ON 
 
 A MS. PONTIFICAL 
 
 OF A 
 
 BISHOP OF METZ OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 COMMUNICATED TO THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES 
 BY 
 
 THE REY. E. 8. DEWICK, M.A., F.S.A. 
 
 WESTMINSTER : 
 PRINTED BY NICHOLS AND SONS, 25, PARBIAMENT STREE1: 
 
 3 
 
 1895. 
 
ON 
 
 A MS. PON TIF le sar 
 
 BISHOP OF METZ OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 COMMUNICATED TO THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES 
 BY 
 
 THE REV. E. 8. DEWICK, M.A., F.S.A. 
 
 WESTMINSTER : 
 PRINTED BY NICHOLS AND SONS, 25, PARLIAMENT STREBT. 
 
 1895. 
 
FROM 
 ARCHAEHOLOGIA, 
 
 VOL. LIV. pp. 411—424. 
 
 , 
 
ON A MS. PONTIFICAL OF A BISHOP OF METZ 
 OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 By the courtesy of our Fellow Thomas Brooke, Esq. a MS. Pontifical is exhibited, 
 with pictured subjects of great beauty and in a splendid state of preservation. It 
 has been briefly described in the Catalogue of the Brooke Library under the title 
 Pontificale Romanum,* and is there set down as the work of an English scribe, 
 and assigned to the thirteenth century, but it will be presently seen that this 
 description needs revision. 
 
 The book consists of 140 leaves of vellum, which measure 123 by 9% inches, 
 and it has forty-two large miniatures illustrating various ceremonies in which a 
 bishop might be called upon to take part. Of these miniatures twenty-nine are 
 finished, whilst thirteen of them remain unfinished, the last seven not having been 
 advanced beyond the stage of outline. 
 
 In addition to the large miniatures there are many historiated initial letters, 
 and a profusion of grotesques and of subjects drawn from scenes of contemporary 
 life at the foot of almost every page. 
 
 But before entering into the subject of the contents of the book and of its 
 pictures, it is desirable to trace its history as far as possible. At the outset of 
 this inquiry we are confronted by the difficulty which often occurs in the case of 
 Pontificals, viz. that an attempt has been made to obliterate the marks of personal 
 ownership. A Pontifical was generally the private property of a bishop, and at 
 his death it was sometimes bequeathed to a church,’ but more often left to the 
 
 ® Catalogue of the Manuscripts and Printed Books collected by Thomas Brooke, F'.S.A. (london, 
 1891), ii. 523. 
 
 > For example, Roger de Mortival, Bishop of Salisbury (18315—1330), bequeathed a Pontifical to 
 the cathedral church of Salisbury, as shown by an inscription in the book, which is now in the 
 Bodleian Library (Rawlinson, C. 400). 
 
 a 
 
2 On a MS. Pontifical of a Bishop of Mets of the Fourteenth Century. 
 
 disposal of his executors, and in order to adapt it to the use of some other bishop 
 erasures and alterations were made. f 
 
 In this particular book, the numerous shields of arms on the first page and 
 throughout the book have been carefully scraped, and painted over with masses of 
 blue or red paint. Also in the office for the consecration of a bishop, the name 
 of the see of the bishop elect who makes profession of canonical obedience has 
 been erased, together with that of the metropolitan to whom the profession is made, 
 and in each case the words talis ecclesie have been filled in over the erasure as if 
 to make the book fit for the use of any bishop to whom it might be sold. 
 
 At the first inspection of the MS. it seemed as if all traces of its original 
 ownership and locality had been removed, but fortunately in the office for the 
 benediction of an abbot, and again in the corresponding form for that of an 
 abbess, the question asked by the bishop of the abbot or abbess elect has been 
 allowed to stand as follows: Vis metensi ecclesie et mihi . meisque successoribus 
 
 subiectionem et obedientiam exhibere . secundum canonicam auctoritatem et decreta 
 sanctorum pontificum ? (fo. 64b and 84). 
 
 From this passage we gather that the MS. was written for a bishop of Metz, 
 one of the suffragans of the province of Trier. 
 
 This attribution of the book to Metz is confirmed by the short litany on fo. 12, 
 in which four saints of each class are invoked, viz. four apostles, four martyrs, 
 four confessors, and four virgins, with the addition of St. Mary Magdalene. The 
 first two classes do not yield any evidence, the apostles being SS. Peter, Paul, 
 Andrew, and John the Hvangelist; and the martyrs being SS. Stephen, Laurence, 
 Vincent, and George. St. Stephen is the patron saint of the cathedral church of 
 Metz, but as protomartyr he would head the deacons in any litany. The confessors 
 are SS. Silvester, Clement, Martin, and Benedict. Here St. Clement must not be 
 confused with the martyr Pope of that name, but may be safely identified with 
 St. Clement, first bishop of Metz,* whose name would not be entitled to special 
 prominence except in Metz. The virgins again are neutral witnesses, being 
 SS. Agatha, Lucy, Agnes, Katherine. 
 
 When we inquire further as to the particular bishop for whom the book was 
 written, we are met by the want of armorial bearings which should decide the 
 question definitely. In some cases, however (¢.g. on fo. 43), it is just possible to 
 
 * Gams, Series Hpiscoporum, Ratisbonx, 1873, p. 292. The festival of “Clemens Episcopus 
 
 Metensis ” was observed at Metz as a festival of nine lessons, on November 23, the same day as 
 Clemens P.M. elsewhere, and his Translation on May 2. 
 
On a MS. Pontifical of a Bishop of Mets of the Fourteenth Century. 3 
 
 see the two fishes placed back to back which distinguish the arms of the counts and 
 dukes of Bar.* These two fishes occur also in the ornamental fillings up of the 
 capital letter M on fo. 8 b, and often singly; and in such cases they have been left 
 without erasure, being regarded as mere decoration. On turning to the list of the 
 bishops of Metz, we find that Reinhald von Bar held the see from 1302 to 1316," 
 and as this date agrees well with the workmanship of the book, we may venture 
 to assume that the book was originally written for this prelate. 
 
 Another shield of arms which occurs frequently (fo. 4b, etc.) in the book has 
 three silver pales on a red (?) field, with a chief of gold. (Gules, three pales 
 argent, a chief or). 
 
 Possibly more convincing evidence as to the ownership of the book might be 
 obtained by cleaning off the paint which has been applied to obliterate the coats 
 of arms, and in the meantime it is not needful to say more than a few words about 
 the bishop to whom it is provisionally assigned. 
 
 Reinhald von Bar was the son of Theobald IT., Count of Bar, and when his 
 brother, Henry III., started for the Hast to take part in the Crusade, he was 
 appointed one of the Regents of Bar, and took an active part in managing 
 its temporal affairs. He died in 1316, it was suspected of poison, when planning 
 an attack upon the Duke of Lorraine. When his tomb was opened in 1521, his 
 body was found clad in rich vestments, and his mitre ig noticed as having Moses 
 and Aaron embroidered upon it.° 
 
 Although the book was written for a prelate owing allegiance to the Holy 
 Roman Empire, the workmanship is throughout of a thoroughly French character, 
 and must be assigned to the early part of the fourteenth century, even if the 
 attribution of it to Reinhald von Bar is considered as not proved. In the borders 
 the stiff conventional ornament of the thirteenth century has partly budded out 
 into natural branches with leaves resembling those of ivy, which are characteristic 
 of the fourteenth century, but in some respects the fashions of the thirteenth 
 century survive. ‘he knights in armour are still clad in chain mail; there is not 
 a trace of plate armour. The architecture, too, might be assigned to the end of 
 the thirteenth or the very commencement of the fourteenth century. The 
 church, which is represented many times in the pictures illustrating the dedica- 
 tion of a church, is a building of fully developed Geometrical Decorated, and is 
 
 ® Bar (contes et ducs de). D’azur, semé de croix recroisettées au pied fiché d’or, 4 deux bars 
 
 adossés du méme, brochant sur le tout. (Rietstap, Armorial Général, Gouda, 1884, Tome, i. p. 110.) 
 > Gams, Series Episcoporum, Ratisbone, 1873, p. 223. Grote, Stammtafeln, Leipzic, 1877, p. 234 
 © Calmet, Histoire Heelésiastique et Oirile de Lorraine, Nancy, 1728, p. 480. 
 
 a2 
 
4 On a MS. Pontifical of a Bishop of Metz of the Fourteenth Century. 
 
 remarkable for a lofty clerestory, which occupies about one-half of the total 
 height of the building. Those who have visited the cathedral church of Metz will 
 remember that the existing clerestory is of immense size, about equal in height to 
 the nave arcade and triforium together. The double range of flymg buttresses, 
 which characterise the present building, is also well shown by the artist of the 
 Pontifical, and we may fairly regard the pictures as giving a conventional repre- 
 sentation of the cathedral church of Metz, the nave of which was completed in 
 13382." 
 
 We may now proceed to describe the contents of this Pontifical, which does 
 not contain the whole of the services in which a bishop might be required to 
 officiate. 
 
 The first office is that for the dedication of a church, which occupies sixty- 
 two leayes and has nineteen large pictures, besides many historiated initials. 
 Then follow the forms for the blessing of an abbot of monks and an abbot of 
 canons, with corresponding forms for abbesses. ‘Then comes the ordo for holding 
 a synod; and the book ends with the form for consecrating a bishop, which fills 
 thirty-seven leaves and has twelve large unfinished pictures. There are no 
 offices for confirmation, nor for conferring sacred orders, nor for the numerous 
 
 benedictions which a bishop might be called upon to perform. The original 
 owner of this Pontifical was, perhaps, too great a man to concern himself about 
 these smaller matters, which he may have delegated to a suffragan, or else 
 he may have had another book more suited to the requirements of rough 
 every-day use. 
 
 But before giving more precise details of the book before us, a few words may 
 be said about other Pontificals of bishops of Metz. One of the earliest forms for 
 the dedication of a church happens to be contained in the sacramentary of 
 Drogon, bishop of Metz (826-855), which is now in the National Library of 
 Paris. The form in this sacramentary differs much in detail from that in the 
 Pontifical before us.° 
 
 There is also in the National Library at Paris® a much later Pontifical 
 of a bishop of Metz, which has been kindly examined for me by Dr. J. Wickham 
 Legg. He reports that it is a plain book, in red and black, of the fifteenth 
 
 a Murray’s Handbook for France, 1873, p. 668. 
 > Delisle, Mémoire sur d’ Anciens Sacramentaires, Paris, 1886, p. 100. 
 
 ° MS. Latin, 9428. The office is printed in the Appendix to Duchesne’s Origines du Culte 
 Chrétien, Paris, 1889. 
 
 4 MS. Latin, 1233. It was formerly in the Colbertine Library, No. 4496, and is referred to by 
 Martene in De Antiquis Hcclesie Ritibus, Venetiis, 1783, i. p. xx1. 
 
em 
 
 On a MS. Pontifical of a Bishop of Metz of the Fourteenth Century. 5 
 
 century, without pictures of any kind. In the matter of services it is more 
 complete than Mr. Brooke’s Pontifical, for it includes Reconciliatio ecclesie, 
 Benedictio altaris portatilis, Ordo de sacris ordumbus, Oonsecratio regis, ete. In the 
 Ordinatio Abbatis there is the question, Vis metensi ecclesie et mihi meisque suc- 
 cessoribus, gc. ? as in the Pontifical before us, and in the office for the consecration 
 of bishops there is the question asked by the metropolitan of the bishop elect, 
 Vis treverensi ecclesie mihi et successoribus meis, §c.? which gives the words 
 which have probably been erased on fo. 107b. of Mr. Brooke’s Pontifical. Of 
 the details of the services in the Paris book I have no information. No other 
 Pontifical which can be assigned to a bishop of Metz is known to us; and the 
 description of the Brooke Pontifical may now be proceeded with. 
 
 The offices contained in this Pontifical appear to have on them very few marks 
 of the local and personal influence which some bishops impressed on their 
 Pontificals. Indeed, they are mostly taken, with little variation, from the Ordo 
 Romanus. The service for the dedication of a church is almost identical with the 
 Ordo ad benedicendam Ecclesiam printed by Hittorpius.* The prayers, bene- 
 dictions, anthems, and responds are nearly all the same. The rubrics have some 
 variations, and those in this Metz Pontifical generally give fuller and more precise 
 rules than those in the Ordo Romanus. The long litany of the latter has also been 
 curtailed, as already noticed. The Metz Pontifical omits the form for the blessing 
 of the vessels to be used in the service of the church, but gives the full text of 
 the mass Terribilis, for which in the Ordo Romanus reference is made to the 
 sacramentary. 
 
 The other offices in the MS. are also found to be very closely allied to those 
 in the Ordo Romanus ; and we may, therefore, confine our description of the book 
 mainly to the pictures, merely pointing out from time to time some peculiarities 
 in the rubrics which deserve notice. Of the Ordo Romanus itself, it may be 
 sufficient here to remark that it can be traced back to the eighth century, and. 
 that it may be connected with Charles the Great’s introduction of Roman ritual into 
 his dominions.” At the beginning of the ninth century, Amalarius of Metz wrote 
 a commentary on parts of the Ordo,° and this treatise may have had some effect in 
 inducing a bishop of Metz to follow the Ordo Romanus in the fourteenth century. 
 
 8 Melchior Hittorpius, De Divinis Catholice Ecclesiw Officiis, Parisiis, 1624, p. 119. 
 
 > Cf, Duchesne’s Origines du Culte Chrétien, Paris, 1889, p. 143. 
 
 ¢ This is printed in Hittorpius, De Div. Cath. Hecl. Oficiis, Parisiis, 1624, p. 806; and also by 
 Mabillon, Museum Italicwm, vol. ii. See also Smith and Cheetham’s Dictionary of Christian 
 
 Antiquities, Art. Ordo. 
 
6 On a MS. Pontifical of a Bishop of Mets of the Fourteenth Century. 
 
 The first office in the Brooke Pontifical is that for the dedication of a church, 
 and the picture with which the book opens (Plate XXXI.) shows the inside of the 
 temporary pavilion or tent, in which, on the night which preceded the dedication, 
 watch was kept before the relics which were to be enclosed in the altar of the 
 church to be dedicated.* Lay-folk, both men and women, are seen kneeling 
 around a richly decorated gilt reliquary, which is in the form of a chapel with 
 three windows in its side and elaborate roof-cresting. By the convenient licence 
 of medizeval perspective both gable-ends are seen at the same time. 
 
 The actual ceremony of the dedication commences with the arrival of the 
 bishop and clergy at the tent in which the relics have been placed, and where 
 watch has been kept during the previous night. The rubrics of the Pontifical are 
 fuller than those of the Ordo Romanus. The bishop is ordered to be vested in 
 albe, stole, silken cope, and mitra pluvialis and to have his crosier; but to be 
 without fanon, sandals, and gloves. A litany” is then said, and at a certain point 
 in it the bishop is to rise and make the sign of the cross toward the church to be 
 dedicated, saying three times, Ut ecclesiam istam benedicere et conseruare digneris. 
 The picture on fo. 2 illustrates this scene. The acolyte who holds the book before 
 
 the bishop is raised on a stool in order that he may bring the book nearer to the 
 eyes of the bishop. 
 
 When the litany is concluded, the exorcism and blessing of water and salt 
 take place, and the relics are removed from the tent. Then a procession is 
 formed, the relics are carried on the shoulders of two clerks vested in copes, 
 
 * It may be remarked that the night vigil before the relics, and the subsequent enclosing of 
 them in the altar of the church, are prominent features in the Roman and in most Continental 
 Pontificals. In many English Pontificals, however, there is no mention of the enclosing of the relics 
 of saints in the sepulchre of the altar. When the enclosing of relics is noticed it is said to be done in 
 the Roman manner (more Romano), when no relics are enclosed the dedication is performed after the 
 English custom (more Anglicano). This is very clearly set forth in a MS. Pontifical in the British 
 Museum (Lansdowne, 451, circa 1400), written for a bishop of London,in which the Roman Use is given 
 as an alternative to the Wnglish, but it is added that Roman manner of enclosing relics was seldom 
 used in those days, on account of the scarcity of old relics, and the fact that the canonisation of new 
 saints was arare event. (“Sciendum est tamen quod variis modis recluduntur reliquie infra altare 
 licet istis temporibus hoe raro fiat propter reliquiarum antiquarum paucitatem et novorum sanctorum 
 raram canonizacionem.” Lansdowne MS. 451, fo. 136 b.) Another difference between the Roman 
 and Hnglish mode of dedicating churches is that in the former twelve crosses are painted on the 
 
 inside walls of the church only, whilst in the latter twelve crosses are painted on the outside as well 
 as on the inside. 
 
 » This is printed at length in Hittorp’s Ordo Romanus, p. 120, but is not given in full in the 
 Pontifical. 
 
DOO TEE SNE ON 
 
 (L°07) SOMNSAY SHL ONIHNOLVM—"IVOISILNOd 34OONS 
 
 “‘BISO[OOVOLY 
 
Vol, LIV. Pl. XXXII. 
 
 Archaeologia. 
 
 as 
 
 ff th PROCESSION WITH THE RELICS (fo. 5). 
 2. BISHOP KNOCKING AT THE CHURCH DOOR (fo. 11). 
 
 comm fez 
 
 BROOKE PONTIFICAL.— 
 
On a MS. Pontifical of a Bishop of Metz of the Fourteenth Century. 7 
 
 preceded by cross-bearer, thurifer, and light-bearers, followed by the bishop and 
 accompanied by the choir singing, Surgite sancti de mansionibus vestris. This 
 procession is seen on fo. 5 b (Plate XXXIL., fig. 1). 
 
 After an anthem and a prayer, the door of the church is reached, and the 
 bishop knocks three times at the door of the church and is answered by the deacon 
 within. In the intervals between the knockings the procession with relics makes 
 the circuit of the church, and at the first round the bishop sprinkles the lower 
 part of the walls, at the second the middle part, and at the third the upper part 
 (cirea tectum). This part of the service is nearly the same as in the modern 
 Roman Pontifical, except that some of the responds and versicles are different, 
 but they are almost identical with those in the Ordo Romanus. On fo. 7 and fo. 8 
 are pictures of the bishop sprinkling the lower part and the middle part of the 
 walls. These two are almost alike, and on fo. 7b and fo. 11 (Plate XXXIL,, fig. 2) 
 the bishop is seen knocking at the door and saying, Tollite portas, etc. whilst the 
 
 deacon, who should be inside the church to answer, Quis est iste rex glorie? is 
 
 represented in red dalmatic standing immediately behind the bishop, and in 
 the attitude of speaking. 
 
 When the door of the church has been opened, the bishop enters accompanied 
 by a few clerks, whilst the others remain outside with the relics, and the door of 
 the church is closed. Then again is said a short litany, which has been already 
 referred to as containing the name of St. Clement, first bishop of Metz, among the 
 four Confessors invoked. The next picture (fo. 11b) shows the bishop kneeling 
 at a faldstool, covered with a fringed cloth of rich design. His clergy kneel 
 behind him, and the altar is already vested with a white cloth hanging in rich 
 folds and adorned with an image of Our Lady with her Divine Child and two 
 lighted candles. The vesting of the altar at this point of the ceremony is probably 
 due to the artist’s anticipation. 
 
 The next picture on fo. 14 (Plate XXXIII.) shows the bishop in the act of per- 
 forming the well-known ceremony of writing the Greek and Latin alphabets with 
 his crosier on two lines of ashes sprinkled on the floor of the church, and connect- 
 ing diagonally the four corners. The Greek alphabet,* which is placed below the 
 picture, includes some letters of rather singular form. The twenty-four letters of 
 the Greek alphabet which are generally used, are here augmented by three 
 
 2 In writing the Greek Alphabet the Metz rubric orders the bishop to commence de deatro 
 angulo ab oriente. The Ordo Romanus, on the contrary, says de sinistro angulo, Perhaps the same 
 corner is meant in both places. The rubric of the Roman Pontifical makes the matter clear by 
 
 saying ab angulo Heclesice ad sinistram intrantis. 
 
8 On a MS. Pontifical of a Bishop of Metz of the Fourteenth Century. 
 
 characters which had fallen out of use as letters, but were retained for service as 
 numerical signs. These are the sixth letter, an altered form of the Digamma, 
 which here takes the form of §, and designates 6, Koppa, used for 90, and the last, 
 Sampi, which represents 900. On the other hand Rho and Sigma seem to have 
 been accidentally omitted, so that the number of letters is here only twenty-five, 
 instead of twenty-seven which is found in French Pontificals, such as that of 
 Noyon, of which a facsimile is given by Martene.* 
 
 The next ceremony in the Pontificalis the blessing of Gregorian water, of which 
 there are many illustrations in the initial letters; but we have no more large 
 pictures till we come to the consecration of the altar. On fo. 23b the bishop is 
 seen standing by the altar making a cross on it, with his thumb dipped in holy 
 water. Both the solid base of the altar and the mensa appear to be of green 
 marble, but in subsequent pictures the latter is white. The front of the altar is 
 panelled. On fo. 29 the service for the separate consecration of an altar com- 
 mences, and the picture on fo. 29b shows the bishop in the act of blessing the 
 altar. On fo. 30 the picture is very similar to the last but one, and on fo. 31 b 
 (Plate XXXTV., fig. 1) the bishop is seen anointing the altar with oil, while a clerk 
 in cope with chrismatory stands behind him; and the same subject is repeated 
 on fo. 32b. 
 
 At this point, between fo. 32 and fo. 33 (as now numbered), there is unfor- 
 tunately a leaf missing, and the Ordo Romanus shows that the missing matter 
 must have consisted of the anointing of twelve crosses on the walls (three on the 
 east, three on the south, three on the west, and three on the north). The leaf 
 was probably stolen from the book for the sake of the beauty or interest of the 
 picture illustrating this subject. 
 
 There is yet another leaf missing between fo. 33 and fo. 34, but in this 
 case the subject-matter which must have occupied the missing leaf does not 
 suggest any special reason for its abstraction. The two leaves just referred to 
 are the only ones which are wanting. The first of them may possibly be still in 
 existence in some scrap-book, to which it may have been consigned by a rapacious 
 collector. 
 
 The altar having been now prepared for the reception of the relics to be 
 enclosed in it, the relics are brought in solemn procession to the church; and at 
 fo. 41 b we have a procession very similar to that at the commencement of the 
 
 dedication, when the relics were carried three times round the church. 
 On fo. 43 b (Plate XXXII, fig. 2) the bishop is seen in the act of hallowing the 
 a De Antiquis Ecclesiae Ritibus, Venetiis, 1783, 1. 261. 
 
Archaeologia. Vol, LIV. Pl. XX XIII. 
 
Vol, LIV, Pl. XXXIV. 
 
 Archaeologia. 
 
 tt 
 
 fis 
 
 é 
 ( 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 @ 
 
 non 
 
 ( 1. BISHOP ANOINTING THE ALTAR (fo. 312). 
 Le. BISHOP HALLOWING THE CHURCH DOOR (fo, 4:34). 
 
 BROOKE PONTIFICAL,— 
 
{ 
 { 
 ! 
 i 
 
On a MS. Pontifical of a Bishop of Mets of the Fourteenth Oentury. 9 
 
 door through which the sacred relics are to enter the church; and after the confessio 
 or sepulchre has been duly prepared by unction with cream for the reception of the 
 relics, they are placed in the sepulchre, as is well shown on fo. 46b (Plate XXXV., 
 fig. 1). The sepulchre is near the top of the front of the altar, and at its extreme 
 right. A document with the bishop’s seal upon it is enclosed at the same time, as 
 shown in the picture and described in the rubric.* 
 
 In the picture which immediately follows, fo. 47 b, the sepulchre is closed with 
 a slab of the same green stone of which the solid base of the altar is constructed, 
 and the bishop is in the act of anointing it. 
 
 In the last picture connected with the dedication, the bishop having completed 
 the ceremony, comes out of the vestry richly vested, and prepares to celebrate 
 the mass Terribilis (fo. 50, Plate XXXYV., fig. 2). The principal point to be noticed 
 here is that the bishop wears the unusual ornament known as the swper-humerale. 
 This consists of two circular disks of gold or gilt metal on each shoulder, con- 
 nected across the breast by an ornamental band. There is an ornament of this 
 kind in the treasury at Paderborn, which is figured in Bock.? It was also worn 
 by the bishops of Regensburg and the bishops of Litge, and it appears on the 
 effigy of St. Lambert on the coins of the latter. It is also well seen on thalers 
 of the bishops of Hichstiidt, on which the effigy of St. Willibald is so adorned. 
 I am not aware that it occurs on the coins of any bishop of Metz, but it is some- 
 times seen on the effigies of St. Adelph and St. Arnulph, early bishops of that see.‘ 
 
 Of the offices which next follow, it is not necessary to say more than a few 
 words. The benediction of an abbot of monks is illustrated by five pictures. 
 In the first (fo. 63) the bishop is seated on a faldstool, and the abbot elect is 
 kneeling before him. The monks behind wear the Benedictine dress. In the 
 second (fo. 66) the bishop, clergy, and abbot elect are kneeling at the litany. 
 On fo. 70b the bishop is laying his hands on the head of the abbot, and the two 
 
 Ly) 
 
 remaining pictures (on fo. 72b and fo. 73) show the bishop in the act of giving to 
 
 the abbot the rule of his order and the crosier. 
 
 In the office alternative words have been added above the line to enable it to 
 be used for blessing more than one abbot at a time. It was also originally 
 written for an abbot observing the rule of St. Benedict, but an alternative form 
 has been added for one following the rule of St. Augustine. 
 
 a Deinde ponat intra in confessionem tres partes de incenso cum litteris sigillo episcopt sigillatis ; et 
 tunc recludantur reliquie in confessionem (fo. 46). 
 
 > Franz Bock, Geschichte der liturgischen Gewtinder des Mittelalters, Bonn, 1859, i. 373, Taf. y. 
 
 © Cahier, Charactéristiques des Saints, Paris, 1867, 1. 375. 
 
 b 
 
10 On a MS. Pontifical of a Bishop of Metz of the Fourteenth Century. 
 
 In the next office for the benediction of an abbot of canons, the single picture 
 on fo. 79 is nearly the same as at the beginning of the benediction of an abbot of 
 monks, but the dress is changed from the black Benedictine habits of the monks 
 to one consisting of surplices with black choir copes. 
 
 Three pictures (on ff. 82b, 89, 90b) illustrate the benediction of an abbess 
 of nuns, and these are almost similar to the corresponding pictures for the 
 benediction of an abbot. It may be noticed that the abbess and the abbot of 
 canons have silver crosiers, whilst the abbot of monks has a gilt crosier. 
 
 The abbess of canonesses is shown on fo. 92b, where the dress consists of a 
 white tunic and mantle with a black veil. (Plate XXXVL, iter 11) 
 
 The order for the holding of a synod which commences on fo. 98 has an 
 unfinished picture at the beginning, which has been spoilt by the daubing in of the 
 colours by a clumsy hand. Fortunately this is the only picture in the book which 
 has been tampered with in this manner. This office differs considerabl y from that 
 in Ordo Romanus, but the differences need not here be described. 
 
 The order for the consecration of a bishop is the last contained in this MS., 
 and it closely follows the lines of that printed by Hittorpius,* which is described 
 as being secundum Gtallorum institutiones. The principal differences are as follows. 
 The Metz Pontifical contains a preliminary inquiry as to the fitness of the bishop to 
 be consecrated, followed by two collects. Then comes the usual address beginning, 
 Antiqua Sanctorum Patrum institutio, and the examination of the bishop “himself. 
 The profession of canonical obedience is made immediately before the introit of the 
 mass. During the singing of the offertory the newly-consecrated bishop offers to 
 his metropolitan two large loaves, two flasks of wine, and two great candles. 
 There is no mention of this ceremony in the older Ordo, but it is found in the 
 modern Roman Pontifical, according to which it takes place after the offertory 
 has been sung. Again, the Metz Pontifical has a form for the blessing and giving 
 of the mitre which is not found at all in the older Ordo. This takes place, not before 
 the gospel, when the ring and crosier are given, but immediately after the bishop 
 has been communicated in both kinds by his metropolitan, and before the singing 
 of the Communio. The episcopal benedictions which are given in this Pontifical 
 are not found in the Ordo. Throughout the service the rubrics are much fuller 
 than in the Ordo, which is altogether not so closely followed as in the case of the 
 dedication of a church. 
 
 This office for the consecration of a bishop has twelve unfinished pictures. 
 These, however, are of considerable interest, and they show the hand of a 
 
 @ De Divinis Cath. Eccl. Oficiis, Parisiis, 1624, 107. 
 
Archaeologia. Vol, LIV. Pl. XXXV. 
 
 a | om f 
 
 STR oe sare (nd Se a OD eee oo 
 
 tb altare tv fet 
 
 i . 
 
 é A | 
 
 a D IB A 
 BOCIC ODOC OLS S25 
 
 ax 
 > 
 
 { 
 
 ¢ 1, BISHOP PLACING RELICS IN THE ALTAR (fo. 46). 
 
 BROOKE PONTIFICAL,— 
 nu 2. PROCESSIONAL ENTRY FOR THE DEDICATION MASS (fo. 50). 
 
Archaeologia. 
 
 Vol. LIV. Pl. 2 
 
 en 
 
 1 nace wofiemins. fiat ft 
 onacarun. ch fite 
 
 ff 1, BLESSING AN ABBESS OF CANONESSES (fo, 924). 
 
 BROOKE PONTIFICAL,— 
 Le. VESTING A BISHOP-ELECT (fo. 115). 
 
On a M8. Pontifical of a Bishop of Metz of the Fourteenth Century. 11 
 
 masterly draughtsman. One of the most interesting is on fo. 115 (Plate XXXVI., 
 fig. 2), where the bishop elect is seated on a faldstool, and three clerks are putting 
 on his buskins.*. Drawn over his head is seen the almuce (almutium), which is 
 seldom or never represented as worn in that manner in England. But in French 
 art canons are often so distinguished, as for example in the Liber Regalis of 
 Charles V. of France, dated 1365, where one of the canons of Rheims in the 
 procession which meets the king at the entrance of the cathedral church is so 
 vested.” In Scotland, too, this mode of wearing the almuce may be seen at 
 St. Machar’s, Aberdeen, where several effigies of canons vested in chasubles have 
 the almuce drawn over their heads. 
 
 Other pictures show the metropolitan (who in the last eight is represented as 
 wearing the swper-hwmerale) performing the acts of laying hands on the head 
 of the bishop-elect (fo. 117), anointing his head (fo. 123) and his hands (fo. 127), 
 giving the ring (fo. 129, Plate XXXVIL., fig. 1), the crosier (fo. 130), the book of the 
 gospels (fo. 131), and the mitre (fo. 136 b). Perhaps the most interesting is that 
 on fo. 182 b (Plate XXXVII., fig. 2), which shows the bishop making the offering 
 of bread, wine, and candles to his metropolitan, whilst at the same time he kisses 
 his extended hand.° The newly consecrated bishop, who is kneeling, has the linen 
 band still wrapped round his head which was placed there before the unction of 
 his crown. 
 
 Having now rapidly reviewed the general contents of the book, we must, before 
 parting with it, pay some attention to its purely ornamental features. The initial 
 letters and borders are of singular beauty and great interest. The large initial 
 letters are sometimes filled with scroll patterns of most intricate design ; at other 
 times they are filled with shields of arms now erased, whilst many of them are 
 historiated with subjects illustrating Pontifical ceremonies. But in the lower 
 margins the artist felt himself at liberty to indulge his exuberant fancy by 
 pictures and caricatures of the life around him, and by the creation of legions of 
 delightful animals who gravely mimic the doings of mankind. We cannot help 
 feeling that the bishop who had this book held before him must have been more 
 
 * This has been already figured and commented on by Dr. J. Wickham Legg in his paper on 
 “The Black Scarf of Modern Church Dignitaries and the Grey Almuce of Mediwyal Canons,” in 
 Transactions of the St. Paul’s Ecclesiologica) Society, iii. 48. 
 
 9 Ys 
 
 > British Museum, Cott. MS. Tiberius, B 8, fo. 43. 
 
 * The rubric is as follows: Deinde cantetur offertorium . et dum cantatur offertorium . consecratus 
 offerat consecratort duos magnos panes . et duas fialas uini . et duos magnos cereos . et consecrator oblata 
 ry E J Y 
 
 lewiter tangat. Facta autem oblatione consecratus osculetur manum consecratoris. (fo. 132). 
 
ee ee — - —— ———OO : ———Se 
 
 12 On a MS. Pontifical of a Bishop of Metz of the Fourteenth Century. 
 
 than human if his eye did not sometimes wander from the matter of the text to seek 
 refreshment in these charming pictures of the animal world turned topsy-turvy. 
 The scenes taken from everyday life are drawn with great spirit. Amongst 
 them may be noticed a fox carrying off a cock, while two half-clad peasants are in 
 { pursuit, the man witha pitchfork and the woman with a distaff (fo. 1b). Then we 
 have brought before us the sports of the period in games of bowls (fo. 108), walking 
 on stilts (fo. 116), a game resembling “ hot cockles”’ (fo. 98), bear dancing (fo. 92), 
 and numerous scenes of hawking and shooting birds. Sometimes we find fables 
 such as that of the fox and the crow (fo. 87), or such legends as that of the 
 un: orn (fo. 81b and 131 b). 
 But perhaps the humour of the artist is seen at its best in those pictures of 
 i" the animal world in which hares are the leading actors. Of the one hundred 
 and five historiated borders the hare appears in no less than forty-eight. In 
 one picture only does the hare appear as the persecuted victim of the lords of 
 creation, viz. on fo. 77b, where a man is carryimg a dead hare over his shoulder. 
 { In all other cases the hare meets man on terms of equality, and either engages 
 | in the ordinary occupations and amusements of life, such as playing the organ 
 | (fo. 79 b, Plate XXXIX., fig. 3), dancing to music (fo. 115), and so on,,or at 
 other times he wages warfare against his hereditary enemy, and the tables are 
 ' nearly always turned and the hare comes off victorious. The great scene of all is 
 | an attack on a castle, which is planned and carried on by valorous hares in accord- 
 ance with the methods of medizval warfare (fo. 41, Plate XXXIX., fig. 4). Of the 
 knights defending the castle, one is armed with a cross-bow and another is hurl- 
 ing a stone. The attacking party consists of five hares; one is using the cross- 
 bow, another is working with a pickaxe at the foundations of the castle, another 
 still more valiant is climbing the scaling ladder, while a fourth is working an 
 il engine for throwing stones. One hare only has paid the penalty of his rashness, 
 i and is lying on the ground crushed by a stone, whilst his fore-paws, united in the 
 act of prayer, show that the hares combined piety with their valour. 
 A good example of a judicial duel is given on fo. 104b. (Plate XXXVIIL., fig. 4), 
 the combatants being a man anda hare. The former is clothed in a close-fitting 
 | dress, which leaves the face, hands, and feet bare. Hach of them is armed with a 
 spiked club and a pointed shield, suited for attack as well as for defence. 
 * For an interesting account of combats of this kind reference may be made to a paper by 
 Mr. R. L. Pearsall, in “Some Observations on Judicial Duels, as practised in Germany” (Archao- 
 logia, vol. xxix. 348). The combat in the Brooke Pontifical may be compared with the plates which 
 
 illustrate this paper, especially with Plate xxxv., fig. 1. 
 
1b, MOOV Ils 
 
 Vol, LIV. 
 
 Archaeologia. 
 
 m0 
 
 oe 
 
 320). 
 
 (2. BISHOP OFFERING BREAD, WINE, AND CANDLES (fo. 1 
 
 ( 1. GIVING THE RING TO A BISHOP (fo. 129). 
 
 BROOKE PONTIFICAL.— 5 
 
Archaeologia. Vol, LIV. Pl. XX XVIII. 
 
 é ue ie affitis. wmus optans. att 
 Meo fiyplicacconibs nntis? ee hut tmus 
 > wu s fit eft. ae flulla 
 
 BROOKE PONTIFICAL.~ORNAMENTS OF LOWER MARGINS. 
 
On a MS. Pontifical of a Bishop of Metz of the ourteenth Century. i133 
 
 There ave many other scenes in which hares take part deserving notice, but I 
 will only direct attention to four of them. In the first, on fo. 7 (Plate XXXVIII., 
 fic. 1), a hare armed with sling and staff is about to attack an armed knight, who on 
 the pennon of his spear has a white snail on a red field for his armorial bearings, 
 the group being evidently a parody of David and Goliath. In the second, on 
 fo. 79 (Plate XXXIX., fig. 5), a hare is carrying off her two young ones in 
 swaddling clothes, whilst a tailor holding a pair of shears seems anxious to 
 exercise the instrument of his craft upon their skins. Im another (fo. 48, 
 Plate XXXIX., fig. 6) two hares are leading off to their dungeon a man they have 
 captured, whose abject terror is shown by the way in which his hair literally stands 
 on end. And lastly there is one in which the tables are turned upon mankind as 
 completely as possible, for two hares have caught a man and are engaged in 
 skinning him; one hare holds down his head, the other has already disengaged 
 the skin of the man’s right foot (fo. 74, Plate XXXIX., fig. 7). 
 
 Next to the hares the monkey is a favourite actor in these scenes, and appears 
 some dozen times. The monkey simply performs ordinary human functions; 
 sometimes he is spending his time in frivolous amusements, such as bird-catching ; 
 but more often he is engaged in the grave exercise of the profession of doctor of 
 laws or of medicine. In one case he is seated with a doctor’s cap on his head 
 lecturing to an attentive class of his own fellow-species (fo. 76, Plate XXXIX., 
 fig. 8); and in others he is practising the healing art. The patient in one case is 
 a dropsical man supported on crutches (fo. 25, Plate XXXIX., fig. 9); and in 
 another a stork holds up its left foot for the monkey to feel its pulse, whilst the 
 latter carefully scrutinizes the glass containing the bird’s urine before giving his 
 diagnosis of the case (fo. 81, Plate XXXIX., fig. 10). With this physiological 
 absurdity we must conclude the notice of the grotesques. 
 
 The pleasant duty remains to me of expressing my deep obligation to Mr. 
 Thomas Brooke for his great kindness in allowing this precious MS. to remain in 
 the Society’s keeping for a lengthened period, in order to facilitate its full 
 examination. Jam also much indebted to Mr. W. H. St. John Hope for his 
 advice in selecting the pictures which have been photographed, and for much help 
 and encouragement whilst engaged in the preparation of this paper. To him also 
 the Society owes a debt of gratitude for his good offices in inducing Mr. Brooke 
 to allow this MS. to be brought to London. 
 
14 On a MS. Pontifical of a Bishop of Metz of the Fourteenth Century. 
 
 LIST OF PLATES. 
 
 XXXI. Watching the relics (fo. 1). 
 XXXII. 1. Procession with the relics (fo. 50), 
 2. Bishop knocking at the church door (fo. 11). 
 XXXIIT. Bishop writing the alphabet on the church floor (fo. 14). 
 ] XXXIV. Bishop anointing the altar (fo. 31d). 
 
 XXXYV. Bishop placing relics in the altar (fo. 46). 
 
 AN 
 2. Bishop hallowing the church door (fo, 43). 
 Ik 
 2. Processional entry for the dedication mass (fo. 50). 
 XXXVI. 1. Blessing 
 2. Vesting a bishop-elect (fo. 115). 
 XXXVII. 1. Giving the ring to a newly-consecrated bishop (fo. 129). 
 
 3. A newly-consecrated bishop offering bread, wine, and candles (fo. 132b). 
 
 Bang 
 
 an abbess of canonesses (fo. 926). 
 
 XXX VIII. Ornaments of lower margins: 
 1. Illuminated initial and parody on David attacking Goliath. 
 2. Illuminated initial. 
 3. Combat between a dog and a hare, mounted on men’s shoulders 
 4. Judicial duel between a man and a have. 
 
 XXXIX. Scenes from lower margins : 
 
 1. Knight attacking a snail. 
 2. Knight’s farewell before going forth to attack a snail. 
 
 i 3. Hare playing upon a pair of organs. 
 
 4. Hares attacking a castle. 
 
 5. Tailor threatening a hare and her young. 
 
 6. Hares leading a man to prison. 
 
 I 
 
 . Hares skinning a man. 
 8. Monkey lecturing his class. 
 9. Dropsical man consulting his leech. 
 
 10. Stork consulting a monkey-doctor. 
 
 i Nore.—All the pictures are full size except that shown on Plate XXXIII., which is slightly 
 
 reduced. 
 
 ey 
 hol 
 
XXXIX. 
 
 Pl. 
 
 Vol, LIV. 
 
 Archaeologia. 
 
 10. 
 
 BROOKE PONTIFICAL.—SCENES FROM LOWER MARGINS. 
 
I