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THE LIFE 
 
 OF 
 
 SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY 
 
 
 
 BY HIS SON, 
 
 HUGH MULLENEUX WALMSLEY.” . 
 
 London : 
 CHAPMAN AND HALL, 1938, PICCADILLY. 
 » 
 1879. 
 
i 
 8 
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 ' inl 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Early Days—Father’s Prophecy—Knowsley School—Boyish 
 
 Recreations—The Harl of Derby—His Love of Sport and 
 homely Kindness—Leaves Knowsley for Eden Hall—No 
 Recreation there—Attack upon an Orchard—Surrender of 
 Assailants upon Conditions—Violation of the Treaty— 
 Schoolboy Retaliation for Breach of Faith—Wrestling 
 Matches—The Father’s Death—An Anecdote of the old 
 Man—Reduced Means—Becomes a Teacher—A Sporting 
 Adventure—Young Walmsley a good Shot—Provides 
 Game for Eden MHall—Is attended by similar odd 
 Characters—Leaves School 
 
 CHAPTER IL 
 
 Early Struggles—Arrival in Liverpool—The Aspect of the 
 
 Town — “Old Charlies” — Press-gangs — Privateers — 
 Sufferings of the Inhabitants—No Employment—Sets up 
 a School—War with America—Commercial Vicissitudes 
 —Mr. Knowles’ School—Walmsley refuses Offer of 
 lucrative Partnership — Resolves upon a mercantile 
 Career—-The first Rung of the Ladder . ; ; 
 
 PAGE 
 
 16 
 
vi CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 PAGE 
 
 Romance and Work—-His future Wife—Prepares for mer- 
 cantile Life—Old Peter’s Instructions—The Mysteries 
 of Grain—Becomes a Partner in a leading House—Peace 
 with America—Walmsley’s Marriage with Miss Mulle- 
 neux—-A rich Father’s Anger ; 4 ‘ : .. 20 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Res angusta domi—Small successful Speculations—A Parley 
 with Porters—Mr. Walmsley’s Reconciliation with his 
 Father-in-lavw—Old Coaching Days—A Quaker’s part in 
 Card-playing—Trial of the first Steamer at Sea—Great 
 Rejoicings—A funny naval Fight—Partnership with 
 Mr. Booth . ‘ : ; : , Be 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Successful Progress — Prejudices of Farmers — Scarcity a 
 Blessing !—False Class Views lead Mr. Walmsley to 
 study Principles—Hunt after an absconding Debtor—A 
 strange Dialogue about Thief-hunting—The Runaway 
 traced to France—VDetected in a Restaurant at Havre— 
 -How: the French spend Sunday—A Contrast between 
 Gladness and Drunkenness—Germ of the Sunday League 
 
 
 
 —French Red-tapery—The Prisoner let loose—Search of 
 an American Vessel—Another Criminal found—Mur- 
 derous Intentions in the Case of Arrest . : : eee: 5) 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Mr. Walmsley becomes Head of the F'irm—Determines to 
 make it the first in Liverpool—His Measures for the 
 Purpose—Public Life in Liverpool—Sympathy with the 
 Spanish Liberals and the Greeks—Mcetings against the 
 

 
 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Slave Trade—Meetings about the Corn Laws—Education 
 —FElected President of the first Mechanics’ Institute— 
 The Corn-Law Sliding Scale—Opposed by Mr. Walmsley 
 although enriching himself—Evil Effects of the Corn 
 Laws—Losses in Business and Recovery—Retires . 
 
 CHAPTER VIL 
 
 George Stephenson comes to Liverpool—Railway Company 
 to Manchester formed by Mr. Sanders—Opposition— 
 Stephenson’s Way of answering Objections-—The Ink- 
 bottle—Walmsley’s Friendship with Stephenson—De- 
 scription of Stephenson-——His Charm of Manner—Variety 
 of Knowledge and Profundity of Thought—His Playful- 
 ness with Children, and Humanity—First Railway— 
 Engine Competition—Stephenson’s ‘ Rocket” wins the 
 Prize—Inauguration of the Railway—Rejoicings clouded 
 by the Death of Mr. Huskisson—Account of the fatal 
 Accident to that famous Statesman—Manchester Demon- 
 
 
 
 stration against the Duke of Wellington—Instances of 
 Stephenson’s Sagacity—His Portrait by Daniel 
 
 CHAPTER: VII 
 Municipal Life—Municipal Reform Bill—FElection of Mr. 
 Walmsley and of nearly all the Liberal Candidates to the 
 Town Council—Local Reform Measures—Police Educa- 
 tion—Mr. Walmsley’s Report on the appalling State of 
 Crime—Treated with Incredulity—-Committee of Inquiry 
 —Report proved not to be exaggerated—Hesitation to 
 publish a Report so derogatory to Liverpool—Meeting of 
 the British Association—Mr. Walmsley’s Paper on the 
 State of Crime and its Causes—Bad Effects shown of the 
 Cellars of Liverpool—An Act passed for their Condem- 
 
 PAGH 
 
 56 
 
 63 
 
Vill 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 nation—Reform of the Police—Complaints of the Pub- 
 licans—Deputation to Mr. Walmsley as Chairman of the 
 Watch Committee—His successful Expostulations— 
 Decrease of Crime 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Proposal to adopt the Irish Government System of Education 
 
 as originated by Mr. Stanley (afterwards Lord Derby) and 
 Archbishop Whately—Violent Outcry—Pulpit Denun- 
 ciations— Clerical. Misrepresentation— Mr. Walmsley’s 
 Surprise at a Clerical Misstatement—Town Council 
 agitated—Proposal to abolish the System opposed by 
 Rathbone, Blackburn, and Walmsley—Resolution to 
 maintain the “Mixed System”—The Rey. J. Carruthers’ 
 Report that the Bible was not excluded and the Children’s 
 Biblical Knowledge extraordinary—A Rock ahead . 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Tradesmen’s Reform Association—Political Banquet—Death 
 
 of William IV.—General Election—Contest in Liverpool 
 —The big Loaf and the little Loaf—Defeat of the 
 Liberals—Mr. Walmsley’s Activity—His Example well 
 supplemented by the Reform Association—Mr. Walmsley 
 proposed for Mayor 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Anti-Corn-Law League—Bad Harvest, dear Bread—Public 
 
 Meetings over the Country—Mr. Walmsley declares for 
 total Repeal—Petition against Corn Laws signed by Three 
 Millions—Mr, Aikin—Mr. Benjamin Smith—Unselfish- 
 ness of the Corn-Law Repealers—Meetings at Brown’s 
 Hotel—Membersof Parliament present—Lord Melbourne’s 
 “Madmen ”—Chartist Opposition—Whig Half-measures 
 
 PAGE 
 
 78 
 
 87 
 
 95 
 
CONTENTS. ix 
 
 PAGE 
 
 —Meeting of Lords Fitzwilliam and Milton with Cobden, 
 Bright, and other Anti-Corn-Law Advocates—Lord Fitz- 
 william’s Denunciation of the League—William Rawson’s 
 spirited Reply—Lord Fitzwilliam’s Conversion to the 
 Cause—Meeting of Parliament—Discouraging. Debate— 
 Sturge and Walmsley’s interviews with Lord Brougham— 
 His Lordship takes the Lead from Mr. Villiers—Dissatis- 
 faction. of Mr. Bright and the League—Lord Brougham’s 
 _Vexation—Work of Corn-Law League begins in Earnest 
 —Cobden’s Friendship with Walmsley—First Meeting 
 with Hume—Physical-Force Chartists oppose the League 102 
 
 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 An angry Alderman—Impartiality and Hospitality—A fancy 
 Ball—Dominie Sampson and the Duchess of St. Albans 
 —FListeddfod Festival at Liverpool—Archdeacon Williams 
 coaches the Mayor in Welsh Toasts—The Banquet-——Pre- 
 sentation Plate and Congratulatory Ode—Portrait pre- 
 sented to Mrs. Walmsley—Mr. Walmsley created Justice 
 of the Peace—The Queen’s Marriage—Honour of [Knight- 
 hood conferred on Mr. Walmsley-—Address from Electors 
 asking Sir Joshua to stand for Liverpool—Expiration of 
 Year of Office—Newspaper Eulogies .. : ‘ OMe: 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Guests at Wavertree—Colonel Williams, M.P. for Ashton— 
 His Strictness as a Magistrate—Sentence upon a personal 
 Friend—Corn-Law Agitation—Great Meeting at the 
 Amphitheatre — Mr. Cobden’s Speech— Lord John 
 Russell’s Motion for a Committee of the House on the 
 Corn -Laws—Defeated on the Question of the Sugar 
 Duties, the Whigs appeal to the Country—Sir Joshua 
 
x CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 called on by Three thousand six hundred Electors to stand 
 —Envious Opposition—Lord Palmerston invited to stand 
 —Accepts on Condition of a second Liberal with himself— 
 Sir Joshua’s Consent—Cry of “ Church in Danger ”—Pro- 
 posed by Colonel Williams—Sir Joshua’s Speech—No 
 Enemy to the Church—How he disposed of an Advowson 
 —Defeat of Sir Joshua and Lord Palmerston—Great 
 Excitement : ; ; ‘ . , « 120 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 Ranton Abbey—Farmers’ Prejudices—Professor Liebig—His 
 Schemes carried out by Sir Joshua and Mr. Muspratt— 
 Guests at Ranton—George Stephenson—Sir Charles 
 Wolseley—Stephenson objects to Shooting—A Battle 
 with Wasps— William Cobbett . : : 2 Se + 
 
 CHAPTER XY. 
 
 Tour in Spain—Projected Railway in Spain—Hudson for 
 Chairman—Sir Joshua’s adverse Report—Discounten- 
 ances Public Companies—-Second Visit to Spain with 
 Stephenson—Stephenson’s Power of Observation—Sur- 
 veys the proposed Line of Railway-—Stephenson’s lucid 
 Report—Spanish Politeness and Dilatorimess—Answer 
 to proposed Project of Railway delayed—Stephenson and 
 Sir Joshua leave Madrid in Disgust—Crossing the Pyrenees 
 —Anecdotes of Stephenson—Journey through France— 
 The Suspension Bridge—Stephenson’s sagacious Warning 
 —Fatal Neglect of it—Teaches French Navvies—Their 
 Delight—Stephenson’s Illness at Havre—Is removed 
 Home with Difficulty—Mineral Lines-—George Stephenson 
 advocates Government Possession of the Trunk Lines— 
 Foretells King Hudson’s Fate—Dispute with a Nobleman 
 —Closing Scenes of George Stephenson’s Life : . 148 
 
CONTENTS. x1 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 PAGE 
 
 General Election, 1847— Hardships of the Frame-work 
 Knitters of Leicester—Sir Joshua stands for the Town— 
 Mr. Buckby, a Frame-work Knitter, started as Candidate 
 —Electoral Meetings—Buckby withdraws in favour of 
 Sir Joshua—Sir Joshua and Mr. Gardiner elected Advo- 
 cates of the Cause of the Frame Knitters in Parliament—- 
 Difference with his Friend Joseph Hume on the Subject 
 —Sir Joshua unseated on Petition—Innocence of the 
 unseated Members of the Bribery of Agents . : . 160 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 Joseph Hume—Sketch of his Career—LEducated a Surgeon— 
 Goes to India as such in the Company’s Service—Returns 
 
 | and leaves a second Time, determined to study Indian 
 Laws and Customs—The Mahratta War—Hume’s Ser- 
 vices—His Advancement—Realises a Fortune and retires 
 —Prepares himself for Parliamentary Life—His Studies 
 at Home and Abroad—Enters Parliament in 1812 as a 
 Tory—Proving too Liberal is rejected by the Patron of 
 the Borough—Studies to relieve the Working Classes— 
 Joins Mill, Ricardo, and other social Reformers—His 
 Marriage — Elected for Aberdeen— The Manchester 
 ‘“Massacre—Hume’s Opposition to violent Measures— 
 Resolves to become Guardian of the Public Purse— 
 Enormous Taxation—Hume jeered at from the Treasury 
 Benches—A ‘“ Harlequin Pauper”—Retort upon Castle- 
 reagh—His incessant Labours—Aims at the Sinecurists 
 and spares the small paid Clerks—His own private 
 Liberality—The Irish Church—The Corn-Laws—Par- 
 liamentary Reform—JIndian Administration—- Orange 
 Lodge Conspiracy in favour of the Duke of Cumberland 
 —Sum up of Hume’s Labour—Amusing Story of a Cab- 
 
xi 
 
 Mr. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 man on Strike—Hume’s Habits of Life—The Duke of 
 Kent makes Hume his Trustee—A confidential Adviser 
 of the Duchess—His Letter to Sir Joshua descriptive of 
 his Life—Self-made Men, Hume and Walmsley typical 
 Examples . - ° ; ° ° , . . 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 Cobden’s Letter to Sir Joshua—Proposed Increase of 
 Income-tax—Mr. Hume propounds his Plan of Reform— 
 Meeting of leading Reformers; Hume Chairman, Cobden 
 Deputy-Chairman, and Walmsley Secretary—Letter from 
 Cobden to Sir Joshua—Hume’s Motion in the House 
 defeated . : : . 
 
 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 Sir Joshua’s Tour through the North—Mr. Cobden’s Letter 
 
 to him on the Subject—Financial Reform Association 
 Meeting in Liverpool—Sir Joshua’s Speech— Mr. 
 Cobden’s Letter of Encouragement—Hume’s Letters— 
 Forty-Shilling Freeholders—Taylor of Birmingham— 
 Mr. Cobden’s Letter on Whig Opposition to Creation 
 of Freeholders—Decline of the Reform Spirit—Mr. 
 Cobden on the Subject. ° , 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 Sir Joshua returned for Bolton, February, 1849-——The “ Broad- 
 
 cloths” and ‘“Fustian Jackets”—Reform Lecturers— 
 Activity of the Association—Mr. Cobden’s Letter—Re- 
 conciliation of Classes—The Ecclesiastical Titles Biull— 
 Mr. Locke’s Motion for Reform—Defeat and Resignation 
 of the Government—Return of Lord John Russell to 
 
 PAGE 
 
 167 
 
 eke 
 
 198 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 ee CONTENT. 
 
 Office—Promise of a Reform Bill—Meeting at the 
 London Tavern—Mr. Cobden’s Speech—Sir Joshua as 
 President of the Reform Association-—Mr. Hume’s Letter 
 —Mr. Cobden’s Letter—Aims of the Reformers—Ernest 
 Jones and the Chartists—Amusing Letter of Hume’s— 
 ‘Meeting at the Spread Eagle Inn—Mr. Bright’s Speech 
 —Letters of Cobden and Hume—French Coup d’EHtat-— 
 Feeling in England—Lord John’s Reform Bill—Dis- 
 appointment of the Reform Leaders—Ministerial Crisis— 
 Resignation of Ministers : ; ; ° : 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 Arrival of Kossuth—His Reception at Southampton—Mr. 
 Cobden’s Description of him—Meeting at Mr. Cobden’s 
 —Kossuth and Sir Joshua’s Friendship—False Accusa- 
 tions against Kossuth—Sir Joshua brings the Subject 
 before Parliament—Kossuth exculpated—His Letter to 
 Sir Joshua—War with Russia 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 An Evening at the American Minister’s— Meeting with 
 Mazzini, Garibaldi, Kossuth, Walsh, Pulski, Ledru 
 Rollin, Count Woxcell, and Orsini—F ree Expression of 
 their Views—Sir Joshua’s Part in the Discussion— 
 Gloomy Forebodings—Kossuth’s subsequent Career— 
 His Letter to Sir Joshua 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 General Election, 1852—Free Trade and Protection—Sir 
 Joshua and Mr. Gardiner returned for Leicester—Letter 
 from Mr. Cobden on the State of Affairs—Death of the 
 Duke of Wellington—Public Regret—Mr. Cobden on 
 
 PAGS 
 
 ae 
 
 » 241 
 
Xiv CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 the Duke—Fear of French Invasion—Mr, Cobden’s 
 Letter on the Panic—The Ballot—Mr. Cobden on the 
 Ballot—Meeting of Parliament—Mr. Villiers’ Motion 
 for Free Trade carried—Tories renounce Protection— 
 Mr. Disraeli’s Budget—Its Rejection, and Resignation 
 of Ministers—Lord Aberdeen’s Ministry-—Mr. Cobden’s 
 Opinion of the new Government—Attempt to unseat 
 Sir Joshua and Mr. Gardiner—lIts failure. ‘ . 263 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 Opening of Parliament—War Apprehensions—New Reform 
 Bill—Rupture with the Czar— Withdrawal of the Reform 
 Bill—The Frame-work Knitters—Their Misery—Par- 
 liamentary Inquiry . : ; : , 284 
 
 CHAPTER XXYV. 
 
 The Crimean Campaign—Bad Arrangements—Sufferings of 
 the Soldiers—Vote of Censure—Ministers resign—Sus- 
 pense—T'he Cabinet Reformers—Lord Palmerston replaces 
 Aberdeen—Further Ministerial Changes—Fall of Sevas- 
 topol—Mr. Cobden’s Letter on the Conduct of the War 
 —Another Letter on the Folly of continuing the War 
 with Russia—Last Letters of Hume—His Death— 
 Tributes of Respect—Proposed National Monument . 295 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 Sunday League—Sir Joshua becomes President—Vituperation 
 against him—He advocates it in the House—Sunday 
 Encounter with a Sabbatarian at the Zoological Gardens 
 -—Inconsistencies of Opponents in and out of Doors— 
 
 Sir John Bowring and the Arrow Question—Cobden 
 blames Bowring—tThe latter’s Letters to Sir Joshua on 
 the Subject . : ‘ : : : : : (woe 
 
eae CONTENTS: XV 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIILI. 
 PAGE 
 
 Accepts Invitation to stand for Leicester—Coalition of Parties 
 on the Sunday Question—Bitterness of the Contest— 
 Triumph of the Coalition—Faithfulness of the Frame- 
 work Knitters—Great Popular Demonstrations—Address 
 
 signed by Six Thousand Seven Hundred and Fifty 
 Women—Testimonial to Sir Joshua and Lady Walmsley 
 —His Retirement from Public Life : ; ; . 330 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 Disappearance of the Anti-Corn-Law League in the House— 
 Lord Palmerston’s Foreign Conspiracy Bill—Defeat and 
 Resignation of Ministers—Letters from Cobden—His 
 Death—Sir Joshua builds and christens Hume Towers— 
 
 His Death . : : : ; : . 341 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 —— ee 
 ‘ 
 « 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Early Days—Father’s Prophecy—Knowsley School—Boyish Re- 
 creations—The Harl of Derby—His love of Sport and homely 
 Kindness—Leaves Knowsley for Eden Hall—No Recreation 
 there—Attack upon an Orchard—Surrender of Assailants upon 
 Conditions—Violation of the Treaty—Schoolboy Retaliation 
 for Breach of Faith—Wrestling Matches—The Father’s Death 
 —An Anecdote of the old Man—Reduced Means—Becomes 
 a Teacher—A Sporting Adventure—Young Walmsley a good 
 Shot—Provides Game for Eden Hall—Is attended by similar 
 odd Characters—Leaves School. 
 
 JosHUA WALMSLEY was born September 29, 1794, in 
 Concert Street, Liverpool. His father was a builder, 
 a man of considerable ability and enterprise, whose 
 affairs prospered during the boy’s early childhood. 
 He had extensive premises in Berry Street, and 
 possessed quarries of freestone in Toxteth Park, and 
 of marble in Kilkenny. Many fine buildings were 
 erected by him in Liverpool. Mrs. Walmsley 1s 
 
 B 
 
2 LIVE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 described as a woman of energy and ability. On one 
 occasion, when her husband was absent for two years. 
 in Ireland, she managed his affairs so skilfully that 
 on his return he found them in a more prosperous 
 condition than when he left. A girl, one year the 
 boy’s junior, completed the household. 
 
 Among the reminiscences of early days recorded 
 in the notes Sir Joshua Walmsley has left, is the vague 
 recollection of a large workshop filled with busts, 
 statues, and architectural ornaments, where he and 
 his sister used to carry on their merry games, 
 and where on one occasion, with the help of his little 
 playmate, he carved a monumental stone for a deceased 
 favourite cat. These were happy days, but trouble 
 came in the shape of family dissension and failing 
 business; the husband and wife separated, and the 
 ehildren were sent to Christleton, near Chester, 
 
 Here the brother and sister attended a day-school, 
 but their real intellectual food was supplied from 
 another quarter. ‘I'he people with whom they lodged 
 were connected with the stage. Shakespeare’s plays 
 were the constant study and theme of conversation in 
 the house, and before the lad could read well, he 
 was able to declaim long passages from the tragedies and 
 comedies, and before he understood the meaning of 
 the word history, Julius Cesar, Coriolanus, Henry V., 
 and Richard III. were living heroes to him. 
 

 
 
 
 AIS FATHER’S PREDICTION OF HIM. 3 
 
 At the end of two or three years the children 
 returned to Liverpool, and were sent to day-schools, 
 but the candid record tells how young Joshua was 
 self-willed and impetuous, chafing against discipline, 
 and not a very diligent scholar. “One day,” he says, 
 “my schoolmaster chastised me brutally. My father’s 
 indignation on seeing the bruises was roused to such 
 a pitch that he horsewhipped the man who had in- 
 flicted them. I never forgot this. From that day 
 I gave up my vagrant habits, and love for my father 
 was deepened by gratitude.” In spite of all his 
 shortcomings, the keen-sighted old man discerned 
 sions of character that pointed to a bright future for 
 his son. “Jos will be Mayor of Liverpool,” he used 
 to say in the boy’s hearing. 
 
 To be mayor of his native town was the highest 
 dignity the Liverpool builder’s imagination could 
 picture, and this faith in his son brightened the 
 latter years of his life. The boy, whose ambition had 
 been kindled by reading and learning Shakespeare’s 
 plays, listened with a swelling heart to these predic- 
 tions. “They sank into my soul,” he says, “and I 
 resolved that the day should come when they would 
 be fulfilled.” 
 
 In his own old age, Sir Joshua, alluding to his 
 father, writes: “I do not know any earthly grati- 
 
 fication I would have enjoyed more than ministering 
 B 2 
 
Ay LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 to his declining years, and witnessing his joy when 
 seeing me fulfil those predictions which his own trust 
 in me had no slight influence in bringing about the 
 realisation of.” 
 
 Joshua was next sent to Knowsley School, 
 where he spent the three brightest years of his boy- 
 hood. There he formed many life-long friendships, 
 none of which was more fruitful of happiness than 
 that of his future brother-in-law, Mr. James Maul- 
 leneux. Of Mr. Baron, the master, he speaks with 
 affection and respect. 
 
 We have some pleasant glimpses of this school 
 life and its play hours. A favourite amusement of 
 the boys was to make apple-pies with fruit and flour 
 bought out of their own pocket-money. They dug 
 ovens in the ground, heated them, and baked their 
 pastry. No doubt dirt was an ingredient of the 
 composition, but it mattered little. The pies were 
 relished by the young cooks with a gusto that no 
 feast or fare of after years could boast. Knowsley 
 School stood on the borders of Knowsley Park. One 
 day, while the boys were intent on their apple-pie 
 making, a quaint but elegant old gentleman made his 
 appearance. His carefully-brushed hair hung down 
 in an elaborate cue. He wore silk stockings, silver 
 buckles, and a beautifully-cut coat. The grave aristo- 
 cratic manner of this stately presence awed the boys, 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 THH OLD HARL OF DERBY. i) 
 
 and they paused in their pie-making operations. 
 Presently, however, their shyness wore off, for the 
 gentleman seated himself on a large stone in their 
 midst, and began talking to them like any ordinary 
 mortal. 
 
 It was the Earl of Derby. The boys had often 
 heard of him, for (be it understood we are speaking 
 of four generations back) he was famed for his love 
 of cock and dog fighting and other sports. He ques- 
 tioned the lads about their cooking, and gave them 
 culinary hints which, when followed, improved the 
 flavour of their pies. After that he often came to 
 see them, and the boys would gather round him and 
 listen to his anecdotes and advice. ‘Then rising to 
 leave he would tip the lads all round. Needless to 
 say that the old gentleman with the grand genial 
 manners became a great favourite. Little did the son 
 of the Liverpool builder then foresee that he would 
 one day become acquainted with the earl’s son, would 
 work in the House of Commons with his grandson, 
 and in his latter years be on a friendly footing with 
 his great-grandson, the present Harl of Derby. But 
 the pleasant days at Knowsley were coming to an 
 end. ‘The terms at Mr. Baron’s school were too high 
 for Mr. Walmsley’s reduced means. With a sad heart 
 his son received the tidings that he must leave 
 Knowsley School for one in Westmoreland. den 
 
6 LIFE OF SIk JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 Hall, as the establishment was called, merits a brief 
 description, as a type now unknown in England. 
 From twenty to twenty-five pounds per head was the 
 yearly sum paid by one hundred and thirty boys for 
 board, lodging, and education. “ Breakfast at Hden 
 Hall,” writes Sir Joshua, “‘ consisted of a slice of black 
 rye bread, a large proportion of bran entering into 
 the composition. As aruleit was sour. In addition, 
 a large boiler was placed on the table half filled with 
 water, and into this two gallons of milk had been 
 poured, and some handfuls of oatmeal added. Its 
 contents were shared by the one hundred and thirty 
 hungry lads. Sometimes oatmeal porridge replaced 
 the contents of the boiler, and a teaspoonful of treacle 
 was allowed as a great treat. Three times a week we 
 had a limited amount of meat for dinner; on other 
 days, potatoes, black bread, and cheese. ‘This cheese 
 had grown so hard with age we nicknamed it “ wheel- 
 barrow trundles;” the third meal consisted of another 
 slice of bread and of the “trundle” cheese. For a cer- 
 tain number of hours daily we were turned into agrl- 
 cultural labourers, working on a large farm belonging 
 to our master. ‘‘ We were a healthy set,” continues 
 Sir Joshua, “our constitutions hardened by outdoor 
 life and labour. Some boys complained, some ran 
 away, but none were ill, and only one death occurred 
 during the six years I stayed there.” 
 

 
 SOLEMN PACT WITH A FARMER. 7 
 
 The neighbouring orchards naturally suffered from 
 the inroads of this healthy and hungry tribe. One 
 instance of these exploits to show the spirit that 
 animated the school. “A magnificent crop of apples 
 attracted the boys’ attention. They were in a 
 neighbouring farmer’s orchard. The temptation was 
 very great, so the robbery was planned and fully 
 carried out. Being the prime mover in the affair and 
 principal leader, I assumed the most dangerous post. 
 Another boy and myself were still in the tree, throw- 
 ing the fruit down to our accomplices, when the 
 infuriated owner, who had been on the look-out, 
 appeared amongst us. All fled save we two unfor- 
 tunate delinquents up in the tree. The farmer leant 
 his burly form against the trunk, but we refused, like 
 Mrs. Bond’s ducks, to come down to be killed. Both 
 parties held out for some time. At last terms were 
 agreed upon between us. ‘he farmer was to forgive 
 the offence if I, from my retreat in the branches, 
 pledged myself in the name of the whole school 
 never to molest his property again. The promise 
 was given, and the pledge accepted. We came down, 
 returned to our schoolmates, and in presence of all 
 assembled, the transaction was related and ratified. 
 A law was passed that for the future property be- 
 longing to this farmer should always be respected. 
 This edict would have been obeyed to the letter, but 
 
8 LIFE OF SIk JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 next morning the farmer came to the school and 
 made his accusation before the master, picked out the 
 two chief culprits, and demanded our punishment. 
 A mitigation of the sentence was offered if we gave 
 up our accomplices; but this we refused to do, and 
 we were flogged. The next day the farmer’s orchard — 
 was bare of fruit, and one of his finest trees lay full 
 length upon the ground. The masters themselves 
 looked leniently upon the act, as one of retributive 
 justice consequent on a breach of contract.” 
 
 The pupils of the school contested matches in 
 football, cricketing, and other games, with the towns- 
 people, and in the majority of cases came off victorious. 
 At all times Westmoreland has been noted for its 
 wrestling, and to excel in this, as in other sports, was 
 a point of honour with the school. When one of 
 their number was declared by his master to be their 
 best man in muscle and address, he would march 
 into the town and throw down his gauntlet in 
 presence of the inhabitants. ‘T’his consisted in pulling 
 the bell in the public market-place, and waiting there 
 till a rival champion appeared. 
 
 The sound of the bell was perfectly understood by 
 the townsfolk. It was a challenge to any antagonist 
 who would offer himself for the best of three falls. 
 The match was conducted in the most friendly 
 manner, with perfect good humour, and the beaten 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 DHATH OF HIS FATHER. 9 
 
 lad went home to town or school to practise again, 
 and when ready to toll the market-bell once 
 more. ; 
 
 In 1807, young Joshua was rapidly mastering 
 what advantages the school afforded, when the tidings 
 reached him that his father was dead. It had been 
 some time since the lad had seen him; but when they 
 had been last together a circumstance occurred which, 
 though trifling, was destined to have an influence on 
 his whole life, and be in a manner the key-note of all 
 his future conduct. He writes: “My father and I 
 were walking down the Wavertree Road together, 
 when we entered an orchard where the trees were 
 laden with fruit. ‘Taking up a stone, I threw it into 
 a small ill-crown tree, bearing some wretched crabs, 
 but it brought nothing down. My father stooped, 
 picked up the stone, and threw it into another tree, 
 the apples of which were very fine. ‘I'wo or three 
 fell at his feet. ‘My lad,’ he said to me, pointing 
 to them, ‘remember through life that an apple is as 
 easily felled as a crab.’ This occurred the last. day 
 my father and I were together, but his simple words 
 produced an impression upon me that was never 
 forgotten.” 
 
 The father left no fortune, and thus at the re- 
 spective ages of thirteen and twelve the brother and 
 sister found themselves penniless on the world. They 
 
10 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 became teachers in the schools where they had been 
 pupils. This exposed him to bitter mortifications, and 
 many a lonely hour did the boy spend upon the moors 
 brooding over his situation. One day as he mused in 
 this melancholy mood, his father’s words flashed with 
 sudden significance across his mind—‘“ Remember, 
 
 lad, an apple is as easily felled as a crab.” 
 
 At once 
 his resolve was made; life seemed suddenly to have 
 an aim; duty, however irksome, should be fulfilled, 
 every spare hour should be devoted to self-culture. 
 He would bear sneers and insults with what patience 
 he could command, keeping ever in view the higher 
 standard of life his father’s words were intended to 
 convey. His determination was rigidly carried out, 
 and it was not long ere the sneers and jests had to 
 make way for respect and trust on the part of teachers 
 and pupils. 
 
 Soon after, Mr. Ainslabie, the head master, en- 
 trusted him with the school accounts, and also assigned 
 to him the task of making out the bills for the boys’ 
 parents. This extra labour, although it brought with 
 it no remuneration, gave him a practical knowledge 
 which was of much value to him in after life. It 
 brought him also into constant direct intercourse with 
 the head master, and this in its turn led to a new 
 phase in the lad’s existence, which tended still more 
 
 to develop in him powers of self-denial and self- 
 

 
 
 
 TRESPASSING, AND A PRMPTING GROUSH. I1 
 
 reliance. We shall let him tell the incident that led 
 to this new epoch in his career. 3 
 
 “Once past the small town of Kirkby-Stephen, the 
 country extended for miles in heather-covered moors. 
 Thickly tenanted with grouse, they stretched wild 
 and desolate for a great distance towards Bowes. 
 Mr. Ainslabie shot over these moors, and one day took 
 me with him to carry his spare gun. We had gone a 
 weary way, and the sportsman had not yet had one 
 successful shot. Mr. Ainslabie at last sent me to the 
 other side of one of the tarns to flush grouse for him. 
 A party of gentlemen, with guns, dogs, and keepers, 
 were strolling over that part of the moor. One of 
 them, perceiving me, stepped forward and asked me 
 did I not know I was trespassing, and that I had no 
 right to wall about carrying a gun? Quite un- 
 embarrassed, I explained my position, said I had not 
 fired a single shot, but was simply carrying my 
 master’s gun. My interlocutor dismissed me with a 
 caution, and showing me the boundary line bid me 
 not trespass again, even though I should not fire a 
 shot. 
 
 “The gentleman who thus addressed me was, 
 strange to say, Lord Stanley, son of the kind old earl 
 of my Knowsley school-days. However, it happened 
 that before I reached the limit of the forbidden 
 sround a grouse rose at my feet. The temptation 
 
12 LIFH OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 was great; in an instant my finger was on the 
 trigger. I fired, and to my delight and surprise the 
 grouse fell. I heard a loud laugh behind me ; all my 
 sportsman instincts were aroused. I resolved to try 
 my luck again. Keen eyesight and unerring precision 
 served my turn, and with my single gun I brought 
 down three brace of grouse. Great was the astonish- 
 ment of Mr. Ainslabie, who, waiting for me, had shot 
 only one brace, when I appeared and laid the spoil at 
 his feet !” 
 
 The vision of a new quarry now opened upon the 
 master. ‘he steady aim and cool nerve of this young — 
 fellow must be turned to account. Grouse and fish 
 fetched good prices in the market, and a dead shot at 
 Hiden Hall would be a valuable acquisition. Forth- 
 with young Walmsley was sent to the moors to turn 
 his talent to account. They stretched far and wide 
 towards the north, the sweeping shadows of the 
 clouds alone varying the purple monotony of the 
 heather, with here and there a black tarn full of fish 
 that no one thought of disturbing. Thus Sir Joshua 
 describes his life among the moors: 
 
 “My gun, ammunition, a bag wherein to bestow 
 the game, a luncheon consisting of a slice of black 
 bread and a piece of wheelbarrow trundle cheese, com-_ 
 posed my equipment, and very soon the funds of Eden 
 Hall so profited by my gun, that instead of the day 
 
| 
 
 
 
 LIFE ON STANEMOOR. 13 
 
 being spent on the moor, and the night in my bed in 
 the dormitory, it came to pass that I was sent off on 
 excursions of a fortnight’s duration. A donkey-cart 
 was allotted me to carry the ammunition and a con- 
 siderable amount of black bread and venerable cheese. 
 A companion, by name Francis, was also given me. 
 This Francis was the ‘Smike’ of Eden Hall. He was 
 a tall athletic lad of respectable parentage, whose father, 
 having placed him in the school, completely neglected 
 him. After some time, from pupil he became the 
 drudge of the establishment, performing all the re- 
 pulsive work of the place. It was a lucky day for 
 poor Francis, that on which Mr. Ainslabie found out 
 my sporting capacities ; for to spend days and nights 
 on the moors was release from captivity for our ‘Smike.’ 
 His duty was to carry the gun and fishing-gear. 
 We dragged the tarns by night, and when a goodly 
 cargo of grouse had been shot Francis would harness 
 the donkey to the cart, and taking charge of game 
 and fish, would deliver all to the head master. We 
 got no share of the booty, but if our provisions were 
 exhausted, Francis would receive a fresh supply of 
 black bread and trundle cheese, with which he would 
 rejoin me at our head-quarters on the moor. It was 
 usually by the side of a stream or by one of the tarns 
 that we encamped. The donkey unharnessed found 
 his own provisions during the daytime, while at night 
 
14 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 he would be tethered near. If the weather was fine 
 we slept in the open, if wet or windy we turned the 
 donkey-cart and slept under its friendly shelter. By 
 sunrise we were afoot again, and after a bath in the 
 stream, anda breakfast of black bread and cheese hard 
 as flint, on to our hunter’s life again. Hach meal 
 consisted of the same unvarying fare washed down 
 with water. Scrupulously, as if the master’s eye had 
 counted every bird and fish, we sent home all the 
 game we killed. Between each campaign I returned 
 to the school-room, studied, taught, and had charge of 
 the bills.” 
 
 We suspect that this Spartan life in the wild 
 moorland did more to fit young Walmsley for the 
 future that lay before him than could any school or 
 college of the time. When the two lads that shared 
 it together met in later years, one was a knight and a 
 member of parliament, the other—the humble Smike 
 —a prosperous magistrate. 
 
 In the spring of 1811, a misunderstanding between 
 young Walmsley and his master’s brother brought this 
 chapter of his career to a close. The lad longed for a 
 wider field of action than the Eden Hall School 
 opened the prospect of, yet he would have waited 
 longer ere taking the decisive step had not this 
 quarrel occurred. 
 
 “One morning, in the spring of 1811, carrying 
 

 
 LHAVES HDEN HALL. te Re 
 
 all my worldly goods—they were not a heavy load—l 
 bade farewell to Hiden Hall. I travelled by carrier as 
 far as Kendal, then took an outside seat on the 
 conveyance that at Warrington met the Liverpool 
 coach. After I had paid my fare but a few shillings 
 remained in my pocket. Yet my heart beat high with 
 hope as I turned my face towards the scene of my 
 future labours; and all the way I seemed to hear my 
 father’s words : ‘Jos will be mayor of Liverpool some 
 
 3 0 
 e 
 
 day 
 
CHAPTER IL. 
 
 Farly Struggles—Arrival in Liverpool—The Aspect of the Town— 
 “Old Charlies”—Press-gangs—Privateers—Sufferings of the 
 Inhabitants—No employment—Sets up a School—War with 
 America—Commercial Vicissitudes—Mr. Knowles’ School— 
 Walmsley refuses Offer of lucrative Partnership—Resolves 
 upon a mercantile Career—The first Rung of the Ladder. 
 
 Two years before, in company with Mr. Ainslabie, 
 young Walmsley had visited Liverpool. “I found 
 my native town much altered,’ he says. ‘“‘ Dale Street 
 had been widened ; a new, and what seemed to me a 
 had been built, 
 and the Athenzeum, in Church Street, replaced the old 
 
 
 
 very stately edifice—the Exchange 
 
 news-room in Bates’ Hotel, at the lower end of Lord 
 Street. The pipes from the waterworks of Bootle did 
 duty for the water-carts going from door to door, as I 
 remembered them in my childhood. Although there 
 were trees in Church Street, a windmill on the top of 
 Duke Street, hedgerows and lawns beyond Rodney 
 Street, which was then an outskirt of the town, 
 pasture-land where Cornwallis Street is now, and though 
 
 it was open country beyond Lime Street, yet Liver- 
 

 
 THH LIVERPOOL OF HIS BOYHOOD. iW 
 
 pool seemed to me a magnificent city. Its principal 
 streets—Lord Street, Church Street, and Bold Street 
 —were then unflagged, the only footway they could 
 boast of being composed of pebbles stuck on end. At 
 night the town was lit by ou-lamps, few and far 
 between, that flickered and blew out when the wind 
 was high. It was guarded by a police composed of 
 sixty old men, known as the ‘old Charlies,’ so aged — 
 and feeble, that the inhabitants could only account for 
 their filling the post by supposing that, when men 
 were considered too decrepit for any other employ- 
 ment, they were elected guardians of the public safety. 
 The inhabitants of Liverpool at that time were ninety 
 thousand, and seven thousand sailors in the port. 
 Such was the Liverpool of that day. But even 
 then there were vast docks—St. George’s Dock being 
 the last in one direction and the Queen’s Dock in the 
 other; nor must. I forget the ‘Old Tower,’ used as a 
 debtors’ prison. On the other side of the Mersey was 
 Birkenhead, where the old Priory stood alone, fields 
 stretching away all roundit. That side of the river 
 was almost terra incognita, few, unless compelled to 
 do so, caring to trust themselves in the small ferry- 
 boats. It was war-time then, and I gazed with awe 
 at the seventy-five guns looming black in their 
 embrasures, mounted on the North Fort. I sometimes 
 
 walked off towards Bootle, to see another smaller fort 
 0 
 
18 LIFE OF SIk JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 mounting some nine or ten guns, But above all I 
 was never wearied watching the docks, the shipping, 
 and the old guardship the Princess. The press-gang 
 was so active it was unsafe for landsmen to be abroad 
 after dark. Morning might find them on board the 
 Princess, vainly endeavouring to soften the heart of 
 the captain—the genial, hard-drinking old sailor-—Sam 
 Colquit. 
 
 “There were constant fights going on between the 
 sailors and the press-gang men. At times these riots 
 were so serious that the volunteers had to be called 
 out. Sailors homeward bound in merchantmen, to 
 escape being caught, would go ashore on reaching the 
 rock at the mouth of the Mersey, and make their way 
 to Everton, or some adjacent village, for safety. 
 Privateers sailed out daily, and occasionally returned 
 followed by a captured prize. Often, too, the sound 
 of guns might be heard on the river; for the French 
 trying to lay an embargo on the coast, merchant 
 vessels had to sail under convoy, when some dashing 
 frigate, taking charge, would fire into any obstinate 
 skipper that refused to obey the pennant. This 
 hubbub of adventure, warfare, and commerce con- 
 trasted strangely with the half-gipsy, half-sportsman 
 life I led on Stanemoor. During that holiday, two 
 years ago, I had sought for employment, but 1809 
 was a year of commercial panic. The Berlin decrees 
 

 
 CHOICH OF A LODGING. Le 
 
 were telling on the trade of the port, with all the dire 
 consequences Napoleon had foreseen. Prices were at 
 famine height. While such a state of things existed, 
 merchants had neither the desire nor the enterprise to 
 take in new hands. My efforts to find employment 
 had failed.” ae 
 
 Now, in 1811, with a meagre purse and scarcely a 
 
 friend to look to, the young man was once more on 
 
 his way to Liverpool. His sister was a teacher in 
 that town, where also his father’s brother lived; but 
 the latter was poor and had a large family. Joshua 
 Walmsley resolved not to seek out his relations until 
 he had found a situation. Should mercantile occupa- 
 tion fail liim, he would try his fortune out in the 
 Indies: some merchants, whose names he remembered, 
 had promised his father to find employment for him 
 out there. Revolving these projects in his mind, he 
 travelled on towards Liverpool and the future. “I 
 decided,” he says, “to go to a house in Manisty 
 Lane, where I had lodged with Mr. Ainslabie. The 
 people had been kind to me then, and I would seek 
 them out now. And so when the coach drove into 
 
 _the place, and the narrow streets of my native town 
 
 passed before me, my mind was made up, and I felt 
 not altogether friendless in it. I gave the guard one 
 shilling and sixpence, and had a shilling left. I was 
 
 not mistaken, the good folks were poor; but they 
 C 2 
 
20 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 welcomed me and listened to my story. I made a 
 clean breast of it; told all I had borne till I could 
 bear it no longer, and said I had now come to seek 
 my fortunes here. It was at once agreed that I 
 should have a bed and my meals with them, and that 
 I should pay them when I had found employment— 
 time enough then. They gave me hope and courage, 
 although there was no disguising it, these were bad 
 times for Liverpool. The poor had no bread, and 
 they told me peas, potatoes, and rice had been 
 bought in large quantities by a committee of 
 benevolent men, who sold them at reduced prices to 
 the needy. The quartern loaf was selling at one 
 shilling and sixpence ; a paper was circulating, calling 
 on the rich to use flour sparingly, to allow no pastry 
 in their houses, and to use no bread that had not been 
 baked twenty-four hours, also to give reduced rations 
 of oats to their horses. Bacon that some time ago 
 was fourpence a pound was now one shilling and 
 twopence, and cheese had risen in proportion. These 
 were hard times for the poor of Liverpool, but the 
 dock trustees had raised a loan to employ as many 
 hands as they could during the winter. The honest 
 couple had in no way exaggerated the distress, and 
 they were among the poor. 
 
 “Next morning when I awoke I realised that now, 
 indeed, life was beginning in earnest for me. Im- 
 

 
 
 
 HFFORKTS TO GET EMPLOYMENT. 2t 
 
 mediately after breakfast I set out on my quest. The 
 sight of the vast docks and the shipping somewhat re- 
 assured me. Surely there must be some humble berth 
 that I could fill which might prove a stepping-stone 
 to the future. Young, strong, active, fairly educated, 
 resolved to give the best that was in me in exchange 
 for a salary that would enable me to live, my hope 
 of success seemed to me based on reasonable ground. 
 
 “That day I went to several warehouses, knocked 
 at the doors of many offices. At some I was-dis- 
 missed with a curt refusal, at others I was asked for 
 references. I had none to give. ‘This first day was a 
 complete failure, without one glimpse of encourage- 
 ment. rom morning to night for several days I 
 went from office to office, from warehouse to ware- 
 house. In the evening, wearied after the fruitless 
 day’s tramp, I lost hope, but with the morning it 
 revived. ‘There must be surely some berth, some 
 work for me in this huge commercial world, and that 
 berth and that work I would find. They must not be 
 lost for lack of searching. 
 
 “ At last hope began outright to wane. ‘The Hast 
 Indian scheme proved a failure; the merchants had 
 forgotten their promises. ‘The same answer met me 
 everywhere. Times were bad and I had no references. 
 On the tenth morning I heard of a vacant situation. 
 It was not at a merchant’s office but at a pawnbroker's, 
 
22 LIFH OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 Still, it was an opening, and might serve to keep the 
 wolf from my door. By means of it I might at least — 
 obtain the needed references. I went, determined to 
 take what I could find. The master was a Jew, he 
 offered me scarce enough to sustain life, in exchange 
 for which I was to give continuous labour from early 
 morning till a late hour of the night, including in this 
 the cleaning of the boots and shoes of the establish- 
 ment. I could not stand this last clause, and broke 
 off negotiations instantly. Then at last I lost heart. 
 That night I faced the truth ; my boots were worn 
 out—my money spent—lI was living on charity. It 
 had almost broken my heart, returning weary and 
 worn out night after night to have to tell my kind 
 hostess the sad tale of my daily failure, but she had 
 always bidden me to cheer up. This night I saw it 
 could go on no longer, so I determined I would see my 
 aunt and uncle next day. 
 
 “They lived in Toxteth Park. He was a clerk in 
 the post-office, and she a bright hard-working woman, 
 helping her husband to bring up their six children by 
 keeping a night-school. She received me kindly. It 
 was not right, she said, I should be dependent upon 
 strangers. If, after further efforts, I failed in pro- 
 curing what | had so set my heart upon, she advised 
 me to try a night-school, Till then she invited me to 
 remain. with them, 
 

 
 
 
 OPENS A NIGHT-SCHOOI.. 23 
 
 “The thought of opening a night-school was galling 
 to me. Teaching was weariness and a slavery. To 
 return to it was returning to the bondage I had 
 escaped from. It was death to all the dreams and 
 hopes I had nurtured for two years, and an abandon- 
 ment of all chance of fulfilling my father’s prophecy. 
 After a few more desperate and bootless efforts to find 
 a berth in a merchant’s office I set myself to carry out 
 my aunts suggestion. I took two small rooms in 
 Toxteth Park. J made it known in every house in 
 the neighbourhood that I had opened a night-school 
 for adults. My training at Kirkby Stephen had stood 
 me in good stead. Soon my two rooms were filled 
 
 so that they could hold no more. My reputation as 
 
 teacher spread, and day work came besides. I taught 
 writing and arithmetic in a gentleman’s school in 
 Rodney Street. Still, my few spare hours were spent 
 in seeking for that longed-for clerkship, no matter how 
 modest it might be, in a merchant’s office. I was soon 
 in what might be said to be flourishing pecuniary 
 circumstances. I paid off my debts to my friends in 
 Manisty Lane and to my aunt.” 
 
 War had broken out with America, and was in- 
 volving the commercial world in chaos. Men who 
 were rich in the morning were beggars by night, and 
 vice versd; a victory or a defeat determining the 
 issues. As may be imagined, it was a period of 
 
24, LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 intense excitement and widespread distress. In his 
 new career, Mr. Walmsley had made the acquaintance 
 of Mr. Knowles, a gentleman who kept one of the 
 larger schools in Liverpool, a man of large connections 
 and much experience of the world. His principal 
 teacher having left him, Mr. Knowles offered the 
 vacant post to the young master of the night- 
 school. 
 
 To accept the offer seemed like riveting the chain 
 of bondage. ‘The very precariousness of his present 
 mode of existence appeared to Mr. Walmsley a sort 
 of pledge that it was not to last for ever. ‘‘ The idea 
 was intolerable to me,” he says, “that life should go 
 on a prolonged weary repetition of Kirkby Stephen. 
 The pay also was smaller than my own earnings. I[ 
 hesitated. ‘I shall use all my influence to procure you 
 mercantile employment,’ said Mr. Knowles, knowing 
 well the bait he was offering. 
 
 “That moment the bargain was struck between us. 
 Lower pay than what I earned by my night-school 
 and daily lessons; but the hope that promise held 
 out was better than money. 
 
 “I accepted. Highteen months elapsed, during 
 which Mr. Knowles gave no sign that he remem- 
 bered his promise, and accordingly I remonstrated. In 
 answer, he offered me a partnership in the school—part- 
 nership in this school meant four or five hundred a 
 

 
 DECLINES A LUCRATIVE PARTNERSHIP. 25 
 
 year. ‘Two years ago, I had entered Liverpool with a 
 slender knapsack on my back, with a well-nigh empty 
 purse, and high hopes. It might be thought that these 
 hopes were more than realised in this proposal. At 
 twenty, to receive the offer of a post worth four hun- 
 dred a year! For one moment only I hesitated, and 
 then I respectfully but firmly declined the offer. Had 
 I accepted, I knew my fate would have been sealed. 
 A fate that would have been bondage to me,” The 
 singleness of purpose that had actuated the young man 
 throughout this period of his life was sure to have its 
 reward. 
 
 In Mr. Knowles’ school were two boys of the 
 name of Carter. Their father was a large grain 
 merchant in Liverpool. Mr. Walmsley had gained 
 the boys’ affection, and was occasionally invited down 
 on a Sunday to their father’s country house in Waver- 
 
 _ tree; for Wavertree was then broad country, miles 
 
 distant from any street of the town. The spring of 
 1814 had come—a spring that seemed to inaugurate 
 an era of peace and revived commerce. Bonaparte 
 had taken leave of his Old Guard in the court of the 
 palace of Fontainebleau, and peace was signed between 
 France and England. In that month of May, Liver- 
 pool began to participate in the trade with India, 
 the monopoly of which had, since the time of Queen 
 Elizabeth, belonged to the East India Company. The 
 
26 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 Kingsmill, on the 27th May, 1814, was the first ship 
 that ever sailed from Liverpool to India. There was 
 hope also now that our differences with America 
 would speedily be settled. Bright days were coming 
 at last, 
 
 In this improved condition of affairs an oppor- 
 tunity presented itself for Mr. Walmsley to make his 
 wishes known to Mr. Carter. The grain merchant 
 wanted a clerk. The salary was forty pounds to 
 _ begin with, rising ten pounds annually, and the 
 contract was to last four years. 
 
 “T had just refused four hundred a year,” he says, 
 ‘but here was an opening to the career I had so long 
 coveted, and though the salary was so small, I offered 
 myself to Mr. Carter, and was accepted. The contract 
 was signed. For four years I was bound to serve 
 Messrs. Carter and Piers, at the above-named salary. 
 It was a modest sum. But what cared [? Had I not 
 fed upon rye bread and wheelbarrow cheese for weeks 
 together, and slept on the wild moors, with a 
 donkey-cart for shelter on rough nights? All I 
 thought of was, that it allowed me to plant my 
 foot upon the first rung of the ladder, and it would 
 be no fault of mine if I did not reach the topmost. 
 My father’s words rang in my ears, ‘Remember, 
 lad, an apple is as easily felled as a crab,’ and his 
 other prophecy as well, like that of Bow bells to 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 ENTERS A MERCILANT’S OFFIOR. 97 
 
 Whittington ; ‘Jos will be mayor of Liverpool some 
 day.’” 
 
 On the 12th June, 1814, I turned my back upon 
 Mr. Knowles’ school and my usher life for ever, and 
 took my place on the. high stool in Mr. Carter’s 
 
 office. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 Romance and Work—His future Wife—Prepares for mercantile 
 Life—Old Peter’s Instructions—The Mysteries of Grain— 
 Becomes a Partner in a leading House—Peace with America 
 —Walmsley’s Marriage with Miss Mulleneux—A rich Father’s 
 Anger. 
 
 Wuen Joshua Walmsley obtained the long-wished-for 
 post, he had a stronger incentive to push his fortune 
 than the remembrance of his father’s prognostics—the 
 only woman he had ever loved had promised to 
 become his wife. We can dwell but lightly on the 
 details of this story of a love that began in childhood, 
 and endured to the last day of a long and eventful 
 hife. ‘When I was seven years old,” he says, ‘‘I met 
 at a dancing-school Adeline Mulleneux, aged six. She 
 was the daughter of a wealthy wine merchant. I 
 remember we noticed each other the first day of my 
 arrival. Soon after I was allowed to escort her home 
 from the dancing-school, and very proud I felt to be 
 her protector. We played together in the old court, 
 and we loved each other. A story is still told how a 
 portrait of Adeline, as a baby, was shown to me. It 
 

 
 ADELINE MULLENEUX. 20 
 
 represented her sitting in her mother’s lap, grasping 
 three enormous cherries in her tiny fingers. ‘Do 
 you like it?’ asked Mrs. Mulleneux. After gazing 
 solemnly at it for a long time, it is related that I 
 answered: ‘Yes, but I like herself much better.’ 
 The family bantered little Adeline on the conquest 
 she had made; but we were soon separated, for the 
 state of my father’s affairs obliged him to send his 
 children into the country. Years elapsed, and we met 
 again at Mr. Knowles’ school. Adeline Mulleneux, 
 who was now eighteen, came there to take drawing 
 lessons, and as I was the principal teacher, we met. 
 Once more we became intimate, and once more we 
 loved each other. When I took my seat on the high 
 stool in Mr. Carter's office, with a salary of forty 
 pounds, and a prospect of seventy in four years, 
 she had promised to become my wife when I 
 should be in somewhat more prosperous circum- 
 stances. 
 
 “T now took a modest lodging at Edge Hill, and 
 resolved to live upon one shilling a day. Bread and 
 milk for breakfast, a penny roll and a basin of soup 
 were my daily bill of fare. My duties were those that 
 fall to apprentices in a large establishment—the post- 
 office, petty cash, and the copying of letters. I 
 thought the time must still be very far off when I 
 could walk into Mr. Mulleneux’s house and ask the 
 
30 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 rich merchant to give me his daughter. But I had 
 her promise and knew it was steadfast enough to 
 stand any test, and for my part, above all other 
 prizes, my mind was set to win this one.” 3 
 
 Here then we find the young man in possession of 
 the long-coveted berth in a merchant’s office. ‘The 
 old days with their irksome duties have passed away, 
 leaving only wholesome traces of their hard discipline. 
 His new duties were subordinate, and could train him 
 to be only an ordinary clerk, and in this routine he 
 might have remained for years, but he determined to 
 make himself of special value to his employers. His 
 natural energy spurred him on; and then there was, 
 too, that secret incentive, that goal which he kept ever 
 in view, and which, sooner than he thought, was to 
 crown the runner with victory. Thus he tells how he 
 set about acquiring a knowledge of grain, which 
 was the qualification of most value in the office of 
 Messrs. Carter and Piers :— 
 
 “Old Peter Evans was their warehouseman. 
 He was a practical man of the old school, and 
 liked to see a lad eager to learn, and when I 
 questioned him about samples of grain he answered 
 readily. Peter was willing to teach me all he 
 knew. 
 
 “'Twice a week before breakfast, and long before 
 my appointed hour for work, he and I used to 
 
. 
 : 
 : 
 : 
 | 
 
 
 
 STUDIHS VARIETY OF GRAIN. ol 
 
 meet and go together to the stores and ships. The 
 old man would take samples and show them to me. 
 The number and variety of grain at first bewildered 
 me. It seemed a hopeless task trying to learn to 
 distinguish them all. But perseverance conquered in 
 the end. Peter now began to take pride in a pupil 
 who was mastering the mysteries and intricacies of 
 orain. He grew ingenious in devices to puzzle me, 
 till at last I was a match for all his resources. Then 
 he would take a handful of every sort of grain and 
 
 
 
 pulse—Enelish, Irish, Scotch, foreign 
 them before me, ask the quality, weight, and condition 
 
 and spreading 
 
 of each; of what county, province, and country they 
 were, with such observations as the case required. 
 All the while he watched me from under his shagg 
 eyebrows, and would give a satisfied growl when the 
 answer proved correct. 
 
 ‘Peter prided himself on possessing a knowledge 
 of grain beyond anyone in Liverpool, and I was on 
 the way of becoming as great an adept as himself. No - 
 one knew of these early meetings in the stores and 
 ships, and my employers wondered at my sharp- 
 ness. Customers also soon discovered my proficiency, 
 and sometimes consulted me in preference to old 
 Peter. 
 
 “Scarcely had I been a year in Mr. Carter’s 
 service when the traveller and salesman, Mr. Robinson, 
 
32 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 a very able man, gave notice, on his entering into 
 partnership with one of the leading merchants of 
 Liverpool. This was a serious loss, and Mr. Carter, 
 puzzled how to fill up the vacancy, consulted his 
 
 retiring salesman. Mr. Robinson pointed me out as 
 
 the man best fitted to fill the post. Accordingly it 
 was offered to me, but no mention was made of an 
 increase of salary, although my predecessor's had been 
 a large one. Morally speaking, however, the rise 
 was a great one, and I closed with the offer at 
 once.” 
 
 The year 1815 was a memorable one for Hneland 
 and Liverpool. Peace with America was restored. 
 On a brilliant spring morning in April, the British 
 flag flying at her mainmast, the American at her 
 mizen peak, the Mild sailed up the Mersey—the 
 
 
 
 first American vessel, come on a peaceful enterprise, 
 that had entered the port for nearly three years. 
 Some months later came news of Waterloo and of 
 Bonaparte’s final downfall. But the year was to be 
 marked for the young man by an event, more im- 
 portant to himself personally than the vast changes 
 which were gradually being effected. 
 
 Mr. Mulleneux refused to sanction his daughter’s 
 engagement. The wealthy merchant had more am- 
 bitious views for his child than a marriage with a 
 poor clerk with no apparent prospects; but the lovers 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 AN IMPORTANT INTERVIEW. 33 
 
 were not to be deterred by such considerations. They 
 were willing to wait, but determined to be faithful to 
 one another. According to the ordinary course of 
 events, there could hardly be a more unrealisable 
 romance than was theirs. Any jury of wise men 
 would have given a unanimous verdict against the 
 marriage. <A poor clerk, with a salary of fifty pounds 
 per annum, and a prospect of seventy pounds, whose 
 compulsory economy amounted to extreme privation, 
 offering himself to a lady of position and expectations, 
 with no other plea than that she loved him! Family 
 prejudices and family prudence had to yield to it, 
 nevertheless, and it was not the modest lover who 
 precipitated the crisis. ‘They met one day and spoke 
 to each other in presence of Mr. Mulleneux. That 
 afternoon, Mr. Walmsley received a note bidding him 
 attend next morning at the office of Mr. Mulleneux’s 
 eldest son. Never did a day of more perplexing 
 foreboding break upon the course of true love, for the 
 note was couched in terms that showed some decision 
 was pending. ‘The account of that interview and its 
 result we give in Mr. Walmsley’s words : 
 
 “T went at the appointed hour with a beating 
 heart: what new turn of affairs did this meeting 
 bode? In a corner of the room Adeline sat, 
 brightening the dingy office to me. Young 
 
 Mulleneux’s expression was very stern as he looked 
 dD 
 
34 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 at me, and, pointing to his sister, said: ‘Are you 
 prepared to marry this lady?’ ‘The question was 
 meant for a clincher. The thought of my poverty 
 rushed full upon me; but there was no sign of fear in 
 Adeline’s face. ‘Yes,’ I answered boldly. 
 
 “But when, sir?’ asked my interlocutor deri- 
 sively. | 
 
 ** © At once,’ I replied quietly. 
 
 “Perhaps I had better send for a coach?’ said 
 young Mr. Mulleneux ironically. 
 
 ““* We can walk,’ I answered undauntedly, going 
 up to my betrothed. There was no faltering in the 
 hand she laid upon my arm. To St. James’ Church 
 we accordingly walked ; but none of the necessary pre- 
 liminaries had been gone through, and the clergyman 
 refused to perform the ceremony. We made an 
 appointment to be at church the next morning at 
 half-past ten. 
 
 “ Matters having reached this pass, Mr. Mulleneux 
 made no further opposition, ‘Let them marry,’ 
 he said, ‘ but I will never see them again.’ 
 
 “At half-past ten next morning we met at the 
 altar. The ceremony was performed. Adeline 
 Mulleneux and I plighted our troths to each other. 
 Then we parted; I to return to my work, my wife 
 to go to the house of friends, but not to her 
 
 home, 
 
 ee ee —EEEEEEEEeEeEE————eEeEeEeEeEE———eEE———=Se eee ee 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 MARLRIAGH AND POVERTY. 30 
 
 “Qn my entering the office, Mr. Carter’s greeting 
 showed he knew the reason of my late arrival: ‘ Are 
 you aware of the cost of living?’ he asked me with a 
 erilm smile. 
 
 “T knew the cost well; and, although I was 
 supremely happy, I was not without misgivings.” 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Res angusta domi—Small successful Speculations—A Parley with 
 Porters—Mr, Walmsley’s Reconciliation with his Father-in- 
 law—Old Coaching Days—A Quaker’s part in Card-playing 
 —tTrial of the first Steamer at Sea—Great Rejoicings—A 
 funny naval Fight—Partnership with Mr. Booth. 
 
 THE young couple took a house in Gloucester Street, 
 at a rental of seventeen pounds per annum; the 
 furnishing of which proved no easy matter, but by 
 dint of prudence and patience it was accomplished. Jn 
 his old age there was no greater delight to Sir Joshua 
 than the retrospect of these happy days, to tell of 
 their many straits, and the difficulty they had to make 
 the two ends meet, of their various vicissitudes and 
 unvarying affection. 
 
 _ It was a time when the bare necessaries of life 
 were hard to get, for the harvest of 1816 proved the 
 worst England had known for years. The Corn Laws 
 of 1815, prohibiting the importation of ovain until 
 home-grown wheat had reached eighty shillings per 
 quarter, increased the distress. Misery was wide- 
 spread over the country ; in Liverpool we find twenty 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 COMMENCEMENT OF SPECULATIONS IN GRAIN. 37 
 
 thousand persons depending upon parish relief for 
 support, and to feed this starving multitude the rate of 
 one shilling and threepence levied upon the pound. 
 As it inevitably happens, the heaviest burden fell 
 upon small incomes, and accordingly it became im- 
 perative upon Mr. Walmsley to devise some means 
 by which to increase his. 
 
 “ My first resolve,” he says, “ was that my duty to 
 my employers should not be interfered with, nor the 
 time I owed them encroached upon. To solve this 
 problem of reconciling the two conflicting interests 
 seemed no easy matter, yet it was not long before | 
 hit upon a plan, and I set to work at once. At the 
 county markets, of which Warrington and Manchester 
 were the principal, I was getting well known. My 
 discrimination in grain had earned me a reputation. 
 I now determined to try some modest speculations on 
 my own account. I therefore bought small packets of 
 rice, arrowroot, Indian corn, and disposed of them at 
 those markets. My plan succeeded beyond my ex- 
 pectations. It saved us from penury. Those small 
 speculations in grain succeeded so well in the county 
 _markets that I took a room, or rather a barn, in 
 South John Street. There, in the early morning, I 
 weighed out my packages and carried them to their 
 various destinations. I was never a moment behind 
 time at Messrs. Carter and Piers’ office, although 
 
38 LIFE OF SIk JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 before this regular business hour I had often done a 
 hard morning’s work. I never slackened my energy 
 in my employers’ interest, and in the early hours I 
 was earning more than double the salary they allowed 
 me. Thanks to Peter Evans’ training, on the Corn 
 Exchange I was recognised as a first-rate judge of 
 cereals. By plunging my hand into a sack, I could 
 recognise by the touch alone the quality and kind of 
 grain it contained.” 
 
 To this period belongs an incident which Sir 
 
 Joshua often related : 
 
 ‘“‘Qne morning, very early,” he said, “I issued out 
 of my modest warehouse, carrying a heavy bag of rice 
 on my back. It was destined for Mr. Harrison, a ship- 
 biscuit baker, residing close to the dock. The per- 
 centage on it would be barely two shillings. I quietly 
 wended my way—few passengers being in the streets 
 as yet—when suddenly on approaching Queen’s Dock, 
 I found myself surrounded by a crowd of porters, 
 shaking their fists in my face, yelling that I was en- 
 croaching on their rights, that I was taking the 
 bread out of their mouths. They threatened to 
 throw me and my bag into the river. The crowd 
 of furious men was swelling. The expression of 
 their faces, their gestures, told me that the execu- 
 tion of their threat was imminent. No help could 
 be looked for from the ‘Old Charlies.’ For one 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 AT BAY AMONG THE DOCK-PORTERS. 39 
 
 moment I was startled, then I leaned my back and 
 my bag up against a wall. I shouted at the top of 
 my voice, bidding them be still. I told them, I too 
 was poor, poor as the poorest of them. I was the 
 last who would encroach upon the poor man’s rights, 
 but I claimed that right for myself—the right to 
 earn honestly what lay in my power. I told them 
 what percentage this bag of rice would bring me, 
 scarce enough to pay one of them to carry it to its 
 destination ; and this I could not give, for it would be 
 the price of my dinner. 
 
 “The words appealed to the men’s sense of fair play, 
 and their yells were turned to cheers. When I moved 
 on they walked behind me in procession, hurrahing 
 lustily. Mr. Harrison, attracted by the noise, came 
 to his door to ascertain its cause. He was not a little 
 astonished to see his expected rice-dealer coming 
 towards him, his bag hoisted on his back, surrounded 
 by a cheering crew of dock-porters. He could scarcely 
 believe his eyes, but when I told him the story of that 
 morning’s adventure, he offered there and then to 
 take me into partnership. ‘The days of my appren- 
 ticeship however not being ended, I could not accept 
 his offer.” 
 
 Circumstances were brightening in the little 
 household in Gloucester Street. When, after two 
 years, the eldest son was born, Mr. Mulleneux, who 
 
40 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 had been watching his son-in-law’s career, forgave the 
 two offenders. His daughter’s husband might be poor, 
 but he was made of the right stuff; his principles and 
 alms were upright and manly, and his determination 
 to carry them out indomitable. 
 
 The following is the account Sir Joshua gives of 
 his coach-travelling days, as Messrs. Carter and Piers’ 
 salesman : 
 
 “The speed at which coaches travelled now was 
 very different from the slow old days of my childhood. 
 Once I remember having left Liverpool at seven in 
 the morning, breakfasting at Prescott, dining at 
 Warrington, taking tea at Hallam’s Green, eating 
 Eccles cakes at Eccles, and reaching Manchester at 
 eight. The thirty-six miles had taken thirteen hours 
 to perform. Now the thirty-six miles were accom- 
 plished within three hours and a half Travelling had 
 become safe too. Highwaymen were almost an 
 extinct race. During the time I travelled thrice 
 weekly between Liverpool, Warrington, and Man- 
 chester, there was but one coach robbery on record, 
 and by a sort of poetic justice the robbed man was 
 himself his employer’s robber. The hours of travel 
 we often spent in playing whist. There was a Quaker 
 whose name was well known in Liverpool, a worthy 
 member of the Society of Friends. He often travelled 
 down by the Warrington coach, or in the gig. He 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A QUAKER SPECTATOR OF WHIST. 41 
 
 did not play whist himself, but he lent his great-coat 
 
 _ to be spread on the players’ knees to form a temporary 
 
 table. He also held the candle for them when it was 
 too dark to distinguish hands. With unaccountable 
 interest he watched the game, and often when I| was 
 
 about to play a wrong card he would jog my elbow, a 
 
 hint I always followed.” 
 
 Mr. Walmsley had long been following with keen 
 interest the progress of steam navigation. He fore- 
 saw that this marvellous propelling power would 
 usher in a new era in commerce. Men’s minds were 
 divided on the subject, some holding the expectation 
 of any great change for the better resulting from 
 it to be visionary, whilst others watched and half 
 believed. 
 
 Mr. Egerton Smith, in the columns of The Liverpool 
 Mercury, strenuously advocated the use of steam to 
 tow sailing-vessels out to sea. Pointing to the 
 ruinous delay caused to merchants by the prevalence 
 of north-west winds off the coast, detaining whole 
 fleets for weeks in the Mersey, he urged that by the 
 use of steam they might be towed out and go on 
 their way, and also that during calms the river and 
 docks might be relieved from momentary pressure. 
 Gradually he went further and collected evidence to 
 prove how steam might be applied to sea-going 
 
 ships. 
 
a 
 
 ae 
 
 42 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 “The famous Dr. Lardner vigorously opposed the 
 idea. He admitted that on the calm waters of the 
 great, American rivers it might work, but to apply it 
 to ocean-going ships was insanity. At a lecture, to 
 which I listened with breathless attention, the doctor 
 laughed to scorn the notion of steam as an ocean- 
 going motive power. He stated boldly and decisively 
 that not only was it an impossibility, but that it 
 would ever remain so, that no vessel ever could 
 cross the Atlantic and carry her own coal. This he 
 theoretically demonstrated to the satisfaction of his 
 hearers and himself. On the 30th June, 1815, I 
 formed a unit in a great crowd assembled on the 
 frontage towards the river. About noon of that day 
 arrived the first steamboat ever seen on the Mersey. 
 I shall never forget my emotion as I watched the 
 strange ship ploughing the waters, and sending puffs 
 of smoke upwards in the air.” 
 
 He records his first trip in a steamer : 
 
 ‘One of the first steamships seen on the Mersey 
 was placed at the disposal of the mayor, Jonathan 
 Hollinghead, and the municipality, in order that by 
 means of a short trip to Beaumaris and back they 
 might satisfy themselves of the practicability of steam 
 as a motive power. A ticket was offered me, and I 
 gladly availed myself of it. It was a glorious day, 
 but just sufficient sea on to make the plunging of the 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 ON BOARD ONE OF THE FIRST STHAMSHIPS. 43 
 
 vessel testify to the power of the engine. The destina- 
 tion was reached in safety, and the mayor and his guests 
 landed, visited this lovely and romantic spot, then 
 once more embarked, and the St. George steamed out 
 of the little harbour amid the wild cheers of the’ 
 inhabitants, who crowded the shore to behold the 
 crowning wonder of the age. The afternoon sun was 
 shining brightly, the sea had gone down. On deck a 
 bounteous repast was laid, the host’s jovial merri- 
 ment communicating itself to all his guests. Presently 
 two Manx herring-boats were seen luffing up into the 
 wind, their sails shivering to slacken their way, in 
 order that the fishermen might gaze on a_ vessel 
 advancing without sails. Willing to gratify them, 
 the captain slackened speed, and the St. George 
 steered right between the two tiny craft. The boats, 
 as it neared them, both filled and stood on the same 
 tack. The breeze was fair, and they easily kept way 
 with the steamer, one to starboard, the other to port. 
 Suddenly, one of our party seized an apple and flung 
 it at one of the fishermen. Another and another 
 followed, then a volley, and the mania spreading, 
 apples, oranges, cakes were thrown in a perfect storm. 
 It was the broadside of the ship-of-war together with 
 the file-firmg of the marines. The mayor forgot 
 his dignity and shouted with glee. Aldermen and 
 common-councilmen grew young again, and grave 
 

 
 Ad LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 oray-haired men pelted and shouted like children. A 
 moment the fishermen were staggered and utterly 
 bewildered, then with a howl of vengeance, they 
 seized upon their finny prey, and the air grew dark 
 with herrings. They fell in showers upon the 
 assailants, the deck was slippery with them, the table 
 was covered with them, still on they came, thicker 
 aud faster. 
 
 ‘“‘¢Go ahead full steam !’ shouted the captain, and 
 the St. George obeyed, drawing out of Herring reach, 
 while the mayor gave a parting cheer, and hurled his 
 hat in defiance in the direction of the Manxmen, 
 whose responding shouts were heard as the lost hat 
 bobbed up and down on the waves.” 
 
 Thus a naval encounter marked Mr. Walmsley’s 
 first trip to sea. 
 
 The time of his apprenticeship now approached its 
 close. He could choose his future path. Messrs. 
 Carter and Piers offered him a liberal salary to remain. 
 Mr. Harrison was ready to take him into partnership. 
 There was a third opening for him: Mr. Booth, a 
 gentleman he had often travelled with, who had 
 begun business two years before, also offered to 
 make him his partner. It had often occurred to 
 Mr. Walmsley that a first-rate and secure business 
 might be got together in the corn trade by buying 
 brokers. Mr. Booth agreed to the plan, and Mr. 
 

 
 
 
 AOQCEPTS A PARTNERSHIP. AS 
 
 Walmsley closed with the offer. His reputation 
 at the different markets, his knowledge of all his 
 future customers, had formed for him an extensive 
 commercial acquaintance, and he felt sure of 
 SUCCESS, 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 Successful Progress—Prejudices of Farmers—Scarcity a Blessing !— 
 False Class Views lead Mr. Walmsley to study Principles— 
 Hunt after an absconding Debtor—A strange Dialogue about 
 Thief-hunting—The Runaway traced to France—Detected in 
 a Restaurant at Havre—How the French spend Sunday—A 
 Contrast between Gladness and Drunkenness—Germ of the 
 Sunday League—French Red-tapery—The Prisoner let loose— 
 Search of an American Vessel—Another Criminal found— 
 Murderous Intentions in the Case of Arrest. 
 
 THE terms of the partnership were that Mr. Walmsley 
 should begin by receiving one-third of the profits. 
 With this stimulus he set to work, determined to 
 make the firm respected through Liverpool, and to 
 earn the wealth that would give him power and 
 justify the confidence placed in him. Mr. Booth had 
 been two years in business when Mr. Walmsley 
 joined him, yet as broker he had not made much 
 progress. Soon, however, the firm felt the influence 
 of the strong hand that now had the principal 
 euidance of its affairs. 
 
 During the first two years, it was part of Mr. 
 Walmsley’s business to attend the country markets, 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 FARMERS’ VIEWS OF HARVESTS. 47 
 
 There he met the farmers, and learned from them the 
 condition of the agricultural districts. By this inter- 
 course, combined with his keen observation, he gained 
 a rare tact and foresight in harvest prospects. This, 
 added to his singular knowledge of grain, was destined 
 to prove invaluable to him later on, when the sliding- 
 scale system came into operation, and when success 
 in the trade was to depend chiefly on a happy 
 calculation of the forthcoming harvest. ‘These years 
 amongst the farmers taught him other lessons besides. 
 
 “I learned then,’ he says, “the fact that an 
 abundant harvest was looked upon as a calamity by 
 the growers of corn. They did not disguise that 
 they regarded as a disaster what the people in the 
 manufacturing towns deemed a blessing. To them 
 agricultural plenty signified the agriculturist’s distress 
 —low prices of wheat and high rents. Coming from a 
 manufacturing town, where dearness of bread meant 
 almost starvation, the antagonism between the interest 
 of the mass of the people and that of the agriculturists 
 impressed me strongly. It first turned my thoughts 
 to principles which eventually ruled my whole course 
 of life, and emphatically brought home to my heart 
 the truths that unity of interest in a nation can alone 
 ensure its welfare.” 
 
 Towards the close of Mr. Walmsley’s first year of 
 partnership, an incident occurred that called forth so 
 

 
 48 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 many traits of his character, and the circumstances of 
 which illustrate so forcibly the manners of the day, 
 that we give in full his account of it, only reserving 
 the name of one of the principal actors therein. 
 “Several cargoes of grain for various merchants 
 had been sold to a young dealer in Liverpool, who 
 seemed to be doing well and enjoyed good credit. 
 Suddenly he disappeared, a debtor to a large amount. 
 A meeting of creditors assembled, and I was asked to 
 follow the debtor. I accepted the charge, deter- 
 mining if it were possible to find the man, recover the 
 money, and reclaim the defaulter by representing to 
 him the ruin he entailed upon his family, and persuade 
 him to return and meet his creditors. That night I 
 reached Congleton only to find myself too late. Taking 
 with him his horse and gig, the defaulter had ere this 
 reached Birmingham. To Birmingham I followed. It 
 was difficult for a stranger to trace out one individual 
 in a crowded city; but I ascertained that my man had 
 passed the night there, and leaving his horse and gig 
 behind him, had taken the coach to London. Into 
 that gig 1 stepped, using the same coachman. ‘Time, 
 however, had been wasted at Liverpool; and when I 
 reached Gerard’s Hall, Basing Lane, it was only to 
 find that the fugitive, after remaining there one night, 
 had taken his carpet-bag and had sought the security 
 of the London streets. What was to be done by a 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 THE LONDON POLICE. 4.9 
 
 stranger in the great city, without so much as a letter 
 of introduction to help him? ‘The police was a force 
 somewhat more numerous and more active in limb 
 than the watchmen in Liverpool; but it was not yet 
 reformed by Sir Robert Peel, and there were pecu- 
 liarities in its organisation. Before long it was borne 
 
 in upon me that an impartial observer might be justified 
 
 in the belief, that it was a body cunningly devised to 
 
 protect malefactors rather than to prevent crime and 
 pursue offenders. No help could I expect from this 
 quarter, and how without its aid could I track my 
 offender ? | 
 
 “T ordered a number of handbills to be printed, 
 offerme a ‘handsome reward’ to any informant. 
 Thereon the personal appearance of the young defaulter 
 was elaborately portrayed. Who was to circulate 
 these handbills, and to whom were they to be given ? 
 I resolved to circulate them myself. lor three weary 
 days I walked through the London streets from early 
 morning till late in the evening, giving to every cab- 
 man on every stand one of my printed bills. When 
 the drudgery of the day was over, I went to places of 
 public amusement, not for the sake of the entertain- 
 ment, but to scan the faces of those present. Late 
 on the third night I was returning home tired, 
 but satisfied I had done what man can do to fulfil 
 
 my mission, when I overheard the following dialogue 
 E 
 
oO LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 between two porters standing at the door of my 
 inn, 3 
 
 “<*7 gay, Jim, that chap from Liverpool thinks 
 himself mighty clever, with his handbills, and his 
 a-trudging through the mud, said one, ‘but don’t he 
 wish he may get it 2’ ? 
 
 “Removing the short clay pipe from his mouth, 
 the fellow addressed puffed out a long wreath of 
 smoke and laughed, ‘Ay, ay; does he take us for 
 fools with his “handsomely rewarded?” Don’t we 
 know what that means—just nothing at all. If he’d 
 said he’d give a‘‘‘ fiver,” we'd ’a found his individual 
 sharp enough, Bill 2’ 
 
 “That ‘ud a bin two pun ten each,’ Bill was 
 calculating, when I turned away deeply mortified. 
 They were right; my efforts had been thrown away, 
 for I had overlooked the essential condition of 
 success. 
 
 “Next morning I was up before dawn, rectifying 
 my mistake. I obliterated the ‘handsomely re- 
 warded,’ and wrote down, ‘five pounds,’ in the 
 bills in my possession, directing new ones to be 
 printed. Then once more I set out to distribute 
 those myself, placing.two in the hands of my un- 
 conscious counsellors... From the police I expected 
 little ; five pounds was. too modest a sum to waken 
 up their dormant faculties. My second tramp, with 
 

 
 PURSUIT OF THE FUGITIVE. 51 
 
 the golden promise held out of a < fiver,’ proved as 
 fruitless as the first. I was contemplating returning 
 to Liverpool a beaten man, when one day, sauntering 
 down Cheapside, still distributing my handbills, a tap 
 on the shoulder made me look round, and the pleasant 
 sight of the genial face, broad-brimmed hat, and stiffly 
 cut coat of the Quaker friend from Liverpool greeted 
 me. 
 
 “*Thee won’t find him here,’ he said, and he pro- 
 ceeded to tell how a letter from the fugitive to his 
 wife had been intercepted. It was dated Brighton. 
 He was on his way to America, and he asked her to 
 join him there. 
 
 “Forgetful of past failure, I started off in pursuit. 
 At Brighton I found the runaway had. gone to 
 Dieppe. Days passed before another vessel sailed. 
 I had now provided myself with a London detective, 
 a shrewd and experienced man, for ignorant as I was 
 of the habits and laws of France, to have followed 
 alone would have been useless. At last we started 
 for Dieppe, there to learn that the delinquent had 
 gone on to Havre. Thither we followed, and that 
 night ascertained the fugitive was still there. The 
 net was tightening round his feet. I knew the man 
 and the haunts he would choose. In the third 
 restaurant we entered we saw him at dinner with 
 
 some American friends. The man I| had sought for 
 E 2 
 
52 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 days through the London streets, whom I had pursued 
 across the sea was there, only divided from me by a 
 thin partition. I sprang forward to seize him, but 
 the detective’s hand held me back. 
 
 “<«We are not in England; their ways are not 
 ours,’ he said. ‘We must go at once before the 
 commissary of police, make our declaration, and leave 
 the capture to them.’ 
 
 “To the commissary accordingly we went. ‘The 
 defaulter could not be arrested for debt, but we had 
 a hold over him for travelling under a false passport. 
 I offered to remain under the surveillance of the 
 police until papers were procured from England. 
 Orders for arrest were issued, and we were politely 
 bowed out. I had a presentiment of being baffled ; 
 but when I asked if there was any danger of escape, 
 the commissary laughed, shrugged his shoulders, and 
 assured me that at ten o’clock on Monday morning, 
 if I came to the police-office, I should find my 
 prisoner waiting for me. There was nothing to be 
 done but to obey. 
 
 “The following day was Sunday. I strolled along 
 the quay, the cliffs, and the town. It was a beautiful 
 day, and all the inhabitants of Havre had turned out 
 of doors. They thronged the jetty, and strolled about 
 the shore. Whole families were out together, from 
 the little children tumbling about to the grand- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >i 
 
 A MHMORABLY-GLAD FRENCH SUNDAY. 58 
 
 fathers playing with them. The merry-go-rounds 
 were in full swing, violins were scraped, ninepins 
 were being knocked down, games were going on in 
 all directions. What fresh clean caps the women 
 wore! The men had clean ‘blouses,’ the very fish- 
 women had extra long earrings and bright stockings 
 under their short petticoats. Sunday was evidently 
 considered here a day of gladness. Priests in long 
 black robes were going in and out amongst the crowd 
 chatting with their parishioners, and enjoying the 
 surrounding brightness. I retired to a lonely cliff, 
 overlooking the sea, painfully impressed with the 
 scene. Yet I could not but acknowledge that I saw 
 no trace of drunkenness here, that the amusements 
 were all innocent. With painful distinctness I con- 
 trasted the bright spectacle with the riot and hard 
 drinking going on of a Sunday afternoon in the lower 
 parts of Liverpool; there the labourer drank himself 
 to sleep or to temporary madness, here the working 
 man spent the day in innocent recreation with his 
 family. That Sunday the germ was planted that 
 later on expanded into the Sunday League. 
 “Punctual to our appointment, Monday morning 
 at ten we presented ourselves to the commissary of 
 police, only to find my foreboding realised. The 
 prisoner had escaped. The police, piqued at their 
 failure, made every possible effort to retrieve 11. 
 
fos 
 
 o4, LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 Kixpresses were sent out in every direction, but the 
 fugitive slipped through the noose thrown around 
 him. Had he seen me that Saturday night, and 
 secreted himself in some outward-bound vessel for 
 America? By the commissary’s order, every vessel 
 in the port of Havre was searched, and at every 
 search I was present. At last one day an American 
 ship was weighing anchor. Suspicion was aroused. 
 We boarded her, and searched every nook and cranny. 
 Suddenly I detected a space between two bales; 
 pushing my hand down I clutched a human head, 
 and triumphantly dragged its unfortunate owner from 
 his place of refuge. He was not the man I sought, 
 but a murderer for whom the police had long been on 
 the look-out. With this incident ended my search. 
 I had failed, and my failure had been caused by some 
 foolish formality. The insufficiency of the police, the 
 intricacies of the system as it then existed, were 
 forcibly brought home to me on this occasion. 
 
 ‘Some time elapsed before tidings were obtained 
 of the fugitive. It then appeared that he had seen 
 me that Saturday night at Havre. As he was jovially 
 dining with his friends he had caught sight of me. 
 All the time he had been aware that he was pursued, 
 and that I was his pursuer. During that time, where- 
 ever he went, he declared afterwards, he carried two 
 pistols—one to shoot me with, the other to shoot 
 

 
 AN HSCAPH ON BOTH SIDES. 00 
 
 himself, rather than surrender his person. ‘That 
 Saturday night he had fancied himself safe, and had 
 left his portmanteau and pistols at his inn; while we 
 were making our report he escaped, not returning to 
 his hotel, but making for Dieppe, from thence to 
 England, then on to America, ‘The pistols and 
 portmanteau were found by the French police, and 
 handed over tome. I did not know then what work 
 the weapons were intended for; my object had been 
 to persuade the man to come home, boldly meet his 
 ereditors, and save his reputation. I thought I had 
 arguments strong enough to prevail; but it was 
 fortunate we had not met face to face, for the man - 
 who had vowed to kill me was reckless and desperate, 
 and would assuredly have kept his word.” 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Mr. Walmsley becomes Head of the Firm—Determines to make it 
 the first in Liverpool—His Measures for the Purpose—Public 
 Life in Liverpool—Sympathy with the Spanish Liberals and 
 the Greeks—Meetings against the Slave Trade—Meetings 
 about the Corn Laws—Education—Elected President of the 
 first Mechanics’ Institute—The Corn-Law Sliding Scale— 
 Opposed by Mr. Walmsley although enriching himself—Evil 
 Effects of the Corn Laws—Losses in Business and Recovery 
 —Retires. 
 
 At the close of the third year the partners changed 
 positions. Mr. Walmsley, now becoming principal, 
 took the management of the town business, Mr. Booth 
 attending the country markets. 
 
 “T determined,” he says, ‘now that the control 
 of affairs had passed into my hands, to make the firm 
 the first brokerage business in the town. To attain 
 this I adopted a new mode of conducting it. My 
 partner and I were buying brokers, receiving orders 
 from all parts of the country, and charging a small 
 commission. We ran no risk of debt. I now made it 
 a practice personally to inspect every bag of grain, to 
 compare the bulk with the sample, and to become 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 VALUE OF PERSONAL INTERCOURSE. ap 
 
 responsible for the quality and shipment of the whole, 
 
 charging. a small commission for so doing. This 
 involved great personal labour, but I did not shrink 
 from it. To this I added the habit of calling in. 
 person at the offices of the leading merchants of 
 Liverpool, to ascertain what they had for sale and 
 what they desired to purchase. 
 
 “T had done this in the days of my humble 
 beginning; and then I had learned the value of 
 personal intercourse, and the value too of doing my 
 own work myself. ‘To be at my post early in the 
 morning and late in the evening, to allow no hour of 
 the day to find me unprepared for business, to be 
 ready to answer every question promptly and accu- 
 rately that might be put to me in connection with the 
 corn trade; these were the rules I took to accomplish 
 the aim I had set before myself, and I did not 
 swerve from them. For years my dinner was sent 
 daily over from home to my office, in a tin box 
 resembling those in which soldiers’ rations are carried, 
 and kept warm by means of hot water. It was a 
 movable feast, swallowed when time permitted.” 
 
 This strict and thorough attendance to duty soon 
 began to reap its reward. After some years, nearly 
 the whole monopoly of the brokerage business had 
 passed into our hands. Enemies, jealous of this 
 monopoly, occasionally sought to undermine the credit 
 
53 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 of the frm; but Mr. Walmsley instantly con- 
 fronted slander, and at once refuted it, as in the 
 following instance. ‘One day,’ he says, “our 
 banker sent for me, and told me he had heard bad 
 reports of my partner and myself—that we were 
 deeply engaged in rash and ruinous speculations ; and 
 he insinuated other irregularities. I listened quietly, 
 returned to the office, and called for our books. 
 These I carried to the banker, and bade him examine 
 them. From these I proved that my partner 
 and I had remained simply brokers, that we had 
 never bought or sold on our own account, that our 
 means were good, and that no speculation endangered 
 any other man’s money. Tully convinced, the banker 
 gave the name of his informant. He was one of the 
 best-known corn merchants in Liverpool, who had 
 taken an unaccountable dislike to Mr. Booth. With 
 the books under my arm I proceeded to this gentle- 
 man’s office, told him what I had heard, and requested 
 him to examine the accounts and transactions which 
 I laid before him; should he find himself in error in 
 the assertions he had circulated, I requested he would 
 make what amends he could. This straightforward 
 proceeding abashed the enemy. He examined the 
 books, and the examination resulted in his becoming 
 one of our customers, and remaining to the last a 
 staunch friend of mine.” 
 

 
 
 
 GROWTH OF LIBERALISM IN LIVERPOOL. 59 
 
 Other interests besides those of business were 
 entering into his life; for during these years Liverpool 
 was growing in population and increasing in trade. 
 Public life was astir, and betrayed by many symptoms 
 the liberal tendencies that ere long were to transform 
 the political and social aspects of the country. Meetings 
 were held to raise subscriptions for the Spaniards, 
 whose constitution had been attacked by the French. 
 Ardent appeals were made for money and sympathy 
 
 
 
 for the Greeks in their struggle for independence—a 
 struggle glorified by the death of Byron. This growth 
 of Liberalism in Liverpool Mr. Walmsley watched with 
 keen interest. He attended and spoke at the meetings 
 called to express abhorrence of the slave trade. In 
 common with many Liverpool merchants, the blot 
 that had once sullied the commerce of the town he 
 felt as one upon his own honour. Nowhere did 
 Wilberforce’s endeavours to abolish slavery in every 
 colony of England find more hearty support than in 
 Liverpool. 
 
 In his spare hours Mr. Walmsley attended meet- 
 ings called to consider the subject of the Corn Laws. 
 In a memorandum, dated somewhere about 1826, he 
 notices “that the most advanced reformers had not 
 dared as yet to advocate a total repeal; a moderate 
 fixed duty being as yet the most startling innovation 
 
 they dared to propose.” 
 
60 LIFE OF SIk JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 In 1826 Mr. Walmsley joined the Liverpool 
 Mechanics’ Institute, and shortly after was elected 
 president. But these institutions, which spread 
 quickly over the country—thanks to the exertions 
 of men like Dr. Birkbeck and Mr. Brougham—did not 
 effect the good expected; although men of science 
 and talent often gratuitously gave their time to them, 
 becoming themselves teachers. 
 
 In 1827 the famous sliding scale came into 
 operation, and its actual working may be understood 
 from two instances drawn from Mr. Walmsley’s notes. 
 
 “One year the harvest gave every promise of 
 being favourable, but as to this I could judge from 
 a tour made through the agricultural districts. 
 Naturally the sliding scaie ran up to its highest 
 point. From my personal observation I felt sure 
 this prospect of plenty would not hold good, and that 
 there would be a deficient harvest. Whilst others 
 waited the action of the sliding scale, I despatched 
 agents to buy up foreign grain and ship it for 
 England as quickly as possible. Thus my ships 
 would have the start in the race which I knew must 
 soon be run. The vessels left Tamboff, two of them 
 arriving just as the deficit I had foreseen sent the 
 tax imposed down to the nominal price of one shilling 
 a quarter. Head winds and a succession of storms 
 delayed the others. Had all arrived in time, a large 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 ADVOCACY OF CORN-LAW REPEAL. 61 
 
 fortune would have been realised. As it was, the 
 cargo of the two ships first entering not only covered 
 all loss, but left a handsome profit on the whole.” 
 
 Sineularly enough, while thus profiting by the 
 working of the sliding scale, Mr. Walmsley by his 
 presence and by his speeches at public meetings 
 protested against it, and was one of the first im 
 Liverpool to advocate repeal of the Corn Laws, and 
 previous to the formation of the Anti-Corn-Law 
 League, delivered lectures on the subject. 
 
 __ “In 1833 I fully realised,” Mr. Walmsley writes, 
 “the depth of folly and cruelty this tax on bread 
 involved. ‘The sliding scale had remained stationary 
 so long at its highest figure, no foreign corn entered 
 the port, and the warehouses were full of bonded 
 grain thus kept out of the market. A large share of 
 this belonged to me. A sudden fall in the scale 
 announced a deficiency. ‘The price of food rose with 
 creat rapidity, so that soon pale thin faces might be 
 seen in the streets. To let loose the bonded corn 
 would avert famine.” 
 
 At the last moment the storehouses were thrown 
 open, but it was found that the wheat had been so 
 long kept that it was rotten, and the starving people 
 watched as load after load was thrown into the 
 Mersey. The sad tale of “ Walmsley’s corn” was 
 long remembered, and served as a war-cry when the 
 
62 LIFE OF SIk JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 final agitation compelled the repeal of the Corn 
 Laws, 
 
 So far Mr, Walmsley’s career had been prosperous, 
 but now from brokers they aspired to be commission 
 agents. Evil times came, and some of their heaviest 
 advances remained uncovered. Failure followed 
 failure, and they lost considerably. In one, the firm 
 lost twenty-five thousand pounds. In twelve months 
 the fruit of years of toil melted away and ruin seemed 
 imminent, 
 
 “T alone,” he writes, ‘was aware of the full 
 extent of the danger. Neither my partner nor our 
 banker was cognisant of it. My wife alone shared 
 the anxiety with me, and I resolved if only I could 
 work through never again to meddle with speculation. 
 The danger was tided over, and the firm emerged 
 with diminished funds but untarnished credit. It was 
 no easy task to return into the old groove, but once 
 more we became simple brokers, and at the end of 
 seven years won back all that had been lost.” 
 
 Mr. Walmsley now separated from his partner, 
 carrying on business on his own account, and some 
 years after he retired, having achieved moderate 
 competence, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 George Stephenson comes to Liverpool—Railway Company to 
 Manchester formed by Mr. Sanders—Opposition—Stephenson’s 
 way of answering Objections—The Ink-bottl—Walmsley’s 
 Friendship with Stephenson—Description of Stephenson-—— 
 His Charm of Manner—Variety of Knowledge and Profundity 
 of Thought—His Playfulness with Children, and Humanity— 
 First Railway—Engine Competition—Stephenson’s “ Rocket” 
 wins the Prize—Inauguration of the Railway—Rejoicings 
 clouded by the Death of Mr. Huskisson—Account of the fatal 
 Accident to that famous Statesman—Manchester Demonstration 
 against the Duke of Wellington—Instances of Stephenson’s 
 Sagacity—His Portrait by Daniel. 
 
 BETWEEN 1825-26 the famous George Stephenson 
 took up his residence in Liverpool. This most re- 
 markable man, of whom the world was to hear so 
 much, came there simply as principal engineer of the 
 company formed by Mr. Sanders for constructing a 
 railway between Liverpool and Manchester. ‘It 
 took longer at that time,” says Mr, Walmsley, “ for 
 the Manchester manufacturers to get their cotton 
 from Liverpool than it had done for the same bales to 
 come from America to England. The canal company, 
 strong in its monopoly of transit, took life easily, 
 
64 LIFE OF SIk JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 stored the bales on their arrival until their turn for 
 delivery came. No remonstrance could induce them 
 to add to their number of boats, or to increase their 
 speed, or reduce the rate of freights.” 
 
 Mr. Sanders was, as Mr. Walmsley records, the 
 first of our merchants who took up the scheme for 
 constructing a railway between Liverpool and Man- 
 chester. Gifted with energy, foresight, and tact, he 
 possessed in a higher degree than I ever met in any 
 man the power of personal influence. By him the 
 subscriptions for preliminary expenses were collected, 
 and to him the first great experiment owed its original 
 impulse. He never relaxed his efforts, though the 
 scheme encountered fierce opposition, till he brought 
 together a body of men fully competent to carry the 
 enterprise to a successful issue. Still more valuable 
 than his efforts to promote the railway scheme was 
 the moral support he gave George Stephenson at the 
 board. His firm friendship and absolute faith in him 
 inspired them with confidence, and that the directors 
 should believe in their engineer was the more im- 
 portant, for the reason of their own utter ignorance 
 of the details of the undertaking they had embarked 
 in. Doubts and difficulties were constantly arising, 
 which Stephenson’s lack of education disabled him 
 from grappling with. He had no doubts, but others 
 must be convinced, and the difficulty he had in ex- 
 

 
 OPPOSITION TO THE RAILWAY. 65 
 
 pressing himself so as to demonstrate to others the 
 feasibility of a scheme that was clear to his own 
 mind, rendered Sanders’ staunch consistent support 
 of the utmost value.” 
 
 We need do no more than refer to the various 
 interests that leasued themselves together against the 
 great railway innovation, or to the superstitious dread 
 with which it was regarded by many. The best 
 engineering capacity in the kingdom declared Mr. 
 Stephenson’s plan for uniting Liverpool and Man- 
 chester utterly impracticable. ‘The projected railway 
 must cross the heaving bog of Chatmoss, run through 
 the rock called Mount Olives, and be carried by 
 viaducts over rivers and valleys—in short, be driven 
 right through all that obstructed its progress. In the 
 face of such antagonism and such difficulties it was 
 most assuredly necessary that the directors should 
 feel confidence in their engineer, almost amounting to 
 blind faith. 
 
 “T had frequently heard,” says Sir Joshua, 
 “through Mr. Sanders of this singular man, who 
 though often at a loss how to demonstrate by 
 argument, had a homely mode of illustration of his 
 own, that sometimes threw a flood of light upon a 
 tedious discussion. For example, one day the board 
 had been divided on the question whether the train 
 should be drawn along or propelled from behind. 
 
 B 
 
66 §§ LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 Stephenson took a piece of white chalk, drew a line 
 on the table, fastened a bit of twine round the ink- 
 stand, and bade the directors try the experiment them- 
 selves, to push and then draw the bottle over the line, 
 and judge which was the easier mode of proceeding, 
 and which produced the least friction. The experiment 
 was conclusive. 
 
 “Curiosity induced me to make Mr. Stephenson’s 
 acquaintance. At that time I shared the fears of 
 those who regarded the railway scheme as Utopian, 
 but I soon learnt to have entire faith in Stephenson’s 
 genius, and better still, I learnt to love the man, to 
 revere his truthfulness and honesty, and value his 
 brave tender heart. A close friendship ensued ; we 
 spent much of our time together, and I never met a 
 truer friend, a more consistent man, or a more agree- 
 able companion. Our lives henceforth became in a 
 manner bound up together.” Further on Sir Joshua 
 says: ‘There was a zest about him, a rugged out- 
 spokenness, a flavour of pungent homely humour. 
 His speech was sharp and quick, his manner often 
 abrupt. What he said he asserted positively, laying 
 down the law. It was the self-reliance of a man 
 whom experience had taught to have faith in himself. 
 Sometimes this self-reliance might degenerate into 
 obstinacy, but it was the obstinacy of conviction, not 
 of conceit.” 
 
 Cre ee ee a 
 

 
 
 
 CHARACTERISTICS OF STEPHENSON. 67 
 
 This earnestness gave a freshness and simplicity 
 to Stephenson’s manner that inspired a feeling of 
 mingled tenderness and reverential enthusiasm in 
 those who knew him well. His very foibles were 
 dear to his friends; they were part of him, and all 
 
 his ways were expressive of the man. Lovingly 
 
 and respectfully they spoke of him as the “old man.” 
 “Tt was delightful to hear the old man converse on 
 subjects familiar to him,” says Sir Joshua, ‘ His 
 Northumbrian burr had a sort of cadence in it. He 
 was not a book-reading man, but Nature had kept her 
 book open for him to read, and every line of it he had 
 studied. Nothing escaped his keen eye out of doors. 
 He observed everything, and his memory was extra- 
 ordinary. What he had once seen or read he never 
 forgot. Geological strata, differences of soil, varieties 
 of cattle, the construction of a bird’s nest—all were 
 taken note of, all were thought over. ven on 
 questions relating to speculation on philosophy and 
 theology, his words gave evidence of deep meditation. 
 Geology was the topic he most delighted in. He 
 loved to dilate on the great age of the earth. He 
 had his hobbies and theories, some of the latter 
 strikinely profound. One was that trees were nou- 
 rished rather through their leaves than through their 
 roots. His theory about coal, that it contained within 
 
 itself the sun’s rays, as it were preserved, has become 
 F 2 
 
68 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 a received fact of science. On the subject of politics 
 he was generally reticent. He had a certain disdain 
 for it as a hopeless confusion, void of any law that he 
 could grasp. Philosophers and children alike found 
 delight in listening to him ; intellects in contact with 
 his felt the stimulus of his powerful mind, and hearts 
 felt refreshed by the simple poetry of his. It was 
 sincerity combined with genius that attracted men ; 
 and as for children, Stephenson had always a hospit- 
 able knee for them. It was a joyous sight,” continues 
 Sir Joshua, “to see the great engineer with young 
 people. ‘They would hold on to his hands, trot by 
 his side, or clamber about him as he taught them. He 
 would tell them of ‘ the birds,’ who next to them held 
 the warmest place in his heart, ‘ flying away when the 
 cold blast came, and coming again when the sun 
 shone.’ Taking up the most every-day manifestations 
 of Nature, a bit of chalk or quartz, he would, step by 
 step, lead them upwards with the most persuasive 
 arouments and illustrations, speaking to them of 
 nature in a way that made it a living book to them. 
 “In the early part of October, 1829,” proceeds 
 Mr. Walmsley, “came off the trial of the engines, 
 competing for the prize of five hundred pounds offered 
 by the railway directors for the best steam locomotive 
 manufactured in England. Rainhill was the scene of 
 the trial. A level piece of railway two miles long 
 
 : 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 TRIAL OF THE ENGINES. 69 
 
 was to be run over backwards and forwards twenty 
 times. Four engines entered the lists. Mr. Erickson’s 
 ‘Novelty, Mr. Hackworth’s ‘Nonpareil,’ Mr. Bus- 
 tall’s ‘ Perseverance,’ and Mr. Stephenson’s ‘ Rocket.’ 
 On the appointed day, crowds assembled to witness 
 the contest. The ‘Novelty’ was the first called 
 out. It was a beautiful piece of machinery to the 
 eye, but false in principle, and Mr. Stephenson knew 
 this. As he and I stood together alongside his trial 
 engine, someone who had witnessed the performance 
 of the ‘ Novelty’ came up breathless from the speed 
 at which he had run. ‘You are beaten, Stephenson,’ 
 he shouted out, ‘there’s no chance for the “ Rocket.” 
 The ‘“ Novelty” has surpassed all our expectations. 
 It has run at the rate of twenty-four miles an hour.’ 
 
 “< How many carriages were attached to it ?’ asked 
 Stephenson, quietly. 
 
 ““¢ None,’ was the reply. 
 
 “The ‘old man’ gave a low laugh, then patting 
 his engine with confiding affection, said : ‘Is that all? 
 The “ Rocket ” will go thirty miles an hour, carrying a 
 whole train behind it.’ 
 
 ‘‘When its turn came, the‘ Rocket’ fulfilled its 
 master’s expectations. The prize was won by 
 Stephenson.” 
 
 The 15th of September, 1830, at Liverpool, saw 
 
 the inauguration of a new order of things. It was 
 
70 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 a brilliant day. Flags were flying ; soldiers marching 
 to the strains of martial music, the sun shining on 
 their weapons and uniforms, and on the holiday garbs 
 and gear of the crowd; all going in the direction of 
 the new railway, leaving the streets of Liverpool to 
 unwonted silence and solitude. Mr. Walmsley had 
 gone with Mr. Stephenson. They were both expected 
 back in the afternoon, but the afternoon waned, and 
 still no sign of the returning spectators. No tidings 
 of the day’s events had come. Groups began to form 
 and rumours to fly vaguely. Messengers were 
 despatched and contradictory reports spread. Night 
 came at last, and with it the announcement of the 
 cruel tragedy which had inaugurated the day’s pro- 
 ceedings. Mr. Huskisson, the advocate in Parliament 
 of railways, had fallen a victim to the new order of 
 things. 
 
 Referring to Sir Joshua’s notes, we give his 
 account of this ill-omened tragedy. 
 
 “ Huskisson was in the train, the engine of which, 
 named the ‘Northumbrian,’ was driven by Stephen- 
 son. The Duke of Wellington was in the state 
 carriage. The accident occurred at Parkside, where 
 the ‘ Northumbrian’ had drawn up on a line of rail. 
 Here the eight trains that formed the procession were 
 to pass in review before the Duke. Already the 
 ‘Phoenix,’ driven by Robert Stephenson, and the 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 

 
 
 
 THE TRAGIC ACCIDENT TO HUSKISSON. 71 
 
 “North Star’ had passed. There was to be an interval 
 of a few moments, and then the ‘ Rocket,’ driven by 
 Mr. Locke, was expected. The excitement was im- 
 mense, In spite of the placards warning passengers 
 not to quit their carriages, men found it impossible 
 to sit still—they got out to talk. The Duke of 
 Wellington, seeing Mr. Huskisson standing on the 
 bank close to the line, held out his hand to him; 
 while they were shaking hands a shout rose from the 
 guards, and was taken up all along the line, ‘Get 
 in, getin!’ A train rushed past; the passengers in 
 the carriages half thrust themselves out of the 
 windows. Someone had been knocked down. ‘The 
 ‘ Rocket’ passed on, and a mangled body was dragged 
 from off the rails. It was Mr. Huskisson! The 
 pageant, the triumph, was now turned into a funeral 
 procession. Stephenson drove the dying man to 
 Kecles, putting his engine to its highest speed. ‘The 
 Duke of Wellington and his colleagues wished to 
 return at once, but the directors, fearing the damage 
 that the panic would cause to the railway interest 
 if the ‘Northumbrian’ did not get to Manchester, 
 persuaded them to go on. At Manchester, the scene 
 was very different from that which Liverpool had 
 presented in the morning. At Liverpool, thousands 
 in holiday gear had cheered the departing train ; at 
 Manchester, thousands greeted its arrival with hootings. 
 
oem LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 A public demonstration had been got up against the 
 Duke of Wellington, who was at the head of that 
 active determined Tory party opposing Parliamentary 
 reform, and Manchester had no representative in 
 Parliament. Brickbats and stones were flung at us. 
 The Iron Duke bore the attack with consummate 
 indifference, and thus the journey and inauguration 
 closed in painful contrast with its outset. 
 
 “Tragic as was the occasion, Stephenson could 
 not resist a quiet thrill of satisfaction as he remarked 
 to me, on returning to Liverpool, that the ‘ North- 
 umbrian’ ‘had driven Mr. Huskisson to Eecles at the 
 rate of forty miles an hour. Five years ago, he 
 added, ‘my own counsel thought me fit for Bedlam 
 for asserting that steam could impel locomotives at 
 the rate of ten miles an hour.’ 
 
 “Mr. Huskisson was buried on the 24th of 
 September, at St. James’ Cemetery. People then 
 remembered that. when he opened the burial-ground, 
 one short year before, he had been so impressed by 
 the beauty of the site and the stillness of the place, 
 that he remarked to those around him that, when his 
 hour came, he would like this burial-ground to be 
 his final resting-place. And there they now laid 
 him.” 
 
 We next come to the account of an enterprise, 
 the course of which illustrates George Stephenson’s 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 PURCHASE OF THE SNIBSTONE ESTATE. 73 
 
 extraordinary tenacity of purpose and Sir Joshua's 
 unwavering faith in him: 
 
 “When Robert Stephenson was superintending 
 the construction of the Leicester and Swanington 
 Railway, he came to the conclusion that coal was to 
 be found in the Snibstone Estate, near Ashby, which 
 was then in the market. His father concurred in his 
 belief. A close observation of the surrounding country 
 brought home the certainty to him that rich beds of 
 unworked coal lay beneath the corn and turnip fields 
 of Snibstone. 
 
 “Stephenson bought the estate, and then invited 
 Mr. Sanders and me to take shares in the undertaking. 
 We relied so implicitly on -his judgment that we 
 at once complied. The sinking began. One day 
 Stephenson was superintending the work, when a 
 farmer came to him: 
 
 “*T thought as much, sir,’ he said, looking at the 
 preparations made; ‘I thought you were after coal, 
 but you did not know that we have tried that dodge 
 already and failed.’ The man evidently relished the 
 manner in which the landowner had got the better of 
 the engineer. 
 
 “*QOh!’ replied Stephenson, in his deliberate way, 
 ‘I thought as much; I saw your old workings away 
 yonder. And what made you fail, mon; what beat 
 you?’ 
 
74 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 “<«Qnly a river of water, that you'll come to,’ 
 replied the farmer, laughing. 
 
 “*You're easily beaten, mon,’ said Stephenson, 
 pointing to some pumping-engines and a mass of cast- 
 iron tubbing, prepared in anticipation of such an 
 eventuality. ‘We don’t care for your river,’ he 
 added, with a humorous twinkle in his eye and a 
 slight increase of the burr. 
 
 ‘The next time the farmer came to look at the 
 works, he found all had come to pass as Stephenson 
 had anticipated. The water had burst into the shaft, 
 but it had been pumped up and beaten back by the 
 process called ‘tubbing,’ practised at that time in 
 the Northumbrian mines only. 7 
 
 ‘“‘So far Stephenson was victorious, but a greater 
 difficulty was ahead; one that it was impossible to 
 have foreseen, and which most men would have con- 
 sidered insuperable. A bed of green-stone, hard as 
 granite, of unknown thickness, ran right through the 
 land that the shaft now pierced. The contiguity of 
 the estate to the Forest Rocks rendered this obstacle 
 all the more serious, in that its thickness could not 
 be estimated. Stephenson examined the unlooked-for 
 obstacle, declared that it was but an overlap of green- 
 stone, and persisted in asserting that coal lay below. 
 They set to work again—Stephenson confidently, and 
 I with unshaken faith in him, Mr, Sanders in this 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 FAITH IN STHPHENSON’S GENIUS. 75. 
 
 instance did not share my faith. The process of 
 boring was distressingly slow. Only a few inches 
 could be pierced through daily. Sanders loudly pro- 
 tested, declaring the enterprise foolhardy. Stephenson 
 was hurt. He could not demonstrate the existence of 
 coal, he could only reiterate his assertion that it was 
 there. With almost childish petulance he would 
 entreat me not to allow Sanders to write to him; 
 repeating, in his letter to me, ‘That coal is there, on 
 one side, coming close up to the Forest Rocks, and 
 extending in the opposite direction. This obstruction 
 is but an overlap of stone. Success will come if we 
 will but persevere.’ Desirous of letting the ‘old 
 man’ work on, unshackled by criticism, I offered at 
 this crisis to buy up Mr. Sanders’ share. ‘This offer 
 testifying my confidence in the enterprise, removed 
 his doubts, and he declined to sell out. Stephenson 
 never forgot the reliance I showed him on this occa- 
 sion. For many months we still bored on, without 
 coming to coal. I confess the sight of the cold green- 
 stone sometimes chilled my heart. Then I would ask: 
 ‘Well, George, do you think you will ever come to 
 coal ?’ 
 
 “*T’ve no doubt of overcoming all difficulties,’ the 
 ‘old man’ would answer, with such quiet confidence 
 that all my doubts would vanish. After nine or 
 ten months the reward came, the green-stone was 
 
70. LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 pierced through and a rich bed of coal was found 
 beneath. 
 
 ‘‘ Another curious incident belongs to this story of 
 the Snibstone mine. The original purchase had only 
 included some seven hundred acres of land. Stephen- 
 son asserted that a coal bed extended over at least 
 six hundred acres more. Just as the agreement to 
 work the main seam was being completed, it struck 
 Stephenson that other beds besides the main seam 
 might exist. 
 
 ‘““« What if such prove the case?’ he asked the 
 owner. | 
 
 «Pay for the main seam, which you know exists, 
 and you are welcome to all you find besides,’ said 
 the landlord. 
 
 “«Have you any objection to insert this in the 
 agreement ?’ asked Stephenson. 
 
 ‘“* Not in the least !’ replied the landlord, laughing, 
 ‘and I'll only ask from you a peppercorn rent for 
 ninety-nine years.’ | | 
 
 ‘This was done, and subsequently fourteen seams 
 of coal were found, which under the agreement became 
 
 the property of the partners.” 
 
 | There is a portrait of Mr. Stephenson in the 
 collection bequeathed by Sir Joshua Walmsley to the 
 South Kensington Museum. It was taken some 
 years after their first acquaintance by Mr. Daniel, 
 
 
 

 
 PORTRAIT OF STEPHENSON. 77 
 an artist from whom Sir Joshua expected great 
 things. 
 
 It represents a spare elderly man sitting very 
 upright, as was Stephenson’s wont—active, obser- 
 vant, shrewd. It is a kindly face, cuileless, yet with 
 rare acuteness stamped upon it. Friends smile when 
 they look upon it, for it is the faithful representation 
 of the great and simple man they loved, who in age 
 and success never lost the quiet zest for natural 
 things he imbibed in the unconventional life of his 
 
 childhood and youth. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Municipal Life—Municipal Reform Bil—Election of Mr. Walmsley 
 and of nearly all the Liberal Candidates to the Town Council 
 —Local Reform Measures—Police Education—Mr. Walmsley’s 
 Report on the appalling State of Crime—Treated with In- 
 credulity—Committee of Inquiry—Report proved not to be 
 exaggerated—Hesitation to publish a Report so derogatory 
 
 -to Liverpool— Meeting of the British Association— Mr. 
 Walmsley’s Paper on the State of Crime and its Causes—Bad 
 Effects shown of the Cellars of Liverpool—An Act passed for 
 their Condemnation—Reform of the Police—Complaints of 
 the Publicans—Deputation to Mr. Walmsley as Chairman 
 of the Watch Committee—His successful Expostulations— 
 Decrease of Crime. 
 
 In December, 1835, municipal affairs were creating 
 much stir in Liverpool. The Municipal Reform Bill 
 had become law in the preceding September, sweeping 
 away all close corporations and restoring to the 
 citizens their ancient municipal rights. The Corpora- 
 tion of Liverpool, which had usurped these privileges 
 since the twenty-sixth year of the reign of Elizabeth, 
 had been composed of forty-one self-elected members, 
 altogether irresponsible in their management of local 
 transactions. Freemen alone had the right of voting 
 
 
 

 
 MUNICIPAL REFORM BILL. 79 
 
 for the mayor and electing the member to represent 
 the borough in Parliament. Accordingly, the Liver- 
 pool corporation strenuously opposed the passage of 
 the Municipal Reform Bill. It petitioned Parliament 
 to be heard in its defence against the report of the 
 commissioners on the state of municipal bodies, but 
 the Legislature paid no heed to its prayer and made 
 no exemption in favour of the borough. Henceforth 
 every ratepayer who had resided three years in the 
 town was entitled to have a voice in its government. 
 The town itself was divided into sixteen wards, each 
 ward to elect three councillors. Mr. Walmsley was 
 invited to stand for Castle Street, and in his address 
 to the electors he stated his tenets. “The principles 
 I shall advocate at the board will be based upon my 
 earnest conviction that civil and religious liberty is 
 most consistent with Christianity, and I hold that the 
 interests of mankind are best advanced by the man 
 whose conduct in social life shows him to be guided 
 by the rule of doing unto others as he would they 
 should do to him. My support,” he continued, “shall 
 be given to measures having for object the distribution 
 of equal privileges, the reduction of local burdens, the 
 extension of education, and the employment of the 
 corporation funds in a way that may best conduce to 
 the improvement of the town.” 
 
 The election took place amid considerable excite- 
 
80 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 ment. The first return showed the Liberals at the 
 head of the poll in Castle Street Ward, Mr. Walmsley 
 heading the list. At half-past four, Mr. James 
 Branker announced the result. Forty-three out of 
 forty-eight councillors were Liberals. Henceforth 
 Mr. Walmsley’s position was no longer merely that 
 of the private citizen amassing wealth for himself and 
 family—he was a member of a body on whom devolved 
 the duty of legislating for the general good. As 
 member of the watch committee, he noticed that 
 though the “Old Charlies” had nominally disappeared, - 
 and had been replaced by one hundred and thirty 
 watchmen with superintendents and inspectors, they 
 were for the most part aged and inefficient, nor were 
 they worked on the crime-preventive principle. 
 
 The plan laid before the council for the new 
 police was modelled on Sir Robert Peel’s organisation 
 of that of the metropolis. Let us leave Mr. Walmsley 
 to speak for himself as to the manner in which he 
 took the lead in this. 
 
 ‘“T resolved to arouse public attention and stimu- 
 late public opinion to the pitch necessary for vigorous 
 and decisive action. To do this I set about exploring 
 through all their ramifications the dens of crime in 
 the borough. My position enabled me to command 
 the aid necessary for this purpose. It was a loath- 
 some task to undertake, but I pursued it to the end, 
 
 
 

 
 HUNTING OUT CRIME. 81 
 
 hunting vice through all its windings till I traced 
 it to its nurseries, and it was often at the risk of 
 personal danger that I made this survey. Many a 
 time, too, have I felt a sickening recoil as the 
 mournful and appalling spectacle unrolled itself 
 before me. I saw for myself how gradual and easy 
 was the descent to crime, how bright-faced boys 
 became trained thieves in time. I saw with what 
 facility stolen property could be converted into 
 money. I entered mean obscure shops in by-streets 
 and lanes, where rags and secondhand dresses were 
 exhibited in the windows, and in the back rooms 
 of which glittered the booty the receivers had bought 
 from thieves. I went down into damp, dark cellars, 
 unfit for human habitations, where men and women 
 lived huddled together. These were necessarily the 
 head-quarters of disease and crime. Step by step, I 
 collected my information, and accumulated proofs of 
 my assertions ; ‘then I embodied the whole in writing, 
 and laid it before the municipal board. 
 
 ““When I read my report on the state of crime 
 in Liverpool, the council refused to believe it. The 
 amount of vice in the town, I calculated, cost society 
 upwards of seven hundred thousand pounds to main- 
 tain. There were more than two thousand notorious 
 male thieves, besides twelve hundred boys under 
 
 fifteen. There were several hundred receivers of 
 G 
 
82 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 stolen goods. Some laughed at the report, deeming 
 such a state of things impossible, others contended 
 that it must be founded on: mistaken statistics. The 
 matter might have dropped here, but I demanded a 
 committee of inquiry, and it was granted. The result 
 was such as I had anticipated. I had understated 
 rather than overstated my case. ‘There was no over- 
 colouring in the picture. 
 
 “A discussion ensued in the town council as to 
 whether the report should be published. Some feared 
 that 1t would fix a stigma upon Liverpool ; others, on 
 the contrary, maintained that it would redound to its 
 credit, as being the first town that had boldly con- 
 fronted the evil. It was finally decided that five 
 hundred copies should be printed. ‘The subject was 
 taken up and was much talked about, not only in 
 Liverpool, but in other places, and the statements 
 it contained appeared so incredible that again doubt 
 was thrown upon its veracity.” 
 
 An eminent member of the British Association, 
 taking a decided stand against it, afforded Mr. 
 Walmsley the opportunity he sought. He wished 
 to secure publicity to his report; to show that crime 
 is for the most part the result of wretchedness and 
 ignorance, from -whose taint many might be rescued 
 if a proper system of police existed. At the following 
 year’s meeting of the Association in Liverpool, he read 
 
 
 

 
 IMPROVEMENT OF THE POLICE FORCE. 83 
 
 a paper in which again he discussed the state of crime 
 in the town. He dwelt upon the pernicious effects of 
 cellars crowded with human beings, and called atten- 
 tion to the thousands of such cellars that existed in 
 Liverpool. Hvidence was there to support his state- 
 ments. It is sufficient to chronicle as one result of 
 his efforts in this direction, that an Act of Parlia- 
 ment was passed, and the cellars of Liverpool were 
 condemned. | 
 
 “] was now appointed,” says Mr. Walmsley, “chair- 
 man of the Watch Committee. Wifty-three only of 
 the old watchmen were retained. Two hundred and 
 eighty new men were added to the force, under the 
 orders of one head-constable, responsible for the con- 
 duct of the whole body, and having under him a 
 staft of superintendents and inspectors. Mr. James 
 Michael Whitty, late superintendent of the night watch, 
 was appointed head-constable. His tact and experience 
 greatly aided me in framing a code of rules and regu- 
 lations that have stood the test of practice. To give 
 the new force a sense of the dignity of its otlice was 
 my first care. Superannuated and infirm men were 
 no longer to fill its ranks. Hach member of it was to 
 be a picked man, bearing a high character before being 
 enrolled. It was trained to be preventive so far as was 
 involved in its being directed to watch closely all that 
 
 had a tendency to corrupt morals. It took me three 
 G2 
 
84. LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 years to mature a code of reculations, and personally to 
 inspect the carrying out of its details. Many hours 
 of the day, and frequently large portions of the night, 
 I devoted to the task.” 
 
 From Mr. Whitty’s own lips we have noted down 
 the following testimony of Mr. Walmsley’s services in 
 the organisation of the police. “I had practically 
 studied the question, and was thoroughly acquainted 
 with what ought to be done. Mr. Walmsley knew 
 this, and listened to me with great deference, soon 
 mastering all details as thoroughly as I did; so that 
 when the new police was to be formed he became 
 chairman of the watch committee. No abler man 
 ever presided. He was indefatigable, and used to go 
 his rounds with me night and day, taking great 
 interest in the efficiency and discipline of the force. 
 There was a strong opposition on the part of the mob, 
 but gradually we overcame all difficulties. The police 
 of Liverpool was established. It was regulated for the 
 most part on the same principle as the London 
 constabulary, but fewer men did the work better. 
 Other towns sent down inspectors to obtain infor- 
 mation, but very few succeeded in mastering its 
 details. The Liverpool police force was the first 
 established out of London, and Mr. Walmsley mainly 
 contributed to this.” | 
 
 One incident will show how Mr. Walmsley met 
 
 
 

 
 INTERVIEW WITH THE PUBLICANS. 85 
 
 the opposition of those hostile to the new system. 
 No attempt to reform the morals and ‘condition of the 
 lower classes can ever be effectual, that does not 
 include the surveillance of public-houses. The new 
 police force was authorised to enforce very stringent 
 regulations. The enemies of the reform council 
 declared this an insult to the trade, and an infraction 
 of justice by the municipality. The publicans 
 announced their intention to convene a meeting to 
 protest against the tyranny of the new police, and to 
 censure the watch committee. 
 
 Before the day appointed for the meeting, at 
 Mr. Walmsley’s invitation, a deputation of publicans 
 waited upon him. He listened to the tale of their 
 supposed grievances. In his answer he at once 
 touched the right chord, appealing to their sense of 
 right. In the words of the publican who related the 
 interview : “ Mr. Walmsley showed us that there ought 
 to be no divided interests in a town, that each class of 
 civilised society depends on the other. He pointed out 
 the great injury done to morals by disorderly public- 
 houses, making us ashamed of our opposition to the 
 police, and changing it into a desire to co-operate 
 with it, in putting down customs that were a 
 disgrace to the trade.” The deputation left with a 
 sense that they had been practised upon by those who 
 persuaded them that publicans were specially oppressed. 
 
86 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 When the day appointed for the meeting came 
 round to publicly protest against the new police force, 
 to censure its organiser, the purport of the assembly 
 was changed. The few promoters who spoke only 
 did so to withdraw their names. Hearty praise was 
 given to Mr. Walmsley, and before separating, the 
 meeting passed a resolution “ that all publicans would. 
 henceforth join to help the police in the fulfilment of 
 its duties.” 
 
 The diminution of crime in Liverpool at the close 
 of the first year was the best answer that could be 
 made to the attacks on the police. The learned 
 Recorder, on the occasion of the quarter sessions, 
 October, 1836, congratulated the jury upon the 
 present calendar not containing a moiety of the cases 
 set down for trial that did that of the previous year. 
 He ascribed this result to the new police force, 
 organised in the town and trained on the principle of 
 prevention. The grand jury made a presentment 
 recording its high approval of the new system, of the 
 way each man brought before the jury had given 
 evidence, and the activity displayed in the detection 
 
 and suppression of crime. 
 
 
 

 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Proposal to adopt the Irish Government System of Education as 
 originated by Mr. Stanley (afterwards Lord Derby) and Arch- 
 bishop Whately—Violent Outery—Pulpit Denunciations— 
 clerical Misrepresentation— Mr. Walmsley’s Surprise at a 
 Clerical Misstatement—Town Council agitated—Proposal to 
 abolish the System opposed by Rathbone, Blackburn, and 
 Walmsley—Resolution to maintain the “Mixed System”—The 
 Rev. J. Carruthers’ Report that the Bible was not excluded 
 and the Children’s Biblical Knowledge extraordinary—A Rock 
 ahead. 
 
 On the eve of the termination of the reform council’s 
 first year in office, when, according to a clause of the 
 Municipal Reform Bill, sixteen of its members were 
 to go out, Mr. Walmsley read a paper, entitled, 
 “What has the new council done?” In it he passed 
 im review the abuses that had been found prevalent, 
 and the Acts that had been framed. Notwithstanding 
 the difficulties with which it had to contend, the 
 Council had effected a saving to the borough fund of 
 ten thousand pounds per annum. In this paper he 
 also expounded the system by which the Educational 
 Committee had opened the Corporation schools to 
 all sects and denominations. 
 
88 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 Let us glance at this act of the council, one 
 that raised a storm in Liverpool, the like of which 
 had not been known. Mr. William Rathbone and 
 Mr. Blackburn took the lead in the movement. 
 Mr. Walmsley devoted to it what time he could spare 
 from the arduous task of reforming the police. 
 
 The feeling that impelled the Educational Com- 
 mittee to advocate the adoption in the Corporation 
 schools of the Irish system of education, was awakened 
 by the spectacle of the multitude of children in 
 Liverpool debarred from every chance of instruction. 
 The report drawn up by the committee showed that 
 besides numerous Dissenters, there were sixty thousand 
 poor Irish Catholics in the town. The old corporation 
 had quietly ignored this alien population, but threw 
 open the doors of the Corporation schools to children 
 of all sects, provided they attended the services of the 
 Established Church, used the authorised edition of the 
 Bible, and the Church Catechism. This virtually 
 closed these schools against the Irish, The new 
 council maintained that the State had the same 
 responsibility as regards these children as it had 
 towards others; and the Educational Committee drew 
 out a plan from that of the:Honourable Mr. Stanley, 
 Secretary for Ireland in 1831, Dr. Whately, and 
 others, for the education of the Irish poor. Early in 
 July, the committee laid its scheme before the 
 
 
 

 
 OUTCRY OF THE HNGLISH CLERGY. 89 
 
 council. The schools were to open at 9 A.M. with the 
 singing of a hymn. ‘The books of the Irish Com- 
 mission were to be used. Clergymen of every de- 
 nomination were invited to attend at the hour set 
 apart for the religious instruction of the children 
 
 of the various sects. The town council unanimously 
 
 adopted the plan and made it public. 
 
 The storm now burst over Liverpool, and crowded 
 meetings were held at the amphitheatre and elsewhere, 
 to protest against the Act, and to promote the erection 
 and endowment of other schools, where the unmu- 
 tilated Bible would form a compulsory part of every 
 child’s education. In vain the council invited its 
 accusers to come and see for themselves, the un- 
 mutilated Bible forming part of the daily education. 
 The cry continued to be raised by the clergy, and to 
 be loudly echoed by their agitated flocks. 
 
 “ Dissenting and Roman Catholic clergymen 
 came,’ said Mr. Walmsley, “eagerly, to teach the 
 children of their respective flocks during the hour 
 appointed for religious instruction; but with the 
 exception of the Rev. James Aspinall; the English 
 clergy stood obstinately aloof. Soon, in addition to 
 the meetings, the walls were placarded with great 
 posters, signed by clergymen. These exhorted parents 
 not to send their children to the Corporation schools, 
 
 promising them the speedy opening of others, where 
 
90 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 the unmutilated Word of God should be taught. — 
 Some of the lower classes maltreated children on their 
 way to the schools, pelted and hooted members of 
 the committee as they passed. The characters of 
 Mr. Blackburn, Mr. Rathbone, and my own were 
 daily assailed in pulpits and social gathermgs. Still 
 we persevered, answering at public meetings the 
 charges brought against us, and inviting our detractors 
 to come and visit the schools. So particular was the 
 Educational Committee that each child should be 
 taught according to the creed of its parents, that 
 every sect seemed represented. I remember one 
 child, on being asked the invariable question on 
 entering the schools, to what persuasion her parents 
 belonged, answered, to the ‘New Church.’ We were 
 puzzled to know what the ‘New Church’ was; it 
 proved to be Swedenborgian. She was the single 
 lamb belonging to this fold, yet a teacher of her creed 
 was found ready to undertake her education.” To 
 illustrate to what degree fanaticism blunts the moral 
 sense of those who blindly surrender themselves to its 
 influence, we quote the following fact : 
 
 “ One day, when the hour of religious instruction 
 had come, a clergyman of preponderating influence 
 entered the schoolroom of the North School. The 
 large room was divided into two compartments by a 
 curtain drawn across 1t; on one side were the Roman 
 
 
 
CLERICAL FANATICISM AND SIMPLE TRUTH. 91 
 
 4 
 
 Catholics, on the other were the Protestants. The 
 latter, divided into several groups, were gathered 
 round different teachers. My wife, who seconded 
 with all her heart this scheme of liberal education, 
 was a daily visitor in the North School. She taught a 
 class there—the Church Catechism and lessons from the 
 authorised version of the Scriptures. The clergyman 
 made the circuit of the room, passing near each group. 
 He at last approached my wife’s class and lingered 
 near it. The lesson was taken from the Scriptures. 
 It was no class-book of Biblical extracts she was using, 
 but the Bible as it is used in the Protestant Church. 
 The reverend visitor listened to the questions put and 
 answers given, and to the children reciting their 
 verses. The following Sunday my wife and I went to 
 ehurch. The preacher that day proved to be the 
 clereyman who had a few days before visited the 
 school. The sermon was eloquent, and, as usual, was 
 directed against the spread of Liberalism and the 
 ‘Radical council.’ In the midst of the torrent of 
 denunciation the preacher emphatically asserted that, 
 some days before, he had visited the Corporation 
 schools in the hour of religious instruction, and that 
 no Bible was in use during that time.” 
 
 As the period drew nigh for the November election 
 to replace the retiring third of the council, the religious 
 zeal of the town burned higher. To the imagination 
 
92 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 of frightened Protestants, the Conservatives presented 
 themselves in the reassuring réle of ‘ Defenders of the 
 Faith.” They played the part so well that seven 
 Tories replaced seven of the sixteen Liberal councillors 
 who had retired. 
 
 Matters had now reached such a pitch that, at the 
 next meeting of the board, Mr. Birch moved that the 
 schools be discontinued, the property sold, and the 
 Corporation trouble itself no more with the question 
 of education. The proposition was so unexpected 
 that the debate upon the motion was’adjourned for a 
 fortnight. 
 
 When the day for the debate arrived, the Educa- 
 tional Committee were ready to meet their oppo- 
 nents. In long and able speeches, Mr. Rathbone and 
 Mr. Blackburn met and refuted every objection. They 
 sketched the history of the mixed system of education, 
 showed its essential fitness to the requirements of 
 Liverpool, where the number of Catholics and Dis- 
 senters rendered the question of education as knotty 
 to solve as the Government had found it to be in 
 Ireland. They described the difficulties they had 
 already surmounted, and earnestly pleaded that no 
 change should be introduced into the committee’s 
 plans until fair time for trial had been allowed it. 
 Mr. Walmsley also spoke. He made no attempt to 
 refute the quibbling assertions advanced against the 
 
 
 

 
 MIXED SYSTHM IN SCHOOLS CONTINUED. 93-. 
 
 system, but he went straight to the heart of the 
 subject, to the humanity and justice that were the 
 very core of it. This was no political or party 
 question, but one in the decision of which the moral 
 training and future welfare of a number of children 
 were involved. He showed that one thousand three 
 hundred children were daily taught in the schools; if 
 the majority were Catholics, it proved only their 
 ereater need of schools. ‘The result of giving them 
 up,” he said, “would be to give up to vice and 
 ignorance children whose hopes we have raised towards 
 better things. It has truly been said that ‘he who 
 retards the progress of intellect countenances crime, 
 and is to the State the greatest criminal.’ ” 
 
 By a large majority of votes, the council decreed 
 that the mixed system should be continued in the 
 schools. 
 
 In the month of August, 1837, Mr. Wilderspin, to 
 whom the committee had entrusted their arrange- 
 ment and organisation, announced that his work 
 was finished. Before retiring, he wished an examina- 
 tion to take place of all the scholars. Clergy- 
 men attended to put the little Protestants through a 
 sifting and trying ordeal. The result of this trial will 
 be best expressed in an extract from a letter of the 
 Rey. J. Carruthers. 
 
 “The examination proves that the teaching given 
 
94: LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 is not of a secular kind, but on the contrary embraces 
 an amount of instruction far exceeding what is 
 usual in either public or private seminaries. The 
 Bible is not excluded, is not a sealed book. The 
 amount and accuracy of Biblical knowledge possessed 
 is astonishing.” 
 
 Thus the children silenced by their answers the 
 cry raised against the mutilation of the Scriptures. 
 The innocent replies proved better than could the 
 ablest defence, in what spirit the Educational Com- 
 mittee had worked, and in what spirit their enemies 
 had judged their efforts. 
 
 Before separating, the audience who had been 
 present, and who for the most part had come to 
 criticise, united in passing a vote of thanks and con- 
 eratulation to the Educational Committee for the work 
 they had done, and for the excellent state of the 
 schools. 
 
 We have dwelt at some length on this attempt of 
 the council to establish a free and religious scheme of 
 education in Liverpool, for it was destined to prove 
 the rock ahead on which Liberalism was to split. 
 
 
 

 
 CHAPTER X, 
 
 Tradesmen’s Reform Association—Political Banquet—Death of 
 William IV.—General Election—Contest in Liverpool—The 
 big Loaf and the little Loaf—Defeat of the Liberals—Mr. 
 Walmsley’s Activity—His Example well supplemented by the 
 Reform Association—Mr. Walmsley proposed for Mayor. 
 
 At this period the scheme for the foundation of the 
 Tradesmen’s Reform Association was conceived by 
 Mr. Walmsley, and thirty of the leading reformers of 
 the town entering into his views, the new society 
 drew up its declaration of principles. Its public 
 career was inaugurated by a banquet given to the 
 Liberal member, Mr. Ewart. Great enthusiasm pre- 
 vailed, the guests exceeding by many hundreds any 
 similar demonstration. ‘The Association soon became 
 recognised as an important political body, and its 
 numbers increased until there were two thousand five 
 hundred names on its muster-roll. Its committee, 
 formed of three representatives from each of the 
 sixteen wards of the town, met weekly, while some 
 of the leading reformers of Liverpool became its 
 sub-presidents. 
 
96 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 As president, it was Mr. Walmsley’s custom to 
 address the monthly meetings, in a speech wherein he 
 handled the leading political questions of the day— 
 the Ballot Bill, laid by Mr. Grote before Parliament, 
 the Irish Municipal Bill, and especially the Repeal of 
 the Corn Laws. This address was followed by public 
 discussion. ‘The Tradesmen’s Reform Association was 
 destined to fail, however, in the first object for which 
 it was formed, namely, to secure a Liberal represen- _ 
 tation for Liverpool. In June, 1838, William IV. 
 died, and the country was plunged into the turmoil of 
 a general election. 
 
 On the result of the forthcoming contest throughout 
 the kingdom, Mr. Walmsley considered the fate of the 
 Corn Laws depended. Empowered by the General and 
 Tradesmen’s Reform Associations to select a second 
 Liberal candidate to stand with Mr. Ewart for Liver- 
 pool, he singled out Mr. Elphinstone, an uncom- 
 promising advocate of free trade. A requisition with 
 four or five thousand signatures appended was 
 forwarded to Mr. Elphinstone. No candidate had 
 ever been solicited by so many voices to stand for the 
 borough. ‘The public meetings at the Amphitheatre, 
 addressed by Mr. Walmsley, were crowded. All the 
 indications tended to confirm his anticipations that 
 Liverpool would certainly send to Parliament two re- 
 formers ready to fight for the abolition of all monopolies. 
 
 
 

 
 ACTIVITY OF THE TORIES. om 
 
 The Tories, however, were equally zealous in their 
 efforts to secure the representation of the town. They 
 continued to play. their part of Defenders of the Faith, 
 generally winding up their public meetings with three 
 cheers for the Bible ; while, on the other hand, a vague 
 notion dominated the uneducated mind that popery 
 or infidelity was a latent element in that heavily- 
 laden word Liberalism. In the taverns, the country 
 people, as they smoked their pipes and drank their 
 beer, declared that the Liberals were enemies to the 
 Word of God! 
 
 On the 24th July, the election took place. Con- 
 spicuous in this pageantry of ribbons and flags were 
 the blue colours of the Tradesmen’s Reform Associa- 
 tion. The Tories’ procession was headed by a wooden 
 Bible, carried aloft in full view of the crowd. The 
 Liberals adopted for their device a loaf, bounteous in 
 size, as one manufactured in the land of Brobdingnag, 
 and a Lilliputian loaf contrasting with it. The big 
 loaf was dubbed the “ Ewart and Elphinstone loaf,” 
 the small loaf the ‘“‘Sandon loaf.” Beer flowed freely, 
 and in due course the streets of Liverpool be- 
 came the scene of rioting and violence. Mr. Whitty 
 brought out his men, who valiantly strove to 
 restore order, he directing the movement of his 
 troops like a general on a battlefield. The final 
 state of the poll showed the defeat of the Liberal 
 
 H 
 
98 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 candidates, and the victory of Lord Sandon and 
 Mr. Cresswell. 
 
 “The failure of the Liberals greatly discouraged 
 me,’ says Sir Joshua, ‘ but it also made me resolve to 
 work all the more strenuously to disseminate educa- 
 tion amongst my fellow-citizens.” “We must, more 
 than the Tories,” he said at the first meeting of the 
 Association after the Parliamentary defeat, “‘ work for 
 the diffusion of knowledge; and by establishing 
 reading-rooms on a scale commensurate with that of 
 the Association, offer to the humblest member that 
 which, while tending to strengthen conviction of the 
 justice of our principles, will make him a wiser citizen 
 and a better man.” 
 
 This plan of forming libraries, and of inviting 
 down eminent lecturers, was carried out. 
 
 Notwithstanding its failure to return a Liberal 
 representative for Liverpool, the Tradesmen’s Reform 
 Association did not lose influence in the town. Its 
 president had many friends and many enemies. We 
 find his name loudly called for at all Liberal public 
 meetings, and his words attentively followed. We 
 also find him abused in the columns of the Tory 
 papers. Under his leadership the Tradesmen’s Reform 
 Association became a recognised central power, to 
 which the inhabitants looked for the removal of any 
 local oppression. _ : 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 ANHCDOTE OF WALMSLEY. 99 
 
 We must not overlook the public duties Mr. 
 Walmsley during this time performed as councillor. 
 He continued to be chairman of the Watch Com- 
 mittee, he was appointed member of the Dock Trust 
 and Pilot Committee, the Finance and Improvement 
 Committees. He became president of the Educational 
 Committee. Of his energy and fitness we have 
 the following testimony from one who worked 
 with him: “Mr. Walmsley’s prompt business-like 
 determination never came out to better purpose, 
 making him the leading member of whatever com- 
 mittee he attended. He neglected no detail, and no 
 inquiry was too trifling or too irksome for him to 
 enter into.” 
 
 The following anecdote, given to us by Mr. Tindal 
 Atkinson, secretary to the Association, illustrates the 
 inteerity of spirit which ever actuated Mr. Walmsley : 
 “The general monthly meeting of the Association 
 was at hand; as secretary I received due notice to 
 prepare the minutes and accounts to be laid before the 
 members. Weighted with much occupation, the time 
 slipped by unnoticed, and the appointed day came 
 round before I had drawn up the required paper. I 
 knew, however, I could rely upon my memory, and 
 on the night in question I fearlessly occupied my 
 place on the platform, by the president’s side. When 
 
 my turn came to speak I rose, took a blank sheet of 
 H 2 
 
100 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 paper, and proceeding apparently to read from it, 
 gave a detailed and very exact report of the doings 
 and the expenditure of the Association. On resuming 
 my seat, Mr. Walmsley, very quietly, in a low voice, 
 said: ‘Very clever, Atkinson, very clever indeed ; 
 but do not repeat it, or “never more be officer of 
 mine.”’ I never forgot the impression those few words 
 made upon me.” 
 
 In November, 1838, Mr. Walmsley’s turn for 
 retiring from the council board came round. An 
 address, signed by the majority of the burgesses, 
 urgently requested him to allow himself to be re- 
 nominated. The address thanked him for the services 
 he had rendered in the establishment and reorganisa- 
 tion of the police, and the indefatigable manner in 
 which he had discharged the various and important 
 duties of the different committees in the council. Mr. 
 Walmsley, accepting to stand, was re-elected to the 
 Castle Street ward without opposition ; no Tory candi- 
 date ventured to put up for a ward so thoroughly 
 devoted to one of the leading reformers of the town. 
 “Who is to occupy the civic chair for the ensuing 
 year?” asks The Liverpool Mercury of the 9th 
 November. ‘We know not. If it goes by desert, 
 if it is to be determined by real and substantial 
 services rendered to the cause of reform, there is one 
 man whose zeal, energy, and ability entitle him to 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 NEWSPAPER HULOGY. 101 
 
 such a compliment from the hands of his fellow-towns- 
 men; and, whatever may be thought of the matter in 
 the council, we are quite sure that the great body'of 
 reformers out of doors will be very much disappointed 
 if his claims are again passed over. To him the town 
 is mainly indebted for the establishment of the new 
 police, the formation and the organisation of the 
 ‘Tradesmen’s Reform Association.’ We need hardly 
 say that we allude to Mr. Joshua Walmsley, or add 
 that it is he whom a majority of reformers wish to see 
 mayor of Liverpool.” 
 
 Owing to a combination of circumstances, unneces- 
 sary to enter into here, Mr. Walmsley was not on that 
 occasion elected mayor. 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Anti-Corn-Law League—Bad Harvest, dear Bread—Public Meetings 
 over the Country—Mr. Walmsley declares for total Repeal— 
 Petition against Corn Laws signed byThree Millions—Mr. Aikin 
 —Mr. Benjamin Smith—Unselfishness of the Corn-Law 
 Repealers—Meetings at Brown’s Hotel—Members of Parlia- 
 ment present—Lord Melbourne’s ‘‘ Madmen ”—Chartist Oppo- 
 sition—Whig Half-measures—Meeting of Lords Fitzwilliam 
 and Milton with Cobden, Bright, and other Anti-Corn-Law 
 Advocates—Lord Fitzwilliam’s Denunciation of the League— 
 William Rawson’s spirited Reply—Lord Fitzwilliam’s Con- 
 version to the Cause—Meeting of Parliament—Discouraging 
 Debate—Sturge and Walmsley’s interviews with Lord 
 Brougham—His Lordship takes the lead from Mr. Villiers— 
 Dissatisfaction of Mr. Bright and the League—Lord 
 Brougham’s Vexation—Work of Corn-Law League begins in 
 earnest—Cobden’s Friendship with Walmsley—First Meeting 
 with Hume—Physical-Force Chartists oppose the League. 
 
 
 
 Tue Anti-Corn-Law League owed its origin to seven 
 men taking a vow in October, 1838, to deliver 
 England from the thraldom of monopoly. A suc- 
 cession of good harvests had of late years brought 
 down the price of wheat, and the people lived un- 
 mindful of laws whose operation did not press upon 
 them in time of plenty. The sky now was darkening. 
 
 
 

 
 FAMINE AND THE CORN LAWS. 103 
 
 The harvest of 1837 had proved bad; the winter of 
 1838-39 was a singularly hard one. ‘‘ That year,” 
 says Sir Joshua, “the condition of the poor in Liver- 
 pool was so pitiable that it was made a subject of 
 discussion at the council board. Subscriptions were 
 raised, soup-kitchens established, but famine carried 
 off men, women, and children. ‘The price of wheat 
 in January had risen to eighty-one shillings and six- 
 pence per quarter. It was time for a strong pressure 
 to be brought to bear from without upon Parliament, 
 to force it to take this state of things into consideration. 
 Public meetings were convened all over the country. 
 In Liverpool, on the 18th of January, one was held at 
 the Sessions House. On being called for, I addressed 
 the assembly, endeavouring to show how fallacious 
 was the landlords’ favourite and plausible argument, 
 ‘that the price of labour is dependent on the price of 
 corn.’ There was plenty of evidence to show that for 
 the previous ten years there had been no proportional 
 rise between wages and the price of bread. 
 
 “Wor years,’ he goes on to say, “I had seen 
 clearly that the Corn Laws were vicious and ruinous. 
 I knew the sliding scale must be abolished, and that 
 with it would cease the continual fluctuations in the 
 price of food, which made life so harassing to the 
 millions, yet I thought it possible that in the present 
 state of trade a small fixed duty upon corn might be 
 
104 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 necessary. However, on the 22nd January, at the 
 public dinner given by the Manchester Association, 
 at which Mr. Bolton and I assisted, as delegates from 
 Liverpool, all hesitation vanished from my mind. As I 
 listened to the arguments of the different speakers, 
 I became convinced that total and immediate repeal 
 was the one right and just claim to be advanced. 
 From henceforth I joined my humble endeavours with 
 those of the Anti-Corn-Law League, to procure such 
 repeal, with the resolve to accept no compromise.” 
 
 On the 14th February, delegates of the different 
 manufacturing towns through England met at Brown’s 
 Hotel. With petitions signed by three millions of the 
 Queen’s subjects, they asked to be heard at the bar of 
 the House of Commons in order to tender their evi- 
 dence on oath as to the suffering caused by the laws 
 regulating the importation of corn. Mr. Walmsley 
 and Mr, James Aiken represented Liverpool at this 
 smaller Parliament of the nation. “Only Palace 
 Yard separated Brown’s Hotel from the House of 
 Commons,” continues Sir Joshua, in his notes, “and 
 members sneeringly called the Assembly of Delegates 
 ‘the House over the way.’ John Benjamin Smith, of 
 Manchester, was our president, and admirably he — 
 fulfilled his duty. Our first care was to resolve 
 ourselves into a general committee, and to appoint 
 two sub-committees, whose duties were to collect 
 
 
 

 
 WORK OF THE DELEGATION IN LONDON. 105 
 
 evidence, transact the correspondence, and manage 
 the financial concerns of the delegation. Of these 
 twa sub-committees I was appointed member. When 
 these primary transactions had been gone through, 
 the delegates passed their first resolution, with a 
 certain solemnity of proceeding. We formally resigned 
 all claims of protection for home manufactures, thus 
 casting from ourselves the imputation levelled at us 
 by the landed interest, that we were zealous to remove 
 the protection on our neighbours’ products, but that 
 we were willing to keep it on our own. We declared 
 we were working ‘to establish the true and peaceful 
 principles of free trade, that we were seeking to 
 institute the unrestricted interchange of industry and 
 capital between all nations.’ The mornings were 
 spent by the delegates in waiting singly or in depu- 
 tations upon Members of Parliament, or upon Cabinet 
 ministers. Our evenings were generally employed in 
 arranging the programme of the next day, or in 
 receiving those who were unable or unwilling to meet 
 us publicly. It not unfrequently happened that it 
 was early morning ere we retired to rest. 
 
 “The general committee met daily at half-past 
 two, in the large room in Brown’s Hotel. The mect- 
 ings were public, and were attended by members of 
 the House of Commons; Villiers, Hume, O’Connell, 
 Wood, Brotherton, and several others, almost daily 
 
106 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 assisted and spoke. ‘The sittings of the Anti-Corn- 
 Law League attracted considerable attention. The 
 large room in Brown’s Hotel was daily crowded with 
 eager listeners. Enemies sought to sow division in 
 our camp, declaring that the idea of unqualified repeal 
 was an insanity, the advocacy of which could only be 
 explained by the supposition that we, the delegates, 
 were visionaries. Some said we were socialists, others 
 that we were actuated by the sordid motives of manu- 
 facturers seeking to enrich ourselves by sacrificing 
 the peasantry to our own ends. The prime minister 
 called us ‘madmen.’ ‘Ihave heard many mad things 
 in my life,’ Lord Melbourne said in the House of 
 Lords, ‘ but before God, the repeal of the Corn Laws 
 is the maddest I ever heard of.’ Nor were these 
 opponents our only antagonists. The Chartists 
 opposed the League on the plea, that until the people 
 were better represented it was time ill-spent to seek 
 for the repeal of any law. The Whigs tried to win us 
 over by proposing to make the Corn Laws a party 
 question, promising to unite to abolish the sliding 
 scale if the League would accept a small fixed duty 
 instead of unqualified repeal. Under these combined 
 influences, waverers began to appear in the camp. I 
 sided with those who would accede to no half- 
 measures, and would strive for nothing short of 
 Mr, Villiers’ motion: ‘That we should be allowed 
 
 
 
 ee ae ee eT 
 
ORATORY OF COBDEN AND BRIGHT. 107 
 
 to give evidence at the bar of the House of Commons.’ 
 One evening, Lord Fitzwilliam, a Liberal member 
 of the House of Lords, entered the room in Brown’s 
 Hotel, where several of the delegates were assembled. 
 Mr. Cobden, Mr. Bright, Mr. Sturge, Mr. Gregg, and 
 I, besides some others, were present. With Lord 
 Fitzwilliam came his son, Lord Milton. <A long and 
 somewhat warm discussion ensued between the peers 
 and the delegates. The object and plan of the League 
 were naturally the subject of the discussion. The two 
 lords admitted that the Corn Laws, as they stood, 
 were evil in their operation; but they argued that 
 a small fixed duty was the only conceivable remedy 
 for this evil. Mr. Cobden and Mr. Bright were our 
 spokesmen. It interested me then, as it -has often 
 done since, to watch the vigour and earnestness with 
 which Bright rushed into the debate, whilst Cobden 
 listened attentively, cautiously abstaining from giving 
 any opinion until he had heard all that could be said 
 upon the subject, then gathering the various pros and 
 cons, delivering his judgment with overwhelming 
 clearness and conviction. Both held resolutely by 
 our tenets, that total repeal was just, and that nothing 
 short of it would they advocate; that no other con- 
 cession would satisfy the League. After a discussion 
 that grew warmer as it went on, Lord Fitzwilliam 
 
 rising to go, exclaimed testily as he put on his hat: 
 
108 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 ‘You might as well endeavour to overthrow the 
 monarchy as to strive for total repeal.’ William 
 Rawson, one of the delegates for Manchester, replied, 
 with flashing eyes : ‘ My lord, if the monarchy proves 
 as injurious to the common interests of Great Britain, 
 as the Corn Laws are recognised to be by all thinking 
 men, the sooner it is overturned the better. Not 
 long after, Lord Fitzwilliam became a convert to the 
 League, and as ardent for total repeal as any of the 
 men he had visited that February night.” 
 
 The Queen opened Parliament early in February. 
 The royal speech made no allusion to the Corn Laws, 
 but it was expected that both the mover and the 
 seconder of the address would touch upon them in 
 their speeches. Mr. Wood, member for Kendal, 
 pledged to his constituents to advocate repeal—presi- 
 dent also of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce, 
 that had been the first to sanction the proceedings of 
 the League—was appointed seconder of the address. 
 On the night Mr. Wood was to speak, the delegates 
 assembled under the gallery. They looked eagerly 
 forward to this speech as likely strongly to advance 
 their cause throughout the country. To their con- 
 sternation, the honourable gentleman soon involved 
 himself in a web of contradictions. On the one hand, 
 to redeem his pledge to his constituents, he stated 
 that the Corn Laws were most injurious to manu- 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 A DOUBLE-MINDED ADVOCATE. 109 
 
 facturers and labourers ; on the other, he assured the 
 ministers that the country was in a most prosperous 
 state. Mr. Wood finished his speech amidst the 
 laughter and applause of the whole landed interest in 
 the House, for the picture of prosperity he had drawn 
 struck at the very root of the argument for repeal. 
 Sir Robert Peel rose, and with courteous sarcasm 
 thanked the honourable member for Kendal for the 
 very able speech he had delivered in favour of the 
 existing system. “I was one of the deputation,” says 
 Mr. Walmsley, ‘who a couple of days after waited 
 upon Lord Melbourne to lay before him the true state 
 of the country, so different to the picture Mr. Wood 
 had painted, repeating our prayer to be allowed to 
 tender evidence on oath to this effect at the bar of 
 the House of Commons. Lord Melbourne listened 
 attentively, but held out no hope that Mr. Villiers’ 
 motion, embodying this request, should be attended 
 to.” | 
 
 No wonder that some of the members of the 
 smaller Parliament assembled in Brown’s Hotel began 
 to lose heart. A crowded meeting, at which many 
 members of the House of Commons were present, 
 assembled on the afternoon of the interview with Lord 
 Melbourne. Some of the delegates expressed their 
 discouragement. Mr. Walmsley was of those who 
 refused to share this feeling. His speech, on this 
 
110 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 occasion, was an exhaustive argument establishing 
 the identity of interests of agriculturists and manu- — 
 facturers. The Morning Chronicle of the 9th February, 
 noticing it, said: “It must be the business of 
 delegates to undeceive landowners, with regard to the 
 extent of the injury they suffer from the advantages 
 given to foreign manufacturers by our Corn Laws. 
 The speech of Mr. Walmsley is exceedingly valuable 
 on account of the information it affords with respect 
 to the chimerical nature of the apprehensions from 
 foreign importations of corn.” 
 
 Let us take one more anecdote from the notes 
 before us belonging to this period, which we think 
 will prove interesting. 
 
 “Mr. Sturge and I were the two delegates relied 
 upon as authorities in matters relating to statistics. 
 We were generally together, hunting in couples. Mr. 
 Sturge had worked with Lord Brougham, in preparing 
 the Anti-Slavery Bill for Parliament, and now, when 
 he came as delegate to London, to agitate for the 
 repeal of the Corn Laws, he sought out his great 
 fellow-worker. [accompanied him. We found Lord 
 Brougham already convinced of the justice of our 
 cause, and ready to advocate it in the House of Lords. 
 On many details, however, he required information, 
 and he invited us to instruct him on these points. 
 Several mornings we met at an early breakfast, and 
 
 
 

 
 COACHING OF LORD BROUGHAM. Lik 
 
 spent hours in discussion and examination of facts. 
 We passed in review the fluctuation of prices during 
 a number of years, and under the different Corn Laws ; 
 the prices of wheat in the corn-growing countries of 
 Kurope ; tables of averages of profit and of loss; the 
 speculations on bonded wheat. Sturge and I got the 
 information together, and Lord Brougham listened 
 with concentrated attention, asking questions occa- 
 sionally, but making no menioranda in writing of the 
 facts related. No point that could throw light on the 
 operation of the Corn Laws was left out in these 
 morning conferences. When all had been gone 
 through, Lord Brougham declared himself master of 
 the subject, and announced his intention of bringing 
 forward the motion independently in the House of 
 Lords. It was not this, exactly, that we had antici- 
 pated. Mr. Villiers had been chosen, by the ‘Smaller 
 House, on the other side of Palace Yard,’ as the 
 leader of the Corn-Law agitation, and his speech, it 
 was considered, should take precedence of every other. 
 On the 18th February, Lord Brougham called upon 
 ‘the High Senate of the nation to hear the prayer of 
 the people at its bar.’ In a speech of unrivalled 
 power he embodied the facts we had collected for 
 him, and to which he had listened without taking a 
 single note. He stated the various prices of corn in 
 different countries of Europe; he traced the many 
 
112 LIFE OF SIk JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 fluctuations in the price of wheat in England under 
 the different Corn Laws; and he set out this dry 
 information in all the pomp of imagery and the varied 
 resources of rhetoric. The speech produced an im- 
 mense sensation. It was so exhaustive that it some- 
 what lessened the effects of Mr. Villiers’ Iucid and 
 forcible statement, delivered in the Commons the 
 following day. 
 
 - “Some of the delegates felt aggrieved that Mr. 
 Villiers should have been prestalled. Mr. John Bright, 
 especially, expressed himself somewhat warmly on the 
 subject. When, on the next morning, Mr. Sturge and 
 I called upon Lord Brougham, to thank him for the 
 great service he had rendered to our cause, he received 
 us somewhat coldly. He was aware of the strictures 
 passed upon him by Mr. Bright and others. ‘Do 
 those men,’ he said, ‘think they understand how to 
 deal with the House of Lords better than I do? Have 
 you so many friends that you can afford to lose one 2’ 
 On the day of separating, the delegates passed a vote 
 of thanks to Lord Brougham and to Mr. Villiers. 
 Two dissentient votes were still found recorded against 
 the motion, regarding Lord, Brougham. In acknow- 
 ledging this vote of thanks, Lord Brougham reverted 
 with some asperity to the two who had differed from 
 him im the course he had pursued. To this origin I 
 have always ascribed the marked coldness with which 
 
 
 

 
 FRIENDSHIP OF COBDEN AND WALMSLEY. 113 
 
 Lord Brougham treated Mr. Bright through the course 
 of his noble political career.’ 
 
 On the 20th February, the little Parliament tee 
 for the last time in Brown’s Hotel. Both the Houses 
 of Lords and Commons had refused to hear the 
 evidence of the delegates. on the plea “ of want of 
 time.” ‘The members therefore separated ; one course 
 lay clear before them—they must rouse public opinion. 
 To enlighten and convince it was now the aim and 
 end of the labours of the most patriotic and practically- 
 wise set of men that ever joined together for a public 
 purpose. The work of the League now began. We 
 know the result, and the name of Richard Cobden is 
 inscribed in the heart of the nation too deeply not to 
 impart a certain reflex interest on those men who 
 were his fellow-workers. ‘The friendship between him 
 and Mr. Walmsley grew and strengthened from the 
 day they first met in the large room in Brown’s Hotel, 
 members of that smaller but more faithful Parliament. 
 “ We were in almost daily communication for years,” 
 he says, “and our friendship was never broken or 
 suffered alteration. It was on that occasion also I 
 met Joseph Hume.” 
 
 Before closing this chapter, we must notice an 
 address issued to the Chartists by Mr. Walmsley, 
 in his character of president of the Tradesmen’s 
 
 Reform Association, which appeared in The Morning 
 I 
 
114 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 Chronicle, September, 1838, and to which he alludes 
 as “having attracted some attention at the time.” 
 At the very outset of the work forced upon the 
 League, of rousing and instructing public opinion, a 
 class of antagonists amongst the wretched proved 
 one of the greatest obstacles it had to encounter. 
 Chartism permeated the underlying strata of society, - 
 and welded them together. The physical-force 
 Chartists treated as enemies all who sought to reform 
 abuses or amend the laws by any other means than 
 the Charter. This cry for the abolition of the Corn 
 Laws they judged a stratagem to divert popular 
 attention from their just demand formulated in the 
 “ Five Points.” } 
 
 With much that the Chartists demanded, Mr. 
 Walmsley, in common with some of the noblest and 
 purest minds in England, heartily sympathised ; and, 
 because he sympathised, he deplored the means 
 they adopted to obtain their end. In this spirit he 
 issued an address. The press took it up ; it was copied 
 and commented upon by most of the leading London 
 and provincial papers of the day; it was printed 
 separately, copies circulated through the country by 
 thousands ; and many wrote to the president of the 
 Tradesmen’s Reform Association, thanking him for 
 having so clearly and justly expressed the views of 
 those who, sympathising with the Chartists, yet were 
 
 
 

 
 HLECTED MAYOR. 115 
 
 compelled by the course of conduct they were pursuing 
 to keep aloof from them. | , 
 
 In the November of that year, Mr. Windeg was 
 elected mayor of Liverpool. The Tories at the 
 council board made a faint protest against his election 
 to the civic chair; but no other candidate was even 
 proposed to compete the honour with one who was felt 
 by all to have established his title to it. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 An angry Alderman—Impartiality and Hospitality—A fancy Ball 
 Duchess of St. Albans— 
 Eisteddfod Festival at Liverpool— Archdeacon Williams 
 coaches the Mayor in Welsh Toasts—The Banquet—Presenta- 
 tion Plate and Congratulatory Ode—Portrait presented to — 
 Mrs. Walmsley—Mr. Walmsley created Justice of the Peace— 
 The Queen’s Marriage—Honour of Knighthood conferred on ~ 
 Mr. Walmsley—Address from Electors asking Sir Joshua to 
 stand for Liverpool—Expiration of Year of Office—Newspaper 
 Eulogies. 
 
 
 
 Wuen Mr. Walmsley returned from his mission to 
 London, as representative of Liverpool in the little 
 Parliament assembled at Brown’s Hotel, the ex- 
 perience it had given him of political life, its richer 
 tone, its larger scope, its all-embracing interest, 
 wrought its full effect upon him. Wider horizons 
 opened before him than those which bound the sphere 
 of local politics ; and before he was elected mayor of 
 Liverpool he had already resolved he would one day 
 enter Parliament. He was not without compeers who 
 eavilled at the ambition of this self-made man. 
 Mr. Walmsley often related with gusto the effect 
 
 
 

 
 A RHPROVER OF HXTREME AMBITION. 117 
 
 produced upon one of the local magnates on hearing 
 of his new resolve to enter Parliament : 
 
 “Returning from my mission to London, ‘as 
 member of the Anti-Corn-Law Delegation,” said 
 Mr. Walmsley, ‘I received a message from this 
 gentleman, asking me to call on him, explaining 
 that he himself was confined to the house by illness. 
 I found my host suffering, but, as was his wont, he 
 came directly to the point. He disapproved of my 
 ambition to occupy the civic chair—deemed it pre- 
 sumptuous. There was no suaviter 7n modo in the 
 words with which he taxed me with undue pretensions. 
 I bore with perfect equanimity the shower of sarcasms. 
 The closing words of the conversation I well remember: 
 ‘You persist, then, in your wish to fill the office of 
 mayor?’ said my interlocutor. ‘I do,’ I replied. 
 ‘But what then?’ said my host. ‘As astep to the 
 representation, I said, boldly looking him in the face. 
 The alderman bounded in his chair, and striking the 
 table with his fist, ejaculated ‘Never!’ ‘ What is 
 more, I replied, ‘you will vote for me when the time 
 comes. At present I have only determined to be 
 mayor. ‘Then I suppose you must be,’ said my host. 
 And at the next election I was made chief magistrate.” 
 
 On accepting the office, Mr. Walmsley, in his 
 address to the council, said: “It is well known to all 
 
 of you that I have decided political opinions, and that 
 
118 LIFE OF SIk JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 I have always maintained these with firmness and 
 zeal, I trust, however, I shall be able to show that I 
 feel it to be the duty of the mayor of Liverpool to 
 steer his course without party bias.” <A few days after, 
 he wrote to the Tradesmen’s Reform Association, 
 resigning, not only the presidency, but the rights and 
 privileges of membership of its body. 
 
 “It was my object,” he says, “‘to unite in social 
 gatherings the various classes and the holders of 
 different opinions. ‘To carry this out, I abandoned the 
 old practice of restricting the hospitality of the town- 
 hall to only a select few of the leading merchants, 
 and increased the number of dinners, gave evening 
 parties to the ladies, asked merchants and tradesmen 
 alike, and secured that the clergy of every denomina- 
 tion should be mixed.” In this genial atmosphere, 
 men who had not spoken to one another for years 
 became friends again; political opponents discussed 
 each other’s views temperately ; and thus a kinder 
 feeling between the different classes of the town dated 
 from Mr. Walmsley’s installation in office. 
 
 On the occasion of the Queen’s marriage he gave, 
 at his own expense, a ball to one thousand two 
 hundred persons. ‘he ample entertainment, and the — 
 cordial welcome the chief magistrate extended alike to 
 Radicals, Whigs, and Tories, elicited praise even from 
 his adversaries. ‘The most Ultra-Conservative organ 
 
 
 
PATRICIANS AND PLEBEIANS. 119 
 
 testified approbation at the manner in which this 
 thoroughgoing Radical performed his duties as mayor. 
 
 We cannot resist giving one or two of the 
 anecdotes, scattered so brightly through the pages of 
 notes devoted to this period. “There lived,” writes 
 Mr. Walmsley, “in Liverpool a merchant, a corn- 
 broker, a good honest-hearted fellow. He was the 
 plainest man I ever saw—tall, ungainly, with an 
 inveterate squint, a pair of long arms, and legs that 
 were a match for those arms. Having a great sense 
 of fun, he made others enjoy his ugliness ; by-the- 
 way, he laughed at it. It happened that during my 
 mayoralty a fancy ball was given, under the patronage 
 of the neighbouring nobility, at the town-hall, to 
 further the ends of charity and amusement. The ball 
 was crowded with plebeians, and the patricians kept 
 themselves aloof in a small room adjoining the great 
 ball-room. The crowd did not dare cross the 
 threshold of those sacred precincts. ‘There were the 
 Blundells of Crosby, the Grosvenors, the Seftons, the 
 Derby family, and the Duchess of St. Albans. This 
 lady was of excessive embonpowt. She formed the 
 centre of the patrician group; her brightness and 
 gaiety, her evident enjoyment of the scene around, 
 animated somewhat the frigid stateliness of the aris- 
 tocratic party. She wore an old-fashioned costume, 
 her skirt distended by a hoop of vast circumference, 
 
120 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 and it is no exaggeration to say that her grace’s figure 
 did look enormous. In the course of the evening 
 came our merchant, admirably got up. as ‘ Dominie 
 Sampson.’ Nature seemed to have intended him for 
 the part, and the manner in which he acted it excited 
 much laughter and amusement. Presently, catching 
 sight of the group round the Duchess of St. Albans, 
 he strode up to it, crossed the barrier, and gazed with 
 distended eyes at the duchess. Walking awkwardly 
 round her, he flung his long arms aloft. ‘ Pro-di-gi-ous ! 
 pro-di-gi-ous !’ he exclaimed, shuffling away, amidst 
 the silence of the astounded patricians. But the 
 duchess loved a joke, and soon the mirth excited by 
 the incident spread; the tale passed from mouth to 
 mouth ; her grace. sent for ‘Dominie Sampson,’ and 
 the ball turned out the merriest of the season.” 
 
 That year, the Histeddfod festival was held in 
 Liverpool. “I decided,” says Mr. Walmsley, “to 
 give a grand entertainment to the descendants of the 
 Cymric bards. I consulted Archdeacon Williams, a 
 name well known to all students of the Welsh tongue, 
 as to the style of entertainment likely to be most 
 agreeable to the minstrels. The archdeacon suggested 
 that at dinner the toasts should be given out in 
 Welsh. A slight difficulty existed—I did not know 
 one word of the language. It was a difficulty that 
 might be conquered, however, and I resolved to 
 
 
 

 
 A CAMBRIAN BANQUET. 121 
 
 surmount it. I wrote out the lists of toasts and the 
 speeches I purposed delivering, and the archdeacon 
 translated them into Welsh. For three weeks, | 
 devoted every minute I could spare to mastering 
 these, assisted by the archdeacon. 
 
 ‘“‘The promised evening came, the table was laid 
 out in baronial style. Harpers and minstrels were 
 gathered together from North and South Wales in 
 the banqueting-hall. With a flourish of trumpets, 
 and borne by men in the beefeater’s dress, a baron of 
 beef was carried in. The minstrels played their 
 national airs, and around sat the representatives of the — 
 old families of the Cymri. A pause of surprise fol- 
 lowed the first toast, given in Welsh; but a moment 
 after burst out a shout of enthusiasm. The compli- 
 ment paid to the Principality was appreciated, and I 
 felt my three weeks’ study had not been labour in 
 vain. Some time after, when to me the entertainment 
 was but a pleasant memory in the past, I was agree- 
 ably surprised on being presented, at a dinner given 
 by the Cymreigydden Society, with a beautiful silver- 
 mounted Hirlas horn, and a congratulatory ode in 
 Welsh.” 
 
 Another proof of the high estimation and respect 
 he was held in was given to Mrs. Walmsley in the 
 shape of the public presentation to her of his full- 
 length portrait, painted by Illidge. This gift was 
 
122 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 especially gratifying from the fact that the subscribers — 
 to the testimonial were chiefly persons holding 
 opposite political views to his own. | 
 
 Lord Brougham had caused Mr. Walmsley’s name 
 to be inserted in the Commission of the Peace for the 
 county of Lancaster, and on the occasion of the 
 Queen’s marriage, accompanied by Mr. Alderman 
 Sheil and Mr. Councillor Bushell, he went up to 
 London and presented the address of congratulation 
 from the town of Liverpool. Soon after, Lord 
 Normanby communicated to Mr. Walmsley that it 
 was the Queen’s pleasure to confer knighthood upon 
 him, an honour which he accepted. 
 
 At this time, it was anticipated that ere long a 
 vacancy would occur in the representation of Liver- 
 pool. The death of the Earl of Harrowby was 
 expected, and in this eventuality his son, Lord 
 Sandon, would be raised to the Upper House. At 
 Liberal meetings, Sir Joshua Walmsley’s name was 
 now frequently forward as the man best suited to 
 represent the borough in Parliament, there to assist 
 in the work of ameliorating the condition of the 
 people, extending the blessings of national education, 
 promoting free trade, and helping to break Corn-Law 
 monopoly. The Liberals all the more openly affirmed 
 this, seeing that the influential Whigs opposed him on 
 the plea that his experience of public life did not 
 
 
 
CLOSH OF HIS TERM OF OFFIOE. 123 
 
 justify it. The Tories, as was natural, determined to 
 contest his election tooth and nail. ‘The battle of 
 conflicting opinions upon the mayor’s fitness to 
 represent the borough was fought in the columns 
 of the different newspapers and at public meetings. 
 Soon the Whigs complained that the Liberal papers 
 refused to publish a line that might discredit Sir 
 Joshua Walmsley’s claims. A requisition was pre- 
 sented to him, signed by more than half the electors of 
 the borough, asking him to come forward as their 
 representative at the next election. This next 
 election was to be brought about by events nearer 
 at hand than the death of the Earl of Harrowby. 
 
 On the 31st of October, Sir Joshua’s year of 
 office came to a close. A vote of cordial thanks to 
 the mayor was moved and passed by the council, 
 acknowledging the ability, kindness, and great 1m- 
 partiality which he uniformly maintained in presiding 
 over the council during the last year. 
 
 The newspapers unanimously echoed the praise 
 the town council had bestowed upon their chief 
 magistrate. ven the Tory papers had a good word 
 to say. ‘“‘ We cannot take a better opportunity,” says 
 The Mail, November 10th, “than the present of 
 bearing our testimony, that Sir Joshua Walmsley has 
 conducted himself during his whole mayoralty with a 
 fairness and impartiality which reflect upon him the 
 
124 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 highest credit. He was the first reformed mayor 
 who drew around him at his civic entertainments | 
 men of all shades of opinions. His urbanity, his 
 well-selected parties, his desire to render his. guests. | 
 happy, without one taint of party feeling or invidious 
 bias, redound to his honour, deserve to be held in 
 remembrance, and will not soon be forgotten.” =! 
 
 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Guests at Wavertree—Colonel Williams, M.P. for Ashton—His 
 Strictness as a Magistrate—Sentence upon a personal Friend— 
 Corn-Law Agitation—Great Meeting at the Amphitheatre— 
 Mr. Cobden’s Speech—Lord John Russell’s Motion for a 
 Committee of the House on the Corn Laws—Defeated on the 
 Question of the Sugar Duties, the Whigs appeal to the Country 
 —Sir Joshua called on by Three thousand six hundred Electors 
 to stand—Enyious Opposition—Lord Palmerston invited to 
 stand—Accepts on Condition of a second Liberal with himself 
 —Sir Joshua’s Consent—Cry of Church in Danger—Proposed 
 by Colonel Williams—Sir Joshua’s Speech—No Enemy to the 
 Church—How he disposed of an Advowson—Defeat of Sir 
 Joshua and Lord Palmerston—Great Excitement. 
 
 RETURNING to his duties in the council, Sir Joshua 
 now devoted himself to the Educational Committee. 
 Shortly before his mayoralty, he had removed to 
 Wavertree Hall, and there had drawn around him 
 men whose names were well known in Liverpool. 
 Locke, Dr. Shepherd, Cobden, the two Stephensons, 
 Brassey, William Rathbone, and Colonel Williams 
 were to be met here. This latter gentleman had been 
 member for Ashton-under-Lyne, and was now Justice 
 
126 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 of the peace. His upright, uncompromising principles 
 were well known. Suir Joshua tells how, upon one 
 occasion, he, as county magistrate, received an appli- 
 cation for a summons from a servant, whose master 
 had struck him. The master was an intimate friend 
 of the colonel. On receiving the summons he treated — 
 the affair as a joke, failed to come, and a warrant 
 was issued against him, ordering him to appear the 
 following morning at six. It was seven when he 
 came, and found the colonel working in his fields. 
 Advancing, he held out his hand, laughing. ‘Stand 
 back, sir, this is our court,” exclaimed the magistrate. 
 “Take off your hat.” The case was gone into, the 
 defendant admitted the assault, paid the fine, and 
 remained to breakfast with his judge. 
 
 Mr. Cobden, accompanied by some members of the 
 League, visited Liverpool early in May, and a monster 
 meeting assembled in the Amphitheatre to greet him. 
 Sir Joshua presided, and often said: ‘It was I intro- 
 duced Cobden to Liverpool.” The Corn-Law agitation 
 had at this time entered on a new phase. The Whig 
 ministry, beaten on the Jamaica, the Appropriation 
 Clause, and other measures, still clung to office. When 
 a deficit of two million pounds in the budget had to 
 be announced, Lord John Russell made a bold effort 
 to retrieve his popularity by bringing forward the 
 following motion: “That in a month hence, the House 
 
 
 
LORD JOHN RUSSELL’S PARTY-TACTIOS. 127 
 
 resolve itself into a Committee of the whole House, 
 to consider the Acts relating to the trade in corn.” 
 With some show of reason, the Tories denounced’ this 
 as a party move, intended by the Whigs as a means 
 of keeping their hold of office. The Free-Traders, 
 although convinced that the requisite change in the 
 corn and import duties could only be effected by a 
 strong and honest ministry, yet eagerly grasped at 
 Lord John’s announcement, changing, as it did, the 
 whole aspect of the repeal question. From being a 
 theory advocated on platforms, the Corn-Law agitation 
 now advanced to the stage of a distinct official policy. 
 Ministerialists and Free-Traders united to convene 
 meetings all over the country. “In Liverpool,” 
 says Sir Joshua, “great excitement was caused by 
 Mr. Cobden’s visit. ‘The feelings of monopolists and 
 anti-monopolists were strained to the utmost pitch. 
 Upwards of thirteen thousand families in the town 
 were dependent upon parish relief. Whatever, there- 
 fore, could affect the price of bread was of vital 
 import. Notwithstanding the intensity of feeling 
 aroused, the great Anti-Corn-Law meeting passed off 
 quietly enough. Cobden’s eloquence, his earnest con- 
 centrated manner, produced a marked impression on 
 his audience, amongst which were many antagonistic 
 to his cause.” 
 
 The 4th of June was the day fixed by Lord John 
 
128 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 Russell for bringing the corn question before Parlia- 
 ment, but before that day the Government added 
 another to its long list of defeats. It was beaten on 
 the Bill for the Reduction of Sugar Duties, As under 
 this new check the Whigs still showed no indication 
 of resigning office, Sir Robert Peel moved a vote of 
 want of confidence in the ministry ; which vote being 
 carried by a majority of one, the ministers dissolved 
 Parliament and appealed to the country. 
 
 All over England, canvassing now began in right 
 earnest. ‘‘ In Liverpool,” says Sir Joshua Walmsley, 
 “the first step of the Whig notabilities was to 
 endeavour to bring me to a sense of my extra- 
 ordinary presumption in presenting myself as candi- 
 date for the representation of the town. An eminently — 
 respectable group assembled in a house of business 
 in Poole Lane, and there waited for me. Doubiless 
 many of these gentlemen remembered my knocking at 
 their office-door, twenty-eight years ago, a friendless 
 lad, seeking for employment. When I entered, por- 
 tentous looks greeted me on all sides. No effort was 
 left untried to shake my determination to contest 
 Liverpool, and any amour propre I may have had 
 was sorely punished; yet these were the men that 
 ought to have been my supporters. At last the storm 
 broke fairly upon my head. . Who was I, to dare to 
 aspire to the position of representative of a town like 
 
 
 

 
 THE ADDRESS TO THE ELECTORS. 129 
 
 Liverpool, when so many of higher standing had never 
 dreamt of such a thing? On what possible grounds 
 could I base such pretensions ? Putting my hand into 
 my pocket I drew'out a paper. It was a requisition, 
 presented to me that morning, bearing upwards of 
 three thousand six hundred signatures—the most 
 numerously-signed requisition that had ever emanated 
 from the electors of Liverpool. ‘On this, gentlemen,’ 
 I said, facing them, for my blood was up, ‘ On this 
 requisition, signed by three thousand six hundred of 
 my fellow-townsmen, I take my stand. And let me 
 tell you, gentlemen, there is not a man here who 
 will not forfeit his reputation for consistency if he 
 does not vote for me. Nay, I go a step farther, 
 and tell you there is not a man here who will not 
 vote for me.’” | 
 
 Thus ended the discussion. The next day in the 
 Liberal papers, and on the walls of the town, appeared 
 Sir Joshua’s address. It was a summary of the 
 political views he had steadily advocated in public 
 and private life. It declared for free trade, for 
 national education, for ‘‘enfranchisement steadily 
 keeping pace with increasing intelligence,’ and for 
 the independence of the voter. “The Legislature,” 
 Sir Joshua said, “that on the one hand fosters 
 the desire for civil rights, and on the other affords 
 
 protection to their conscientious exercise, adopts the 
 K 
 
130 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 only policy that can vive stability to the Government 
 and satisfaction to the people.” 
 
 ‘“‘During six weeks,” says Sir Joshua, “attended 
 by Alderman Shiel, I visited personally from house to 
 house, I attended public meetings nightly. That 
 there should be a necessity for such canvassing I 
 reoretted, and the use and value of the ballot system 
 urged itself strongly on my mind during this ex- 
 perience. I earnestly charged my supporters, although 
 [ should win thereby ten thousand votes, not to 
 coerce anyone or use any undue influence in my 
 favour. I could not but feel flattered at the reception 
 [ met with, during my canvass, from my fellow- 
 townsmen of all shades of opinion. It proved to me 
 that in my private capacity I had gained their respect 
 and esteem; but as a public man I had to encounter 
 the opposition of the Tories, making common cause 
 with the Abolitionists, the sugar-growers, the ship- 
 owners, and agriculturists. The rallying ery of the 
 Tory party, the ‘Church in Danger,’ was the more 
 effectually used from the fact that the Dissenters had 
 lately called for the separation of Church and State. 
 The pulpit lent its powerful aid against me; and 
 in Liverpool, I, who had helped to throw open the 
 Corporation schools to children of every sect and 
 denomination, was emphatically and publicly de- 
 nounced as an enemy of religion. On the other 
 
 
 

 
 MISUNDERSTANDING OF LIBERALISM. 131 
 
 hand, I had the hearty co-operation of the advocates 
 of free trade, the enthusiastic support of the members 
 of the Tradesmen’s Reform Association.” : 
 
 These were the active agencies for and against 
 Sir Joshua Walmsley. <A passive antagonistic element 
 also remained to be overcome; one that had an 
 influence on the cause of Liberalism all over England. 
 The people had lost confidence in the Whig adminis- 
 tration, but, not yet able to grasp the idea of free 
 trade, identified the programme of the rising party 
 with the antiquated Whig ministerial policy. A 
 certain exhaustion likewise was perceptible throughout 
 the country—a languor following the agitation that 
 accompanied the passing of the Reform Bull. 
 
 Sir Joshua described himself as belonging to no 
 party. He was simply an “ Anti-Monopolist ;” in 
 all sincerity he could thus describe himself, for with 
 him, as with all genuine reformers, every political 
 dogma he held was sanctified by a constant reference 
 to the needs of the people. The repeal of the Corn 
 Laws, the removal of all restrictions on commerce, 
 was not a party question, but an aim some men had 
 set themselves to attain for the better welfare of the 
 whole nation. : 
 
 Sir Joshua’s speeches during this period simply 
 and broadly assert that his sole object in seeking to 
 
 enter Parliament is to labour for the abolition of the 
 K.2 
 
132 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 Corn Laws and_ all monopolies, “as unjust, and 
 sanctioned by no law, moral or economic, and utterly 
 adverse to the selfish ends of their promoters.” 
 
 The members of the Tradesmen’s Reform Association 
 gathered loyally around him. ‘The mass of non- 
 electors, unconnected with the shipping interest, 
 were in his favour. The Whigs no longer opposed 
 him, but they preserved a sullen and passive attitude. 
 Lord Palmerston, in answer to a requisition to stand 
 for Liverpool, had accepted to do so, on condition that 
 the other Liberal candidate be returned with him. 
 When this answer was made known, the Tories be- 
 stirred themselves to ensure the return of Mr. Cresswell 
 with that of Lord Sandon, whose seat was considered 
 secure. 
 
 Tuesday, the 28th June, was the nomination-day. 
 For days previous, preparations had been going on, 
 especially directed to prevent the too close contact 
 opposite the hustings of the friends of the contending 
 parties, for the coming contest, it was anticipated, 
 would be the keenest the old town had known for 
 years. The Tory procession, preceded by a body of 
 forty mounted policemen, was the first to march 
 past. ‘No Manchester dictation” was the favourite 
 device on its banners. Then came the procession of 
 the friends of free trade, gay also with banners 
 embroidered with mottoes: ‘‘ Walmsley, Free Trade, 
 
NOMINATION-DAY. 133 
 
 and National Education ;” ‘“ Walmsley, friend of the 
 people.” Lord Palmerston was not present, but he 
 was represented by Mr. Brocklebank. | 
 
 Sir Joshua Walmsley was proposed by Colonel 
 Williams. His speech was brief and to the purpose. 
 “ Sir Joshua’s life,” he said, “had been spent before his 
 fellow-townsmen. He had served them through every 
 grade of municipal offices. His political creed might 
 be summed up in a few words. He believed ‘the 
 object of all just and wise legislation should be the 
 equal distribution of civil rights and privileges.’ He 
 did not advocate sudden changes in the constitution, 
 but he would support every measure, matured by 
 enlightened men, and by them adapted to the altered 
 circumstances of the time, and the increased intelli- 
 gence of the people” To the badgering cries of 
 “Church! Church!” he answered that at the sale of 
 the advowson by the corporation, he had bought that 
 of St. Luke, and although he was accused of injuring 
 the Church, he had not sold that living, but had 
 presented it to a good and pious man. 
 
 The next was the decisive day. Very early on 
 that summer morning, groups began to form in the 
 streets ; children, plucked by the clergy out of the 
 tainted atmosphere of the Corporation schools, ran 
 about carrying tiny scarlet flags, bearing the in- 
 scription: “The Queen, the Church, and Scriptural 
 
134 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 Education.” Women, too, clustered together and dis- 
 cussed the issue of the coming struggle. They under- 
 stood little of the import of the words Whig and Tory, 
 but they knew but too well what hard times meant, and 
 the sight of hungry children before empty cupboards. 
 ‘“‘May the Lord send us those who will give us the big 
 loaf,” was the prayer that summed up their politics. 
 
 At eight o’clock the poll opened ; voting was back- 
 ward ; a perceptible hesitation held back both parties. 
 By noon came the news from London that three 
 Conservatives had been returned for the city. The 
 Tories hoisted a placard proclaiming the tidings. 
 As the day went on, and victory kept on the Con- 
 servative side, the town grew excited. To the cry of 
 “Walmsley, friend of the people,” the Orangemen 
 shouted, ‘No Popery.” The shipbuilders began a 
 riot to silence the cry: “‘ Walmsley and Free Trade.” 
 Before the final state of the poll was declared, 
 Liverpool was in an uproar, and Mr. Whitty and his 
 police were striving vigorously but vainly to restore 
 quiet. The Liberals were beaten ; the Tories had won 
 the day. Lord Sandon had polled 5,979 votes; 
 Mr. Cresswell, 5,792; Sir Joshua Walmsley, 4,647, 
 and Viscount Palmerston, 4,481. 
 
 Mr. Whitty’s words fully described the effect pro- 
 duced by Sir Joshua’s defeat. ‘The town that might 
 was in a state of intense agitation. So soon as it 
 
 eel ee 
 
DEFEAT OF THE LIBERALS. 135 
 
 became known that Sir Joshua was defeated, the 
 lower classes broke loose, and the new police force 
 became powerless to preserve order. They were 
 forced to retire, and the mob remained in possession 
 of the streets. Little damage was done, but the yells 
 and shouts against the winners, the burning in effigy 
 of the successful candidates, went on during the night. 
 I never passed a more anxious time, and thought it 
 would never come to an end.” 
 
 On the examination of the poll, it was found that 
 several who had signed the requisition to Sir Joshua 
 voted against him; but the influential Whigs, who 
 had taunted him with presumption, had voted for 
 him. There, however, they stopped. The powerful 
 interest of the party had not been used in his favour. 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 Ranton Abbey— Farmers’ Prejudices— Professor Liebig— His 
 Schemes carried out by Sir Joshua and Mr. Muspratt— 
 Guests at Ranton—George Stephenson—Sir Charles Wolseley 
 Stephenson objects to Shooting—A Battle with Reine 
 William Cobbett. 
 
 Siz JosHua deeply felt the loss of the Liverpool 
 election, and he resolved to sever his connection with 
 its municipality, and, without leaving business entirely, 
 to enjoy a country life. In the year 18438 he carried 
 out his plans, leaving Liverpool for Ranton Abbey, a 
 property belonging to the then Earl of Lichfield, 
 about seven miles from Stafford. ‘This he rented, 
 with the splendid shooting over several thousand 
 acres. 
 
 With his accustomed energy he turned his atten- 
 tion to farming. “ Agriculture,” he says, “was at 
 a very low ebb in Staffordshire, and I resolved to 
 mend matters if I could. Taking a few hundred 
 acres of land into my own hands, I engaged a Scotch 
 bailiff and two Scotch ploughmen. The tenants were 
 a set of well-to-do farmers, whose brains grew a 
 
 
 
PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION OF FARMERS. 1837 
 
 wonderful crop of prejudices. I got up an Association, 
 the meetings being held at the Abbey, and argued 
 with them, but it was hard work.. Then I tried 
 practical illustration. Turnips they asserted could 
 not be grown on the land; the soil was too heavy, 
 and the fly took the young plants more than once 
 in a season. I knew these objections to be valid, 
 but thought I could overcome them. Taking a small 
 piece of land, I manured it highly, forcing a crop 
 of swedes early, so that it was ready for transplant- 
 ing. As soon as the land was in a satisfactory state, 
 and waiting a rainy term, I transplanted thirty-five 
 acres. The result wasa fine crop of turnips. I invited 
 the yeomen and farmers to come and see the result. 
 They came, but they shook their heads over it. It 
 was all very well for me, with a long purse, but it 
 would not do for them. I proved to them by my 
 account-books that the expense was not greater than 
 the ordinary mode of culture, much hoeing out being 
 saved. Still they shook their heads, and insisted 
 turnips would not grow on this soil. 
 
 “Another custom, dating from time immemorial, 
 was to cut through the stiff clayey soil with a plough 
 drawn by three, four, and sometimes five horses, placed 
 one before the other in tandem fashion, led by a 
 boy. At the Association meetings, I urged the loss of 
 power consequent on the horses thus yoked dragging 
 
138 LIFH OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 each the one behind him, and pointed out that two 
 horses harnessed abreast would do more work, by 
 giving all their strength to drawing the plough. A 
 boy to lead them would also become unnecessary, 
 and the expense of tilling the ground would thus 
 be reduced one half or more. Again the farmers 
 shook their heads ; it was impossible, they said, for 
 two horses to plough this stiff land. ‘They declined 
 to try the experiment ; the native ploughmen refused 
 to enter my service, and drive my light Scotch ploughs 
 with two horses yoked abreast. I was left in solitary 
 erandeur to plough in my own fashion. ‘he farmers 
 would occasionally come round, and watch my two 
 Scotch ploughmen at work in the fields. They shook 
 their heads at sight of them, prognosticating I would 
 soon come to ruin. A year passed, and I invited the 
 farmers and the surrounding gentry to a ploughing- 
 match, offering a first, second, and third prize for the 
 best work done within a certain time. On the trial- 
 day ten teams were on the ground. A large concourse of 
 spectators assembled, amongst whom were many leading 
 agriculturists, Lord Talbot, Mr. Hartshorne, Sir Charles 
 Wolseley. It was a splendid day; the house, the 
 erounds, the fields were full of people. My two 
 Scotch ploughmen stood behind their light ploughs, 
 to each of which two horses were harnessed abreast. 
 Every other plough present was drawn by a file of 
 
A OONSHERVATIVE PLOUGHMAN. 139 
 
 three, four, or five horses, the head of the foremost 
 held by a boy. 
 
 ““When the ground was cleared the judges entered, 
 and the first two prizes were adjudged to my two 
 Scotch ploughmen, who had distanced all competitors 
 in quality and quantity of work; the third prize was 
 awarded to an excellent ploughman who had been in 
 my service but who had quitted it, and who that day 
 drove three horses in tandem fashion. Thus were the 
 advantages of the Gaelic system satisfactorily demon- 
 strated. The next day Cobden and I were walking 
 through some fields, when we came across the winner 
 of the third prize driving a file of four horses. Cobden 
 remonstrated with him in his mild clear manner, 
 reminding him of yesterday’s result and explaining 
 the reason of it. The man shook his head. ‘It’s 
 always been the coostome of the country and we're 
 not going to alter it,’ he said. After awhile, however, 
 the farmers one after another gave the experiment a 
 trial, and finding the result worked better, and 
 expense curtailed by half, the ‘coostome of the 
 country’ was altered and finally done away with. 
 
 “] was not, however, always intheright. At one 
 of the meetings of the Yeomen’s Association, I dilated 
 on the efficacy of deep trenching. When I thought I 
 must have convinced the assembly by my arguments, 
 I asked my hearers if I was not right. ‘Ay, ay, 
 
140 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 Sir Joshua, right enow,’ answered an old farmer, with 
 a dryly humorous puckering up of the corners of 
 his mouth, ‘if ye want a field full of nettles.’ 
 According to my habit, I at once tried the experiment 
 I had advocated on one of my own fields, the one 
 that had produced the turnips. This field I had 
 deeply trenched, not a nettle had ever been seen on it, 
 but now the farmer’s words came true. It produced 
 the finest crop of nettles ever seen in the country. 
 Henceforth, the farmers never forgot to bring up the 
 fact against me whenever I propounded one of my 
 new-fangled ideas.” 
 
 Sir Joshua’s interest in agricultural pursuits 
 brought him at this time in contact with Professor 
 Liebig. He read this eminent man’s work on 
 agricultural chemistry, and was so impressed with 
 the force of the reasoning displayed in it, that he 
 wished practically to try the effect of restoring by 
 chemical means the disturbed equilibrium of the soul, 
 thus returning to it the exact amount of substance 
 lost in the labour of production. ‘“ With Mr. James 
 Muspratt, of Liverpool,” he says, ‘‘a man well versed 
 in chemistry, I entered into an arrangement with 
 Professor Liebig to manufacture an article that would 
 give back to land all that cropping had taken out of 
 it. That soil would never decrease in fertility if the 
 equivalent of its loss were restored to it, and that 
 
PROFESSOR LIEBIG. 141 
 
 chemistry could exactly ascertain the loss and give 
 back the restoring element, I deemed that Professor 
 Liebig had satisfactorily proved. The courtesy, 
 simplicity, and high sense of honour of the German 
 professor, coupled with his genius, made me look 
 back upon this partnership with him as a privilege, 
 such as the failure of the enterprise could not lessen. 
 The ingredient was found too expensive for the 
 returns, and after a fair trial, upon which was spent 
 some thousands of pounds, the undertaking was 
 relinquished, Professor Liebig being freed from all 
 loss or responsibility. Though unsuccessful, I con- 
 tinued unshaken in the conviction that the professor 
 was right, and that the experiment would prove 
 successful in other hands. It was almost impossible 
 that a small private undertaking could satisfactorily 
 establish and work out a principle comprehensively 
 proved by a man of genius, but that by its very 
 nature must require vast appliances to carry out. Yet 
 I always felt pride in the thought that Mr. Muspratt 
 and I had been the first in England to endeavour 
 to put into practice Professor Liebig’s self-evident 
 theory.” 
 
 At Ranton, Sir Joshua delighted to gather around 
 him his relatives and friends. The large house was 
 always full of guests, among whom none was more 
 frequent or welcome than Mr. Stephenson. 
 
142 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 It was during one of his visits to Ranton that the 
 
 portrait was painted that now hangs in the South 
 
 Kensington Museum, and considered by the ‘old 
 man’ the best likeness ever taken of him. Another 
 euest often to be met at Ranton was Sir Joshua's 
 neighbour, Sir Charles Wolseley, the friend of Cobbett. 
 Of him, Sir Joshua says, “ Extreme in his political 
 opinions, Sir Charles Wolseley advocated universal 
 suffrage, annual Parliaments, paid representatives ; 
 and yet he was loud in his denunciations of the manu- 
 facturing classes, whom he regarded as trenching upon 
 the old county families, and whose interests he con- 
 sidered antagonistic to the landed interest. In the 
 same breath that he portrayed the sufferings of the 
 people, he would attack the idea of the repeal of the 
 Corn Laws. Years before I knew him, his name had 
 been struck off the Commission of the Peace, for insti- 
 gating to sedition the mob at Chester, tellmg it in 
 the course of an inflammatory speech that he had 
 been present at the storming of the Bastille, and it 
 was incomparably stronger than Chester Castle. He 
 was the queerest compound of the aristocrat and 
 democrat. His family pride was easily roused. Once 
 the Marquis of Anglesea, who was the principal owner 
 of Cannock Chase, was negotiating with Sir Charles 
 to buy from him the few hundred acres he held of 
 that property. Before concluding the purchase, he 
 
 
 
SIk CHARLES WOLSELEY. 143 
 
 requested the baronet to show his title-deeds. ‘Go 
 and tell the marquis that the Wolseleys held their 
 estate before the Pagets were heard of,’ said Sir 
 Charles, and he at once broke off all negotiations. 
 Removal from the magistracy affected his spirits. His 
 ways became eccentric; he would often spend whole 
 nights in his study, and the household would hear 
 him in animated speech, addressing ‘Mr. Speaker,’ 
 discussing the various political questions of the day, 
 and with powerful eloquence describing the hardships 
 of the people. Often Sir Charles and I went out 
 shooting together, and not seldom we would lose our- 
 selves in vehement discussion, for towards me the old 
 baronet would step out of the sensitive and somewhat 
 gloomy reserve he adopted towards others. The 
 subject of railways was another constant topic be- 
 tween us. Sir Charles opposed them as vehemently 
 as he opposed the repeal of the Corn Laws. No good 
 could come out of either, and to every argument 
 advanced in favour of quick locomotion, he would 
 erowl out, ‘Why should we want to go quickly ? 
 Between your Anti-Corn-Law League and your rail- 
 ways, youll ruin England.’” 
 
 At Ranton, game was so plentiful that it was 
 necessary to shoot every week during the season. 
 Here the traiming of Kirkby Stephen stood Sir 
 Joshua in good stead. Keenly enjoying the sport, the 
 
144 LIFE OF SIk JOSHUA WALMSLEY. ° 
 
 exercise, the gclorious sense of freedom he had so 
 relished in his boyhood, he never missed an available 
 day. A pleasant friendly feeling existed between the 
 tenants and the reformer who was always rousing 
 them out of the comfortable, inert habits they had 
 followed for generations. It was counted a grievance 
 when shooting over a farm, if Sir Joshua did not 
 go in to lunch with the owner. He and his head 
 keeper, weighing some eighteen stone, and who was 
 as active as he was weighty, following close at his 
 master’s heels, were always welcome. ‘“ During my 
 stay,” he says, “‘at the Abbey, where game was so 
 plentiful as to require my utmost exertions to keep 
 it under, I never had a claim from a farmer, never 
 had to pay damages of any kind, or to prosecute a 
 poacher.” Of his skill as a sportsman he gives the 
 following example : “‘I once laid a wager with a crack 
 shot that I would fire at whatever passed before me in 
 a narrow avenue, and that I would not miss one of 
 the first fifty shots. I was accordingly posted in the 
 centre of a small cover, on a rising ground, an under- 
 keeper placed behind me to load a second gun. 
 Beaters drove the wood before them, and the result 
 was I successfully made sixty-four shots before missing 
 one.” 
 
 These were happy days at Ranton ; many were the 
 shooting-parties that set out on bright autumn morn- 
 
 
 
 Ss oe —E——— OO _ 
 
 
 

 
 STEPHENSON’S OBJECTION TO SHOOTING. 145 
 
 ings, and for the most part the men that composed 
 the group had, in one way or another, made their 
 mark upon their age. “On one occasion,” says Sir 
 Joshua, “ George Stephenson formed one of the party, 
 and he carried a gun, and tramped sturdily along 
 with the others. The ‘old man’ seemed to enjoy the 
 scene, but I noticed that during the day he never 
 once fired a shot. ‘The bag made was a large one, and 
 at dinner Stephenson broke out mto earnest remon- 
 strances at the inhumanity he had witnessed that 
 day, at the cruelty exhibited in such wholesale de- 
 struction of the wild creatures that enjoyed life so 
 harmlessly. His protest had little effect in damping 
 our ardour; we set out merrily next morning, but 
 the ‘old man’ declined to accompany us. When we 
 returned in the cool of the evening, we spied Stephen- 
 son on the other side of the lake, close to its edge, 
 apparently beating the air with a bush held in each 
 hand. On approaching we found he was engaged in 
 a conflict with wasps, a hecatomb of which lay dead 
 at his feet. His face and his hands were stung all 
 over. At dinner, when the cloth was removed and 
 servants were out of the room, the sportsmen had 
 a good laugh at the ‘old man.’ He did not escape 
 scot-free from the sallies levelled against him for his 
 wholesale destruction of wasps, but he relurned the 
 
 cross fire with quick retort, and defended himself well.” 
 L 
 
146 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 While enjoying rural sports, and devotmg much 
 time and energy to farming pursuits, it was evident 
 this mode of life was not enough to satisfy Sir Joshua's 
 energetic temperament, and that his mind was still 
 pressing on towards the active political life that had 
 once absorbed every other interest. “Often when 
 cover-shooting,” he tells us, ‘“‘a halt would be made 
 at midday for lunch under the shade of some forest 
 tree ; then political discussions would ensue between 
 the sportsmen, and often interfere with the shooting. 
 Sir Charles Wolseley would tell anecdotes of former 
 friends. How, once he had invited Cobbett down to 
 Wolseley Hall for a few weeks. There it was that 
 the ‘Legacy to Parsons’ had been written, Cobbett 
 dictating to his amanuensis in that pure idiomatic 
 English of his, lashing himself up ito a state of 
 excitement, that every word might hit like the blow 
 of a bludgeon. Weeks passed, Cobbett showed no 
 sions of leaving. He occupied his leisure with garden- 
 ing, a. pursuit in which he delighted. Sir Charles at 
 last, desiring himself to quit the Hall, intimated this 
 to his old friend. Then the reason of Cobbett’s long 
 _ stay came out. He, who at that time was influencing 
 all England by his political writings and speeches, 
 had not money wherewith to leave Wolseley Hall.” 
 
 There was a walk on the farther side of the lake, 
 which wound in and out amongst clumps of ever- 
 
 
 
THH LADY’S WALK. 147 
 
 ereens, and shaded by great trees. Here, in the 
 Lady’s Walk, as it was called, Sir Joshua might 
 often be found strolling about with such friends as 
 Stephenson, Liebig, Cobden, the Marquis of Saldanha, 
 William Cobbett, and others. With the three last he 
 was ever sure to be deep in political discussions. 
 They often urged him to return to public life. Invi- 
 tations came from different boroughs to represent 
 them in Parliament. ‘‘ My old friend Cobden was 
 the most eager of all,” says Sir Joshua, “in pressing 
 me to accept one of these. He would taunt me with 
 abandoning the good cause.” Some years were to 
 elapse, however, before Sir Joshua would again 
 seriously entertain the thought of entering Parliament. 
 In the meanwhile an episode occurred, that furnished 
 many pleasant recollections to him in after life, viz. 
 his journey to Spain with Mr. Stephenson. 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Tour in Spain—Projected Railway in Spain—Hudson for Chair- 
 man—Sir Joshua’s adverse Report—Discountenances Public 
 Companies—Second Visit to Spain with Stephenson— 
 Stephenson’s Power of Observation—Surveys the proposed 
 Line of Railway——Stephenson’s lucid Report—Spanish 
 Politeness and Dilatoriness—Answer to proposed Project of 
 Railway delayed—Stephenson and Sir Joshua leave Madrid in 
 Disgust—Crossing the Pyrenees—Anecdotes of Stephenson 
 —Journey through France—The Suspension Bridge — 
 Stephenson’s sagacious Warning—Fatal Neglect of it— 
 Teaches French Navvies—Their Delight—Stephenson’s Illness 
 at Havre—Is removed Home with Difficulty—Mineral Lines— 
 George Stephenson advocates Government Possession of the 
 Trunk Lines—Foretells King Hudson’s Fate—Dispute with a 
 Nobleman—Closing Scenes of George Stephenson’s Life. 
 
 
 
 AT this tinre the railway mania was at its height, and 
 a company was formed to construct a line from 
 Madrid to the Bay of Biscay. George Hudson was 
 to be chairman. Sir Joshua travelled to Spain to 
 inquire personally into details, and his report was 
 unfavourable. This occasioned great discontent ; but 
 it was only when George Stephenson offered to 
 accompany him on a second voyage, and gratuitously 
 
 ————————_—S eee ee eee ee ee SS ee 
 
IN MADRID. 149 
 
 give two months of his time, in order to survey the 
 most difficult parts of the line, that Sir Joshua 
 consented to a second journey. 
 
 “Stephenson,” he writes, “was a wonderful 
 travelling companion. We travelled in an open 
 barouche, and his keen eye was ever on the aleri. 
 Though abounding with difficulties, Stephenson as- 
 serted that they could be overcome, while at the same 
 time he fully justified my refusal to deposit the caution- 
 money. On reaching Madrid, Stephenson dictated 
 one of those lucid reports he excelled in, setting forth 
 the obstacles and consequent heavy cost, at the same 
 time showing the importance of the line, and making 
 stipulations in favour of the Anglo-Spanish Company. 
 Several interviews took place with General Narvaez, 
 but all ended in a great show of politeness, great 
 speeches, and nothingelse. A bull-fight was organised 
 in our honour; but at last, to bring matters to a 
 point, I notified that Mr. Stephenson and I would 
 wait a week longer for the reply of the Government, 
 and in the name of the English company refused to 
 enter further into the scheme until our terms were 
 agreed to.” 
 
 The week elapsed and still no answer came, so the 
 travellers set their faces homewards. They took the 
 more easterly direction and crossed the higher range 
 of the Pyrenees, travelling, as they came, in the open 
 
150 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 barouche. ‘The old man,” says Sir Joshua, “usually 
 sat with a map spread over his knees, and a pencil 
 in his hand with which he marked down very accurately 
 the villages as we passed. He enjoyed pointing out 
 on the map the exact spot on which we were standing. 
 One day, after a weary ascent of several hours, during 
 which Stephenson had marked out our route with 
 pencil dots, he looked up and said: ‘ Walmsley, we'll 
 reach the summit in ten minutes now. ‘Nay, 
 we've passed it already, we're going down,’ I answered. 
 This reply was almost too much for the old man’s 
 equanimity, always easily ruffled at contradiction. 
 ‘You know nothing about it; it will take us ten 
 minutes to reach the summit, I tell you,’ he said 
 testily. After a short silence he threw down the map. 
 ‘The map is all wrong,’ he growled. ‘Nay, it was 
 I who was wrong,’ he added, correcting himself a 
 minute after. ‘How did you know we were going 
 down that time?’ ‘While you were buried in 
 your map I caught sight of a stream, and we were 
 going down with it,’ I answered, laughing; the old 
 man joined in the laugh. ‘ Better look at nature 
 than all the maps. You've beaten the old engineer for 
 once, quoth he. Another day the Spanish muleteers 
 were urging their mules to a tremendous pace. ‘No 
 machinery could stand this pull,’ said Stephenson, 
 and turning to our interpreter requested him to tell 
 
 
 
MULETEERS. 151 
 
 the driver to moderate his speed. The muleteers 
 grinned in answer; they evidently enjoyed what they 
 took to be a token of the fright of the Englishmen, 
 they therefore lashed and urged on their mules to go 
 faster still. ‘Another can play at the same game,’ 
 said Stephenson, with the sense of fun that often 
 made him seem but a boy in years; and standing up 
 he clapped his hands and he hallooed, evidently bent 
 upon making the mules go faster and yet faster still. 
 The muleteers were astonished ; the Englishmen after 
 all were not frightened, and so they abated the speed 
 and performed the rest of their journey at a reasonable 
 trot.” 
 
 The travellers’ way now lay across France, and in 
 this part of their journey occurred the two following 
 incidents. “‘ We crossed on foot,” says Sir Joshua, 
 “the chain-bridge suspended over the Dordonne. 
 ‘Let us go over it again,’ said Stephenson, when we 
 had reached the other side. Accordingly over it again 
 we went, the ‘old man’ walking very slowly with 
 head bent down, as if he were listening to and 
 pondering over every step he took. ‘The bridge is 
 unsafe, it will give way at the first heavy trial it 
 meets with,’ he said, decisively, at last. ‘We had 
 better warn the authorities, your name will carry 
 weight,’ I replied. We went to the mayor, we were 
 politely received, and we related the object of our 
 
152 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 visit. The mayor shrugged his shoulders with polite 
 incredulity ; he assured us that the engineer who had 
 built the bridge was an able man. Stephenson urged 
 his warning, 
 gestures and rough diagrams drawn on the spot. Still 
 
 the French official shrugged his shoulders, looked 
 
 incredulous, and finally bowed us out. Only a few 
 
 supporting the interpreter’s words with 
 
 months later Stephenson’s warning came true. A 
 regiment of soldiers crossed the bridge without 
 breaking step, the faulty structure gave way, and 
 scores of men in heavy marching order were hurled 
 down into the eddies of the rapid river below, where 
 many were drowned before means of rescue could 
 reach them. Another day we passed by a French 
 line in process of construction; the navvies were 
 digging and removing the soil in wheelbarrows. 
 Stephenson remarked that they were doing their 
 work slowly and untidily. ‘Their posture is all 
 wrong, he cried; jumping out of the carriage with 
 the natural instinct that impelled him to be always 
 giving or receiving instruction, he took up a spade, 
 excavated the soil and filled a wheelbarrow in half the 
 time it took any one of the men to do it. Then 
 further to illustrate that in the posture of the body 
 lies half the secret of its power, he laid hold of a 
 hammer and mallet, and poising his figure, he threw it 
 at an immense distance before him; challenging by 
 
 
 
STEPHENSON AND THE FRENCH NAVVIES. 153 
 
 gestures the workmen, who had now gathered round 
 him, and were curiously watching him, to do the same, 
 but they one and all failed to equal the feat. The 
 interpreter explained the lesson to the navvies, and 
 told them who their teacher was. ‘Ste-vim-son !’ 
 the name went from mouth to mouth. The intelligent 
 appreciative Frenchmen gathered close around him 
 and broke into vociferous cheers, such as I thought 
 could only proceed from British lungs, until the echoes 
 rang around us on every side. 
 
 “Pressing engagements were calling us home, and 
 we journeyed continually day and night. The fatigue 
 and irregular hours began to tell upon the old man’s 
 health ; by the time we reached Paris, symptoms of 
 severe indisposition had set in. I was anxious to get 
 him home as soon as possible, but Stephenson con- 
 sented to remain a day in Paris, to avail himself of 
 the invitation of Mr. Brassey, Mr. Mackenzie, and 
 others to a dinner given in his honour. The next 
 morning a special train was ready to convey us to 
 Havre; Stephenson was very ill, but he persisted in 
 travelling onwards. By the time we had reached 
 Havre, unmistakable symptoms of pleurisy had declared 
 themselves. [I got him on board, and sent for a 
 surgeon, who bled him profusely. There is little doubt 
 this prompt action saved his life. On reaching London, 
 next morning, I took him to the Arundel Hotel, 
 
154 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 Haymarket, where for six weeks he remained confined 
 to his bed. I now became his nurse and sole attendant. 
 During the first part of the time, no one else was 
 allowed near the sick man. Stephenson’s active 
 _ temperament could ill brook the inaction to which he 
 was now condemned, and he fretted against the pre- 
 cautions enjoined upon him. The activity of his 
 mind remained wholly unimpaired by the sufferings 
 of his body, and he kept pondering over his schemes. 
 As soon as he was able, he insisted upon dictating 
 aloud. I was his amanuensis, and was amazed at the 
 clearness and vigour of his intellect, at the just views 
 he entertained, not only on railway matters, but of 
 the characters of public men. Remembering his 
 lack of learning, the- happy illustrations he used 
 often surprised me, as well as the correctness of 
 his style, that seldom needed alteration in word or 
 phrase. . . | | 
 
 ‘What became of these papers I never could make 
 out. Stephenson took possession of them, but they 
 have not been given to the public. One treatise was 
 devoted to the elaboration of a favourite scheme of 
 his, for constructing a mineral or a goods train line of 
 rail from the Derbyshire coal-fields to London. Coals 
 and heavy goods alone were to be carried on this line. 
 The idea originated with Mr. Charles Binns, secretary 
 to Mr. Stephenson, and the present able manager of 
 
 
 
PROPOSAL RELATING TO GOODS TRAINS. 155 
 
 the Clay Cross Colliery. He had written a book upon 
 the subject, that attracted much attention at the time. 
 Stephenson had taken up the idea; his arguments in 
 its favour were strong, and in this treatise he enforced 
 them with some eloquence. He pointed out how 
 collisions would necessarily be avoided by the separa- 
 tion of the passenger and goods trains at the outset. 
 That such an arrangement. must ultimately be adopted, 
 Stephenson was convinced ; and he advised that the 
 construction of the goods train should go on simul- 
 taneously with that of the passenger line. I entered 
 heartily into the plan, but in an evil hour it all fell to 
 the ground. | 
 
 y] 
 
 “Another paper,” says Sir Joshua, “‘ dictated by 
 Stephenson during his illness was devoted to the . 
 arguing out of his original proposal, that Government 
 should construct and hold the Grand Trunk lines of 
 rail through the country. He pointed out all the 
 jobbery that would have been avoided had this plan 
 been adopted from the first, and he fearlessly showed 
 up the deplorable mismanagement that had occurred 
 in railway direction. He painted George Hudson’s 
 portrait with such keen discriminating touches, that 
 IT was amazed at the fidelity and delicacy of the 
 delineation. At this time the railway king was at 
 the zenith of his power, courted and toadied by the 
 aristocracy. Stephenson predicted his gpeedy down- 
 
156 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 fall. No one appreciated more than he did the pluck, 
 the strong will, and business capacity of Mr. Hudson ; 
 qualities that had lifted him from his small draper’s 
 shop in York to the place of arbiter of the fortunes of 
 millions in England ; but that no eminence can long 
 be held by unprincipled means, was a tenet too firmly 
 held by the ‘old man’ to allow him to be swayed 
 or blinded by the railway king’s position. Another 
 treatise he dictated to me was in vehement opposition 
 to the proposed atmospheric railway. He was very 
 positive in his condemnation of the scheme. It is 
 told that one day, when a nobleman, a zealous 
 advocate of atmospheric railways, said to him: ‘ Mr. 
 Stephenson, you are a very able man, but you are 
 not strong enough for the atmospheric system.’ With 
 characteristic fierceness, the ‘old man’ seized him by 
 the collar and expelled him from the house. Those 
 papers also contained some valuable observations on 
 the steam-plough, and the heaving up of coal by 
 machinery, in both of which experiments Stephenson 
 believed. 7 
 
 ‘When Stephenson’s report was laid before the 
 board of directors, the scheme for an Anglo-Spanish 
 railway was abandoned, and the line of conduct I had 
 adopted in the first instance was justified. The sub- 
 scribed capital, minus incurred expenses, was ulti- 
 mately returped to the shareholders. So persuaded, 
 
 
 
STEPHENSON AT HOME. 157 
 
 however, was Mr. Stephenson that the railway was 
 practicable, and that when achieved it would prove of 
 the highest importance to the Spanish nation, that 
 he again tendered his services gratuitously as con- 
 sulting engineer to the Spanish Government, should 
 it resolve upon constructing the line during his 
 lifetime.” 
 
 gathered from the notes 
 
 ro) 
 before us, and the record of Sir Joshua's and Mr. 
 
 A few more details, 
 
 Stephenson’s friendship closes for ever. In them we 
 see the latter at Tapton House, surrounded by his 
 dogs, his horses, and his cows. His enjoyment of 
 country life remained to the end, keen as in his boy- 
 
 hood. ‘‘ He was very proud of his vines, melons, and 
 
 2 
 
 pine-apples,” says Sir Joshua, “in the cultivation of 
 which he would only admit Sir Joseph Paxton for 
 rival.” Before this hale and vigorous old age many 
 years seemed still to be stretching. 
 
 In January, 1848, Mr. Stephenson married for the 
 third time. The marriage was contracted without 
 Mr. Robert Stephenson’s knowledge, and it caused 
 some ill-feeling between him and his father. Sir 
 Joshua Walmsley became the mediator between the 
 two. Letters before us, of a nature too delicate and 
 private for publication, show the tact and zeal with 
 which he pursued his self-imposed task. No one 
 understood better than he the strong affection that 
 
158 LIFE OF SIk JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 bound the father and son. Mr. Robert Stephenson 
 has said that he never had but two loves in his life, 
 his wife and his father; and this only son was the 
 chief pride of the old man’s heart. 
 
 Suddenly, on the 10th of August of this same 
 year, Stephenson died. A chest complaint carried 
 him off at the age of sixty-eight, before any of the 
 many sources of interest and enjoyment of life had 
 begun to fail him. His son was with him—his 
 faithful and tender nurse to the last during this 
 illness. 
 
 Two days before the great engineer's death came 
 the news that the House of Lords had passed the bill 
 for the railway from Ambergate to Manchester. 
 Stephenson gave a feeble cheer at the tidings. He 
 had long struggled to obtain the passing of this Act. 
 On Thursday, the 15th, Mr. Stephenson was buried 
 in Trinity churchyard, Chesterfield. Mr. Robert 
 Stephenson wrote to Sir Joshua: “I am desirous 
 that the funeral should be as private as possible, 
 attended only by a few of his pupils, who like myself 
 have been dependent upon him for our professional 
 success.” There was, therefore, no large gathering of 
 mourners at the house, but the mayor and corporation 
 of Chesterfield met the cortége on its way. A file 
 of carriages and a. train of three hundred persons 
 {followed the hearse, that was bearing to its last resting- 
 
 
 
FUNERAL OF STEPHENSON. 159 
 
 _place the body of one revered by all for the greatness 
 of his services, and very dear to those who had known 
 him intimately. “He ought to be lying in West-. 
 minster Abbey, and not in a country churchyard,” Sir 
 Joshua often said. 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 General Election, 1847—Hardships of the Frame-work Knitters 
 of Leicester—Sir Joshua stands for the Town—Mr. Buckby, 
 a Frame-work Knitter, started as Candidate— Electoral 
 Meetings—Buckby withdraws in favour of Sir Joshua—Sir 
 Joshua and Mr. Gardiner elected Advocates of the Cause of 
 the Frame Knitters in Parliament—Difference with his Friend 
 Joseph Hume on the Subject—Sir Joshua unseated on Petition 
 —Innocence of the unseated Members of the Bribery of Agents. 
 
 SoME time previous to Mr. Stephenson’s death, Sir 
 Joshua had left Ranton Abbey. Death had been 
 busy, too, in his own family. Country pursuits began 
 to pall on him, and so when in the spring of 1847 
 a numerously-signed requisition was forwarded to him 
 from the inhabitants of Leicester, he finally made up 
 his mind to contest that borough. He was no stranger 
 to the town, for the extensive collieries of Snibstone 
 and Whitwick adjoined and supplied it. In June, 
 1847, Parliament died a natural death. The con- 
 dition of the frame-work knitters had long excited 
 his warm interest. ‘These people worked from twelve 
 to sixteen hours a day, not unfrequently losing their 
 eyesight after some years of this labour, after earning 
 
 
 
LABOURERS AND MIDDLEMEN. 161 
 
 on an average about six shillings a week, all charges 
 deducted.’ Sir Henry Halford had brought this state 
 of things before Parliament, but with no result. The 
 words of one of these poor fellows, before a Parlia- 
 mentary committee, will sum up their case better than 
 any description that we can give of it: “ There is 
 no race of people under the sun,” he said, “‘so0 op- 
 pressed as we are, who work the hours we do for 
 the pay we get.” During Sir Joshua’s connection 
 with Leicester he was continually battling against 
 their wrongs. The extortions of the middlemen, who 
 hired out the frames at arbitrary prices, and who had 
 the giving out of the work, ground the unfortunate 
 labourers to the dust. These middlemen had virtually 
 become their masters, and it was asserted loudly 
 that, besides charging a percentage on the work 
 they gave, they actually paid a lower price for it 
 than that which they themselves received from the 
 manufacturers. 
 
 Sir Joshua’s address to the electors was in sub- 
 stance, much the same as that issued to the electors of 
 Liverpool years before. The two candidates were 
 introduced to the constituency. A crowd had as- 
 sembled before Bell’s Hotel, from the balcony of 
 which the candidates spoke. Somewhat apart hung 
 a group of careworn-looking men, gathered around 
 
 a cart, in which stood one man, evidently the leader 
 M 
 
162 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 of the opposition. These were the frame-workers, 
 and their leader was George Buckby, who had stated 
 his determination to contest the borough, should he 
 not be satisfied with the Liberal candidates. At the 
 close of Sir Joshua’s speech he rose, and drew a vivid 
 picture of the frame-workers’ wrongs, to which the 
 knitters listened eagerly. 
 
 Referring to Sir Henry Halford’s Bill, Mr. Buckby 
 asked Sir Joshua if he could pledge himself to vote for 
 a similar bill, should one be brought forward in the 
 next Parliament. Sir Joshua’s answer was direct and 
 to the point. He would not pledge himself to vote 
 for any bill before he knew whether its provisions 
 would be really beneficial. “I tell you,” he said, 
 “that we never can either directly or indirectly 
 legislate on the question of the rate of wages.” As 
 the crowd cheered this sentiment the knitters muttered 
 “Shame!” “The rights of labour,” continued Sir 
 Joshua, “are sacred to the poor man, and I shall be the 
 last to interfere with those rights. But if it is shown 
 to me that injustice is done to you, I shall receive any 
 information you are willing to give me, and then see 
 what can be done to remove the injustice. But you 
 must first make your minds up clearly upon the 
 subject, discuss it fairly and calmly, and let us know 
 the result. I shall not pledge myself to any parti- 
 cular measure ; but this [ assure you, that not this 
 
 
 
CHANGE OF MIND OF THE KNITTERS. 168 
 
 measure alone, but every bill that comes before me 
 which promises really to benefit the working classes, 
 that is my bill, and that shall have my support. In 
 benefiting the working-man I benefit the whole 
 community, for I know the rich and powerful are able 
 to take care of themselves.” Mr. Buckby declared 
 that the drift of Sir Joshua’s answer was that no 
 legislative interference would be of any use to the 
 frame-work knitters, and accordingly he announced 
 his intention of going to the poll and opening houses 
 in different parts of the town. i 
 
 Two nights after, Sir Joshua again met the electors 
 at the New Hall. The building was crowded ; several 
 knitters had succeeded in securing places. ‘‘ The 
 quietness of their demeanour,” he says, “and the 
 attention with which they followed my speech were 
 noticeable throughout, and contrasted with the ageres- 
 siveness with which they had met me on the previous 
 evening.” | 
 
 The day following this meeting there appeared a 
 handbill, signed by a number of frame-work knitters, 
 amongst which figured conspicuously the signature of 
 Mr. Buckby, calling upon the working classes to vote 
 for Sir Joshua Walmsley and Mr. Gardiner; Mr. 
 Buckby, satisfied with the Liberal candidates’ views, 
 had renounced his intention of endeavouring to enter 
 
 Parliament. 
 um 2 
 
164 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 The election took place on the 31st July. Before 
 five o'clock in the morning, the streets were full of 
 bustle. It was an anxious day for the knitters, who 
 crowded the market-place before the polling hour. 
 Sir Joshua’s name headed the first return, Mr. Gardiner 
 came after him, and to the end of the contest the two 
 Liberals kept their places. At four o’clock the mayor 
 proclaimed their election. 
 
 Sir Joshua now set himself to inquire into the 
 cause of the great misery of the frame-work knitters. 
 ** Before the opening of Parliament,” he says, “I spent 
 much time in Leicester, personally visiting and 
 receiving visits from the workmen. It was with the 
 determination to advocate their cause, and if possible 
 to obtain some amelioration of their lot, that I took 
 my seat in the House.” 
 
 When Sir Henry Halford again brought forward 
 his bill, Sir Joshua strenuously supported the proposed 
 inquiry. “In the midland counties,” he said, in the 
 course of his speech, “there are thirty-six thousand 
 frames, each supporting on an average three or four 
 individuals, so that the population employed in frame- 
 work knitting amounts to one hundred and twenty or 
 one hundred and thirty thousand souls.” He drew a 
 vivid picture of the destitution which he had himself 
 witnessed. 
 
 On the occasion of Sir Joshua’s first speech in 
 
 
 
PETITION AGAINST THE LIBERAL MEMBERS. 165 
 
 Parliament, Mr. Hume and he took opposite views 
 of the question at issue. The former, opposing all 
 interference between workmen and masters, voted 
 against Sir Henry Halford’s Bill. It is one of the few 
 instances in which, during the period they worked 
 together in Parliament, Sir Joshua’s and Mr. Hume’s 
 votes were opposed. 
 
 “The career which I was now eagerly entering 
 upon,” says Sir Joshua, “was suddenly cut short. A 
 petition against the member for Leicester, on the plea 
 of bribery, was sent up to Parliament by the Tories. 
 No sooner was the petition presented, than the leading 
 Liberals in Leicester subscribed a fund more than 
 sufficient at the very outset to cover all expenses, and 
 engaged the services of eminent counsel to defend 
 their representatives. 
 
 “Tt was some time before a Parliamentary inquiry 
 was granted. Most of the frivolous charges against 
 Mr. Gardiner and myself melted before the cross- 
 examination of our counsel. One charge, however, 
 our opponents were able to substantiate. Some bills 
 at two public-houses that were wont to hang out the 
 Liberal colours had been left unsettled at a previous 
 election by the Liberal candidates. These bills our 
 agents had paid. The committee, clearing us of all 
 connivance in the matter, reported the result of the 
 inquiry to the Houses, and towards the end of August 
 
166° #£<LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 a new writ was issued for the borough of Leicester. I 
 was deeply hurt by the slur cast upon my election. I 
 was disheartened also at being interrupted in the work — 
 I-had so far gone into connected with the cause of the 
 frame-work knitters. On the news reaching Leicester ~ 
 of the issuing of a new writ, a meeting was called 
 in the town. Its purpose was, first, to deplore the 
 loss of their representatives; secondly, to clear the 
 borough from the charge of corruption, by de-- 
 terminedly acting upon the principle of purity of 
 election. Mr. Ellis and Mr. Harris, who had been our 
 zealous supporters, came forward as candidates, and 
 their nomination and election were uncontested.” 
 
 - Sir Joshua pledged himself to his late constituents 
 to stand for Leicester the first opportunity that 
 presented itself He was to redeem his pledge a few 
 years later, and that also of calling the attention of 
 Parliament to the condition of the knitters. 
 
 
 
CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 Joseph Hume—Sketch of his Career—Educated a Surgeon—Goes 
 to India as such in the Company’s Service—Returns and 
 leaves a second Time, determined to study Indian Laws and 
 Customs—The Mahratta War—-Hume’s Services— His 
 Advancement—Realises a Fortune and retires— Prepares 
 himself for Parliamentary Life—His Studies at Home and 
 Abroad—Enters Parliament in 1812 as a Tory—Proving too 
 Liberal, is rejected by the Patron of the Borough—Studies to 
 relieve the Working Classes—Joins Mill, Ricardo, and other 
 social Reformers—His Marriage—Elected for Aberdeen—The 
 Manchester Massacre—Hume’s Opposition to violent Measures 
 —Resolves to become Guardian of the Public Purse—Enormous 
 Taxation—Hume jeered at from the Treasury Benches—A 
 “Harlequin Pauper”—Retort upon Castlereagh—His incessant 
 Labours—Aims at the Sinecurists and spares the small paid 
 Clerks—His own private Liberality—The Irish Church—The 
 Corn-Laws—Parliamentary Reform—Indian Administration 
 —Orange Lodge Conspiracy in favour of the Duke of 
 Cumberland—Sum up of Hume’s Labours—Amusing Story of 
 a Cabman on Strike—Hume’s Habits of Life—The Duke of 
 Kent makes Hume his Trustee—A confidential Adviser of the 
 Duchess—His Letter to Sir Joshua descriptive of his Life— 
 Selfsmade Men, Hume and Walmsley typical Examples, 
 
 Sirk JOSHUA’s acquaintance with Mr. Hume began on 
 the occasion of his visit to London, in 1838, as one of 
 
168 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 the delegates of the Anti-Corn-Law League. When 
 he took his seat in Parliament, in 1848, Mr. Hume 
 was the veteran leader of the reformers there. Hence- 
 forth their lives were destined to flow in the same 
 channel, a fact which entails the necessity of a chapter 
 devoted to a sketch of Mr. Hume’s career, antecedent 
 to the period of their common work. We shall draw, 
 as usual, upon Sir Joshua’s notes for our brief summary 
 of his friend’s course. 
 
 ‘“‘Hume had, more than any man IJ ever met,” he 
 says, ‘‘an invincible faith in the ultimate triumph of 
 right, and he himself conquered in the cause of right 
 by dint of a perseverance that I never saw surpassed.” 
 This key to the character of Joseph Hume we find 
 given by the man himself in one of his letters. ‘‘ As I 
 said before, the object being good it is sure to succeed 
 ultimately. Perseverance must be your motto, as it 
 has been mine and will be, to the end of the chapter.” 
 
 Born at Montrose, in 1777, his father, the master 
 of a coasting vessel, died when the boy was still in 
 early youth. To the mother’s energy and sterling 
 devotion the children owed their education and 
 rearing. On leaving the village school, Joseph Hume 
 was apprenticed to a surgeon-apothecary of Montrose. 
 When his three years of apprenticeship were. ac- 
 complished, he entered the medical classes of the 
 Edinburgh University, which he continued to attend 
 
 
 
- HUME’S VOYAGES TO INDIA. 169 
 
 till 1796. We next find him sailing for India in 
 1797, having obtained, through the influence of 
 Mr. Scott, member for Forfar and an East India 
 Director, an assistant-surgeonship in the marine 
 service of the East India Company. 
 
 His first absence from England lasted eighteen 
 months, but during the short period of his stay in 
 India he had fixed on and planned the means by 
 which to attain a wide field of usefulness. 
 
 In November, 1799, he once more set sail for 
 India, embarking on board the Houghton for Bengal. 
 The Houghton was one of the ancient arks of the 
 Company. ‘‘I often looked,” says Sir Joshua, “ at the 
 exquisitely careful pen-and-ink sketches of the old 
 ship that Hume had made during his voyage out, and 
 which he preserved as memorials of it. This voyage 
 proved to have some influence on his future career. 
 The sudden death of the purser might have led to 
 much confusion had not the young surgeon on board 
 volunteered to fill his place. By the punctilious 
 discharge of his duties and the genial courtesy of his 
 manners, Hume made friends of all on board. He 
 spent many hours of the day, he told me, in his 
 little cabin, studying the Oriental languages, and 
 beguiled his leisure by learning seamanship and 
 navigation. When the Houghton touched at Ceylon, 
 he took soundings of the port-harbour and its sur- 
 
170. LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 roundings, all of which he mapped down with perfect 
 accuracy. On reaching Bengal, officers and passengers 
 united in presenting a testimonial to Hume. Thus 
 he landed in India with a ready-made reputation. 
 
 The Company were not long in recognising the 
 
 value of a servant who understood and spoke Hindo- 
 stanee, and who thus possessed a key to the character 
 and heart of the natives, which very few Englishmen 
 had acquired. On the eve of Lord Lake’s Mahratta 
 War in 1803, Mr. Hume rendered a signal service to 
 the administration which brought him into still fuller 
 notice. Lord Mornington had prevailed upon the 
 Peishwa of the Mahrattas, who was carrying on war 
 with a powerful tributary chief, to sign the treaty of 
 Bassino with the East India Company. Two powerful 
 native chiefs, however, the Rajah of Berrar and 
 Scindia, the fiercest and most ambitious of all the 
 Mahratta chiefs, not only refused to concur in the 
 treaty of Bassino, but denied the power of the peishwa 
 to sign one of such importance without the consent of 
 all the Mahratta princes. Scindia’s army, officered by 
 Frenchmen familiar with the tactics of European 
 warfare, vastly outnumbered the regiments of English 
 and native troops opposed to them. Before this 
 formidable adversary it was discovered at the eleventh 
 hour that the English stores of ammunition were 
 valueless, the gunpowder being rendered useless by 
 
 
 
 7 
 ; mi 
 
_ HUME’S SERVICES TO THE ARMY. 171 
 
 damp. At this crisis, the chemical knowledge acquired 
 by Mr. Hume in the modest Scotch laboratory saved 
 all that a negligent administration had imperilled. 
 He undertook and succeeded in restoring to the gun- 
 _ powder all its lost properties. 
 
 Following the army in the capacity of surgeon, his 
 knowledge of Hindostanee led to his being appointed 
 interpreter to the general-in-chief. Nor did his duties 
 end here ; he filled successively the post of paymaster 
 and postmaster of the troops, and superintended the 
 commissariat of an army of twelve thousand men. 
 His richest experiences of Indian character were 
 gleaned during this period of his life, when he shared 
 the hardships of war with the natives, who were in the 
 proportion of ten to one English soldier. Of the bravery 
 of Brahmins he would often speak. Reverting to the 
 Mahratta War years after in Parliament, when mis- 
 government had incited the sepoys to the mutiny of 
 Barrackpore, he bore testimony to the loyalty that 
 then prevailed among the native troops, and to their 
 attachment to the English service. “During the 
 Mahratta War,” he said, ‘when a vacancy occurred, 
 fifty candidates applied for the place.” We now 
 draw from Sir Joshua’s notes: ‘After the declaration 
 of peace in 1805, Hume, who had realised a fortune, 
 resigned all his civil appointments and returned to 
 England. Thirsting for a higher sphere of action than 
 
172 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY.. 
 
 that of making money, he refused an offer of part- 
 
 nership in one of the wealthiest houses in Calcutta. 
 
 Thoroughly versed in Indian affairs, and under- 
 standing the Indian character, he hoped to effect 
 some reforms in the Company’s administration, 
 which should prove beneficial to England and to the 
 
 vast empire dependent on her. ‘To obtain a seat in 
 
 the East India Directorship, and one in the House of 
 Commons, were the two aims that stood out clearly 
 before his mind’s eye as he left India and set his 
 face homewards. His large investments in Indian 
 stock gave him a right to attend proprietary meetings, 
 and on these occasions he resolved to advocate the 
 schemes of reform which he had patiently elaborated. 
 It was very characteristic of the thoroughness of 
 method and proceeding with which he pursued his 
 work through life that, in order to fit himself for 
 Parhament, Hume, immediately after his arrival in 
 England, visited every sea-port and every manu- 
 facturing town of importance. He would trust no 
 hearsay evidence of the condition of the people. He 
 would acquaint himself with the state of each social 
 grade by personal contact with it. After this study 
 of England, he travelled over the Continent, visited 
 
 Spain, Portugal, Greece, Turkey, Heypt ; he was pre- 
 
 sent at the capture of Santa Wenna by the English ; 
 travelled over Italy and passed some time in Malta 
 
 
 
 | 
 | 
 { 
 
 ~~ ohn a 
 
HUME A TORY NOMINEE, 173 
 
 and Sicily, and wherever he went he was actuated by 
 the same resolve to study the character of the people, 
 and observe the effect of their government and laws in 
 their moral and social welfare. Satisfying himself with 
 no superficial observation, he carried his investigations 
 into the lower strata of society. 
 
 After this preparation, in 1812, Mr. Hume entered 
 
 Parliament under the Percival administration. He 
 entered as a Tory, introduced by a Scotch solicitor for 
 “a valuable consideration.” 
 When the future Radical paid down his money for 
 his introduction to the constituency of Weymouth, he 
 stipulated—as Parliament was entering on its last 
 session—that the sum should ensure him a second 
 return, The terms were agreed to. But very soon 
 the Duke of Cumberland and his co-trustees discovered 
 what manner of man it was they had let in unwittingly 
 amongst them: a man who visited his constituents, 
 who advocated schools and other mischievous social’ 
 innovations. The Duke and his partners, on the 
 dissolution of Parliament, returned part of his money 
 to Mr, Hume, and looked about for a substitute. 
 
 “Six years,” says Sir Joshua, “were to elapse 
 before Hume was to resume his seat on the benches of 
 the House of Commons. These six years of exclusion 
 from Parliament were years spent in efforts to relieve 
 and improve the condition of the working classes. 
 
174 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 From this epoch dates his acquaintance with Mr. Place 
 of Westminster, with Mr. James Mill, and Mr. Ricardo, 
 and with other eminent philanthropists and social 
 economists. The establishment of schools on the 
 Laneastrian system first claimed his attention. These 
 schools, the work of which was conducted through the 
 medium of the scholars themselves, were established 
 on unsectarian principles. Another object — only 
 second to the cause of education—which engrossed 
 much of his time at this period, was the establishment 
 of savings banks to induce the poor to husband their 
 small savings.” 
 
 Mr. Hume’s ambition to obtain a seat on the 
 Board of Hast India Directors did not wane by closer 
 contact with home interests. At every periodical 
 meeting he steadfastly exposed the abuses of Indian 
 administration, but he was powerless to enforce the 
 reform of those abuses unless elected one of the — 
 governing body. He failed in his efforts to become 
 an Kast Indian director, but his canvass led to his 
 meeting Miss Burnley, daughter of one of the 
 directors. ‘This lady soon after became his wife. 
 
 In January, 1819, Mr. Hume was returned to 
 Parliament as member for Aberdeen. He was after- 
 wards successively elected for Middlesex, Kilkenny, 
 and again, once more, for Aberdeen, in the service of 
 which constituency he died, , 
 
 
 
EVIL CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. 175 
 
 England was never in a more depressed. condition 
 than in 1819. Public meetings were held all over 
 the country, and the sufferings of the people were the 
 theme of every speech. Toreign nations judged 
 England to be on the eve of a revolution, sanguinary 
 as that of the French in 1798. Lord Sidmouth, as 
 was his wont, saw rebellion and conspiracy in every 
 demonstration. ‘The strange panic that had laid hold 
 of the public mind culminated on the occasion of a 
 Manchester meeting, where a peaceable but numerous 
 assembly of suffering workpeople was dispersed by a 
 charge of cavalry, wounding and killing many. 
 
 Parliament not only justified the order of the 
 frightened magistrates of Manchester, but passed six 
 Acts that trammelled the press and the right of public 
 meeting. Mr. Hume resisted in every stage their 
 passing. He denounced them as “harsh and pre- 
 cipitate.” From the first, he had withstood the panic 
 spreading in all classes. He felt, to quote his own 
 words, “for the ruined farmer, the distressed manu- 
 facturer, the people burthened with taxation, the 
 landlord without rent, and the labourer without 
 work.” ‘It was his enlarged philanthropy,” says 
 Sir Joshua, “at a time when the most enlightened 
 statesmen were merely party-men, capable of regard- 
 ing or representing one interest alone, that fitted 
 Hume to become the pioneer of reformers,” inspired 
 
176 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 to work for “the good of the many as opposed to the 
 interest of the few.” 
 
 From the time of his re-entering Parliament, 
 under circumstances that seemed pregnant with 
 future ruin, he set himself to withstand every abuse 
 of the public money. He became the self-elected 
 guardian of the public purse; fulfilling this office 
 by using the right vested in every member of the 
 House of Commons, to challenge and bring to a 
 direct vote every single item of public expenditure. 
 To appreciate the task Mr. Hume accomplished almost 
 single-handed, we must realise the amount to which 
 the nation was taxed, and the light in which Govern- 
 ment regarded its right of draining the people’s pocket. 
 It has been computed and verified by statistics that, 
 for eight years, from 1813 to 1822, about seventy- 
 seven millions were raised by taxes out of a total 
 income, from all sources, of one hundred and fifty-five 
 millions; ‘‘or that one-half of the income of the 
 country—derived from the produce of its land, its 
 capital, and its labour—was wrung from it, in order 
 to support the expenses of the Government and the 
 war.” The difficulties Mr, Hume encountered in the 
 course of his efforts to reduce this enormous amount 
 of taxation, were not a little enhanced by the state 
 of the public accounts. Their confusion defied the 
 industry of man to reconcile them, On one occasion 
 
 
 

 
 HUME AND RETRENCHMENT. 177 
 
 (21st June, 1821), he complained that he and Mr. 
 Ricardo, on examining various official accounts, had 
 found ‘‘three public accounts, signed by the same 
 person, all relating to the same period, and all 
 differing in amount.” 
 
 Early in the session of 1821, Mr. Hume announced 
 his intention, ‘‘ until the House pledged itself to revise 
 the establishment of the State, and adopt a principle 
 of economy wherever that principle can be adopted, 
 to bring forward motions from day to day, to compel 
 it to that issue.” The ministers and the large majority 
 of the Commons sneered at this man of homely speech, 
 who, for no party purpose, thus constituted himself 
 censor of their proceedings. They called him a 
 visionary, a harlequin-jumper, when he expounded 
 his economical schemes. But their jeers fell scathless. 
 Mr. Hume was too simply in earnest to care much for 
 the amusement he excited. The dry humour that 
 occasionally flavoured his speech sometimes led him 
 to turn his adversaries’ taunts upon themselves. “If I 
 am a harlequin-jumper,” he said, in allusion to Lord 
 Castlereagh’s sneer, ‘“‘ere long it will be seen what 
 proficiency the noble lord and his friends will make 
 in the leap in following me ; for follow me they must, 
 in retrenchment, and in wholesale retrenchment too.” 
 
 Faithful to his pledge, for four months of the 
 
 session of 1821, day after day and night after night, 
 N 
 
178 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 Mr. Hume brought forward motions to effect reduc- 
 tion in the public expenditure. Several of these 
 motions were negatived without a division. On the 
 21st of June, when the different estimates for the 
 year were submitted to the House, he came forward 
 in the full force of his censorship. For the first 
 time, he produced those carefully-elaborated tables 
 in which the various items of expenditure in every 
 branch of the administration, for many years past, 
 were carefully noted down, and the steady increase 
 
 of expenditure made palpable. Sinecures were here 
 
 tabulated and shown up as waste of public money. 
 The House listened in amazement to this evidence 
 of the close scrutiny that had been brought to bear 
 upon the smallest item of expenditure, and astonished 
 heads of departments heard discussed before them 
 the minutest arrangements of their offices, with which 
 they were themselves totally unacquainted. Thus 
 armed with facts and fioures, Mr. Hume was invin- 
 cible. Ministers and hostile majorities learnt to 
 dread the appearance of those complicated and 
 voluminous statements, although “much laughter ” 
 generally hailed the rising of the member for 
 Aberdeen with rolls of paper in his hand. Where 
 and how had he obtained all this knowledge, the 
 accuracy of which was as marvellous as its extent ? 
 
 His name, in connection with the Corn Laws, 
 
 ED 
 
 Se 
 
 ——— a ee 
 
 ee ee ee ee ee ee ee 
 

 
 DISINTERESTEDNESS OF HUME. 179 
 
 is overshadowed by the great .and deserved glory 
 shed over those of Cobden, Villiers, Bright, and 
 Brougham. But of this reform, as of every other, 
 he was the pioneer, advocating the repeal of the 
 Corn Laws years before the League was formed, 
 and sparing himself no labour to prove the truth 
 of his affirmation, that all protective legislation is 
 suicidal policy. “No trait,” again says Sir Joshua, 
 “better illustrates the singular disinterestedness of 
 Hume, than the quiet way in which he would 
 abandon the leadership of a question, when others 
 took it up whom he deemed better fitted to accom- 
 plish the remaining portion of the work. Yet, a 
 single stroke of his, in 1840, did more to clear the 
 way for the repeal of the Corn Laws than the League’s 
 tracts and lecturers. He moved for a Select Com- 
 mittee to inquire into the several duties levied upon 
 imports, with a view to ascertain whether these 
 imports were levied for protection or for the pur- 
 pose of the revenue alone.” The inquiry being 
 granted, the labours of the committee established, 
 beyond the power of future confusion, the general 
 difference between the natures of the two sorts of 
 taxation hitherto confounded in the public mind— 
 taxation raised for revenue, and taxation levied 
 exclusively for the protection of some favoured 
 
 class interest. At the same time, he advocated 
 N 2 
 
180 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 parliamentary reform by speeches in the House 
 and by out-door agitation, and there were few 
 deputations coming up to London to petition Par- 
 liament for these reforms that did not leave some 
 grateful record of acknowledgment to the oldest 
 champion of their cause, the leader of what had 
 once seemed a forlorn hope against abuses which 
 impeded the free representation of the people. 
 
 The chronicles of the time record labours at 
 which we can merely glance :—the discovery of the 
 Orange Lodge Conspiracy, unravelled by his dili- 
 gence and zeal, whose wide-spread : ramifications 
 extended over England, Scotland, and the colonies, 
 to whose service a hundred and forty thousand 
 men in the army were pledged, headed by Colonel — 
 Fairman, and the object of which was to make 
 the Duke of Cumberland king, in the place of 
 William IV., and to the exclusion of the Princess 
 Victoria :—his crusade against colonial abuses; his 
 successful onslaught against the old combination 
 laws preventing workmen consulting together upon 
 the rate of wages at which to fix their labour, but 
 which left masters free to combine against them ; 
 his repeal also of the laws prohibiting the export 
 of machinery, and the Act preventing workmen 
 going abroad; his constant protest against flogging 
 in the army, the impressment of sailors, imprison- 
 
 
 
INVINCIBLE PHRSISTENCY. 181 
 
 ment for debt, &c. He took up the question of : 
 
 lighthouses and harbours ; in the former he secured 
 greater efficiency and effected large savings, in 
 the latter he prevented all useless expenditure for 
 a time. ‘‘His public career,’ says Sir Joshua, 
 “may be summed up in the words which he used 
 to characterise Mr. Ricardo’s: ‘The general interest 
 of the community was the single object he had in 
 view, and through good and evil report he pursued 
 it, in the most liberal spirit of inquiry.’ ”’ 
 
 He never accepted defeat. Beaten night after 
 night, upon motion after motion, still he returned 
 to the charge. ‘Never mind, once you are sure 
 you are in the right lobby,” he would say to his 
 handful of discouraged followers. At last his un- 
 swerving faith in the ultimate triumph of right won 
 the day. ‘The laughter that used to greet his plain 
 speeches was heard no more, but gave place to 
 respectful attention. He was felt to be the embodied 
 conscience of the House. The fear of ‘“ What will 
 old Joe say?” nipped in the bud many an act of 
 jobbery, that but for his presence would have been 
 perpetrated in Parliament. His opponents were 
 forced ultimately to give. effect to the economical 
 and financial reforms they had denounced as 
 visionary. Sir Robert Peel himself, while still leader 
 of the Tory party, publicly declared Mr. Hume “one 
 
182 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 of the most useful members that had ever sat in 
 the House of Commons.” And Hume reaped his 
 reward in contemplating the improved condition of 
 the people, the simplification of accounts—above all, 
 the higher moral tone prevalent in the administration. 
 
 The following amusing incident, often told by 
 Sir Joshua, will illustrate Mr. Hume’s popularity 
 amongst the working classes: ‘“‘A strike had been 
 resolved upon by the London cabmen. The night 
 was wet and miserable. On leaving the scene of 
 our labours, we saw through the rain a reassuring 
 assemblage of four-wheelers and hansoms. No 
 sooner, however, did we hail the cabs, than with a 
 loud halloo, the drivers impelled them in various 
 directions. Hume and I were walking arm-in-arm. 
 ‘We'll give old Joe a lift,’ shouted three or four 
 retreating cabbies, drawing up their horses. They 
 actually fought for the privilege of giving him a 
 lift; and since I was walking with him, I was 
 allowed to get in, and so shared the advantage of 
 his popularity.” 
 
 He was more than commonly abstemious in his 
 habits; even at meals his mind was ever at work on 
 the questions he had in hand. Possessed of unusual 
 physical powers, the calmness of his temper was sin- 
 gular. His energy became trained industry, exceeding 
 any power of endurance I have ever witnessed in other 
 men, However late he might have left the House 
 
INDUSTRIOUS ENERGY. 183 
 
 of Commons, he was in his study early. Frequently, 
 when parting from him at his own door, at three 
 or four o’clock in the morning, he would call out to 
 me: ‘‘ Remember to be with me at eleven, for we 
 have a committee on at twelve.” By that time he 
 would have already attended to his voluminous 
 correspondence, received visitors coming with varied 
 subjects of information, attended to the innumerable 
 applications for information, which he was always 
 ready to give. In committee until four, the business 
 of the House and his papers required his attention 
 until seven; when he would take a very frugal 
 meal, and returning to his duties, would remain 
 until the breaking up of the House. With all this 
 unceasing labour, | never heard him complain of 
 weariness, or speak an unkind word of anyone, save 
 perhaps on public grounds. He was as hopeful as 
 a child, and sometimes more confiding than reason 
 seemed to justify. 
 
 We give the following pleasant little note from 
 Mr. Cobden to Sir Joshua, enclosing him a letter of 
 Mr. Hume’s, for one line of it gives us his estimate 
 
 of the man: 
 “ Hayling Island, Hants, 16th September, 1848. 
 “My DEAR WALMSLEY, 
 
 “T have to-day received the enclosed from 
 Hume, for you. I suppose he is impatient to get 
 
 
 
184, LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 to work again. What a granite body and soul the 
 old boy must have. We are enjoying fine weather 
 here. It is out of the world, five miles away from 
 a shop, and not a politician to be found in a long 
 day’s ramble. 
 
 “‘ Believe me, faithfully yours, 
 
 “ RICHARD CoBDEN.” 
 
 One more quotation from Sir Joshua’s note-book, 
 and we close this sketch of the friend he valued 
 above all others. It bears upon Mr. Hume's friend- 
 ship with the Duke of Kent, which proved to have 
 some influence on the history of our present Queen. 
 It is so much a matter of history, that it is not 
 indelicate to allude to the fact of the Duke’s pecuniary 
 difficulties. Hume became the Duke’s trustee, and 
 for many years managed his estate, and cleared it 
 of every claim. The Duke of Kent lived abroad, 
 and had it not been that Mr. Hume guaranteed 
 five thousand pounds, the Duchess could not have 
 come over to England, and the Queen’s birth would 
 have taken place on foreign soil. After the death of 
 the Duke, Mr. Hume became one of the confidential 
 advisers of the Duchess of Kent, taking an active 
 part in the arrangements for the education of the 
 young Princess. I have often heard him speak of 
 the great maternal solicitude of the Duchess. She 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 THE DUOHESS OF KENT. 185 
 
 was indefatigable in her efforts to train aright her 
 daughter’s mind. She never left her, kept a minute 
 of every day’s employment, striving incessantly to 
 guide her infant mind far from guile or pride. 
 Mr. Hume also often spoke to me of the fears she 
 entertained lest the machinations of George IV. 
 should be successful in obtaining the control of her 
 child’s education. At these discussions the youthful 
 Princess was sometimes present, listening attentively 
 to the conversations of her mother and Mr. Hume. 
 George IV. at last was deterred from his object, by 
 Mr. Hume declaring his determination to bring ue 
 whole subject before the House of Commons. 
 
 It seems to us that we cannot do better than 
 give here a letter of Mr. Hume's to Sir Joshua, 
 which contains a retrospective view of his long, 
 laborious life, and is a confession of faith. It some- 
 - what forestalls our narrative; but it aptly closes 
 this slight summary of his work. The letter was 
 addressed to Sir Joshua when the latter, ill in 
 health and harassed by the heavy responsibilities 
 entailed by his presidency of the National Freehold 
 Society, had written to Mr. Hume in weariness 
 of spirit, that he wished to retire from the post. 
 Enclosed in his letter we find a prescription, and 
 some direction as to diet and exercise, signed “Joseph 
 Hume, M.D., without a fee.” This explains the allu- 
 
 
 
186 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 sion contained in the first paragraph. It is dated 
 from his seat in Norfolk, December 27th, 1851. ~ 
 
 “ My pEAR Sir Josuua, 
 
 “T thank you for your letter, as it will enable me 
 to give you some simple directions for your own health, 
 without which your labours will be a trouble instead of 
 a pleasure. I enclose a few plain and simple sugges- 
 tions, which, if attended to, may keep you in working 
 trim, and thus enable you to be useful in your day. 
 
 “You say, why should I work and toil to effect 
 reform at so great a sacrifice of health, time, and 
 money ? You are a beginner, I am an old stager 
 in reform. You confine, perhaps properly, your 
 energies to one subject, ‘Reform of Parliament,’ 
 whilst I have gone through every department of 
 Church and State, civil and military, which has 
 engrossed my time, attention, and finances, for the 
 last forty consecutive years—often against enormous 
 odds and under very discouraging circumstances ; 
 always against the mass of the public servants of 
 the ministry for the time being. But I had laid 
 down to myself this rule, that whilst I was inde- 
 pendent in circumstances and fortunate in my pro- 
 gress to a seat in Parliament, I should do my_ best 
 to improve the condition of my less fortunate fellow- 
 countrymen by reforming and improving the insti- 
 
 
 
JOSEPH HUME TO SIR JOSHUA. 187 
 
 tutions of the country in which we lived. Although 
 a ‘ Radical,’—by-the-by, a phrase first used by myself 
 —and at one time a very ill-received character by the 
 higher classes, I have never been anxious to destroy 
 our institutions, but zealous to improve them. I 
 have considered the theory of a limited monarchy, 
 with representative institutions and freedom of the 
 press, as the best form of government that I could 
 suggest ; and all my efforts have been directed only 
 to amend where defective, or to change where cir- 
 cumstances had altered the operation and effects of 
 some of the branches or departments of our public 
 institutions; but always keeping in view that a 
 government was a convention in society, by which 
 the laws and regulations of the State should secure 
 the greatest amount of happiness to the greatest 
 number of the people. In fact, I consider the govern- 
 ment made for the benefit of the people at large, 
 and not for the advantage of the few, and on that 
 I have ever acted. I found class interests and the 
 benefits of our institutions to exist to a great extent 
 to the injury of the many, and the cause (by misrule) 
 of misery to the mass of the people; and my whole 
 efforts, during a long political struggle under most 
 unfavourable circumstances (at times), have been 
 devoted to effect such reforms as should secure the 
 advantages which the struggles of our ancestors had 
 
 
 
188 LIFE OF SIk JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 endeavoured by liberal institutions to give to the 
 nation. I wanted nothing for myself, and therefore — 
 could always take that course which, in my judgment, 
 appeared best calculated to secure the happiness of 
 the mass of the people, for whom few seemed to 
 care; and with these objects in view, my labours 
 have been, though very severe and sometimes to 
 the risk of my health, a source of satisfaction—often 
 of real pleasure—by the successes that have at times 
 attended, though sometimes very tardily, those 
 labours. I hope I shall be able to conclude my 
 political career (now approaching to its termination), 
 without sacrificing any of the great principles of 
 civil and religious liberty that I have uniformly 
 advanced and advocated, and that I shall not have 
 to reeret (as many of my fellow-labourers must have 2 
 done) the relinquishment of public advocacy for 
 private advantage. I hope when I lay my head on 
 my pillow, never again to raise it, that I may be 
 able conscientiously to be satisfied with my public 
 and private acts, and further, to think that I have 
 not lived in vain, but have acted for the benefit of 
 my fellow-creatures everywhere. Follow my advice 
 and put the same questions to yourself, so that they 
 may regulate your conduct. Wishing you success, — 
 “JT remain, yours sincerely, 
 ‘ JosepH Hume,” 
 
 
 
CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 Mr. Cobden’s Letter to Sir Joshua—Proposed Increase of Income 
 Tax—Mr. Hume propounds his Plan of Reform—Meeting of 
 leading Reformers; Hume Chairman, Cobden Deputy- 
 Chairman, and Walmsley Secretary—Letter from Cobden 
 to Sir Joshua—Hume’s Motion in the House defeated. 
 
 It was owing in some degree to his friend Cobden’s 
 expressed desire to see a new paper started to 
 uphold the doctrine of non-intervention, that 
 Sir Joshua became a part proprietor of the new 
 Liberal organ, The Daily News. The following 
 letter from Mr. Cobden in reference to this subject 
 
 will be found interesting: 
 
 “Tt has always struck me, what was wanted in 
 a new daily paper was a new direction of politics, 
 to suit a coming want in public opinion, not already 
 catered for by the existing prints. This is not 
 easily hit upon, because if too much in advance 
 of opinion upon any topic, the paper is in danger 
 of not floating until the public mind grows up to 
 it. On the other hand, if the policy be very 
 
 
 
190 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 obvious, it is already taken up by other journals, so 
 that there is no void to fill up. I have a strong 
 opinion that the time is at hand when the old 
 foreign policy of this country may be systematically 
 attacked with success. You may remember that | 
 took up the subject in my pamphlets twelve years ago. 
 All my travels and experience since have confirmed 
 me in my views. I was much in advance of the 
 times when I wrote ‘ England, Ireland, and America,’ 
 and ‘ Russia.’ There was much in the style and 
 details of those pamphlets which, owing to my being 
 a young writer and politician, was defective, but 
 the principles were sound. The foundation of what 
 little influence I have in the North of England was 
 laid by the publication of those pamphlets, and the 
 friendships I formed with the leading minds here 
 arose out of those works. But now the ground is 
 far better prepared for the advocacy of the non- 
 wmtervention principle (in foreign affairs). The 
 adoption of Free Trade has simplified the question. 
 There is no longer any vague notion that our 
 diplomatists can bring home a commercial treaty 
 in their pockets, as the result of their intrigues. 
 Nor do we expect or wish to gain any more — 
 colonies for the sake of their exclusive trade. The 
 cost of these interventions, Portugal to wit, will 
 
 be brought home to the comprehension of the 
 
 
 

 
 RICHARD COBDEN TO SIR JOSHUA. 191 
 
 people. J shall take care that my countrymen 
 understand it. 
 
 “T suspect that your rival Zhe Chronicle is an 
 illustration of the decline of the opposite principle 
 of intervention in the affairs of other countries. 
 Tt has been Palmerston’s organ, and I suspect its 
 ruin may be in part attributed to that. We can 
 talk this over when we meet. You know that I 
 am not very tenacious of advising your paper to 
 take my line, because I don’t know whether that 
 would at all times be judicious. But I do believe 
 the time is nearly at hand when a more rational 
 foreign policy will be in the ascendant. 
 
 “ Truly yours, 
 
 “ RICHARD COBDEN.” 
 
 Mr. Cobden’s anticipations of increased taxation 
 were realised. In February, Lord John Russell made 
 his financial statement for the year. Admitting a 
 deficient revenue, he yet advocated an increase of 
 expenditure to reorganise the militia, according to 
 the Duke of Wellington’s suggestion. To effect this 
 and to cover the deficiency, he proposed an addition 
 of fivepence to the income-tax. This created 
 universal dissatisfaction, expressed freely by all sides 
 of the House, and Parliament was still discussing 
 the scheme, when the threatened French invasion 
 
 
 
192 LIFE OF SIk JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 collapsed, and Louis Philippe and his family, includ 
 ing the Prince de Joinville, arrived as fugitives in 
 England. 
 
 Mr. Hume had often sketched out to his political 
 adherents a plan of parliamentary reform. The 
 necessity of this was acknowledged by many, but 
 as yet no nucleus had been formed. After sitting 
 for Bolton, Sir Joshua had redeemed his promise 
 to his former electors, and now represented Leicester 
 in Parliament. ‘‘At my suggestion,” he writes, “a 
 few political friends were brought together, and it 
 was unanimously resolved to hold a meeting at 
 the Free Trade Hall. Endeavours were made to 
 thwart it, but all adverse efforts failed, and the hall 
 was crowded. | 
 
 ‘ Looking back,” he continues, “‘ on this meeting, 
 I can trace the various motives which actuated each, 
 sO unanimous as a whole. Hume headed, as was his 
 wont, this movement of social progress. He was 
 seeking, by an extension of the franchise, to bring 
 about financial reform, for it was only when the taxed 
 should have a voice in the levying of taxes that the 
 burden would be fairly adjusted. Cobden, absorbed 
 in his aspirations after universal peace, and bent on 
 realising his scheme for unfettered, world-wide com- 
 merce, looked upon the movement as a means for 
 protesting against the taxation necessary for war. 
 
 
 

 
 COBDEN’S PRUDENT COUNSEL. 193° 
 
 I simply went on the right the people had to a 
 wider representation.” The meeting attracted much 
 attention, and Mr. Hume would have issued an 
 address at this period; but for the present was dis- 
 suaded by his friends, especially by Mr. Cobden, who 
 wrote to Sir Joshua a few days after as follows: 
 
 “ Manchester, 22nd April, 1848. 
 “My DEAR WALMSLEY, 
 
 “The more I reflect, the more I am convinced 
 that we must be cautious in the next step we take. 
 We are not in a position to issue an address. We 
 have no plan to propose, and any address without 
 a plan would be unsatisfactory, and even cause sus- 
 picion of our motives. Before we take another step, 
 we must be prepared to co-operate amongst our- 
 ‘selves. Now, I do not see the material for a par- 
 liamentary union at present. The country will 
 by-and-by give us that union. But if we attempt 
 to do something and then are shown up in the 
 House as a disunited party, we shall only discourage 
 our friends out of doors. ‘The fact is, more import- 
 ance has been attached to our meeting than it 
 deserves. The public does not know what hetero- 
 geneous material we were composed of, and what. a 
 variety of objects and motives actuated us. Let us 
 
 beware how we get into a false position and run the 
 O 
 
 
 
AO 4 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 risk not merely of compromising ourselves, but what 
 is of far more consequence, damaging the cause 
 which we wish to serve. 
 
 “ Faithfully yours, 
 
 ‘*RICHARD COBDEN.” 
 
 And again on the 28th April, 1848, he writes, 
 when the movement has made some progress : 
 
 “My DEAR WALMSLEY, 
 
 “Still I am of opinion that we did right to 
 abstain from putting forth a plan. The country is 
 generally fermenting and debating upon the question, 
 What ought to be done? and we shall know what 
 ground to take after Easter, better than before. 
 There is besides a great advantage in letting the 
 country initiate the plan, and then it will take more 
 interest in its own offspring. Yesterday we had a 
 private meeting of our earnest old Leaguers. The 
 room in Newall’s Buildings was full, and everyone 
 was asked for an opinion, which resulted in a unani- 
 mous resolve that Wilson should send a circular to 
 all the subscribers to the League of five pounds and 
 upwards, asking their opinions upon the four points : 
 household suffrage, vote by ballot, triennial Parlia- 
 ments, and electoral districts. The answers to be 
 
 
 

 
 MOTION OF THE LIBERAL COMMITTEE. 195 
 
 considered private. In a fortnight we shall know 
 the result. Every man was anxious for a begin- 
 ning. There was plenty of good stuff present. But 
 at first we should not carry all our rich Leagues 
 
 with us.” 
 
 In May, matters were considered ripe for action. 
 The committee of fifty-one members of Parliament 
 resolved that Mr. Hume be requested to give notice 
 to the effect: ‘“‘That leave be granted to bring in 
 a Bill to amend the national representation, by ex- 
 tending the elective franchise so that every. man of 
 full age, and not subject to any mental or legal 
 disability, who shall have been the resident occupier 
 of a house, or part of a house, as a lodger for twelve 
 months, and shall have been duly rated to the poor 
 of that parish for that time, shall be registered as 
 an elector, and be entitled to vote for a represen- 
 tative in Parliament; also by enacting that votes 
 shall be taken by ballot, that the duration of Par- 
 liament shall not exceed three years, and that the 
 proportion of representatives be made consistent with 
 the amount of population and property.” 
 
 The motion that ought to have come on on 
 the 23rd of May, owing to the lateness of the hour, 
 was postponed till the 20th of June. A short dis- 
 
 cussion on the subject of parliamentary reform took 
 Oo 2 
 
 
 
196 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 place on the first night, when Lord John Russell 
 assured the House that, “speaking generally, he 
 believed the working classes of the country” wish 
 for neither the Charter nor “ Mr. Hume’s great plan, 
 which comes somewhat near the Charter.” As an 
 answer to this assertion, on the 20th of June the 
 table of the House was covered with petitions 
 coming from every part of the country, supporting 
 the demand for reform. Mr. Hume now explained 
 his scheme in an exhaustive speech. “ After sixteen 
 years,”- he said, ‘“‘the Reform Bill had not effected 
 the object for which he struggled. It had failed 
 to answer all the purposes, which, as an ardent 
 and zealous supporter of reform, he had advocated.” 
 Five out of every six adults had no voice in the 
 Government ; a country thus governed had no true 
 popular representation. He advocated a return to 
 the triennial Parliaments as a means of quickening 
 the sense of responsibility of members towards their 
 constituents ; the ballot for the protection of the 
 voters. ‘‘ Parliament,” he held, “was a mere in- 
 strument by which a constitutional country was 
 governed.” He showed up the defective state of 
 the electoral districts, allowing one-ninth of the 
 electors of the United Kingdom to send up to 
 Parliament the majority of representatives. The 
 

 
 MAJORITY AGAINST HUME. 197 
 
 House discussed for three nights Mr. Hume’s scheme. 
 On the division upon it, a majority of two hundred 
 and sixty-seven declared against it, only eighty-six 
 members having voted in its favour. 
 
CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 Sir Joshua’s Tour through the North—Mr. Cobden’s Letter to him 
 on the Subject—Financial Reform Association Meeting in 
 Liverpool—Sir Joshua’s Speech—Mr. Cobden’s Letter of 
 Encouragement—Hume’s Letters—Forty-Shilling Freeholders 
 —Taylor of Birmingham—Mr. Cobden’s Letter on Whig 
 Opposition to Creation of Freeholders—Decline of the Reform 
 Spirit—Mr. Cobden on the Subject. 
 
 Previous to starting the National Reform Associa- 
 tion, Sir Joshua made a tour through the North of 
 England. He had lost his seat for Leicester, but 
 the fifty members of parliament who had formed 
 themselves into a committee to advocate Reform 
 principles passed a resolution, inviting him to con- 
 tinue honorary secretary to their body, and he had 
 consented to do so. The result of this tour he gave 
 in a letter to Mr. Cobden, which has unfortunately 
 been lost, but the import of which may be gathered 
 
 from the following answer : 
 
 “ Hayling Island, Hants, 25th September, 1848. 
 “My DEAR WALMSLEY, 
 “JT have been a good deal interested with 
 the perusal of your letter, giving me a sort of 
 political stock-taking of public opinion in the North. 
 
WORK OF THE REFORMERS. 199 
 
 Much depends for the future upon the course of 
 events on the Continent. If the Germans fall into 
 anarchy, or the Red Republicans get the upper 
 hand in France, our middle classes will cower under 
 the wings of the aristocracy for safety and protec- 
 tion, and you and I may close our accounts as 
 agitators for awhile. In the meantime the economy 
 and retrenchment cry is working and bringing people 
 gradually to the ranks of the parliamentary reformers. 
 The Daly News is doing the part, and indeed, all 
 parts, admirably, and it would be a pity indeed if, 
 with such an efficient corps of writers, the paper 
 cannot be not merely sustained but strengthened. 
 By-the-way, I got a letter from Birmingham the 
 other day, giving some details of the working of 
 an association for buying county freehold votes. It 
 is succeeding and extending its operations into the 
 neighbourhood, and I feel quite convinced that this 
 forty-shilling freehold scheme is the only certain 
 though slow way of beating the aristocracy; and 
 so I have said in a letter to the society, which will 
 be read at the anniversary meeting on the 6th of 
 October. Poor Bentinck! what phantoms we are 
 and what bubbles we pursue! My wife joins me 
 in kind regards to Lady W. and yourself. 
 ‘‘ Believe me, faithfully yours, 
 ‘RICHARD COBDEN,” 
 
200 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 An association had been started in Liverpool, 
 under the name of the Financial Reform Association. 
 The principal object of a visit paid by Sir Joshua to 
 his native city was to see this body, and to attend 
 a meeting to be held in the Portico, Newington, on 
 the 29th September. The purpose of this association, 
 as its name implies, was to enforce the principle of 
 economy in public expenditure. It advocated also 
 a system of direct taxation, levied upon property 
 and income, instead of indirect taxation upon 
 commodities. 
 
 The reform of the House of Commons, however, was 
 
 not included in its programme, and in the estimation 
 
 of Mr. Hume and his adherents, the reform of the - 
 
 House once effected, all other reforms would follow. 
 On the appoimted evening the meeting came off. 
 It was crowded. This short extract from Sir Joshua 
 Walmsley’s speech is a curious statement of the 
 proportionate taxation of England relatively to other 
 countries at that time: “State taxation in the 
 United States, in Russia, Prussia, and Austria, does 
 not exceed nine shillings to twelve shillings per head, 
 in France it is twenty-six shillings, whilst in our 
 own it is fifty-two shillings and sixpence. In other 
 countries the chief taxes are borne by the land, in 
 this by the labouring classes.” In the following letter 
 of Mr. Cobden’s relating to this meeting, one phrase 
 
 ee 
 
COBDEN’S HNCOURAGEMENT. 201 
 
 in it, alluding to his own probable length of days, 
 now reads like a mournful prophecy : _ 
 
 “ Hayling Island, 4th October, 1848. 
 
 “My pear WALMSLEY, 
 
 “Many thanks for your letter and the news- 
 paper, giving an account of the Liverpool meeting. 
 You hit the nail right on the head. Don’t be afraid 
 to repeat the blow again and again in the same 
 place; it is by such means only, that the arguments 
 or the nail can be driven home. I was struck with 
 the same impression as yourself, when reading 
 Gladstone’s remarks, viz. that he gave proofs of 
 being in earnest by his attacks on all sides—Peel, 
 Lord Lansdowne, M‘Neile, and the Tories! I observe 
 what you say about our friend Hume’s anxiety to 
 send out an address; this is the fit of weakness which 
 has displayed itself in occasional attacks during the 
 session. You and I may be well excused if we have 
 not greater foibles before we reach his age, which 
 you may, but I shall not. However, we must try 
 to keep him quiet. The task before us will not be 
 accomplished by proclamation, or even public meetings 
 or petitions; but by hard work, done in the same 
 methodical way in which we conduct our private 
 affairs. Yet public meetings and addresses and 
 speeches must form a part of our operations. My 
 
202 LIFE OF SIk JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 first appearance must be in Yorkshire, but I do not 
 yet know how or when. You will legitimately 
 appear at Liverpool, because you are one of them ; 
 but I think they had better not invite me to their 
 meeting in the amphitheatre, which ought to be a 
 local affair to command attention. I wish you were 
 able to be present at the Birmingham freehold 
 anniversary, on Friday evening next. That is a 
 movement which, if rightly started and sustained, 
 may accomplish anything; but there should be an 
 association in every division of a county in which 
 there is a town population. Tor instance, Liverpool 
 should undertake to wrest South Cheshire from the 
 squires and parsons, and Manchester should do the 
 same for North Cheshire. What say you to a trip 
 up to Birmingham, to make the acquaintance of 
 Mr. Taylor, and to inspect their plan of operation? I 
 shall remain here for three weeks more, if the 
 weather be favourable; but it is my intention to 
 run up to town for two days, to meet Mr. Bastiat 
 from France, who has come over for a few 
 
 days.” 
 
 The following extract from a letter of Mr. Hume, 
 dated Burnley Hall, 17th November, 1848, shows 
 what the stanch old man, now failing in health, 
 expected from Reform, and also his radical divergence 
 
 i 
 
HUME’S VIEWS OF REFORM. 203 
 
 of purpose from the one of the Liverpool Financial 
 Reform Association. at ia 
 
 “Tt has disappointed me greatly that I was not 
 in town to have met you and Mr. Cobden as con- 
 templated, and I regret that I shall not be in town 
 this month. 
 
 “T have not yet made arrangements for December, 
 though I feel inclined to remain quiet here, as I 
 find the frame not equal to the spirit. 
 
 “T observe with regret, that in the country there 
 does not seem to be that desire for parliamentary 
 reform which is at the root of all reforms. I 
 observe further that the Liverpool association does 
 not attack the army, navy, ordnance, and colonies, 
 the four chief sources of expense, but confine them- 
 selves to the personal salaries and some of the 
 smaller establishments; although I admit the pro- 
 ceedings abroad have been very unfavourable to any 
 large reduction in these branches of the national ex- 
 penditure. JI agree with you, that reduction and 
 equalisation of the taxes must be the object in view. 
 But to be true to our principles we must look to a 
 change in the House of Commons, as the best and 
 only effectual means of effecting these objects. 
 
 “J am surprised that such men as form the 
 committee in Liverpool cannot see that, with half 
 
204 LIFE OF SIkR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 the House members of the aristocracy, quarter of 
 naval, mwitary, and officials, it is absurd to expect 
 effectual reduction or relief until that proportion is 
 changed. 
 
 “T am now told that the experience of the 
 Continent shows that general suffrage here would 
 not improve your House much, and that the aris- 
 tocracy and their connections will continue to rule 
 and direct. If that be true, the more direct we 
 can make the taxes, the sooner the burden will 
 reach the aristocracy. 
 
 “T believe that the course taken by the Birmingham 
 association for the multuplication of freeholds is one 
 of the best that can be adopted, and that I think 
 we should consider how best to promote and extend 
 over the counties in England and Scotland. I 
 despair of anything good from Ireland, where every- 
 thing appears so bad—hopeless I would say. I may 
 observe that the proceedings in Yorkshire, in coquet- 
 ting with Fitzwilliam, as all the towns have done, 
 is but a poor example of what we may expect should 
 be done. If the strong and rich Reformers in York- 
 shire will not take the manly course of starting 
 one of themselves for the seat, what have you to 
 expect from the poverty-stricken, priest and aristo- 
 cratic ridden population in other parts of the 
 country? Nothing! 
 
 
 
REFORMERS AND CHARTISTS. 205 
 
 “I hope Mr. Cobden has advised the union in 
 some manufacturer, or well-known Liberal man of 
 _the people; and let the result be for or against us, 
 it must be an argument we may use. 
 
 “I quite concur, if there be one or two able men 
 with sound discretion, that can be employed to visit 
 all the boroughs without distinction, to inquire and 
 try what organisation can be made in each place 
 for the purposes of making freeholds, promoting 
 registrations, and keeping together all the Reformers 
 to our extent of reform. But I think that should 
 not be done by our committee, which should stand, 
 as we have done, on our principles, and call on 
 each community to take the best course to support us. 
 
 “Tfthat could be done by such a man as Mr. Wilson 
 and originating in Manchester, so as to keep our com- 
 mittee free, I think we should be better able to keep 
 our own in the House, and make our appeals to the 
 spontaneous proceeding of the several constituencies 
 as they came forward to support our motion. 
 
 “T should hope that those who have hitherto as 
 Chartists divided the Reformers, may now, from the 
 experience they have had, be disposed cordially to act 
 with us, though we may not be so forward as they 
 could wish. 
 
 “T see the good effects of Mr. Cobden’s moving in 
 furtherance of those proceedings, as every movement 
 
206 LIFH OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 of his in Yorkshire has had a good result. But I 
 think he should in that respect be as an individual. 
 I have thrown out my views, at first thought, of what 
 you have mentioned ; but I shall be ready to concur 
 in what, after consulting our friends, you may think 
 right to promote. I am grieved to see the state of 
 France, Austria, Germany, Italy, all unsettled, and as 
 yet productive of so much ill, I will not say un- 
 alloyed, as The Daily News of yesterday has very 
 properly shown the progress of liberty already made; 
 and which will not, I think, be allowed to recede, 
 however foolishly the King of Prussia and the 
 
 Emperor may act!” 
 % i * hy * 
 
 The following is an extract from a letter written 
 
 to Sir Joshua a few days before : 
 
 “ Burnley Hall, 24th October, 1848. 
 
 “Until matters are more settled on the Conti- 
 nent, the British public will not give the attention to 
 parliamentary reform that it deserves. But in the 
 meantime, I am pleased to learn that the creation of 
 freeholds in the counties, and of votes in the boroughs, 
 is going on, and I really see the absolute necessity of 
 that being done as speedily as possible; and if any- 
 thing could be done to make that general, the cause 
 of Reform will of itself progress, 
 
LETTER FROM HUME. 207 
 
 “T hear of nothing whatever from the ministers, 
 except an assurance, made with apparent sincerity, 
 that they are resolved on economy and retrenchment 
 to the utmost possible extent. 
 
 “Tf you have an opportunity, will you speak to the 
 Secretary of the Financial Association at Liverpool, 
 and remind him that when I sent him copies of all 
 the papers they wanted, and some more, they pro- 
 mised to send me a copy of all their publications ? 
 They have not done so (to me here), and I have not 
 been able to offer suggestions which I might have 
 done. 
 
 “They have, I presume, some paper as their organ, 
 and should send me a copy whenever any of their 
 articles appear. I think, however, it must soon be 
 apparent to them that the H. of C. is the root of the 
 evil, and that the attention of all financial reformers 
 must be directed to the reformation of that House ! 
 
 “Relief by such course is direct and speedy, 
 by the other circuitous and doubtful. But I must 
 subscribe myself 
 
 - Yours sincerely, 
 “ JosepH Hume.” 
 
 The creation of forty-shilling freeholds, recom- 
 mended in these letters of Mr. Cobden and Mr. Hume 
 as a powerful means of securing reform, had been 
 
208 LIFH OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 tried by Mr. Cobden in the days of the League. 
 James Taylor, of Birmingham, who had begun life as 
 a hard-working artisan, and who was now secretary 
 of the Birmingham Freehold Land Society, had heen 
 the first to start the movement. The Reform Bill 
 had annihilated many of the franchises existing in 
 boroughs, but it had left standing the forty-shilling 
 freehold qualification, conferred by statute in the — 
 seventh year of the reign of Henry VI. 
 
 The Chandos clause had left the landlords the 
 depositaries of political power in the counties. By 
 the votes of two hundred thousand tenants at 
 will they could virtually dispose of representation. 
 To wrest this power from the landlords, by creating a 
 class of independent voters, was the object of the 
 forty-shiling movement. The plan pursued by these 
 associations was to buy up large properties, and 
 divide them into lots. By the investment of from 
 thirty to forty pounds, the subscriber was not only 
 placed on the register of the county where his bit of 
 land stood, but an annual return of ten per cent. was 
 secured to him. | 
 
 The Whigs—nominally the party of Reform— 
 sought to neutralise at every step the work of the 
 party they called Radicals, In the following letter 
 Mr. Cobden describes their animosity thus: 
 

 
 COBDEN ON POLITICAL PARTIEFS. 209 
 “17th October, 1848. 
 
 “IT observe what you say about the Whig animus. 
 Depend upon it, that fraction of the aristocracy will 
 join sooner or later with their brothers the Tories 
 against us. In fact it is a virtual coalition, for 
 wherever they can’t bring in a man of their own they 
 will coalesce to keep one of us out. The Whigs have 
 contrived to get hold of nearly all the influential press 
 in Scotland ; and there are toadies of the party who, 
 as ‘our London Correspondent,’ are continuously 
 throwing dirt upon us. The enclosed I cut from The 
 Scotsman, Edinburgh paper, of last Saturday. It is a 
 formidable task to fight against the aristocracy when 
 it presents the front of a sham Liberalism, and 
 especially so when we have to deal with a people 
 of such strong aristocratic prejudices, that it would 
 almost prefer to be ruined by lords than saved by 
 commoners. In such a case we can only ultimately 
 make progress by the use of great prudence and 
 patience, and the application of much hard labour—a 
 quality in which we can beat them hollow. I am 
 every day confirmed in the opinion that great political 
 changes will flow out of the repeal of the Corn Laws. 
 The farmers, as a rule, are not devoted to the aristo- 
 cracy or the Church. I see nothing to separate them 
 henceforth from their own order in the House.” 
 
210 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 Divergence in aim now appeared among the 
 Reformers themselves. At a meeting in the Free- 
 Trade Hall, Manchester, in the beginning of January, 
 1849, Mr. Cobden denounced “the horrid waste of 
 ten millions sterling a year on fighting establish- 
 ments,” announcing his intention of submitting to the 
 House, in the following session, a scheme of inter- 
 national arbitration. Writing to Sir Joshua about 
 this meeting, he says in the course of the letter : “ We 
 had a monster meeting, indeed, yesterday. I feel, 
 more than ever, that we ought to have stuck ex- 
 clusively to the ‘Financial Reform,’ for the present. 
 I assure you that, even with the ‘ Fustian Jackets,’ 
 those sentiments which referred to a great reduction 
 of armaments were far more enthusiastically responded 
 to than the allusion to organic change.” 
 
 The support of the survivors of the Anti-Corn-Law 
 League, on which Sir Joshua had counted, also fell 
 away from him, as will be seen by the following letter 
 from Mr. Cobden, dated 20th October, 1850: 
 
 “There is one point on which I wish you to be 
 correctly informed : whatever may be done by Wilson, 
 Bright, myself, and other prominent leaders of the 
 League, in support of your four points, we must be © 
 reckoned only for what we are worth. We cannot 
 
 bring the League force with us. I have been looking 
 

 
 DEDICATION TO PARLIAMENTARY REFORM. 211 
 
 over my old League correspondence since I have been 
 here. Sackfuls of letters have passed through my 
 hands, and they have convinced me that the same 
 men who did the work of the League cannot be 
 depended on for any other agitation. It is thirteen 
 years since we began the Anti-Corn-Law movement. 
 Many of the principal workers are grown old, and not 
 a few are dead ; a very few of those who are still alive 
 are in the mood for beginning such another labour. 
 For myself, | have never disguised from the public 
 that I could not do again, in any other cause, what I 
 did in the League agitation. In the House, and in 
 those localities where I can legitimately advocate the 
 four points, you may reckon on my doing so. I have 
 not the least idea that either the Whigs or Tories 
 will give the ballot, or a fair redistribution of the 
 electoral power; and I quite agree with you that it 
 would be well to have the Whigs in opposition again. 
 But how is it to be done ?” 
 
 Thus Sir Joshua was left with only a handful of 
 followers, working in the same spirit as himself, 
 putting aside every other end but that of parlia- 
 mentary reform, considered solely for itself. 
 
 In a note dated 1862, that refers to this period, 
 Sir Joshua says : 
 
 “The Manchester school fell away from us after 
 3 P 2 
 
212 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 awhile. What motives or circumstances produced this 
 lukewarm feeling I am unable now to determine. 
 Although they voted with us in the House of 
 Commons, they did little more. Cobden even seemed 
 more anxious for financial reform and the ballot, than 
 for an extension of the suffrage. Had the party acted 
 together, with the energy and zeal that the members 
 of the National Reform Association have evinced, we 
 should not now be still looking for an extension of the 
 suffrage.” 
 
CHAPTER XX. 
 
 Sir Joshua returned for Bolton, February, 1849—The “Broadcloths” 
 and “ Fustian Jackets”—Reform Lecturers—Activity of the 
 Association—Mr. Cobden’s Letter—Reconciliation of Classes 
 —The Ecclesiastical Titles Bill—Mr. Locke’s Motion for 
 Reform—Defeat and Resignation of the Government—Return 
 
 of Lord John Russell to Office—Promise of a Reform Bill 
 
 '  —Meeting at the London Tavern—Mr. Cobden’s Speech— 
 Sir Joshua as President of the Reform Association—Mr. Hume’s 
 Letter—Mr. Cobden’s Letter—Aims of the Reformers—Ernest 
 Jones and the Chartists—Amusing Letter of Hume’s— 
 Meeting at the Spread Eagle Inn—Mr. Bright’s Speech 
 —Letters of Cobden and Hume—French Coup ad’ Htat— 
 Feeling in England—Lord John’s Reform Bill—Disappoin- 
 ment of the Reform Leaders—Ministerial Crisis—Resignation 
 of Ministers. 
 
 Sir JosHua now contested the borough of Bolton, 
 for which he was returned in 1849. Though not 
 an eloquent speaker, he possessed much ready tact. 
 The town seemed divided into two factions, nick- 
 named ‘“Broadcloths” and “Fustians.” At the 
 close of a meeting, some person requested that they 
 might hear their representative on Mr. Hume's scheme 
 of reform. The following evening was fixed for the 
 purpose, and the hall overflowed with Fustian Jackets. 
 They listened with intelligent attention, and seemed 
 to understand and approve of the scheme, Suddenly 
 
214 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 the unanimity of the proceedings was threatened. 
 One of the Fustian Jackets rose, and in a speech full 
 of dry humour and mother wit, criticised incisively 
 the whole project. Each period wound up with the 
 words: “ But I have a question to ask of our esteemed 
 representative.” This was spoken in a drawling tone, 
 and each time provoked cheers and roars of laughter. 
 At last the query was put: ‘“‘ Where, sir, are your 
 Broadcloths to-night?” This was pregnant with 
 danger, pointing, as it did, to the smouldering 
 enmity between classes, which kept the upper 
 absent from a workmen’s meeting. Sir Joshua rose. 
 Complimenting the speaker on his ability, he con- 
 tinued: “I must also ask him a question. Does 
 he remember Queen Elizabeth’s reply when asked 
 a similar one at a very important meeting ? ‘ Where 
 were her guards?’ was the query. ‘The Queen points 
 to the masses before her: ‘There are my guards,’ 
 she replied. In the same language I would reply : 
 
 Pueae 
 
 ‘There are my Broadcloths. The meeting proved 
 a very successful one, and for years afterwards a 
 very ragged jacket was always called in Bolton 
 “ Walmsley Broadcloth.” 
 In that year the National Reform Association, 
 under his presidency, began its labours, and soon 
 spread like a network over the country. Mr. Fox, 
 
 Colonel Thompson, Osborne, Roebuck, Slack, and 
 
NATIONAL REFORM ASSOCIATION MEETINGS. 215 
 
 many others joined heartily in the movement, and 
 became speakers or lecturers. 
 
 In the House, Sir Joshua never missed an oppor- 
 tunity to bring the question forward. No sooner were 
 his parliamentary duties over than he scoured the 
 country from Southampton to Aberdeen, addressing 
 crowded audiences. 
 
 During the year 1850 alone, the Association held 
 upwards of two hundred and twenty public meetings, 
 and published one hundred and twenty thousand 
 tracts. Conferences in London, Manchester, and the 
 larger towns were held. Branch associations were 
 fostered ; freehold land societies founded; and in 
 London, Drury Lane Theatre was engaged as a place 
 of meeting. ‘‘During the life of the Association,” 
 says Sir Joshua, “upwards of six hundred large 
 meetings were held, and in no instance did we fail 
 to obtain a vote in favour of our programme.” arly 
 in October, 1849, Mr.. Hume, Mr. Fox, and Sir 
 Joshua visited Norwich. St. Andrew’s Hall was 
 crowded; the reception was enthusiastic, and filled 
 them with hope. 
 
 Here is Mr. Cobden’s view of the matter : 
 
 “ October 6th, 1849. 
 “My pEAR WALMSLEY, 
 “7 was much interested in reading the 
 
 accounts of your proceedings. As an old hack in 
 
216 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 these matters, however, let me warn you against 
 relying on the influence of these demonstrations. If 
 such a meeting could be got up without the attend- 
 ance of Hume, yourself, and other stars, it would 
 “have been a sion of spontaneous feeling. As it 1s, - 
 people can conclude that the meeting assembled to 
 hear and stare at certain public men; and, let me tell 
 you, it is perfectly understood that with a moderate 
 time for giving due notice in advance, the attraction 
 of the names of those who figured in St. Andrew's 
 Hall would fill the largest room in the country. 
 Then comes the question, how such a demonstration 
 can be turned to good? Be assured it is only by 
 impressing on your friends the benefits of organisation 
 and steady work at the registration and at the forty- 
 shilling freeholds, that any impression will be made. 
 Old Sir Thomas Potter used to wind up all his 
 agitating speeches by these words, accompanying 
 them with a heavy thump of his fist on the table: 
 ‘Work, work, work!’ Try to impress the same on 
 your friends. Zhe Daily News to-day has an 
 admirable article on your meeting, contrasting well 
 with the rhodomontade of The Times, which shirks 
 the question as usual. 
 
 “ Believe me, faithfully yours, 
 
 ‘* RICHARD COoBDEN,” 
 
A GOOD RHSULT OF THE MOVEMENT, 217 
 
 The same friendly greeting everywhere met the 
 deputants of the Association. The Liberal London 
 papers occasionally drew attention to the reports of 
 crowded public meetings in provincial towns, and 
 local papers reported the proceedings of branch 
 societies, where the principles. of the mother Asso- 
 ciation were discussed by the labouring and manu- 
 facturing classes. Yet, on the whole, this Reform 
 movement attracted little public attention. One 
 important result from it, after awhile, however, 
 became manifest. The antagonism between the in- 
 dustrial and middle classes was declining. Meetings 
 were held, at which a spirit of conciliation prevailed. 
 For example: “‘At Aberdeen,’ says Sir Joshua, 
 “where it was reputed that Chartism was rife, on 
 the eve of the great meeting held by the Association, 
 a committee of working-men was formed, where all 
 agreed to renounce extreme views, in order to avoid 
 giving offence to the middle classes. At the meet- 
 ing, two thousand artisans, weavers, and mechanics 
 attended, and cheered the speeches of the members 
 of the Association. At Southampton, reputed another 
 hot-bed of Chartism, the largest building in the 
 town did not suffice to hold the crowd assembled 
 to greet the suffrage reformers. A deputation of 
 workmen attended. ‘After my speech, the leader 
 of the band stepped on the platform, and holding 
 
218 LIFH OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 out his hand to me in the name of his fellow- 
 workers, gave their adhesion to the principles of the 
 National Reform Association. Up to that period, 
 it had been impossible for the middle-class Reformers 
 to hold public meetings, without interruption from 
 the operatives, but now the two classes meet in every 
 part of the kingdom.” 
 
 Mr. Cobden acknowledged this important and 
 beneficial result, at a Reform gathering held in 
 Manchester, in 1851. “ By holding public meetings,” 
 he said, “in the spirit of Mr. Hume’s motion, Sir 
 Joshua Walmsley has conciliated large masses of the 
 working-classes, and after many difficulties, he has 
 enabled us to hold others in the same spirit.” 
 
 Two absorbing interests filled the public mind, 
 when Parliament met in February, 1851—indignation 
 at the Papal brief issued from the Vatican in the 
 previous October, constituting an episcopal hierarchy 
 in England and Wales; and pleasant anticipations 
 of the forthcoming great Exhibition. The feebleness 
 of the ministry was admitted by all; but the nation, 
 looking forward to its holiday, hoped that when the 
 measure for defeating the Papal aggression was passed, 
 all needful work being accomplished, the ministry 
 might yet get through the remaining labours of the 
 session. 
 
 In the first week of the meeting of Parliament, 
 

 
 LOCKE KINGS MOTION. 219 
 
 the Premier brought forward the Ecclesiastical Titles 
 Bill, the scope of which we need not now enter 
 upon. The anticipations, however, of a calm session, 
 devoted to the accomplishment of a single enactment, 
 were not realised. During the first lull in the dis- 
 cussion of the Ecclesiastical Titles Bull, Sir Joshua 
 Walmsley asked Lord John Russell if it was the 
 intention of ministers during this session to extend 
 the franchise, and amend the deficiencies of the 
 Reform Act of 1882. 
 
 Lord John answered that it was not the intention 
 of ministers to do so during the present session, but 
 promised certain amendments of the Reform Act, 
 when the proper time came. This vague answer did 
 not secure peace for the Government. Mr. Locke King 
 followed a few nights after, on the 20th February, 
 with the request for leave to bring in a bill to make 
 the franchise in counties in England and Wales the 
 same as in boroughs, 1.e. the occupation of a tenement 
 value ten pounds a-year. In the course of his speech, 
 opposing Mr. Locke King’s motion, Lord John Russell 
 gave a distinct pledge to bring in a new Reform Bill, 
 should he be in office in the course of the ensuing 
 session. He admitted that his views would not 
 “altogether meet with the approbation of the hon. 
 member for Montrose and other gentlemen who agree 
 with him; but,” he continued, “considering that by 
 
220 LIFE OF SIk JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 next session twenty years would have passed since the 
 passing of the Reform Bill, I think it desirable to 
 consider whether there are not great numbers of our 
 fellow-countrymen not possessed of the franchise, who 
 are fully qualified to exercise the suffrage, and whose 
 exercise of the suffrage would tend to the improve- 
 ment of the House.” 
 
 Mr. Cobden attended the first meeting of the 
 Association, at the London T'avern, after Lord John 
 Russell’s declaration. His presence at this meeting 
 testified to the altered position of the reform question. 
 In simple and magnanimous language, Mr. Cobden 
 now rendered homage to the work done by Sir 
 Joshua and his council. ‘I may say that I was a 
 subscriber from the first to his National Reform 
 Association. Sir Joshua Walmsley knows how I 
 have sympathised with him, and at the same time 
 how I frankly told him I could not boast of working 
 as he had done. I have taken no prominent or 
 active part in the agitation conducted under his 
 auspices, but I feel no less warmly thankful to those 
 who have done so; those who have kept the lamp 
 of reform burning, and have trimmed it at a time 
 when it was very likely to be neglected by the great 
 body of the people. I feel grateful to all who have 
 done so, under circumstances of neglect from myself 
 and others.” He declared the question the Association 
 

 
 HOMAGE TO SIR JOSHUA’S WORK. 221 
 
 had in hand the most practical one that politicians 
 had to deal with; and distinguishing, as Sir Joshua 
 had always done, the reform of the suffrage from 
 the reform of every other interest, he called upon 
 the people “to throw themselves into the question 
 of parliamentary reform, in a way that would prove 
 to the world that the English people had not lost 
 that old attribute of their nation, that they knew 
 how to seize the proper time for doing their own 
 work in their own way.” 
 
 After a short trip on the Continent to recruit 
 his health, Sir Joshua returned and once more took 
 his place at the head of the movement. Always 
 unsparing in energy to attain whatever object he 
 had set before himself, his labours during the recess 
 of 1851-52 were excessive. As president of the 
 Association, he took upon himself the management 
 of its organisation, and bore the whole anxiety of 
 its economical arrangements. His correspondence 
 was a weighty item in his day’s work, for he 
 adhered during this busy period to his invariable 
 custom of answering by return of post every com- 
 munication that called for a reply. As president, 
 where fellow-workers were not called upon to attend, 
 he was present at every meeting held by the Asso- 
 ciation, and these meetings were now held in every 
 town, often with only interval enough to allow him 
 

 
 929 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 to travel from place to place. Refusals to help in 
 the work of stirring up an inert people came from 
 the stanchest and oldest friends of progress. 
 
 The following letter from Mr. Hume accounts 
 for his refusal, and gives also an interesting account 
 of a recognition of his services by his native place: 
 
 “Glen Quart, 2nd October, 1851. 
 
 “It is my anxious desire to forward the cause 
 of reform in the most efficient manner, and con- 
 sistent with the views and intentions on the subject 
 of onward movement and the state of my health. 
 
 “T am much better, but always tired and done 
 up at night, which proves to me that the stamina 
 is not quite sound as yet, and that I must take 
 care of my health. ‘That is one reason. But the 
 chief one is, that it is not consistent with my views 
 for strangers to take the lead in any public measure 
 affecting all classes, such as reform in Parliament, 
 where the inhabitants of the place do not move and 
 act in chief. 
 
 ‘“‘There is no reason whatever why I should force 
 myself, uncalled-for, by the people of Liverpool! I 
 could not avoid attending my own boroughs, as 
 there I was on my own dunghill, but I declined 
 to appear at Aberdeen, as I should have done at 
 Inverness if asked. But, unknown to me, the 
 magistrates and council met, and voted me the 
 

 
 
 
 LETTER FROM HUME. 923 
 
 freedom of their borough and placed me next on 
 their list to Lord Gough and Prince Albert. I 
 had only been two hours in the borough (and 
 without seeing one of that body) on my route to 
 Red Castle, seven miles off, when the compliment 
 was paid, and I declined to a deputation of magis- 
 trates who came the seven miles at 8 A.M. to invite 
 me to a public dinner, but consented to drive in next 
 day, Saturday, the 29th, at one o’clock, to receive: 
 the freedom. I desired that to be a meeting of the 
 magistrates and council alone, but the anxiety of 
 the inhabitants generally that I should pay the town 
 a visit, induced me to agree to the meeting. I send 
 you a newspaper and you will see what I have said, 
 and as far as I can learn, all classes are satisfied. 
 Now, it is impossible for me to get to Liverpool or 
 any other place in England merely to make a speech 
 (Scotland is my own field) as you propose to me. 
 
 “Tf I had to receive the freedom, or any other 
 fair and reasonable excuse, I would with pleasure 
 meet your views when you consider that the cause 
 we have at heart must thereby be promoted, and I 
 hope that explanation will meet your approbation, 
 though against your wishes. 
 
 “J think, at my age, I ought not to run the risk 
 of being considered and called an ztinerant agitator. 
 As president of the Reform Association, you can 
 
224, LIFE OF SIk JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 appear anywhere the Association is wanted, but I 
 cannot do so with propriety. 
 
 “T hope to be in London by the 10th, as 
 Mrs. Hume has only given me leave to the 14th to 
 be at Somerton, where I am much wanted. 
 
 “My daughter has been enjoying the scenery 
 here, which is really stupendous, and grander than 
 any I had thought was in Scotland, and if the 
 (time ?) admitted my friends in this part of the 
 country would detain us longer. 
 
 “I remain, yours sincerely, 
 
 “ Jos—EPH Hums.” 
 
 The Free Trade Hall, Manchester, peopled with 
 memories of the Anti-Corn League, was held to be 
 the fittest place in which to inaugurate the new 
 series of the society’s meetings. Mr. Cobden was 
 unable to attend. While still on the Continent, Sir 
 Joshua had received the following letter, declining 
 to do so: 
 
 “Midhurst, September 10, 1851. 
 “My DEAR WALMSLEY, 
 
 “We are glad to learn that you have carried 
 off Lady Walmsley and your family to the other 
 side of the Channel, and hope to hear that they 
 are deriving great benefit from the change of air 
 

 
 COBDEN’S VIEW OF REFORM MEETINGS. 225 
 
 and scene. I am leading the life of a hermit here, 
 entirely out of the world, without any companions 
 or acquaintances beyond my own family circle. We 
 are in a thriving way, the children are as wild as 
 young lambs in April. I got a letter from’ the 
 secretary of the Reform Meeting, but I found it 
 absolutely necessary in self-defence to decline the 
 invitation. If I go to the North on the 24th, I 
 can't come back again. Already there are several 
 engagements hanging over me-~-for Yorkshire and 
 Lancashire, and my only chance of escaping for a 
 time from the platform treadmill is by declining to 
 break corn at all. I don’t exactly understand the 
 object or character of your intended meeting. If 
 it be a gathering of Chartists offering the right 
 hand to those who advocate Hume's four points, 
 the more it preserves the form of a working-class 
 assembly the better. But, if it be intended for a 
 Manchester demonstration in favour of a new Reform 
 Bill, you must take care to secure the attendance 
 of the influential men of all classes. Whatever may 
 be the nature of your gathering, I do not doubt that 
 it will be abundantly satisfactory in point of numbers. 
 The difficulty will be in forming and sustaining an 
 organisation for permanent action. There never was 
 much enthusiasm in favour of political reform in the 
 
 manufacturing districts whilst trade was prosperous, 
 Q 
 
226 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 employment good, and bread cheap, which you will 
 be glad to find is the case now. And the present 
 glorious harvest weather for the North of England 
 seems to place -all danger of any reverses out of 
 the question for next year. Now, this is the safe 
 time for making reforms, and if men acted from 
 calm reflection and sober reasoning, instead of wild 
 and sudden impulse, this is the time we should 
 choose for amending representation. Let us hope 
 that after the Exhibition closes the nation will 
 consider its holiday ended, and begin to occupy 
 itself with serious business. JI shall look with 
 interest to your proceedings in Manchester as the 
 opening of the campaign, and with kind regards to 
 all your circle, 
 “Very truly, 
 “RICHARD COBDEN.” 
 
 The meeting took place on September 24th, 
 Mr. Wilson being in the chair. It principally con- 
 sisted of workine-men, who crowded every corner 
 of the hall. This meeting was the first of a series 
 held in every large town in the kingdom. Sir Joshua 
 ~Walmsley’s speeches delivered during this time were 
 the careful exposition and vigorous advocacy of 
 Mr. Hume’s scheme of reform. We may sum up 
 their tenor thus: Abridged duration of Parliaments, 
 

 
 PHYSICAL FORCH OCHARTISTS. 227 
 
 in order to preserve identity of opinion and purpose 
 between representatives and their constituents. Ex- 
 tension of the suffrage, in order to bring within the 
 pale of the constitution the interests and opinions 
 of the unrepresented masses. quality amongst 
 constituencies, in order to insure a real and fair 
 representation of national electors. The ballot as 
 an indispensable requisite to honest elections. 
 
 We have mentioned incidentally the attempts 
 made by the more violent Chartists, known as 
 “Physical Force Chartists,” to obstruct the movements 
 of the Association. ‘On one occasion,” says Sir 
 Joshua, “it happened that a large hall had been 
 taken by the Association, where deputies from various 
 parts of Eneland, who had attended the congress 
 for the consideration of the reform question, were to 
 assemble; the hall, with the exception of the places 
 reserved for the deputies, was as usual left free to 
 the public. When the evening came, the delegates 
 found to their consternation that every corner of 
 the hall was packed with Chartists, At the first 
 resolution proposed by Mr. Hume, who occupied the 
 chair, Mr. Ernest Jones, who evidently possessed 
 the confidence of the assembled crowd, rose, and 
 moved a counter-resolution of adhesion to the people’s 
 Charter, amidst tremendous cheering. I took the 
 
 situation in at a glance, and saw the error we had 
 Q 2 
 
228 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 committed in giving free admission to the hall. 
 Instead of discussing the reform question, I asked 
 the chairman’s permission for this evening to debate 
 with Mr. Ernest Jones the people’s Charter. Permis- 
 sion being granted, Mr. Ernest Jones was invited 
 to say his say on the platform. His speech was 
 fluent, plausible, and was received with storms of 
 applause from the assembly, who did not perceive 
 how utterly it had drifted from the question in 
 hand. The subject of the Charter was scarcely 
 touched upon. He launched into superficial plati- 
 tudes connected with the intricacies of capital and 
 labour. 
 
 ‘When the loud cheers had partly subsided, I 
 rose, and asking for fair-play and a quiet hearing, 
 at once proceeded to answer Mr. Ernest Jones. It 
 was a difficult task. The sympathies of the crowd 
 were against me, and were fully roused. In a few 
 words I pointed out that Mr. Jones had wandered 
 from the question. ‘The principles of the Charter had 
 been the subject proposed. Little discussion, I 
 showed, was necessary on this point, for on the 
 Charter as a declaration of principles, there was no 
 difference amongst us. The real object of Mr. Jones’s 
 speech was to bring into antagonism, instead of into 
 co-operation of mutual interests, the working classes 
 and their employers. ‘This ery of capital as being 
 

 
 REPLY TO EHRNEST JONES. 229 
 
 opposed to labour,’ I said, ‘is a miserable fallacy, and 
 an unworthy attempt to create ill-will and inflame 
 the passions rather than. to convince the reason of 
 the masses. I shall dispose of it by asking this 
 simple question of the working-men around me: 
 What would be the position of labour in the present 
 state of society without capital?’ I concluded by 
 making it clear how much Mr, Jones had underrated 
 the value of the extension of the suffrage, for which 
 the Association was agitating. At the close of my 
 address, there was a division, and from the lately 
 hostile assembly less than one hundred hands were 
 held up for Mr. Jones’s views. This is not the only 
 occasion in which we have met with opposition 
 from the more violent Chartists, but on none were 
 our objects or our propositions defeated. With a just 
 cause, the good sense and truthfulness of the masses 
 may be successfully appealed to.” 
 
 Some slight division of opinion still existed 
 between the leaders of the Association and a few 
 of the Liberal members of the House of Commons. 
 On the general principle of Mr. Hume’s scheme 
 they were united; on some minor points they differed. 
 To argue out these points, it was decided to call a 
 conference at Manchester. The invitation came from 
 the Lancashire and Yorkshire Liberals. 
 
 Here let us insert an amusing letter from 
 
230 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 Mr. Hume, giving a hint how to treat a rival's 
 opposition : 
 
 “ Burnley Hall, 20th November, 1851. 
 “My DEAR Sir JOSHUA, 
 
 “TI have yours of the 14th, and I am pleased 
 that you are to be here soon, as the time approaches 
 for the movement in favour of reform. It is impos- 
 sible for me to leave this place, on many grounds, and 
 therefore you must not think of it. 
 
 “T take a different view from you as to your 
 course in the council of the R. and F. Association. 
 Your address in the first place is too long to be read, 
 in the second place it is throughout complaining, 
 as if you were fearful the demonstration at Man- 
 chester were to oppose your parliamentary reform 
 movements, and I consider that bad . tactics. I 
 believe there is great jealousy of you and of your 
 movement, and that some of the parties would, if 
 they could, throw you overboard and take the lead, 
 as if they and they only were the parties to head and 
 to urge on the movement. 
 
 “T would do as we did in 1810-11 with the 
 education movement. I was on the committee of the 
 Lancastrian move, and on behalf of the Dukes of 
 Kent and Sussex, kept their movements right. At 
 a time when Churchmen opposed the education of the 
 
HUME DHALING WITH CHURCHMEN. 231 
 
 masses, they at first took no notice of our progress ; 
 then when they found we had made and were making 
 progress, they resolved to establish their own associa- 
 tion (known as the Baldwin Court Association) for 
 the Church alone, limiting the teaching to Church- 
 men’s children or such as would read the Bible alone. 
 
 © At a public meeting at the Freemasons’ Hall, 
 the Duke of Kent in the chair, I moved resolutions 
 that we considered education (as you have done 
 reform in the manifesto or address—I don’t like 
 manifesto—at Manchester) essential for the future 
 welfare of the people, and we congratulated the 
 country on the establishment of the Baldwin Court 
 Association in aid of the cause of education. We 
 hailed them as coadjutors in the great cause, and 
 we urged them to do their best to promote it, 
 though limited to their own Churches, whilst ours 
 was education for all. 
 
 “T did the same when King’s College was set up, 
 in opposition to Gower Street University ; we held 
 the King’s as an assistant and coadjutor, etc. 
 
 “We never showed any symptoms of jealousy, as 
 if they intended to injure us. Now, if you take 
 the same course, make the corrections of the address 
 on the 27th, as far as I have sent you, leave out all 
 the rest. Congratulate the country, or rather the 
 friends and advocates of reform, that so influential 
 
232 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 a body as the Yorkshire and Lancashire proprietors 
 and manufacturers were at length awake to the 
 importance of the question; and as Cobden, Bright, 
 and others have subscribed to my motion, you take 
 care to assume that their advocacy of these four 
 points (as set forth in my motion, which should be 
 copied verbatim) will do great good, and convince 
 Lord John that nothing less than what I ask for can 
 be proposed ; take it for granted that those who meet 
 at Manchester (especially as Mr. Wilson, who was 
 your chairman, will be in all probability their 
 chairman) must at the least support all we had 
 advocated. 7 
 
 ‘Indeed, they should advocate, as the first move, 
 the abolition of sixty or seventy places like St. Alban’s 
 (into Schedule A), and then take my motion (or your 
 address) as their problem. 
 
 “Treat every meeting as in aid of you, and as 
 arising from your late efforts, and show not one 
 breath of fear or alarm at the conduct of the cotton 
 lords, although there is reason to believe they do not 
 mean us well. 
 
 ‘T hope these few words will be enough to indicate 
 to you the course | would take. 
 
 “When you fix the day for your public meeting, 
 I will send you a letter of excuse to read, and will 
 take the course I have chalked out, which I feel 
 
GRHAT SPHHOH OF MR. BRIGHT’S. 233 
 
 confident is the true one to take. The more slippery 
 the point you have to deal with, the more my plan 
 
 is recommended. 
 “ Yours sincerely, 
 
 “ JoseEPH HUME.” 
 
 On Wednesday, 3rd of December, the conference 
 was held at the Spread Eagle Inn. In the evening, 
 a meeting of seven thousand people assembled in 
 the Free Trade Hall. Mr. Bright, in a speech of 
 massive and luminous eloquence, set forth the 
 resolution agreed to at the morning conference. 
 On the ballot, triennial Parliaments, and a redistri- 
 bution of the electoral franchise, the delegates were 
 all agreed. On the question of the suffrage, some 
 dissent existed ; the more advanced Liberals opposing 
 the insertion of a rate-paying clause as a condition of 
 the exercise of the franchise. There had been some 
 debating also on the necessary length of residence. 
 These were minor points of divergence, and the leaders 
 of the Reform movement agreed to overlook them. 
 Mr. Cobden, Mr. Bright, Mr. Hume, and Sir Joshua 
 Walmsley laboured strenuously to preserve unanimity 
 amongst their followers. There was in truth no prac- 
 tical difference between them; but some amongst 
 them could not be made to see that, and imprudent 
 speeches were sometimes made at public meetings. 
 
234 § LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 “If there is a difference between us,” writes Mr. 
 Cobden, ‘‘it is only in details, and not such as 
 should induce reformers to place themselves as 
 wranglers and quibblers amongst themselves in the 
 face of their enemies.” 
 
 Again he writes on the same subject : 
 
 “ Midhurst, loth January, 1852. 
 “My DEAR WALMSLEY, 
 
 “In reply to your inquiry about the mode 
 of uniting the Metropolitan and Northern movement, 
 I repeat I can see no differences to adjust; at least 
 not in your programmes. ‘There have been personal 
 causes of alienation, almost exclusively arising from 
 the class remarks of our friend Thompson, levelled at 
 the large employers, who constitute the money 
 strength of the Liberal party in Lancashire and 
 Yorkshire. He seems unfortunately to have spoken 
 under the influence of soured feelings, which have 
 left a sting that will not easily be cured. I stick 
 to my often-repeated doctrine, that the Northern 
 capitalists, with all their imperfections, are the most 
 liberal of their order in this United Kingdom, I 
 speak particularly of the mill-owners and manufac- 
 turers of Lancashire and Yorkshire. They stand 
 almost alone of their class, for even in Staffordshire 
 and the other iron districts, you rarely find men of 
 

 
 COBDEN ON TOLERANCE. 235 
 
 their wealth with the same disposition to share 
 political power with the people. I foresee a complete 
 deadlock and jumble of political parties in the House 
 in the approaching session. If the Irish members 
 should be faithful to their mission, they may knock 
 the Whigs about like ninepins; nor can any party 
 govern until the country is prepared to recognise 
 the principle of religious liberty as thoroughly as it 
 does that of Free Trade, and repudiates as completely 
 all interference by Parliament with Catholics as with 
 corn. But what will your flaming Liberals of The 
 M. D. Advertiser and The Daily News say to that ? 
 I hope to be in London next week, and we can then 
 talk over matters. Meantime, 
 
 “‘T remain, very truly yours, 
 
 ““ RICHARD CoBDEN.,” 
 
 Mr. Hume also wrote: 
 
 “ Burnley Hall, 26th January, 1852. 
 “My DEAR Sir JosHuA, 
 
 “In respect to the threatened extension of 
 the parliamentary reform beyond what was agreed 
 upon as a fair and wise compromise in 1849, at the 
 meetings previous to the wording of the motion that 
 should comprehend what we had agreed upon, | can 
 only remark that the advocacy, at the coming con- 
 
236 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 ference, of such extreme principles would be very 
 unwise, and tend to shake the ranks of reformers 
 throughout the country. 
 
 ‘“‘T observe that the principles comprehended in 
 our motion have been very generally approved of 
 by the mass of the working classes (who are the 
 parties chiefly excluded), and whoever disturbs that 
 feeling is not a friend to progress. 
 
 “No man will stand on strict principle more 
 than I will, when any good object is to be gained. 
 But as I really desire to see the scheme of reform we 
 proposed carried out, I hope we shall keep true to 
 the compromise. 
 
 “In a free government like England, where every 
 man is a politician, [ may say with truth that every 
 act of the Legislature is an aet of compromise ; and 
 he is the wise man that compromises to carry out 
 good measures. Let us therefore act with consistency 
 and wisdom, in that respect ; and I hope your council 
 will well consider what I have stated as the course 
 we can take in the coming contest. I shall not listen 
 to a ten-pound or a five-pound franchise, but hold 
 to the constitutional principles as set forth in the 
 motion. 
 
 “J shall be up on Monday evening, and if you 
 have anything to communicate to me before then, 
 write to me here, 
 

 
 WHIG RHFORM BILL OF 1852. 237 
 
 lt isa delightful day, after a stormy night of 
 wind and rain. 
 
 “Yours sincerely, 
 
 ‘ JosePH HUME.” 
 
 On the 3rd February, 1852, Parliament was 
 opened by the Queen in person. The royal speech 
 recommended an amendment of the representative 
 system. On the 9th, Lord John Russell brought 
 forward the measure that was expected would be 
 the finishing touch, given by the author himself, to 
 his own Reform Bill of 1832. The liberal spirit and 
 bold handling that had marked Lord John’s work 
 twenty years before, were nowhere visible in this 
 supplement which he now laid before the House. 
 It was a superficial measure without the backbone 
 of principle, that timidly dealt with details, without 
 going to the root of any of the existing anomalies, or 
 removing any of the evils which the first measure had 
 left standing. ‘To extend the franchise, and yet leave 
 undisturbed the existing adjustment of interests and 
 classes, was the problem Lord John set to himself. 
 He prepared to give the borough franchise to five- 
 pound householders, the county franchise to be rated 
 at twenty pounds a-year. ‘There was to be some re- 
 duction of long leaseholds and copyholds, and a vote 
 given to all who paid two pounds a-year in assessed 
 
238 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 taxes. The property qualification, also, for Members 
 of Parliament was to be abolished. 
 
 The characteristic feature of the Bill was the 
 manner in which Lord John proposed dealing with 
 the small dependent boroughs. One principle the 
 Premier rigidly maintained—that there must be no 
 disfranchisement. Some anomalies were to be patched 
 up. Small constituencies were to be enlarged by 
 annexing adjacent towns to the existing boroughs. 
 The scheme seemed fair enough at first sight, but on 
 examination its glaring incongruities became manifest. 
 Towns were to be harnessed together that had no link 
 of common interest ; and large cities, that could not. 
 
 thus be yoked, were to be left still unrepresented. — 
 
 | The Reform League, headed by Mr. Hume, 
 accepted the measure as a step in advance, but 
 unanimously expressed disappointment at its narrow 
 scope and unphilosophical spirit. Mr. Cobden and 
 Mr. Bright deplored especially the omission of the 
 ballot. Sir Joshua Walmsley attacked the Bull for 
 countenancing the evils left standing by the Reform 
 Bill—the pocket-boroughs. 
 
 “There are fifty or sixty boroughs,” he said, in 
 the course of his speech, “having less than five 
 hundred voters, returning two representatives to 
 Parliament. There are six hundred and twenty- 
 seven towns, assessed to the income-tax to the 
 

 
 TORIES IN OFFICE. 239 
 
 amount of fifteen millions three hundred thousand 
 pounds, that are totally unrepresented. Does Lord 
 John suppose that such places will be satisfied to 
 remain unrepresented, except such representation as 
 they find through county constituencies ?” 
 
 _ After some discussion, leave was given by a large 
 majority to bring in Lord John’s Bill. The Times 
 had prophesied that in the second Reform Bill, and 
 in its history, ‘“‘ we shall probably find the old parallel 
 of the Iliad and the Odyssey.” But Lord John was 
 not to write his Odyssey yet. 
 
 A ministerial crisis was at hand. On the 16th 
 of February the Government, following in the wake 
 of the panic out-of-doors, brought forward its Militia 
 Bill. On the 23rd of February, owing to a majority 
 of eleven in favour of Lord Palmerston’s amend- 
 ment, Lord John resigned. The Tories now came 
 into power, and with their advent expired for the 
 present all hopes of parliamentary reform. The 
 National Reform Association, undaunted by failure, 
 continued its labours, sending forth lecturers into all 
 parts of the country, supervising the registration, 
 organising freehold land societies. 
 
 On the 25th of March, undismayed by the 
 triumph of his opponents, Mr. Hume, who for 
 forty years had never been deterred by ridicule 
 or unwearied labour from advocating the people’s 
 
240 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 cause, launched forth another protest against the 
 existing corruption and abuses of the representative 
 system. Sir Joshua seconded the quadruple resolu- 
 tion. After a lengthy, but somewhat abstract debate 
 on Reform, the motion was lost, only eighty-nine 
 members having voted for Mr. Hume’s four points. 
 

 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 Arrival of Kossuth—His Reception at Southampton—Mr. Cobden’s 
 Description of him—Meeting at Mr. Cobden’s—Kossuth and 
 Sir Joshua’s Friendship—False Accusations against Kossuth 
 —Sir Joshua brings the Subject before Parliament— Kossuth 
 exculpated—His Letter to Sir Joshua—War with Russia. 
 
 On the 23rd of October, 1851, Kossuth landed at 
 Southampton, and his reception there was of the 
 most cordial kind. A crowd of his countrymen 
 waited his arrival, cheering loudly the moment they 
 caught sight of him. The English crowd greeted 
 him with their usual enthusiasm as a man who, 
 though beaten and an exile, had done good service in 
 the cause of liberty and reform. | 
 
 Mr. Cobden’s letter is dated the 10th of Novem- 
 ber, 1851: 
 
 “My pEAR WALMSLEY, 
 
 “T got your letter at the moment I was start- 
 ing for Southampton to pay my respects to Kossuth, 
 
 otherwise it should have been answered earlier. I 
 R 
 
242 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 found the Hungarian leader at Winchester, in Andrew's 
 house, where I passed part of a couple of days with 
 him. He is very much what I pictured him—mild, 
 pensive, and earnest. In his features he is not 
 unlike the lithographs, which, however, have given 
 
 a romantic touch to the expression of his face, and 
 
 a depth of colour to his blue eye, which does not 
 
 quite fairly represent the original. He is slight and 
 delicate in person ; and, if I must confess it, I should 
 add, that his tout ensemble does not impress me with 
 the idea of that power which he must undoubtedly 
 have possessed to have been able to rise to the fore- 
 most place in a revolution, and to sway such human 
 materials as surrounded him in the Diet and the 
 camp. I suspect that his eloquence and moral 
 qualities were the main source of his strength. He 
 is undoubtedly a genius both as an orator and a 
 writer. His speech, an English, at Andrew’s dinner, 
 for more than an hour, was delivered with scarcely a 
 mistake. Under all circumstances, it was one of 
 
 the most marvellous performances I ever listened 
 
 to. There was little attempt at rhetorical display, 
 but it was a masterly English speech.” 
 
 After a few weeks’ sojourn in England, Kossuth 
 started for America. It was not till his return in the 
 latter part of 1852, that his acquaintance with Sir 
 
 
 

 
 KOSSUTH. 243 
 
 Joshua began. They met at Mr. Cobden’s house. 
 Speaking of the Hungarian patriot, Sir Joshua said : 
 “His striking appearance, his gentlemanly bearing, 
 the quick sensitiveness of his nature that found such 
 ready expression in impassioned words, the keen sense 
 of a mission imposed upon him, all this explained to 
 me the influence he had exercised over his country- 
 men. In conversation, Kossuth often reverted to 
 Hungary. He spoke in a spirit of discouragement, 
 yet there always lurked in his words faith in his 
 mission.” 7 
 
 There appeared in The Times of the 15th April, 
 1853, the announcement that the house of M. Kossuth 
 had been searched by commissaries, consequent upon 
 intelligence received by the Secretary of State, and 
 that there had been discovered “a store of arms 
 and ammunition and materials of war, which may 
 be the stock-in-trade of a political incendiary, but 
 certainly form no part of the household goods of 
 a private gentleman in pacific retirement.” At this 
 announcement of breach of faith towards English 
 hospitality, Sir Joshua wrote to Kossuth. He received 
 the following reply : 
 
 *¢21, Alpha Road, April 15th, 1853. 
 “ DEAR SiR JOSHUA, 
 “In answer to your note, I have the 
 
 honour to assure you that not only the statement 
 R 2 
 
244 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 of The Times referring to my house having been 
 searched, and arms and ammunition been found, 
 is from Alpha to Omega false, but I can also add, 
 that should it be indeed the case that the laws of 
 England do not protect men from the most odious 
 of preventive police measures, ‘a domiciliary search- 
 ing,’ no such discovery of arms, &c., could be made ; 
 as, be it good or bad, it is a fact that I have no store 
 of arms and ammunition in England, nor ever had 
 since I am on English soil. | 
 
 ‘Anticipating, as I indeed do, that the time will 
 yet come when [| will have to use arms in a good 
 cause, | follow with constant interest every new 
 invention and every improvement in the fabrication 
 of firearms, and neglect no opportunity to get 
 knowledge of them, and to ascertain their practical 
 results ; but I know what is due to the laws of your 
 country while I live under their protection, and 
 therefore [ have never tried to have any store of arms 
 in England, and indeed neither had nor have, whether 
 in my house or anywhere else within the boundaries 
 of English dominions. 
 
 ‘With high and sincere regards, 
 “Yours respectfully, 
 
 ‘“L. Kossutu.” 
 
 Sir Joshua brought the question before the House 
 
 — 
 
 SS ee Se a 
 

 
 QUESTION OF SHARCHING A HOUSE. 24:5 
 
 of Commons on the following evening. “Had 
 M. Kossuth’s house been searched by order of the 
 Government?” Lord Palmerston’s answer was eva- 
 sive. ‘A house, not occupied by M. Kossuth, at 
 Rotherhithe had been searched, and large quantities 
 of gunpowder and several war-rockets had been found 
 on the premises.” On this, Mr. Duncombe rose and 
 gave the following explanation of the mystery : “‘'The 
 house that had been searched, and in which war 
 implements had been found, belonged to Mr. Hales, 
 a trader in gunpowder, who six years ago had taken a 
 patent for the manufacture of a certain sort of rocket. 
 He had offered his invention several times to the 
 Government, and the sale of these rockets had been 
 goimg on to foreign governments for the last six 
 years. M. Kossuth was in no way implicated in the 
 matter.’ The Liberals, headed by Lord Dudlev 
 Stuart,-Mr. Cobden, Mr. Bright, and Sir Joshua 
 Walmsley, took up M. Kossuth’s defence, and in 
 his name disclaimed all underhand connection with 
 the manufacture of war-rockets. The question was 
 allowed to remain over, however, until Mr. Hales 
 had stood his trial. The trial came off at the 
 end of April. No evidence advanced could inculpate 
 Kossuth. Lord Palmerston, in the House on the 
 5th of May, confirmed what the court had decided, 
 “that the evidence did not bear out or justify any 
 
24.6 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 proceedings against any other person, British or 
 
 foreign.” Once more M. Kossuth’s friends in Parlia- 
 ment warmly repudiated the charge so lightly made 
 against him. 
 
 No patriot ever came into exile with cleaner 
 hands than did M. Kossuth. He who had once had 
 the control of the Hungarian treasury, was now nobly 
 poor. We give the following letter, for it shows in 
 what spirit he could accept help from the sympathisers 
 of his country’s cause, but now he rejected it, when 
 it came from others. The letter is dated February 
 3rd, 1854, when Government was still hesitating, 
 temporising, and “‘drifting into war.” It was a 
 moment of supreme import to the Hungarian leader, 
 
 one laden with issues momentous to his country. 
 
 “Dear Sir JosHva, 
 
 “Several topics of importance induce me to 
 trouble you with this communication. But before 
 I begin, I beg permission to express the high grati- 
 fication I felt at witnessing the late juvenile party 
 at your house. It was a charming, cheerful view, 
 such as can do good to a sad heart, as mine but too 
 much is. 
 
 “Now, at once let me jump in medias res. It is 
 not the least of the many curses attending misfortune 
 like that of mine, that we cannot help but submit to 
 
 
 
 . 
 ‘ 
 
 ae he 
 
KOSSUTH’S LETTER. 24:7 
 
 the imperious necessity of accepting personal favours 
 from compassionate friends, favours weighing heavily 
 on our heart and soul, because we don’t know if we 
 can ever reciprocate them. However, when the 
 misfortune which forced us into the category of 
 subventioned individuals is of a public nature, which 
 ennobles our unenviable but not dishonourable 
 position by the character of martyrdom for a sacred 
 and virtuous cause; and when the favours offered 
 originate in sympathy for that cause, we think we 
 may accept them without degrading our character, 
 because we consider them as marks of approval of 
 our principles and of our public conduct; then we 
 receive them with gratitude, we accept them as an 
 encouragement to pursue the course which good and 
 honourable men thus countenance. But when a 
 personal benefit comes from a man hostile to the 
 cause we suffer for, from one of the oppressors of our 
 country, then the favour thus proffered assumes quite 
 the degrading character of giving alms; equally 
 offensive on the part of the donor, who takes us for 
 base enough to be able to endure such a humiliation, 
 as it would be infamous on our part to receive it. 
 No, the cup of adversity may be yet more fully 
 poured upon my head than it already is, the most 
 horrid misery may be thrown in the scale; I might see 
 my dear wife and children near starvation, crying out 
 
 
 
948 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA. WALMSLEY. 
 
 with a silent tear for a bit of bread, and my heart 
 breaking at the sight, but not even the bread which 
 would save them from starving would I ever take 
 from a man who, being a friend to the enemies of my 
 country, is my own dear country’s enemy. 
 
 “There is a distinguished and influential gentleman 
 in England, who by former manifestations entitled 
 me fully to take him for a friend of the cause with 
 which my existence is identified, and I cherished him 
 as such with sincere gratitude, quite as much as I 
 honoured him and honour him for his moral and 
 intellectual qualities. I took him so much for a 
 friend, that I approached him with unbounded con 
 fidence; so much go, that I had no hesitation in 
 not only receiving, but even asking from him 
 personal favours and assistance for myself and my — 
 fellow-exiles. Now, of late this gentleman showed 
 himself in the most decisive manner an open 
 abettor of my country’s enemies. I have no claim 
 or other views from him; he is not bound to be 
 my country’s ally, but I can certainly not play 
 ignorance and cannot consider him a friend when 
 he is an enemy. From such a man I cannot be 
 base enough to hold any benefits. What in taking 
 him for a friend I accepted, nay asked from him, 
 weighs already too oppressively on my breast. I 
 am just about to sell whatever I have, and at what- 
 
CONTRIBUTIONS TO KOSSUTH’S FUND, = 249 
 
 ever price, to acquit myself of the material part 
 of my obligations towards him for the past ; and 
 as for the future, I certainly will never receive the 
 slightest personal favour from one who is my country’s 
 enemy. 
 
 “‘And as I have reason to suspect that that gentle- 
 man took an active and prominent part in that 
 generous arrangement for my family which I un- 
 hesitatingly, and my soul filled with gratitude, ac- 
 cepted from your kind and friendly hands ; and for 
 which I so gladly owe to you the warmest and 
 sincerest gratitude, | therefore beg leave very press- 
 ingly to entreat you to be pleased to communicate to 
 me the names as well as the amount of each of the 
 
 contributions ; else, not knowing who they are, I 
 
 would be placed in the awkward position of not 
 
 knowing how far I may continue a generous assistance 
 of sympathising friends without submitting to the 
 insupportable degradation of accepting alms from an 
 enemy. 
 
 “‘ My second request is, would you kindly inform 
 me where and how I may get a copy of the Blue 
 Books on the Oriental question ? 
 
 “ Further, it is evident that pending matters must 
 soon come to a decision. LHither there will be a 
 speedy transaction (compromise), or a serious war 
 between Russia on the one hand, and England and 
 
250 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 France on the other. And, in case of war, Austria 
 can no longer temporise ; she is forced to make her 
 choice between the Western powers and Russia. Now, 
 in case she sides with the Western powers, England 
 and France will become her friends and allies, and 
 therefore our enemies; and we can have nothing to 
 hope from England, neither as a state, nor from 
 Englishmen as particulars. That’s evident, and that’s 
 natural. But as that issue is not at all certain yet, 
 as the contrary is equally probable, I cannot think 
 that the ministers of a great country like this, living 
 blindly from the hand to the mouth, could have neg- 
 lected to make up their minds about the course of 
 policy which they intend to follow in that emergency. 
 And I cannot imagine that there should be wanting 
 private individuals in England, who, upon the condi- 
 tion of seeing England at war with Russia, and 
 Austria siding with Russia, would feel inclined (as 
 then authorised they certainly would be) to constitute 
 a centre of active and effective agitation for the facilita- 
 tion of such an assistance, which in that case private 
 sympathy may feel inclined to afford the oppressed 
 nationalities, then the natural allies of England. 
 “Hence, I beg leave to ask from your kindness, 
 first, in what way and by whom the Government may 
 be asked confidentially (but not publicly) whether, in 
 the case of the above supposition, and in that emer- 
 

 
 WAR WITH RUSSIA. 251 
 
 gency only, it intends to make any use, or afford any 
 favour, to the Polish, Hungarian, or Italian nation- 
 alities ; second, whom would you think to be the fit 
 men to act (always upon the same condition) as a 
 committee of friends of Hungary, that I might 
 timely enter into some consultation with them 
 about the mode of possible immediate action, once 
 that emergency arriving ? 
 
 “These are very important matters, dear Sir 
 Joshua, and it is their importance which will excuse 
 me for asking your advice, equally valuable, as it 
 is urgently demanded by pressing circumstances ; 
 else we may be surprised by events, and found 
 unprepared to do what then might be done. 
 
 “Please to accept the assurance of my high 
 ‘esteem and affectionate consideration, with which 
 I have the honour to be, 
 
 “Yours respectfully, 
 
 “ Louis KossutH. 
 
 In March came the Queen’s message, apprising 
 her people that the long-pending negotiations for 
 peace had failed, and that she was at war with the 
 Czar. The country received the message with accla- 
 mation. It had grown weary of diplomatic reserve ; 
 it had lost faith in the conferences at Vienna, with 
 
 their fluctuating results, 
 
CHAPTER XXII, 
 
 An Evening at the American Minister’s—Meeting with Mazzini, 
 Garibaldi, Kossuth, Walsh, Pulski, Ledru Rollin, Count 
 Woxcell, and Orsini—Free Expression of their Views-—— 
 Sir Joshua’s Part in the Discussion—Gloomy Forebodings 
 —Kossuth’s subsequent Career—His Letter to Sir Joshua. 
 
 We have now to introduce a scene of an extra- 
 ordinary character, of which, happily, Sir Joshua 
 has left an account in his own words, in which he 
 was brought face to face with the great foreign 
 revolutionary leaders, and of whose appearance and 
 manner he made at the moment some slight but 
 vivid sketches : 
 
 “One morning, in February, 1854,” he narrates, 
 ‘a gentleman was introduced into my study. On 
 looking at his card, I found it was Mr. Saunders, 
 the United States Consul. We had never met 
 before. He intimated to me that his object in 
 calling was to invite me to meet Mr. Buchanan, 
 the American Minister, and some political friends. 
 It was against my rule to accept invitations of a 
 

 
 ~MAZZINI. 253 
 
 political or party character. I asked Mr. Saunders 
 who the guests would be; the list was as follows: 
 Mazzini, Garibaldi, Louis Kossuth Walsh, Pulski, 
 Ledru Rollin, Count Woxcell, and Orsini. I could 
 not resist this catalogue of fiery names, and accepted 
 the invitation. 
 
 “At 25, Weymouth Street, Portland Square, the 
 singular gathering took place. Mazzini sat at our 
 host's right hand. His appearance was very im- 
 pressive and characteristic. His eyes burning in 
 his wasted countenance, his high, narrow forehead, 
 spoke of a mind lofty and pure, but wanting in 
 variety and flexibility. His whole appearance indi- 
 cated a man of few ideas, but these ideas sublime 
 and true. It was a never-to-be-forgotten sight, this 
 group of patriots assembled together—the simple, 
 manly, honest face of Garibaldi, the attenuated 
 features of Woxcell, the grave and handsome counte- 
 nance of Kossuth, the beautiful young head of 
 Orsini. ‘The dinner was genuinely American in the 
 abundance and costliness of its service. The wit, 
 the humour, the vivacity of the conversation, were 
 delightful, but so long as servants were present, 
 I knew the talk was superficial. When the cloth 
 was removed and the servants had left the room, the 
 doors were closed. I noticed they were double doors. 
 
 Then a toast was given; it was to ‘ Humanity.’ 
 
254 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 Mazzini was the first to speak. His austere elo- 
 quence, lit with flashes of enthusiasm, profoundly 
 impressed me. It was like listening to the utter- 
 ances of the old Hebrew prophets. He sketched the 
 dark part of humanity, trodden down by kings and 
 priests. Then came the struggles of the people for 
 liberty. He saw streaks of the dawn in the present. 
 In the future lay the glorious day of a regenerated 
 humanity, free, self-respecting, on whose banner 
 the word ‘Duty’ was inscribed. It was from his 
 beloved Italy that he looked for this new revolution 
 to come. 
 
 “Hach one of the party, after him, rose and 
 addressed the gathering. And the theme of every 
 speaker was his country’s sufferings in the past and 
 present, and his aspirations for it in the future. All 
 spoke freely, as men who had cast off restraint, and 
 who were convinced of the accomplishment in the 
 future of their object. In discussing their country’s 
 wrongs, they frankly discussed the means by which 
 they proposed to redeem and deliver her. From 
 these means I should ever shrink. But at such a 
 moment the reasoning power of the listeners was 
 carried away on this torrent of fiery zeal, impassioned 
 patriotism, and persuasive eloquence. As patriot after 
 patriot spoke, each seemed to press on to a higher 
 and ever higher view of the subject in hand. After 
 
SPHECH OF GARIBALDI. 255 
 
 Mazzini, Kossuth addressed us in a speech full of 
 power; but his eloquence was more flowery than 
 Mazzini’s, and left less impression upon me. He 
 was too much of a poet to guide up the dangerous 
 height to which he had climbed. His friend Pulski 
 was more of a man of business, and ever proved 
 himself a sound patriot. Of all that night’s discourses, 
 Garibaldi’s simple and straightforward words moved 
 me most. He seemed to take the wisest view of 
 the course to be pursued, and to bring to the service 
 of the subject the greatest amount of practical know- 
 ledge. His address, more unpretentious, was, to my 
 mind, more convincing than the others. Orsini looked 
 like a man inspired by, and resolved upon, his pur- 
 pose. He spoke with much seeming sorrow of the 
 - necessity for deeds which he himself was prepared 
 to accomplish. I shall never forget how young and 
 handsome he looked that night, and I am persuaded 
 that the wisest course Napoleon could have pursued 
 would have been to have pardoned him. Of Ledru 
 Rollin I did not conceive a high idea. The impres- 
 sion he made on me was that of a disappointed 
 politician rather than of a patriot. Count Woxcell 
 represented Poland. An exile for many years, he 
 was so poor as often to lack the necessaries of life ; 
 yet he never complained. That night he had evidently 
 risen from a bed of sickness. His fine features con- 
 
256 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 trasted with the exhaustion and feebleness of his 
 frame ; death was stamped on his countenance ; but 
 his mind was bright with hopes of his country’s 
 redemption. As he spoke of Poland’s sufferings, 
 tears flowed down his pale cheeks. 
 
 “When it came to my turn to speak, my heart 
 was full of sadness. The words I had listened to 
 were pregnant with poetry, patriotism, and love of 
 humanity. They all emanated from men singularly 
 gifted ; many whose private life | knew to be most 
 estimable, and whose friendship it was a privilege 
 to possess; and yet they all seemed to me to lack 
 the one great, needful quality—a due sense of the 
 responsibilities they proposed to incur. I felt that I, 
 a cold, practical Inglishman, could bring only my 
 meed of common sense to sober their enthusiasm. | 
 condemned and at the same time I sympathised with 
 them ; each I knew was ready to undergo martyrdom 
 for the sake of that which he believed to be his 
 mission. 
 
 “As I listened to them and noted the exalted 
 expression of their countenances, the intellect and 
 emotion that lit up their features, genuine sorrow 
 came over me. It seemed a presentiment of the 
 failure of all their plans, of the cruel fate that 
 awaited some of them. I rose to speak, over- 
 whelmed with diffidence and grief; but I spoke out 
 

 
 SPHECH TO THE REFUGEES. 207 
 
 frankly what I felt. I told them that the. constitu- 
 tional changes the Liberals in England were seeking 
 to obtain would not be difficult to accomplish, when 
 my countrymen became convinced of their utility ; 
 and, therefore, our mission could not compare with 
 theirs. I had listened with delight to the eloquence 
 around me; but I was unable to divest myself of 
 the belief that the speakers were poets rather than 
 statesmen. They proposed to compass their ends 
 ' through bloodshed, and yet, should they carry out 
 their object, after inflicting great human suffering, 
 they would find the large mass of the people wholly 
 unprepared for the changes they contemplated. 
 Instead of a baptism of blood, it should be a baptism 
 of education that should usher in the new era. 
 Sudden changes in the social condition of any people 
 had ever been followed by a great recoil, and if we 
 would permanently benefit mankind, it must be done 
 by steady and continuous education. 
 
 “The patriots listened in courteous silence. My 
 words, as I feared, had jarred upon them, I was 
 reassured and delighted, therefore, when Buchanan 
 rose, and said he had listened to many speeches that 
 night, but the one to which he had listened with 
 most pleasure was that of Sir Joshua Walmsley. He 
 then dwelt upon the necessity for caution, pointed 
 
 out to the exiles the obstacles in their way. He 
 s 
 
258 LIFH OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 did not appear less earnest than any who had pre- 
 ceded him, but he opposed all violent courses. The 
 patriots assented to all he said. But the spirit of 
 the meeting was chilled, a cloud had passed over it. 
 
 ‘‘This extraordinary social and political gathering 
 left a twofold indelible impression upon my mind. 
 These men were honest, earnest, truthful, capable of 
 achieving great good in their generation ; but they 
 were unfit to wield political power. They were 
 men of abstract ideas, wanting in flexibility, and 
 therefore unable to deal with new conditions and 
 circumstances as they arose in the world.” 
 
 The forebodings that had come over Sir Joshua’s 
 mind that night were but too surely realised. Woxcell 
 died in the course of the year, in his humble garret, 
 far from the Poland he loved. A few years later, 
 Orsini’s young head fell on the scaffold. ‘It never 
 has been reserved to Kossuth to strike the blow for 
 Hungary’s freedom, that he had longed and waited 
 for and prepared himself to strike.* Garibaldi was 
 to taste captivity. Mazzini was to know the isolation, 
 drearier than death, when friends drop away from the 
 patriot and idealist, because he is unpractical. 
 
 After the Crimean War, the bitterness of exile 
 
 * It must be observed that this was written before Garibaldi’s 
 subsequent triumphs, and which were brought about by other means 
 than those contemplated at this strange but pathetic symposium, 
 

 
 DESPONDENCY OF KOSSUTH. 259 
 
 _ was more than ever felt by Kossuth. ‘The conviction 
 forced itself upon him that he would never again be 
 of use to Hungary. In 1856 he writes to Sir Joshua: 
 “I may have sown for the future; but the day of 
 harvest I am not to see. I feel I can do nothing 
 more for my country.” The very hope of seeing it 
 again died out. When this hope was gone-—that 
 had been the consolation of his soul through the 
 protracted years of exile—his heart nearly broke. 
 He had in his children, however, an incentive to 
 work. We find him writing in The Atlas, and partly 
 managing it. Acting under Sir Joshua's advice, he 
 delivered also, during this period, courses of lectures 
 in the principal towns of England, which drew 
 crowded audiences around him. Some years passed 
 thus, and on 2nd March, 1861, he wrote as follows 
 to Sir Joshua : 
 ; 12, Regent’s Park Terrace. 
 ‘Dear Sir JOsHua, 
 “Irrespective of the contents of your two 
 friendly notes, I was very, very agreeably surprised 
 by receiving again your handwriting, once so familiar 
 to me, now not seen for a long time. Your with- 
 drawing from town on the one hand, and the 
 fluctuations which the stirring events of these last 
 years had thrown me into, caused us to lose sight 
 
 of each other. J, on my part, have maintained, as 
 s 2 
 
260 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 I always shall, a lively and grateful recollection of © 
 our past intercourse. I never ceased to cherish your 
 name as one of those few, but dear friends, who stood 
 faithfully by me in many gloomy moments of my 
 cheerless life, who never wavered in their sympathies 
 through good and evil report, and whose kind advice 
 never failed me in the hour of need. And I see, I 
 rejoice to see, that you are still the same as of yore ; 
 we ‘had lost sight of each other accidentally for some 
 time, yet the first line I receive from you bears again 
 the stamp of your old, still unabated kindness. You 
 never approached me but to do me good, and so you 
 donow.... 
 
 “We are about to bid adieu to good, dear old 
 England ; and all of us feel deeply moved at the very 
 thought. I have grown old on its hospitable soil, 
 and my boys have grown from children to manhood 
 on it. It has been endeared to my heart by many 
 ties of imperishable interest; the protection afforded 
 to my homeless head; the flowers of consolation 
 strewn on my thorny pathway; the inappreciable, 
 still, joys of domesticity ; the recollection of the very 
 hardships I had to overcome and the very cares and 
 sorrows I had, that were mingled with my aspirations 
 as with my daily bread—make England so very, very 
 dear to me, that it is with a pang of melancholy 
 feeling that I part with her. It may be for good, it~ 
 

 
 KOSSUTH’S FAREWELL. — 261 
 
 may be for evil, that I do so; but I must, so let 
 come what may, it shall be endured. 
 
 “But is not it strange, that to make my cup of 
 vicissitudes full, I have in the very last days of 
 my stay in England to pass throuch the ordeal of 
 a suit in Chancery, and that too at a Bill of Prayer 
 and Complaint filed against me, by whom? By 
 Francis Joseph, the pretended King of Hungary. 
 
 “Chancery! To be in Chancery is a word of 
 terrific meaning, even to Englishmen, who are used 
 to this ‘peculiar domestic institution:’ the very 
 name of it adds heavy items of hundreds, perhaps 
 thousands, of pounds to one’s budget. My antagonist 
 may have calculated on my incapacity of meeting 
 him on this expensive field, or may be bent on ruining 
 me, before I have waded across half of it. And 
 in this also, he is not unlikely to have made a good 
 account, JI may break down (not much strain is 
 needed to bring me to this), but ‘ gli prometto la fede 
 mia, it shall not be done before I have brought him 
 to such odds with public opinion in this country, 
 that all his speculations on an eventual support 
 from England shall have vanished like a dissolving 
 view. ... 
 
 “With many affectionate regards, 
 “Tam, dear Sir Joshua, 
 “Yours very truly, 
 “Louis Kossutu.” 
 
262 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 And here the figure of the great Hungarian 
 patriot drops out of our narrative. Looking at 
 Hungary, as she now stands, in recovered full 
 possession of her antique constitutional rights, the 
 violation of which had driven Kossuth to take the 
 field, may we not say that his prediction as to the 
 day of harvest has been fulfilled? The day Francis 
 Joseph had to submit to being crowned King of 
 Hungary, in Pesth, and there solemnly swear 
 observance of all her privileges, Kossuth stood vindi- 
 cated in the eyes of history. Nor were his efforts 
 in England vain. Through his speeches the people 
 at large were made acquainted with the character 
 of the question at issue, that it was one involving 
 laws and religion akin to their own, and doubtless 
 English sympathy with the Hungarians, and English 
 example of combat by moral means, encouraged and 
 inspired the opposition party in the Hungarian Diet 
 under the leadership of Deak, to which eventually 
 the House of Hapsburg was obliged to yield. 
 

 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 General Election, 1852—Free Trade and Protection—Sir Joshua and 
 Mr. Gardiner returned for Leicester—Letter from Mr. Cobden 
 on the State of Affairs—Death of the Duke of Wellington— 
 Public Regret—Mr. Cobden on the Duke—Fear of French 
 Invasion—Mr. Cobden’s Letter on the Panic—The Ballot— 
 Mr. Cobden on the Ballot—Meeting of Parliament—Mr. 
 Villiers’s Motion for Free Trade carried—Tories renounce 
 Protection—Mr. Disraeli’s Budget—Its Rejection, and Resigna- 
 tion of Ministers—Lord Aberdeen’s Ministry—Mr. Cobden’s 
 Opinion of the New Government—Attempt to unseat Sir 
 Joshua and Mr. Gardiner—lIts failure. 
 
 THE account of Sir Joshua Walmsley’s friendship and 
 relations with M. Kossuth, which formed the subject 
 of the last chapter, has forced us to forestall the date 
 of this narrative.. We shall now glance rapidly at 
 the events immediately preceding the Crimean War, 
 and give some letters of Mr. Cobden’s belonging 
 to the period, which he characterised as the third 
 panic. 
 
 Parliament was dissolved in the spring of 1852. 
 Lord Derby, on the 24th of May, announced his 
 intention of appealing to the nation, in order to 
 decide finally on the question of Free Trade versus 
 
264 LIFE OF SIk JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 Protection. If at the coming election an unequivocal 
 verdict should be given for Free Trade, he bound 
 himself to throw overboard the principle of Pro- 
 tection, and forthwith adopt the policy that had 
 hitherto only roused the rancour and vituperation of 
 his party. 
 
 As soon as it was understood that a dissolution 
 
 was imminent, and that the result of the election 
 was to be regarded as the verdict of the nation on 
 the question of Free Trade, the country prepared to 
 pronounce that verdict. 
 _ These were the circumstances under which Sir 
 Joshua Walmsley and Mr. Gardiner, in fulfilment of 
 the pledge given to the Liberals of Leicester, on 
 being unseated in 1848, presented themselves once 
 more for election in that town. Mr. Wilde and 
 Mr. Palmer opposed in the Whig interest; but 
 many proofs of loyal attachment from adherents 
 and friends in Parliament cheered on the Liberals 
 in the contest. 
 
 “TI do hope you may be returned,” writes Mr. 
 Hume to Sir Joshua, on the 17th June, “by an 
 overwhelming majority, as your defeat would be a 
 loss to the cause of progressive Reform. I am, indeed, 
 sorry to learn that those who have hitherto been 
 known as Whigs, and considered to be promoters 
 of efficient Reform, should oppose you who have 
 

 
 NEW HLEOCTION FOR LEICESTER. 265 
 
 given such assiduous and persevering support to the 
 plan of Reform, which with the sanction of one 
 hundred and thirty-six of the sturdiest and best 
 reformers of the day, has been supported by me 
 for the last three years.” Mr. Cobden also writes: 
 
 “ Monday night. House of Commons. 
 
 “My DEAR WALMSLEY, 
 
 “T have yours of this morning, and rejoice 
 to find you in so hopeful and resolute a spirit. If 
 energy, industry, and tact can win, I know you have 
 enough of these essential qualities for an election 
 contest, to put your opponents at the bottom of 
 the poll. You must consider that there is far more 
 than your own personal fate in the balance, for if 
 you were defeated, it would undoubtedly be taken 
 as a verdict from a free and democratic constituency 
 against the principles which Hume and the rest of 
 us advocate in the House. We have to-day got 
 through the estimates, and everybody now says we 
 shall have the dissolution on the 26th. Nobody 
 seems to want any further delay. The ministerial 
 party are not gaining anything by the longer post- 
 ponement, and therefore I suppose we may consider 
 the matter settled.” 
 
 At Leicester, the nomination of candidates took 
 
266. LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 place on the 7th. The polling began on the following 
 morning. At each return of the poll, the Liberal 
 candidates were declared to be at the head. By 
 four o’clock the market-place was thronged with 
 electors and non-electors, waiting to learn the final 
 issue. When announced, it showed that by a large 
 majority the Liberal candidates had won the day. 
 “Hearty enthusiasm greeted this announcement of 
 our election,” says Sir Joshua, ‘‘and for the last 
 time in the annals of Leicester, the victorious can- 
 didates were chaired and carried in triumph through 
 the principal streets of the town. Illuminations and 
 acclamations continued far into the night; every 
 sign of popular rejoicing hailed our election. The 
 honour of the constituency was cleared. These 
 demonstrations testified also to the feeling and con- 
 victions of the inhabitants in the question of 
 Reform.” 
 
 The result of the elections throughout the country 
 unmistakably showed that the nature thus appealed 
 to would brook no unsettlement or modifications of 
 the laws passed in 1846-49, repealing the duties on 
 corn, on sugar, and the old navigation laws. The 
 nation once for all declared for Free Trade, and 
 elected a Parliament to deliver its verdict. | 
 
 The following letter from Mr. Cobden was re- 
 ceived by Sir Joshua during a short tour on the 
 
TORY OR WHIG WILL SERVE. 267 
 
 Continent, taken immediately after the Leicester 
 contest : 
 
 “ Midhurst. 
 “My pear WALMSLEY, 
 
 “We are rusticating in this quiet nook, to 
 which I confess I become more and more attached, 
 a proof, I suppose, of one’s declining energies.” | After 
 some pleasant chat on home concerns, he passes on 
 to the matters of political interest.] ‘Ido not think 
 you have lost much, by not seeing the English papers 
 since you left England. There has been quite a lull 
 after the excitement of the elections. With the 
 exception of a few dinners to successful candidates, 
 and still fewer to unsuccessful ones, there has been no 
 public stir. There is much speculation as to the 
 future movements of parties and as to the probable 
 ins and outs. But we have little to do with such 
 combinations, and if Derby and Co. can shake off 
 protectionism, I do not see why they may not 
 give us as good practical measures as Russell or 
 Graham. But I am in great doubt whether Dizzy 
 with all his ingenuity will contrive to doff his pro- 
 tectionist garment, and put on a Free ‘Trade suit, 
 without breaking up his party. There will be a score 
 or two of the honest stupid men, who will not under- 
 stand the word of command to ‘wheel.’ In that 
 case, I do not see how he can go on, for we are 
 
268 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 bound, as the first duty of the Free Trade majority, 
 to have a distinct understanding that the Government 
 gives up its protectionist hankerings. By getting rid 
 for ever of the protective basis for the country party, 
 we shall break up that country confederacy which 
 stands in the way of all progress. But after upset- 
 ting the present Government, we shall be in no 
 position to make a stable Government out of the 
 opposition, for the chiefs will resist the ballot, and 
 without that there can be no harmony or strength for 
 the Liberals. I must tell you that the League, having 
 a little money left, is employing Haly to collect 
 together some of the facts connected with the intimi- 
 dation, bribery, &c. of the late election, and although 
 the League cannot use these facts for the purpose of 
 advocating a reform of Parliament in the ballot, they 
 will be very useful facts for others who can. Haly 
 begins in the Isle of Wight, which is I believe a very 
 strong case. I have heard nothing of Hume. He is, 
 I suppose, in Norfolk, and most likely busy about 
 Rajah Brooke. Fox is, I should hope, likely to be 
 returned for Oldham. Itis difficult to believe that the 
 Radicals can be led by their leaders to vote for a Tory 
 in order to spite Fox. By-the-way, I have this 
 morning received a letter from Mr. Biggs, who tells 
 me that his brother John is dangerously ill of fever, 
 and that unless a favourable turn should take place 
 

 
 PROSPECT OF A BAD SEHASON. 269 
 
 he will be obliged to give up public life. Our harvest 
 is in a critical state. It seems as if we are going to 
 have another 1838. ‘To-day I have not been able to 
 leave the house. A drizzly rain has been falling — 
 without a breath of air. The wheat is sprouting in* 
 the sheaves, and a good deal of blight and mildew 
 had shown themselves previously, so that even if 
 we should have a sudden turn of fine weather, we 
 cannot possibly have a good harvest. The corn 
 will be in bad order, even if there should be an 
 average quantity. This will be, to the farmers, a 
 more trying season than they have had since 1846, 
 They will now see the full effect of Free Trade 
 upon their interests. formerly they could sell pig’s 
 meat for human food, and the people had no choice 
 but to take it at high prices. But now, with a free 
 importation of good dry wheat from twenty countries, 
 our farmers will be obliged to sell their sprout-wheat 
 for no more than it is worth. This year will clear out 
 many of the small farmers who are without capital, 
 and it will go very far to put landlord and tenant 
 upon a fair mercantile footing towards each other. 
 The present turn of things in the agricultural world 
 will not be in favour of Dizzy’s ‘looming-in-the- 
 future’ projects. He will be baffled in his hopes 
 of reducing the interests on the Three per Cents. The 
 revenue will sympathise with the bad harvest, and his 
 
270 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 agricultural clients will want a real relief, which their 
 landlords will be forced to give them when they find 
 that he cannot jump into a quart bottle to serve them, 
 In the end they will all come to my remedy—‘a 
 “reduction of the expenditure.’ You are right in saying 
 that the Radical party have gained at the expense 
 of the Whigs and Peelites. In fact the old Whig 
 party is nearly extinct. They have lost all the agricul- 
 tural counties, and the few county members who are 
 Liberals go farther than the Whigs. If we take the 
 ballot as a test, the whole strength of the Liberal 
 party is Radical. And I do consider the ballot to 
 be more and more the true test of Liberalism. The 
 late election, particularly in the Irish counties, has 
 brought to light more barefaced intimidation and 
 coercions than ever were practised before. The ex- 
 tension of the franchise to the twelve-pound occupiers 
 in the counties has brought a vast mass of poor 
 dependent voters under the screw of the landlord and 
 the whip of the priest. The scenes witnessed in 
 that country have been pitiable and heartrending, 
 and knowing that the ballot would be a perfect 
 remedy against their recurrence, my blood almost 
 boils with indignation at the puerile pretences 
 with which it is resisted. And I have made up my 
 mind that I will be no party to any measure for . 
 extending the franchise or rendering elections more 
 

 
 STIPULATION FOR THH BALLOT. 271 
 
 frequent, until the ballot be secured, for it will only 
 be, as.in Ireland, diffusing through a larger portion of 
 the people those sufferings and oppressions which are 
 how practised upon a more independent part of the 
 community. I should like to see a declaration agreed 
 to that in no case should an election be allowed to 
 take place in town or country, without an effort to 
 find a candidate to contest it for the ballot, and to 
 pay legal expenses only. Now is the time to respond 
 to the general feeling amongst the electoral body 
 upon the question. | : 
 
 “And this is the moment too for impressing on 
 our so-called Liberal chiefs that the party cannot be 
 held together unless by the cement of the ballot. 
 If they should contemplate appealing to the country 
 with some scheme of parliamentary reform omitting 
 the ballot, there would be no response sufficient to 
 overbear. the opposition of the Lords. But this topic 
 will keep until your return. The Parliament will 
 not, I expect, assemble before the beginning of 
 November. You and Lady Walmsley are doing 
 well to take a long respite amidst the natural glories 
 which now surround you. My wife joins me in 
 kind regards to her and to all your family party ; 
 and, believe me, 
 
 “ Faithfully yours, 
 ‘RICHARD COBDEN.” 
 
272 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 On the 14th of September the Duke of Wellington 
 died at Walmer Castle, at the age of eighty-three, A 
 -burst of grief thrilled through the nation at the news 
 that the great warrior had passed away fromus. All 
 
 that was remembered of him now was his “ life-long 
 
 unflinching devotion to England.” In that moment 
 of supreme gratitude his constant opposition to all 
 reform—which, at one time, had alienated from him 
 large masses of the people—was now forgotten ; there 
 was memory only of the exploits of the general “‘ who 
 had fought fifteen pitched battles, captured three 
 thousand cannons, and never lost a single gun.” 
 
 The following letter gives Mr. Cobden’s appre- 
 ciation of the Duke of Wellington; and his appre- 
 hensions of the effect likely to be produced on the 
 public mind by his death : 
 
 “ Midhurst, 25th September, 1852, 
 “My pear WALMSLEY, 
 
 ‘““We are glad to find that you and Lady 
 Walmsley and the young people are safe at home 
 again. You will find the apathy of the country upon 
 public questions roused into a sudden paroxysm of 
 emotion at the death of the old Duke. The Horse 
 Guards and the aristocracy will not fail to turn this 
 fever-fit to account ; but though the democracy join 
 in the ery, I do not see what it is to gain by it. It 
 
 LS See ners 
 
 
 
COBDEN ON WELLINGTON. 273 
 
 is an exaltation of the martial spirit of the country 
 from which despotism draws its natural support, and 
 before which the genius of liberty stands rebuked 
 and humbled. Such, at least, are the grosser de- 
 
 __velopments of the system on the Continent; and the 
 
 
 
 same principle, in a modified form, will be exempli- 
 fied in the augmentation of the military power in 
 this country. For the ‘Iron Duke’ individually I 
 have always felt a cold respect (who would have 
 any warm attachment or enthusiasm for an iron man 2) 
 If such work as he was engaged in be again taken in 
 hand by this nation, we shall not find an abler, or an 
 honester, or a more disinterested instrument to carry 
 it to a successful issue. but I cannot join in the 
 exaggerated tribute to the Duke as the ‘saviour’ of 
 his country; and as for his saving the continent of 
 Kurope, I don’t understand why we should save some 
 one hundred and fifty millions of people, who, if 
 worth saving, would have done it themselves when 
 opposed to thirty millions of Frenchmen. But as for 
 the ten thousand times repeated nonsense about 
 Wellington saving this country, Nelson did that at 
 the battle of Trafalgar before we began our military 
 career on the Continent; and from the day on which 
 that great naval victory destroyed the fleets of 
 Napoleon, we were as safe from invasion as of we had 
 
 been inhabitants of the moon. We spent four or five 
 T 
 
274: LIFE OF SIk JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 hundred millions after that decisive battle woon purely 
 Continental objects. I repeat that the Duke did his 
 work to perfection ; he neither jobbed, nor led, nor 
 intrigued like Marlborough, nor cursed and bullied 
 like Blucher, nor boasted in melodramatic strains 
 like Napoleon. But it is pure ignorance that prompts 
 all this fustian about his having saved England, and 
 it is only in the spirit of vaingloriousness that we 
 could persuade ourselves that, with our forty to fifty 
 thousand men on the Continent (we never had so 
 many probably as the latter at one time), we rescued 
 one hundred and fifty millions from oppression. 
 However, the old leaven is fermenting again, and 
 it must work itself out ; and unless we peace people 
 and financial reformers hold a discreet silence until 
 the paroxysm is over, we must expect to be hooted. 
 “You must let me know what our friend Hume 
 is talking and thinking about. I wrote to him on 
 my return from the North, and gave him some in- 
 formation about Rajah Brooke, which I thought he 
 would be thankful for; but I have heard nothing 
 from him since. You will find the suffrage question 
 a dead horse just now. It will come to life again 
 some day. ‘The ballot has some vitality in it with 
 the middle class. I have advised people in all loca- 
 lities where I know stirring men to get together facts 
 showing the evil workings of open voting at the 
 

 
 DREAD OF INVASION. 275 
 
 last election. I have also advised a central com- 
 mittee for collecting these facts to a focus. I hear 
 that your Society is doing something of the kind; 
 but I should like to see a separate committee at work 
 by way of giving increased force to the advocacy of 
 this question. Depend on it, the powers that be will 
 give universal suffrage sooner than the ballot. You 
 cut out the very heart of the aristocratic system in 
 applying the principle of secret voting. My wife 
 joins me in kind regards to Lady Walmsley and 
 yourself and the young ladies, and believe me, 
 
 “ Faithfully yours, 
 “R. CoBpEn,” 
 
 With the autumn deepened the national apprehen- 
 sion. ‘he press added fuel to the fire by circulating 
 stories of French naval preparations. Mr. Cobden’s 
 letters throughout this period rebuke and deplore the 
 popular excitement. 
 
 Thus he writes on the 2nd of October : 
 
 “ My DEAR WALMSLEY, 
 
 “YT am afraid you have been allowing the 
 alarmists to frighten you about French designs. It 
 is all a matter of opinion upon which time alone 
 ean decide, but I record my firm conviction, that 
 
 so far from the President or any other Government 
 Tae 
 
276 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 of France seeking to provoke hostilities with England, 
 so impressed are they with our undoubted superiority 
 at sea—a superiority greater incomparably since the 
 invention of steam navigation than before—that there 
 is nothing they will so much strive to avoid. If 
 we get into collision with France, it will be about 
 Belgium, Sardinia, or some other Continental interests. 
 But at all events, let the danger be what it may of 
 invasion or attack from France, let us at least be 
 agreed that it is by sea, and not upon land, that we 
 
 are to be prepared to repulse the enemy. Once for 
 
 all I say, if we are in danger (which I don’t believe) 
 of an invasion, I am willing to be prepared with any 
 amount of force at sea to repel it. Nay, if necessary, 
 I would agree to have a boom of ships of war, rafts, 
 and gun-boats all round our southern coast. But you 
 must satisfy me of the danger before I agree to that, 
 and before I agree to anything being done, I must 
 see all the large ships of war we have now got in 
 distant stations moored near our own shores. If 
 you are alarmed (which I am not), you ought to call 
 out for the return of our Mediterranean fleet to begin 
 with. But let us not so far depart from our old 
 habits as to allow the aristocracy to fill our land 
 with soldiers officered by themselves, under pretence 
 of protecting us from the French, for that ts not the 
 course likely to promote liberty. Sailors are not, 
 
 Yah? a 
 

 
 A BALLOT COMMITTEE. 277 
 
 like soldiers, the ready instruments of domestic 
 tyranny. 
 
 “You are under a mistake about my raising a 
 ballot organisation. I have no personal aim in the 
 matter. I don’t intend to put myself at the head 
 of any fresh movement. I urged the formation of 
 a Ballot Committee to collect information from all 
 parts of the country respecting the ends of open 
 voting, as disclosed at the late election. I have 
 everywhere, when possible, urged the formation of 
 local societies of the same kind and with similar 
 objects in England, Ireland, and Wales. I urged 
 upon some men in the Reform Club, whom I met 
 there (such as Torrens, McCullagh, Haly, &c.) to 
 work in this matter, and I advised them to try to 
 bring Grote out of his shell, to give fresh force to 
 the movement. So far from wanting to supersede 
 our Society, I advised McCullagh to consult you in 
 the first instance. In fact, if you can do the same 
 thing through our Society (which I doubt, for I am 
 not satisfied that we have a sufficient ramification or 
 influential support in the country), it will not require 
 to be done elsewhere. The ballot will be the greatest 
 difficulty to surmount. You have expressed your- 
 self satisfied with Lord John’s five-pound franchise, 
 ‘if made a crucial test, which is not a difficult point 
 to gain. Our object should now be to screw the 
 
278 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 Whigs up to the ballot, which can only be done 
 by our showing a wide and deep public interest in 
 the question. Hume does not seem to differ with 
 me, judging by the enclosed, which I have just cut 
 out from The Hull Advertiser. 
 
 “ Ever yours truly, 
 “R. CoBpEn.” 
 
 Here also let us insert another letter, still further 
 illustrating what favourable results Mr. Cobden 
 expected from the ballot : 
 
 “ Midhurst, 16th October, 1852. 
 
 “ My DEAR WALMSLEY, 
 
 “Tf I can put a spoke in Fox’s wheel, when ~ 
 
 in Lancashire, I shall be right glad to do so. I can’t 
 bring myself to believe that a sufficient number of 
 Oldham Radicals will be found to stultify themselves 
 by voting for a Tory to defeat our excellent friend. 
 
 ‘““T hope you are taking advantage of the present 
 favourable moment for giving an impulse to the 
 ballot question. The machinery of the Reform 
 Association ought to be employed in collecting in- 
 formation and arraying the forces, so as to take 
 advantage of ‘flood tide which leads to fortune.’ 
 There is no doubt that the Liberals of England, 
 Wales, and Scotland are now enthusiastic in favour 
 
 ee a 5 ee 
 
THH BALLOT THE CHIEF POINT. 279 
 
 of a ballot movement. Don’t give in for a moment 
 to the cry that the advocates of secret voting seek to 
 shelve the other points of Hume’s programme. They 
 are the only people who are really in earnest for any 
 reform. You are, I see, about to visit Hume. He 
 seems most anxious to prevent the Whigs coming 
 back to office, without being pledged to a specific 
 policy from which the people will gain something. 
 The only way to gain his object is by making the 
 ballot the ‘sine qué non.’ All other points of the 
 Reformers’ creed the Whigs will dally with, and 
 to some extent concur in. They will avow themselves 
 for extension of suffrage, more equal distribution, no 
 property qualification, and even shorter Parliaments, 
 These are points in which they can agree and yet com- 
 promise them with the Lords, as they did before. But 
 the ballot, which is worth them all, can be neither 
 frittered away, halved, nor quartered. It is ay or no 
 to the entire measure. Doubtless it involves a larger 
 and fiercer struggle to make a stand upon the ballot; 
 it may require that we should keep the Whigs for 
 years in opposition. So much the better. They and 
 we are never so useful as when in opposition. I am 
 sorry to see the tone of The Daily News about 
 our preparations for repelling a French invasion. 
 The insertion of club letters from old soldiers, pro- 
 voking a panic again, appears to me to be playing 
 
 
 
280 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 the game of the Horse Guards and the aristocracy, 
 and to be putting the so-called Liberal party in the 
 position which they never ought to occupy. If we 
 are to be made to endorse our present warlike expen- 
 diture, and even to call for greater armaments, what 
 policy have we to offer the public which can promise 
 any reduction of Government expenditure? But I 
 forget I am writing to one who shares in the appre- 
 hensions [ am deprecating. Let me try to convert 
 you by the way. Read the enclosed very carefully,* 
 and talk the matter over with Hume, but do not 
 write to me again about discontinuing my peace 
 
 agitation. 
 ‘* RICHARD COoBDEN.” 
 
 The Queen opened Parliament on the 11th 
 November, and the struggle at once began. On 
 the 28rd, Mr. Charles Villiers submitted a resolution 
 that the Act of 1846 was a wise, just, and beneficial 
 measure, and that the further extension of the policy 
 of Free Trade best suited the prosperity and welfare 
 of the nation. This was opposed by Mr. Disraeli, who 
 declared the intention of Government to resign if the 
 measure were passed in its present form. Mr. Villiers 
 then brought forward a modified resolution, already 
 assented to by Mr. Gladstone. ‘This was carried by a 
 
 * The paper alluded to has not been found amongst Sir Joshua’s 
 papers. 
 
 
 

 
 CHARACTER OF THE GOVERNMENT. 281 
 
 _ large majority, and thus Government fairly renounced 
 protection, and took the Free Trade pledge. Beaten 
 on the question of the Budget, ministers resigned after 
 ten months’ tenure of office, and Lord Aberdeen’s coali- 
 tion ministry succeeded. What Mr. Cobden’s apprecia- 
 tion of it was, will be seen from the following letter : 
 
 “The Government is, I suspect, a fair repre- 
 sentation of the state of public opinion, 2.e. an agree- 
 ment upon Free Trade, and no decided views upon 
 any other question. The Cabinet is strong in men, 
 but men of most heterogeneous views, and as they 
 are nearly all leaders, it is just the Government in 
 which you may expect a quarrel. They have nothing 
 to fear from without at present. I am very much 
 disappointed at the course things have taken in 
 London, Carlisle, Oxford, &c., where candidates have 
 been allowed to walk over, whilst opposing the ballot. 
 In Oxford and Carlisle we have lost two votes upon 
 this question! I attach little importance to the 
 promised Reform Bill. There will, of course, be 
 something proposed, as like as possible to Sir John’s 
 abortive scheme, and which the Lords will deal with 
 as they please, and the country will take little interest 
 in the matter. To carry the ballot, without which 
 anything else is mere sham and of doubtful use, will 
 require lectures and-an organisation in every town. 
 
282 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 To judge by present appearances, you and I shall 
 not last (politically) long enough to see it carried.” 
 
 In the midst of all these political changes, the 
 opponents of Sir Joshua Walmsley and Mr. Gardiner 
 made another attempt to deprive them of their 
 seats. Again a petition was sent up to Parliament 
 against their return, and again a Parliamentary 
 Committee was appointed to try their case. It sat 
 for six days in the early part of April. On the 
 seventh, before. the case for the defendants had 
 opened, the petitioners against them unreservedly 
 abandoned their charges, and, through their leading 
 counsel, withdrew every imputation upon them and 
 their friends. 
 
 We shall conclude this chapter with one more 
 letter of Mr. Cobden’s. 
 
 Mr. Cobden saw plainly that the apprehension of 
 war in the first place, and the interest in it in the 
 second, would seriously impede the progress of Reform. 
 In August he wrote to Sir Joshua, expressing his fears : 
 
 “ Assuming that the Government intend to bring 
 in a measure next session, which I suppose they 
 must, unless public opinion can be directed to foreign 
 politics (the oldest device in the world, but which 
 John Bull seems ready enough to swallow), then it 
 

 
 REFORMERS AND THE NEW BILL. 283 
 
 is undoubtedly the duty of all Reformers to be at 
 their post, and endeavour to force the Government 
 if it be unwilling, or to help it if it be so inclined, 
 to make it a real and not a sham Reform Bill of 
 our representative system. It appears that you are, 
 beyond most men, pledged to such a course, unless 
 you formally disband your Association ; for when or 
 how can it possibly be of use, if not during the next 
 six months? I know of. no plan for a general 
 co-operation, which is what is most wanted. Bright, 
 in his letter to me yesterday, merely observes: ‘I 
 suppose there will be nothing doing about the new 
 Reform Bill till November.’ Your old friend 
 sent me a pamphlet yesterday about the ballot, with 
 
 
 
 a note saying that he was giving much of his time 
 to it, and wanting me to give him the names of any 
 persons in Manchester likely to co-operate. I advised 
 him to go or send a deputation to Manchester. This 
 is the question upon which there will be the most 
 determined resistance on all sides on the part of the 
 aristocracy. It will not be carried without the same 
 pressure as that which repealed the Corn Law, and 
 it will be accompanied by the same break up of 
 parties, and an overthrow of perhaps more than one 
 Government. 
 ‘ Believe me, faithfully yours, 
 “R. CoBpeEN.” 
 
CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 Opening of Parliament—War Apprehensions—New Reform Bill 
 Rupture with the Czar—Withdrawal of the Reform Bill—The 
 Frame-work Knitters—Their Misery—Parliamentary Inquiry, 
 
 THroucH the autumn, the National Reform Asso- 
 ciation abated no jot of its efforts. Whatever 
 reforming energy, at this crisis, existed in the 
 country, centred in that body. But the apathy 
 of the nation was great in regard to every interest, 
 save the absorbing one of watching the signs of the 
 approaching conflict. 
 
 When the Queen opened Parliament on the 
 31st January, the first paragraph of the royal speech 
 announced the failure of the hopes entertained in 
 August of a peaceful termination of the existing 
 difficulties between the Sultan and the Czar. Another. 
 paragraph announced that a measure for the reform 
 of the representation of the people would be laid © 
 before Parliament. 
 
 There was a certain grandeur in the attitude of 
 a Government, which, amid the quickly-gathering 
 
 
 

 
 REFORM BILL OF 1854, ; 285 
 
 portents of war, could thus employ the interval on 
 which such mighty issues depended with the reform 
 of abuses in its own system. On the 13th February, 
 Lord John brought forward his third Reform Bull. 
 The exposition of this peaceful measure succeeded 
 an animated discussion on the movement of the fleet 
 and the provisions of the troops. ‘‘ Lord John 
 Russell’s Bill of 1854,” says Sir Joshua, “‘ was very 
 different from the one he had laid before Parliament 
 in 1852. The clumsy contrivances, the timidity that 
 had marked the latter, were nowhere traceable here. 
 As clause succeeded clause, it became evident that. 
 a generous measure of reform was now offered to 
 the nation. The six-pound borough franchise, ham- 
 
 pered though it might be by an enforced municipal 
 term of residence of two years and a half, would be 
 almost equivalent in great cities to household suffrage. 
 The ten-pound country franchise would admit within. 
 the pale of the constitution all who were above the 
 grade of the agricultural labourer. Various franchises 
 were created, recognising the claims of education and 
 the modest property of the thrifty. The principle 
 of grouping boroughs, that had encumbered the pro- 
 posed second Reform Bill, was abandoned, and in 
 its stead was substituted the reduction in boroughs 
 of less than five hundred electors from two members 
 to one; the representation thus withdrawn to be 
 
286 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 given to single unrepresented towns, or added to 
 the representation of large constituencies insufficiently 
 represented. This brief notice of the Reform Bill of 
 1854 will show that it was conceived in no narrow 
 spirit. It was calculated that it would enlarge by 
 one-third the actual constituency in the country. 
 By the six-pound franchise alone one hundred and 
 
 fifty thousand of the working classes would be ad- | 
 
 mitted to vote. True, the measure included no 
 item of Mr. Hume’s yearly motion. The ballot was 
 ignored. A distinct property qualification was still 
 the requisite to citizenship. In all its bearings, 
 however, it was calculated so materially to improve 
 the working of the representative system, that, at 
 my instigation, the Reform Association formally 
 determined to give it hearty support.” 
 
 But no Reform Bill could gain a hearing at that 
 
 hour. The war, that for some time had been casting 
 
 its shadow before, now became an actual and terrible 
 reality. In March, the Queen’s message to Parlia- 
 ment announced the rupture of relations with the 
 Czar. The second reading of the Reform Bill, pre- 
 viously fixed for the 13th of March, was deferred to 
 the 27th of April. In the meanwhile, the nation’s 
 professed indifference on the subject became more and 
 more manifest ; all minor interests were swallowed up 
 by the absorbing one of the war, Since the night when 
 

 
 WAR WITH RUSSIA. 287 
 
 Lord John Russell had explained the ministerial — 
 scheme to Parliament, only four spiritless public 
 meetings had been held in its favour throughout the 
 country ; only four petitions had been laid on the 
 table, urging the House to persevere with it in spite 
 of existing circumstances. The mind and heart of 
 England were with its fleets in the Baltic and the 
 Mediterranean ; with its departing armies; and it 
 had no care for other interests. An impatient feel- 
 ing was growing up, demanding of ministers the 
 withdrawal of a measure, the discussion of which 
 the country was in no mood for at present; and 
 upon which, if ministers were defeated, their resigna- 
 tion must follow ; and which, if carried, must involve 
 a dissolution of Parliament, and the consequent 
 ferment of a general election at a time when united 
 action and vigilant watching of events were Parlia- 
 ment’s first duties. Still, to the queries as to the 
 course Government proposed in relation to the 
 Reform Bill, Lord John’s answers were evasive, re- 
 vealing how keenly he felt his honour involved in 
 redeeming the pledge he had given. On the 
 11th April, he yielded to the pressure of circum- 
 stances, and withdrew for the session the ministerial 
 Reform Bill. The emotion that impeded his utter- 
 ance in the closing passages of his speech, testified 
 to the sharp conflict waged in his heart by a sense 
 
288 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 of conventional honour and the claims of a higher 
 duty. The universal and hearty applause that greeted 
 the announcement from all sides of the House showed 
 that the sacrifice was understood and appreciated. 
 Friend and foe united alike to commend the act. 
 These exciting. topics did not, despite the magni- 
 tude of the interests involved, outweigh the interest 
 felt by Sir Joshua for the sufferings of the poor frame- 
 work knitters of Leicester; and here we pause to 
 remark upon that noble trait in the character of the 
 man that, ever true to himself, his heart was with the 
 people of whom he never ceased to feel himself one, 
 Neither parliamentary or municipal honours, increase 
 of wealth, or advantages of social position, could for 
 a moment render him unmindful of the working 
 people, with whose feelings his own were identified. 
 And now that Mr. Cobden’s anticipation of a bad 
 
 harvest had been realised, and that an almost universal . 
 
 scarcity prevailed throughout Hurope, aggravating the 
 anxieties of approaching war; with dear provisions 
 and heavy taxation, the condition of the unfortunate 
 work-people of Leicester, encumbered by the frame- 
 rent system, weighed heavily on Sir Joshua’s mind. 
 So strongly did he feel as to the course to be taken in 
 this matter, that he refused to be influenced even by 
 the opinion of Mr.” Hume, whom he revered and loved 
 above all men. “Hume,” he says, “severely and 
 
 ' 
 i 
 : 
 1 
 
 
 

 
 ORIGIN OF STRIKES. . : oe See 
 
 utterly condemned as unfair and almost cruel the pro- 
 posal by Parliament of any measure that might lead 
 labourers to imagine that the law could interfere 
 between workmen and masters. To this I would 
 answer that political economy is not a one-sided 
 science, that it recognises the claims of labour to be 
 co-equal with those of capital.” At the root of the 
 fast-spreading evil—strikes—is a confused conviction 
 that this balance is not justly upheld; and until some 
 mode of legislation is hit upon, whereby a fair solution 
 of differences can be arrived at, this form of lynch-law 
 will prevail. While, in this case, where penury and 
 oppression prevented appeal to strikes, was it true 
 political economy to allow an extensive and important 
 manufacture to be sacrificed to the petty and arbitrary 
 profits derived by individuals out of the hire of the 
 necessary tool ? 
 
 In February, Mr. Charles Foster moved for leave 
 to introduce a bill to alter and amend the Truck Act, 
 which had been passed in 1831, for the purpose of 
 enforcing the payment of wages in money. ‘The object 
 of Mr. Foster’s measure was to provide against the 
 many evasions of the law by making the Act more 
 stringent. Mr. Foster’s bill passed a second reading, 
 and was referred to a Select Committee. 
 
 Karly in March, Sir Henry Halford introduced a 
 bill, drawn up in conjunction with Si Joshua 
 
 3 U 
 
 
 
290 . LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 Walmsley and Mr. Packe, to restrain stoppages from 
 the payment of wages in the hosiery manufacture. 
 Sir Joshua appealed to the House to send the bill 
 before a Select Committee. “I have received numerous 
 communications,” he said, “ from a number of persons 
 connected with this trade; and I can assure the 
 House that all they desire is, that the whole subject 
 should be fully and fairly investigated by a committee.” 
 
 The second reading of this bill came off on the 
 22nd March. In a speech marked by deep feeling, 
 Sir Henry Halford entered into many details depicting 
 “the distress, now grown to be proverbial, of the 
 frame-work knitters of the Midland Counties.” Sir 
 Joshua Walmsley encountered the opponents of the 
 measure, who maintained that it was contrary to the 
 maxims of political economy. ‘To inquire into the 
 complaints of the industrial classes is not adverse to 
 political economy. ‘There is no free trade as respects 
 frame-rents; the workmen must take the tools from 
 those who give the work, and take them upon their 
 own terms.” After reading to the House letters 
 addressed to him by operatives and employers: 
 “Both admit,” he showed, “the evils that have grown 
 up, although, I am bound to say, they do not all 
 agree as to the remedy. For my own part, I do not 
 take up the question as a pastime; I am impelled 
 solely by the sincere wish to produce a better state of 
 

 
 
 
 MEETINGS IN LEICESTER. 291 
 
 things than now exists.” A majority of forty-seven 
 decided in favour of the bill being read a second time. 
 It was referred to the same Select Committee appointed 
 to consider the bill brought in by Mr. Foster, for the 
 amendment of the Truck Act. Of this committee 
 Sir Joshua was a member. 
 
 The decision of the House caused some excitement 
 in Leicester. Separate meetings were held by manu- 
 facturers, middlemen, and operatives, to appoint 
 deputations to lay evidence before the House of 
 Commons’ Committee. The manufacturers’ meeting 
 was private. That evening in the Town Hall, the 
 frame-work knitters assembled in temperate and 
 orderly fashion. ‘The half-starved men eagerly de- 
 precated the expectation ascribed to them, that legis- 
 lature could interfere with wages. ‘They did not 
 wish, as it was asserted they did, to confiscate 
 property. They demanded only to have to pay a 
 fair price for their frames. ‘hey asked to be pro- 
 tected, that was all. This was their answer to the 
 political economy plea, the force of which they 
 understood well enough. Mr. George Buckby was 
 their spokesman. “ We will conduct the agitation,” 
 he said, “in a good spirit, but at the same time with 
 a determined opposition to a system fraught with 
 mischief from beginning to end.” After detailing 
 
 cases, the harshness of which it is difficult to conceive, 
 } U 2 
 
292 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 the frame-work knitters passed a resolution thanking 
 Sir Henry Halford, Sir Joshua Walmsley, and Mr. 
 Packe for their endeavours to carry the bill through 
 Parliament. 
 
 The Committee to inquire into the working of 
 the Truck Act sat from the 15th of March to the 
 21st July, and every day Sir Joshua attended its 
 sittings. The inquiry, protracted so far into the 
 session, allowed no time for the consideration of the 
 question of the hosiery manufacture ; accordingly, the 
 investigation of the frame-rent evil had to be post- 
 poned. The inquiry, however, was resumed in the 
 following session, on Parliament granting Mr. Packe’s 
 motion for a committee to be appointed to continue 
 the work begun and left unfinished in the preceding 
 year. From April to July this committee, of which 
 Sir Joshua Walmsley was still an indefatigable 
 member, inquired into the cause of the deplorable 
 misery of the frame-work knitters. The evidence of 
 many manufacturers, amongst whom that of Mr. 
 Biggs, of Leicester, was conspicuous for its calm and 
 earnest tone, condemned the system of frame-rent 
 as “the cancer in the hosiery trade.” Mr. Biggs 
 submitted a plan which he had adopted for years. 
 In place of the usual custom of exacting full rent, 
 whether slack time or illness impeded the knitter’s 
 hand, he had substituted a system of deducting, for 
 

 
 
 
 THH FRAMEH-WORK KNITTERS. 293 
 
 the wear and tear of his machinery, a certain ratio 
 on the amount of work delivered in by the labourer. 
 This system the knitters liked, but the middlemen, 
 as a rule, set their faces against it. The tale of the 
 knitters was a simple and appalling statement of 
 misery, out of which no issue seemed possible but a 
 change in the system of exacting frame-rent. The 
 evidence conclusively proved that whether it be in 
 the power of legislation or not to effect a remedy, 
 the hosiery trade was being sacrificed, and with it 
 the interests of thousands of labourers, to the greed 
 of the hirers out of the tool necessary for the manu- 
 facture. The report of the committee clearly indi- 
 cated the conflicting currents in the trade and their 
 fatal results. Parliament shrank, however, from the 
 task, at once so delicate and so complicated, in 
 attempting to reconcile under this new guise the 
 claims of labour and capital, and again refused to 
 interfere in the matter. The battle between manu- 
 facturers, middlemen, and labourers must be fought 
 out by themselves, and so for the present the question 
 of frame-rents was dropped by Parliament. The 
 good work that.had thus apparently failed bore its 
 fruit, however. Popular opinion in Leicester con- 
 demned the iniquitous oppression. Manufacturers 
 were stimulated to fresh resources by the ruin that 
 menaced the trade, and middlemen themselves became 
 
294 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 less exacting. The knitters remembered who had 
 been their advocate in the House; they knew Sir 
 Joshua had upheld their cause, even against his best 
 friend, and in their squalid homes his name became 
 
 a household word. 
 

 
 
 
 CHAPTER XXYV. 
 
 The Crimean Campaign—Bad Arrangements—Sufferings of the 
 Soldiers—Vote of Censure— Ministers resign—Suspense— 
 The Cabinet Reformers—Lord Palmerston replaces Aberdeen 
 —Further Ministerial Changes—Fall of Sevastopol—Mr. 
 Cobden’s Letter on the Conduct of the War—Another Letter 
 on the Folly of continuing the War with Russia—Last Letters 
 of Hume—His Death—Tributes of Respect— Proposed 
 National Monument. 
 
 As the winter of 1854-55 drew on, the nation 
 realised in its full force the meaning implied in the 
 phrase that we had “drifted into war.” In the 
 spring a gallant army had left her shores. In Sep- 
 tember, letters reached home, complaining that the 
 changeable climate of the Crimea was unprovided for. 
 Then followed reports increasing in gloom with the 
 shortening days, of troops dying of disease and want. 
 Hearts in English homes sickened during that bitter 
 winter at the pictures drawn by “‘our own corre- 
 spondents” in the Crimea, of the condition of the sick 
 and wounded. In imagination the nation beheld 
 “that bleak range of hills” overlooking the Black 
 Sea, where—zagged, shoeless, overworked, racked by 
 
296 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 disease, in want of food, shelter, fuel—the remnant of 
 its army was dying at the rate of ninety or a hundred 
 per day. Seven miles distant the English held a 
 port stored with every necessary provision and means 
 of relief; but the road to it was made impassable by 
 snow, which, combined with the pedantic delays of 
 red-tapeism, frustrated all efforts to bring comforts to 
 the soldiers. ‘“‘ I shall never forget the gloom of that 
 winter,” says Sir Joshua, “when each man asked the 
 other with whom did the fault lie, was it with the 
 commanders abroad or with the Government at home ? 
 Excitement was at its height when Parliament opened 
 on the 23rd of January. On the first night, the 
 Karl of Ellenborough and Mr. Roebuck gave notice 
 that on the 25th they would bring the conduct of the 
 war under critical review. That night the country 
 was taken by surprise by the resignation of Lord 
 John Russell, who explained this unusual, if not 
 unconstitutional step, by alleging that he could not 
 resist Mr. Roebuck’s motion. The accounts that came 
 from the East were ‘horrible and heartrending,’ and 
 ‘with all the official knowledge to which he had 
 access, there was something inexplicable in the state 
 of the army.’ He explained that during the recess, 
 he had urged Lord Aberdeen to appoint Lord Pal- 
 merston to the Ministry of War, in the place of the 
 Duke of Newcastle, a course the Prime Minister had 
 

 
 
 
 OUR ARMY IN THE CRIMEA. 297 
 
 refused to follow. When in the hour of reckoning 
 Lord John Russell thus separated himself from his 
 colleagues, the conviction deepened in the minds of 
 all who heard him, that culpable negligence could 
 alone explain the cruel fate of the army in the 
 Crimea. ‘Roebuck was suffering in health on. the 
 night he brought forward his vote of censure on the 
 conduct of the war. The emotion that overwhelmed 
 him, the weakness of illness made him almost in- 
 audible; what, he asked, was the condition of the 
 army before Sevastopol, and how had that condition 
 been brought about?’ In faltering accents he told 
 how an army of fifty-four thousand men had left 
 England a few months previous; this army was 
 reduced to fourteen thousand, of which only five 
 thousand men were fit for duty. What had become 
 of the forty thousand missing? Where were our 
 legions? A stormy and angry discussion followed 
 Roebuck’s motion. Ministers and their supporters 
 opposed the inquiry as dangerous and useless, but the 
 House, dividing, by a large majority declared in favour 
 of the motion. In the face of this overwhelming vote 
 of censure, ministers resigned.” 
 
 They resigned on the Ist of February. ‘Then 
 followed a fortnight during which the country was left 
 without a Government—a fortnight of cruel suspense, 
 as it anxiously watched the protracted negotiations to 
 
298 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 form a ministry capable of making head against the 
 national calamity. In this fortnight are dated some 
 vigorous letters addressed by Sir Joshua to The Atlas 
 newspaper, showing up the series of blunders com- 
 mitted since the landing of the army at Varna, 
 maintaining that the aristocracy are not business 
 men. He wrote: “ And it is a man clear-sighted, 
 clear-brained, quick to resolve and act, unshackled by 
 the trammels of red-tapeism, that is wanted at this 
 juncture.” “I have read your spirited letter in The 
 Atlas,” writes Mr. Cobden. “It is a pity that our 
 quarrel with the aristocracy does not spring from some 
 other cause than the complaint that they don’t carry 
 on war with sufficient vigour.” 
 
 On the 16th of February, the Cabinet was formed. 
 It was a reconstruction of the former ministry, and 
 included no new members. On Lord Palmerston, 
 who had replaced Lord Aberdeen as Prime Minister, 
 centred the nation’s hopes for the better management 
 of the war. Lord Panmure was made Secretary of 
 War in the place of the Duke of Newcastle. This 
 change in the administration did not induce the 
 House to rescind its vote in favour of Mr. Roebuck’s 
 motion. The nation would not be put off; with 
 passionate reiteration it demanded: “ What has 
 become of our forty thousand missing soldiers of 
 the army of fifty-four thousand that left our shores 
 

 
 COMMITTEE OF INQUIRY. 299 
 
 some months ago?” The House of Commons per- 
 sisting in the inquiry, another ministerial crisis 
 occurred. On the 22nd of February, Mr. Gladstone, 
 Sir James Graham, and Mr. Sidney Herbert resigned: 
 giving as reason that they had accepted office in the 
 belief that Lord Palmerston would continue to oppose 
 the formation of a Committee of Inquiry. They re- 
 _ garded this inquiry as unnecessary, unjust to officers, 
 and dangerous. These vacancies in the Cabinet being 
 filled up by the appointment of Sir Cornewall Lewis 
 and Lord John Russell, the committee was appointed. 
 A few months later, its revelations justified the fears 
 and suspicions of the nation. It showed that the 
 Government had drifted into war unprepared, re- 
 gardless of the difficulties and complications inherent 
 to a struggle carried on at a distance. We sub- 
 join the following extracts from a letter written by 
 Mr. Cobden upon the fall of Sevastopol, and dated 
 Midhurst, 27th September, 1855, showing up but 
 too plainly the lamentable military mismanagement 
 and failures that threw discredit upon the English 
 arms in the Crimea. 
 
 After referring to a private circumstance relating 
 to the death of a friend, and stating the general feel- 
 ing of the moment, he proceeds: ‘The French have 
 covered themselves with great glory. I am sorry 
 to say nothing but discredit and shame attaches to 
 
300 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 us; but as everyone speaks out, no doubt you will 
 hear something of it at home. They may blame the 
 men as much as they like; I blame the system—a 
 system which gives no encouragement to a man to 
 discharge his duty—a system which has not only 
 allowed but encouraged a crowd of officers to slink 
 home on every possible pretence, from the Duke of 
 Cambridge and Lord Cardigan downwards, and to 
 leave, as substitutes for officers who know their men 
 and were known by them, a parcel of mere boys from 
 England, all anxious to come out because they had 
 not the most remote idea what they were coming to. 
 My friend should have added that the men as well 
 as officers who have gone out are mere boys. In fact, 
 the recruiting-sergeant has been successful only in 
 kidnapping children. The manhood of the country 
 has contented itself with voting strong resolutions at 
 meetings, making courageous speeches, or preaching 
 inflammatory sermons; whilst the fighting has been 
 left to unfledged striplings. It makes me indignant 
 beyond expression to find my country exposed to 
 the taunts of the world, as the cowardly bully 
 amongst nations, always ready with the big threat, 
 but skulking from the post of danger. Were I 
 despotic, the first thing I would do should be to 
 selze every newspaper editor, every orator, and every 
 preacher I could prove to have fanned the flames of 
 

 
 
 
 > COBDEN ON A CONSCRIPTION. 301 
 
 this war, and pack him off to take part in it until 
 peace was arranged, In sober seriousness, if we are 
 to take a part in military operations on the Continent 
 alongside of France, Russia, and the great powers of 
 Europe, and if we would avoid the disastrous and 
 ridiculous failures which we have witnessed, we 
 must, like them, be prepared to submit to the con- 
 scription, by which a guarantee will be afforded that 
 the interests and honour of the country are confided 
 to a fair representation of the manhood of England. 
 As it is, we may fairly assert that the middle class, 
 who, at least in West Yorkshire, are the most zealous 
 advocates of the war, have taken no part init. They 
 form no part of the rank and file of the army, and, 
 generally speaking, are only to be found as exceptions 
 amongst the commissioned officers. When the opera- 
 tions of the war come to be calmly reviewed, it will 
 be found that our sufferings and disasters have sprung 
 almost entirely from our having started with preten- 
 sions to be on an equality with France, and having 
 failed first with the numbers and at last in the quality 
 of our troops. Lord Raglan himself stated that the 
 terrible losses of last winter arose principally from 
 our men having been overworked, the result of 
 their inadequate numbers. And General Klapka, in 
 his book on the war, says that the British, in spite of 
 their heroic courage at Inkermann, would have been 
 
302 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY, 
 
 driven into the sea by the overwhelming numbers of 
 Russia if the French had not come to their rescue: 
 the small army of men which went out last year 
 having been dribbled away, and mere boys sent to 
 replace them. t 
 
 “The foregoing extracts from my friend’s letters 
 will be interesting to my good friends your com- 
 panions; but the following description of what he 
 saw when he entered Sevastopol, I send exclusively 
 for Lady Walmsley, who sometimes takes too poetical 
 a view of the glories of war. ‘On the Monday 
 after the evacuation there was a flag of truce, and 
 a steamer crossed to take away some wounded men 
 left in one of the dockyard store-houses, which, as 
 being rather out of fire, had been used as a hospital. 
 I happened to be down on the spot at the time of 
 the removal, and such a sight I never witnessed and 
 hope I may never witness again. Hundreds of men, 
 wounded in every conceivable manner; some with 
 amputated, some with broken limbs, some writhing 
 in agony with musket-bullets in their bodies, All 
 more or less neglected for many hours, were carried 
 out of the wretched place in which they had been 
 hurriedly placed, and were laid on the decks of the 
 steamer for conveyance to their countrymen. ‘The 
 scene in the building itself was something awful, it 
 was literally one huge mass of dead and dying men— 
 

 
 
 
 HORRORS OF WAR. | 808 
 
 belts, canteens, military equipments and dress, cut or 
 taken from the men as they were brought in, were 
 strewed about; and in many instances dead and 
 putrid bodies lay over those still having a gasp of 
 life left. Anything more utterly shocking I cannot 
 conceive. A huge tub passed me, under which two 
 men staggered. Its contents consisted of arms, legs, 
 feet, hands, and other parts of the human body. I 
 know not what selection the Russian steamer could 
 have made from the hideous mass, but when she had 
 got her cargo she left, and next morning she was 
 sunk with the rest. I passed the place again 
 yesterday, and all around was still one mass of dead 
 bodies in every stage of decay. The smell was 
 frightful, and the sight of those dead bodies, swollen 
 and blackened as they were, was worse. The whole 
 place is a mass of putrefyine human flesh. It is 
 impossible to exaggerate the horrors which meet one 
 at every turn. Determined not to leave anything 
 in our hands that they could destroy, they actually 
 hurled their field-guns, horses and all, harnessed 
 as they stood, into the harbour. It was a strange 
 sight to see them as they lay, through the clear blue 
 watete 
 “With our united kind regards to all your circle, 
 “T remain, very truly yours, 
 “ R, CoBpEN.” 
 
304. LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 Let us give another letter from the same pen— 
 the more interesting because of its application to 
 our present position towards Russia—dated : 
 
 ** Midhurst, 12th November, 1855. 
 “ My DEAR WALMSLEY, 
 
 “But, really, when I see the tone of the press, and 
 the reports of such meetings as that in the City, where 
 that old desperado, Palmerston, is cheered on in his 
 mad career by his turtle-fed audiences, I am almost in 
 despair. If our ignorant clamours for the ‘ humiliation 
 of Russia’ are allowed to have their own way, look out 
 for serious disasters to the Allies! No power ever yet 
 persisted in the attempt to subjugate Russia that did 
 not break to pieces against that impassive empire. 
 Tartars, Turks, Poles, Swedes, and French, all tried in 
 their turn, all seemed to meet with unvarying success, 
 and yet all in the end shared the same fate. The 
 Russians can beat all the world at endurance, and the 
 present struggle will assume that character from this 
 very day. The question is, who can endure the 
 longest the pressure on their resources in men and 
 money? It is not a question of military operations ; 
 the Russians will retire, but they will not make peace 
 on terms that will give any triumph to the English 
 and French; they will gradually retire inland upon 
 

 
 COBDEN ON RUSSIA. 805 
 
 their own supplies, where you cannot follow them, 
 to return again if your forces quit their territory. In 
 the meantime, high prices and conscription in France, 
 and taxes, strikes, and heavy discount in England, 
 will have their effect. And who can tell what the 
 consequences may be ina couple of years? We are 
 exaggerating the power of a naval blockade, and the 
 effect of the depredations we are committing on the 
 coast of that vast empire, because we do not sufli- 
 ciently appreciate the comparative insignificance of its 
 sea-going foreien trade, as compared with its interior 
 and overland foreign trade. An empire three thousand 
 or four thousand miles square, with such vast river 
 navigation, has resources, which we cannot touch, ten 
 times more important than the trade we blockade. 
 The very fact of her having followed a higher protec- 
 tive policy, and thus developed artificially her internal 
 resources, whilst it has no doubt lessened her wealth 
 and diminished her power of aggressive action against 
 richer states, has, at the same time, by making her 
 less dependent on foreign supplies, rendered it easier 
 for her to bear the privations which a blockade is 
 intended to inflict. The more I think of the matter, 
 the more I am convinced that the Western Powers, if 
 they persist in their attempt at coercing Russia by 
 land operations, relying on the effect of a blockade, 
 
 will suffer a great humiliation for their pains. The 
 x 
 
306 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. - 
 
 only thing that could have given them a chance 
 of success was the co-operation of Austria and 
 Germany upon the land frontier of that empire. 
 This was the only danger dreaded by Russia, and 
 hence her efforts to conciliate German interests ; for, 
 as I said in the House, every concession offered by 
 Russia has been to Germany, and not to the allies. 
 However, it is no use reasoning on these matters, for 
 reason will have little to do in the matter. It isa 
 question of endurance, and time wille show which 
 can play longest the game of beggar-my-neighbour. 
 My friend Colonel Fitzmayor wrote to me on the 
 Ath inst., on board the Rzpon, off Southampton. He 
 said he was going to Woolwich, to which place I 
 immediately wrote him a ietter, but have had no 
 reply. He is perhaps gone to see his family, and may 
 not get my letter for some days. I fear there is no 
 chance of my seeing him here this week. When do 
 you think of leaving Worthing? Iam sorry I cannot 
 leave home to come and see you at present. With 
 regards to all your circle, 
 “ Believe me, truly yours, 
 ‘““R. CoBDEN,” 
 
 In February, Sir Joshua lost his friend, Joseph 
 Hume. During the closing months of his life, the old 
 man complained often with pathetic petulance: “I 
 

 
 
 
 HUME’S OUTLOOK. 307 
 
 am in a grumbling condition, because I cannot do as I 
 used, and yet would fain still do. The will remains 
 the same, but the flesh is weak.” To the last the 
 progress of the Crimean War was a subject of keen 
 and painful interest to him. He kept on hoping to 
 the last he would recover sufficient strength once 
 more to take his accustomed seat in Parliament, and 
 help to procure a more wisely administered system in 
 behalf of the soldiers’ welfare. Those closing letters 
 are touching evidences of an undimmed spirit and a 
 failing body. The 4th December is the date of a 
 letter written in a more hopeful vein : 
 
 “My DEAR SIR JOSHUA, 
 
 “T shall now expect to see you on the 12th, 
 if I continue as I am; but I have had doubts 
 whether I should in prudence be able to attend the 
 meeting. The state of the war and of public affairs 
 is such as to call for a grand meeting as to numbers, 
 and, I hope, strong in the advocacy of future and 
 speedy measures for the support of our brave country- 
 men in the Hast. There is much in Kossuth’s speech 
 that deserves serious attention, but the condition and 
 plan of Austria is what has destroyed the policy 
 that ought to have been adopted, to unite and rally 
 
 the popular and free principles against the military 
 xX 2 
 
308 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 and despotic, which really is the great point to 
 look to. 
 
 “The Governments of Germany remember 1848, 
 and have their fears of reaction which, sooner or 
 later, must take place. But at present the difficulty 
 is great, and we must give all the help we can to 
 overcome that difficulty. | 
 
 “Let me have a few lines with any news that 
 you may think worth repeating, and to engage my 
 thoughts until the 11th, when I propose to be in 
 Bryanston Square with Mrs. Hume.” 
 
 The intended journey to London was never | 
 
 accomplished. We find him on the 21st January, 
 1855, writing : 
 
 ‘“T have decidedly improved the last two days. 
 Although all was packed up, and the horses were 
 ordered, I do not think I shall move for the week, 
 unless some extraordinary occurrence shall compel 
 me. I shall therefore hope for a line, if anything 
 be worth attention. We have had two gentle falls 
 of one inch and a half of snow each, and at this © 
 moment not a breath of wind. I have not been out 
 of doors for four days, and a good pair of bellows 
 would blow me over, and yet I have no pain to look 
 to as the cause of all this,” 
 

 
 DEATH OF JOSEPH HUME. 309 
 
 The end was not far off. On the 18th February 
 Mr. Cobden wrote : 
 
 ““My DEAR WALMSLEY, 
 
 ‘I wrote to poor, dear old Hume, some time 
 ago, but when I was not aware that he was so 
 very ill, and of course I expect no answer. I fear 
 your apprehensions will prove too well founded. 
 Perhaps if he had retired from Parliament at the 
 last election, and gone to Switzerland, or America, 
 or to some new scene, with his family, he might have 
 lived a few years longer. But he preferred to die 
 in harness, and after all, life to him would have 
 wanted more than half its charms, if he had 
 abandoned Parliament. May Heaven smooth the 
 pillow of the glorious old man.” 
 
 On the 20th of February he died. In him the 
 Reform party lost its oldest leader, and the country 
 the man whose keen, firm sense of justice and 
 indomitable resolution had raised a standard of 
 integrity, and established principles of order and 
 economy, that made a mark that can never be 
 effaced on the public administration of affairs. 
 
 On the 26th of February, moving for a new writ 
 for Aberdeen, Lord Palmerston paid a high tribute 
 to Mr. Hume’s memory. Sir Joshua Walmsley, 
 
310 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 overcome by emotion, alluded, in a short speech, to 
 the privilege he had enjoyed of possessing for many 
 years the confidence and friendship of Mr. Hume. 
 “Tt may be justly said that his unostentatious 
 labours for the public good were only excelled by 
 his private worth. ven in the arena of political 
 strife, he never made an enemy or lost a friend. 
 And I would indulge the hope that the repre- 
 sentatives of a grateful people will not suffer services, 
 at once so eminent and so disinterested, to pass away 
 without some memorial worthy of them and of the 
 country.” 
 
 Sir Joshua Walmsley wished that a national 
 monument, voted by both Houses of Parliament, 
 should be erected to the memory of his friend. 
 Mr. Cobden and many others approving the idea, 
 it was taken up, and a requisition, signed by two 
 hundred and twenty-four members of both Houses, 
 was presented to Lord Palmerston, calling upon him 
 to propose “that a durable memorial be erected, by 
 a vote of Parliament, to the memory of the late 
 Mr. Hume, in testimony of the country’s grateful 
 appreciation of his long, disinterested, and laborious 
 public services. But the proposal was silently 
 defeated, on the plea that there was no precedent 
 for it, that Joseph Hume had never been in office. 
 A few hundred pounds subscription endowed a 
 

 
 SIR JOHN BOWRING. 311 
 
 scholarship in the London University. Sir Joshua 
 keenly felt this rejection of a national recognition 
 of his friend’s services. ‘“ What man,” he would 
 often exclaim, “had done so much for the best 
 interests of his country, devoting his whole life to 
 strenuous, unflagging work, without fee or reward ?” 
 Sir John Bowring, writing from Hong Kong, in 
 September, 1856, to Sir Joshua, remarks: “I think 
 it sad evidence of an unsound state of things, that 
 a man like Joseph Hume should have been allowed 
 to live and die without other honours than those 
 which individual esteem and gratitude brought to 
 accompany him on his progress, and which now 
 gather round his tomb. The appreciation of the 
 fiercer parts of human character; the warlike, the 
 passionate, in preference to the gentle, the pacific, 
 the permanently useful, is somewhat startling to 
 those who desire the world’s improvement. We 
 grieve, protest, but where shall we find a remedy ?” 
 The following graceful tribute from the same pen, 
 
 to the memory of Joseph Hume, we find enclosed in 
 another letter : 
 
 Not of the crowd, nor with the crowd did he 
 
 Labour, but for them, with clear vision bent 
 
 On to reform, steadily he went 
 
 Onward, still onward perseveringly ; 
 
 Yet not a hair’s breadth from his pure intent 
 Diverted, or by frowns or flattery ; 
 
312 
 
 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 His nature was incarnate honesty. 
 
 And his words moulded what his conscience meant ; 
 So, honoured most by those who knew him best, 
 Leader or link, in every honest plan 
 
 Which sought the advance of truth, the good of man, 
 Still scattering blessings, through life’s course he ran ; 
 And when most blessing others, then most blessed, 
 "Till called from earth to heaven’s most hallowed rest. 
 

 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 Sunday League—Sir Joshua becomes President—Vituperation 
 against him—He advocates it in the House—Sunday En- 
 counter with a Sabbatarian at the Zoological Gardens— 
 Inconsistencies of Opponents in and out of Doors—Sir John 
 Bowring and the Arrow Question—Cobden blames Bowring— 
 The latter’s Letters to Sir Joshua on the Subject, 
 
 AFTER the death of Joseph Hume, Sir Joshua 
 sought to carry out his work left unfinished. Next 
 to the question of enlarging the suffrage, that of 
 opening the museums to the working classes had of 
 late years most occupied Mr. Hume’s attention. In 
 1846, he had submitted his first motion to that effect 
 to Parliament, and in the last session he attended had 
 renewed the effort. Sir Joshua had promised to con- 
 tinue it, and he kept his word. At this period some 
 working-men formed themselves into a committee, for 
 the purpose of keeping alive the interest in the 
 question among their class. Round this nucleus 
 numbers gathered, composed chiefly of men connected 
 with the more artistic trades, of pianoforte makers, 
 goldsmiths, jewellers, and carvers—artisans, who 
 
314 LIFE OF SIk JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 felt the importance, for their own instruction, of 
 becoming familiar with artistic creations, and who 
 were conscious of the advantages derived from such ~ 
 influences. The committee gradually developed into 
 an association sufficiently important to style itself the 
 “Sunday League,” of which Mr. Hume became the 
 president, and Mr. Morrell the secretary, and imme- 
 diately proceeded to start a newspaper to disseminate 
 its opinions throughout the country. 
 
 In 1854, the House of Commons’ Committee on 
 Public-houses came to a resolution that, as a means 
 of combating drunkenness, “it was expedient that 
 places of public recreation and instruction be open to 
 the public on Sunday afternoons after the hours of 
 two o'clock p.m.” The League considered this an 
 opportune moment for presenting a petition to Parlia- 
 ment for ‘“‘the opening of the British Museum, the 
 National Gallery, and Marlborough House, on 
 Sunday.” Sir Joshua Walmsley undertook to present 
 the goldsmiths’ petition. Mr. Hume had promised 
 to bring the question before the House of Commons 
 during the course of the session. We have seen, 
 however, that he could find no day for its discussion, 
 and in the February of the following year he died. 
 
 “Several deputations waited on me soon after,” 
 says Sir Joshua, ‘‘asking me to assume the presidency 
 of the League, and to fight its battle in Parliament. 
 
en Oe ap ann li lea a 
 
 PRESIDENCY OF SUNDAY LEAGUE. 315 
 
 To this invitation I replied, that my promise to 
 Mr. Hume, and my own desire to continue a work 
 that enlisted my heartiest sympathy, would lead me 
 to accept the proffered post; but I knew that my 
 conduct in ‘the frame-rent question had made me 
 many enemies in Leicester. At the next election I 
 foresaw that my seat would be in jeopardy, and my 
 parliamentary career might thus shortly be closed. 
 The working-men persisting in their invitation, I 
 acceded to it, and on the 28th March, 1855, I brought 
 the question before the House.” When the House 
 divided, out of two hundred and thirty-five present, 
 forty-eight recorded their vote in favour of Sir 
 Joshua’s motion. 
 
 “The men who so warmly stood up for the 
 sanctity of the Sabbath forgot, in their zeal, that they 
 demanded its rigid observance from the working 
 classes alone. They denounced the profanity of a 
 proposal, that would enable the poor man to look at 
 pictures and other works of art on the Sabbath after 
 morning service. They saw no profanity in their own 
 privileged stroll among the curiosities of the Zoolo- 
 eical or Botanical Gardens, or in the enjoyment of 
 their West-End clubs. On the very Sunday following 
 the debate on my resolution, I met in the Zoological 
 Gardens, accompanied by his wife and two children, 
 an ardent opponent of the measure. 
 
316 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 “You here on a Sunday among the wild beasts !’ 
 I exclaimed, stopping short and looking him full in 
 the face as if astonished at the rencontre. He was 
 much discomfited, but at once fell back on the re- 
 assuring logic of the difference of classes. ‘Oh,’ he 
 answered, ‘it is a very different matter my taking 
 a quiet stroll here with my family, and letting crowds 
 of workmen rush off to the museums.’ 
 
 “T could not admit the difference in principle, and 
 as regards circumstances, the difference implied an 
 argument in favour of the workman. In advocating 
 the objects of the Sunday League, 1 was simply 
 endeavouring to extend to the poor some of the 
 civilising agencies that so abound in the daily life of 
 the rich.” 
 
 While working with this aim, Sir Joshua found 
 himself the centre of a very whirlwind of indignation. 
 ‘“‘T was privately and publicly apostrophised,” he says, 
 ‘‘as an infidel. The post daily brought me letters 
 from clergymen addressing me as an atheist, ‘an 
 agent of Satan.’ From the pulpit, the same epithets 
 were applied to me and the other supporters of the 
 Sunday League. In Liverpool, on one Sunday, a 
 hundred sermons were preached against us. In 
 every town, in every parish, from every church and 
 dissenting sect, a protest was raised against any 
 attempt to do away with the holiness of Sunday ; 
 
. 
 
 
 
 AOTIVITY OF THE CLERGY. 317 
 
 and were it really kept and observed in a holy 
 manner, I should be the last to desire a change. In 
 thickly-populated cities and in the drowsiest rural 
 districts, the work of petitioning began. From the 
 most revered pillar of the local church to the youngest 
 Sunday-school scholar, all the members of the various 
 
 - congregations appended their signatures to the earnest 
 
 prayer to Parliament not to open the doors of museums 
 or the Crystal Palace to the people on the Lord’s Day. 
 Public meetings, in towns and villages, passed reso- 
 lutions and expressed sentiments that would not have 
 been out of keeping with the pharisaical spirit domi- 
 nant in Jerusalem nineteen centuries ago. A society 
 formed for the due observance of the Sabbath threat- 
 ened with public exposure those who voted for Sir 
 Joshua Walmsley’s motion. A Sabbatical frenzy 
 seized the country. Amid all this tumult, it was 
 difficult to hear the counter protests of thousands of 
 hard-working artisans, who knew well that, among 
 their class, Sunday was not a day of sanctity, such as 
 all this commotion against its desecration implied ; 
 or to notice the calm verdict given by some of the 
 highest intellects in England in favour of the objects 
 of the Sunday League. 
 
 It required courage to face the storm that was 
 raging, but Sir Joshua was not the man to be driven 
 from*any path he had entered after mature deli- 
 
318 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 beration. The National Sunday League announced 
 during the recess that the measure would again be 
 brought before Parliament by its president in the 
 ensuing session. On the evening of the 21st February, 
 1856, the lobby of the House of Commons was 
 crowded. The Speaker’s and Strangers’ Galleries 
 were thronged, and conspicuous by their numbers 
 were the clergy present. ‘There was a perceptible 
 stir of excitement through the assembly, deepening 
 during the hour and a half employed in presenting 
 petitions against the resolution that was to be the 
 principal feature of the night’s debate. It was the 
 evening for the discussion of Sir Joshua Walmsley’s 
 motion for the opening of the museums on Sunday. 
 On this occasion his speech was more exhaustive than 
 that delivered on the same subject the preceding year. 
 He entered more fully into the bearings of the Sab- 
 batarian movement, meeting the objections that had 
 been so loudly urged against the objects of the Sunday 
 League. Carefully abstaining, however, from any 
 expression that might hurt sensitive, anxious souls, 
 easily alarmed at what seems to them a lowering of 
 that standard of faith necessary to salvation, he was 
 nevertheless “ determined,’ he said, ‘‘ not to shrink 
 from any discussion calculated to elicit the truth, 
 but truth applicable to all classes, and not an 
 ideal to which our workers are sacrificed. Nor will 
 

 
 SPEECH ON THE MOTION. 319 
 
 I yield to any in an earnest desire to preserve 
 the Sunday as free from labour as is consistent 
 with the necessities of the people—a day of rest, 
 devotion, and innocent enjoyment. I believe the 
 measure now proposed is worthy the acceptance of 
 the House, and calculated to elevate the moral and 
 religious character of the people.” ‘I am morally 
 certain, he proceeded, after giving a summary of 
 the petition signed by upwards of ten thousand work- 
 men in favour of the opening of the museums, “ that 
 were these institutions opened on the afternoon of 
 Sunday, thousands, if not tens of thousands of 
 persons, who now seldom leave their crowded courts 
 and alleys on that day save to resort to the public- 
 house, would be found with their wives and families 
 visiting these pleasant centres of instruction. These 
 people would return to their homes wiser and better 
 men from the contemplation of the beautiful, and 
 for their momentary contact with the finest products 
 of the most gifted of our race.” After quoting eminent 
 authorities, past and present, in favour of a brighter 
 conception of the Sabbath, he laid his finger on the 
 real evil the measure was chiefly directed against— 
 drunkenness, that passion that saps and mines all 
 force of character, wrecks virtue, and brings misery 
 into the homes of our lower classes. This passion 
 finds an accomplice in the tedium and stagnation of 
 
320 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 Sunday which well-nigh excuses and explains it. 
 Referring to the letter of a man of much practical 
 experience, he showed that “vice and immorality are 
 relatively more prevalent in London than in the great 
 Continental capitals ; and, especially, the relative pro- 
 portion of immorality which prevails on the Sunday, 
 compared with any other day of the week, is far 
 larger in London than in the Continental capitals. 
 In Edinburgh and Glasgow, where what might be 
 called the judicial observance of the Sunday is stricter 
 than in London, the vice and criminality prevalent 
 on that day are also relatively greater than in Lon- 
 
 9) 
 
 don.” ‘ This,” reiterated Sir Joshua in conclusion, 
 ‘‘ig an educational measure in its most comprehensive 
 sense, and one that ought not to provoke religious 
 controversy. As an educational measure, it would 
 humanise and improve that class of the community, 
 which millions spent in church establishments have 
 failed to reach.” 
 
 The discussion that followed was as intolerant 
 in spirit, and as wide of the mark in its objections 
 to the measure, as that of the preceding year. The 
 comfortless homes of the poor; the fact that the 
 large majority of working-men in crowded cities never 
 enter a place of worship, but spend the Sabbath in 
 gin-shops, for lack of a better place of entertainment 
 to resort to; these realities were ignored by those 
 

 
 TRIUMPH OF SABBATARIANS. 521 
 
 who so loudly denounced the measure. Members 
 of Parliament spoke as though the present observance 
 of Sunday constituted godliness itself. It seemed 
 as if to them Sunday was made holy by the 
 mere fact of the doors of the museum being closed. 
 Lord Stanley again defended the motives of the 
 Sunday League and its promoters. The faithful 
 few of the year’ before spoke in favour of the 
 resolution. When the House divided, it was found 
 that the same forty-eight, out of the four hundred 
 and twenty-four members present, had voted for 
 Sir Joshua Walmsley’s motion. The Sabbatarian 
 party received the announcement of their victory 
 with ringing cheers. 
 
 In February, 1857, Sir Joshua moved ‘for a 
 Select Committee to consider and report upon the 
 most practical means for lessening the existing 
 inequalities in our representative system, and for 
 extending to the unenfranchised that share of political 
 power to which they may be justly entitled. The 
 motion, however, found no favour with the House; 
 after the fatioue and excitement of the Russian 
 War, there was little zeal left for measures of home 
 reform. 
 
 Sir Joshua brought forward this motion on the 
 eve of the momentous debates in both Houses on 
 
 the proceedings of Sir John Bowring in China, in 
 Y 
 
322 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 the affair of the Arrow. Shortly before Christmas 
 had come tidings by the Chinese mail, startling to 
 ministers and the country, that for six weeks England 
 had been at war with China. An insult had been 
 offered to the British flag. In October, Chinese 
 officials had boarded a Chinese vessel flying English 
 colours, on a charge of having been concerned in an 
 act of piracy, and carried off twelve of the fourteen 
 that composed her crew. Swift and terrible retri- 
 bution followed this act. The prisoners, indeed, 
 had been given up, on the demand of Sir John 
 Bowring, but Governor Yeh refused to make a public 
 apology. Permission to foreigners to enter Canton, 
 a condition insisted on by the English ambassador, 
 had also been withheld. Then had followed the 
 storming of the city of Hong Kong and the shelling 
 of Governor Yeh’s house. 
 
 On the 25th of February the debates on the 
 Canton question began. Lord Derby brought the 
 question before the Upper House. In a speech of 
 fiery eloquence, he condemned the conduct of Sir 
 John Bowring as hasty and cruel. “The Hotspur 
 of debate” failed on this occasion to carry with him 
 the House of Lords. By a majority of thirty-six, 
 the Peers justified the English ambassador’s action. 
 
 On the 27th, in the House of Commons, Mr. 
 Cobden, true to the single-mindedness with which 
 
~ ae 
 
 
 
 AFFAIR OF THE “ARROW.” 323 
 
 he ever pursued the great purpose of his life, set 
 aside the claims of twenty years’ friendship, and 
 moved “that the papers which have been laid upon 
 the table fail to establish satisfactory grounds for 
 the violent measures resorted to at Canton, in the 
 late affair of the Arrow.” From the 27th of 
 February to the 3rd of March the debates lasted. 
 Lord Palmerston stood by his appointed agent, and 
 the ministerialists to a man supported him. Party 
 spirit doubtless inspired some of the speeches 
 delivered during that week’s discussion, but on 
 reading the reports of it, the impression left on the 
 mind is that the verdict given was deliberately and 
 honestly arrived at. It recorded that, by a majority 
 of sixteen, the representatives of the English people 
 did not sanction the proceedings of their official in 
 the Canton waters. Lord Palmerston, interpreting 
 this decision to be a vote of censure on his Govern- 
 ment, announced, a couple of days after, that he 
 had advised the Queen to dissolve Parliament, and 
 to appeal to the nation. It was a question on which 
 there might well be a difference of opinion, and it 
 was for the country to determine whether it would 
 or not endorse that adopted by its representative ; 
 accordingly, throughout the country there began the 
 hubbub and preparation of a general election. 
 
 Sir Joshua says: “I voted against Cobden’s 
 pee 
 
324 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 motion. Personally I had a great regard for Sir John 
 Bowring ; and I believed it was next to impossible 
 to judge from a distance the fitting agencies to be 
 brought to bear upon a people, whose code of political 
 honour is so materially different from that of Western 
 nations. I shared also Lord Palmerston’s opinion that 
 Government is bound to stand by the acts of a public 
 servant, occupying a post of vast responsibility in a 
 distant country, unless the case be clear against 
 him. The Brutus-like severity with which Cobden 
 denounced his old friend, impelled by a sense of 
 public duty, made a deep impression on me.” 
 
 We have incidentally alluded to the corre- 
 spondence between Sir Joshua Walmsley and Sir 
 John Bowring; we think it may prove interesting to 
 the reader here to append some extracts from the 
 Governor of Hong Kong’s letters during this crisis 
 in his life. 
 
 The first referring to this time is dated 11th April, 
 1857 : 
 
 “My DEAR Sir JOSHUA, 
 
 ‘““T hear from [Edgar he has had some corre- 
 spondence with you about Chinese affairs, and the 
 course taken by The Daily News. It is the second 
 occasion on which great injustice has been done me: 
 first, in the Shanghai duty question, which is the 
 

 
 LETTER FROM BOWRING. 325 
 
 chapter in my life’s history of which I shall feel 
 proudest, and in which I sought to fight the battle of 
 honesty and probity ; second, the Canton affair, in 
 which Weir has been so much led astray by 
 The newspaper here, The Chinese Mail, though much 
 in the habit of abusing me, has on this occasion 
 expressed a honest regret at the course taken by its 
 proprietor. I would add that, though the merchants 
 of Canton have been such sufferers, there is not one 
 
 
 
 who has uttered a word of complaint against my pro- 
 ceedings, and they have been concurred in by the 
 representatives of all the foreign powers, who are 
 generally too well disposed to animadvert upon our 
 proceedings. If my hands had not been tied by 
 Lord Malmesbury, I would have settled the question 
 peaceably years ago. It is a most erroneous and 
 mischievous policy to allow Oriental nations to violate 
 treaties, as it invariably encourages a continuity of 
 acts that must end in collision. No man has ever 
 done so much as I by pacific influences. Look at the 
 Siamese Treaty, which has led in the first year to the 
 lucrative employment. of two hundred foreign ships, 
 while the average preceding the treaty was only 
 twelve. I have been knocking at every door in China 
 with olive-branches in my hand, and have succeeded 
 everywhere but at Canton; and there I have never 
 found anything but an obstinate determination to 
 
326 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 keep me at a distance, to disregard treaties, to show 
 disrespect to our flag, to protect all who did us an 
 injury ; in a word, to make the most solemn engage- 
 ments a dead letter. I am persuaded justice will 
 ultimately be done me, and I in the meantime must 
 bear universal opprobrium, in addition to all the 
 perils and responsibilities of my difficult position. 
 I have never met with a more humane man than the 
 admiral, who has also been so much abused. 
 
 ‘Fiver, my dear Sir Joshua, yours faithfully, 
 ‘Joon Bowrine.” 
 
 In the course of a letter, dated July, 1857, he 
 writes : 
 
 ‘‘ As regards China, I only wish they would have 
 allowed me and the other ministers to have accom- 
 plished our work, and we would have obtained abso- 
 lute indemnity for the past and a proud treaty for 
 the future. But they have worked out a course of 
 policy for themselves, and I believe Lord Elgin 
 already feels he is engaged in the most serious diffi- 
 culties: I shall aid him to the best of my power. 
 It is natural enough that cabinets should suppose they 
 know a great deal more about matters than those who 
 receive their instructions from them; but I presume 
 we, who have lived so long in China, are, or ought to 
 
BOWRING’S DEFENCE. 327 
 
 be, better acquainted with what can and what ought 
 to be done than those who, ten thousand miles away, 
 and whose opinions are the result of their knowledge 
 of Western—not of Eastern—natures, lay down the 
 laws for our guidance. 
 
 “My only wish is to get into Parliament in order 
 to compel the production of the whole of the corre- 
 spondence which I had with the F. O. since I came to 
 China, and which will show whether or not I have 
 been a missionary of peace, a representative of justice 
 and honour, turning neither to the right nor the left. 
 I will show what I have done for the extension of 
 trade (Siam alone employs two hundred ships in 
 a trade of my creation). I will show that I have 
 governed this colony for years, and have not drawn a 
 penny from the imperial treasury. Every one of my 
 predecessors has been covered with honours. My 
 labours have exceeded theirs tenfold. I can point to 
 results it was never their good fortune to obtain.” 
 
 In November, after the arrival of Lord Elgin, he 
 writes thus : 
 
 “My DEAR SIR JOSHUA, 
 
 “Thanks, many thanks for your favour of 
 5th October. Though I have now no responsibility 
 as regards our present relations with China and our 
 
328 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 hopes for the future, yet, I am happy to say, Lord 
 Hlgin has endorsed my policy. I believe he came 
 thoroughly impregnated with the views of the oppo- 
 sition, but he has found that to persevere in the 
 course marked out by Cobden and Lord Stanley, he 
 would have to disorganise and imperil the whole 
 of our relations, and to transfer to the Emperor a 
 guard which he left Yeh to settle as best he 
 
 ) 
 
 might,» «4%. 
 
 We give one more extract from a letter dated 
 29th March, 1858. 
 
 “As regards Canton, Lord Elgin found it neces- 
 sary to carry out my policy, in order to save himself 
 from vexation and disappointment, and to prevent a 
 general war with China, which the reference to Pekin 
 of the local question would probably have brought 
 about. I always believed that the Emperor would not 
 support Yeh, whose supporters are not among his own 
 countrymen, who bitterly blame him, but in an 
 ignorant House of Commons. As the Emperor of 
 China acknowledges that Yeh was wrong, has dis- 
 graced and dismissed him, I hope those who 
 condemned me will acknowledge their error. Do 
 not suppose, however, that I approve of the policy 
 now being pursued. I think a fatal mistake was 
 

 
 LORD ELGIN’S MISSION. 329 
 
 made when Lord Elgin reinstalled the Chinese autho- 
 
 ities in Canton. They are all intriguing against 
 us, committing many atrocities, while in the Chinese 
 mind the impression is left, that we are not masters of 
 the city. Then again, the Ambassadors are gone north, 
 without having done anything towards the settlement 
 of the Canton question, which in my opinion should 
 have settled in the locality the indemnity provided 
 for out of the local revenues, the lands appropriated 
 which we want for the factories (under fair rentals). 
 These matters ought never to have been referred to 
 the Emperor, who leaves invariably such questions to 
 the local Mandarins. It is a sad pity that any foreign 
 power should have been called in to influence our 
 policy, which I would have distinctly marked out, 
 and submitted not for discussion but co-operation. 
 The interests of Russia are wholly territorial; those of 
 France, Catholic proselytism; those of America, to 
 catch what she can at the least cost. I am persuaded 
 had the matter been left to the admiral and me, it 
 would have been arranged satisfactorily months ago, 
 without the cost of a penny to the nation, and with 
 grand results to our trade. . . .* 
 
 * The rest of this letter is missing. 
 
CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 Accepts Invitation to stand for Leicester—Coalition of Parties on 
 the Sunday Question——Bitterness of the Contest—-Triumph of 
 the Coalition—Faithfulness of the Frame-work Knitters— 
 Great Popular Demonstrations—Address signed by Six Thou- 
 sand Seven Hundred and Fifty Women—Testimonial to Sir 
 Joshua and Lady Walmsley—His Retirement from Public 
 Life. 
 
 Harty in March, 1857, the following requisition, 
 signed by one thousand three hundred and fifty-two 
 electors of Leicester, was presented to Sir Joshua : 
 
 “We, the undersigned electors of the borough of 
 Leicester, deem it our duty, under existing circum- 
 stances, to assure you of our confidence in your 
 general conduct as our representative. There are 
 points of difference between some of us and yourself, 
 but your devotion to the interests of the constituency, 
 your unflinching advocacy of all measures calculated 
 to promote civil, political, and religious equality in 
 the eye of the law, and your independent parlia- 
 mentary conduct, so greatly outweigh these points of 
 difference, that we request you will, whenever Parlia- 
 
REQUISITION OF ELECTORS. 331 
 
 ment shall be dissolved, offer yourself for re-election, 
 when we have the fullest confidence that the con- 
 stituency of this borough will again triumphantly 
 return you as one of their representatives. 
 
 “ Leicester, 28th February, 1857.” 
 
 The above requisition had been resolved upon at a 
 large and enthusiastic public meeting at the New 
 Hall, where the vast assembly had recorded a 
 unanimous vote of confidence in Sir Joshua Walmsley ; 
 coupling with his name that of Mr. John Biggs, who 
 had succeeded to the representation on the sudden 
 death of Mr. Gardiner, in June. 
 
 “This strong expression of feeling,” says Sir 
 Joshua, ‘‘ was called forth by the report that, at the 
 following election, I would be opposed by Mr. Dove 
 Harris, now brought forward by the Whigs and 
 several influential townsmen. I had made enemies 
 for myself by the course I had pursued in Parlia- 
 ment. 
 
 “The warmth with which I had espoused the inte- 
 rests of the stocking-weavers had alienated from me 
 the manufacturers of the town. My earnestness in the 
 cause of Hlectoral Reform had rendered the Whigs 
 as inimical to me as the Tories, These points of 
 antagonism were, however, limited to certain sets 
 of interests in the boroughs ; outside of them I had 
 
332 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 fast friends. My advocacy of the claims of the frame- 
 work knitters had also drawn warm hearts to me; 
 and among a liberal constituency the extension of 
 the franchise being held to be a just and necessary 
 measure, I, who had succeeded Joseph Hume in ad- 
 vocating it in Parliament, was consequently popular. 
 It would have taken something more than the band- 
 ing together of the manufacturing interest and the 
 old Whigs and Tories, to deprive me of the esteem 
 of a constituency whose interests I had devoted myself 
 to and laboured for during five years, whose political 
 battles I had fought, whose political debts I had paid, 
 and towards whom I had redeemed in letter and in 
 spirit every pledge I had taken. One cry there was, 
 however, that had in it potency enough to rouse 
 every sect and interest against me—the cry of the 
 ‘Desecration of the Sabbath. I had moved in 
 Parliament for the opening of the museums on 
 Sundays after church hours. I was president of the 
 Sunday League. The clergy joined their vitupera- 
 tions to those of the manufacturers and Whigs; and 
 to crown these, the Tories promised to support the 
 candidate brought forward to oppose me.” 
 
 Timid spirits quailed before this rallying ery of 
 the Opposition. The frame-work knitters, unfortu- 
 nately outside the pale of representation, never 
 swerved from their allegiance to Sir Joshua Walmsley. 
 
STANDS FOR LHICHSTHR AGAIN, Bits 
 
 That much-abused “Sunday cry” had in it a ring of 
 sympathy with the overworked multitude; and they 
 from their hearts wished him to succeed over his 
 rivals. 
 
 Parliament was dissolved the first week in March. 
 On receiving the above address, Sir Joshua consented 
 once more to stand for Leicester. Free trade, popular 
 education, liberty of conscience, a wider extension 
 of the suffrage, were still the four cardinal points of 
 his political creed recapitulated in his address to his 
 constituents, | 
 
 At a public meeting on the 16th March, he 
 explained the position he meant in the future to 
 take in relation to the question of opening the 
 museums on Sunday. “I regard it as an educational 
 movement, and my advocacy of it is based upon my 
 earnest desire to do justice to the working classes in 
 the metropolis. I am not here to enter into the 
 merits or demerits of the question—one upon which 
 many of the most pious, talented, and virtuous min- 
 isters of the day do not agree, But I am free to 
 admit that with such an expression of public opinion 
 against me on this question, I should not be justified 
 were I to bring it, under existing circumstances, again 
 before the consideration of Parliament. Further, I 
 am bound to say, with all honesty and sincerity, I 
 have not altered my opinion upon it one iota, All 
 
334: LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 that I did believe I continue to believe; but now 
 that it is taken up adversely by a great body of 
 those who have been my earnest and warmest sup- 
 porters, men whom I esteem and who are esteemed 
 and beloved by their fellow-townsmen, I should, if 
 it were again brought before the House of Commons, | 
 tender my resignation to this constituency; before, 
 I felt in a position to support it, or to bring it 
 before the House.” 
 
 This declaration on the Sunday question did not 
 pacify Sir Joshua’s opponents. The struggle began 
 in right earnest ; and, “for a fortnight,” to use the 
 words of The Leicester Mercury, ‘‘the town was 
 divided against itself by an election contest approach- 
 ing in bitterness and violence to an implacable civil 
 war.” Placards covered the walls denouncing Sir 
 Joshua as an infidel. The clergy held meetings, where 
 resolutions were passed of uncompromising opposition 
 to the candidate favourable to the principles of the 
 Sunday League. ) 
 
 The Whigs united with the Tories against the 
 Reformer, and the manufacturers, resenting the part 
 he had taken in the House of Commons in the frame- 
 rent question, joined the other factions. Regardless 
 of the antagonism and the misrepresentations rife on 
 all sides, Sir Joshua persisted in his canvass. The 
 poor frame-work knitters felt his cause was theirs, and 
 

 
 SPEECH ON NOMINATION-DAY. 335 
 
 as he passed their cottage doors, they, at all events, 
 wished him “‘ God speed.” 
 
 Friday, 27th March, was the nomination-day, and 
 a multitude filled the market-place. The cup of 
 indignation was full to the brim when Sir Joshua saw 
 how old friends had become enemies, how former 
 political supporters had gone over to his opponents. 
 His speech that morning exposed the inconsistency of 
 those who some years ago had been his allies. ‘Those 
 gentlemen brought, me to this town, having known 
 me for nearly twenty years; they then supported me, 
 and glad and proud I am that they have not been 
 able to bring one accusation against me. What did I 
 pledge myself to on that occasion? That in matters 
 of commercial policy I should be, in the fullest sense, 
 a free-trader ; that in matters of religion and educa- 
 tion I should contend for perfect freedom and absolute 
 equality ; and that, as regards the improvement of 
 their representative institutions, I should advocate 
 the scheme of reform embodied in Mr. Hume’s annual 
 motion, which aims at securing the representation of 
 every class of the community. I have fulfilled these 
 pledges.” He went on to give a rapid sketch of 
 the course he had followed in Parliament, showing 
 that he had never swerved from the path he had 
 pledged himself to follow. He spoke with great 
 earnestness. Some twelve or fifteen thousand persons 
 
336 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 were assembled in the market-place, of which the 
 great mass were non-electors, eagerly watching the 
 proceedings of the day, and determined to pronounce 
 their sentence, which they knew on the morrow they 
 would be unable to record. At the close of all the 
 candidates’ speeches, a show of hands being called for, 
 the vast crowd arose, and an immense demonstration 
 of feeling ensued in favour of Sir Joshua Walmsley. 
 
 The decision of this meeting was reversed next 
 day in the polling-booths. The extraordinary excite- 
 ment that had possessed the town for a fortnight 
 reached its climax when the result was declared at 
 four o'clock. The coalition had triumphed, Sir Joshua 
 Walmsley was defeated. ‘The votes were as follows: 
 1618 for Mr. Dove Harris, 1609 for Mr. Biggs, 1440 
 for Sir Joshua Walmsley. 
 
 Soon after the result was known, a concourse of 
 people assembled in front of the hotel to hear the 
 defeated candidate’s farewell words. An eye-witness 
 described the assemblage as extending nearly the 
 whole length of the street, computing it to have 
 numbered some twenty thousand. This hotel was 
 then the leading one in Leicester—a long, low, 
 strageling building of the reign of Queen Anne. 
 It has since been pulled down to make room for a 
 handsome bank and other buildings. In a few words 
 Sir Joshua—after thanking the assembly for the. 
 

 
 DEFEAT OF LIBERAL CANDIDATES. cod 
 
 manner in which they had stood by one who was 
 “opposed, not only by Tories, but by Whigs, who, 
 deserting their colours and their principles, arrayed 
 themselves against a man who, as far as he has been 
 able, has stood forward here and elsewhere, during the 
 whole course of his public life, to maintain, to the best 
 of his ability, the rights and privileges of his fellow- 
 countrymen ”—then urged those present “to unite 
 -hand and heart to carry out those great principles which 
 secured to every man, who has intelligence enough to 
 value it and exercise it, and who pays his rates and 
 taxes, a right to vote for the man of his choice. 
 
 Yesterday,” he went on, “‘ nine out of ten of the men 
 - of Leicester held up their hands for me; and what 
 would have been the result to-day if you, the hard- 
 working, honest-hearted men of Leicester, if your votes 
 had had weight in the balance? May this be a lesson 
 you will never forget. Remember they have defeated 
 the man of your choice.” Sir Joshua’s closing words 
 enjoined to “forget and forgive,’ while strenuously 
 and peacefully striving for a Juster state of things. 
 But all that night the town was excited, and bands of 
 frame-work knitters paraded the streets, shouting 
 Sir Joshua’s name. The Leicester Liberal papers next 
 day teemed with expressions of regret at the defeat of 
 the popular candidate. 
 
 It was now decided that an address and a tes- 
 Z 
 
398 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 timonial should be presented to Sir Joshua. The 
 working classes especially responded to the move- 
 ment, throwing their whole hearts into the work, 
 to show honour and affection to the man who had 
 devoted all the energies of his public life to the cause 
 of justice, liberty, and true fraternity. Many were 
 the wives of the stocking weavers who appended their 
 signatures to the address of the women of Leicester, 
 and who subscribed their pence to the testimonial to 
 be presented to Sir Joshua Walmsley on his removal 
 from the representation of the borough of Leicester. 
 
 _ On the 23rd of June, the day fixed for the demon- 
 stration, long before noon, some thousands were as- 
 sembled in front of Danett’s Hall, where Sir Joshua 
 and Lady Walmsley were staying as guests of 
 Dr. Noble. These electors and non-electors were 
 waiting to escort the defeated candidate to the 
 market-place. At half-past twelve the procession 
 fell into rank. With some difficulty it made its way 
 through crowded streets, that wore the aspect of a 
 popular festival. Flowers festooned the houses ; flags 
 and triumphal arches, bearing mottoes and ereetings, 
 decked the route. The cheering multitude, the bursts 
 of music, the beauty of the day, made up a spectacle 
 of brightness and cordiality that removed much of 
 the bitterness that was naturally associated with this 
 Leicester episode of Sir Joshua’s life, 
 
—~ a 
 
 
 
 PRESENTATION OF TESTIMONIAL. 339 
 
 A vast throng awaited the procession in the 
 market-place. The Leicester Mercury estimated the 
 numbers present at between twenty and _ thirty 
 thousand. 
 
 The testimonial, a centre-piece of massive silver, 
 artistically designed, and two addresses—one signed 
 by six thousand seven hundred and fifty women, and 
 the other by five thousand six hundred and sixty- 
 five electors and non-electors—were then presented. 
 There was also presented to Sir Joshua the pure white 
 flag the ladies of Leicester had embroidered for him 
 and Mr. Gardiner, on the occasion of the defeat of 
 the petition against their election in 1852. 
 
 “T feel,” said Sir Joshua, in the course of his brief 
 speech of hearty acknowledgments, “ that this demon- 
 stration is a complete and ample reply, rebutting the 
 calumnies recently circulated against me.” 
 
 A public soiree was held that evening in the 
 Temperance Hall. Although the largest hall in the 
 town, yet numbers were unable to obtain admit- 
 tance. 
 
 “It would be impossible,” says the same eye- 
 witness whose words we have already quoted, “to 
 describe the enthusiasm of the assembly, and the 
 affectionate greeting given to Sir Joshua Walmsley, 
 Perhaps there never was an occasion on which 
 
 the feelings of the disappointed majority of the 
 Z 2 
 
340 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 population of a large town was more unequivocally 
 expressed,” 
 
 “We venture to say,” remarks The Levcester 
 Mercury, “that the proceedings of the 23rd June, 
 1857, will henceforth constitute one of the most 
 interesting chapters in the history of the borough. 
 Certainly no expression of public feeling was ever 
 attended with more imposing circumstances.” 
 
 Thus closed Sir Joshua Walmsley’s public connec- 
 tion with the borough of Leicester. It was also the 
 closing scene of his public life. | 
 
 Some time after the hubbub of that day’s excite- 
 ment had subsided, a deputation of frame-work 
 knitters waited upon him in his house in Westbourne 
 Terrace. They came to thank him for his efforts in 
 Parliament to alleviate their lot, and for his advocacy 
 there of the right of the working-man to the franchise. 
 They asked to be allowed to present Lady Walmsley 
 with a pair of gloves or mittens they had woven in 
 silk for her. 3 
 
 This humble testimonial was preciously kept by 
 Sir Joshua, side by side with the silver centre-piece 
 and the embossed addresses that had been presented 
 to himself. 
 

 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 Disappearance of the Anti-Corn-Law League in the House—Lord 
 
 _ Palmerston’s Foreign Conspiracy Bill—Defeat and Resignation 
 
 of Ministers—-Letters from Cobden—His Death—Sir Joshua 
 builds and christens Hume Towers—His Death. 
 
 WHEN Parliament again assembled, every vestige of 
 the Anti-Corn-Law League had disappeared from 
 _ the benches of the House. Mr. Cobden, Mr. Bright, 
 Mr. Fox, Mr. Milner Gibson, and Sir Joshua Walmsley 
 had been unseated. Meetings were held to express 
 sympathy with them. “I had previously deter- 
 mined,” writes Sir Joshua, “that if defeated at 
 Leicester, I would retire into private life ; and despite 
 several requisitions to represent constituencies, I 
 adhered to this resolution. The session of 1857 
 closed without any Reform Bill being brought before 
 the House. Mr. Cobden, writing from Midhurst, 
 18th July, says: ‘“ Looking at the servility of the 
 House of Commons, and the absence of all earnest- 
 ness in politics, I think we have no reason to 
 be dissatisfied with our bargain—free air and 
 exercise in place of being in a committee-room at 
 Westminster.” | 
 
342 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 The news of the attempt of the 16th January 
 on the French Emperor’s life, had been received 
 with reprobation by all classes throughout England ; 
 but an official despatch from Count Walewski, 
 accusing England of fostering crime and of erecting 
 assassination into a doctrine, evoked a different feel- 
 ing. Leaving unanswered and unnoticed Walewski's 
 despatch, Lord Palmerston, on the 8th February, 
 moved for an alteration of the “Conspiracy to 
 Murder Bill.” This brought on protest upon protest, 
 against England altering her domestic laws at the 
 dictation of a foreion power. On the 19th, Lord 
 Palmerston moved the second reading of his bill. 
 Mr. Milner Gibson proposed an amendment, cen- 
 suring Government for not having replied to the 
 Walewski note, and his amendment was carried. 
 Before this vote of censure the Ministers retired, and 
 Lord Derby came into office. The attacks of the 
 French Colonels following closely on all this, roused 
 public indignation to a high pitch. Mr. Cobden’s 
 ideas on this subject are expressed in the following 
 letter, dated 21st April, 1858 : 
 
 “ Dear Sir JosHua, 
 
 “Jt was very kind of you to think of me. 
 Your letter found us in great trouble. My poor 
 brother, as you know, a sufferer from nervous pains, 
 
COBDEN’S BROTHER. 343 
 
 has been taken to his rest. The last two weeks 
 were awful. It seemed as if the disease had seized 
 suddenly on the spinal cord and moved slowly 
 upwards, torturing him to death by inches. He 
 underwent, for a fortnight almost, one continued 
 
 -paroxysm of agony. We could not witness it with- 
 
 out praying God to release him and take him to 
 
 - Himself. But I do not the less feel the void which 
 
 his loss has occasioned. He was little known beyond 
 his own family circle. His shyness and modesty 
 prevented him from mixing in society. But he had 
 a rare intelligence, and a memory so extraordinary, 
 that I used to resort to it as to an encyclopezedia. 
 I feel as if the daylight were partially withdrawn 
 from my house... . 
 
 “‘ We shall, of course, be very quiet, and I do not 
 feel any call at present to interfere in politics. I 
 never saw so little above the political horizon worth 
 fighting about. When the struggle is between 
 Dizzy and Sam, earnest politicians may be excused 
 for standing aside and taking a holiday. I quite 
 
 -agree with you about the scandalous tone of our 
 
 papers respecting the state of France. But the 
 worst part of the business is, that they are evidently 
 bent on making bad blood between the two nations, 
 for the sake of political capital. The Times, — 
 Economist, &e., only discovered those dangers and 
 
344 LIFE OF Sik JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 discontents in France after Palmerston’s downfall. 
 They want now to make it appear that his return to 
 power is necessary for the French alliance, forgetting 
 that he alone was the cause of the popular outcry 
 in Hyde Park, against France and the Conspiracy 
 Bill. The fact is, he wished to divert the attention 
 of the House and country from domestic questions, 
 and therefore he brought in that bill. A wise and 
 honest minister would have prevented any public 
 discussion on such a subject, by settling it privately, 
 and showing to the French Government that it was 
 unwise to moot it publicly, and thus rouse the well- 
 known jealousy and pugnacity of our countrymen. 
 But he was ‘hoist with his own petard,’ and I hope 
 
 ) 
 
 he will not again intrigue himself into office... . 
 
 But few letters remain now to be quoted of the 
 correspondence extending over s0 many years between 
 the two political allies and friends. An interval of 
 nearly three years occurs before we find Mr. Cobden’s 
 next letter, addressed to Sir Joshua in his retreat at 
 Wolverton Park. It is dated Algiers, where, after 
 negotiating the Commercial Treaty with France, 
 Mr, Cobden had gone to recruit his health, already 
 
 impaired by the fatal malady that was too soon to 
 rob England of his eminent services. From it we 
 
 give the following extract : 
 
ay 
 
 
 
 COBDEN IN ALGIERS. 345 
 ‘9th March, 1861. 
 
 “T am sorry to see your brief allusion to the 
 unfavourable state of your health. I hope it is but 
 a slight and temporary indisposition. For myself, 
 though every year reminds me that I have passed my 
 
 meridian, I have reason to be thankful for having 
 
 come here for the winter, where the weather has been 
 exceptionally fine, as it has been unusually severe 
 in England. If you find your respiratory organs 
 affected, you would find great benefit from a winter 
 residence here. The hotels and lodgings are all full of 
 visitors, the majority of whom are of course British. 
 I intend to remain here till the end of this month. 
 
 “The state of politics and the proceedings in the 
 House offer but small temptations to return to one’s 
 post—you have certainly the best of it in your rural 
 retreats. In a letter which I got lately from Bright, 
 he observes: ‘ What sensible fellows are Crook and 
 Titus Salt to return to the care of their businesses 
 and families. ‘The worst feature in public matters 1s 
 the apathy and indifference of people to domestic 
 questions. It seems as if we had become blasés by 
 the excitement of foreign revolutions and wars, and 
 had no longer any appetite for home politics. It will 
 be well for us if material reverses recall us to a sense 
 of what is due to ourselves, 
 
 “Tt will give us pleasure when we again find 
 
346 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 ourselves at home (where I have scarcely found 
 myself for two years), and renew our personal inter- 
 course with your family. In the meantime, my wife 
 joins me in kind regards to Lady Walmsley and all 
 your circle, and I remain, 
 “Very truly yours, 
 “R. CoBpEn.” 
 
 Two letters belong to the year 1864. We give 
 them in their order: 
 
 “ Midhurst, 6th March, 1864. 
 “My DEAR WALMSLEY, 
 
 “The two little pigs have duly reached, and 
 promise to be a good addition to our Sussex stock ; 
 many thanks for them. 
 
 ‘Perhaps you have already seen the enclosed; if 
 not, you will be glad to see that our friend Kossuth 
 has just had a legacy of a thousand pounds, which I 
 have no doubt will be just now very acceptable to 
 ‘him. By-the-way, I hear that the Hungarian refugees 
 are beginning to turn their faces homewards, that 
 Klapka is already at Turin, where there is said to be 
 a plot hatching, and that unless Austria is as usual 
 very lucky, she will have more fighting in the 
 Adriatic than in the Baltic, and with worse results. 
 It seems as if there would be a general commotion in 
 
PROSPECT OF AUSTRO-ITALIAN WAR. 347 
 
 the East of Europe, but wars and revolutions some- 
 times fail to come when they are most expected. 
 
 “JT am going to town on Tuesday for a week or ten 
 days before the Easter recess. But I really cannot 
 help considering it an ignominious employment of 
 
 one’s time to be a party to the hollow proceedings in 
 
 the House. 
 “With our united kindest regards to Lady 
 Walmsley and your circle, 
 “ Believe me, yours very truly, 
 “R. CoBpDEN. 
 
 ‘Tf you should have Stephenson’s portrait photo- 
 graphed, I hope you will let me have a copy.” 
 
 * At Mr, Paulton’s, 15, Cleveland Square, — 
 llth March, 1864. 
 
 ‘My pear WALMSLEY, 
 
 “T have been amused by the article in The 
 Standard. It is the first I have heard of my pro- 
 motion. But there is, of course, not the slightest 
 foundation for the report. I could not undertake any 
 post requiring me to work in the City in the winter 
 time. During the frost and fog of that season, I 
 cannot breathe in the London air. I am strangely 
 affected with a sort of asthma in certain states of 
 the atmosphere. Since I have been in town, the 
 weather has been so bad that I have not been down 
 
348 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 to the House once. No other medicine suits me but 
 the thermometer at 70°. 
 
 “Respecting the engraving or lithographing of 
 my likeness, to which you kindly refer, I really do 
 not know where it originally appeared, whether in 
 London or Manchester. 
 
 “The proceedings of the House are dull beyond 
 all example. There will be nothing done till Glad- 
 stone brings in his Budget. If the Tories were united 
 and willing, they might have office at any time. But 
 it looks as if the two chiefs had a tacit compact, by 
 which it was understood that there is to be no change 
 during the natural life of the Parliament or of the 
 Premier. 
 
 “T find Mr. and Mrs. Paulton very well, and 
 Hargraves has got over the winter better than last 
 year. They are looking to a migration to their 
 country-place in the summer in the neighbourhood 
 of Woking. My wife is here; she joims me in kind 
 remembrance to Lady Walmsley and your circle. 
 
 “ Believe me, yours truly, 
 ““R. CoBDEN.” 
 
 Death was soon now to sunder this friendship of 
 thirty years, “on whose surface,’ says Sir Joshua, 
 “there was not a flaw. I think I possess Cobden’s 
 last, or very nearly his last, letter.” It runs thus: 
 

 
 THE LAST FROM COBDEN. 319 
 
 | “ Midhurst, 18th March, 1865. 
 ‘My pear WALMSLEY, 
 
 “Tt was very kind of you to think of me with 
 your prescription, which I have no doubt, in a given 
 ease, would be very useful. My throat trouble has, 
 however, been somewhat peculiar. I have had what 
 doctors call nervous asthma, which affects me only 
 when the weather is cold or foggy. I am now pretty 
 well, and am only waiting for fine weather to resume 
 my duties in town. I hope in a few days to be able 
 to leave home. There is some difficulty in knowing 
 what one is to go to the House for at present. I con- 
 fess I feel very little pride or satisfaction in lending 
 myself as a witness to the hollow sham that is 
 going on there. I suppose you will be paying your 
 periodical visit to London. If so, I shall be happy 
 to shake hands with you. My wife joins in kind 
 regards to Lady Walmsley and your circle, and, 
 
 “ Believe me, yours very truly, 
 
 ‘*R. CoBDEN,” 
 
 But this hand-grasp was never to be given. Mr. 
 Cobden, confined to the house since November by 
 bronchitis, brought on by the exertion of a long 
 speech delivered in an overheated hall to his consti- 
 tuents, was in no fit state to undertake a journey up 
 to London in the bitter cold of that spring. Three 
 
300 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 days after the date of the foregoing letter, on the 
 21st March, he came up to town, intending to take 
 part in the debate on the Canadian defences. Bron- 
 chitis had seized him ere he reached his journey’s 
 end. He was at once conveyed to his lodgings in 
 Charles Street, where he died on the 2nd of April. 
 
 Our narrative now draws to a close. When 
 Sir Joshua lost his seat in the electoral contest of 
 1857, he determined to retire from public life. 
 “ My political career was now over,” he says. “I 
 was fifty-six years of age when I entered Parliament. 
 I could not at that late period acquire the facility of 
 quick debate—so important to a public man, and 
 which can be successfully cultivated only in the 
 flexible years of youth—but I was up to the toil and 
 drudgery such a life imposes upon whoever conscien- 
 tiously enters into it. Whenever I addressed the 
 House, I invariably obtained a patient hearing, for I 
 was careful always to master the subject upon which 
 I spoke.” : x 
 
 After his eventful life, he was now entitled to 
 allow himself a margin of rest. He took the lease 
 of Wolverton Park, Hants, part of the estate pre- 
 sented by the nation to the Duke of Wellington. In 
 this beautiful retreat, hedged round by friends, and 
 ever exercising a genial, courteous hospitality, he 
 spent some happy years. Horticultural pursuits and 
 

 
 
 
 AT WOLVERTON. ool 
 
 field sports had still the charm they had in the old 
 days at Ranton Abbey. Nor was he forgotten by the 
 nation. Requisitions from Liberal constituencies, in- 
 viting him to come forward and stand for their repre- 
 sentation in Parliament, were on varions occasions 
 addressed to him. But he was firm in his resolution 
 not again to enter the House of Commons as a 
 member of its body. Yet he watched with unflagging 
 interest the progress of Reform, contributing articles 
 in its support to The Daily News and other Liberal 
 journals. Almost to the end, he kept up his con- 
 nection with the Sunday League, remaining its presi- 
 dent until within a few years of his death. To the last 
 he was what he had always been—a man of the people; 
 from the people he sprang, and with them ran the 
 strong current of his manly, generous sympathies. It 
 was this sense of fellowship that led his voice and 
 hand to be ever among the foremost of his day, 
 in advancing every question and cause that in- 
 volved their true interest and welfare. In 1870, 
 Sir Joshua removed to Bournemouth. Some time 
 previously he had decided to build a house on an 
 elevated stretch of moorland, and to end his days 
 in this beautiful watering-place. His unabated mental 
 and physical energy seemed to give assurance that 
 he had yet many years to live, and he himself looked 
 forward to a good old age. The building of the 
 
" ) 
 
 859 LIFE OF SIR JOSHUA WALMSLEY. 
 
 house and the laying out of his grounds were a 
 source of much interest and pleasure to him. One 
 day, before the building was completed, he gave the 
 house its name. A few friends were assembled, when, 
 raising a glass of wine to his lips, Sir Joshua gave: 
 “To the memory of my old friend, Joseph Hume,” 
 and accordingly the house was called ‘‘Hume Towers.” 
 
 The hope of spending some years in active rural 
 enjoyment was not destined to be realised. In 
 November, 1871, he died, after a brief illness. His 
 widow survived him till September, 1873. 
 
 And now we cannot better wind up _ these 
 memoirs than by quoting the touching words in 
 which Sir Joshua describes what he owed to Lady 
 Walmsley’s influence through life: ‘‘ My wife’s mild 
 and gentle spirit,” he says, “constrained and tempered 
 mine. Endowed with talent and excellent judgment, 
 the advice she gave me in business, as well as in 
 domestic matters, was in a great measure the source 
 of my prosperity. I feel that but for her soothing 
 influence and high standard of right, I might have 
 gone sorely astray in the battle of life. She has 
 indeed been to me all that woman could be. How 
 much have I to be grateful for to Him who gave and 
 has continued to me so good a helpmate.” 
 
 THE END. 
 
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 WWWWWWWWwWWWwwwwwwwwww fh 
 

 
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 increase of the scientific journals, may be taken for sufficient proof that a taste 
 for more serious subjects of study is now growing. Indeed there is good reason 
 to believe that if strictly scientific subjects are not more universally cultivated, 
 it is mainly because they are not rendered more accessible to the people. Such 
 themes are treated either too elaborately, or in too forbidding a style, or else 
 brought out in too costly a form to be easily available to all classes. 
 
 With the view of remedying this manifold and increasing inconvenience, 
 ‘we are glad to be able to take advantage of a comprehensive project recently 
 set on foot in France, emphatically the land of Popular Science. The well- 
 known publishers MM. Reinwald and Co., have made satisfactory arrange- 
 ments with some of the leading savants of that country to supply an exhaustive 
 series of works on each and all of the sciences of the day, treated in a style at 
 once lucid, popular, and strictly methodic. 
 
 The names of MM. P. Broca, Secretary of the Société d’Anthropologie ; 
 Ch. Martins, Montpellier University ; C. Vogt, University of Geneva; G. de 
 Mortillet, Museum of Saint Germain; A. Guillemin, author of ‘‘ Ciel” and 
 .**Phénomeénes de la Physique ;” A. Hovelacque, editor of the ‘‘ Revue de 
 Linguistique ;” Dr. Dally, Dr. Letourneau, and many others, whose co- 
 operation has already been secured, are a guarantee that their respective 
 subjects will receive thorough treatment, and will in all cases be written up to 
 the very latest discoveries, and kept in every respect fully abreast of the times. 
 
 We have, on our part, been fortunate in making such further arrangements 
 with some of the best writers and recognised authorities here, as will enable us 
 to present the séries in a thoroughly English dress to the reading public of this 
 country. In so doing we feel convinced that we are taking the best means of 
 
 supplying a want that has long been deeply felt. 
 [OVER. 
 
24 BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 LIBRARY OF CONTEMPORARY SCIENCE—Continued— . 
 The volumes in actual course of execution, or contemplated, will embrace 
 
 such subjects as: 
 
 SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. [Pudbiished. 
 BIOLOGY. RS 
 ANTHROPOLOGY, ° * 
 VES Bl: 
 
 PHILOSOPHY. [lx the Press. 
 COMPARATIVE MYTHOLOGY. 
 ASTRONOMY. 
 
 PREHISTORIC ARCHAZOLOGY. 
 ETHNOGRAPHY. 
 
 GEOLOGY. 
 
 HYGIENE. 
 
 POLITICAL ECONOMY. 
 
 
 
 PHYSICAL AND COMMERCIAL 
 GEOGRAPHY. 
 ARCHITECTURE. 
 CHEMISTRY. 
 EDUCATION. 
 GENERAL ANATOMY. 
 ZOOLOGY. 
 BOTANY. 
 METEOROLOGY. 
 HISTORY. 
 FINANCE. 
 MECHANICS. 
 STATISTICS, &c. &c. 
 
 All the volumes, while complete and so far independent in themselves, will 
 be of uniform appearance, slightly varying, according to the nature of the 
 
 subject, in bulk and in price. 
 
 When finished they will form a Complete Collection of Standard Works of 
 Reference on all the physical and mental sciences, thus fully justifying the 
 general title chosen for the series—‘‘ LIBRARY OF CONTEMPORARY SCIENCE.” 
 
 LEVER’S (CHARLES) WORKS. 
 THE ORIGINAL EDITION with THE ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 In 17 vols. 
 
 Demy 8vo. 
 
 Cloth, 6s. each, 
 
 CHEAP EDITION. 
 fancy boards, 2s. 6d. 
 
 CHARLES O’MALLEY. 
 
 TOM BURKE. 
 
 THE KNIGHT OF GWYNNE. 
 MARTINS OF CROMARTIN. 
 
 THE DALTONS, 
 ROLAND CASHEL. 
 DAVENPORT DUNN. 
 DODD FAMILY. 
 
 Lancy boards, 25, 
 
 THE O’DONOGHUE. 
 
 FORTUNES OF GLENCORE, 
 
 HARRY LORREQUER. 
 
 ONE OF THEM. 
 
 A DAY’S RIDE. 
 
 JACK HINTON. 
 
 BARRINGTON. 
 
 TONY BUTLER. 
 
 MAURICE TIERNAY. 
 
 SIR BROOKE FOSBROOKE. 
 
 BRAMLEIGHS OF BISHOP'S 
 FOLLY. 
 
 Also in sets, 27 vols., cloth, for £4 45. 
 
 LORD KILGOBBIN. | 
 
 LUTTRELL OF ARRAN. | 
 
 RENT IN THE CLOUD and ST. 
 PATRICK’S EVE. 
 
 CON CREGAN. 
 
 ARTHUR O'LEARY. 
 
 THAT BOY OF NORCOTT’S. 
 
 CORNELIUS O’DOWD. 
 
 SIR JASPER CAREW. 
 
 NUTS AND NUT-CRACKERS. 
 
 
 
CHAPMAN & HALL, 193, PICCADILLY. 25 
 
 
 
 TROLLOPE’S (ANTHONY) WORKS. 
 
 CHEAP EDITION. 
 Boards, 2s. 6d., cloth, 3s. 6d. 
 
 25, 6d. vols. 
 THE PRIME MINISTER. PHINEAS REDUX. 
 PHINEAS FINN. HE KNEW HE WAS RIGHT, 
 ORLEY FARM. EUSTACE DIAMONDS. 
 CAN YOU FORGIVE HER? 
 
 2s. vols, 
 
 VICAR OF BULLHAMPTON. LADY ANNA. 
 RALPH THE HEIR. HARRY HOTSPUR. 
 THE BERTRAMS. RACHEL RAY. 
 KELLYS AND O’KELLYS.’ TALES OF ALL COUNTRIES. 
 McDERMOT OF BALLYCLORAN. ' MARY GRESLEY. 
 CASTLE RICHMOND. LOTTA SCHMIDT. 
 BELTON ESTATE. LA VENDEE. 
 MISS MACKENSIE. DOCTOR THORNE. 
 
 WHYTE-MELVILLE’S WORKS. 
 
 CHEAP EDITION. 
 Crown 8vo, fancy boards, 2s. each, or 25. 6d, t1 cloth, 
 
 UNCLE JOHN. A Novel. 
 THE WHITE ROSE. 
 CERISE. A Tale of the Last Century. 
 BROOKES OF BRIDLEMERE. 
 “BONES AND I;” or, The Skeleton at Home. 
 “M., OR N.” Similia Similibus Curantur. 
 CONTRABAND; or, A Losing Hazard. 
 
 MARKET HARBOROUGH; or, How Mr. Sawyer went to 
 the Shires. 
 
 SARCHEDON. A Legend of the Great Queen. 
 
 SONGS AND VERSES. 
 
 SATANELLA. A Story of Punchestown. 
 
 THE TRUE CROSS. A Legend of the Church. 
 KATERFELTO. A Story of Exmoor. 
 
 SISTER LOUISE ; or, A Story of a Woman’s Repentance. 
 ROSINE. 
 
26 BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 CHAPMAN & HALL’S 7 
 List of Books, Drawing Examples, Diagrams, Models, 
 Instruments, &c. 
 
 INCLUDING 
 THOSE ISSUED. UNDER, THE AUTHORITY OF Fit sci 
 AND ART DEPARTMENT, SOUTH KENSINGTON, FOR THE 
 USE OF SCHOOLS AND ART AND SCIENCE CLASSES. 
 
 BARTLEY (G. C. T.)\— 
 CATALOGUE OF MODERN WORKS ON SCIENCE 
 AND TECHNOLOGY. Post 8vo, sewed, 1s. 
 BENSON (W.)— 
 PRINCIPLES OF THE SCIENCE OF COLOUR. 
 Small 4to, cloth, rss. 
 MANUAL OF THE SCIENCE OF COLOUR. . Coloured 
 Froritispiece and Illustrations. 12mo, cloth, 2s. 6d. 
 BRADLEY (THOMAS)—of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich— 
 ELEMENTS OF GEOMETRICAL-DRAWING, In Two 
 Parts, with 60 Plates. Oblong folio, half-bound, each part 16s. 
 
 Selections (from the above) of 20 Plates, for the use of the Royal Military 
 Academy, Woolwich. Oblong folio, half-bound, 16s. 
 
 BURCHETT— 
 LINEAR PERSPECTIVE. With Illustrations. Post 8vo, 
 cloth, 7s. 
 
 PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. Post 8vo, cloth, 5s. 
 DEFINITIONS OF GEOMETRY. Third Edition. 24mo, 
 
 sewed, 5d. 
 CARROLL (fOHN)— 
 FREEHAND DRAWING LESSONS FOR THE BLACK 
 BOARD. 6s. 
 CUBLEY (W. #4.)— 
 A SYSTEM OF ELEMENTARY DRAWING. With 
 Illustrations and Examples. Imperial 4to, sewed, 8s. 
 DAVISON (ELLIS A.)\— 
 BSS FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS, Post 
 8vo, cloth, 3s. 
 
 MODEL DRAWING. 12m0, cloth, 3s. 
 THE AMATEUR HOUSE CARPENTER: A Guide in 
 
 Building, Making, and Repairing. With numerous Illustrations, drawn on Wood 
 by the Author, Demy 8vo, ros. 6d. 
 
 DELAMOTTE (\P. H.)— 
 PROGRESSIVE DRAWING-BOOK FOR BEGIN NERS. 
 
 r2mo, 35. 6d. 
 DICKSEE (¥. R.)\— 
 SCHOOL PERSPECTIVE. 8vo, cloth, 5s. 
 

 
 CHAPMAN & HALL, 193, PICCADILLY. - 27 
 
 DYCZL— 
 
 DRAWING-BOOK OF THE GOVERNMENT SCHOOL 
 
 OF DESIGN: ELEMENTARY OUTLINES OF ORNAMENT. 50 Plates. 
 Small folio, sewed, 5s. ; mounted, 18s. 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO DITTO. Fcap. 8vo, 6d. 
 FOSTER (VERE)— 
 DRAWING-BOOKS : 
 
 (a) Forty Numbers, at 1d. each. 
 (0) Fifty-two Numbers, at 3d. each. The set 2 includes the subjects in a. 
 
 HENSLOW (PROFESSOR)— 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS TO BE EMPLOYED IN THE 
 
 PRACTICAL LESSONS ON BOTANY. paca for South Kensington 
 Museum. Post 8vo, sewed, 6d. 
 
 FACOBSTHAL (E.)\— 
 GRAMMATIK DER ORNAMENTE, in 7 Parts of 20 
 
 Plates each.’ Price, unmounted, 43 13s. 6d.; mounted on cardboard, £11 4s. 
 The Parts can be had separately. 
 
 FEWITT— 
 HANDBOOK OF PRACTICAL PERSPECTIVE, 18mo, 
 
 cloth, rs. 6d. 
 KENNEDY (¥OHN)— 
 FIRST GRADE PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. 12mo, 6d. 
 FREEHAND DRAWING-BOOK. 16mo, cloth, ts. 6d. 
 LINDLEY (¥OHN)— 
 SYMMETRY OF VEGETATION: Principles to be 
 
 observed in the delineation of Plants. 12mo, sewed, 1s. 
 MARSHALL— 
 HUMAN BODY. Text and Plates reduced from the large 
 Diagrams. 2 vols., cloth, 41 1s. 
 MeiviI ON (2. TULLEY, f. G.S.)— 
 
 THE TYPICAL PARTS IN THE SKELETONS OF A 
 CAT, DUCK, AND CODFISH, being a Catalogue with Comparative De- 
 scriptions. arranged i in a Tabular Form. Demy 8vo, 3s. 
 
 OLIVER (PROFESSOR)— 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 
 
 109 Plates. Oblong 8vo, cloth. Plain, 16s.; coloured, £1 6. 
 PUCKETT (R. CAMPBELL)— 
 
 So 1OGRAPHY,, OR-. RADIAL «PROJECTION» OF 
 SHADOWS. Crown 8vo, cloth, 6s. 
 
 REDGRAVE 
 MANUAL AND CATECHISM ON COLOUR. Fifth 
 Edition. 24mo, sewed, od. 
 ROBSON (GEORGE)— 
 ELEMENTARY BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. Oblong 
 folio, sewed, 8s. 
 WALLIS (GEORGE)— 
 DRAWING-BOOK. Oblong, sewed, 3s. 6d.; mounted, 8s. 
 
 % 
 
28 BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 
 
 WORNUM (R. N.)— 
 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF STYLES = An inte. 
 
 duction to the Study of the History of Ornamental Art. Royal 8vo, cloth, 8s. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR INTRODUCING ELEMENTARY 
 DRAWING IN SCHOOLS AND AMONG WORKMEN. Published at the 
 Request of the Society of Arts. Small 4to, cloth, 4s. 6d. 
 
 DRAWING FOR YOUNG CHILDREN. Containing 150 
 
 Copies. 16mo, cloth, 3s. 6d. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL DIVISION OF SOUTH KENSINGTON 
 MUSEUM: CLASSIFIED CATALOGUE OF. Ninth Edition. 8vo, 7s. 
 
 ELEMENTARY DRAWING COPY-BOOKS, for the use of 
 
 Children from four years old and upwards, in Schools and Families. Compiled by 
 a Student certificated by the Science and Art Department as an Art Teacher. 
 Seven Books in 4to, sewed : 
 
 Book I. Letters, 8d. Book IV. Objects, 8d. 
 oe Lila Ditto, sd: » ~~ tLeaxes; 8d, 
 », III. Geometrical and Ornamental »,. VI. Birds, Animals, &c., 8d. 
 Forms, 8d. VIF. Leaves, Flowers, and Sprays, 8d. 
 
 * Or in Sets of Seven Books, 4s. 6d. 
 
 ENGINEER AND MACHINIST DRAWING-BOOK, 16 Parts, 
 
 71 Plates. Folio, 41 12s. ; mounted, 43 4s. 
 
 EXAMINATION PAPERS FOR SCIENCE SCHOOLS AND 
 CLASSES. Published Annually, 6d. (Postage, 2d.) 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF DECORATIVE ART. Folio, sewed, 1s. 
 SCIENCE DIRECTORY. 12mo, sewed, 6d. (Postage, 3d.) 
 ART DIRECTORY. t12mo, sewed, 1s. (Postage, 3d.) 
 DIAGRAM OF THE COLOURS OF THE SPECTRUM, 
 
 with Explanatory Letterpress, on roller, ros. 6d. 
 
 
 
 COPIES FOR OUTLINE DRAWING: 
 
 DYCE’S ELEMENTARY OUTLINES OF ORNAMENT, 50 Selected Plates, 
 mounted back and front, 18s.; unmounted, sewed, 5s. 
 
 WEITBRICHT’S OUT LINES OF ORNAMENT, reproduced by Herman, 12 
 Plates, mounted back and front, 8s. 6d.; unmounted, 2S. 
 
 MORGHEN’S OUTLINES OF THE HUMAN FIGURE reproduced by Herman, 
 20 Plates, mounted back and front, 15s.; unmounted, 3s. 4d. 
 
 ONE SET OF FOUR PLATES, Outlines of Tarsia, from Gruner, mounted, 3s. 6d.; 
 unmounted, 7d. 
 
 ALBERTOLLI’S FOLIAGE, one set of Four Plates, mounted, 3s. 6d.; unmounted, sd. 
 
 OUTLINE OF TRAJAN FRIEZE, mounted, rs. 
 
 WALLIS’S DRAWING-BOOK, mounted, 8s.; unmounted, 3s. 6d. 
 
 OUTLINE DRAWINGS OF FLOWERS, Eight Sheets, mounted, 3s. 6d.; un- 
 mounted, 8d. 
 
 COPIES FOR SHADED DRAWING: 
 
 COURSE OF DESIGN. By Cu. Barcus (French), 20 Selected Sheets,.1z at 2s., and ~ 
 gat 3s. each. 2 9s. 
 
 RENAISSANCE ROSETTE, mounted, od. 
 SHADED ORNAMENT, mounted, ts. 2d. 
 PART OF A PILASTER FROM THE ALTAR OF ST. BIAGIO AT PISA, 
 
 mounted, 2s.; unmounted, 1s. 
 
CHAPMAN & HALL, 193, PICCADILLY. 29 
 
 
 
 COPIES FOR SHADED DRAWING—Coxtinued— 
 
 GOTHIC PATERA, mounted, 1s. 
 
 RENAISSANCE SCROLL, Tomb in S. M. Dei Frari, Venice, mounted, 1s. 4d. 
 
 MOULDING OF SCULPTURED FOLIAGE, decorated, mounted, ts. 4d. 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL STUDIES. By J. B. Trivon. 20 Plates, £2. 
 
 MECHANICAL STUDIES. By J. B. Trivon. 158. per dozen. 
 
 FOLIATED SCROLL FROM THE VATICAN, unmounted, 5d.; mounted, rs. 3d. 
 
 TWELVE HEADS after Holbein, selected from his drawings in Her Majesty’s 
 Collection at Windsor. Reproduced in Autotype. Half-imperial, 36s. 
 
 LESSONS IN SEPIA, gs. per dozen, or 1s. each. 
 
 SMALL SEPIA DRAWING COPIES, gs. per dozen, or 1s. each. 
 
 COLOURED EXAMPLES: 
 
 A SMALL DIAGRAM OF COLOUR, mounted, rs. 6d.; unmounted, od. 
 TWO PLATES OF ELEMENTARY DESIGN, unmounted, 1s.; mounted, 3s. gd. 
 PETUNIA, mounted, 3s. 9d.; unmounted, 2s. od. i 
 PELARGONIUM, mounted, 3s. 9d.; unmounted, 2s. gd. 
 CAMELLIA, mounted, 3s. gd. ; unmounted, 2s. od. 
 NASTURTIUM, mounted, 3s. 9d.; unmounted, 2s. gd. 
 OLEANDER, mounted, 3s. 9d.; unmounted, 2s. od. 
 TORRENIA ASIATICA. Mounted, 3s. 9d.; unmounted, 2s. od. 
 : PYNE’S LANDSCAPES IN CHROMO-LITHOGRAPHY (6), each, mounted, 
 : 7s. 6d.; or the set, £2 55. 
 COTMAN’S PENCIL LANDSCAPES (set of 9), mounted, 15s. 
 Fe SEPIA DRAWINGS (set of 5), mounted, 41. 
 ALLONGE’S LANDSCAPES IN CHARCOAL (6), at 4s. each, or the set, Ar 4s. 
 4017. BOUQUET OF FLOWERS, LARGE ROSES, &c., 4s. 6d. 
 
 4018. A i, ROSES AND HEARTSEASE, 3s. 6d. 
 4020. an a POPPIES, &c., 3s. 6d. 
 
 4039. 5 “f CHRYSANTHEMUMS, 4s. 6d. 
 
 4040: 3 Ap LARGE CAMELLIAS, 4s. 6d. 
 
 4077. ms a LILAC AND GERANIUM, 35. 6d. 
 4080. sf > CAMELLIA AND ROSE, 3s. 6d. 
 
 4082. ee rs LARGE DAHLIAS, 4s. 6d. 
 
 4083. 55 33 ROSES AND LILIES, 4s. 6d. 
 
 4090. ss Ar ROSES AND SWEET PEAS, 3s. 6d. 
 4094. - 5 LARGE ROSES AND HEARTSEASE, 4s. 
 4180. 3 4 LARGE BOUQUET OF LILAC, 6s. 6d. 
 
 4190. 53 A DAHLIAS AND FUCHSIAS, 6s. 6d. 
 
 SOLID MODELS, &c.: 
 
 *Box of Models, 4x 4s. ‘ 
 A Stand with a universal joint, to show the solid models, &c., £1 18s. t 
 *One wire quadrangle, with a circle and cross within it, and one straight wire. Ohe solid 
 cube. One skeleton wire cube. One sphere. One cone. One cylinder. One 
 hexagonal prism. 2 2s. 
 Skeleton cube in wood, 3s. 6d. 
 18-inch skeleton cube in wood, r2s. 
 *Three objects of form in Pottery : 
 Indian Jar, 
 Celadon Jar, } 18s. 6d. 
 Bottle, 
 *Five selected Vases in Majolica Ware, £2 115. 
 *Three selected Vases in Earthenware, 18s. 
 Imperial Deal Frames, glazed, without sunk rings, ros. 
 *Davidson’s Smaller Solid Models, in Box, 42, containing— 
 
 2 Square Slabs. Octagon Prism. Triangular Prism. 
 9 Oblong Blocks (steps). Cylinder. Pyramid, Equilateral. 
 2 Cubes. Cone. Pyramid, Isosceles. 
 
 4 Square Blocks. Jointed Cross, Square Block. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 30 BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 
 
 SOLID MODELS, &c.—Continued— 
 
 *Davidson’s Advanced Drawing Models (to models), 49.—The following is a brief de- 
 scription of the models :—An Obelisk—composed of 2 Octagonal Slabs, 26 and 20 
 inches across, and each 3 inches high ; 1 Cube, 12 inches edge ; 1 Monolith (form- 
 ing the body of the obelisk), 3 feet high ; x Pyramid, 6 inches base; the complete 
 object is thus nearly 5 feet high. A “Market Cross—composed of 3 Slabs, 24, 18, 
 and 12 inches across, and each 3 inches high; 1 Upright, 3 feet high; 2 Cross Arms, 
 united by mortise and tenon joints ; complete height, 3 feet 9 inches. A Step- 
 Ladder, 23 inches high. A Kitchen Table, 14% inches high. A Chair to corre- 
 spond. A Four-legged Stool, with projecting top and cross rails, height 14 inches. 
 A Tub, with handles and projecting hoops, and the divisions between the staves 
 plainly ‘marked. A strong Trestle, 18 inches high. A Hollow Cylinder, 9 inches 
 in diameter, and x12 inches long, divided lengthwise. A Hollow Sphere, 9 inches 
 in diameter, divided into semi-spheres, one of which is again divided into quarters ; 
 the semi- sphere, when placed on the cylinder, gives the form and principles of 
 ween a Dome, whilst one of the quarters placed on half the. cylinder forms a 
 
 iche 
 
 *Davidson’s Apparatus for Teaching Practical Geometry (22 models), LS. 
 
 *Binn’s Models for illustrating the elementary principles of orthographic projection as 
 applied to mechanical drawing, in box, £1 1os. 
 
 Miller’s Class Drawing Models.—These Models are particularly adapted for teaching 
 large classes; the stand is very strong, and the universal joint will hold the 
 Models in any position. Wood Models: Square Prism, 12 inches side, 18 inches 
 high ; Hexagonal Prism, 14 inches side, 18 inches high; Cube, 14 inches side 3 
 Cylinder, r3 inches diameter, 16 inches high ; Hexagon Pyramid, 4 inches 
 diameter, 22% inches side; ‘Square Pyramid, 14 inches side, 22% inches side; 
 Cone, 13 inches diameter, 22% inches side ; Skeleton Cube, 19 inches solid wood 
 134 inch square; Intersecting Circles, 19 inches solid wood 24% by 1% inches. 
 Wire Models: Yriangular Prism, 17 inches side, 22 inches high ; Square Prism, 
 14 inches side, 20 inches high ; Hexagonal Prism, 16 inches diameter, 2t inches 
 high ; Cylinder, 14 inches diameter, 2t inches high; Hexagon Pyramid, 18 inches 
 diameter, 24 inches high ; Square Pyramid, 17 inches side, 24 inches high; Cone, 
 17 inches side, 24 inches high ; Skeleton Cube, 1g inches side ; Intersecting Circles, 
 zg inches side; Plain Circle, 1g inches side ; Plain Square, 19 inches side. ‘Table, 
 27 inches by 21% inches. Stand. The Set complete, £414 135. 
 
 Vulcanite set square, 5s. 
 
 _Large compasses with chalk-holder, ss. 
 
 *Slip, two set squares and "T square, 5s. 
 
 *Parkes’s case of instruments, containing 6-inch compasses with pen and pencil leg, 5s. 
 
 *Prize instrument case, with 6-inch compasses, pen and pencil leg, 2 small compasses, 
 pen and scale, 18s. 
 
 6-inch compasses with shifting pen and point, 4s. 6d. 
 
 Small compass in case, Is. 
 
 * Models, &c., entered as sets, cannot be supplied singly. 
 
 LARGE DIAGRAMS. ft 
 
 ASTRONOMICAL: g 
 TWELVE SHEETS. Prepared for the Committee of Council on Education by JoHn bs 
 
 Drew, Ph. Dr., F.R.S.A. 2 8s.3; on rollers and varnished, 44 4s. My 
 
 BOTANICAL: : 
 
 NINE SHEETS. Illustrating a Practical Method of Teaching Botany. By- Professor 
 Hens.tow, F.L.S. £2; on canvas and rollers, and varnished, 43 3s. 
 
 
 
 CLASS. DIVISION. SECTION. DIAGRAM. . 
 
 dboleniess “ x is a 
 
 : alycifloral .. Be gaits ; 
 
 Dicotyledon . Angiospermous /—.-: Corollifloral ' 4 3 
 Incomplete .. as 5 
 
 Gymnospermous .. ws te ee =. e 
 
 Petaloid «+. .. § Superior oe ae 7 yi 
 
 Monocotyledons .. | Inferior... * me 8 , 
 Glumaceous.. hia p 2 9 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE PRINCIPAL NATURAL ORDERS OF THE 
 VEGETABLE KINGDOM. By Professor Otiver, F.R.S., F.L.S. 70 Imperial 
 sheets, containing examples of dried Plants, representing the different Orders. 
 £5 5s. the-set. 
 
 Catalogue and Index to Oliver’s Diagrams, 1s, 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 CHAPMAN & HALL, 193, PICCADILLY. 31 
 
 
 
 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION : 
 
 TEN SHEETS. By Wiruiam J. Gienny, Professor of Drawing, King’s College. 
 In sets, 41 1S. 
 
 LAXTON’S EXAMPLES OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION IN TWO 
 DIVISIONS, containing 32 Imperial Plates, 20s. 
 BUSBRIDGE’S DRAWINGS OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. 11 Sheets. 
 Mounted, 5s. 6d.; unmounted, 2s. od. 
 
 GEOLOGICAL : 
 
 DIAGRAM OF BRITISH STRATA. By H. W. Bristow, F.R.S., F.G.S. A 
 Sheet, 4s.; mounted on roller and varnished, 7s. 6d. 
 
 MECHANICAL: 
 
 DIAGRAMS OF THE MECHANICAL POWERS, AND THEIR APPLI- 
 CATIONS. IN MACHINERY AND THE ARTS GENERALLY. By 
 Dr. JoHN ANDERSON. 
 
 This Series consists of 8 Diagrams, highly coloured on stout paper, 3 feet 
 6 inches by 2 feet 6 inches, price 41 per set ; mounted on rollers, £2. 
 
 DIAGRAMS OF THE STEAM-ENGINE. By Professor GoopEveE and Professor 
 
 SHELLEY. Stout paper, 40 inches by 27 inches, highly coloured. 
 
 The price per set of 41 Diagrams (52% Sheets), 46 6s.; varnished and mounted 
 on rollers, rz 11s. 
 
 EXAMPLES OF MACHINE DETAILS. A Series of 16 Coloured Diagrams. 
 By Professor UNWIN. 42 2s.; mounted on rollers and varnished, 43 ras. 
 
 SELECTED EXAMPLES OF MACHINES, OF IRON AND WOOD (French). 
 By STANISLAS PETTIT. 60 Sheets, 43 5s.; 13s. per dozen. 
 
 BUSBRIDGE’S DRAWINGS OF MACHINE CONSTRUCTION (50). Mounted, 
 
 25s.; unmounted, 1s. 
 
 LESSONS IN MECHANICAL DRAWING. By Sranistas PETTIT. 
 dozen ; also larger Sheets, being more advanced copies, 2s. per dozen. 
 LESSONS IN ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING. By STAn!Istas PETTIT. 
 dozen ; also larger Sheets, being more advanced copies, 2s. per dozen. 
 
 PHYSIOLOGICAL : 
 
 ELEVEN SHEETS. Illustrating Human Physiology, Life size and Coloured from 
 Nature. Prepared under the direction of Joon MarsuHatt, F.R.S., F.R.C.S., &c. 
 Each Sheet, r2s. 6d. On canvas and rollers, varnished, £1 Is. 
 
 . THE SKELETON AND LIGAMENTS. 
 
 . THE MUSCLES, JOINTS, AND ANIMAL MECHANICS. 
 
 THE VISCERA IN POSITION.—THE STRUCTURE OF THE LUNGS. 
 . THE ORGANS OF CIRCULATION. 
 
 . THE LYMPHATICS OR ABSORBENTS. 
 
 THE ORGANS OF DIGESTION. : 
 
 . THE BRAIN AND NERVES.—THE ORGANS Ore THE VOICE. 
 
 . THE ORGANS OF THE SENSES, Plate xz. 
 
 . THE ORGANS OF THE SENSES, Plate 2. 
 
 » LHE MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF THE TEXTURES AND 
 ORGANS, Plate 1x. 
 
 . THE MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF THE TEXTURES AND 
 ORGANS, Plate 2. 
 
 HUMAN BODY, LIFE SIZE. By Joun Marsuatt, F.R.S., F.R.C.S. 
 
 1S, per 
 
 1s. per 
 
 50 ONY ANEY DY H 
 
 Leal 
 
 Lal 
 Lal 
 
 x. THE SKELETON, Front View. 5. THE SKELETON, Side View. 
 2. THE MUSCLES, Front View. 6. THE MUSCLES, Side View. 
 
 3. THE SKELETON, Back View. 7. THE FEMALE SKELETON, 
 4. THE MUSCLES, Back View. Front View. 
 
 Each Sheet, 12s. 6d. ; on canvas and rollers, varnished, 41 1s. 
 
 Explanatory Key, 1s. 
 ZOOLOGICAL: 
 
 ’ TEN SHEETS. Illustrating the Classification of Animals. 
 423 on canyas and rollers, varnished, 43 10s. 
 
 The same, reduced in size on Royal paper, in 9 Sheets, uncoloured, res, 
 
 By RoBerT PATTERSON, 
 
1S) 
 N 
 
 CHAPMAN & HALL, 193, PICCADILLY. 
 
 THE FORTNIGHTLY KEViggagS 
 
 Edited by JOHN MORLEY, 
 
 a ite FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW is published on the rst of 
 
 every month (the issue on the 15th being suspended), and a Volume is 
 
 completed every Six Months. 
 
 The following are among the Contributors :— 
 
 SIR RUTHERFORD ALCOCK. 
 PROFESSOR BAIN. 
 PROFESSOR BEESLY. 
 
 DR. BRIDGES. 
 
 HON. GEORGE C. BRODRICK. 
 
 SIR GEORGE CAMPBELL, M.P. 
 
 J. CHAMBERLAIN, M.P. 
 
 PROFESSOR CLIFFORD, F.R.S. 
 
 PROFESSOR SIDNEY COLVIN. 
 MONTAGUE COOKSON, Q.C. 
 L. H. COURTNEY, M.P. 
 
 G. H. DARWIN. 
 
 F. W. FARRAR. 
 
 PROFESSOR FAWCETT, M.P. 
 EDWARD A. FREEMAN. 
 MRS. GARRET-ANDERSON. 
 M. E. GRANT DUFF, M.P. 
 THOMAS HARE. 
 
 F. HARRISON. 
 
 LORD HOUGHTON. 
 PROFESSOR HUXLEY. 
 PROFESSOR JEVONS. 
 EMILE DE LAVELEYE. 
 
 T. E. CLIFFE LESLIE. 
 GEORGE HENRY LEWES. 
 RIGHT HON. R. LOWE, M.P. 
 
 SIR JOHN LUBBOCK, M.P. 
 LORD LYTTON. 
 
 SIR H. S. MAINE. 
 
 DR. MAUDSLEY. 
 
 PROFESSOR MAX MULLER. 
 PROFESSOR HENRY MORLEY. 
 G. OSBORNE MORGAN, Q.C., M.P. 
 WILLIAM MORRIS. 
 
 F. W. NEWMAN. 
 
 W. G. PALGRAVE. 
 
 WALTER H. PATER. 
 
 RT. HON. LYON PLAYFAIR, M.P. 
 DANTE GABRIEL ROSSETTI. 
 HERBERT SPENCER. 
 
 HON. E. L. STANLEY. 
 
 SIR J. FITZJAMES STEPHEN, Q.C. 
 LESLIE STEPHEN. 
 
 J. HUTCHISON STIRLING. 
 
 A. C. SWINBURNE. 
 
 DR. VON SYBEL. 
 
 J. A. SYMONDS. 
 
 W. T. THORNTON. 
 
 HON. LIONEL A. TOLLEMACHE. 
 ANTHONY TROLLOPE. 
 PROFESSOR TYNDALL. 
 
 THE EDITOR. 
 
 &c. &c. &c. 
 
 THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW 7s published at 2s. 6d. 
 
 CHAPMAN & HALL, 193, PICCADILLY. 
 
 CHARLES DICKENS AND EVANS,] 
 
 CRYSTAL PALACE PRESS 
 
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