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pain is one great open-air museum containing the cultural wealth of the most 
 S varied epochs and peoples. On the walls of the Altamari cave is blazoned that 
 
 much admired steer painted thousands of years ago by men of the Ice Age. In 
 Barcelona stand the fantastic buildings of neo-Castilian present-day art. Celts, lberians, 
 Romans, Carthaginians, Moors and Goths have fought and struggled for supremacy in 
 Spain. Of all this the stones tell us to-day. They are the chronicles. They relate of 
 bitter strife; of the culture and art aspirations belonging to times gone by. Much has 
 vanished into dust and ruin. That which has survived time’s fretting tooth serves as a 
 giant bridge to lead us back to the past. 
 
 Fate was kind enough to let me spend five years in Spain. Caught there by the 
 war while engaged in studies, | was cut off from home. | made use of my involuntary 
 stay to become acquainted with the country in its furthermost corners. | roved to and 
 fro from the pinnacles of the Pyrenees to the shores of Tarifa, from the palm forest of 
 Elché to the forgotten Hurdes inhabitants of Estremadura. 
 
 On all my lonely wanderings | was accompanied by my faithful camera: we covered 
 over 45000 kilometres together in Spain. We kept our eyes open diligently. | say we, 
 for in addition to mine was a precious glass eye in the shape of the Zeiss lens. Whereas 
 my eyes only made me the intellectual recipient of what we saw, that of my travelling 
 companion made it a pictorial permanency. | took over 2000 photographs during our 
 peregrinations. This volume only presents a small selection. It was not easy to make 
 the final choice. Many a picture had to be omitted to which | was attached, either for 
 its peculiarity or its character. 
 
 l went at no one’s instigation through Spain but that of my own in search of the 
 beautiful. | was not guided by any constraining professional principles. Beautiful art 
 treasures, geographical peculiarities, enchanting landscapes, interesting customs that 
 attracted my attention were retained by my camera. | followed the same lines in making 
 my selections for publication. 
 
 1 entitle this volume “Picturesque Spain’. Much will be unknown to many. | begin 
 however with a spot famous throughout the world. — And yet | was bound to. Like 
 the pilgrim who is drawn to the fabled Fontana Trevi once he has drunk of its waters, 
 so too was | drawn again and again to Granada in my wanderings. | believe too that 
 | have succeeded in presenting the Alhambra from one or two new points of view. Who 
 indeed could exhaust this well of beauty? 
 
 Nor could | pass heedlessly by Cordoba, Seville and Toledo, for these towns are 
 starting points. — Finger-posts to unknown Spain. Without these monuments of ancient 
 times, those parts of Spain situate far from the high-roads remain an almost insol- 
 vable riddle. 
 
 My pictures must speak for themselves. Those who know how to ask them will 
 find that they tell much. For this reason | shall limit myself to but a few introductory 
 words. They serve to connect the known with the unknown; to throw light on the paths 
 along which | journeyed in Spain. 
 
 Vil 
 
Granada! Thy name is music; a joyous chord of beauty} To pass the spring 
 within thy gateways is to walk the heights of life. 
 
 Spring has cast a shower of blossoms over the town and woven a delicate green 
 carpet around the Alhambra. How many many centuries has it not worshipped thus 
 yearly at the feet of the castle? Long ago passionate Moorish women decorated their 
 raven hair there with rosy almond blossoms. — lt is long since that the glory of those 
 days has departed. Perhaps this is why the castle walls look down so sadly at the beauty 
 of this blissful vernal soil. 
 
 Bidding defiance in the grandeur of their strength the towers of the Alhambra arise. 
 Their fiery red lights skywards like the flames on giant altars.*) 
 
 Is it possible that these massive cyclopean walls should hide a fairy-land? 
 
 Impatiently we climb the castle mount. Reaching an old stone gateway ornamented 
 with pomegranates, the noise of the streets is left behind as we enter a yew grove 
 whose ancient giant stems are ivy~grown; blue myrtle covers the ground, the lights 
 gleam golden through the foliage, the wind murmurs among the branches, nightingales 
 sing in the boscage, swallows dart twittering over the tree tops, water hurries babbling 
 down the hilly slope. | 
 
 All this seems like a miracle in Spain so poor in forests. It is as though another 
 world had opened its gates. , 
 
 The great Gate of Judgment is passed, and an inconspicuous door leads to the 
 Court of the Myrtles. Here one feels surrounded by the spirit of the Orient. Delicate 
 jasper and alabaster columns support the airy arches which are swung like lace veils 
 from arcade to arcade. The emerald-green waters of the fountain gaze dreamily skywards 
 and at all the bright beauty of the scene. 
 
 Then there is the Court of the Lions, subject of so many songs, with the filigreed 
 architecture of its covered walks. Enchanting in its delicate tracery and beauty, it is a 
 fairy-tale, a poem in stone infinitely rhythmic with music. And indeed, music 1s the only 
 language that can render such beauty. 
 
 The magnificent halls are full of a wealth of ornamentation. The walls are rainbow- 
 like with the colours of Persian carpets and Cashmere shawls. Arabic inscriptions are 
 scrolled along these labyrinths of colour, praising in exalted words the mystic beauty 
 of the halls. One runs joyously: “God has filled me with such a plentitude of beauty 
 that even the stars stay in their course enchanted to gaze on me.” 
 
 Once beautiful sultanas looked out from the “Seat of Admiration’” (as the Arabs 
 called that jewel of the Alhambra, the Mirador de Daraca,) into the pretty garden filled 
 with the heavy scent of roses, jasmines and oleanders. A swaying mass of tangled climbing 
 plants are festooned from laurel to cypress, and from cypress to orange-tree. In the 
 middle there is a marvellously delicate fountain basin from the edges of which the water 
 slides and drips with tuneful sound as if it fain would tell of long forgotten beauteous days. 
 
 We leave the glittering fairy-palace full of memories of the Arabian Nights, and 
 our lips whisper the wish of the Arabic poem writ over a little niche: 
 
 “May Heaven’s blessings rest upon these castle halls 
 As long as pilgrims wend their way to Mecca’s walls!” 
 
 Nay, as long as clouds sail the skies, and seekers after beauty rove on earth} 
 
 This is the mood one is in when climbing further up the mountain to the Moorish 
 summer palace, the Generalife. 
 
 We are met, as it were, and shown the way by a double row of slim black-green 
 cypresses — dark trees of silence. 
 
 *) Vide pictures I—22, 25. Bracketed figures in the text refer to the respective views. 
 
 Vill 
 
The Generalife is enthroned far up on the heights, and embedded in terrace-shaped 
 gardens. 
 
 The gardens! In them nature has enfolded all her abounding wealth of colour. 
 Crimson~ramblers, wistarias, vines and ivy smother the walls. Mangolias, oleanders, 
 almond trees, laurels, cypresses, araucarias, olive trees, agaves, palms and mimosa vie 
 with one another for precedence. Flaming pomegranate blossoms, blood-red roses, violet 
 mallows, blue fleurs-de-lis, white jasmine, yellow narcissi, and golden oranges in dark 
 green foliage are a riot of colour. Ball shaped myrtles surround the little fountain, 
 listening to the babbling of its silver waters, and in the twigs the song of birds greeting 
 nature in her holiday garments. 
 
 Wondrous peace broods o’er this land. Through trees and halls and wall arches 
 there is a magnificent view of the Alhambra and the multi-coloured houses of the town 
 at its feet, and further on to the picturesque Albaicin, and over cactus-grown Sacro- 
 monte with its gypsy cave~dwellings, and still further to the snow-capped Sierra Nevada. 
 Another glance shows the fertile plains of the Vega through which the clear waters of 
 the Genil flow. 
 
 However full of radiant happiness the day may have been, it is outshone by the 
 sinking sun casting a golden halo over the country-side. The walls of the Alhambra, 
 once so fiercely fought for, stand forth as though dipped in blood. The distant moun- 
 tains glitter golden-bronze, and the snowy sides of the Sierra Nevada scintillate in flames. 
 Slowly the fire dies down, and a chill spectral white falls upon the snow summits. The 
 eventide is there and with it the stars. 
 
 The Spaniards have coined a proud sentence: “Quien no ha visto Granada, no ha 
 visto nada!” He who has not seen Granada has seen nought! And | should like to add: 
 He who has seen Granada and the Alhambra on sunny spring days bears with him a 
 talisman to ward off sorrows in dull days, and can never be completely unhappy again 
 in life. 
 
 The Mosque, Cordova. A nation set forth to convert the world to its faith. 
 Its battle-cry in this holy war was Allah! Victory after victory was gained, till finally 
 the triumphal march of fanaticism was stopped by the opposing faith of its religious 
 adversaries. The waves receded, and the Cross triumphed over the Crescent. This 
 struggle of two faiths and two continents left indelible marks on the fields of battle. 
 
 These wars had been carried on in the name of God. Sacred edifices were erected 
 to the victor. On the ruins of the mosque arose the most beautiful cathedral in the 
 world as token of victory. Spain never would have received the impress she bears to- 
 day without those bitter religious wars. 
 
 Cordova was the jewel among Moorish occidental towns, destined to outshine the 
 sister cities Damascus and Bagdad in the far Orient. It was here that all the wealth and 
 pomp of Moorish domination was displayed. Cordova’s population exceeded a million 
 souls. It was the seat of Arabic art and profound learning; the centre of religious life. 
 The muezzin called the faithful to prayers from 3000 minarets. Cordova became a new 
 Mecca which drew crowds of pilgrims from the East to the West. 
 
 What has now become of this metropolis? A shadow! Wandering through narrow 
 streets of the town one seems to be in Cordova of a thousand years ago. The old 
 cobbled pavements are probably the same, the houses too, behind whose trellised 
 windows the harem was hidden. The old crooked, narrow and confused mass of streets 
 are still there. Once in a while a palm is seen leaning over white walls across the street; 
 open doors offer views into pleasant court-yards. 
 
 IX 
 
The Mezquita, the Mosque, stands like a dark rock surrounded by the white trembling 
 light of the sea of houses. 
 
 A wonderful gateway leads to the Orange Court. The fruit and flowers of these 
 trees perfume the air with incense. High up, backed by the blue sky, the palm trees are 
 waving in the wind. Fountains are plashing. Once they served to refresh burnoosed 
 dusty and foot-sore pilgrims come from afar to serve their God here. The faithful bathed 
 in these fountains before purifying their souls in Allah’s house. — Now the fountains are 
 perpetually surrounded by the town maidens who come to fetch a cooling draught in 
 their finely curved earthenware jugs. 
 
 The impression on entering the forest of columns that support the mosque is both 
 unexpected and overpowering. ls this not a petrified palm wood? And does not this 
 stony grove incorporate the conception of infinity? There is a mystic dusk among these 
 columns that lends to them an endless space of silence and eternity: the symbo] of belief. 
 
 It is to the credit of the victorious Christians that they did not cool their religious 
 ardour by destroying this Islamitic place of worship. It is extremely regrettable that their 
 descendants have treated this monument of Mohammedan culture with such carelessness. 
 
 The mosque became a Christian church. Where once the cry of ‘Allah illah Allah)” 
 echoed thousandfold, “Praise be the Lord!”’ is now sung. The first deed was to erect altars 
 in the door-niches. Then seventy pillars were laid low, and a choir with the High-Altar 
 erected in their stead: a church within a church. Charles V. was reluctant to give his 
 permission for these alterations. When he came to Cordova and saw what had been 
 done, he exclaimed in perturbation: “What you are building can be seen anywhere. You 
 have destroyed what was unique in the world.*) 
 
 Untouched in its pristine beauty, hidden in semi-darkness, not far from the Holy 
 of Holies of the Christian church, stands the Holy of Holies of the mosque, the Mihrab 
 or prayer-niche in which the Koran was kept. It is a jewel of Moorish art. Whereas the 
 rest of the mosque columns are connected by double horse-shoe arches, banded inred and 
 white, here the beautifully chased dentaded arches rise straight to the lovely curved dome. 
 The niche socle is white marble of lace-like texture above which a profusion of colours 
 glow: blood-red, rust brown, dark blue violet interwoven with a sublime sheen of gold. 
 Perhaps the mosaic walls and lettered scrolls upon them have in some mystical manner 
 caught the light of the thousand swinging lamps that once had cast their soft rays through 
 the dim shades of space. For six long centuries all these glowing colours were hidden. 
 Before Cordova was surrendered to the Christians the sanctuary was walled up. It was 
 only discovered in 1815. 
 
 We pass entranced along the colonnaded aisles, enthraled by the wondrous beauty 
 of this miracle in stone. It is like awakening from a fantastic dream to set foot again in 
 the blinding sun of the silent town that has become the shrine of one of the most precious 
 jewels in the world (SO—60). 
 
 Moorish scenes far from the beaten track: A burning hot day in August. — 
 The air trembles in the heat over the olive trees. The day hangs heavy in the blue vault 
 of heaven. | had been wandering for long long hours, when all of a sudden my eyes 
 were caught by a fata morgana: wafted perhaps from the coast of Morocco? No, it was 
 
 *) Cordova was taken soon after the battle of Jerez (711). Abd-ur-rahman lL. the founder of the Omaijaden 
 dynasty began to build the mosque in 785. The columns (their number is stated at between 1400 and 1500) were 
 collected from buildings in all countries: Byzantium, Rome, Carthage, Nimes, Narbonne, etc.; hence their variety of 
 form and material (marble, porphyry, jasper, alabaster). In 1235 Cordova was taken by. the Christians. The erection 
 of the choir was begun in 1523. 
 
no mirage. Impossible! Yet it did not disappear as | approached. Strange indeed was 
 the scene: houses scattered like dice over a mountain (91). 
 
 A timid lad of whom | asked the name of the spot, slunk shyly past me. My map 
 was of no assistance to me. At last | was informed that | had arrived at “la muy noble 
 y bel ciudad Mochagar, llave y amparo del reino de Granada”. ‘‘What,” | asked “this 
 hamlet still calls itself the key and guardian of the kingdom of Granada? But that kingdom 
 was destroyed half a thousand years ago when the Moors were driven from Granada.” 
 
 A miracle must have happened here that time should have remained stationary. 
 Here was the pure Moorish impress. Most of the houses are windowless. The flat roofs 
 are sometimes the road to the higher houses, and always their foot-stool. And although 
 the water of baptism has wetted the women’s hair, they pass veiled in the Moorish fashion 
 along the streets. With tucked up skirts and naked legs they step lightly along the steep 
 alleys, returning from the fountains with water amphorae. They eye the foreign trespasser 
 suspiciously and curiously. And when | requested the veiled women to let me take their 
 photographs they stared at me, for they had never even seen a camera. | showed them 
 a picture, and explained that | wanted to have theirs too. They refused. Finally one 
 girl agreed. But an old scold hurried up and beat her for her frowardness: throwing 
 herself away like that! In this Christian country | found shamefacedness and adherence 
 to the laws of Mohammed. Let no mortal body serve as an image} 
 
 An old man with whom | spoke about this incident told me that if a girl no longer 
 - veiled her face, but hid her legs, there was not much left to spoil about her. 
 
 But | was determined that | would not leave without a picture of one of the veiled 
 beauties. At last | succeeded, with the consent of the mother of one of the girls. The eye 
 of my camera winked slyly when | took my snap~shot. In thanking the girl, | held out 
 my hand, but she seemed quite taken aback, and hid her hands behind her. | pressed 
 her to shake hands. | should not do her any harm. But her mother apologized for her 
 saying: “No, she doesn’t mean to be rude, but it is not the custom in our country for 
 a girl to let a man touch her hand before marriage.” Perhaps this little incident explains 
 
 the once much-used expression employed by wooers “‘will you give me your daughter's 
 hand?” (90). 
 
 The Palm Forest of Elché (100—103). The only palm forest in Europe. 
 It numbers more than 115 000 trees, and is also a Moorish heritage. They caused the 
 water to flow to this spot from a distance of 5 kilometres in order to create an oasis 
 here in the desert — for the district is to-day little else. Palms must grow with their roots 
 in the water and their crowns in the glaring sun. For years no rain has fallen on this spot. 
 
 The view is strange from the church-tower down on white houses over which the 
 palm tops are spread like a canopy. Beyond the palm forest the grey-yellow desert plain 
 surrounds this isle of peace. In the far distance the blue ocean sleeps in proud majesty. 
 Death and life are here in close juxtaposition. 
 
 Sat 
 
 Easterin Seville. The train is rushing southwards over the arid Castilian high 
 plateaux, which in summer are as empty as a beggar’s palm. The bare treeless Mancha 
 has put on its modest spring garment which now shows in the distance like delicate green 
 velvet. A short-lived joy! In but a few weeks the scorched ground will again be covered 
 with a yellowish-gray pall. 
 
 XI 
 
At present the fresh breeze comes down from the mountains of the Sierra de Guadar- 
 rama. Scarcely, however, has the train wound its way through the wild canons of the 
 Sierra Modena, when spring opens wide her gate. A warm damp hot-house atmosphere 
 is wafted into the carriage windows. 
 
 We are soon surrounded by meadows that are like a great flower-garden in which 
 the blood-red poppy and golden-yellow primrose struggle for supremacy. Once in a 
 while a village is seen dreaming like Sleeping Beauty among the flower groves. For a 
 long stretch agaves and cacti fringe the track. Finally Seville sends forth her messengers 
 in the shape of blossoming rose-gardens and orange groves laden with their ripe golden 
 fruit. An ancient mangolia stretches a rosy blossom branch towards us, lingering on in 
 its old age in this scene so full of yearning life. Tall slim palms nod to us, and yet new 
 children of Flora crowd upon us to bring us Seville and spring’s friendly welcome. 
 
 Heedlessly the train clatters past all this beauty towards the white maze of Seville’s 
 houses, above which towers that beautiful emblem of the town, the Giralda. At last the 
 engine snorts noisily into the station. 
 
 But how different is everything to-day in front of the station. No yelling hotel 
 porters, no carriages awaiting the passengers, no electric-car with clanging bell, no hooting 
 of motor~cars.—The square is lifeless at this early afternoon hour. It is the “Semana 
 santa’, Passion-week, that has cast this almost oppressive spell of silence over the great 
 city. Even the brazen voices of the church-bells are muffled, as though that had gone 
 
 into sacred mourning. The wooden banging of the Matraca calls hoarsely to prayers - 
 
 with dry and unmelodious voice. 
 
 The further you penetrate into the town, the more the sacred holiday stillness is 
 ousted. All Seville is crowding, chattering and laughing to the Cathedral to see the 
 procession. At last you have to stop. There is no getting through the impenetrable human 
 wall. It is a strange procession that is passing by, as though conjured up from the Middle 
 Ages. Huddled figures stalk past slowly and stiffly. They appear like spectres. Old 
 pictures of witches and inquisitionary trials are recalled to my mind, for nowhere else 
 have | ever seen such terrifying apparitions; never in life. Black cowls are wrapped around 
 their bodies, and on their head are huge black conical hats a yard high. Long sable cloths, 
 in which only two eyelets are pierced, are suspended over their faces down to their 
 waists. A corded rope is wound round the penitential garments. The hands of the 
 apparitions clasp rough wooden crosses, or metal staves, as tall as themselves. These 
 figures march in front of a portable dais on which a life-like statue of the Virgin Mary 
 is enthroned clad in magnificent garments thickly encrusted with gold. — The procession 
 stops. The dais is lowered. A young woman steps from the crowd, turns her eyes to the 
 Queen of Heaven and sings her praise. 
 
 When the twenty or thirty bearers who carry the heavy dais on their shoulders, 
 and who are hidden by drapery suspended round the frame, have rested enough, the 
 signal to start is given by knocking on the front of the dais. A jerk, and the procession 
 moves on a few paces. One religious body of brethren follows on the heels of the 
 other. Each of them wear their own distinctive multicoloured badges. Some have a 
 blue pointed hat, others white, brown, violet or other coloured garments. Next to a 
 father his ten-year old son in the same vestments is often seen, as well as the miniature 
 penitent of fifteen in the procession. 
 
 The various brotherhoods are filled with an ardent ambition to outdo the others 
 in the magnificence of their Pasos as the daises are called. The whole story of the Passion 
 from Gethsemane to the burial of our Lord, is shown on them as they pass before our 
 eyes. — Of course the clergy in full canonicals, as well as the town and state officials are 
 also represented in the procession. At intervals, groups of Roman legionaries of Christ’s 
 
 Xil 
 
day apper, then angels, and St. Veronica carrying the kerchief. Interspersed bands bray 
 and flourish the same march without cess. 
 
 Each brotherhood in the procession is ceremoniously received by the chief authority 
 of the town in Constitution Square which looks like a huge theatre auditorium. It is 
 filled with rows of chairs of which not a single one is empty. The surrounding bal- 
 conies are a sea of heads. 
 
 Hour by hour passes. Night falls. And now hundreds of wax-candles blaze forth 
 on the daises, and each penitent carries a gigantic taper in his hand. Thus this endless 
 and mysterious procession of lights moves on to the cathedral, passes through its magni- 
 ficent nave, and out again through the other doors into the streets. 
 
 The cathedral has opened its treasure-house for the “Semana santa” and displayed 
 all its pomp. There are candles of the gigantic bronze candelabrum (the renowned 
 Tenebrario), and on the altar the sacred wax-candle weighing several hundredweight. 
 A huge sepulchre has been erected to the glory of Christ, in which the Holy of Holies 
 is kept during Passion week. Hundreds of lamps and candles illuminate the golden- 
 white four-storey edifice, which is over 30 metres high, and flooded with a wondrous 
 glowing halo. 
 
 The celebrated miserere of Eslava is perfomed in the cathedral on the night of 
 Cood Friday. But, alas! it is impossible to enjoy the sacred tunes owing to the general 
 noisy inattention around. Weary forms are sitting on the steps of the chapels and 
 around the grave of Columbus. Here a mother is suckling her infant, there an animate 
 heap of rags is wrapt in sleep, and all the while there is a continual pushing and elbowing 
 to get to the front. 
 
 However we must not judge of all this in the light of serious northern church festi- 
 vals. This would only lead us to drawing both severe and wrong conclusions. Perhaps 
 this manner may be an historical development. Has not our Teutonic Christianity also 
 wedded itself to much that is ancient heathenism? For instance Christmas and the winter 
 solstice festival. Much that is Moorish obtains in Spain to this day. Perhaps even 
 — unconsciously — the conception of the purpose of a place of worship. Was not the 
 mosque often enough a secular place of meeting for the Moslems, and at the same time 
 a university? However, enough of conjectures. It is a fact that the worship of the Lord 
 and the Virgin Mary is for the Spaniard a service of love. Whether the occasion be 
 Trinity or Passion week, it is one of joyful praise of Heaven. 
 | shall always remember one quiet hour permeated with the holy spirit of Easter 
 among these joyful and yet pious Easter days. — | had mounted the Ciralda, that jewel 
 of erstwhile Moorish minaret architecture, the cathedral tower. At my feet lay the white 
 sea of houses. The town was bathed in sunshine. The beautiful blue dome of heaven 
 spread its mighty arch over the holiday-making land as. though protecting and blessing 
 it. The faint music of the mass far below was wafted up to me, when suddenly a booming 
 vibration filled the air, and all the tower bells, which had been silent so long, peeled out 
 across the sunlit country: Christ is arisen! The sister bells of the other towers echoed the 
 message across the spring clad country. 
 
 The Patio (40, 42—49). It is a favourite expression to call Seville the town of 
 bright court-yards. Those court~yards which light and fill the house with sunshine. 
 The Sevillian house, or rather the Andalusian house, is not a building such as our houses, 
 fronting on the street, but one that fronts to an inner court, turning its back on the 
 street. The outsides of the houses are bare of ornament, almost windowless; a secret 
 to the passer-by. All their beauty is displayed yardwards. There wealth obtains in all 
 
 Xill 
 
its pomp, and poverty unfolds its modest ornaments. The narrow passage — the Zaguan — 
 leading from the street to the court is closed by a railed gate. The gallery — to which 
 access is gained by steps leading from the court — is supported by columns. The rooms 
 of the upper stories lead to the gallery. To cool the air there is a fountain in the middle 
 of the court surrounded by palms, araucarias, laurels, orange-trees, oleanders and flowers 
 in pots. The walls are covered with multi~coloured tiles. Against them brightly up- 
 holstered furniture, chairs, and sometimes even a piano; the inevitable guitar is in a 
 corner. Climbing plants festoon the court. 
 
 Practically this is the centre of the whole family life. Friends are received here, - 
 hours passed in argument, singing, music and dancing — whether in company or alone, 
 dreaming away the hours, listening to the plashing of the fountain, it is in the court — 
 the soul of the house — that most time is spent. 
 
 There is nothing commonplace about Spanish houses. They still retain their pecu- 
 liarity impressed on them by the patina of age. Many have tumbled down under the 
 burden of years. Many have perished; but they “perished in beauty”. The period of their 
 prosperity still lingers on in the churches and ornate fagades of desorted squares. 
 
 Toledo is the most Spanish of towns. It was once the heart of the country, pulsating 
 with the great rhythm of epic history. But its heart no longer beats. 
 
 Resting on steep granite hills above the deep Tajo valley stands the yellow-grey 
 heap of houses as though rooted in the rocks. Two gigantic bridges span the river. 
 Narrow alleys lead up hill and down dale; many cornerd and dark. The whole town 
 seems in a fighting mood. Huge gateways and towers, the houses fort-like, the doors 
 studded with heavy nails. Indeed, there is hardly a town that has seen so many battles 
 rounds its walls. Spain’s history has passed over it with heavy steps. And to-day? 
 Rent walls, ruin and silence: the town the accumulated wreckage of a thousand years 
 (139148). | 
 
 Segovia, Toledo’s sister city is similarly situated on rocks arising abruptly from the 
 plain. It is dominated by a great cathedral tower, and guarded by the well-proportioned 
 Alcazar which stands forth like a fairy castle. A miraculous building erected, one would 
 say, to brave eternity in the days when Christ was born. But otherwise Segovia is different 
 to Toledo. It is the Nuremberg of Spain, gay in its leafy setting (157—164). 
 
 There are other brave old companions-in-arms of these two veterans, dating from 
 ancient war days: circumvallated Avila (165—169), Cuenca and Albarracin with their 
 swallow~nest houses clinging to lofty crags (120, 121, 192—194), Daroca protected 
 by two mountains over which the whole of the battlemented walls have climbed (195— 
 197), Alquezar in the Pyrenees, the northern outpost of the Moors in Spain (210—212), 
 Sigiienza, Jerica, Trujillo, Caceres, Niebla, Carmona, Martos, Antequera, and many 
 bold castillos. 
 
 Ronda is the most boldly situated town lying on a high plateau encircled by a wide 
 mountain arena (62, 63). Running through the rocky plateau is a huge crevice which 
 looks as though it had been split in rage by the mighty fists of giants. 
 
 The streams thunder down in all their wild force over the boulders, hammer threaten- 
 ingly against the rocky walls, break into scintillating spray, rush round in whirlpools, 
 and hurry on their course. And in close proximity to all this turmoil, the rocky walls 
 stand unshaken in their immobility against the sky-line, an emblem of eternity cast in 
 stone by the hand of God. The rainbow in the spray has been copied by man in the shape 
 of a bridge high over the abyss joining the rocky heights upon which the town stands. 
 
 XIV 
 
Let us pass from these stubborn old battle towns to a more smiling scene: San 
 Sebastian (286 —290) known throughout the world for its incomparably beautiful situation 
 on the sea. The view from Monte Ulia, a mountain guarding the entrance to this para- 
 dise, is wonderful beyond words. Here nature has modelled and painted a masterpiece. 
 The sea hugs the land in two gracefully curved bays and catches the beauties of the 
 town in the reflection of its waters. 
 
 Cave-dwellings and the simple life. — This time | decided to leave the 
 destination of my wanderings to chance. | could have chosen no better guide. | set out 
 long before the dew was dry, or the sun had risen. The palm trees were just beginning 
 to shake themselves in the early breeze when | approached a strange rocky landscape. 
 Dark holes in the rock stared at me like dead eyes. But nevertheless life was hidden 
 there. Human forms stepped out of the holes to greet the morn. 
 
 What | saw was a towering rock wall with hundreds of cave-dwellings next to each 
 other and over each other. Some of them were even five storeys high and approached 
 from the outside (92). Where the rocks were too steep, the approaches had been dug 
 from the inside, and upper storeys created with outlook holes and loggias high up in 
 the rocks. Tunnels had been cut in the soft stone to get from one rock valley to the other. 
 
 The children were running about in the costume God had given them. But it is not 
 to be supposed that they were troglodytes, and as unaware of culture as those who 
 lived in the ice period. High on the rocks you can read in large black letters on a white 
 background “El Retiro”. 
 
 Every Spaniard knows, at least by name, Madrid’s beautiful park the Retiro. For 
 this reasons it seems somewhat of a joke to suddenly come across the name in such a 
 spot far up on the rocks. El Retiro, like Sanssouci, means solitude, retreat, place of rest. 
 An enterprising hotel-keeper has levelled his portion of rocks into roof-terraces where the 
 favourite gossip hour (tertulla) is spent, skittles played, and merry dances performed. 
 Hence the alluring words on the wall for the benefit of passers-by. On another rock is 
 graven the brief significant inscription: “Dios, Pan y Cultura” (God, Bread, and 
 Culture. 92—95). | 
 
 During the course of another stroll | was again equally surprised. | saw smoke 
 arising in the distance from ground that looked like fantastic mountain erosions. Surely 
 this was not the site of volcanic activity? Indeed this was out of the question. And on 
 drawing nigh | discerned human figures moving among the columns of smoke. | then 
 saw to my astonishment that little smoking towers — not unlike champagne corks in 
 shape — were chimneys projecting out of the ground. | had again strayed among cave~ 
 dwellers. What Homeric primitiveness was there! The valleys are the streets, the mountain 
 sides the fronts of the houses, the pinnacles villas. Front gardens are once and a while 
 supplied by giant cacti and spiky agaves. My wanderings in this interesting world~ 
 forgotten primitive spot lasted for hours as | passed up and down the so-called 
 streets (96—99). 
 
 My greetings were met with a cheerful response, and | was invited to enter a cool 
 cave, provided with a drink of fresh water, and shown the treasures of the modest 
 household: the bed on the ground, the hearth with a copper kettle, the earthenware 
 pitcher, the stool, the oil-lamp and the image of the patron saint. 
 
 “Now as to work?” | asked. “Well we don’t do too much in that way. We culti- 
 vate what we need over there where the river runs. We make bricks for the towns 
 where the people live in houses.” — Truly a picture of an enviable state of modest 
 
 XV 
 
requirements. There are still those who are satisfied with the tub of Diogenes. Indeed you 
 may find many such all over Spain. | remember when at a little railway station finding 
 only a lad deep in his after-dinner nap. For the rest, there was no one else to take my 
 luggage, so | woke him up and asked him to help me. He stretched himself in all the 
 bliss of laziness, took a couple of coppers out of his pocket, and showing them to me 
 said: “I’ve earned 22 centimos to-day already; that’s all | need,” turned over, and went 
 to sleep again. | continued on my way recalling the words of the Indian philosopher: 
 “He who is without wants in nearest to God.” 
 
 There is no cause to shrug one’s shoulders. Diligence and happiness are but relative 
 conceptions. And just the poorest in Spain understand the art of doing nothing combined 
 with extracting joy from next to nothing. They need a little shade in summer, and the 
 sunshine in winter; a piece of bread, a tomato, a drop of wine. The whole earth with 
 the sky for a roof is their bed-room; the highroad their field of labour. There is no 
 master they would exchange positions with; they are their own masters; masters of their 
 own time — verily a great possession this. Why then should they not spend it 
 generously? “He whom God helps will go further than he who rises betimes“ runs a 
 Spanish proverb. And the Bible tells us: “Behold the fowls of the air: for they sow not, 
 neither do they reap, nor gather into barns; yet your heavenly Father feedeth them.” 
 
 Feria in Septilveda. — A bull-fight. There is high holiday in Sepulveda, 
 (172, 173) an ancient little town far from the turmoil of the great world, and far even 
 from the railroad, which indeed is nearly 100 kilometres away. The feria is the greatest 
 day of the whole year. Men and women crowd into the place on horses and donkeys. 
 Old friends meet again. Once more they see ‘life’. Above all it is the bull-fight that is 
 the greatest attraction. It has been for weeks already the only topic worth speaking 
 about. As however our little town has no arena, the market-place is used instead. All 
 day the lively rat-tat of hammers is heard there. The windows of the picturesque dignified 
 old town-hall gaze smilingly down on the lively scene. At last there is really something 
 worth looking at again. Another long tedious sleepy year has gone by. 
 
 There is hardly any one who does not go the hour’s walk outside the town to ad- 
 mire the bulls which have come from a long way off, and for the present are being 
 kept at pasture. 
 
 When the great day has come, every one is up with the sun. The arrival of the 
 savage animals is feverishly expected. The bravest show their courage by going forth 
 to meet the procession. 
 
 A cloud of dust on the highway announces its approach. And finally forms emerge 
 from it. At the head a picador on horseback with a lance, behind him the black bodies 
 of the bulls surrounded by tame steers, and followed by a second picador. As they 
 rush through the narrow streets to the market-square a mighty cry goes up: “Los toros} 
 Los toros!” Shouting, whistling, howling, yelling, and a general pandemonium rends 
 the welkin. 
 
 Finally the bulls are secured, and it is only in the afternoon that the longed-for 
 hour arrives. 
 
 The forenoon has its own pleasures. Young men demonstrate their daring by teasing 
 a young bull specially selected for the purpose, and earn acclamation or mocking 
 laughter as the case may be. These young heroes try to put into practice what they 
 have seen at the Torero; only it is less dangerous. No blood is shed, only torn trousers 
 and bruises are the honorofic mementoes of the great day (174, 175). 
 
 XVI 
 
My thoughts naturally harked back to the first bull-fight | had seen — in Madrid. 
 The impression was stupendous: fifteen thousand gay spectators in the great sweep of 
 the arena all impatient for the nerve-racking fight to begin. The arena was filled with 
 the babble of voices. It was a chaos of colours, cloudy lace mantillas, flower-em- 
 broidered shawls, fans swaying nervously, jet-black glowing eyes. — Shouts of applause 
 greeted the bull-fighters. Yells saluted the great bull as he rushed in. The game was 
 a risky one for life or death. Deeds of audacity were met with idolatrous cheers, the 
 timid with desolating laughter. All of a sudden a coloured form is tossed into the air. 
 A single scream from a thousand throats. — “Is he dead?” “No?!” A sigh of relief. — 
 “Go on!” — The condemned bull is mad with rage, his opponent cold as steel. He 
 wields the mortal instrument, the sword flashes, and a hurricane of applause bursts forth 
 for the victor and his tottering victim. White handherchiefs flutter from every seat like 
 pigeons. Hats are waved, a shower of flowers descends, and the féted hero returns 
 thanks, nonchalent and proud. — The trumpets blare and a new fight begins (125, 126). 
 
 Crossing the Picos de Europa. — Masses of high mountains with peaks 
 about 2700 metres high rises among the Asturian Cantabrian coast range. They bear 
 the proud name of Picos de Europa (The Peaks of Europe). They are the Dolomites 
 of Spain. But they exceed these considerably in inaccessability. 
 
 Tourist facilities in Spain are of a very primitive nature. For this reason there are 
 no shelter huts for mountaineers in the Picos de Europa, and there are likewise no trained 
 guides. There are it is true some game-keepers. Shepherds and miners acquainted with 
 individual parts of the mountains act once in a while as guides. 
 
 | had been at the gateway of the Picos de Europa when at Covadongo the cele- 
 brated place of pilgrimage. Since then the desire had never left me to become 
 acquainted with this demure mountain beauty so alluring and yet so stand-offish in her 
 loneliness. Thus | started for the mountains. 
 
 My path led me from Unquera through the Deva valley to Potes at the foot of 
 the Picos. | very soon noticed that my task would be no easy one, for shortly after 
 leaving Panes the track winds through a mighty and deep valley known as the Desfiladero 
 de la Hermida. My reception was not a friendly one. The rocky guardian of the valley 
 looked down and frowned at me, and the sky treated me at intervals to a cold 
 shower-bath. 
 
 In Potes the clouds were low down on the mountain sides on which | was going to 
 test my prowess the next day. But | was so enchanted with the spot, that | willingly 
 renounced the view for that day. 
 
 The little town is a very ancient spot. It must once have been the seat of many a 
 knightly family. This is attested to by the various Spanish coats of arms on the houses. 
 But those times are now no more. Where once Spanish grandees strutted by with 
 buckled shoes and sword, clodhopping peasants plod along. And the present generation 
 is hardly aware of the plentitude of beauty surrounding it. Bold bridges span the glen. 
 Narrow collonades with overhanging balconies cling to the steep river bank. A multitude 
 of archways offer innumerable enchanting glimpses. A high watch-tower guards the 
 houses clustering at its base. 
 
 Before the sun had rissen on the morrow | had sed out. Dark and dismal-looking 
 clouds hung low over the landscape. But the Picos pinnacles had rent them asunder, 
 and suddenly they stood forth in the glory of the rising sun. Dark night lay behind me 
 as | marched towards the sunlight. 
 
 XVII 
 
My guide met me by arrangement at Espinama. He was a grey-headed man with 
 weather-beaten face and smiling eyes. His feet were clad in leather sandals, and under 
 his arm was an ancient umbrella. We soon discussed the itinerary, filled our rucksacks 
 and started for the Puerto de Aliva. The old song came back to me: — 
 
 The sun on my way 
 
 In his golden aray 
 
 ls my fellow and guide. 
 He casts my shadow 
 O’er flowery meadow. 
 l wander world-wide. 
 
 As we passed on our way, the houses of the village became smaller and smaller. 
 We soon left the last tree behind, and our path led over sweet green slopes, till they too 
 were lost under the stony debris of rocky giants. There was a hunting-lodge close to 
 the foot of the Pefa vieja cliff which the king of Spain visits nearly every year when 
 chamois hunting. 
 
 The day drew slowly to its end. Great streamers curled round the Peja vieja, pale 
 shadows floated by like silver grey cobwebs, and the mist rose and fell with every breath 
 of wind. The billowing fog had already wrapped us in its mighty veil when we reached 
 the miners’ inn at Lloroza. An overseer invited us to spend the night there. And we 
 were right glad to find shelter, in spite of the fact that both the hut and its furniture 
 looked like the first attempts of primitive man to scale the ladder of civilization. The 
 night we spent on the hard ground was not a very restful one, and we were glad when 
 the approach of day called us from our layer. 
 
 When we left the hut a surprising spectacle met our eyes. The fog which had 
 deprived us of any possibility of obtaining a view the evening before now lay at our 
 feet in the valley. The summits of the mountain rose like islands in the sea of mist. 
 
 The moment had arrived when day struggled with night for predominance. The 
 full-moon’s silver disc hung in the deep blue of the western sky, and the morning star 
 held its own for a while against the rising light in the east. At last both moon and star. 
 turned to pale glass when the sun sent forth his herald rays. The horizon was tinged 
 with pink; long red streamers fluttered from the windows of heaven to greet us, and then 
 the sun rose above the misty expanse, gilded the crests, flooded the eastern pinnacles 
 with the glory of his light, and glowed on the rocky wall to which our hut clung. 
 O wonderful silence of that hour! 
 
 “A new day beckons us to other shores.” 
 
 For yet a short distance the beaten path used by the king when stalking showed us 
 the way. Then we bent our steps over pathless boulders, sharp edged rocks, mounds of 
 debris, snow-fields strewn among the stony desert with its jagged rock walls and towers. 
 
 Whole herds of chamois stared in astonishment at the strange intruders in their 
 paradise. For the rest, they showed little inclination to run away. The mountain fast- 
 ness became progressively more barren and wild in its aspect. An infinitely dismal - 
 mood seemed to brood o’er the scene. Yet the magnificence of these mountains aug- 
 mented from minute to minute. Grotesque stone giants — cast in burning ore by the 
 furnace of high heaven — stood guarding this great grave of nature. 
 
 Woe to the wanderer whose ignorant footsteps err here} Death lies in ambush in 
 the deep crevices and chasms. 
 
 At last we halted in front of the monarch of the magnificent mountain empire. 
 His throne stands high in everlasting snow; a golden crown is on his head. His picture 
 is known to all from the most distant mountain valley to the shores of the restless ocean. 
 All admire his beauty, all know his name: Naranjo de Balnes. 
 
 XVIll 
 
This huge rock colossus rises 600 metres over its surroundings. Its perpendicular 
 walls show hardly a crevice. And it seems incredible that nevertheless that bold moun- 
 taineer the Marqués de Villaviciosa de Asturia climbed to its summit. 
 
 On our wanderings round this mighty and stubborn rock tower we seemed to be 
 lightened of all earthly burdens high up there in the solitude above the depths of humanity. 
 
 We climbed up to the Ceredo tower. The rocks were as sharp as knives. Again 
 the ghostly mist rose from the valleys and whirled spectrally around us. 
 
 It was 5 o'clock and the Cares valley with Cain to where our steps were directed 
 were not yet in sight. — | asked my companion: “How far yet?’ “A few hours more” 
 was the not very consoling reply. — The mist, that enemy of mountaineers was getting 
 thicker. And ere long we could not see twenty paces ahead. The feeling of insecurity 
 grew apace. And the sensation of climbing with mist-bound eyes was terrible. Again 
 | questioned my guide. ‘Severo, is there no hut or shelter on the way?” — “1 don't 
 think so.” Once more long minutes of silent groping. At last we were, at any rate for 
 a while, rid of the stony region. Here and there a rocky projection, but it was quite 
 impossible to tell if we were not suspended on it hundreds of meters over a yawning 
 abyss. lt was impossible to see anything through that fog. And at a quarter past six it 
 was pitch dark. 
 
 Suddenly we came across a few low rough huts of unhewn stone huts sheltered by 
 a rock-wall. There at last we could spend the night. But my guide wanted to go on. 
 “Stop!” | cried. “(Can we get to Cain to night?” — “I don’t know.” “Well then we'll 
 stay here!” Suiting the action to the word, we crept into one of the huts, crouched 
 down, and slept fitfully through ten endless hours of night. But even they passed. The 
 morning meant a dangerous and nasty descent. We waded knee-deep in wet grass, 
 clambered over ledges with fog all around us. Woe to us had we slipped! Then we 
 got lost and had to stop and climb back with the greatest care. Then we slid down a 
 stony gully in which nearly every step set rocks thundering to the depths below. 
 
 At last the moist grey mist began to lift. A rift showed the bed of the valley far 
 beneath us, and, as we thought, houses. But no, we were mistaken. They were huge 
 boulders, the wreckage of some avalanche that filled the upper hollow. Down and down 
 we scrambled till finally we broke through the foggy screen. Our goal was at our feet. 
 Cain, strangely walled in by precipitous rocky cliffs rising sheer 1500 metres high. We 
 were there! And we could rest. Some bread and butter was all we could find in the 
 whole village to appease our hunger. We would gladly have rested there a day, but the 
 place was too inhospitable. We had therefore to shoulder our rucksacks again. The 
 distance we had climbed down the day before, we had to climb up again on the 
 opposite rocks of the Pefa santa. Hours and hours of strenuous efforts passed till we 
 reached the ridge. We re-descended valleywards in a drizzling rain. Lake Enol was 
 the last spot of beauty to be hidden from our view. It was there we struck the main 
 road, and then marched another 10 kilometres down to Covadonga which we reached 
 as tired as dogs. 
 
 Night had already cast her shadow over the valley, and the stars were beginning 
 to shine forth. Welcoming lights were seen burning in Covadonga. But is seemed 
 as though we should never reach them. However the prospect of a bed lent us strength, 
 and at half past eight we stumbled painfully over the threshold of a clean hospitable 
 house. | went to bed exhausted, and my restless dreams were haunted with the beautiful 
 and terrible wanderings in the Picos de Europa (266—274). 
 
 XIX 
 
My pilgrimage to the Yuste Convent (153). — | left soon after midnight, for 
 marching is delightful in southern nights when the glittering stars shed their soft light 
 from the great vault of heaven. In the south the cool night is succeeded by summer 
 days that are the misery of the pedestrian. — The hours melted by but slowly in the 
 furnace heat of the day. | was beset with all possible ills: infernal heat, thirst, and no 
 water. Not a tree or a shrub was to be seen for miles; no shade; hours without passing 
 a house; not a soul abroad; the melancholy mood that comes in the train of solitude. 
 My path was obstructed by a river — at any rate, water — but nary a bridge! So | had 
 to wade, and continue my journey. At last | spied a shepherd. What joy to feel that 
 | was no longer alone} 
 
 “ls this the right road to Yuste?” | enquired of him. — ‘Yes, but where doest thou 
 come from, and what countryman art thou?” The good fellow addressed me with the 
 fraternal tutoyer, as though we were brothers. 
 
 When he heard that | was a German he was quite surprised. He willingly agreed 
 to accompany me to the next village, and was quite curious to hear something about 
 my country.-The news of the war had penetrated to this remote part of the world. It 
 was charming to listen to the questions of this child of nature. He knew nothing of the 
 three Rs; had never seen a railway, had never left the neighbourhood of his village. 
 We soon met another shepherd on the mountain-side who was just as pleased and 
 interested as the other. And | must say, that wherever | was in Spain, all classes of the 
 population were friendly towards Germans. 
 
 It was not long before we encountered other wayfarers who joined us, for Sunday 
 enticed them into the village. My entrance was therefore almost a triumphal procession. 
 We entered the inn, ordered some wine, and sat down to a well-earned rest. When 
 | wanted to pay the landlord, he refused, telling me that Pepa had settled the bill. 
 However, this wouldn’t do. And at last he agreed to my paying on condition that the 
 next time | returned | should be his guest. They all shook hands with me most heartily 
 and | continued joyfully on my way. 
 
 At last | stood in front of the monastery gates. They were opened, and the white 
 haired abbot rode out on a little donkey, holding a green parasol over his head. | saluted 
 the venerable Father and enquired of him whether | could stay at the monastery for the 
 night. “No”, he replied, “impossible.” — Discomfited | exclaimed: “But where am | to 
 go to-day? | have travelled fifty kilometres and have come from Navalmoral.” — 
 “What, on foot? Impossible)’ “Yes, but | have. | am a German and want to see the spot 
 which the emperor Charles V. exchanged for all the crowns in the world, and where 
 he closed his eyes.”” — “You are aGerman? Of course you can’t continue your journey.” 
 
 | was most kindly and touchingly taken care of. 
 
 | was shown the monastery which had once been destroyed by the French. Decey 
 and mould have continued the work of destruction. But nature’s eternal youth triumphs 
 victoriously amongst the ruins and beautifies the decay of age. And yet this is a place to 
 think about the everlastingness of all things, of the end of all terrestial happiness. — Once 
 that great monarch who had fled from the turmoil of the world had paced these halls. 
 
 At supper, |, the infidel sat at the monks’ board and was treated like a brother. 
 
 The next morning | was awakened long hours before sunrise. A lay brother lit me 
 with a lantern through the dark and ancient park. The monastery gate swung on tts 
 hinges, the latch fell heavily, and | was again out in the world all silvery with the moon- 
 light. For a moment | stood entranced. — | heard the mass bell calling the monks to 
 prayers. And the gates of Paradise were closed behind me. 
 
 XX 
 
The last echoes. — My wanderings through Spain filled me with the joy of 
 
 life. She had become my second home. It was with a heavy heart that | left. 
 “O follow me ye southern days 
 ‘Neath colder skies and paler stars. 
 And fill my thoughts with golden rays)” 
 
 The hour of departure had arrived. — It was a wonderful moonlight night in which 
 the little Spanish steamer which was to besr me homewards sailed slowly out of Ferrol 
 harbour. The moon cast a silver bridge over the water, and along it my thoughts fled 
 back to other moonlight nights when she had often shown me the way in picturesque Spain. 
 
 The lights along the coast shone like the eyes of anxious friends looking a last fare- 
 well before darkness closed their lids. And then the little ship ploughed homeward 
 through the eternal waters with the eternal sky above us, and the old old song of the 
 waves accompanied me back to my familiar home. 
 
 And now that days and weeks of cloudy skies hang heavily over my country where 
 the sun is not so generous as in southern climes, my heart is filled with yearning for Spain, 
 with nostalgia for the sun. — Then | look at my pictures, and we hold converse together, 
 and re-live those unfettered days spent in wanderings in sun-kissed Spain. 
 
 In this volume | send forth my sun harvest. May it cast its light in the hearts of 
 many! May it tell of my love of Spain, and of my heartfelt thanks to her chivalrous 
 people for all their kind hospitality! 
 
 XX] 
 
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF NAMES AND PEAGES 
 
 Albarracin 192—194 
 Albufera 116 
 
 Alcala de Guadaira 71 
 Aldeanueva de la Vera 154 
 Algatocin 76 
 
 Alhambra 1—16, 22 
 Almazan 227 
 
 Alquezar 210—212 
 
 Andujar 44, 115 
 
 Antequera 64—66 
 Aranjuez 136—138 
 
 Arcos de la Frontera 48, 49, 72 
 Arranda de Duero 240 
 Autol 224, 225 
 
 Avila 165—169 
 
 Barcelona 200 
 Batuecas 260, 261, 263 
 Bielsa 213 
 
 Bilbao 284 
 
 Burgo de Osma 226 
 Burgos 234—238 
 Butron 277 
 Brachimafiasee 216 
 
 Caceres 83, 84 
 Candelario 252, 253 
 Cangas de Onis 274 
 Carmona 43, 70 
 Castellbé 208 
 Castellfullit 204 
 
 Cave Dwellings 92—99 
 Cenaruza 282 
 
 Cepeda 155 
 
 Chorro 73 
 
 Ciudad Rodrigo 250, 251 
 Coca 184—187 
 Cordoba 50—60 
 Cuenca 120, 121 
 
 Daroca 195—197 
 Debotes Valley 207 
 Durango 279, 283 
 
 Ecija 68, 69 
 
 Elché 101—103 
 Elorrio 285 
 Escorial 129—135 
 
 Fuenterabia 298 
 
 Gerona 202, 203 
 Granada 1—25 
 Guadalajara 178—181 
 Guadalest 118 
 Guadix 100 
 Giiejar-Sierra 77 
 
 Hermida 266 
 Hurdes 259 
 
 Jativa 111—113 
 
 Javea 108 
 
 Jerez de la Frontera 67 
 Jerica 191 
 
 La Alberca 254, 256, 257 
 Lagartera 150, 151 
 
 Madrid 126—128 
 Maladeta 219 
 Mafiaria 278 
 Manzanera 42 
 Martos 74, 75 
 Medinaceli 176, 177 
 Mochagar 91 
 Mogarraz 258 
 Mombeltran 183 
 Monte Agudo 119 
 Montserrat 201 
 
 Niebla 80, 81 
 Nuria 206 
 
 Ondarrao 276 
 Orihuela 104—107 
 Oviedo 264, 265 
 
 Pancorbo 231—233 
 
 XXII 
 
 Pasages 291—296, 304 
 Pefiafiel 182 
 
 Pefia Montafiesa 214 
 
 Pic de Aneto 217, 218 
 Pic du midi 216 
 
 Picos de Europa 266—274 
 Pontevedra 301 
 
 Potes 270—273 
 
 Pyrenees 205—219 
 
 Ronda 62, 63 
 
 Sagunt 109, 110 
 
 Salamanca 246—249 
 
 San Esteban de Gormaz 229, 230 
 San Juan de Plan 209 
 
 San Sebastian 286—299 
 Santander 275 
 
 Santiago de Campostela 300 
 Sarragoza 220, 221 
 
 Segovia 157—164 
 
 Segretal 205 
 
 Sepulveda 172—175 
 
 Seville 28—41 
 
 Sierra Nevada 79 
 
 Sigiienza 188—190 
 
 Soria 228 
 
 Tarifa 45, 46 
 Tarazona 223 
 Tarragona 198, 199 
 Toledo 139—148 
 Toro 244 
 
 Trujillo 85—87 
 Turrégano 170, 171 
 
 Valencia 114, 117 
 Valladolid 241—243 
 Vigo 303 
 
 Vuste 153 
 
 Zafra 82 
 Zamora 245 
 
Towns: 2, 4, 16, 21, 28, 62—64, 72, 74, 80, 91—99, 120, 128, 139, 157, 166, 172, 191, 192, 
 Po see2 eet 21.4 225, 220,°227,0202, 240, 2/6, 250, 25/, 290, 295, 
 
 Gateways, Towers, Fortified Walls: 5, 29, 75, 80, 81, 85—87, 143, 167—169, 186-188, 
 193, 196. 
 
 Streets, Squares: 24, 25, 31, 60, 65, 66, 75—77, 83, 85, 86, 147, 148, 154, 155, 163, 170, 
 ge sal deel Ore Oo LU 95597 198. 205,208, 209 211—215, 251—253, 247, 251, 
 253, 270—273, 278, 295, 296. 
 
 Churches, Convents, Chapels, Cemeteries, etc.: 23, 31, 41, 50—59, 66, 67, 86, 108, 
 146, 147, 152, 153, 158, 164, 165, 169, 177, 199, 220, 221, 228, 229, 234—241, 244—246, 
 260—262, 264, 265, 282—285, 300. 
 
 Squares, Public Buildings, Typical Houses: 6—15, 17—21, 30, 32, 33, 36—40, 68, 69, 
 114, 116, 117, 126, 127, 129, 130, 132, 134—137, 144, 162, 178—181, 250, 279, 280, 298. 
 
 Courts (Patios) and Gardens: 6—8, 12—15, 17, 34, 35, 37, 40, 42—49, 58, 69, 82, 90, 131, 
 138, 145, 179-181, 200, 238, 242, 243, 249, 298. 
 
 Stairways, Lattice Windows: 39, 68, 115, 144, 200, 203, 248. 
 
 Fountains: 9, 12—15, 20, 37, 49, 60, 197, 232. 
 
 Bridges: 63, 140—143, 268, 270, 274, 276. 
 
 Castles (Castillos): 1—5, 22, 70, 71, 110—112, 118, 119, 141, 161, 170, 171, 182—186, 277. 
 
 Views of Landscapes: 2-4, 21, 62, 63, 72, 73, 79, 88, 92—99, 101—107, 113, 116, 194, 
 201, 204—207, 214—219, 224, 225, 230, 260, 263, 266—269, 274, 275, 286—289, 291, 292, 
 294, 299, 301—304. 
 
 Costumes and Life of the People: 26, 27, 61, 78, 84, 90, 122—125, 149, 150, 151, 155, 
 156, 160, 174, 175, 222, 252, 254—259, 262, 281, 296, 297. 
 
 XXIill 
 
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 Patio de los Arrayanes 
 
 La cour des myrtes 
 
Granada-Alhambra 
 
 La corte dei ieonl 
 
 The Court of the Lions 
 
 L6éwenhof 
 
 Patio de los Leones 
 
 La’ cour des Lions 
 
Granada-Alhambra 
 
 La fontana del leoni nella Corte omonima 
 
 The Lion Fountain in the Court of the Lions 
 
 Der Léwenbrunnen im Loéwenhof 
 
 La fuente en el patio de los Leones 
 
 La fontaine avec \le bassin dans la cour des Lions 
 
; tenes 
 
 a ead 
 
 maser hee 
 
 Granada-Alhambra 
 
 Court of Justice : La sala della Giustizia 
 Gerichtshalle 
 
 La salle de Justice Sala de la Justicia 
 
 10 
 
Granada-Alhambra 
 
 i! padiglione di Daraxa 
 
 Bay Windows of the Daraxa 
 
 Erker der Daraxa 
 
 Mirador de Daraxa 
 
 Le pavillon de la Daraxa 
 
 1 
 
4 
 1% Kiley iam 
 
 Granada-Ainambra 
 
 The Daraxa Court ii giardino di Daraxa 
 
 Gartenhof der Daraxa 
 
 Un coin du jardin de la Daraxa Patio de Daraxa 
 
 12 
 
Granada-Alhambra 
 
 The Daraxa Court i! glardino di Daraxa 
 Gartenhof der Daraxa 
 
 Un coin du jardin de la Daraxa Patio de Daraxa 
 
 13 
 
Alhambra 
 
 Granada- 
 
 il giardino di Daraxa 
 
 In the Daraxa Garden 
 
 Im Garten der Daraxa 
 
 Patio de Daraxa 
 
 Dans le jardin de la Daraxa 
 
 14 
 
Granada-Alhambra 
 
 il cortile del cilpressi 
 
 The Cypress Court 
 
 Zypressenhof 
 
 Patio de los cypreses 
 
 La cour des cyprés 
 
 15 
 
Granada- Alhambra 
 
 View of the Albalcin from the Queens Boudoir Veduta di Albalcin presa dalla spogllatols della regina 
 Blick aus dem Putzzimmer der Kénigin nach dem Albaicin 
 
 Vue sur l'Albalcin, prise du boudoir de la reine Vista desde el Peinador de la Reina sobre el Albalcin 
 
 16 
 
Granada 
 
 Palazzo de! Generalife 
 
 Palace of the Generalife 
 
 eneralifepalast 
 
 G 
 
 Palacio del Generalife 
 
 Palais de Généralife 
 
 aA 
 
Granada 
 
 Entrance-Hall of the Generailife Ingresso nel Generalife 
 Eintrittshalle im Generalife 
 
 Entrée du Généralife Entrada de! Generalife 
 
 18 
 
RETURN 
 ~ 
 
 Granada 
 
 Colonnato nel Generalife 
 
 Colonnade in the Generalife 
 
 Sadulenhalle Im Generalife 
 
 En el Generalife 
 
 Colonnade dans le Généralife 
 
 19 
 
Granada 
 
 in the Garden of the Generalife Giardino del Generalife 
 
 Generalifegarten 
 
 Un jardin du Généralife En el Jardin del Generalife 
 
 20 
 
21 
 
 Granada 
 
 Veduta di Albaicin da un giardino de! Ganeralife 
 
 View from one of the Generalife Gardens on the Albaicin 
 
 Blick aus einem Generalifegartchen nach dem Albaicin 
 
 Vista desde un jardincito de! Generalife sabre el Albaicin 
 
 Vue sur |'Albaicin, prise d'un jardin du Généralife 
 
Granada 
 
 View of Alhambra from the Outlook Tower Veduta dell'Aihambra dalla torre 
 of the Generalife ‘del Generalife 
 
 Blick aus dem Aussichtsturm des Generallfe auf dle Alhambra 
 
 Vue sur l'Alhambra, prise du belvedére Vista desde e! Mirador del Generalife 
 du Généralife sobre la Alhambra 
 
S We es 
 
 ELLIO oS, 
 
 CL + 
 
 = a & 
 
 OM. aC Z - 
 Abe o< 
 
 Lyre core 
 
 i. 8S te we = 
 
 res 
 oe 
 
 Granada 
 
 Cristo 
 
 Capella Reale - Nel cancello é raffigurata 
 la passione di 
 
 Cattedrale 
 
 The Chathedral - The Royal Chapel-in the Railing 
 the Passion 
 
 Kathedrale - Capilla real-im Gitter die Leldensgeschichte Christi 
 
 A la Cathedrale-La Chapelle royale. 
 
 En la reja la Pasién 
 
 de Jesucristo 
 
 La Catedral -Capilla real - 
 
 Au haut de la 
 
 grille sont représentées les scénes de la Passion de 
 Jésus-Christ 
 
 23 
 
Granada 
 
 Street on the Darro Calle del Darro 
 
 StraGBe am Darro 
 
 Rue longeant le Darro Calle delle Darro 
 
 24 
 
Granada 
 
 In the Albaicin Nell'Albacine 
 
 Im Albaicin 
 
 L'Albacin En el Albaicin 
 
 25 
 
Zingara danzante 
 
 Gypsy dancing 
 
 Tanzende Zigeunerin 
 
 Gitana ballando 
 
 Danseuse Gitane 
 
 26 
 
Con Ia chitarra 
 
 Playing the Gultar 
 
 Mit der Laute 
 
 Con ta guitarra 
 
 Une Joueuse de guitare 
 
 ere 
 
Sevilla 
 General View of the Town from the Giralda Tower Veduta dalla citta dalla torre (la Giralda) 
 of the Cathedral della Cattedrale 
 
 Blick vom Turm der Kathedrale (der Giralda) Uber die Stadt 
 
 Vue générale, prise de la Giralda (tour de la catnédrale) Vista general, tomada desde la Giralda 
 
 28 
 
Sevilla 
 
 The Golden Tower and the Cathedral La torre dell’ora e la Cattedrale 
 Der Goldturm und die Kathedrale 
 
 La tour d'or et la cathédrale La torre de Oro y la Catedral 
 
 29 
 
Eps 
 H n 
 i 
 f 
 tr 
 ff 
 } 
 
 eg ONE a SPV 
 eA me 
 
 Sevilla 
 
 Detalls of the City-Hall Facade 
 
 Dettaglio della facciata del Municipio 
 
 Telistuck der Rathausfassade 
 
 Détail de la facade de I'hdtel de ville 
 
 30 
 
 Detaile de la fachada del Ayuntamiento 
 
Sevilla 
 
 The Giralda (Cathedral Tower) La Giralda (la torre della Cattedrale) 
 Die Giralda (Turm der Kathedrale) 
 
 La Giralda (Tour de la cathédrale) La Giralda 
 
 31 
 
i" 
 
 > 
 
 'p 
 
 ae 
 
 ot tet te inetemalnns Sou Coane te, 
 
 nAdadedaaedaa 
 14addedaa, ry 
 
 sorcpienemabsiemees 
 
 Sevilla-Alcazar 
 The Ambassadors Hall La Sala degli Ambasclatori 
 Gesandtensaal 
 
 Salle des ambassadeurs Sala de Embajadores 
 
 0) 
 N 
 
(My) 
 
 j 
 af, 
 
 494991 
 404994 
 yy 
 
 i) 
 4 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 COU 
 s 
 
 ay) 
 Ny 
 
 + 
 
 +, 
 OOKAL 
 ) 
 
 uy 
 
 NS 
 
 + 
 % 
 
 +6% 
 x 
 AX 
 
 * 
 1 
 
 ae 
 
 aS 
 
 ¢ 
 
 43 
 
 A 
 
 PUA EN AUAR VARS AREA 
 
 Hing 
 
 rery 
 
 a 
 
 BR) 
 
 Bas 2 
 
 Sevilla-Alcazar 
 
 La corte delle bambols 
 
 The Doils' Court 
 
 Puppenhof 
 
 Patio de las Mufiecas 
 
 La cour des poupées 
 
 33 
 
Sevilla 
 
 Ne! giardino delfAlcazar 
 
 In the Alcazar Garden 
 
 Im Alcazargarten 
 
 En ei jardin del Aicazar 
 
 Au jardin de l'Aicazar 
 
 34 
 
Sevilla 
 
 Nel! giardino dell'Alcdzar 
 
 In the Alcazar Garden 
 
 Im Alcazargarten 
 
 En ei jardin de! Alcazar 
 
 Au jardin de Alcazar 
 
 35 
 
Sevilla 
 
 La Casa di Pilato 
 
 Pilate's House 
 
 Pilatushaus 
 
 Casa de Pilato 
 
 La malson dé Pilate 
 
 36 
 
O}eIigd FP eSBD B| Sp ORed 
 
 SWOD ‘Cid IP BSBD BF] 
 
 SNBYSNIIq Wi JOH 
 
 BIWASS 
 
 Siig EP UOSjew ej SP SINEWgYjU) ANOD 
 ' ~ 
 
 SSNOW S.e}EligG Ul) NCD 
 
 Si 
 
Court Gates, Pilate’s House 
 
 Entrée de la cour de la maison de Pilate 
 
 I. br 
 
 2 
 v0 
 
 ia 
 ASS 
 
 ’ Sane 
 are NW 
 
 ~EE 
 
 Nw 
 ian 
 ys 
 a 
 
 >» of, " 
 
 & 
 
 # 
 
 i 
 
 ey 
 
 1 
 
 ys 
 
 Sevilla 
 Porta di accesso aila Corte della Casa di Pilato 
 Tur zum Hof des Pilatushauses 
 
 Portada de la Casa de Pilato 
 
 38 
 
Se 
 Be SN, Aer NO eS 
 
 = 
 
 mine 5 Ra ta 
 
 Sevilla , 
 Pilate’s House-Grille Casa di Pilato. Finestra con grata 
 Pilatushaus -Fenstergitter 
 
 Fenétre grillée de la maison de Pilate Casa de Pilato-Reja 
 
 39 
 
Sevilla 
 
 Court In Duke Alba's Palace La corte nel Cortile del Duca d'Alba. 
 Hof im Palast des Herzogs Alba 
 
 Cour Intérieure du palais du duc d‘Albe Patio en el palacio del duque de Alba 
 
 40 
 
4 
 
 Sevilla 
 
 i Convento di Santa Paola 
 
 St. Paul's Convent 
 
 Kloster Sta. Paula 
 
 Convento de Sta. Paula 
 
 Couvent de Sainte Paule 
 
} 
 : 
 
 netianiadbdmmetimidiecns ammenter nie nemenmenee 
 
 A Manzanera 
 
 In Manzanera 
 
 In Manzanera 
 
 En Manzanera 
 
 Dans la Manzanera 
 
 42 
 
Court in Carmona |) cortile in una casa di Carmona 
 
 Hof in Carmona 
 
 Une cour de maison a Carmona Patlo en Carmona 
 
 43 
 
Andujar 
 
 il cortile in una casa di 
 
 jar 
 
 Court in And& 
 
 Hof in Andujar 
 
 Patio en Andujar 
 
 Une cour de maison a Andujar 
 
 ae 
 
Court in Tarifa | cortile in una casa di Tarifa 
 Hof in Tarifa 
 
 Une cour de maison a Tarifa Patio en Tarifa 
 
 45 
 
Court in Tarifa il cortile in una casa di Tarifa 
 
 Hof in Tarifa 
 
 Une cour de maison a Tarifa Patio en Tarifa 
 
 46 
 
Court in Vejer 
 
 tl cortile in una casa di Vejer 
 
 Hof in Vejer 
 
 Patio en Vejer 
 
 Une cour de maison a Vejer 
 
ll cortile in una casa di Arcos de la Frontera 
 
 Court In Arcos de la Frontera 
 
 Hof in Arcos de la Frontera 
 
 Patio en Arcos de la Frontera 
 
 Une cour de maison a Arcos de la Frontera 
 
 48 
 
BsJSJUOIY S| EP SOdIJYW US OFeY 
 
 BiS}JUOI eB] ep SOSIY eB eSeS BUN IP ej)YOO |} 
 
 ByejUOI S| EP SOSIYV Ul JOH 
 
 BISJUCIY S| EP SOSIY & UOS;eElWW ep INOS BUA 
 
 BIS}JUOIY B| SP SOSIY U!] YNoOD 
 
 49 
 
BINDZE-W BP] ep epeyoey 
 
 RPEeYyoSO- Bep BIeIOOeZ 
 
 eseussoW Joep epessey 
 
 eqopi0D 
 
 ne SP 
 
 age ore 
 
 eenbsow Pe] ep epesey 
 
 enbsoy~-; eu} JO epeoey 
 
 5O 
 
Bynbzewy eB] us seuWN|OD 
 
 PSYSSOW PEP OUISE}zU},||]eU SUUCIOD eJep BAJes eq 
 
 esyosoy wep PIeMUEeINeS 
 
 eBqops0oD 
 
 Seenbsouw ke] Sp ineejzwy,| 2 SEUUDIODS sep sSIjJINO} eq 
 
 enbsoyw eu} UU} SULUM|OD 
 
 S51 
 
Cordoba 
 
 Mihrab Mosque -tHoly of Holies) La Moschea: Mihrab (santuario) 
 Moschee - Mihrab (Allerheiligstes) 
 
 La Mosquée: le Mihrab (sanctuaire) Mezquita - Mihrab 
 
 Ol 
 NO 
 
Cordoba 
 
 Interior of the Mosque ‘interno della Moschea 
 Moschee-Inneres 
 
 Iintéricur de la mosquée En la Mezquita 
 
 Ol 
 @) 
 
B 
 
 s 
 
 cA 
 
 wey 
 
 “4 a (aE 
 
 i AYA AY 
 
 if, 
 
 Cordoba 
 
 Mosque - View of the High Altar 
 
 La Moschea: veduta dell‘altar magglore 
 
 Moschea - Blick zum Hochaltar 
 
 Mezquita - Vista del altar mayor 
 
 La Mosquée: vue du maitre-aute!l 
 
 54 
 
RAIN: 
 
 REE 
 
 wage 
 
 ee 
 
 et eran 
 
 4 4 
 
 ate 
 
 & 
 
 padi tant se 
 
 Cordoba 
 
 La Moschea: veduta dei Coro 
 
 Mosque - View from the Choir 
 
 Blick aus dem Choreinbau 
 
 Moschee - 
 
 Mezquita - Vista desde el Coro 
 
 La Mosquée yue du choeur 
 
 SS 
 
ee 
 
 \ 
 
 a8 
 
 = 
 
 SS 
 
 Vet) 
 +, 
 
 r) as 
 MESS (re 
 HOF 5 
 
 Cordoba 
 Mosque - Capilla de St. Fernando La Moschea: Cappella di S. Ferdinando 
 Moschee - Capilla S. Fernando 
 
 La Mosquée: chapelle de Saint Ferdinand 
 
 Mezquita - Capilla de S. Fernando 
 
| 
 
 PTE RIAL TT AGH ITE T 
 
 XA PARANA AAS 
 CG 
 PILIRGILSF 
 
 Cordoba 
 
 Mosque - Capilla de St. Fernando La Moschea: Cappella di S, Ferdinando 
 
 Moschee - Capilla S. Fernando 
 
 La Mosquée;: chapelle de Saint Ferdinand Mezquita - Capilla de S. Fernando 
 
 Sil! 
 
Cordoba 
 
 La Moschea: La corte degli arancl 
 
 Mosque - The Court of Oranges 
 
 Moschee - Orangenhof 
 
 Mezqulita - Patio de fla Naranjas 
 
 La Mosquée: cour des orangers 
 
tar 
 
 Cordoba 
 
 Eremo 
 
 Hermitage 
 
 Einsiedel 
 
 Ermita 
 
 L'Ermitage 
 
eyueny 
 
 euP}UCY 
 
 ueuunsg 
 
 eqOpsoD 
 
 eUJe}UO} EU 
 
 uyeyuNnoy 
 
 60 
 
efed sweBued eied o11eD 
 
 ey6ed eyjop oyodse4j |] Jod eyVoues CUM 
 
 YONS sy USsey) 
 
 eed eB] ep WOdsue. S| uNOd SsyesseYUS SUA 
 
 WeD MEWS 
 
 61 
 
ere 
 
 Ronda 
 
 62 
 
’ Ronda 
 
 63 
 
eusnbejuy 
 
 64 
 
65 
 
 Antequera — Plaza S. Sebastian 
 
Antequera 
 
 Chapel of the Virgin of Suecour Cappella della Madonna del Buon soccorso 
 Kapelle der hilfespendenden Jungfrau 
 
 Chapelle de Notre-Dame de Bon Secours Capilla de la Virgen del Socorro 
 
 66 
 
“ 2 ‘ “ 
 BEE th Peper Hs; 
 CHER GERRI 
 q 
 
 Jerez de la Frontera 
 
 Cartuja — Cypress Court Cartuja: Il cortile dei cipressi 
 
 Cartuja — Zypressenhof 
 
 CartujJaz la cour des cyprés Cartuja — Patio de los cipreses 
 
 67 
 
Ecija 
 
 Court in the Marquis of Pefaflor's Palace La Corte nell palazzo del Marchese de Pefiaflor 
 Hof im Palast des Marqués de Pefaflior 
 
 Cour intérieure du palais du marquls de Pefaflor Patio en el palacio del Marqués de Pefiafior 
 
 66 
 
i 
 E. 
 i 
 i 
 . 
 ki 
 
 Staircase in the Marquis of Pefafior's Palace 
 
 Scala nel palazzo del Marchese de Pefiafior 
 Treppenaufgang im Palast des Marqués de Pefiaflor 
 
 Cage d'escalier au palais du marquis de Pefaflor 
 
 x 
 
 ‘ 
 
 Escalera en el palacio del Marqués de Pefaflor 
 
 63 
 
Carmona — Castillo 
 
 70 
 
Alcala de Guadaira — Castillo 
 
 Wha 
 
ae 
 Ine 
 
 MW 
 
 Arcos de la Frontera 
 
 T2 
 
Chorro 
 
 ‘= 
 
 73 
 
Martos 
 
 74 
 
Martos 
 
 TS 
 
Algatocin 
 
 US 
 
Guejar — Sierra (Sierra Nevada) 
 
 GT 
 
é e)) Pt) 
 
 NRE ER TTA en 
 
 In a Wayside inn (Sierra Nevada) In una trattoria. Sierra Nevada 
 In einer Wegschenke (Sierra Nevada) 
 
 Intériewre d'une posada (auberge) dé la Sierra Nevada En una posada (Sierra Nevada) 
 
 78 
 
BPRAGN eB1eIS eB] UD 
 
 199987 ‘BPRASN eBiusIS BIEN 
 
 Cusyoieujs}s) BPPeASY essels sep UI 
 
 BPRABN PiUdIS Be] SUBP SO4IANOI SeUBUD 
 
 (HPO WICH) BPRASN e4481G 94} UI 
 
 T9 
 
Niebla 
 
 80 
 
Niebla 
 
 81 
 
Zafra 
 
 Court In St. Miguel's Hospital Ospedale di S. Michele. |i cortile 
 Hof im Hospital S. Miguel 
 
 Cour de Ihopital Saint-Micke! Patio en el hospital de S, Migue! 
 
Caceres 
 
 83 
 
Caceres 
 
 Water - Carriers Portatrici d'acqua 
 
 Wassertragerinnen 
 
 Porteuses d'eau Mujeres con jarros de agua 
 
 84 
 
85 
 
 Trujillo 
 
 La piazza principale 
 
 Chief Square 
 
 Hauptplatz 
 
 Plaza mayor 
 
 La grande place 
 
2 
 by 
 %. 
 f 
 rE 
 
 =a 
 
 Trujillo 
 
 La porta di Santlago 
 
 Santiago Gate 
 
 Santiagotor 
 
 Puerta de Santiago 
 
 La porte Saint-Jacques 
 
 86 
 
| 
 
 Trujillo 
 
 Un’‘antica porta della citta 
 
 Sid Town- Gate 
 
 Aites Stadttor 
 
 uerta antiqua 
 
 =) 
 i 
 
 Vieille porte d'entrée 
 
 87 
 
SINPeWSsjsy Sp ins je Ue ejonYepiy 
 
 S/BUOIP|IEW Sunpewiesjsy jou PUUedeDS ip O/BeII/A 
 
 BINPeBWe13Sy-PNS U} OR 
 
 S(euC|PjieLW SunpeWesjsy,| ep SB6eI|A UN 
 
 BINpeWSssjsy UINOS u SebejiA 
 
 88 
 
(euanpewesdjsg Sp uns je ue) e}USA 
 
 (S;BPUCIPUeLY B4unNpeWeIjsy) B98}sO 
 
 (eunpewesjsag-Ppns) exUueUsS 
 
 Se/eucipjjew 
 
 NS,| SUBP SYSEANG eUun 
 
 (B4NPeBWSesjSsy YINCS) UU} 
 
 89 
 
istian persuasion who Una donna cristiana che va ancor oggi 
 
 still wear the veil in Mochagar-Vejer velata all'uso marocchino 
 ne der noch heut maurisch verschleiert gehenden Christenfrauen in Mochagar -Vejer 
 Jne des femmes chrétiennes qui vont encore voilées Mujer en Mochagar-Vejer ilevando la 
 
 4i COMme au temps des Maures d'Espagne cara tapada como las marroquinas 
 
 90 
 
JeBeyoo;, 
 
 91 
 
Cave Dwellings (Province of Almeria). None of the Caverne nella roccia (Provincia d'Almeria). Tutte le 
 caves shown in this book are prehistoric. They are caverne riprodotte in quest’opera non sono di for- 
 still escavated and inhabited mazione preistorica, ma si contina a scavarle anche 
 
 al giorno d'oggi 
 
 Hohlenfels (Prov. Almeria). Alle in diesem Werk wiedergegebenen Hdhlien 
 sind nicht vorgeschichtlich; sie werden noch jetzt gegraben und bewohnt 
 
 Cavernes dans le roc (Province d’'Aimeria). Toutes ces Cuevas en las rocas (Prov. de Almeria) 
 cavernes ne sont pas des formations préhistoriques; on 
 en creuse maintenant encore pour les habiter 
 
 92 
 
(R\WeW)Y SP ‘AC1Y) SeD01 se] US SeASND 
 
 (BYSUY,P BIOUJACIY) B}D504 BJeU GUIeARD 
 
 (BYeUTY ‘AC1d) sjeyus|UeH 
 
 (BJYSWY,P SOUJACIY) 904 Be SUBP S@UISARD 
 
 (RBYWeUUlYy JO SDUIACIG) SHuI!lemg eAeD 
 
 93 
 
Cave Dwellings (Province of Almeria) Caverne nella roccia (Provincia d‘Almeria) 
 
 Hodhlenfels (Prov. Almeria) 
 
 Cavernes dans le roc (Province d'Almeria) Cuevas en las rocas (Prov. de Almeria) 
 
 94 
 
ae 
 
 oe. 
 pa 
 Pee 
 
 te 
 if 
 
 Cave Dwellings (Province of Almeria) Caverne nella roccia (Provincia d‘'Almeria) 
 Hdhlenfels (Prov. Almeria) 
 
 Cavernes dans le roc (Province d'Almeria) Cuevas en las rocas (Prov. de Almeria) 
 
Cave Town (Sierra de Guadix) The chimneys of Una citta di caverne (Sierra de Guadix). Si vedono 
 the dwellings are seen projecting out of the rocks sorgere dal suolo | caminl! delle caverne 
 
 Hohlenstadt (Sierra de Guadix) Aus der Erde ragen die Schornsteine der Wohnhaduser hervor 
 
 Une ville souterraine (Sierra de Guadix) On ne voit Problaciédn de cuevas (Sierra de Guadix) Se ven las 
 surgir de terre que les cheminées des habitations chimeneas de las cuevas, saliendo de tierra 
 
 96 
 
: 
 ‘S 
 
 (XIPBND Sp Bis9IS) SEASND Ep UgIDRIGoOY 
 
 (X|PEND Sp eS4i4a!S) PUISASD |P BYIO 
 
 (XIPEND ep e1se\S) 
 
 IPEISUS/UOH 
 
 (XIPEND ep esis) SSUlSIISINOS SUO!}EVqQey 
 
 (XIPEND Sp B14e/S) UMO] eAeD 
 
 Q7 
 
KJDEND SP Bsidsis) SBAEND EP UgIDB\GoY 
 
 (X|DEND SP BsisseIG) SUISALD IP BHID 
 
 (XjPEND Sp B1is9IS) JPEPSUEIUQH 
 
 (xipenD 
 
 SOP BisisjS) SeusBsue}NOS SUOHSYGEH 
 
 (XIPEBND Sp SsssiS) UMOL CARD 
 
) 2 S =) SINos oneyqe 
 (XIPEND Sp eisejs) seureiseynos su Beyqeyy 
 se ] r= oO1IDeiadoO 
 (XIPBND sep B1ISIS) SPASND Sep UOJOeBIQ[od 
 
 (XIPEND Sp SIeIS) BUIBAED IP BID 
 
 (XIPBND ep B1ls9IS) UMOL BARD 
 
2 ci oieatiiinasi 
 
 ye 
 
 wy 
 “pe 
 
 adix 
 
 Gu 
 
 100 
 
In the Palm Forest of Elche 
 
 Il palmizio di Elche 
 Im Palmenwald von Elche 
 
 Elche: aux milieu des palmiers Las palmeras de Elche 
 
In the Palm Forest of Elche (A datepicker Nel palmizio di Elche (Sulla palma unm uomo 
 in the tree-top) che coglie datteri) 
 
 Im Palmenwald von Elche (im Baumwipfel ein Dattelpficker) 
 
 Elche: la récolte des dattes. (L'homme grimpé Las palmeras de Eiche 
 au sommet du palmier en détachera Jes 
 régimes de fruits) 
 
 102 
 
Evening in the Palm Forest ' tramonto nel palmizio 
 
 Abend im Palmenhain 
 
 Effet de soir Cala la tarde 
 
ihuela 
 
 Or 
 
 104 
 
BjenuyloO 
 
 105 
 
106 
 
 pT eae 
 VE Swen 
 We 
 
 a 
 Song gta 
 
 o> 
 
 Orinuela 
 
 Capanna 
 
 Huerta Hut 
 
 Huertahutte 
 
 Barraca de la huert 
 
 Barraque de la Huerta 
 
“ 
 Sse flan 
 
 eas 
 
 - 
 PER se IR aim SS 
 
 = 
 
 107 
 
 Presso Orihuela 
 
 Near Orihuela 
 
 Bei Orihuela 
 
 de Orihuela 
 
 Cercanias 
 
 Environs d'Orihuetae 
 
Javea (Denia) 
 
 Church of Calvary La chiesetta del Calvario 
 
 Kalvarienbergkirchlein 
 
 L'église du calvaire Iglesia del calvaric 
 
j Fates Pom pcr Ee 
 
 Gateway to the Mount of Calvary, Sagunt La porta del Calvario presso Sagunto 
 Tor zum Kalvarienberg bel Sagunt 
 
 Environ de Segoute: Accés et entrée du Calvalire Puerta del calvario de Sagunto 
 
 109 
 
Sagunto, Roman Castle 
 
 Castello romano 
 Sagunt, Rémische Burg 
 
 La citadelle romaine Sagunto, Castillo romance 
 
Jativa 
 
 Castle Castello 
 Burg 
 . 
 Le Chateau -fort Castilio 
 
 m1 
 
Jativa 
 
 View of the Castle Veduta del Castello 
 
 Blick zur Burg 
 
 Vue sur le Chateau -fort Vista del Castillo 
 
 2 
 
Jativa 
 
 On Mount Calvary | Calvario 
 
 Am Kalvarienberg 
 
 Le Calvaire El Calvario 
 
 n3 
 
APRALSAAALAL ARDELL L A DARA Ra ( 
 LOE OE AB I LC OEE 
 ~eor  e: 7 ; ; e ar, r 
 i EE 
 if 
 r ¢ 
 
 Gateway of the Marquis de Dos Aguas Palace 
 
 Valencia 
 
 Portale del Palazzo del Marchese de Dos Aguas 
 
 Portal des Palastes des Marqés de Dos Aguas 
 
 Portail du palais du marquis de Dos Aguas 
 
 Portada del Palacio del Marqués de Dos Aguas 
 
 114 
 
Siler, 
 
 ey ety 1G, 
 
 ~~ 
 ES, 
 
 re NS 
 
 ~ Chat 
 
 ae 
 
 Ujar 
 
 And 
 
 Una finestra con grata 
 
 Grille 
 
 Fenstergitter 
 
 Reja 
 
 Fenétre grillée 
 
 15 
 
BIDUBIE/A SP BO1ED BssjNqiv eB] ep seoBUeEg 
 
 ezue|eA Osseid Bssjngiy ip euuedeD 
 
 BIOUBIeA [eq USHNYeIEyNaQy 
 
 eiejnaiy,| EP seueges :eouUB/eA SP SUOIAUD 
 
 BfousjeA 4eeU BuEyNdiy ey} JO SHUBIG 9} USC S}]N} 
 
 N16 
 
eIauUe|eBA SP EWEN} B| ep seoBeEg 
 
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Guadalest Castile (Prov. of Alicante) Castello di Guadalest (Provincia dl Alicante) 
 
 Castillo Guadalest (Prov. Alicante) 
 
 Chateau de Guadalest (Province d’Alicante) Castillo Guadalest (Prov. of Alicante) 
 
 18 
 
Monte Agudo (Prov. de Murcia) 
 
 Mount Agudo (Prov. of Murcia) 
 
 19 
 
Cuenca 
 
 120 
 
Cuenca 
 
 121 
 
The Jerez mantilla Mantiglla Jerezana 
 
 Im Schmuck der Mantilla von Jerez 
 
 Sous la mantille (Femme de Jerez) Con la mantilla jerezana 
 
 122 
 
With the mantilia Mantiglia a meriett 
 
 Im Schmuck der Spitzenmantilla (als Hintergrund die Manton) 
 
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 123 
 
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 La Argentinita, Spain's most Argentinita, la plu celebre ballerina della 
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 Argentinita, Spaniens beruhmteste Tanzerin 
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 La Argentinita la plus célébre danseuse La Argentinita 
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 The Throne-Room in the Royal Castle La Sala del Trono nel Palazzo Reale 
 
 Thronsaal des Kéniglichen Schlosses 
 
 ta salle du tr6éne au Chateau royal Sala del Trono en el Palacio Real 
 
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 Nel Palazzo Reale El Pardo, presso Madrid 
 
 In the Royal Castle El Pardo near Madrid 
 
 Im Kéniglichen SchloB El Pardo bel Madrid 
 
 En el Pardo 
 
 Une salle du ch&teau royal d'el Pardo prés de Madrid 
 
 12 
 
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 129 
 
Escorial 
 
 130 
 
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 Court of the Evangelists 
 
 Cour des evangelistes 
 
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 Evangelistenhof 
 
 131 
 
 La corte degli evangeilisti 
 
 Patio de los Evangelistas 
 
VAR Og SELLE SIONAL TIE 
 
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 La Sala del Trono 
 
 Throne-Room 
 
 Thronsaal 
 
 Sala del Trono 
 
 La salle du tr6ne 
 
 132 
 
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 The Library 
 
 Die Bibliothek 
 
 La biblioteca 
 
 La Bibllothéque 
 
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 Sala del platino 
 
 Casa de Labrador. 
 
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 Sala de Platino 
 
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 Intéricur de la maison de Labrador 
 
 137 
 
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 The Palace Garden 
 
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 Alcantara Bridge with the Alcazar in the background !1] Ponte Alcantara e in alto, in fondo, Alcazar 
 Alcantarabrucke, Uberragt vom Alcazar 
 
 Le Pont d’Alcantara, dominé par |'Alcazar Puente Alcantara en el fondo el Alcazar 
 
 142 
 
Toledo 
 
 View through the gateway of the Alcantara Bridge Veduta del Ponte d'Alcantare dal portone del 
 Ponte stesso 
 
 Blick durch das Brickentor der Alcantarabruicke 
 
 V/ue de la porte d’entrée du pont d'Alcantara Vista tomada desde la puerta de! puente Alcantara 
 
 143 
 
Toledo 
 
 Scala dell'ospedale di Santa Cruz 
 
 Staircase in St. Cruz Hospital 
 
 Treppe des Hospitals Sta. Cruz 
 
 Escalera del hospital de Sta. Cruz 
 
 Escalier de I'hépital Santa-Cruz 
 
 144 
 
SS oh ting 
 
 Toledo 
 
 Cortile della Casa del Greco 
 
 In the court of the Casa Greco 
 
 Im Hof des Grecohauses 
 
 En el patio de la Casa del Greco 
 
 Cour de la maison du Grec 
 
 145 
 
Toledo 
 
 Loggiatto del Chiostro di S, Juan de los reyes 
 
 Cloister of St. Juan de los reyes 
 
 S. Juan de los reyes, Kreuzgang 
 
 Claustro de S. Juan de los reyes 
 
 Cloitre de St. Jean de los reyes 
 
 146 
 
che tar 
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 Toledo 
 
 Il campanile della Cattedraie 
 
 Cathedral Spire 
 
 Turm der Kathedrale 
 
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 Tour de la Cathédrale 
 
 147 
 
Toledo 
 
 148 
 
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 Costume di Lagartera (Prov. di Toledo) 
 
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 150 
 
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 Lagartera Wedding Dress (Prov. of Toledo) Veste nuziale di Largartera (Prov. de Toledo) 
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 Une noce a Lagartera (Prov. de Toléde) Traje de boda de Lagartera (Prov. de Toledo) 
 Les maries 
 
Forest Chapel Cappella silvestre 
 
 Waldkapelle 
 
 Calvaire et chapelle champétre Capilla en el bosque 
 
 152 
 
Ruins of the Cloister in Yuste Convent Rovine nel Chiostro d! Yuste 
 
 Ruinen des Kreuzganges im Kloster Yuste 
 
 Rulnes du monastére de Yuste Rulnas del Claustro de Yuste 
 
 153 
 
Aldeanueva de la Vera 
 
 154 
 
155 
 
 Prima della Corrida di tori.nella plazza del villagio di Cepeda 
 
 In the village-square of Cepeda before the bull-fight 
 
 Vor dem Stierkampf auf dem Dorfplatz von Cepeda 
 
 Antes de la novillada en la plaza de la aldea de Cepeda 
 
 Avant le combat de taureaux sur la place de Cepeda 
 
Segovianian shepherd Pastore segoviano 
 
 Segovianischer Hirt 
 
 Un berger ségovien Pastor segoviano 
 
 156 
 
BIAODEG 
 
 157 
 
Segovia 
 
 The Cathedral La Cattedrale 
 Kathedrale 
 
 La Cathédrale La Catedral 
 
 158 
 
159 
 
 Segovia 
 
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 The Roman Aqueduct 
 
 Rémischer Aquaédukt 
 
 El acueducto romano 
 
 L'aqueduc romain 
 
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 Segovianischer Bauer, im Hintergrund der Alcazar von Segovia 
 
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 160 
 
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 La porta di S. Vicente 
 
 St. Vicent Gate 
 
 Stadttor S, Vicente 
 
 Puerta de S. Vicente 
 
 La Porte Saint-Vicent 
 
Avila 
 
 The Cathedral apse. The strongest fortified tower of the L'Abside della Cattedrale serve di potente torre di 
 town with sheltered passages and machicolations difesa, munita di cammino di ronda 
 
 Apsis der Kathedrale als starkster Verteidigungsturm der Stadtmauer mit Wehrgang und Pechnasen 
 
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 The Market 
 
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 Plaza mayor 
 
 La place du marche 
 
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 Palazzo dell 
 
 Palace of the Infantado 
 
 Palast del Infantado 
 
 Palacio del infantado 
 
 Palals de I'infante 
 
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Guadalajara-Palacio del Infantado 
 
 Entrance- Hall and view of the Court Ingresso e veduta della corte 
 Eintrittshalle und Blick in den Hof, 
 
 Vestibule d'entrée et vue dans la cour Entrada y vista del patio 
 
 179 
 
Guadalajara 
 
 In the court of the Palace of the Infantado Nella corte del palazzo dell’ Infantado 
 Im Hof des Palastes del Infantado 
 
 Cour du palais de I'infante En ei patio del palacio del Infantado 
 
 180 
 
Guadalajara 
 
 In the court of the palace of the Infantado Nella corte del palazzo dell’ Infantado 
 
 im Hof des Palastes del Infantado 
 
 Cour du palais de I'infante En e! patio del palacio del Infantado 
 
 181 
 
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 182 
 
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 186 
 
 Gate and Watch Tower 
 Porte d’entrée et donjon 
 
Olid Town Gate Vecchia porta della citta 
 Altes Stadttor 
 
 Anclenne porte de la ville Puerta antigua de la ciudad 
 
 187 
 
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 Castle Gate Porta del Castello 
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 Porte du vieux chateau - for ; Puerta del castillo 
 
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 193 
 
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 194 
 
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 195 
 
Daroca 
 
 City Gate Porta deila citta 
 Stadttor 
 
 Porte de !a ville Puerta de la ciudad 
 
 196 
 
Daroca 
 
 197 
 
Tarragona 
 
 Porta di Santa Tecla 
 
 St. Tecla Gate 
 
 Tor der Santa Tecla 
 
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 Porte de Sainte Tecla 
 
 198 
 
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 199 
 
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 Stairway in the Court of the Damases House 
 
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 Escalera en el patio de la casa de Damases 
 
 Escalier dans la cour de la malson Damases 
 
 200 
 
The Montserrat. Monistrol at the foot i Montserrat. Sul davanti Monistro! 
 
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 The Town is built on basalt columns | Paese e stato costruito su colonne di basalto 
 
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 La petite ville est batie sur des rochers El pueblo se levanta sobre columnas 
 de basalte de basalto 
 
 204 
 
Valle del Segre 
 
 Pyrenees, Segre Valley 
 Pyrenden, im Segretal 
 
 La vallée de la Ségre dans les Pyrenées Pirineos. Valle del Segre 
 
 205 
 
Pyrenees, Road to Nurla Pirenei, Via di Nurla 
 
 Pyrenaen, Weg nach Nuria 
 
 Les Pyrenées: Route de Nurla Pirineos, Camino de Nuria 
 
 206 
 
Pyrenees, de las Debotas Gorge (Rio Cinca) Pirenei, Passo de las Debotas (Rio Cinca) 
 
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 208 
 
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 209 
 
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 Pyrenaen. 
 
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 214 
 
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 Pyrenaen. Pic du midi 
 
 les Pyrenées: Le pic du midi Pirineos. Pico del Mediodia 
 
 215 
 
Pyrenees. Sea of Brachimafia, near Panticosa Pirenel. Lago di Brachimafha presso Panticosa 
 
 Pyrenaen. Brachimafasee bel Panticosa 
 
 Les Pyrenées: Le Lac de Brachimafa pres de Panticosa Lago de Brachimafia cerca de Panticosa 
 
EI Aneto 
 
 The highest summit of the Pyrenees (8404 m) La piu alta vetta del Pirenel (8404 m). Sul davanti 
 in the foreground a crevasse la fenditura di un ghiaccialo 
 
 Der héchste Gipfel der Pyrenaen (8404 m) im Vordergrund eine Gletscherspalte 
 
 Le plus haut sommet des Pyrenées (38404 métres) EI pico mas alto de los Pirineos (8404 m). En el 
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 217 
 
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 Aragonese, aus dem Weinschlauch trinkend 
 
 Un Aragonais se desaltére en buvant a méme au tuyau de conduite du vin Aragones, bebiendo de la bota 
 
 222 
 
Tarazona 
 
 223 
 
Formazione di roccia ad Auto! 
 
 Rock formations of Autol 
 Felsformationen von Auto! 
 
 Le tunnel de la route, a Autaul Formaciones en las rocas de Autol 
 
 224 
 
ck formations of Autol Formazione di roccie ad Autol 
 
 Felsformationen von Autol 
 
 Bizarres formations rocheuses Formaciénes en las rocas de Autol 
 
 225 
 
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 229 
 
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 St. Esteban de Gormaz: Le Rocher 
 
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 High-Altar of the Church 
 
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 Retablo 
 
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 Grabmal des Infanten Alfonso 
 
 Sepulchre of the Infante Alfonso 
 Tombeau de ‘infant Alphonse dans I'église des dominicains 
 
t] 
 
 bE AE ae 
 
 In the Garden of the Cartuja Miraflores Nel giardino de !a Cartuja Mirafiores 
 im Garten der Cartuja Miraflores 
 
 Le jardin du convent des dominicains En el jardin de la Cartuja Miraflores 
 
 238 
 
Lonely Chapel Cappella solitaria 
 
 Einsame Kapelie 
 
 Une chapelle solitaire Capilla solitaria 
 
SOE ALES 
 
 ESET TROT: 
 
 STR 
 
 Arranda de Duero 
 
 Ingresso della Chiesa di S, Maria 
 
 Doors of St. Maria 
 
 Portal der Kirche Santa Maria 
 
 Portada de la Iclesia Sta. Maria 
 
 Portail de I'église Sainte-Marie 
 
 40 
 
Valladolid 
 
 Facciata della Chiesa di S. Pablo (Stile plateresco) 
 
 Facade of St. Pablo (plateresque style) 
 
 Fassade der Kirche S. Pablo (im plateresken Stil) 
 
 Pablo (estilo plateresco) 
 
 Fachada de S. 
 
 Facade de I'église Saint-Pablo (style en relief) 
 
 241 
 
Valladolid 
 
 Court of St. Gregorio | Cortile di S. Gregorio 
 Hof von S, Gregorio 
 
 Cour de Saint-Grégoire Patio de S. Gregorio 
 
 242 
 
Valladolid 
 
 La Galleria di S. Gregorlo 
 
 Gallery of St. Gregorio 
 
 Gregorio 
 
 Galerie von S. 
 
 Galeria de S. Gregorio 
 
 Galérie de Saint- Grégoire 
 
 243 
 
Toro 
 
 The Cathedral- Doorway of the Carmen Chapel La Cattedrale. Ingresso alla Cappella del Carmine 
 (Former entrance of the Cathedral) (Antico ingresso alla Cattedrale) 
 
 Kathedral-Portal der Carrnenkapelle (ehemals Eingangstor der Kathedrale) 
 La cathédrale: portail de la Chapelle des Carmes Catedral- Portada de la Capilla del Carmen 
 
 (ancienne porte d'entrée de la Cathédrale) (antigua entrada de la catedral) 
 
 244 
 
euejepBbey eyues eso/6; Be] uc euUNnoSY,P zenbseA ueNnr 'Gg 
 BUNDY ep zenbzeA YUeNnr ‘gq edjouud jep oisjndes eou”d np nesequo) -eulejopey-;-sej}UIeS esi}69 
 
 eBuejepHbey BUCS SYDIy sep U! BUNDY ep zeNnbzeA UeNGF ‘Gg USEZULYG Sep jeLWqeID 
 
 eusjepBbeyw eyUeS IP BsaiyuD eBjeu eusjepBeyy BIUSS JO YOUNYS SU} UY 
 eUuNndsY ep zenbzeg ueNr Gg edjoupy jep O1djodes ePUNSY Sp zEeNbzeA VEN ‘Gq eouUjYg JO e1YyDjINdeS 
 
 BIOWUeSZ 
 
 245 
 
Salamanca 
 
 The Cathedral La Cattedrale 
 Kathedrale 
 
 “La Cathédrale La Catedral 
 
 246 
 
Salamanca 
 
 Portale dell'Universita 
 
 Doorway of the University 
 
 Portal der Universitat 
 
 Portada de la Universidad 
 
 Portail de I‘Université 
 
 247 
 
Salamanca 
 
 Iniversity. Staircase with alto-relievo (the relievos Universita. La scalinata. Nella parte superiore della 
 m the upper part showing knights In a bull-fight) Scala 6 raffigurata una corrida di tori 
 
 Universitat. Platereske Treppe (an der oberen Treppenwange Darstellung eines Ritterstierkampfes) 
 
 L'Université: Escalier du style en relief (sur ie limon supérieur Universidad. La Escalera (en el relieve superior 
 est représenté un combat de taureaux au Moyen -Age) una corrida de toros en la Edad Media) 
 
 248 
 
Wal 
 
 Salamanca 
 
 inner Doorway In the court of the Escuelas menores Portale interno ne! cortile della Scuola inferiore 
 (lower school) 
 
 Inneres Portal im Hof der Escuelas menores (niedere Schule) 
 
 Portail intérieur dans la cour des Escuelas menores Entrada y patio de las Escuelas menores 
 (écoles mineures) (hospital del estudio) 
 
 249 
 
ba 
 
 ae ° 
 wh ate 
 
 Ciudad Rodrigo 
 Door of palace Ingresso d’un palazzo 
 Portal eines Palastes 
 
 Portail d'un palais Portada de un palacio 
 
 250 
 
251 
 
 Rodrigo 
 
 ciudad 
 
 La Plazza del Mercato 
 
 arket place 
 
 K 
 ‘ 
 
 Marktplatz 
 
 La grande place (Place du marché) 
 
Costumes in Candelario Costumi di Candelario 
 
 Tracht von Candelario 
 
 Femmes de Candelario Traje de Candelario 
 
(EOURPWIRIES AOJY) Oe|SpUueD 
 
 253 
 
Costumes in La Alberca (Prov. of Salamanca) Costumi di La Alberca (Prov. di Salamanca) 
 
 Tracht von La Alberca (Prov. Salamanca) 
 
 Une famille de paysans de la Alberca (Prov. de Salamanque) Traje de la Alberca (Prov. de Salamanca) 
 
 254 
 
A Mule - Ride Cavalicata sul mulo 
 
 Maultierritt 
 
 En route sur la mule Paseo en mula 
 
 255 
 
(Piu fill 
 
 eredlta di famiglia) 
 
 Costume festivo a La Alberca. 
 di catene d'oro, 
 
 strand 
 
 -old family ornament) 
 
 estal Costume in La Alberca (four 
 gold chaine 
 
 F 
 
 elreihige Goldketten - alter Familienbesitz) 
 
 ca (vi 
 
 Festtracht von La Alber 
 
 Traje festivo de La Alberca (las cadenas 
 de oro son una joya de familia) 
 
 256 
 
 Femme dela Alberca en costume de cérémonie 
 (Les colliers en or a plusieurs rangées pro- 
 Viennent d'un trés ancien héritage de familie) 
 
Festal costume In La Alberca Giovinetta di La Alberca in costume festivo 
 
 Festtracht von La Alberca 
 
 Femme de la Alberca en costume de féte Traje festivo de La Alberca 
 
 ft i 
 
A Mogarraz (Provincia di Salamanca) 
 
 In Mogarraz (Prov, of Salamanca) 
 
 In Mogarraz (Prov. Salamanca) 
 
 En Mogarraz (Prov. de Salamanca) 
 
 A Mogarraz (Province de Salamanque) 
 
 258 
 
Hurdanos at the well Hurdani alla fontana 
 
 Hurdesbewohner am Brunnen 
 
 Hurdanos a la fontaine Hurdanos en la fuente 
 
 259 
 
The Monastery of Las Batuecas 
 
 Le Monastére de Las Batuecas 
 
 &] 
 : 
 
 a 
 rs 
 t. 
 ‘ 
 7 
 
 Kloster Batuecas 
 
 260 
 
 Ji Monastero’' di Las Batuecas 
 
 E! Monasterio de Las Batuecas 
 
Doorway in the Monastery of Las Batuecas Ingresso del Monastero Las Batuecas 
 
 Pforte des Klosters Batuecas 
 
 Porte d‘entrée du monastére de Las Batuecas Portada de! Monasterio de Las Batuecas 
 
1 the monastery school Neila scucla dei Monastero 
 
 nm der Klosterschule 
 
 .Secoie au monastere En ja escuela de! monasterio 
 
The beauty of the woods (Batuecas) Nella foresta (Batuecas) 
 
 Waldespracht (Batuecas) 
 
 Dans ta forét (Batuecas) Encanto del bosque (Batuecas) 
 
 263 
 
<) 
 
 ~~ 
 
 ‘ SPAY “ee - 
 A AN , 
 
 Y 
 
 Ht 
 MM) 
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 Ale 
 add 
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 f 
 
 Door-post of the chapel of St. Miguel de Lino Pilastro della Cappella di S. Michele de Lino (Oviedo) 
 near Oviedo (erected by Ramiro |. about 845) (Costruito da Ramiro |. nell’ anno 845) 
 
 Pfosten der Kapelle S. Miguel! de Lino bei Oviedo (von Ramiro |. um 845 erbaut) 
 
 Un pilier de la Chapelle de St. Michel de Lino Poste de la Capilla S. Miguel de Lino (Oviedo) 
 (Oviedo) (batie par Ramiro | er en 845) (edificada por Ramiro | por los afios de 845) 
 
 264 
 
Interior of the Chapel! of St. Maria de Naranco Interno della Cappella di Santa Maria de Naranco 
 near Oviedo (erected about 845) (Oviedo) (Costruita nell’ anno 845) 
 
 Inneres der Kapelle Santa Maria de Naranco bei Oviedo (um 845 erbaut) 
 
 Intérieur de la chapelie de Ste, Marie Interior de la Capilla St. Maria de Naranco 
 de Naranco (Oviedo) (batie en 845) (Oviedo) (edificada por los afios de 845) 
 
Passo di Hermida nel Picos d'Europa (Asturie) 
 
 The Gorge of Hermida in the Picos de Europa (Asturla) 
 
 Engpass von Hermida in den Picos de Europa (Asturien) 
 
 Desfiladero de Hermida en los Picos de Europa 
 
 éfiié de Hermida a Los Picos de Europa (Asturies) 
 
 > 
 
 L 
 
 (Asturias) 
 
 66 
 
Gorge in the Sella Valle Picos de Europa) Nelle valle del Sella (Pico d'Euroapa 
 g y Pp 
 
 m Sellatal (Picos de Europa) 
 
 Gorge de ‘a Sella (Picos de Europa) Desfiladero de Sella (Picos de Europa) 
 
 267 
 
Asturian Bridge (Picos de Europa) Ponte asturiano (Pico d’Europa) 
 
 Asturianische Brucke (Picos de Europa) 
 
 Un pont des Asturies (Picos de Europa) Puente asturiano (Picos de Europa) 
 
 268 
 
is Avenue near Ribadeseila Viale fiancheggiato di eucalitti a Ribadesella 
 
 Eukalyptusalles bei Ribadesella 
 
 Allée d'eucalyptus prés de Ribadesella Alameda de Eucaliptos (Ribadesellia) 
 
Potes (Picos de Europa) 
 
= 
 
 { 
 
 Potes 
 
 ANT, 
 
Potes (Picos de Europa) 
 
273 
 
 Potes 
 
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 exoOnNWG Suosiwiey 
 
 (seunsy) SIU ep SseBuesd & UlBPWUIOY OY 
 
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 274 
 
275 
 
 antander sailing-boat harbour 
 
 The Si 
 
 Segelschiffnafe 
 
 a 
 
 Le port des vc 
 
Ondarroa (Vizcaya) 
 
 276 
 
Castillo Butrén (Vizcaya) 
 
 dE Of 
 
Casetta Basca (Mafaria) 
 
 Peasant's House (Manaria) 
 
 jue 
 
 c 
 
 Bas 
 
 Baskisches Bauernhaus (Mafaria) 
 
 Casita vasca (Mafaria) 
 
 Maison de paysan basque (Mafiaria) 
 
 278 
 
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 279 
 
280 
 
 Molini basco 
 
 Basque Mill 
 
 Baskische Muhle 
 
 Molino vasco 
 
 Un moulin basque 
 
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 281 
 
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 # 
 
 z 
 
 * 
 
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 ad 
 
 * 
 
 ot 
 
 tr 
 
 Cenarruzza 
 
 Antica lapide sepolcrale nella Collegiata 
 de 
 
 ZzZza 
 
 Biscaya, Ancient gravestone in the Colegiata 
 of Cenarru 
 
 Vizcaya. Alter Grabstein in der Colegiata von Cenarruza 
 
 giata 
 
 de Cenarruza 
 
 Vizcaya. Lapida sepulcral en la Cole 
 
 282 
 
 Pierre tombale a la Collegiaile de Cenarruza 
 (Biscaye) 
 
Stone Crucifix in Durango (Biscaya) Croce di pietra a Durango (Vizcaya) 
 
 Steinkreuz in Durango (Vizcaya) 
 
 Le Calvaire de Durango (Biscaye) 
 
 Cruz de piedra de Durango (Vizcaya) 
 
 283 
 
Entrance to the Mallona Cemetery (Bilbao) Ingresso al cimitero di Mallona (Bilbao) 
 
 Friedhofsaufgang Mallona (Bilbao) 
 
 Entrée du cimetiére de Mallona (Bilbao) Entrada del cementerio de Mallona (Bilbao) 
 
 284 
 
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 (eAeosig) Oj44s0/Q 4eOU Sse1yojndes suo}s YYWM A1sjawey 
 
 285 
 
BIN SIUOW-: |e Spsep ojsi, 
 
 SIM SJUOW IEP BHID BIlIEPp Sinpep 
 
 ueysseB eI1Q eqUO: WOA 
 
 uenseqes ues 
 
 BIN WOW Np ssid ENA 
 
 RYN SyVOW Wold MBIA 
 
 286 
 
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 257, 
 
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 90d Il 
 
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 290 
 
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 291 
 
Pasages 
 
 292 
 
Pasages 
 
 293 
 
Pasages 
 
 2904 
 
sebesey 
 
 295 
 
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 296 
 
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 297 
 
Fuenterabia 
 
 Court in Charles V th's Palace Cortile del Palazzo Carlo V. 
 Hof im Palast Karls V. 
 
 Une cour du palais de Charles- Quint Patlo en el Palacio Carlos V. 
 
 298 
 
Ruins among the flowers Margariten. Rovine 
 
 Ruinen in Margariten 
 
 Ruines et fleurs Ruinas entre flores 
 
The Cathedral 
 
 La Cathédrale 
 
 Santiago de Campostela 
 
 Kathedrale 
 
 300 
 
 d i 
 
 if 
 y 
 
 sey itt 
 
 or. 
 
 e 
 
 ag 
 
 La Cattaedrale 
 
 La Catedral 
 
In the Bay of Pontevedra (Galicia) Nel seno di Pontevedra (Galizia) 
 
 In der Bucht von Pontevedra (Galicien) 
 
 La baie de Pontevedra (Galice) En la ria de Pontevedra (Galicia) 
 
 301 
 
The waves at play Giuoco delle onde 
 
 Spiel der Wellen 
 
 Echappée sur la mer Juego de las olas 
 
 302 
 
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 (RIZED) CDIA IP 9}40qG 
 
 (UB|DI/ED) CBA USCA UEeyeyYy 
 
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 (BjDyeD) anoqueyy OBA 
 
 303 
 
Eventide at sea (Exit of Pasages) Tramonto sul mare (Uscita del porto di Pasages) 
 
 Abendfeier auf dem Meere (Ausfahrt von Pasages) 
 
 Effet de soir sur la mer a la sortie de Pasages . Penumbra de la tarde en el mar (Salida de Pasages) 
 
 304 
 
a“ 
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GETTY CENTER LIBRARY PHOT 
 NH 32 H633 P61 1925 BKS 
 c. 1 Hielscher, Kurt, 188 
 Picturesque Spain : architecture, landsc 
 
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