone. She was educated in Chicago,
and is a teacher in one of the public schools of that city.
Mrs. Esther Washington {nee Miss E. Fry) is a finished
performer on the organ and piano-forte. She is a graduate in
thorough-bass and harmony from Warren's Conservatory of
Chicago.
Mrs. Frances A. Powell is the leading soprano of the Oli¬
vet Baptist Church choir. She was educated at Buffalo, New
York, and her superior powers as a vocalist have been made
the occasion of very flattering testimonials by the press of
Chicago, and of the States of Illinois and Wisconsin.
Mrs. Harriett E. Freeman, an excellent mezzo-soprano,
leading the singing of Quinn Chapel choir, has been showered
with press notes and compliments. She was educated at JSTew
Bedford, Mass.
Mrs. P. A. Glover {nee Whitehouse) and Mrs. Hester
Jeffreys (nee Whitehouse) inherited their rich vocal talent
from their mother, who in her earliest youth and even to mid¬
dle life delighted and pleased, with music and song, her host of
friends and admirers. The daughters are not at all lacking in
this sublime feature. When and wherever they have appeared
before the public they are received and applauded after the
fashion of all great singers. Mr. Trotter says of them : " They
possess voices of rare natural beauty, considerably cultivated.
These sisters, had they so chosen, could have long since become
public singers of much prominence; since their rich vocal gifts
are supplemented by a fine knowledge of music, to which are
added, also, very graceful, winning manners."
Miss Fannie A. Washington has for some time afforded
much pleasure to public audiences as a contralto singer.
Mrs. Ellen Sawyer sings soprano most beautifully. Her
voice, says a noted author, "is quite elastic, of great range,
852
OTHER EXEMPLARS
and strong- and clear in the upper register." She has become
a favorite of music lovers, and encore after encore is the rule
on occasions that bring her before the public.
Miss Rachel Thompson is an erudite scholar in music and
sings soprano with the clearness of the nightingale.
Mrs. Phebe Reddick possesses a ringing soprano voice and
has done much toward choir-directing and soul-stirring with
her vocal accomplishments.
THE NEGRO'S TRIUMPH
Over Obstacles Under which Nations go Down—Unequal in the Start, He
Outdistances Other Enslaved Nations—His Chart for Guidance.
OD hath made of one blood all nations of men, and the
V||pP human family finds a common origin in the one man,
the original creation of Almighty God, but the flight of centur¬
ies has so diversified the original man that there stands to-day
five distinct and separate races, peculiar in color, different in
physical features, to represent the one creation. One phase of
this great family, dark in complexion, unsymmetrical in form?
made so by manner of life and climatic influence, is called the
Negro.
This race for centuries slumbered in ignorance and super¬
stition amid the burning sands and tangled wilds of their
African home, until designing men led many captive from
their sunny clime and doomed them to a life of hopeless servi¬
tude. In the so-called "land of the free and home of the
brave" for more than two centuries they toiled without the
hope of recompense, until the just wrath of an angry God is
kindled against their masters, and amid the fatricidal strife
that deluged this country with blood, the voice of God speaks
through the sainted Lincoln and four million bondsmen are
freed from the withering curse of slavery.
The newly enfranchised African, grateful for the tardy
justice done him, amid the smoke of battle and rattle of mus¬
ketry fought so valiently for the flag that had wronged him
OF OUR PROGRESS.
338
that the song of the poet and the page of the historian elo¬
quently proclaim his deeds of heroism. During all the subse¬
quent years of freedom no other race since the beginning of
time has had so much to overcome as the Negro. He measures
arms with a race having centuries of civilization behind it
while he has centuries of barbarism.
He starts this unequal contest without learning, without
money; he encounters the formidable opposition of deeply
routed prejudice; every avenue of advancement is closed
against him; the gates leading to every lucrative employment
are shut, and against the merciless oppression of an inimical
South no law protects him. Against these weighty impedi¬
ments and formidable barriers, what race could move onward %
What race could exhibit such patient endurance amid persecu¬
tion and wrong except that race, that prophetic race, of which
it is promised in the Book of Truth that she shall stretch forth
her black hand unto God.
In order to fulfill the glowing words of this prophecy, the
Negro must be possessed of two essential elements of success,
namely: Belief in God and confidence in himself. That race
that trusts in the Almighty will be exhalted, for though he
must overturn the foundation of every government, God will
make his own to triumph.
" And this sin-cursed guilty Union
Shall be shaken to its base,
Till it learns that simple justice
Is the right of any race."
To succeed, the Negro must believe in his own possibilities
and take pride in his own capabilities. He who believes he
cannot do will not do. The Negro has not yet done much to
make him renowned in the world's history, but his capabilities
of greatness, which the near future must develop, will cause
his name to be written in the unperishable records of time.
Every nation must love its own. How the Irish look with
pleasure to that Emerald Isle, lying like an oasis upon the
trackless deep; how the Italian strikes his harp and sings of
his historic land, the home of art and song; how the English-
354
OTHER EXEMPLARS
man points with pride to the long line of illustrious ancestors
that have graced his country's history in peace and war. The
Negro has no such history, but let him believe in and boast
of a future, bright with promise. Oh Ethiopia ! may thy
future be bright and hopeful, as thy past has been dark and
hopeless, for already we see coming up from the schools and
colleges of the land the young of this race girding on their
armor and preparing for the conflict with odds and opposition,
and we believe that they shall succeed in planting the banner
of Ethiopia on the dizzy heights of distinction.
The future African shall fit himself to move with this pro¬
gressive age; he shall chisel from the rugged stone the angelic
forms of beauty; he shall charm the listening world with the
fervor of his song and the eloquence of his speech; he shall
man the ships of commerce and bring them back laden with
the wares of many climes, and in the fields of literature he
shall move on to take his place among the foremost of the
world. Should he fail in this, he shall disappoint our fondest
expectations, and varying the speech of the eloquent Lyman
Beecher, May God hide - from me the day when the failure
of my people shall begin." Oh, thou beloved race, bound
together by the ties of common interests and brotherhood, live
forever, one and undivided! ' Stella Hawkins.
Cincinnati, Ohio,
RETROSPECTION.
by dr. h. t. dillon.
HE word "socialism" was coined in England in 1835,
and the definition of this often misunderstood word, as
given by all of its sturdy defenders, tends the recognition on
the part of the strong the rights of the weak.
Glancing along the pages of history, the world has ever
been slow to realize that the weak had any rights which de¬
manded recognition on their part.
In the early forms of government slavery, according to the
views of Dunoyer, flourished as the industrial and agricultural
OF OUR PROGRESS.
355
interests of a nation increased. While their services were
considered indispensable to the commercial wealth of the
country, the influence of slavery was, and always will be,
degrading and demoralizing in its effects upon master and slave
alike. Hume very justly observes " that the severe, I may say
barbarous, manners of the ancients were due in large degree to
the practice of domestic slavery, by which every man of rank
was rendered a petty tyrant, and educated amidst the flattery,
submission and low debasement of his slaves."
As Christianity advanced, civilization took higher forms and
society became organized, we find serfdom taking the place of
slavery.
The datum of the transition from the position of a serf to a
free individual, with all the rights of citizenship, is one of the
obscure points of modern history.
The change was evidently gradual and due, according to
Adam Smith, to political and economic reasons. As serfdom
became more and more an institution of the past among ad¬
vanced countries we find history repeating itself in the slave
trade of the colonies, and with less just cause than in the slavery
of the middle ages. But the same baneful influence of this per¬
nicious system is exercised and the same triumph of right is felt
and seen.
To Denmark belongs the honor of being the first European
nation to abolish slavery ; next England, and gradually the
other European powers followed suit.
In reading the history of these nations we find that as free¬
dom from the bonds of slavery and serfdom, freedom of religious
thought and individual liberty was allowed and encouraged in
the same proportion did that nation flourish and prosper. The
old tower of public good, upon the walls of which were en¬
graved the laws of subordination to the society in which one
lived and one common property, began to totter and fall. The
family became to be recognized as the social unit upon which
the safety of the government rested. Private property with
ivate enj0yment was the last of those three periods which
niarked the ownership of lands and found expression in the
356
OTHER EXEMPLARS
eighteenth century. The end of the eighteenth century marked
also an important epoch in the history of England as regards
the share which the poor working classes had in the industrial
era which had just begun to dawn. At that time the English
worker " had no fixed interest in the soil; he had no voice in
either local or national government. The right even of com¬
bination was denied him till 1824." It was at this period,
under the influence of Robert Owen, that the term "socialism,"
which has since been so misinterpreted and abused, originated.
The philanthropy of this man cannot but be appreciated bv
those who have read of the sufferings of the lower classes in
that country, and while his doctrine flamed and lighted the
dark places of misery and degradation and then suddenly
;seemed to go out, good, which was lasting in its effects, was
the result of his efforts, in spite of them having been regarded
by some as Quixotic. The truths which he attempted to un¬
fold to the world are just and true—recognition on the part of
the strong the rights of the weak.
But what does all this hasty review of the past signify to
us as a people ? Much. "We have been in slavery as were some
■of the nations mentioned ; and in some sections of this fair land
of America, the historic home of the brave, the land of the free,
are in a condition which, in its tyranny and misery, resembles
the serfdom of the middle ages.
Again, our present condition resembles the condition of the
working classes of Great Britain before that wave of socialism
passed over her. True, we are not exactly denied voice in
i( local or national government," but our voice is often silent
because of the fraud and chicanery of a supposed superior race.
But all these things should not discourage us. If, after centuries
-of civilization, a nation like the English could so trample upon
the rights of her own flesh and blood as late as 1824, what may
we not hope for the Afro-American ? Let us not grieve too
much over our present trials, but look back and see what other
races have come through, work steadily onward, living in bright
anticipation of a glorious future, which, if we do not live to
realize, our children may.
OF OUR PROGRESS.
357
Weak and poor races of other ages have pleaded for recogni¬
tion on the part of stronger ones, for individual liberty, for
rights withheld ; and to-day the same cry is heard from the
Negro.
Not as a black man or woman do we plead that our rights,
shall be recognized, but as man to man, woman to woman,
irrespective of color or previous condition. We do not clamor
for any special privileges because of our color, but simply for
those which are given to those of fairer skin. Treat us as citi¬
zens, with all the rights and privileges embodied in this word,
and let us work out our own destiny. That the rights which
are now denied will eventually be ours, because they are right,
cannot be doubted.
It matters not how firmly evil may be intrenched behind
the massive walls of wealth and prejudice, the great sea of
right and time will surely sap the foundation and conquer in
the end.
The truth is, many of our white enemies and friends do not
realize what we are doing, mentally, physically and morally as
a race. And while we have much to do in the future, we can
congratulate ourselves upon the past. The mixed schools in
the North are doing much toward opening the eyes of our
white friends as to the Negro's intellectual capacity, while the
opposition in the South is teaching him how to depend upon
himself.
If one will but refer to past history, there is no need for
discouragement about the Negro's future.
The weaker races of every age have had to suffer indigni¬
ties at the hands of the stronger; but eventually, through.
industry and perseverance, they rose above the obstacles and
conquered ; and we will do likewise.
We shall not, however, do as the Nihilist in Russia, or the
Irish in Ireland ; rather let our pens be our swords, our brains
our dynamite, and with firm confidence in the Hand which
guides the affairs of nations abide our time.—Christian Re¬
corder, June 30, 1892.
358
OTHER EXEMPLARS
The Yoodoo Prophecy is undoubtedly the product of a fer¬
tile brain, yet Mr. Maurice Thompson, poetically speaking-,
puts the wrong lens to his telescope and sees the scattered effu¬
sions of his own gifted soul, and as many random thoughts,
the delusion of an alarmist. His poem for vindictiveness and
promised retribution may be ever so fitting, yet for boldness
and uncouth coloring the Negro is not so much of a strike-back,
get-even-with-you race, as he pictures him to be. In fact, it is
out of tune and makes a terrible discord in our harmonious
feeling, so much so that we have placed ourselves under the
burden of such a responsibility as to procure from the pen of
one of our most talented verse writers an answer; in the
accomplishment of which we place the race in their proper
modes and tenses. "The Yoodoo Prophecy" will have bsen
very badly used up when two such women as Mrs. A. J. Cooper
and Mrs. Frances E. W. Harper have pounced upon it with
their peerless pens. The former in her philosophical prose ;
the latter in her rhythmical poetry. It is an oft' asserted
remark that " God holds the destinies of nations in his hands,"
and it is not always the uppermost thought in the Negro's
mind to do some "awful thing." He does not think that way.
He neither prays for " God to speed the day of retribution on."
He means to " tote fair " with the world.
We take special pleasure in the placing of the Yoodoo
Prophecy on our pages that it may meet its fate in Mrs.
Harper's answer. The prophecy the emanation from the
encephalon of an alarmist, the answer simply a mild vindica¬
tion of a quiet, peaceable people of humble habitation.
THE YOODOO PRO PHECY.
I am the prophet of the dusky race,
The poet of wild Africa. Behold
The midnight vision brooding in my face !
Come near me,
And hear me,
While from my lips the words of Fate are told.
OF OUR PROGRESS.
A black and terrible memory masters me ;
The shadow and the substance of deep wrong.
You know the past, hear now what is to be,
From the midnight land,
Over sea and sand,
From the green jungle hear my Voodoo song:
A tropic heat is in my bubbling veins,
Quintessence of all savagery is mine,
The lust of ages ripens in my veins,
And burns
And yearns
Like venom-sap within a noxious vine.
Was I a heathen ? Ay, I was—am still
A fetich worshipper ; but I was free
To loiter or to wander at my will ;
To leap and dance,
To hurl my lance,
And breathe the air of savage liberty.
You drew me to a higher life, you say ;
Ah, drove me with the lash of slavery !
And I unmindful? Every cursed day
Of pain
And chain
Roars like a torrent in my memory.
You make my manhood whole with equal rights ?
Poor, empty words! Dream you I honor them—
I who have stood of Freedom's wildest heights ?
My Africa,
I see the day
When none dare touch thy garment's lowest hem.
You cannot make me love you with your whine
Of fine repentance. Veil your pallid face
In presence of the shame that mantles mine.
Stand
At command
Of the black prophet of the Negro race t
I hate you, and I live to nurse my hate,
Remembering when you plied the slaver's trade
In my dear land. . . . How patiently I wait
The day,
Not far away.
When all your pride shall shrivel up and fade.
OTHER EXEMPLARS
Yea, all your whiteness darkens under me !
Darkened and bejaundiced, and your blood
Take in dread humors from my savagery,
Until
You will
Lapse into mine and seal my masterhood.
Your seed of Abel, proud of your descent,
And arrogant, because your cheeks are fair,
Within my loins an inky curse is pent,
To flood
Your blood,
And stain your skin and crisp your golden hair.
As you have done by me so will I do
By all the generations of your race ;
Your snowy limbs, your blood's patrician blue,
Shall be
Tainted by me ;
And I will set my seal upon your face !
Yea, I will dash my blackness down your veins,
And through your nerves my sensuousness I'll fling
Your lips, your eyes, shall bear the rusty stains
Of Congo kisses,
While shrieks and hisses
Shall blend into the savage songs I sing !
Your temples will I break, your fountains fill,
Your cities raze, your fields to deserts turn ;
My heathen fires shall shine on every hill,
And wild beasts roam
Where stands your home ;
Even the wind your hated dust shall spurn.
I will absorb your very life in me,
And mold you to the shape of my desire ;
Back through the cycles of all cruelty,
I will swing you,
And wring you,
And roast you in my passion's hottest fire.
You, North and South; you, East and West,
Shall drink the cup your fathers gave to me ;
My back still burns, I bare my bleeding breast,
I set my face,
My limbs I brace,
To make the long, strong fight for mastery.
OF 0 UR PROGRESS.
My serpent fetich lolls its -withered lip,
And bears its shining fangs at thought of this;
I scarce can hold the monster in my grip,
So strong is he,
So eagerly
He leaps to meet my precious prophecies.
Hark for the coming of my countless host;
Watch for my banner overland and sea ;
The ancient power of vengeance is not lost!
Lo, on the sky
The fire clouds fly,
And strangely moans the windy, weltering sea.
A FAIRER HOPE, A BRIGHTER MORN.
BY MRS. FRANCES E. W. HARPER.
Prom the peaceful heights of a higher life
I heard your maddening cry of strife ;
It quivered with anguish, wrath and pain,
Like a demon struggling with his chain.
A chain of evil, heavy and strong,
Rusted with ages of fearful wrong,
Encrusted with blood and burning tears,
The chain I had worn and dragged for years.
It clasped my limbs, but it bound your heart,
And formed of your life a fearful part;
You sowed the wind, but could not control
The tempest wild of a guilty soul.
You saw me stand with my broken chain
Forged in the furnace of fiery pain.
You saw my children around me stand
Lovingly clasping my unbound hand.
But you remembered my blood and tears
'Mid the weary wasting flight of years.
You thought of the rice swamps, lone and dank,
When my heart in hopless anguish sank.
You thought of your fields with harvest white,
Where I toiled in paiu from morn till night;
You thought of the days you bought and sold
The children I loved, for paltry gold.
OTHER EXEMPLARS
You thought of our shrieks that rent the air—
Our moans of anguish and deep despair;
"With chattering teeth and paling face,
You thought of your nation's deep disgrace,
You wove from your fears a fearful fate
To spring from your seeds of scorn and hate
You imagined the saddest, wildest thing,
That time, with revenges fierce, could bring
The cry you thought from a Yoodoo breast
Was the echo of your soul's unrest;
When thoughts too sad for fruitless tears
Loomed like the ghosts of avenging years.
Oh, prophet of evil, could not your voice
In our new hopes and freedom rejoice?
'Mid the light which streams around our way
Was there naught to see but an evil day?
Nothing but vengeance, wrath and hate,
And the serpent coils of an evil fate—
A fate that shall crush and drag you down;
A doom that shall press like an iron crown?
A fate that shall crisp and curl your hair
And darken your faces now so fair,
And send through your veins like a poisoned flood
The hated stream of the Negro's blood?
A fate to madden the heart and brain
You've peopled with phantoms of dread and pain,
And fancies wild of your daughter's shriek
With Congo kisses upon her cheek?
Beyond the mist of your gloomy fears,
I see the promise of brighter years.
Through the dark I see their golden hem
And my heart gives out its glad amen.
The banner of Christ was your sacred trust,
But you trailed that banner in the dust,
And mockingly told us amid our pain
The hand of your God had forged our chain.
We stumbled and groped through the dreary night
Till our lingers touched God's robe of light;
And we knew He heard, from his lofty throne,
Our saddest cries and faintest moan.
OTHER EXEMPLARS
368
The cross you have covered with sin and shame.
We'll bear aloft in Christ's holy name.
Oh, never again may its folds be furled
While sorrow and sin enshroud our world !
God, to whose fingers thrills each heart beat,
Has not sent us to walk with aimless feet,
To cower and crouch, with bated breath
Prom margins of life to shores of death.
Higher and better than hate for hate,
Like the scorpion fangs that desolate,
Is the hope of a brighter, fairer morn
And a peace and a love that shall yet be born;
When the Negro shall hold an honored place,
The friend and helper of every race;
His mission to build and not destroy.
And gladden the world with love and joy.
IN FLORIDA.
In Florida, to-day, the roses blow,
And breath of orange blossoms fills the air
In blooming thickets, by a brook I know,
The mocking-bird is pouring forth his rare
Rich song, thrilling the charmed listener's heart.
In deeper woods the fair, pink lily grows ;
Pale as the wind-flower she droops apart,
Or, glowing with the blushes of the rose,
From the dark pool she lifts her lovely head,
A radiant presence 'mid the woodland gloom,
While, smiling on her from theirmossy bed,
Sweet purple violets in beauty bloom.
'Mid their dark, shining leaves magnolias gleam,
White as the snows that o'er our fields extend,
And oleander trees above a stream,
O'erladen with their rosy blossoms bend.
O'er hedge, and bank, and bush, the jasmine flings
Its graceful, golden leaves, with lavish hand
To boughs of ancient oaks the gray moss clings,
Its long, weird tresses by the soft bieeze fanned.
004
OF OUR PROGRESS.
How sweet to linger in the shaded bowers !
How sweet to catch gleams of the blue blue,sky!
To dream away the softly-gliding hours,
As on the fragrant, flower-sown earth we lie !
Alas, it may not be > Our lot is cast
In bleaker climes. 'Neath sadder skies we stray—
Still haunted by bright visions of the Past.
Sweet, sweet to be in Florida to-day !
Charlotte F. Gbimke.
MaiTch, 1893.
On the death of the Rev. Geo. Whitfield, Phillis "Wheatlejr
wrote:
Thou, moon hast seen and all the stars of light,
How he hast wrestled with his God by night.
'He prayed that grace in every heart might dwell;
He longed to see America excel;
He charged its youth that every grace divine
Should with full lustre in their conduct shine.
That Savior which his soul at first receive
The greatest gift that even a God can give
He freely offered to the numerous throng
That on his lips with listening pleasure hung.
"Take him, ye wretched, for your only good,
Take him, ye starving sinners, for your food ;
Ye thirsty come to this life-giving stream.
Ye preachers take him for your joyful theme ;
Take him, my dear Americans," he said ;
" Be your complaints on his kind bosom laid;
Take him, ye Africans, he longs for you;
Impartial Savior is this title due;
Washed in the fountains of redeeming blood,
You shall be sons and priests to God."
But though, arrested by the hand of death,
"Whitfield no more exerts his laboring breath,
Yet let us view him in the eternal skies,
Let every heart to his bright vision rise;
While the tomb safe retains its sacred trust,
Till life divine reanimates his dust.—
OTHER EXEMPLARS
365-
TIME'S PAGES.
The fast-flying years are as leaves of a book,
On which all mankind is permitted to look ;
Some pages are written with judicious care,
"While others are blotted that but here and there
Can we discern words ; other pages are blank,
Left so by those men whose superior rank
Could boast of no deeds done to benefit men,
And surely no record had they to leave, then !
Some leaves have been torn from this ponderous bock,
By persons ashamed for their brethren to look
On records of lives that were useless to earlh,
And only to sorrow and trouble gave birth.
But how are our pages ? Well-written and clean ?
Or so filled with blots scarce a word can be seen ?
Have we left blank pages, and are all our deeds ?
Unworthy t he sight of creation who reads ?
Do traces of pages completely torn out
Betray lives enveloped in shame and in doubt ?
If such be our records, make haste to amend,
Lest we to Plutonian darkness descend ;
But rather let all of our pages be clean,
And worthy by Gdd apd mankind to be seen.
Mamie E. Fox.
Chillicothe, O., Jan. 5, 1892.
the end.