FRISTORIC Q{HURCHES 
 
 =o) —— 
 
 FAMERICA 
 
 THEIR ROMANCE AND GEE IReiST@On. 
 
 Sn: Art: Work 
 
 ILLUSTRATED BY 
 
 Etchings, Photogravures and other Reproductions from 
 Original Drawings for this Publication, by 
 Artists of Reputation; 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 Over Two Hundred Smaller Engravings Necessary to the Plan of the Work. 
 
 WH PULE LETTER TEXT BY 
 
 SIXTEEN COMPETENT AUTHORITIES, 
 
 COMPILED FROM 
 
 THE CHRONICLES, LEGENDS AND TRADITIONS OF THE MOST FAMOUS 
 CHURCHES, MEETING HOUSES, MISSIONS AND CATHEDRALS 
 IN THE UNITED STATES AND ADJOINING COUNTRIES. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA : 
 eS 1 EY Ve ARS Eva ae; 
 
 227 SOUTH SIXTH ST. 
 
GETTY CentER Leary 
 
THE CATHEDRAL OF MEXICO. 
 
 N August, 1521, the city of Mexico, the ancient capital of the Az- 
 tecs, came into the possession of the Spaniards after a desperate 
 struggle. Determined and fierce was the resistance to the in- 
 
 vaders; from the preceding December the Spaniards had been en- 
 gaged in the subjugation of the natives, taking their capital stone by 
 
 Ss 
 
 the ruins was 
 the Aztec ¢eocalli, or temple of sacrifice. This was a pyramidal 
 structure reared in successive stories, each accessible by a flight of 
 stairs that could be reached only after going around the entire pyra- 
 mid. A square platform was at the summit, where stood the sacri- 
 ficial stone upon which human victims were offered up to the war 
 god, and near by was the hideous idol before which the Aztec priests 
 burned human hearts mixed with copal as incense. What was left 
 of this horrible heathen temple was razed to the ground by the Span- 
 iards, who, after subduing the natives, did their best to convert them 
 to Christianity, although the idolaters clung tenaciously to the san- 
 guinary and meaningless worship of their grotesque stone effigies. 
 The ancient Mexicans had more sacred images, gods large and 
 
 stone, house by house. Remaining standing among 
 
 small, and in greater variety than any other pagan people of whose 
 past existence anything is known. It is related that the conqueror 
 Cortes asked a gathering of Aztec priests to abandon the worship 
 of their numerous idols, and bow in reverence to the Virgin Mary 
 
 instead. They made answer that it would be impossible for them 
 to do that, but that they would, to oblige him, add her to their large 5 
 5 Ree : : Lee = Las Casas DEFENDING TE 
 collection of objects worthy of worship. To Cortes such a prepos- yom the Pain ne bya aera iraitietelca demyichicent@arioet 
 
 terous compromise was offensive; he was the armed champion of a 
 
 true faith that could not brook the presence of idolatry, much less make a compromise for its perpetuation. A 
 soldier of his zeal was not long in completing the destruction of the blood-stained Aztec éeoca//i. On its site a 
 place of Christian worship was built in 1530, which flourished for twenty-three years, when it was torn down, in 
 1553, to make room for a more stately structure, 
 
 In the old place of the heathen temple arose the mag- 
 nificent Cathedral of Mexico, completed in 1667 at a cost of 
 nearly two millions of dollars. Where it stands is now the 
 eastern side of the great plaza of the city. It is in the shape 
 ix feet in length, two 
 
 of a cross, four hundred and twenty. 
 hundred feet in width, and one hundred and seventy-five feet 
 high, adorned with massive towers two hundred feet in height. 
 In the west wall of the building is cemented a great hewn and 
 carved block of basalt measuring nearly twelve feet in diam- 
 eter, which was exhumed from the plaza in 1790; it is an 
 Aztec calendar stone, brought to the city about the year 
 1479 during the reign of one of the bloody monarchs, in the 
 midst of feasting and dancing. The front of the edifice is 
 grand and impo: in the extreme, and the interior to-day 
 ingly rich, notwithstanding the fact that it has been 
 hands in quest of treasure. 
 
 is surpas 
 
 repeatedly despoiled by ruthless 
 
 Successive bands of lawless revolutionists have helped them- 
 
 selves freely to the gold and silver ornaments. Candlesticks 
 sr 
 
 Tue Aztec CALENDAR STONE, PRESERVED ON THE CATHEDRAL WALL. 
 
of solid gold, so massive as to overtax the strength of any 
 one man to lift them, chalices, cruets and pyxes of gold, 
 covered with rare gems, censers, crosses and statues spark- 
 ling with diamonds and emeralds, amethysts, rubies and 
 sapphires; a golden statue of the assumption, ablaze with 
 diamonds, valued at more than a million of dollars; an 
 elaborate lamp of solid gold, worth seventy thousand dollars 
 —all these made its high altar and surroundings the richest 
 on earth. The diamond encrusted assumption disappearec 
 
 during a period of public disorder; so‘did the precious 
 lamp and many of the gem-studded vi 
 
 sels and appurte- 
 nances of the altar. Much that is exceedingly precious re- 
 mains, however, and the high altar is still a vision of daz- 
 zling glory. A balustrade encircling the choir is of a metal 
 so valuable that an offer to replace it with one of solid sil- 
 ver was rejected. It weighs twenty-six tons, and was 
 
 1 
 
 brought from China in the period of Spain’s supremacy. 
 The cupola, ceilings and walls are bright with paintings of 
 the Virgin and the saints, depicted by noted artists of va- 
 rious tim 
 
 The Cathedral contains five naves, six altars 
 and fourteen chapels. In the latter repose the dust of a 
 
 number of the viceroys and illustrious statesmen and sol- 
 diers of Mexico. Here lies buried Augustin de Iturbide, 
 the li imperor, who, after being executed at 
 
 iberator and e 
 Padilla in 1824, was buried in the old church at that place. 
 In 1838 Congress passed an act for the removal of his re- 
 mains to the Capital, and they now rest in an imposing 
 tomb among the departed worthies whose memories Mexico delights to honor. 
 
 Tue Hich ALTAR 
 
 Even to travellers from the United States, the ever-continuing, ever-changing streams of worshippers in the 
 great cathedral evince a surprising equality. Richly robed senoritas, with the 
 bluest Castilian blood in their veins, kneel side by side with dirty, miserable 
 Indian women who have trudged in from the country with backs loaded with 
 bles and their waists encircled by live poultry. Thus travel-stained and 
 red with merchandise, the Indians enter the grand church to offer up 
 
 encumbe 
 
 their devotions by the side of the proudest in the land. On every hand the 
 piety of the Indians is conspicuous, the result of the labors of the early Spanish 
 
 missionaries among the aborigines, 
 tianity was Father Bernardino de 
 
 Chief among these disseminators of Chris 
 eater portion 
 
 ry 
 
 hagun, who devoted the g 
 of his long life to the promotion of the spiritual welfare of the Indians. At the 
 age of thirty he came to Mexico, and at once entered upon the self-imposed 
 
 task of converting the Indians. Employing none but the gentlest methods, he 
 won the Indians to Christianity by his loving kindness and unfailing patience. 
 When sick unto death he was removed to a hospital for better treatment than 
 he could receive among his converts, but he insisted on being taken back to 
 his beloved Indians, where he had lived and labored. He died in 1590, at the 
 age of ninety-one years. Bartolome de Las Casas, Bishop of Chiapas, a Do- 
 minican priest, was also the steadfast friend of the converted Aztecs. Sadly 
 they needed such a protector, for the Spaniards treated them with extreme cruelty, The good Las Casas stood 
 between the native Mexicans and their oppressors, often at peril to himself, making the journey to Spain and 
 appealing to the sovereign on behalf of the Aztecs. 
 
 To such wise and forbearing teachers as these, Mexico owes the religious equality so constantly and strik- 
 
 ingly exemplified in the grand cathedral of her capital. 
 Weklstem Constervore 
 
 AUGUSTIN DE ITURBIDE, THE LIBERATOR. 
 
 82 
 
CHRIST CHURCH, SHREWSBURY, NEW JERSEY, 
 
 F]XHE year 1689 was memorable in the his- 
 tory of the English church. Very many 
 of her most excellent bishops and clergy 
 
 refusing to take the prescribed oaths were de- 
 
 prived of their charges, and not a few of them 
 turned to America as the new country fertile of 
 soil and rich in promise. One of these “non- 
 jurors,” as they were called, was the Rev. 
 Alexander Innes, and to him belongs the honor 
 
 of being the first Episcopalian clergyman in 
 Monmouth county. He settled in Middletown 
 prior to 1693, and in 1700 purchased of John 
 Johnston a farm of some 220 acres. Being a 
 non-juror, he was not eligible to any rectorship 
 or position as church missionary; but his zeal 
 Tue Cuurcn PLArE. and piety were such that he frequently labored 
 
 in word and doctrine throughout the thinly set- 
 
 tled country. He it was who secured for the church at Middletown the ground whereon it now stands. But the 
 Church of England had few sympathizers and fewer communicants in either Shrewsbury or Middletown, while 
 Independents, Quakers, Presbyterians and Baptists, constituting the bulk of the population, from the first fought 
 vigorously against an established church, and therefore against the English church. 
 In 1702 the newly incorporated missionary society of the English church, “The Society for the Propagation 
 
 of the Gospel in Foreign Parts,” sent “two travelling preachers” throughout the colonies. These were Revs. 
 George Keith and John Talbot. The former had been a Scotch Presbyterian, then a Quaker, and finally an 
 Episcopalian. The latter was a conscientious, earnest clergyman, the founder of the church at Burlington, and 
 later in life was consecrated bishop by some non-juring bishops in Scotland, whereupon he was inhibited, and 
 his commission as missionary of the Propagation Society revoked. These two c ergymen preached from place 
 to place in the county, notably at Tinton Falls, at the residence of Colonel Lewis ) orris, who was a gentleman of 
 considerable prominence in colonial affairs, a member himself of the society, and who had in 1700 addressed a 
 letter to the bishop of London, asking for missionary aid, 
 These few sermons awakened an interest in religious affairs, but by no means resulted in either the forma- 
 
 tion of a congregation or the erection of a church. There was preaching by these men at Mr. Innes’ house in 
 Middletown. After the end of their missionary tour in 1703 there seems to have been nothing more done until 
 1706, when, by a deed dated May 2oth, one Nicholas Brown conveyed the lot whereon “Christ Church” now 
 stands to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts for the consideration of six shillings, 
 The description of the premises commenced as follows: “ Beginning at Nicholas Brown’s N, W. corner at a 
 walnut stump bearing southwesterly, twelve degrees westerly from y* Quaker’s meeting-house Chimbley, and 
 from John West's great house chimbley north fifty-eight degrees easterly.” This deed was not proven nor re- 
 
 corded until 1714. In the meantime Rev. Mr, Innes still labored voluntarily under such difficulties as arose from 
 83 
 
the peculiarities of his position as a non-juror, and the hostility on the part of the people to an established 
 church. 
 
 In 1708 Queen Anne of England gave a silver cup and plate to each church in New Jersey for communion 
 services. Mr. Innes secured one for the, as yet, unorganized church at Shrewsbury, which is still in use. Mr, Innes, 
 however, died in 1713, and neither church building nor organization seems to have been realized until about 1730, 
 when, a church building having been erected, the Rev. John Forbes, ‘a man of excellent spirit,’ was sent as a 
 missionary to Monmouth county. About 1738 he was succeeded by the Rey. John Miln, These missionaries 
 were not confined to Shrewsbury, but labored over a large extent of country, including Freehold, Shrewsbury 
 and Middletown, and at times Manasquan, Barnegat and Mannahawkin, “almost sixty miles from my home,” 
 says Rev. Mr. Thomas Thompson, who in 1746 followed Mr. Miln, On June 3, 1738, under John Hamilton, 
 President of the Council, acting Governor of New Jersey, “ William Leeds, Henry Leonard, John Throckmorton, 
 Samuel Osborn, Thomas Morford, James Hutchins, Jerémiah Stilwell, John Redford, Jacob Dennis, Patrick Hill, 
 Benjamin Cooper, Pontius Still, Samuel Pintard, Anthony Pintard and Josiah Holmes, of Middletown and 
 Shrewsbury,” were incorporated as “the minister, church wardens and vestry of Christ's Church in Shrewsbury.” 
 
 William Leeds, the first-named gentleman, had been the first convert from Quakerism in 1702, and left to 
 the Propagation Society by his will dated in 1735 his farm as a glebe for such missionary as the Society should 
 send to minister at Shrewsbury and Middletown. The Rev. Thomas Thompson left this missionary field in 1751 
 for one on the “Coast of Guiney” in Africa, also under the 
 auspices of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. 
 An account of his labors in both fields, published in London 
 
 in 1758, is still extant. He was followed by the Rev Samuel 
 Cooke, who. remained from 1751 until the Revolution. He 
 distracted his charge and found it necessary, for one whose 
 obligations to his sovereign seemed contrary to the interests 
 of the colonists, to remove. 
 
 Mr. Cooke served as chaplain for a while in a British 
 
 brigade, was afterward rector of a church in Fredericktown, 
 New Brunswick, and in 1795 was drowned while crossing the 
 St. John river in a canoe. His property in Monmouth was 
 
 confiscated and sold. He was a man of great ability, and did 
 much for the church during his charge. His salary in 1763 
 was but sixty pounds per year, or five pounds less than Rev. 
 John Beak received in 1708 at Elizabethtown, for services in 
 a field which covered that neighborhood and all of Monmouth 
 
 county. He had charge of the three churches, Freehold, 
 Shrewsbury and Middletown, In 1752 Robert Elliston, Con- 
 troller of Customs in New York, gave the large Bible stil 
 used in the church. It was printed by John Basket, Oxford, 
 England, in 1717. A “ Book of Common Prayer,” printed at 
 Cambridge in 1760, was given in 1767 to the church by Wil- 
 liam Franklin, a son of the philosopher, and last Colonia 
 
 Tue CHANCEL AND A CANoplED Pew. 2 : 
 Governor of New Jersey. A convention to discuss the ne- 
 
 cessity for an American Episcopate was held in the church on October 1, 1766. Rev. Dr. Chandler presided, 
 and Revs. Jarvis, Seabury, Inglis and other noted clergymen were present. 
 
 On July 21, 1769, was laid the corner-stone of the building which forms the subject of the large etched plate. 
 From Mr. Cooke's removal till 1788 there were no services; but the iron crown still upon the steeple excited 
 the ire of the provincial soldiery, who often fired at it, and on one occasion set fire to the church itself. William 
 Parker, a Quake 
 
 r, fortunately prevented the destruction of this ancient temple. From 1788 to 1799 Rev. Henry 
 Waddell was rector. He was succeeded by Andrew Fowler, who ceased to serve in 1805. From 1809 to 1824 
 Rey. John Croes, Jr., labored earnestly, giving way to the Rev. Eli Wheeler, who in 1830 was succeeded by the 
 Rev. Harry Finch, who served faithfully until his death on February 14, 1864. He lies in the rear of the church 
 he loved so well. The Rev. William B. Otis served from 1864 till 1875, when the Re 
 the present incumbent, was called. 
 
 The church, although suffering much during the past few years from the death of many of its officers, is in a 
 prosperous condition, and bids fair for centuries to come to do good work for the Master. The quaint edifice, 
 shingled side and roof, with the modest steeple bearing its iron crown of pre-revolutionary fame, and the innova- 
 tion of a town clock added a few year. 
 
 . Dr. Benjamin Franklin, 
 
 since, will stand another century with proper care. Here the worshipper 
 84 
 
may find the solemn quiet that conduc 
 
 s to pious thought, and the historian may view the canopied pews on 
 either side of the chancel, the one intended for the colonial governors and the other for the rector, or wander 
 among the mossy monuments of the long departed—the Stelles, the Red- 
 fords, the Holmes, the Halsteads and Throckmortons, the Lloyds, the Lip- 
 
 pincotts and the Morfords. On one stone he may read— 
 
 “ The valuable Dr. West 
 By many is lamented ; 
 But God has called him to himself, 
 And we must be contented.” 
 
 A worthy spirit of resignation, truly, He may, if he choose, read of one 
 of the first converts from Quakerism— 
 
 “Here lies in hopes of a joyful resurrection Samuel Dennis, who came 
 
 from Great Britain to this place A. p. 1675, and lived here to the day of his 
 death, which was the 7th of June, 1723, aged seventy-two years and 
 six months, leaving issue two sons and three daughters by his only wife, 
 
 Increase, who departed this life twenty-eight years before him.” 
 
 If to this had been added that said “Increase” was daughter to Rich- 
 
 ard and Abigail Lippincott, and that she died Nov. 30, 1695, the family oA - 
 history would have been more nearly complete. LILLIE 
 But, passing by the graves of officers in the colonial wars with the 
 
 French and Indians, such as Col. John Redford, apostles of anti-slavery like Dr. Joseph Eaton, and others of 
 note who lie in the shade of the old church, we may call attention to the grave of Theodosius Bartow, a young 
 lawyer and a son of the Rev. John Bartow, of St. Peter’s Church, West Chester, New York. Theodosius Bartow 
 died October 5, 1746, and lies under the right aisle of the church. On his death-bed he 
 Anne (vée Stilwell) the promise that their unborn child should be named after himself. The child was a daugh- 
 ter, and was named Theodosia. She married first Colonel Frederick Prevost, and after his death Aaron Burr. 
 From her mother, therefore, Burr’s daughter, the wife of Governor Allston, of South Carolina, took her name 
 
 received from his wife 
 
 “Theodosia.” The oldest date in the graveyard is about 1716. The oak that had long before the settlement of 
 the colony grown old, under whose shade the pious churchmen gathered in 1769, and whose giant arms in 1869 
 shaded those who met to celebrate the centennial of the laying of the corner-stone, including President U. S. 
 Grant, Bishop Odenheimer, and many clergymen and visitors, became so infirm that a few 
 taken down. Part of its timber was converted into chai 
 of the church. When it was felled it measured sixteen feet two inches in circumference, three feet from the 
 
 cars since it v 
 
 which, handsomely carved, have a place in the chancel 
 
 ground. 
 
 The building will comfortably seat about four hundred, but the many subdivisions of the parish have ren- 
 dered the usual congregations much smaller, Eatontown, Long Branch, Red Bank and other parishes have been 
 taken from her original jurisdicti In 1854, by an act of the Legislature, the Middletown and Shrewsbury 
 churches were divided, and each constituted a body corporate. And “Christ's Church,” Shre ysbury, the name 
 by which it was first incorporated, is now “The Minister, Church Wardens and Vestry of Christ Church, in the 
 
 town of Shrewsbury.” 
 
ST. PETER’S CHURCH, ALBANY, NEW YORK. 
 
 Peter’s, in the city of Albany, New York. Its foundations 
 
 were laid in 1675, eleven years after the occupation of the 
 province by the English, by the Rev. Nicolaus Van Rensselaer, son 
 of the first Patroon, Kilian Van Rensselaer. Mr. Van Rensselaer 
 was at the time colleague to the Rev. Gideon Schaets, of the Re- 
 formed Protestant Dutch Church of Albany, but had received holy 
 orders in the Church of England, and was understood to be favora- 
 le to that body. His sympathies in this respect were the cause of 
 some difficulty between himself and Mr, Schaets, and the associate 
 colleague, Mr. Nieuenhuysen, which was at length referred to the 
 Governor's council, and by that body decided in favor of Mr. Van 
 Rensselaer. After the latter’s death, in 1678, the garrison at Fort 
 
 ¥ ()*: of the early and historical churches of America is St. 
 
 Frederick and the few English families in Albany were visited at 
 intervals by chaplains from the fort in New York; but there was no 
 settled clergyman of the Episcopal faith until 1704, when the Rev. 
 Thoroughgood Moore arrived in Albany, havir 
 
 been commissioned 
 by the English Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign 
 Parts to preach the gospel to the Mohawk Indians. 
 
 The times were so unsettled, however, that Mr. Moore found it 
 
 impossible to penetrate to the Indian country, and he remained a year 
 yon the Sabbath in Fort Fred- 
 ?eter’s Church, corner 
 Thomas Barclay was 
 Sr, Perer’s Caurc appointed chaplain at the fort. He soon organized a parish, and for 
 
 six years held divine service in the little Lutheran chapel then stand- 
 
 ing at the present corner of Beaver~and South Pearl streets. At length the parish had so increased that a 
 church was deemed necessary. Accordingly, on October 21, 1714, the Crown granted a patent for a lot of ground 
 in the centre of Yonker, now State street, immediately below Fort Frederick, “for an English church and cem- 
 etery.” The city claimed this ground, and the Common Council remonstrated to the Governor, but without 
 vail, and the quaint structure shown on the margin of the etched plate was built and opened for public worship 
 in November, 1716. It was of blue stone, fifty-eight feet by forty-two feet in size. Mr. Barclay continued to 
 labor at Albany, Schenectady and among the Mohawks until 1721, when the stipend of fifty pounds per year 
 from the Society was withdrawn. He had been the means of building a Mohawk mission chapel at Fort Hunter, 
 near the lower Mohawk castle, thirty-five miles from Albany, and this remained under the care of the rectors of 
 St. Peter’s Church until 1770, except between the years 1712 and 1719, when there was a resident missionary 
 there. 
 In 1727 the parish called Rey. John Miln as rector to succeed Mr, Barclay. During his incumbency a flour- 
 
 ishing parish school was founded, with Mr, John Brasley as teacher. Mr, Miln was succeeded in 1738 by Rev. 
 86 
 
 in Albany, holding services regular 
 ick, which stood on the present site of St. 
 of State and Lodge streets. In 1708 the Rev. 
 
 la 
 
Henry Barclay, a son of the first rector, who had been for 
 some years catechist to the Mohaw 
 
 An able, zealous and 
 fearless preacher, he was very successful until the breaking 
 out of King George's war forced him to leave the exposed 
 frontier, when he accepted the rectorship of Trinity Church, 
 New York city. Four years after, in 1750, the Rev. John 
 Ogilvie, of New York, was called to St. Peter’s, and continued 
 
 until 1758; then the French and Indian war so scattered his 
 congregations in Albany and the Mohawk country that he sus- 
 pended services temporarily, and became chaplain to General 
 Amherst’s expedition against Ticonderoga in 1758, and to Sir 
 William Johnson’s against Niagara in 1759. 
 
 During his incumbency he corrected the proof and super- 
 intended the publication of Dr. Barclay’s revision of the Mo- 
 originally printed by William Bradford in 
 was 
 
 hawk prayer book. 
 
 1715. During this time, also, the tower of St. Peter 
 built, and a bell and clock procured from England, the former 
 of which is still owned by the church and occasionally rung. 
 Mr, Ogilvie resigned in 1760, and remained with the army in 
 Canada until 1764. He was later assistant rector of Trinity 
 Church in New York, and died there in 1774. 
 
 He was succeeded at St. Peter’s by the Rev. Thomas 
 3rown, deputy chaplain of the 6oth regiment, and a faithful 
 and earnest minister. Mr. Brown resigned in 1768, and was succeeded by the Rev. Harry Munro, then mis- 
 sionary at Yonkers, under whose care the church was ed and the pr t charter of incorporation secured 
 from Governor Moore, April 25, 1769. Mr. Munro was imprisoned as a loyalist in 1777, but escaped to a British 
 post on Lake George, and thence to Scotland, where he died in 1801. During the revolution St. Peter's re- 
 
 Rev. Joun Ocitvie, 
 
 mained closed except for occasional services, 
 
 Before passing from the colonial period, however, it is proper to relate a dramatic incident connected with 
 that era of which the church was the theatre. In the expedition of Lord Amherst against Crown Point and Ti- 
 conderoga in 1758, in which, as we have seen, Mr. Ogilvie, rector of St, Peter’s, was chaplain, marched a young 
 English peer, George Augustus Lord Viscount Howe, Brigadier-General of His Majesty's forces in America, 
 whose bravery and nobility of person and character soon won the love and admiration of the army. In an 
 Indian ambuscade on July 6, 1758, near Ticonderoga, Lord Howe was killed. The next day, says the historian, 
 a single barge retraced the track of the flotilla bearing the body of the young lord, who but the day before had 
 ed the brilliant pageant. Philip Schuyler, then just entering upon his distinguished career, escorted the remains 
 with all the tenderness and reverence due the illustrious dead. The body was conveyed to Albany and buried 
 in St. Peter’s Church. His obsequies were performed with every pomp of military display and all the solemni- 
 ties of religious rituals. An heraldic insignia marked the location of the grave. After the lapse of forty-four 
 years, in the progress of improvement, and 
 when this edifice was demolished, the grave of 
 
 = Seer P, NE Howe was exposed, a double coffin being re- 
 Morning and Evening, Prayer, | |Orhoengene neoni Yogaraskhagh| vealed. The outer one, which was made of 
 
 Litany, é Yondereanayendaghkwa, white pine, was nearly decayed, but the other, 
 zuxzd Church Catechifm, Ene Niyo Raodeweyens, A 
 Family Prayers, § Onoghtedogesginige ‘Yondadderighwanons formed of heavy mahogany, was almost entire. 
 NE) docath, , eee 
 AND (s 2 When the lid was uncovered, the remains ap- 
 iyagonnoghfode Enyondereanayendaghe| p pe as 
 Several Chapters of the Old and New-Teftament, kwvagge, peared clothed in a rich silk damask cerement, 
 
 ‘Tranllated into the Mahague Indian Language, Yotkede Kapi y eer 
 fotkade. pitelhogouph: ne Karighwadaghkwe-] in which they were enshrouded on his inter- 
 
 z sph Agsyrs neoni Ale Telament, noni Niyadegari- a ‘ 
 By Lawrence Claeffe, Tnterpreter to William Be reas eS ieniena eat ment. The teeth were bright and perfect, the 
 stiffened by the dressi 
 
 "Andrews, Miffionary to the Indians, from the F a 
 Honourable and Reverend the Soy for the Propegstim | |'Tehocavwenadenyongh Lowrzees Clore, Rowenagaradante| aii ing of the period, 
 
 ‘the Gifel in Foreign Barts Wilken Aniret, Romwanka~ush Ongwoelservighn . F 
 ci Rodirlphioent Kadipudanoroogh neo ake eae] the queue entire, the ribbon and double brace 
 Romyohague Thoderighwawaakhoske no. Wahoonl : 
 Agunghhowaaha Niyoh Raodeweyena Niyadegogh| apparently new and jet black. All, on ex- 
 
 Ash ofr, aed col give tbee the eaten for thine Inberitance,| | Whenjagen < ; 
 she Un Rats of he Earth forty Pfam Pil} }—*____________ st posure, shrunk into dust, and the relics of the 
 
 2 5 
 Eghiferrgewas Eshtjecagh ne ong" ehoonwe, neoni i a re 
 |_| | “voiostivieajoelnennigthocen tmayendant™| high-bred and gallant peer were conveyed by 
 
 vulgar hands to the common charnel-house 
 
 | Brinted by Wilizo Brodford in. Newtorky 17%$. : t n 
 A At} sand mingled with the promiscuous dead. 
 
 Tue Monawk INDIAN PRAYER-BOoK After the Revolution, the Rev. Thomas 
 
 87 
 
Ellison, a native of New Castle, England, was called to St. Peter's, and by his talents and self-denying labors. 
 aired the ravages caused by the war. He secured funds for the building of a new church on the corner of 
 State and Lodge streets, and a contract was signed for building it; but he died in 1802 before his plans could be 
 realized. The work went on, however, the new church, after plans by Philip Hooker, an Albany architect 
 being finished in 1803, and consecrated on Thursday, October 4th of that year. The most important events in 
 the later history of St, Peter's have been the erection of the three parishes of Trinity, Grace and Holy Inno- 
 
 cents from the original parish, which was done during the incumbency of the Rev. Horatio Potter, afterwards the 
 well-known Bishop of New York, the erection of the present beautiful Gothic church edifice in 1860 during the 
 rectorship of William C. Pitkin, the consecration of Rev. William 
 Creswell Doane as Bishop of the new diocese of Albany in 1869, 
 and the improvement and embellishment of the church during the 
 rectorship of the Rev. Walton W. Battershall, D. D. In 1876, 
 during his incumbency, the tower of St. Peter’s was built and fur- 
 nished with a chime of bells. This addition w ned by R. M. 
 Upjohn, the architect of the church, and is considered one of the 
 
 richest and most beautiful examples of decorated Gothic to be 
 found in the country. 
 
 Juring the last few years the church has also been enriched 
 with memorial windows designed by the best English artists, and 
 
 in- 
 
 of peculiar excellence both in drawing and color. The series 
 clude the large aisle windows and the three middle windows of the 
 chancel apse, and being in the hi 
 
 great beauty to the int 
 
 @ 
 
 nest style of religious art, lend 
 rior, In 1885 the chancel was remodeled 
 and paved in mosaic, and a beautiful altar and reredos of Caen 
 stone with other article 
 
 o 
 S 
 
 s of furniture were added. The cost of the 
 
 tower, windows and other improvements has exceeded by a con- 
 
 siderable amount the original cost of the church. 
 There are some exceedingly interesting memorials and relics 
 of old times in possession of the church, The mural tablet in the 
 
 tower room, reé enting Faith gazing at the cross, one of the 
 
 earliest efforts of the sculptor Palmer, is well known from its fre- 
 quent reproduction by photographic processes. The communion plate, which has been held by the church for 
 one hundred and seventy years, was presented by Queen Ann, and is a quaint and interesting link between the 
 old times and the new. It compris ix pl r marked with the arms of England, and bearing 
 the following inscription: “Ture Grrr or Her Majesty Ann, By THE Grace or Gop, or Great Brrr 
 FRANCE AND IRELAND, AND OF HER PLantrations IN Norra AME 
 
 of massive silv 
 
 IN, 
 ICA, QUEEN TO HER INDIAN CHAPPEL OF THE 
 Ononpvaucus.” Connected with the parish and supported by it is St. Peter’s Orphan Home, which has a fine 
 
 building with accommodations for twenty-five children, 
 
THE FIRST CHURCH, SALEM, MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 THE WITCHCRAFT DELUSION. 
 
 N the rear of Plummer Hall, Salem, the 
 sex Society has re-erected the little 
 
 building which was constructed in 1634 
 as the first meeting-hous 
 
 in that Massachu- 
 setts town. It occupied originally a portion 
 of the site now covered by the present large 
 edifice of the First Congregational Society. 
 Its dimensions were at first twenty by seven- 
 
 teen feet, with a gallery across one end, but 
 in 1639 it was doubled in si 
 
 d After long 
 use as a place for religious meetings it was 
 removed to another location, and became an 
 inn. 
 
 er it was a barn. Finally the Essex 
 
 Society rescued it from its desecration, and 
 
 carefully re-erected its framing timbers where 
 
 it now stands in the rear of their hall. It is a 
 
 ‘ : sie 
 most interesting 
 
 relic, and excites the sur- — [#asxsenidc 
 
 prise of the visitor both frem its diminutive Tue First Cuurcn, Erecrep 1634. 
 size and from its age, being now over two 
 centuries and a half old. The roof, the floor and the weatherboarding are, of course, quite recent, but the orig- 
 inal framework has been put together just as it was when Roger Williams officiated in it in 1634. 
 
 The first minister of the con vation was the Rev. Samuel Skelton. The first teacher associated with him 
 was the Rev. Francis Hig: glish clergyman, who w: j 
 his adopting the doctrines of the Non-conformists. When Skelton and Higginson came to Salem, then called 
 Naumkeag, in 1629, they found about ten houses, besides one for the governor, and about two hundred planters. 
 John Endicott was the first governor of the plantation, but was succeeded in 1630 by John Winthrop, and Salem 
 ceased to be the capital town of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, as it was first intended to make it. 
 ociate minister of the congregation 
 
 ected from his living in Leicester because of 
 
 rinson, an Eng 
 
 Roger Williams was the successor of Higginson as the teacher, or a 
 with Skelton, and at the death of the latter succeeded him as pastor. Williams had already excited the ire of 
 the Boston colonists by refusing to have fellowship with them. He had taken the radical ground that all who 
 had formerly been connected with the Church of England should publicly express their contrition for that fact. 
 When they refused to do that he would have no fellowship with them; and he is reported to have 
 himself sharply against the magistrates and others prominent in the colony. His views upon various subjects 
 became at length so obnoxious that he was ordered to leave Salem; but his congregation clung to him, and he 
 
 stayed on until the magistrates sent a vessel from Boston to take him to England. Hearing of this, he escaped 
 
 xpressed 
 
 in time, and made his memorable journey in midwinter through the deep snows of the New England forests to 
 
 Providence, where he became the founder of a new State. 
 
 The house in which Roger Williams lived in Salem is still standing; the compass which guided his steps 
 
 through the pathless wilderness from Salem to Providence is still preserved in the latter place; and the quaint 
 
 little meeti ng-house pictured here is the building in which he instructed his congregation in 1634-5. The three 
 
 views held by him which became so obnoxious to the magistrates were that the ministers of Boston had con- 
 
 formed to a sinful degree to the English church in the old country, and ought now to repent of having done so; 
 89 
 
eg —— TA hat the royal patent could give no title to 
 nee a be hs ‘ g 
 ‘Zz Sui Ui 
 
 my ands without a purchase from the natives; 
 and that the civil power could not rightly 
 
 ounish violation of the Sabbath, nor in any 
 way interfere with the rights of conscience. 
 
 Other religious bodies were early repre- 
 sented in Salem. The Friends held their 
 meetings as early as 1657, and in 1688 they 
 built a meeting-house. There were Church 
 of England people in the settlement quite 
 
 arly, too, The Rev. John Lyford, an Eng- 
 ish clergyman, came with Conant in 1626, but 
 
 stayed only a year. John and Samuel Brown, 
 two brothers, members of the English church, 
 
 early claimed the right to worship God ac- 
 
 cording to the rites of that church, and when 
 
 = they wrote letters of complaint to the com- 
 ‘THe OriciNaL “ Rocer WittAMs” House; Known atso as THE Op Wrrcit House, panynnmllondoomG@overon = ndicotictarced 
 them with factious conduct, and sent them back to England. Although there were Episcopal services held 
 occasionally, no successful movement towards forming a parish was made until 1733, when St. Peter's Church 
 was erected, at that time the fourth religious edifice in Salem. During the Revolution a law w 
 
 s passed forbid- 
 ding any one reading the church service under penalty of £100 and a year’s imprisonment, and the building 
 was almost wrecked by the depredations of angry opponents of Episcopacy, The present St. Peter’s Church 
 building was erected in 1833; the willow tr 
 
 which forms an attractive feature of its surroundings, has grown 
 from a ‘slip taken from that over the grave of Napoleon at St. Helena. Various Congregationalist societies grew 
 out of splits from the old First Society. The original East Church was erected in 17 17,and under the Rev. 
 Wm. Bently in 1785 the congregation became practically Unitarian. In the war of 1812, when the frigate Con- 
 stitution was chas 
 
 sd into Marblehead harbor, this patriotic pastor locked up his mca and in the full ministerial 
 garb of his time, headed his congre: they rushed to Marblehead to aid in the defence of the town and 
 frigate. Many distinguished names appear among the pastors of the reli 
 time and in more recent years. 
 It is amazing to us of this day, looking back to the period of 1692, to find the learned clergy and the magis- 
 trates thorough believers in witchcraft. Salem has become known the world over as the scene of that strange 
 sulted in the trial and execution of numerous persons for witchcraft; but the belief in that 
 peculiar evil did not originate in Salem. Throughout Europe generally it had long been held that persons, 
 by forming a e with the devil, might ob- 
 natural powers, and be enabled to 
 whom they would. Nor is it fair 
 Salem as the only place where per- 
 
 ation a 
 
 zious bodies in Salem both in the olden 
 
 delusion, which r 
 
 tain supe 
 injure thos 
 
 to accus: 
 
 sons were put to death on this charge. An 
 undue stigma has been fastened upon this old 
 of the widespread nature of the 
 
 city because 
 
 delusion h and the famous trials of the 
 
 witches participated in by so many learned 
 men. 
 
 It was held by some that witchcraft was a 
 
 utan to overthrow Christianity 
 land, and hence they must check it. 
 eelings were intensified to de 
 
 Their pest hor- 
 ror at the possible triumph of the evil one, and 
 
 in their excitement they were drawn into a 
 whirlpool of unreasoning opposition to those 
 who were accused of being in league with the 
 great enemy of goodness. They were not in 
 condition to sift out idle rumors and malignant 
 
 gossip, nor to make allowance for those strange . R 
 nervous demonstrations which are apt to be Tue Present First Cuurcn Burptne. 
 
awakened in any period of religious excitement. Religious fanaticism and ignorance united in accepting 
 evidence against the accused, and prevented the perception of the perjuries and frivolitie 
 of that evidence. 
 
 which constituted part 
 
 cle 
 palm- 
 sted, they 
 enci 
 
 Very curiously, the witchcraft delusion of 1691-2 was given force through the proceedings of a social c 
 meeting that winter in the house of the Rev. Samuel Parris. At their parties they told fortune 
 istry and feats of magic, perhaps at first for mere entertainment; but, growi 
 
 , stud 
 g more and more inter 
 began to ascribe their proficiency in these arts, and some peculiar actions resulting, to supernatural 
 finally the belief grew that they were bewitched. One child nine years old and another twelve beg 
 and to put themselves into odd postures. The physicians pronounced them bewitched, and all the 
 ministers were asked to come to Mr. Parris’ hous 
 
 and 
 
 n to act in 
 
 strange ways 
 
 to unite with him in solemn religious services. As interest 
 in the actions of these two children grew, they accused old Tituba, a slave, of having bewitched them. During 
 a sev ring, the poor old cree 
 was at full height. Any one was likely to b 
 
 e flog 
 
 ture said she was guilty. Then othe ted, and soon the fever 
 accused, and there is reason to believe that some vicious persons 
 eagerly embraced the opportunity of accusing those whom they hated, simply to bring them into trouble. 
 
 The Rev. George Burroughs, of Wells, Maine, R: Nourse and some twenty others lost their lives by 
 the hand of the executioner. About one hundred and fifty persons in all, including children of from five to four 
 teen y were accused. Cotton Mather, one of the most learned minister: 
 
 were sus 
 
 ‘a 
 
 of the day, inflamed the people by 
 preaching sermons against witchcraft, and to him is largely ascribed the spread of the delusion. So great was 
 the excitement at one time, that bu interrupted, the town was deserted, and d ywhere pre- 
 vailed. But finally the magistrates found that they themselves and their own families were liable to accusation, 
 and the son began to return, until, in the reaction that ensued, all began to express horror 
 at their former blind zeal. The suspected witches in the jail were set at liberty, and the church erased all the 
 ignominy it had attached to the dead by recording a most humble acknowledgment of error. The witchcraft 
 
 sine 
 
 ress ev 
 
 a wave of calm rez 
 
 delusion is a sad chapter in the history of Salem; it has many that are brighter. 
 ociations with events and people, so that, walking through its streets, one is 
 turn of days that were full of incident and of men whose lives had meaning. Her prosperity 
 
 began with the fishing trade, and the names of the Rev. Hugh Peters and George Corwin are always honorably 
 
 Salem abounds in historic 
 
 reminded at eve 
 
 mentioned as encour: 
 
 ing this industry; and to it may be also ascribed the development of a class of hardy s 
 
 men whose services be 
 
 me invaluable in the Revolution, and in 1812 when America disputed the supremacy of 
 Great Britain on the seas. The Revolution laid the foundation of the fortunes of many of the old families by 
 means of the privateering encouraged, and the town was then full of sailors and its harbor crowded with vessels. 
 
 Among the historic figures a 
 and Secretary of State in Washington's administration, and Nathaniel Bowditch, a man of great learning, espec- 
 ially in mathematics and astronomy, and a large contributor to the scientific knowledge of his day, Nathaniel 
 Hawthorne was born there in 1804, and the old town has furnished numerous incid 
 made the reputation of the great writer, although fame was achieved slowly. ‘The Scarlet Letter” has reflected 
 a halo of interest around the author and all the places associated with him. It would require volumes to recount 
 
 ociated with Salem may be recalled Timothy Pickering, Postmaster-General 
 
 ents for the stories which 
 
 the story of others from Salem who became eminent in various ways. General James Miller, the hero of Lundy's 
 Lane; General Israel Putnam, one of Washington's brave officers; Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford), who 
 became Prime Minister of Bavaria; John Rogers, the sculptor; W. H. Prescott, the historian of Mexi 
 Peru; and Rufus Choate, one of New I and’s greatest lawyers, are among those who have contributed to the 
 
 co and 
 
 S, 
 
 glory of that historic place. 
 
 fire 
 
 GALLows HILL, WHERE THE WircHcrart ExrcuTions Took PLacr. 
 
 gt 
 
CHRIST CHURCH, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA. 
 
 NV Hunting Creek Warehouse and Belle Haven. ‘The first 
 service there was conducted by Rev. Charles Green, minister 
 
 of Truro Parish, which then included Alexandria within its limits. 
 This was in 1755. The original church here was of wood, and when 
 
 \ J HAT is now the city of Alexandria was originally known as 
 
 Fairfax Parish was cut off from Truro, in 1765, a new vestry was 
 elected by the free-holders and house-keepers, as required by the law 
 of the colony. Among the vestrymen chosen was George Washington, 
 who did not qualify because he lived in the old parish, of which he was 
 a vestryman and warden. The new vestry of Fairfax Parish resolved 
 to build a new church at Alexandria of brick, and also at the Falls of 
 
 the Potomac, as the church there, too, was decaying. In 1766 the 
 vestry ordered a levy of three hundred and eighteen pounds of tobacco 
 upon the parishioners to build two new churches, one at the Falls and 
 one at Alexandria. 
 
 In 1767 James Parsons agreed to build this church for £600 
 , sterling, to which £220 was added, in 1772, for Col. John Carlyle, who, 
 Tye (laa) Bees through the failure of Parsons to fulfil his contract, was called upon to 
 
 complete the work of erecting the church. The name of the architect 
 was Wren; the dimensions of the building were sixty by fifty feet; the shingles were to be of the best juniper, 
 
 to be laid in 
 mortar of two-thirds lime and one-third sand; the arches and pediments to be of the Tuscan order; the altar- 
 ieces and pulpit canopy of the Ionic order. On the 27th of February, 1773, the building was handed over to 
 the vestry, complete, and pronounced by those gentlemen finished “in a workmanlike manner.” On the same 
 day ten pews were offered for sale, and General Washington bought, for £36, 10s., pew number five, which has 
 become so historic. There were fifty pews, square and high, to keep the ey 
 gation. Among the owners of sittings appear the names of Washington, We 
 lerbert, Payne, Murray, Chichester, Triplett, Hooe, Blackburn, etc., etc. 
 The vestry no longer having authority to levy taxes for the expenses of the dis-established church, the era 
 of voluntary subscriptions for its support began with the passage of the act incorporating the Protestant 
 ‘piscopal Church, and there appears on the record a paper signed by Washington's own hand, wherein he pledges 
 
 three-quarters of an inch thick, eighteen inches long, and to show six inche the outside brich 
 
 from wandering over the congre- 
 , Carlyle, Custis, Dalton, Alexander, 
 
 himself to pay an annual rental of £5 sterling to the minister's salary. The document is also signed by 
 William Herbert and other owners of pews in the 
 “Episcopal Church, Alexandria.” This historic SPE 
 
 vaper bears internal evidence of having been 
 written by Washington. In 1787 it was found 
 necessary to enlarge the church, and it was de- 
 
 cided to build galleries; the twenty-four additional 
 pews there were soon disposed of. Dr. Griffith, 
 
 formerly an associate of Washington in the 
 army, and later the first Bishop-elect of Virginia, 
 
 was then the minister. He was succeeded by 
 Rev, Bryan (Lord) Fairfax. Among the ministers 
 of this church, besides those who have been men- 
 
 tioned, were the well-known Bishop Meade, the 
 lamb-like Norris, the gentle Dana, the great divine, 
 Dr. Keith, the learned Dr. Walker, the zealous Tie INTERIOR. 
 
on 
 
Mr. Dame, the gifted Dr. McKim, and the efficient Rev. Dr. Suter—all of whose labors have added much to the 
 glory of the old church. 
 
 Many other families had become pew-owners in the time of Rev. Mr. Davies (1803), notably the Dades, 
 Dulanys, Powells, Potts, Dangerfields, Deneales, Fendalls, Masons, Lees, Taylors, etc. etc. In 1804 George 
 Washington Parke Custis presented to the parish a Bible which had belonged to Washington. In 1809 some 
 modifications were made to the altar. In 1811 the west aisle was added. There was no provision made for 
 warming the church until 1812, when chimne 
 
 ys were first erected. As in all colonial churches, foot-warmers 
 were the only means provided for the comfort of the congregation. In 1816-17 some of the old square 
 pews were divided, and in 1821 the rest, Washington’s pew among the number, were likewise changed. The 
 
 latter was restored to its former shape in 1837, again altered and again r 
 
 stored. The bell was bought in 
 1816 for $538.87. In 1817 it was proposed to remove the 
 church to let Cameron street pass, and the vestry c 
 sented, with the proviso that the city would build anot! 
 church exactly like the present one, In 1818 Captain 
 Croudhill presented the font. The roof was renewed in 
 1810, in 1840 and 1879. In 1834 the vestr 
 tower was built. In 1853 the pews were altered, the floor 
 raised si 
 
 y-room under the 
 
 d the porch on the northwest adc 
 There is a new communion table and a new organ. The 
 present lectern and communion table were put into the 
 chancel in 1867 n 1870 the two tablets to the memory 
 of George Washington and Robert E. Lee were put up on 
 the wall—this mutual recognition of Washington and Lee 
 of the re-union of the s 
 
 forming a proof and plec 
 
 tions which lately 
 
 *Frowned upon each other 
 
 Like cliffs which had been rent asunder.” 
 
 General Lee was confirmed in this church in 1853, and was 
 one of its communicants. 
 
 The church was consecrated in 1814 by Bishop 
 Claggett, of Maryland. The bishop was a very stout 
 man, with a very loud voice, and was in the habit of 
 to church in his robes and with a mitre upon his 
 course that always created a sensation. At the 
 ation) his strange appearance and 
 
 walkir 
 
 vq 
 
 head— 
 t Church congr 
 
 consecration of St. Paul’s (which was formed from the Chri 
 stentorian voice on entering the church so frightened a young woman, who had never seen such an apparition, 
 rrant with memories of Washington 
 
 that she fainted. This old church, so rich in memories of the past and so frag 
 and Lee, both of whom had pews in it, and both are commemorated on its walls with tablets emblazoned with the 
 cross and crown, is a shrine to which pilgrims almost daily do homage. Its one hundredth anniversary was 
 celebrated with great eclat in 1873, when the Rev. Dr. McKim, the rector, delivered a memorial sermon, and the 
 writer recited an original unwritten poem. It was also one of the scenes of the c lebration of the Washington 
 
 Centennial on the 3oth of April, 1889, when the writer rehearsed the relations of Washington to the Church and 
 
 P: Slow 
 
 hese have been since supplanted by the original desk and table. In 1891 the church was restored to its original condition so far as possible, the high pulpit 
 
 * 
 
 and sounding-board being restored. 
 
 93 
 
ST. LOUIS CATHEDRAL, NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA. 
 
 the date of the settlement of New 
 
 some period between the years 171 
 EY Orleans, and 1723, the first church in what is now the S 
 was built. The f 
 
 ate of Louisiana 
 
 st regular services were held at the mouth of the 
 Mississippi in 1699 by a chaplain accompanying the explorer D'lberville, who 
 had built a small fort there, and the settlers attended Mass every day, being 
 
 gathered for prayers each morning and evening. In the course of time, and 
 with the end in view of procuring a more fixed and solid establishment of gov- 
 ernment, Bienville selected a spot along the river about thirty leagues above 
 the original settlement; the plantations which were then being laid out would 
 need such a town, too, which might become a depot for supplies and trading. 
 When his engineer, De la Tour, arrived, he found a few inconsiderable planta- 
 tions scattered here and there, and he at once made a clearing of sufficient 
 
 extent to lay out the city. The streets were traced, and in the naming of them 
 he honored many famous Frenchmen. The squares were so arranged that 
 
 each inhabitant who desired it should receive a lot sixty feet, French measure, 
 by one hundred and twenty in depth, thus admitting an ownership of twelve 
 inhabitants to each square. M. de la Tour also elaborated a system of dykes 
 
 FATHER ANTOINE. . . . c . a : : 
 and drains which provided for the protection of the city in the event of an over- 
 
 flow of the riv 
 In the patent granting Louisiana to the “Company of the West,” issued Aug 
 
 She 
 
 ist, 1717, the Regent, Duke of 
 
 Orleans, in the name of Louis XV., had inserted a clause providing for the erection of churches wherever it 
 formed settlements. Regarding especially “the glory of God by procuring the salvation of the inhabitants, 
 Indie 
 
 ecc 
 
 and negroes,” the company ed to maintain in its churches “the necessary number of approved 
 , either with the rank of parish priest or such others as shall be suitable, in order to preach the 
 spel there, perform divine service and administer the sacraments; all under the authority of the Bishop 
 Quebec.” It was also provided in another document known as the Black Code that no other than the Roman 
 Catholic Creed would be tolerated. So, in the planning of New Orleans, a site for the church fronting on the 
 
 inning, devoted to public and 
 
 Place d’Armes was laid out, and these locations are now, as they were from the be: 
 
 ecclesiastical uses. In the early days the town consisted of about a hundred small, wooden buildings and a few 
 
 larger ones devoted to the purposes of the church and government and for warehouse uses. In place of the 
 lowly parish church of those times is now the beautiful Cathedral; the open plat of coarse native g crossed 
 i nolia trees, and rendered 
 
 by its two paths, is now the well-kept Jackson Square, adorned with orange and ma 
 perennially attractive with a profusion of roses. 
 
 In 1722 a fearful hurricane swept over the place, spreading misery and desolation in its path, prostrating 
 the crops, destroying the rice, and demolishing, along with “many other buildings of great value,” the parish 
 t. Ignatius, and to have been attended by a Capuchin, Father 
 
 aid to have been known 
 Anthony. A few years later, when the town had reached a more advanced state of prosperity, a new church of 
 until 178 In the meantime New Orleans had become the most 
 shortly after the building of the new church, a flock of six hundred Cath- 
 
 church, which is 
 
 brick w 
 
 erected, and it was used for services 
 
 important of the French settlements ; 
 olic families were included in its population; but the cause of religion and education did not keep pace with its 
 
 growth in a commercial sense. The original congregation seems to have been the only one founded under the 
 iastical orders, the Jesuits 
 
 French regime, an almost constant quarrel going on, however, between the rival eccl 
 
 and the Capuchins. The strife of these two continued for a long time, and was characterized by “acrimonious 
 writings, squibs, pasquinades and satirical songs.” The Capuchins were left masters of the situation in July, 
 
 94 
 
1763, when, by a decree of the French Parliament dated 1762, the Jesuits were expelled from French dominions, 
 and their plantation in New Orleans confiscated and sold for the equivalent of $180,000. 
 
 On Good Friday, 1788, the town was visited by fire, which originated, it is said, in the private chapel of Don 
 Vicente José Nufiez, the military treasurer, and, amidst the generai destruction, the brick church, which had stood 
 for nearly sixty years, fell, At the same time near y nine hundred stores, dwellings and public buildings were 
 consumed. The matter of erecting a new church on the site of the burned one was subsequently taken up and, 
 through the activity and generosity of Don Andres Almonaster y Roxas, a Spanish noble and colonel of the pro- 
 vincial troops, the immediate predecessor of the present imposing structure was red, which, in 1793, when 
 Louisiana and Florida were made a bishopric separate from Havana, became St, Louis Cathedral, It occupied 
 the site until 1850, when the picturesque Spanish edifice was razed to its foundations and the present one rose in 
 its place. The Cabildo building adjoining was also erected through the munificence of the same distinguished patron. 
 
 wn 
 
 Although of irregular architecture, the exterior of the Cathedral is of majestic appearance, while the interior 
 is at once solemn, rich and artistic in its construction and decoration, The altars are three in number—the main 
 
 altar, the altar of “Our Lady of Lourdes,” and the altar of 
 
 St. Francis of Assisium. All are masterpieces of 
 religious expression in their design, and all, particularly the main one, are enriched and beautified with the gifts 
 of generations, and with that chaste taste in the arrancement of color and shade that has ever distinguished the 
 people who worship there. ‘The ceiling is most beautifully frescoed. The centre picture represents the Trans- 
 figuration, and around it are the Evange- 
 lists, the Holy Family, and scenes illustra- 
 tive of the Apocalypse. Behind and above 
 
 the main altar is a grand semi-historic pic- 
 
 ture of large dimensior 
 
 and exquisite col- 
 oring, which at once arrests the attention 
 of the visitor. It is a most artistic and po- 
 etic representation of St, Louis counselling 
 the first crusaders and presenting them 
 with the banner of the crc 
 
 In front of the shrine of St. Francis, 
 and beneath the marble pavement, is a 
 vault in which the founder of the church 
 lies buried, a marble slab set on the level 
 of the floor and bearing the following in- 
 scription in Spanish indicating the place 
 
 of his sepulture: “Here lies the body of 
 Don Andres Almonaster y Roxas, a native 
 of Mogrena, in the Kingdom of Andalusia. 
 Died in the city of New Orleans, on the 
 26th of April, 1798, at the age of 74 years. 
 Cavalier of the distinguished order of 
 Charles the Third of Spain; Colonel of the 
 militia of the provincial Spanish troops; founder of this church and of the St. Charles Hospital; founder of the 
 convent of Lazarians; founder of the Ursuline convent; founder of the girls’ school and of the Presbytery, al 
 
 Tue INTERIOR. 
 
 of which he built in this city at his own expense.” His coat-of-arms is a ¢ with his 
 motto: A pesar de todos, Venceremos & los Godos 
 altar of “Our Lady of Lourdes” lie three of the Marigney de Mande who for generations have been 
 
 prominently identified with the church, the city and the history of Louisiana. Set in the walls, to the left side of 
 
 so graven on the tomb alon 
 
 —“Tn spite of all we will conquer the Goths.” In front of the 
 
 ille famil 
 
 the main altar, are memorial tablets, on which are inscribed the names of some of the bishops who have ruled 
 over the diocese of New Orleans. 
 Connected with the St. Louis Cathedral are numberle 
 
 s recollections, which, like its beauties, are indescribable. 
 
 Here for generations have chimes been rung for marriages and funerals ; hope, joy, woe, victory and defeat have al 
 had their celebrations within this venerable pile; before 
 their mothers and grandmothers pledged their vows. Here that staunch old hero, General Andrew Jackson, bowed 
 the head and bent the knee as the Ze Deum ascended in thank giving for the victory over a fore Here, in our 
 own day, banners have been blessed, which, although furled in defeat, were never dishonored by the grasp of a cow- 
 ard or etincd by the disgrace of an avoidable surrender. Here, in 1876, our citizen soldiers, the “ White League,” 
 assembled to hold service in perpetuation of the memory of their departed comrades, and here it is that on St. 
 
 Barbara’s day the Italian companies offer prayer for the protection of their nation for the year to come. Indeed, 
 
 95 
 
 its altars fair brides have knelt upon the same spot where 
 
the Cathedral seems to be the house of prayer which all, irrespective of religious prejudice, choose as a place in 
 which to offer public petition or hymn of praise in all cases where common calamity or success constrain devo- 
 In the early days of this century, when the country seemed almost 
 
 tion to the great Director of human affairs. 
 on the verge of war with Spain, when intrigue and plots were thick in Spanish-American New Orleans, many 
 e Antoine 
 
 prominent citizens were suspected of sedition, among them Father Antonio de Sedella, the beloved Peé 
 of the Cathedral, being unjustly censured. 
 After the defeat of the British at New Orleans, a day of public rejoicing and thank 
 
 g was appointed by 
 Prefect for Louisiana, and on January 23, 1815, the Cathedral became the scene 
 
 the Abbé Dubourg, apostoli 
 
 ce 
 of a most imposing spectacle. The civic portion of the ceremonies was conducted in the square in front of the 
 
 Cathedral. Where the Ja 
 
 ance of the 
 
 son statue now stands a temporary arch was erected, and in the pre 
 
 He and his officers then 
 
 multitude the “hero of New Orleans” was crowned with laurel by two beautiful girls. 
 passed into the Cathedral, which was decorated with evergreens in honor of the event, and a service of profound 
 gratitude for the interposition of Almighty God in behalf of the ed 
 up. The colossal equestrian statue of Jackson is now a conspicuous object in the square. It was placed there 
 in 1855, when the his c Place d’'Armes became known as Jacks ightly 
 elevated in the centre of the square, and rests on one enormous block of granite measuring thirty cubic yards. 
 The grim warrior is represented in the full uniform of 1815, and is in the act of raising his military chapeau in 
 salute; his heavy sword hangs at his side, his left hand holding firmly the reins of his horse. Altogether, it is 
 
 American people and nationality was then off 
 
 on Square. It stands on a bit of ground 
 
 said to be one of the finest pieces of equestrian statuary in the country, and so lifelike and spirited that one 
 expects to see the bronze counterfeit leap from its granite footing. 
 
THE MEETING HOUSE ON THE GREEN, LEXINGTON, MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 OREVER associated with the opening of the war of the American Revolution 
 will be the name of Lexington. This little Massachusetts town was formerly 
 
 a part of Cambridge, and was called “the Cambridge Farms;” the first per- 
 manent settlement was made there in 1640, but in 1682, when the settlers had 
 arrived in considerable numbers from Cambridge and Watertown, they asked to 
 be set off as a distinct precinct, so that they might have a minister and a meeting 
 house of their own. Opposition be 
 it was 
 
 y met with from the old parish of Cambridge, 
 not until 1691 that the separation was accomplished and a meeting house 
 erected. One of the early ministers to the new congregation was the Rev. John 
 Tancock, who became its second pastor in 1698; a man of superior talents and of 
 great usefulness, exerting considerable influence in all the affairs of the place, both 
 secular and religious, he remained with his people until his death in 1752, He 
 was a graduate of Harvard College, and grandfather of the John Hancock who 
 became so famous in later days as the President of the Provincial Cong 
 old house built by the Le 
 
 ess, The 
 
 ington pastor, soon after his ordination, and added to 
 by his son Thomas in 1735, is still standing there. In 1755 the Rev. Jonas Clark 
 7 succeeded to the charge of the congregation. arrying a granddaughter of the 
 THe MrNuTE-MAN. elder Hancock, he bought the old parsonage, so that this venerable building was 
 
 the residence of the two ministers whose combined term of service extended 
 over more than a hundred years. 
 
 Mr. Clark was a man of distinguished ability and has left his mark in the history of the place and the State, 
 Not only did he use the pulpit for his instructions but he was busy with his pen, and drew up some of those 
 papers which were intended to set forth the views of the town upon the political questions of the day, and the 
 duty of the rulers and the privileges of those who were ruled. He had a thorough knowledge of the science of 
 civil government, and in these masterly papers of his met the particular issues of the day, especially when the 
 rights of the colonists were ignored by 
 Great Britain. The influence of his pub- 
 
 lished views extended beyond the town of 
 Lexington, and prepared the public mind 
 to r 
 
 the encroachments of the king 
 and to engage in the struggle for inde- 
 pendence. We little realize how much 
 we are indebted to two Puritan ministers 
 for thus aiding in the establishment of the 
 
 American nation. John Hancock, the 
 President of the Provincial Cong: was 
 the son of a minister and the grandson of 
 a minister, and Clark became the friend 
 and adviser of Adams, Warren and Han- 
 cock, who frequently found a home beneath 
 
 his roof, and wise instruction in the stirring 
 
 times preceding the actual outbreak of 
 hostilities; and in influencing such men as 
 Adams, Warren and Hancock, Jonas 
 Clark influenced the affairs of the whole 
 country. 
 
 The war was precipitated by the INTERIOR OF THE OLD CLARK House. 
 
attempt of General Gage to arrest Adams and Hancock, who had taken refuge in the house of the Rev. Mr. 
 Clark at Lexington, The British government had put Gage in command of about 3000 troops in Boston, and he 
 felt it necessary to take some vigorous steps to stamp out the incipient rebellion against the king’s authority. 
 Hancock and Adams were especially obnoxious as leaders, and the British ministry and Gage concurred in the 
 policy of seizing them and sending them to England for trial as rebels and ringleaders. To capture these two 
 men and to destroy some military stores which the patriots had gathered at Concord was the motive of the first 
 act of the long and bloody drama of the Revolutionary war, The expedition was to move secret! ly to Lexington, 
 and every effort was made by the British to conceal their design 
 and other patriots in Boston were concertin 
 
 , but Warren, Revere 
 g signals to warn their friends of the move- 
 ment when it should take place. Thinking that they had covered their plans, the British 
 forces, under Colonel Smith, landed at Cambridge on the night of the 18th of April, 1775, 
 but before they had gone far the ringing of church bells and the firing of guns taught 
 them that their movements had become known. Smith sent back for reinforcements, and 
 ordered Major Pitcairn forward to Lexington and Concord with the light troops to take 
 possession of the bridges. Paul Revere had ridden on before the British, however, and 
 had given the alarm; in response to which, Captain Parker of Lexington had summoned 
 his Minute-Men on the Common between one and two o’clock on the morning of the 
 
 Rea Tags Cuvee rgth to await the coming attack of the British troops. The night was chilly, and hearing 
 nothing more of the approach of the British, the farmer-soldiers went back to their houses. 
 
 Suddenly, towards morning, the bell of the meeting house rang, alarm guns were fired, and the drums beat 
 to arms. Only about fifty of the Minute-Men had hastily reassembled on the Common when the impetuous Pit- 
 cairn, at the head of his troops, some eight hun- 
 dred veterans, rushed upon the little band de- 
 nouncing them as rebels, and commanded them 
 
 to throw down their arms and disperse. The 
 Americans stood their ground, and the British 
 fired a blank volley. Still they refused to dis- 
 perse, and then Pitcairn, discharging his own 
 pistol, ordered his whole platoon to fire. Some 
 of the patriots fell dead upon the village green 
 before the meeting house. There the first 
 blood of the long war was shed, and there be- 
 gan those exhibitions of superb heroism that 
 led to independence. A few of the British 
 troops were struck by the bullets of the Ameri- 
 cans as the latter retreated. They had to re- 
 treat, for what could fifty farmer-soldiers do 
 sight hundred trained troops ? 
 
 The British pursued them some distance, 
 
 agait 
 
 gave a shout in honor of this brief victory and Zs 
 pushed on to Concord—without making any shee up Cue torert 
 
 effort to find Hancock and Adams. These two 
 
 patriots had been in Mr. Clark’s house until about 3 o’clock on the morning of that day, when they took refuge 
 in the woods on the hill near by from which they could overlook the Common, or at least hear the sounds of 
 firing. It was there, as the fight went on, that Adams broke forth in the memorable words: “What a glorious 
 
 morning for America is this!” 
 
 The village green, where this most memorable conflict took place, was an irregular, unenclosed triangle, and 
 upon a little elevation at the southerly apex stood the old meeting house built in 1714. It was a barn-like struc- 
 ture of three stories, and, having no belfry, a bell-tower was constructed from which pealed the alarm on the 
 memorable morning in 1775. The building was taken down in 1794 and a new one erected near the same spot, 
 and upon the des 
 
 ruction by fire of this latter edifice the present one, at the north-westerly corner of the Com- 
 mon, was built. The flag-staff is about where the old meeting house of '75 stood. ‘The village green is fronted 
 
 to-day by the village churches and dwellings, and its great historic event is commemorated by a rude monument 
 erected at the close of the last century, with an inscription composed by “the minister of the village,” reciting 
 
 the fact that the stone is sacred to liberty, independence and the rights of man, and how through a long and 
 bloody contest the sovereignty of these States was finally achieved. 
 
 fone 
 
 98 : 
 
THE MISSION OF SAN GABRIEL, CALIFORNIA. 
 
 the fourth in the order of time of the twenty- 
 rs in Upper California from 1769 to 1823. A Spanish voy- 
 ager, Juan Cabrillo, had explored the California coast as high as latitude 42° N. in 1542, but nothing was 
 
 done looking toward its occupation for many years afterwards. In the meantime Francis Drake, in his free- 
 booting expedition around the world, had visited California, and claimed the “New Albion,” as he called it, for 
 Queen Elizabeth. Toward the middle of the eighteenth century the Russians were extending their dominion 
 down the northwest coast of America. King Charles III. of Spain, fearing the Russian encroachments and pos- 
 sible English pos ion, and urged by the priests, who volunteered to undertake the spiritual subjugation of the 
 natives of California, issued royal orders to the Marquis de la : 
 Croix, viceroy of New Spain (Mexico), to occupy the ports of 
 San Diego and Monterey. The viceroy turned the whole 
 matter over to the Visitador General, José de Galvez, who at 
 once went over to Lower California and fitted out three sup- 
 ply ships. Galvez called to his aid Junipero Serra, the presi- 
 dent of the Franciscan missions on the peninsula. It was de- 
 termined to establish three missions in Upper California—one 
 each at San Diego and Monterey and one midway between. 
 One of the vessels sent was lost at sea, but the other two 
 arrived safely at San Diego. Serra went up overland, and 
 there founded the mission of San Diego de Alcala on July 16, 
 1769. They had some trouble in finding the Bay of Monterey, 
 and did not found a mission there until the next June. 
 The news of the occupation of Upper California caused 
 
 the greatest rejoicings in the city of Mexico. It was immedi- 
 ately resolved to establish five new missions, of which San 
 Gabriel Arcangel was named as one, and ten more priests 
 were furnished for that purpose. They arrived on the ship 
 San Antonio at Monterey in June, 1771, and the next month, 
 accompanied by Lieutenant Pedro Fages, the two priests de- 
 signed for the mission of San Gabriel sailed for San Diego. 
 They were Pedro Benito Cambon and Angel Somera. At San fires Lee, 
 Diego they were delayed by desertions of soldiers and hostile 
 Indians. The si lected for the new mission was on the San Gabriel river, and it was on the overland route 
 to Monterey. Quoting from Palou’s “Life of Serra:” “On the 6th of August Fathers Cambon and Somera, 
 accompanied by ten soldiers and muleteers, started northward, following the route of the first expedition, They 
 arrived at the River Temblores, and while searching for a suitable place they were surrounded by a multitude 
 of Indians, headed by two chiefs, who shouted and threatened. One of the missionaries unfurled before the mul- 
 titude a banner with an oil painting of Our Lady of Sorrows, which the Indians had scarcely seen when, drop- 
 ign of peace. They soon called 
 
 one missions founded by the Franciscan fri 
 
 E IE San Gabriel Mission, in Los Angeles county, California, w 
 
 ping their arrows, the two chiefs came and deposited a string of beads as a s 
 others from the rancherias, and men, women and children came in crowds, carrying seed, which they placed at 
 Our Lady’s feet as an offering, thinking she might eat as we do. The Indians at San Diego were equally 
 demonstrative in their expressions of joy when the Fathers presented to their view a picture of Our Lady with 
 the Divine Child. Women would flock in from the country around, gaze with rapture upon the beautiful 
 Madonna, and extend their arms as if to fondle and caress the lovely Babe. The unveiling of the sacred picture 
 at San Gabriel produced such wonderful effects on the people that, from that day, they approached the Fathers 
 99 
 
about fifteen hundred. Zalvadea’s removal caused his melancholy, which was followed by insanity and death. 
 Strong as was his will and great as was his mind, it could not bear such a sudden removal from power. He was 
 succeeded by Father Sanchez, a man of a much milder disposition, and one greatly beloved by the people. 
 
 It had been planned from the first that in ten years from their founding the missions should be turned into 
 pueblos or towns, always presuming that the baptized Indians had progressed sufficiently to warrant them 
 becoming citizens. Then the missionary would have either to move to a new field or become one of the regular 
 clergy, neither of which propositions they cared to accept, the first because it subjected them to fresh trials and 
 hardships, and the latter because it took from them their wealth and pow But the regular clergy, aided by 
 the politicians, pushed the matter of “secularizing” the missions, as it was called, and obtained the enactment 
 of laws to that end both in Spain and Mexico. In 1834 the crash came. Governor José Figueroa issued the 
 
 decree, and a commissioner was appointed to take charge of San Gabriel mission, and take an account of its 
 wealth, produce and live-stock on hand; but the wily fathers of the missions had anticipated him. They slaugh- 
 tered their cattle and sheep by the thousands, converting them into hides and tallow, which commanded good 
 cash prices from the Boston traders. At San Gabriel alone over thirty thousand cattle were at once slaughtered. 
 They sold their other live-stock, or turned it loose, and dug up their vineyards and orchards, so that only a small 
 remnant is left around the church, With as much of their wealth converted into cash as was possible, many of 
 ioners had fat pickings for a few years, until the 
 
 the missionaries left the country never to return. The commis 
 Americans occupied the country in 1846. The United States land commission restored the mi 
 the church, but its glory had departed. Its neophytes had almost disappeared through the drunkenne 
 years and diseases introduced among them earlier by the Spaniards. A handful answer the vesper chimes or 
 attend the morning mass. A few years ago the church was repaired, a new cement floor was laid, a wooden 
 ceiling in the beautiful natural color of California woods was put in, and the altar and gallery were restored, so 
 that there is now an air of freshness about the old historic pile. 
 
 sion property to 
 of later 
 
 INrERIOR ViEW OF THE MISSION. 
 
without fe 
 the missionaries celebrated their first mass under the 
 menced the erection of a chapel and necessary buildings, the Indians helping to cut the lumber.” 
 
 Such is the account given by the Spaniards. The impressions of the Indians, which they related to Hugo 
 Reid, a learned Scotchman, who dwelt among this tribe many years, were far different. He says that when the 
 
 , and gave evidence of satisfaction at having them in their midst. On the 8th of September, 1771, 
 nade of some green boughs, and the next day they com- 
 
 Indians saw the Spaniards coming on horseback they thought they were gods, and the women hid. Seeing a 
 Spaniard strike fire with a flint for the first time, they were fully convinced of their divine origin. However, 
 when a gun was fired and a bird killed, they concluded as the Giver of life could not murder animals, that the 
 
 Spaniards must be human beings, and described them to be “of a nasty white color, and having ugly blue ey 
 Another event soon convinced them of their visitors’ mortality. One of the soldiers violated a chieftain’s wife. 
 The chief with a number of his followers attacked the mission, and, seeking out the offending Spaniard, fired an 
 arrow at him. A musket shot was the answer, and the chief dropped dead, while the other Indians retreated. 
 His head was then cut off and set up on a pole at the gate of the stockade. The Indians came in a few days 
 he head of their captain. ‘The priests reconciled them with presents, but took care to add to the 
 
 armed force of the mission. 
 
 The site first chosen was low, and more or less subject to fever and frost. In 1774 President Serra recom- 
 mended the removal of the San Diego and San Gabriel 
 missions to better localities near by. San Diego mission 
 was moved the next year, and it is very probable that the 
 San Gabriel mission was moved to its present site about 
 the same time. An adobe chapel was first built, followed 
 by the priest's residence; fields were sowed, vineyards 
 and orchards planted, and cattle herded, all the work 
 being done by Indians. The aborigines here possessed 
 much the same general characteristics as elsewhere. The 
 males followed the chase and war-path; the women gath- 
 
 ered the subsistence—roots, fish, grasses, nuts, insects, 
 etc. At first they were shy, but a few presents from the 
 Spaniards, especially of cloth, won them over. The first 
 one to be baptized was the infant son of the murdered 
 chief. Other baptisms followed—the baptized always 
 being regarded as outcasts by the others, who did not 
 allow them to return to their tribe The hostile Indians 
 
 were held in subjection by the soldiers. Time sped on, 
 and the priests were frequently changed from one mission 
 to another, 
 
 The pr 
 
 ent church building was finished and dedi- 
 cated in 1804. Tradition has it that the bells, which are 
 Tae Stone SHURA. four in number and were cast in Spain, are largely com- 
 
 posed of 
 
 g furnace by devotees. The building is of white stone, and was first covered with red tiles, but these were 
 later substituted by a shingle roof. In 1826 there was sent to the mission, as resident minister, José Maria Zal- 
 vadea. Under his wise management for twenty years San Gabriel mission rose to the zenith of its glory. He 
 
 gold and silver ornaments thrown into the melt- 
 
 planted large vineyards, intersected with fine walks, shaded by fruit trees of every description, and rendered still 
 more lovely by shrubs interspersed between; he laid out the orange, olive and fruit orchards; made cactus fences 
 around the fields; planted rose hedg 
 
 s and flower gardens; and built the mill and mill-dam and the water works. 
 All the Indians were made to work, and put in some department, as herdsmen, tanners, shoemakers, weavers, 
 brick-make 
 
 fishermen, farmers, fruit-growers, servants, etc, Everything was organized, and discipline was 
 strictly maintained, 
 
 In the height of his great success Zalvadea was transferred to another and poorer mission. Under him San 
 Gabriel had flourished beyond calculation. The Indians had all been baptized, the different fruit, vine and grain 
 crops had been bountiful, while the cattle had literally spread out upon a thousand hills, the horses, neat cattle 
 and sheep being almost without number. At one time there were belonging to the mission a hundred thousand 
 cattle, four thousand horses, one thousand mules, fifty-four thousand sheep, and over five thousand bushels of 
 grain stored, besides a production of six hundred barrels of wine annually ; the vineyard, known as the za 
 madre, or mother vineyard, because it subsequently furnished the Americans their cuttings, alone had a hundred 
 
 and fifty thousand vines, while the orchard had some two thousand trees. The population of the mission was 
 100 
 
CATHEDRAL OF THE HOLY TRINITY, QUEBEC, CANADA. 
 
 N order to make a sketch of the Cathedral 
 of the Holy Trinity, at Quebec, complete, ' 
 a few words must be said about those 
 
 Franciscan monks called “ Recollets,” who were 
 the former proprietors of the land on which the 
 sacred edifice was built. At the invitation of 
 Samuel de Champlain, Governor of Canada, 
 the Recollets arrived at Tadousac, from France, 
 on the 25th of May, 1615, reaching Quebec a 
 few days later. Land was granted them on 
 the banks of the river St. Charles, where they 
 uilt a convent called “Notre Dame des Anges,” 
 sufficiently strong to resist the attacks of the 
 roquois Indians. On the 19th of June, 1629, 
 Quebec was captured by the brothers Kirke, 
 and both Jesuits and Recollets were shipped 
 ack to France. At the restoration of Canada 
 to France, in 1632, the Jesuits returned, but the 
 ecollets were not accorded that permission 
 until 1670, when they arrived at Quebec on the 18th of August with M. Talon, the Intendant. They found their 
 property ina most dilapidated condition, and at once set about rebuilding what is now the General Hospital. 
 As Bishop St. Vallier wished to institute this hospital, in 1692 he purchased the Recollet property on certain 
 conditions, giving them in exchange a tract of land in the Upper Town of Quebec facing the Parade, at present 
 called the Place D’Armes, and comprising the whole square on which the Court House, Cathedral and other 
 buildings now stand. There they erected their church and convent, which, on the capitulation of Canada, Sep- 
 tember 8, 1760, became a possession of the British crown, but the few monks that remained were permitted the 
 use of their properties until the death of Pére DeBerrey, the last superior of the order in Canada. 
 
 THE PROCESSION AT THE CENTENARY OF THE DIOCESE. 
 
 The monks generously allowed the Church of England to use their church, as is shown by the following 
 notice in the Quebec Gazette of May 21, 1767: “On Sunday next, Divine service, according to the use of the 
 Church of England, will be at the Recollets’ church and continue for the summer season, beginning soon after 
 
 eleven. The drum will beat each Sunday soon after half an hour past ten, and the Recollets’ bell will ring to 
 give notice of the English service the instant their own is ended.” The Bishop of Nova Scotia, Dr. Charles 
 Inglis, held his primary visitation at Quebec on August 5, 1789, in the Recollets’ church, and on his leaving for 
 
 Halifax the clergy of the Church of England in Canada presented him an address. The convent and church 
 were burnt on September 6, 1796, and the ruins were, by order of the government, razed to the ground; the 
 chancel of the Cathedral stands where a portion of these ruins were, and they can still be seen in the roadway 
 
 near the Court House. The Jesuit church was then used for divine service. 
 
 The first Lord Bishop of the Diocese of Quebec, Dr. Jacob Mountain, arrived from England November 1, 
 1793, with his family, and accompanied by his brother, Rev. Jehoshaphat, and his son, Rev. Salter Jehoshaphat 
 Mountain, who became at the death of the Rev. Philip Toosey, in 1797, Curate or Rector of Quebec. At the 
 solicitation of the Bishop, His Majesty George III. decided to build the Cathedral at his own expense, and set 
 apart a portion of the Recollet property for that purpose. On November 11, 1799, he appointed a commission 
 to carry out the undertaking, composed of the Lord Bishop, William Osgoode, Chief-Justice of Lower Canada, Sir 
 George Pownall, Right Rev. Salter Jehoshaphat Mountain, and Jonathan Sewell, the Attorney-General, with 
 Matthew Bell, Esq., as treasurer. 
 
 The corner-stone was laid by His Excellency, the Lieut.-Governor, on November 3, 1800. At the con- 
 
 secration, August 28, 1804, the Bishop was presented with the Letters Patent of the whole property as it now 
 102 
 
stands, surrounded bya low stone wall, which is surmounted by an iron railing and closed by iron gates. The organ 
 was imported from England in 1801, and its cost defrayed by a public subscription, and the two quaint-looking stoves 
 still in use in the chancel were obtained in England at the same time. The Governor-General, his Grace the Duke 
 of Richmond, died on the 28th of August, 1819, and lies buried under the Cathedral in the rear of the pulpit ; 
 a brass plate in the floor marks the spot where his Excellency is interred,.and a marble tablet erected in the north 
 gallery to his memory is the finest piece of workmanship of all the monuments on the walls of the church. 
 Letters Patent were issued by His Majesty George IV. on the 8th of September, 1821, erecting the Parish 
 of Quebec, constituting the Cathedral the Parish Church, and appointing the Bishop's son, Rev. George Jehosha- 
 phat Mountain, D. D., Rector, and granting a piece of 
 
 ound adjacent to the Cathedral “Close” on which are 
 built the rectory, “All Saints” chapel, and the “Church Hall.” Bishop Mountain died June 18, 1826, aged 76 
 years, and lies buried within the chancel at the north side of the altar, where a mural monument is erected to his 
 memory. The Honorable and Rev. Charles James Stewart, brother of the Earl of Galloway, and one of the 
 clergy of the diocese, was consecrated Lord Bishop of Quebec by the Archbishop of Canterbury at Lambeth 
 on January 1, 1826, The Cathedral up to this time had no bells, but a subscription was raised and a chime 
 of eight bells ordered; the tenor weighs 1852 pounds, and their total weight is 8023 pounds. The chime 
 arrived in the summer of 1830 and rang the first peal on the 2oth of October, when Lord Aylmer was sworn in 
 as Administrator of the Government of Lower Canada. 
 On the 14th of February, 1836, the venerable Archdeacon George Jehoshaphat Mountain was consecrated at 
 Lambeth Lord Bishop of Montreal without any see or jurisdiction, but simply to assist Bishop Stewart, who ap- 
 pointed him Coadjutor. Bishop Stewart died in London in July, 1837, and a fine marble tablet was erected to 
 his memory by the congregation and placed on the south wall of the chancel inside the communion rails. Bishop 
 Mountain took charge of the diocese, retaining the Rectorship of the parish, and appointed the Rey. George 
 Mackie his “ Official” and Curate of the Cathedral. In October, 1846, a new organ was imported from England, 
 and the old one sold to the Roman Catholic church at Lotbiniére, where it is still in use. 
 fhe Diocese was on July 18, 1850, divided into that of Montreal and Quebec, and Rev. Dr. Fulford was con- 
 secrated at Westminster Abbey Lord Bishop 
 of Montreal, when new Letters Patent were 
 issued appointing Bishop Mountain to the 
 see of Quebec. In 1858 the Rev. Dr. 
 Mackie retired and was succeeded by Rev. 
 George Vernon Houseman, Bishop Moun- 
 tain died on January 6, 1863, and the 
 churchmen of the diocese placed to his 
 memory the beautiful memorial window in 
 the chancel of the Cathedral. It is in three 
 
 parts, the centre representing the Ascen- 
 sion, and the two side portions the Baptism 
 and Transfiguration of our Lord; at the 
 base is inscribed: “To the glory of God 
 and in grateful remembrance of George 
 Jehoshaphat Mountain, D. D., some time 
 Bishop of this diocese, whom the grace of 
 Christ enabled to fulfil the duties of a long 
 ministry to the advancement of his Church 
 and the lasting benefit of many souls. O. B. 
 MDCCCLXII. ®t. LXXIIL” The Rev. 
 G. V. Houseman was then appointed Rector 
 of Quebec. A special meeting of the Dio- ‘AN Inrentor View SHOWING THE Royar Pew. 
 cesan Synod was called for the 4th of March, ; : ; : ; 
 1863, at which the Rev. James William Williams, M. A., Professor of Belles-Lettres in the University of Bishops 
 College, Lennoxville, was elected Bishop. Her Majesty Queen Victoria’s mandate arrived on the roth: of June, 
 and he was consecrated by the Metropolitan Lord Bishop of Quebec on the atst of that month in the Cathedral, 
 When Her Majesty’s Sixty-ninth regiment returned from repelling the Fenian invasion on the Huntingdon 
 county frontier, His Royal Highness Prince Arthur presented a new stand of colors to the regiment on June 21, 
 1870, and the old colors were the next day deposited in the Cathedral with the usual SesUOUES: & new organ, 
 costing $5000, was presented to the church in 1882 by a generous member of the congregation, RR. Dobell, Esq. 
 The Rev. G. V. Houseman, M. A., died September 26, 1887, and the Rev. R. W. Norman, D. D., Canon of 
 
 103 
 
es 
 
Montreal, was appointed Rector of Quebec and inducted in 
 the Cathedral on March 18, 1888. In June, 1888, the Synod 
 created the capitular body of the Cathedral, composed as fol- 
 lows: Very Rev. R. W. Norman, D.D., Dean of Quebec; 
 Venerable Archdeacon the Rev. Henry Roe, D. D.; Canons: 
 Rev. A. A. Von Iffland, M. A., Rev. Thomas Richardson, 
 Rev. George Thornloe, M. A., Rev. J. Foster, M. A.; Registrar 
 of the Diocese, Edward G. Meredith, Esq. 
 
 Bishop Williams died April 20, 1892. The Rev. Andrew 
 Hunter Dunn, M. A., Vicar of All Saints, South Acton, near 
 London, England, was chosen to succeed him, He was con- 
 secrated Lord Bishop of Quebec, and on September 23, 1892, 
 
 was installed with the usual impressive ceremony. 
 
 The exterior of the Cathedral is much the same as it 
 ways has been, a substantial, plain, rectangular stone edifice, 
 standing in the centre of a well-kept “Close,” surrounded by 
 ‘THe Mountaty Memortat Winpow. fine old trees which add beauty to the environment and re- 
 mind Englishmen of the sacred buildings in Britain, The 
 interior was somewhat altered in 1857, when the building was repaired, and the old-fashioned, uncomfortably high 
 pews were lowered to three feet three inches. The pews face the chancel in six rows, divided by a broad centre 
 movable benches for the children of the charitable institutions attached to the church, and 
 galleries. The whole of the pews, front of the galleries, and floors are of solid English 
 
 » 
 
 two side aisles under the g 
 oak. The high arched calif, so beautifully tesselated, is made, not as many suppose of plaster, but entirely 
 of wood, and is supported by eight massive pillars of the Ionic-Palladic order of architecture, made of pitch- 
 
 pine with an outer white-pine casing. The ceiling and pillars are painted white, and the walls of a light yellow 
 sandstone color. The divisional lines of the ceiling and edgings of the arches are of cable pattern, and in the 
 s on the walls in the chancel and over the window are cerulean blue 
 
 chancel are gilded; the semicircular spac 
 dotted with golden stars. On the wall to the south of the altar, inside the oaken railing, are the Ten Command- 
 ments, written on two large tablets with broad gilt cable borders reaching to the base of the cornice, on a level 
 imilar tablets, one containing the Apostles’ 
 
 with the top of the window frame, On the north side are two 
 Creed and the other the Lord’s Prayer. Outside the railing, on the south side, is the Bishop’s throne of oak, 
 emblazoned above with the arms of the diocese. Opposite to it is a similarly formed structure containing the 
 marble font placed there in 1831; on the top of these stand the regimental and queen’s colors of Her 
 Majesty’s Sixty-ninth regiment. 
 
 The oaken pulpit occupies the centre of the open space, flanked on either side by two reading desks, and 
 
 alongside of these, a facing each other, are the two sets of stalls each containing four seats for the Dean and 
 Chapter and other clergy. There are twenty-seven marble monuments and three brass plates on the walls of 
 the church; the greater portion of them are in the galleries; there are also five fine memorial windows. The 
 ery over the main en- 
 
 vestry is in the southeast end of the building. The organ is situated in the western galle 
 trance, and on each side of it are two small galleries formerly used by the children before mentioned. In 
 the centre of the north gallery is the Governor-General’s pew, surmounted by a brass railing, with the royal coat 
 of arms at the front. It is said the plan of this Cathedral was from one of the best designs of Sir Christopher 
 Wren, and that the church is the counterpart of St. Stephen’ s, Walbrook, in London. St. Paul’s, of New York 
 cit 
 
 also bears a close resemblance to the Cathedral of the Holy Trinity of Quebec. 
 The communion plate was the special gift of the king, and consists of twelve massive pieces of solid silver 
 exquisitely 
 
 engraved and embossed, with the royal arms and the arms of the diocese thereon. The large 
 
 alms dish is a particularly beautiful work of art, the bottom being a representation, in relief, of the Lord's 
 Supper. The remaining pieces consist of a large credence paten, two tall flagons and two heavy chalices of 
 
 frosted silver with the coats of arms on them; two massive candlesticks, two small, plain chalices, and two plain 
 patens. This service, which is a masterpiece of silversmith workmanship, was made in London and attracted 
 considerable attention before being despatched to Quebec. 
 
 A prominent event in the annals of the Diocese was the celebration of its centenary in the Cathedral on 
 June 1, 1893. This was participated in by the Bishops of New York, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Niagara and Quebec, 
 and a large number An eloquent sermon by the Rt. Rev. Dr. Potter, Bishop of New York, and 
 
 impressive music by an augmented choir were noteworthy features of the service. 
 
 104 
 
THE OLD SOUTH MEETING HOUSE, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 HE visitor to Boston soon finds that one of the most prominent, as well as one of the 
 most interesting, of all the many buildings with a history in that city is “The Old 
 South.” It stands at the corner of Washington and Milk streets, where the tide of 
 travel is greatest. It is no longer used for religious services, but is preserved as a 
 museum of historical obje 
 
 ts, more especially as a relic of the past, a landmark of 
 
 old Boston, and a reminder of the stirring incidents of colonial days. A few years 
 ago, when it was offered for sale by the congregation that formerly occupied it, public 
 interest was so aroused that a society was 
 
 ormed for its preservation. The land is 
 extremely valuable for business purposes. The great sum of $400,000 was asked for 
 it and only $1,350 for the building itself! The Old South Preservation Committee 
 
 has bound itself to keep the building where it is, and by means of subscriptions, fairs, 
 lectures, and by the income from admission fees to its museum, it hopes to secure 
 
 enough to keep it from destruction. It would be a public calamity, the loss of one of Boston's most famous land- 
 
 marks, if it were removed to make way for the march of business improvements. Architecturally the building 
 is not very attractive, but within its walls and around its site have transpired many events which make it worthy 
 of preservation. 
 
 The Old South has become venerable by a long line of associations. The land on which it stands was the 
 g-place of Governor Winthrop. Benjamin 
 
 dwelli 
 
 ranklin was baptized here. Whitfield aroused crowded con- 
 
 gregations to an interest in religion by his wonderful sermons delivered from this pulpit; the revolutionary a 
 gres s$ y Oey y 
 
 tors made use of this edifice to stir up the citizens against the tyranny of the King of England; here were held 
 
 the town meetings where momentous resolves were passed, and where were started those waves of Ame 
 
 can 
 patriotism “that roused the whole country and shook the British throne.” Here Warren made some of his great 
 
 speeches, and that famous one on the anniversary of the Boston massacre. From this site went the Tea Party 
 to settle in an heroic fashion what to do‘with the taxed tea which they did not want and would not have. Within 
 
 these walls for a century and a half were preached “ The Election 
 
 Sermons,” that the people might know how religious were the 
 
 duties of rulers and citizens. A long line of able ministers presided 
 
 ations worshippir 
 
 over the congr g here, and in those congrega- 
 
 tions were men and women whose names are honored to-day by the 
 descendants who admire their piety and their patriotism. 
 The land on which the building stands passed from the Win- 
 ssion of the Rev. John Norton, and at his death 
 
 throps into the po: 
 to Mary Norton, his widow. In 1669, when a new congregation 
 with more liberal tenets than the two Congregational societies then 
 in Boston was proposed, Mary Norton 
 of her estate as a site for the new meeting house. The building 
 was known at first as “ The South Meeting House,” but in 1717, 
 when another still further southward in the city was erected by 
 another The Old South.” The 
 fine building on the Back Bay now used by the congregation bears 
 x name of “The New Old South.” 
 
 When Andros became governor in 1685 he demanded the use 
 of “The Old South” building for the Church of England services, = 
 and for two years it was jointly occupied by Churchmen and Con- 
 much to the 
 
 yenerously gave a portion 
 
 Mi 
 
 il / | 
 
 society, it received the name of “ 
 
 the rather confus 
 
 gregationalists at different hours of the Lord’s Day 
 
 disgust of the latter, however, who hated the governor and the 
 
 ritual of the English Church. SamueL ADAMS. 
 105 
 
the governor’s response to their demand that the taxed tea should not be landed in Boston but sent back to Eng- 
 land. When the news of refusal came, Adams arose and said, “This meeting can do nothing more to save the 
 country.” The meeting dissolved, and that night the ships were boarded, the chests were broken up and the tea 
 
 was emptied into the waters of the Bay. The war brought great desolation to the old building which had been 
 
 the place of so many patriotic gatherir The pulpit, the pews, and the greater part of the allleries were torn 
 out and used for fuel by the British troops, and the old sanctuary of freedom became a riding school for their 
 cavalry. The Governor Winthrop house adjoining, and the noble row of buttonwood trees that stood near by, 
 were destroyed. For only a time, however, did this desecration of the Old South last, for the British troops, under 
 threat of the forts at Dorchester and the highlands, left, never to come back to power in Boston again. Surviving 
 the perils brought by war, the building came near being the prey of the awful fire of 1872. The flames roared 
 around the ancient walls, and it seemed as if they must be swept away. ‘“ We must save the Old South,” cried 
 the firemen, and they fought like heroes against the devouring element. And the Old South stood. Her 
 steeple towered high above the blackened ruins of the houses of the city’s streets. Boston mourned the Ic 
 many a goodly building, but rejoiced to see still standing this old meeting house, plain and simple in its architect- 
 ure, but enshrining a wealth of memories that made it sacred in all eyes. 
 
 ss of 
 
 fins 
 
 GLORIA DEI CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 YPXHIS ancient place of worship stands in the In- 
 dian Wicacoa, a name said to mean “ dwelling 
 
 ik 4 
 
 and fir tree,” and perhaps signifying a collec- 
 
 APIAR ee : sy Sree ak of fi : Bee AUIS Re ales 5 dy t. In he 
 Grecten Soren Bae to = Soya) charter of the first West India Company, dated 
 i = es A.D. 1626, Gustavus Adolphus referred to the 
 
 é al nora? hope of disseminating Christian truth, and de- 
 ce jaan oem clared that the company should be instituted “ for 
 
 the spread of the Holy Gospel and the prosperity 
 Cea of our subjects.” Acting under the provisions 
 of this charter, which went into effect after the 
 death of the sovereign, the first Swedish party, in 
 1638, brought Rev. Reorus Torkillus as_ their 
 
 Bic ont 
 
 ssl in ERK 
 At sored) if 
 
 clergyman, and secured a church or apartment 
 rina! ea Sta ee 
 Dorval efengtor 
 
 for that purpose in Fort Christina, now Wilming- 
 Doses fo Eon gh pou he é 2 
 yt of palit gin) hail fata ton, Delaware. At that time Sweden showed a 
 
 Pee ad Cs 
 
 Pia of : fe . 
 Naan constant care for the spiritual welfare of her ab- 
 
 AiO sent children which deserves great praise. The 
 
 = i instructions to Governor John Printz, who came 
 
 over in 1643, were that the native Indians should 
 be taught the Christian religion and divine ser- 
 vice, and, accordingly, John Campanius, his chap- 
 ig Tinicum Island, in the Delaware, 
 
 ‘Tue NATURALIZATION PAPERS oF ANDREAS RUDMAN.—From the original document 
 
 ved in the church, 
 
 pres 
 
 lain, preached to them and they were pleased with his teachings. 
 just below Philadelphia, close to the Lazaretto buildings with their shady piazz 
 is what is supposed to be the graveyard of Governor Printz’s time. Printz Hall was near it, and there the son 
 of a Swedish pastor ruled in old time. To-day the Delaware glides along as when the Swedes paddled on its 
 
 bosom; occasionally a Swedish brick is ploughed up among Indian darts, and at the Library of the Historical 
 s house, and from Tinicum 
 
 s and well-kept yards, on a bluff, 
 
 Society of Pennsylvania there are preserved as relics bricks from Governor Printz 
 Church, which the governor built in 1646, and from Fort Casimir, at New C stle, Delaware. 
 
 The old parsonage at Tinicum was eventually sold and the proceeds divided between Gloria Dei Church 
 and the Church of the Holy Trinity at Christina; the home of Governor Printz was burned, and the emporium 
 
 of New Sweden, where the principal inhabitants had their dwellings and p lantations, along with its little church, 
 107 
 
One of the most solemn scenes, says Dr. Porter, ever wit- 
 nessed in any church was the confession of Judge Sewall, made 
 here on a Fast Day in 1696, when he stood up in his pew and 
 bowed his head, while the minister read his paper asking forgive- 
 ness of God and of men for any possible guilt he had incurred in 
 
 the witchcraft trials. The prevalence of the belief in witchcraft, and 
 the dread of the witches felt by all classes, is told in the story of the 
 Salem Meeting House. 
 
 On the very day of his birth, January 17, 1706, Benjamin 
 Franklin was carried here and baptized in the name of the blessed 
 Trinity. The present building 
 
 s not the original building of 1669, 
 for that was of cedar wood, two stories high, and surmounted by a 
 
 steeple. 1730 is the date of the erection of the brick building now 
 standing. As the encroachments of the British crown upon the 
 liberties of the colonies grew greater, there came that remarkable 
 ries of Boston town meetings, now historic, and destined to have 
 
 so 
 
 reat an effect in shaping public sentiment and preparing the 
 way for the subsequent defiance of Gr 
 
 at Britain and the uprising 
 of a new nation. Faneuil Hall being much too small to hold the 
 great gathering 
 Old South.” 
 
 These town meetings were the abomination of the British, and 
 stormy indeed were the proceeding 
 in a speech before Parliament, described an unusual tumult in that 
 staid English body as being “as hot as Faneuil Hall or the Old South 
 sion, June 14, 1768, after discus 
 
 s, many of the meetings were adjourned to “The 
 
 satsome of them. Burke, once 
 
 Otp SourH MEETING House. 
 
 in Boston.” On one oc ne the impressment of American sailors, and the threat 
 g 
 
 conveyed to the city by the presence in the harbor of the “ Romney,” a ship of fifty guns, the town meeting in 
 “The Old South” sent their Committee to the governor to protest against both outrages, They won respect 
 and some success. “The Boston Massacre” of 1770, long commemorated by anniversary gatherings, has recently 
 
 been brought into special prominence by the erection of a monument on Boston Common to Crispus Attucks, 
 one of the victims. The presence of the British troops in Boston had become very galling to the citizens, and 
 there was continual danger of an outbreak. 
 
 On the night of the 5th of March, 1770, a collision occurred between some of the soldiers and some young 
 men, provoked, it was said, by the former. It led, later on in the 
 
 ight, to a volley being fired by a squad of the troops into the 
 cited mob. Crispus Attucks, a colored man, and two others were 
 
 killed on the spot, three more were mortally wounded and several were 
 
 seriously hurt. The excitement became intense, and the next day 
 The Old South was thronged with people to hear the report of the 
 Committee appointed to demand of the governor the removal of 
 
 all the troops from Boston. There is nothing more dramatic in 
 American history than the scene presented on that March afternoon, 
 when Samuel Adams and the patriot Committee stood in the Council 
 Room before Colonel Dalrymple and, in the name of the people, de- 
 manded that both regiments should be sent away. “It is at your 
 
 said Adams. “The meeting at The Old South 
 
 peril if you refuse, 
 
 is composed of three thousand people. They are become impatient. 
 A thousand men are already arrived from the neighborhood, and the 
 whole country is in motion, N An immediate 
 ted.” The orde en, and Adams 
 
 went back to The Old South to be hailed with shouts of applause 
 
 xht is approaching. 
 
 for removal was ¢ 
 
 answe: 
 
 over the triumph they had won. So impressed was Lord North with 
 the account of this 
 
 ene that he ever afterwards referred to the 
 
 troops in Boston as “ Sam Adams 
 
 s Regiments. 
 Tea Meeting.” On the 16th of De- 
 cember a crowd of patriots numbering about seven thousand re- 
 
 In 1773 came the 
 
 mained in and about The Old South quietly but resolutely waiting 
 
 Ss 
 106 
 
has long ago disappeared. Charles XI. of Sweden charged the missionaries in New Sweden to inform him of 
 ited books to the mission; Charles XII, in his campaigns in Poland and Russia and his 
 troubled “sojourn in Turkey,” attended to their needs and dated his orders for their relief from his camps; the 
 amiable Queen Ulrica Eleanora, ruling over the Swedes, Goths and Wends, after the death of her brother Charles 
 XIL, in 1718, wrote kindly to the mission and presented it with books of devotion. And so were 
 queens, according to the prophet Isaiah’s prediction, “ nursing fathers” and “mothers” to the Church of Christ, 
 and as the English church aided her children, the Swedish church was not forgetful of her offspring on a distant 
 shore. Penn deserves all credit for his treatment of the Indians, but the Swedes had shown such Christian con- 
 duct before him, for it is recorded that Queen Christina, in instructions to Gove 
 
 their needs and pres 
 
 ngs and 
 
 nor Printz, who led the second 
 
 Swedish colony, ordered that the wild nations should be treated “ with all humanity and r 
 
 spect; that no violence 
 or wrong be done to them, that they may gradually be instructed in the truths and worship of the Christian 
 religion.” How this peaceful policy of the § 
 
 wedes operated may be surmised from a letter signed by many per- 
 sons and sent to Sweden by Charles Springer, a faithful lay reader at Wilmington (then Christina) ; it says: 
 “We live in great amity with the Indians who have not done us any harm for many years.” Pastorius and Rev. 
 Messrs. Rudman and Biork add their testimony, too, to that of Rev. John Campanius in his preface to Luther's 
 Catechism which he translated into the Indian language, to the effect that the Indians were well disposed toward 
 the Christian religion; they were fond of studying the Catechism and “engaged Charles Sprin; 
 children to read it.” The Swedes bought their land of the natives, who aided the strang 
 them from harm, 
 
 Dr. Collin’s narrative, given by Rey. Dr. Jehu Clay, a later rector; who wrote the valuable “ Annals of the 
 Swedes,” which aids our notes, states that the first Swedish colony reached here in 1634. Three or four rein- 
 forcements followed on “ up to 1654,” and the Swedish mission, which 
 began by the appointment of Rev. Messrs. Rudman, Biork and Auren, 
 continued over 130 years. Long before Penn’s time the “old block 
 house,” built for a defence against Indians, was fitted up for divine wor- 
 ship, and in 1677 Rev. Jacob Fabritius preached in it for the first time in 
 he Dutch language, which the Swedes readily understood through their 
 ntercourse with the Dutch people, and when Fabritius became blind An- 
 rew Bengtson, or Bankson, a 
 
 sr to teach their 
 
 rs and tried to keep 
 
 isted him as lay-reader. This edifice was 
 still in existence when Penn's rule began. The glebe house was anciently 
 at Point Breeze, then called Passyunk, and the glebe comprised eighty 
 acres of ground, 
 
 As the settlers increased in numbers, sufficient to keep at a safe 
 distance the Indians who had become troublesome, a desire arose for a 
 church building free from any features of a fort, and after a heated con- 
 troversy over a location for the new church, the site of the block house 
 at Wicaco was selected and work commenced thereon, May 28, 1698. 
 The land for the church was given by Catherine Swanson, the widow of 
 Swan Swanson, and her daughters and their husbands, and the acre for 
 the old parsonage (now replaced by a more modern rectory) was donated 
 by Hans Boon and Margaret his wife, who was also a daughter of 
 
 Catherine Swanson. The building was finished two years later, and on 
 July 2, 1700, Gloria Dei Church was dedicated in the presence of a great 
 number of people, many of whom came “from Philadelphia,” and on whose account the pastor, Rev. Eric Biork, 
 rendered his remarks in English as well as Swedish. The dedicatory sermon was from 2 Samuel 7: 
 David prays for a perpetual blessing on his house. 
 
 9, where 
 
 In the year 1710, when Christ Church was undergoing repairs, the English people walked along the river 
 bank past the fields and worshipped for three Sundays in the Swedes’ church, commencing their services at the 
 close of the Swedish service. A Swedish hymn would be sung by the English as a “stronger token of unity;” 
 and to further illustrate the fraternal spirit of the two congregations, it is recorded that the English presented 
 altar linen to the Swedes, and that the clergy of both churches united in the laying of the corner-stone at St. 
 David’s, Radnor, and at the opening services at Trinity Church, Oxford, Bishop Swedberg, who had been 
 appointed superintendent of the Swedish mission, wrote a book entitled “ America IIluminata,” for which he re- 
 ceived honorary election to membership in the English Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. He also 
 instructed the Swedish clergy to keep up an intimate association with the Ey scopal clergy and the Society, and 
 after the lapse of years, when the Swedish mission closed, its churches in Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Dela- 
 
 ware went over to the Episcopal communion. At the demise of Dr. Collin, in 1831, the Swedish language had 
 108, 
 
become almost extinct in the church at Wicaco and it was merged into the American Episcopal Church. The 
 Swedish Church was Lutheran but ruled by bishops. Dr. Collin had used the liturgy of the American Episcopal 
 Church and had assistant ministers belonging to that body, so that the action was natural. The faithful m 
 aries strove to care for the Swedes at Apoquimeny,(now Middletown), Delaware, and on the Elk river, in Mary- 
 land, but the Swedish language becoming lost eventually in the English tide, they connected themselves with 
 English churche 
 
 Still preserved in the church is the antique marble font that, it is believed, has been used either in Tinicum 
 church or in the consecrated block house, as it is of such a character as those used in the churches in Sweden 
 and has been in Gloria Dei from time immemorial. Through its offices generations have been given to Christ. 
 On the front of the gallery is a curious carving of two cherubs with wings spread above an open book represent- 
 ing the Holy Bible ; on one of its pages is written in Swedish a passage from Isaiah: “ The people who walked in 
 darkness have seen a great light,” etc.; while on the opposite page is the passage of the New Testament describ- 
 ing the angels at the Saviour’s birth as singing the anthem, “ Glory to God in the Highest.” Swedish churches 
 were highly decorated and the early Swedes brought hither 
 the idea of making the place of God’s worship glorious, the 
 very name of this church teaching that it was erected for 
 God's glory, The present bell, according to the inscription, 
 was cast in 1806, partly from an older one dated 1643, and 
 bears this inscription : 
 
 on- 
 
 “T to the church the living call, 
 And to the grave I summon all.” 
 
 The quiet churchyard is a beautiful retreat to-day, and the 
 careful preservation of these holy relics, and the dignified 
 church and the memorials of many who worshipped therein 
 long before the Revolution, is a credit to the parish and its 
 
 rector. On a mural tablet wi 
 the memory of the last of the 
 Collin, we read : “ He was the 
 aries sent by the Mother Chure 
 
 thin the church, dedicated to 
 Swedish clergy, Dr. Nicholas 
 ast of a long line of mission- 
 h in Sweden to give the Bread 
 
 of Life to her children on this distant shore.’’ His wife is 
 commemorated by an inscription written by himself noting 
 “her piety, neatness and economy” and the gentle affection 
 “with which she sustained him through many trying years.” 
 
 The picture of Dr. Collin, which accompanies this 
 sketch, was drawn by Rev. Dr. H. J. Morton from Dr. Clay’s 
 description; Dr. Morton never saw him, but so accurate was 
 the likeness, that it was at once recognized by Bishop White, 
 Rev. Dr. Abercrombie and Mr. Thomas Sparks, a relative of the Swedish divine, 
 parochial duties, Dr. Collin used to ride an old gray pony called “ Tidy,” and was beloved by all the children, 
 who found his pockets stored with candy for their delight. 
 
 Another tablet near the chancel describes the virtues of Dr. Jehu Curtis Clay, a faithful and well-beloved rector 
 who ministered in the church for many years. The sepulchre of Alexander Wilson, the ornithologist and the 
 friend of Collin, is also pointed out in the churchyard, where he asked to be laid to rest, as it was “a silent, 
 shady place where the birds would be apt to come and sing over his grave.” The body of Margaret, daughter 
 of Rev. Andrew Rudman and wife of Andrew Robeson, is interred here; and here also are buried two children 
 of Rev. Mr. Sandel, with one double headstone to mark their graves. Westmuller, the artist, was laid to rest 
 here by Dr. Collin; and his mother, who died at Claymont (then Naaman’s Creek), Delaware, also brought 
 here for burial. Her mother was a daughter of the artist Hesselius, and her sister married Rey. Eric Unander, 
 
 The spring sun which the poet describes as touching the belfry of the old church in Sweden, like the tongues 
 of fire on the apostles, has for generations flamed on the Delaware and its ancient Christian temple. Longfellow 
 ’ notes the patriarchal, rural 
 
 Tue Oup Font. 
 
 In the prosecution of his 
 
 v 
 
 in the preface to his translation of Bishop Tegner’s “ Children of the Lord’s Supper’ 
 life of Sweden, with its wayside churches, with their gardens of Gethsemane where, perhaps, kings had been bap- 
 tized or buried, and the dead were laid with their heads to the west to meet the Saviour coming in the east. The 
 pastor with his broad-brimmed hat, the wedding customs, the merry Christmas, the midsummer feast of St. John’s 
 day, the May pole, the church bells chiming the night hours, the watchman’s horn in the belfry—all are described 
 
 as characteristics which the Swedes in their new home kept up as far as they could do so, It must have been a 
 109 
 
pretty sight on a Sunday morning in the old time to see the Swedish families coming from their distant homes in 
 boats to service, where they joined in singing the morning hymn, or “O God wi lofve tig” (We praise Thee, O 
 God). The first sermon was preached “between the first and second ringing of the bells” and during the 
 summer, at the second sermon time the first one was repeated and the people examined on what had been be- 
 fore said, the teachers going through the aisles catechising the congregation. On the short winter Sabbaths a 
 chapter of the Old Testament and one of the New were read and explained. After the holy lessons of the 
 morning are over, one can fancy the young people in the churchyard, or the words of love spoken over the graves 
 of ancestors—and in time two will return in one 
 boat who formerly came in different ones and a 
 new household fire will be lighted in the wilder- 
 ness. The older folk talk of their religion, or re- 
 hearse the last letter from dear old Sweden, while 
 some look longingly to the time when Heaven 
 should unite those whom the wide sea now parted. 
 In the wide parish of those early days the 
 clergyman preached in private houses in Penny- 
 pack, Amasland, Kalkonhook, and twice or thrice 
 yearly at Manathanim, and once at Ege Harbor. 
 Upon the overthrow of the Swedish administration 
 in 1655, one minister, Lars Lock, who had come to 
 this country with Governor Printz, remained. He 
 died in 1688, after good service in the cause of the 
 church. Acrelius describes him as God's instru- 
 ment in sustaining the Swedish churches, and it is 
 recorded that he held the churches at Tinicum and 
 Christina twenty-two years. He became lame, but 
 THe GRAVE oF ALEXANDER WILSON. ministered, notwithstanding his infirmity, until the 
 day of his death. Of another pastor, Rev. Jacob 
 “God's blessing on him, he is so aged, and has lost his sight for so long a time, yet is 
 one who has taught us God's pure and true word and administered the Holy Sacraments among us.” Fabritius 
 ived in Kensington, then considered above Philadelphia, and went to Gloria Dei and Wilmington, and even to 
 Maryland by canoe, and when he walked a person went before him with a staff leading him. 
 Coming down to later times, the ministry of Rev. Snyder B. Simes has marked an epoch in the history of 
 the old church; for nearly a quarter of a century he has officiated as the rector, and for the past few years he has 
 been assisted by the Rev. Dr. Isaac Martin! With the growth of Philadelphia the environments of the “Mother 
 Church” at Wicaco have greatly altered; the almost forgotten Swedish settlers along the Delaware and the 
 Schuylkill have assimilated years ago with strangers ; the large burying place at the sides and back of the church 
 has been encroached upon by the march of improvements; generations have come and gone since Gloria Dei has 
 been hidden from the view of passing ships by acres of intervening structures and an enduring change wrought 
 in the scene so beautifully suggested in “ Evangeline :” 
 
 Fabritius, Springer says 
 
 “Then, as she mounted the stairs to the corridors, cooled by the east wind, 
 Distant and soft on her ear fell the chimes from the belfry of Chri 
 While, intermingled with them, across the meadows were wafted 
 Sounds of psalms that were sung by the Swedes in their church at Wicaco.” 
 
 Church, 
 
MISSION OF SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO, CALIFORNIA. 
 
 VR. DEL V. 
 
 Aigo dicla SP 
 
 Lael Stretde tech Mile la Cale Mpernte’ 
 eongrYiema desantien Ia Mi I, “Monte Rey at 8 ccAge 
 deerdod clea Imiddihal*va/harte acer Krenn 
 FATHER JuNiPERO SERRA.—From an old painting. 
 
 and was canonized. 
 
 were a 
 San Diego. Left without a 
 was a few miles up the river from the site 
 chosen the next year by Father Serra, and 
 is still known as Aston Viejo, or Old Mis- 
 Near by are hot mineral springs of 
 
 sion. 
 highly curative properties. 
 
 After rebuilding the San Diego mission 
 in August and September, 1776, Father 
 Serra determined to re-establish the mission 
 of San Juan Capistrano. Late in October 
 he left San Diego with Father Amurrio and 
 a guard of ten soldiers, and, going to the 
 old mission in the San Juan valley, dug up 
 the bells which had been buried there the 
 year before and brought them down the 
 valley to the new site. Here the cross was 
 raised and blessed, mass was said and a 
 The flowing stream, the 
 
 sermon preached. 
 green vale, the rounded hills, the calm and 
 distant blue ocean, with its breaking surf, 
 
 sted by the Indians, when the news came of the San Diego massacre. 
 ard, the priests buried the mission bells and hurried to San Diego. The place 
 
 HIS was the seventh of the Franciscan missions established in 
 | Upper California, and was founded November 1, 1776, by 
 Father Junipero Serr: 
 (pronounced Sah-hee-reet). 
 
 a. 
 
 The Indians called the place Sajirit 
 The site is in a beautiful little vale, 
 three miles from the Pacific ocean, and about half way between 
 Los Angeles and San Diego, and along the line of a transconti- 
 
 nental railroad, consequently its picturesque ruins are seen by 
 more people than are those of any of the other missions. A 
 broad mesa sweeps gently down from the mountains and abruptly 
 breaks off in high, bold The San 
 river, a quiet stream that flows some twenty miles from its source 
 to the sea, has cut or washed out a little 
 in this mesa, and has worn away the bluffs at its mouth, It was 
 the great rocky headland near this river's mouth that so charmed 
 Dana, who was there in 1836, and who wrote such a delightful 
 description of it in his “Two Years Before the Mast.” That place 
 is now known as Dana’s Point. 
 
 In this sheltered vale an attempt had been made the previous 
 year to found the mission. Fathers Lasuen and Amurrio had 
 come from Monterey, and on October 30, 1775, they raised the 
 cross and blessed it. The day was that of San Juan or St. John, 
 who was born in Capistrano, Italy, in 1385 ; was first a lawyer and 
 judge; became a Franciscan in 1415; was a zealous member of 
 the inquisition; took part in the crusades; died in October, 1456, 
 
 luffs on the ocean shore. uan 
 
 valley about a mile wide 
 
 They had been at work a whole week cutting timbers for the new church, in which they 
 
 The soldiers at once started for 
 
 UNDER THE CoRRIDOR 
 
formed a constant and beautiful picture. That bright day its effects were heightened by the presence of the 
 with smoking censer amid images and banners, surrounded by stern-looking 
 arthy Indians looking on with that stupid gaze 
 
 solemn tonsured priests movin: 
 Spanish soldiers, while around all was a large crowd of naked, $ 
 begot of dormant minds. Father Serra soon left for San Gabriel, leavir 
 The latter was soon joined by Father Mugartegui. On his return from San Gabriel, Fathe 
 fronted by a band of Indians on the war-path, but a neophyte called out that a large body of soldiers was coming 
 
 x Father Amurrio to carry on the work. 
 
 Serra was con- 
 
 up the road, and the Indians believed him, for the lie did its work well and saved the father’s life. 
 The first year there were only forty-four baptisms, but everything was prosperous. In 1790 there were 
 1,040 neophytes; 6,150 bushels of grain were harvested the same year; orchards of oranges, olives, lemons, 
 
 pomegranates and pears abounded, and the vineyards were flourishin The herds increased likewise. In 17944 
 
 enifi- 
 
 large adobe ¢ 
 cent of the 
 
 anary and forty houses for neophytes were finished. The large stone church, the most mé 
 
 miss 
 
 ion structures, was commenced in February, 1797. It was in the shape of a cross, go by 180 fe 
 feet thick, but were built of unhewn stone and mortar—a great mistake in a country subj 
 
 The interior height from floor 
 feet. The roof was 
 
 Sct 
 
 The walls were five 
 to earthquake 
 
 to belfry was nearly eighty fe 
 ed like a dome and 
 The front was sur- 
 
 of stone, and was ar 
 was covered with red tile 
 
 mounted by a lofty stone tower erected upon 
 six stone columns. ‘There were five grand in- 
 sed stone. It was hand- 
 
 terior arches of dre 
 somely decorated, and was the admiration of 
 priest, neophyte, Indian, Spaniard and foreigner. 
 Its construction occupied nine years, all the re- 
 
 sult of patient, unskilled Indian labor. Its con- 
 
 secration was celebrated with a grand three 
 days’ feast, beginning September 7, 1806, for 
 which event extensive preparations had been 
 made. Indians and neophytes came in great 
 numbers from every quarter. Governor José 
 Arrillaga and his staff were present, and a 
 
 large number of soldiers were on hand. The 
 
 imposing ceremonies were conducted by Father 
 
 ‘THE Ruins or SAN JUAN CapisrRano. Estévan Tapis, the third president of the Upper 
 California Missions, assisted by five prominent 
 
 priests, among whom were the famous Zalvidea of San Gabriel and Peyri of San Luis Rey. 
 
 It is singular that the spot that witnessed the greatest rejoicings was soon to witness the 
 At Sunday morning mass on December 8, 1812, about fifty worshipr 
 
 greatest sorrow. 
 s were kneeling in prayer, when sudden 
 ty with six neophytes. 
 ushing the dome and 
 burying beneath the debris the frantic crowd who, after the first shock, were endeavoring to escape. Thi 
 quake was felt all up and down the coast from Point Concepcion to Point Lom 
 
 as a lightning’s flash came a shock of earthquake. The priest escaped through the 
 | 
 
 Instantly there followed a second and heavier shock, and down came the lofty to 
 
 earth- 
 Within the next two day 
 
 thirty-nine bodies were taken from the ruins and four more during the wee Such was the ruin wrought that 
 the costly pile was never repaired, although a few years later some neophytes patched on an adobe wall, which 
 
 yet stands as a monument of their affection. 
 
 The mission began now to decline. The Indian population here, as everywhere el 
 
 and its unrequited labor was the main source of w 
 
 e, was rapidly decreasing, 
 Ith. When Bouchard, a Chilian privateer, came along the 
 coast in 1818, the priests hastily removed the church valuables into the interior, leaving only the wines and pro- 
 visions for the freebooters. The neophytes of San Juan Capistrano were emancipated in 1833 by Governor 
 Figueroa, and its s 
 
 arization followed the next year. October 12, 1841, Don Juan Bandini, acting as special 
 commissioner, erected the mission into a pueblo and distributed the lands among one hundred ex-! 
 
 sophytes and 
 forty Spaniards who became settlers. This was the only mission that was ever so evolved; Bandini gave it the 
 name of San Juan de Argiiello, in honor of the governor, and until the time of American occupation it was ruled 
 by justices of the peace, subject to the prefect of Los Angeles. The old mission building was sold to John 
 Forster, a Scotchman, who early settled here, married a Spanish lady and acquired an ate almost as large 
 as his native country. A dreamy old Mexican pueblo surrounds the ruins, in which services are still held, many 
 of the attendants being descendants of the old settlers. 
 
CHRIST CHURCH, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 FPXHIS is the second Episcopal Church erected in Boston. The 
 first was King’s Chapel, built in 1688, while the corner-stone 
 of Christ Church was laid in 1723. A quaint building, it 
 
 was considered in its day one of the chief architectural ornaments 
 
 of the north end of the city 
 bricks, 
 
 It is rectangular in shape, built of 
 eventy feet long by fifty feet wide, and is thirty-five feet 
 high, The top of the steeple was originally one hundred and 
 venty-five feet from the ground, but when blown down in 1804 
 s rebuilt somewhat shorter. The exterior of the building has 
 nothing particularly striking except the steeple, which is quite 
 graceful. From this steeple—which was visible far and near— 
 warning was given to the patriot Americans of the intended march 
 of the British to Lexington and Concord to destroy the military 
 stores collected there and to make arrests of leading patriots. 
 
 Paul Revere tells the story thus: “On Tuesday evening the 
 18th of April, 1775, it was observed that a number of soldiers were 
 marching towards Boston common. About ten o’clock Dr. Warren 
 sent in great haste for me, and begged that I would immediately 
 set off for Lexington where were Hancock and Adams, and ac- 
 quaint them of the mov 
 the objects. The Sunday before, by desire of Dr. Warren, I had 
 been to Lexington to see Hancock and Adams who were at Rev. 
 Mr, Clark’s. I returned at night through Charlestown, There I agreed with Colonel Conant and some other 
 gentlemen that if the British went out by water we would show two lanterns in the North Church steeple, and if 
 by land, one, as a signal, for we were apprehensive that it would be difficult to cross Charles river or get over 
 Boston neck. I left Dr. Warren, called upon a friend and desired him to make the signals. I then went home, 
 took my boots and surtout, went to the north part of the town where I had kept a boat. Two friends rowed me 
 across Charles river, a little to the eastward where the “ Somerset” lay. It was then young flood, the ship was 
 winding and the moon was rising. They landed me on the Charlestown side. When I got into town I met 
 Colonel Conant and several others. They said they had seen our s The poet Longfellow has immor- 
 talized Revere and this incident in his famous poem “ Paul Revere’s Ride :” 
 
 si 
 
 wa 
 
 nent, and that it was thought they were 
 Cxrisr CuurcH—From Corp's Hinu. 
 
 ionals.” 
 
 * # # % % CTF the British march 
 By land or sea from the town to-ni; 
 Hang a lantern aloft in the belfry arch 
 Of the North Church tower as a 
 One, if by land, and two, if by s 
 And I on the opposite shore will be, 
 Read: 
 ‘Through every Middl 
 For the country folk to be up and to arm.” 
 
 ‘Then he climbed the tower of the old North Church, Meanwhile, impatient to mount and ride, 
 By the wooden stairs, with stealthy tread, 
 To the belfry-chamber overhead, 
 
 And startled the pigeons from their perch 
 afters, that round him made 
 
 Booted and spurred, with a heavy stride 
 
 On the opposite shore walked Paul Revere. 
 
 Now he patted his horse’s si 
 
 On the sombre Now gazed at the landscape far and near, 
 
 Then, impetuous, stamped the earth, 
 And turned and tighte ddle 
 
 Masses and moving shapes of shade— 
 
 y to vide ed his 
 
 and spread the alarm By the trembling ladder, steep and tall, 
 ‘To the highest window in the wall, But mostly he watched with eager s 
 Where he paused to listen and look down The belfry-tower of the old North Church, 
 A moment on the roofs of the town, As it rc 
 
 And the moonlight flowing over all. 
 
 ove the graves on the hill, 
 
 Then he said * Good-night !”” and with muffled oar 
 
 Silently rowed to the 
 
 Lonely and spectral and sombre and still. 
 And lo! as he looks, on the belfry’s height 
 
 wlestown shore, 
 
 Just as the moon rose over the bay, 
 Where swinging wide at her mooring 
 
 ‘The “ Somer 
 
 A phantom ship, with each mast and spar 
 Across the moon like a prison bar, 
 
 And a huge black hulk, that was magnified 
 By its own reflection in the tide. 
 
 Meanwhile, his friend, through alle; 
 Wanders and watches with 
 ‘Till in the silence around him he hears 
 The muster of men at the barrack door, 
 ‘The sound of arms, and the tramp of feet, 
 And the measured tread of the grenadiers 
 
 y and street, 
 
 er ears, 
 
 Marching down to their boats on the shore. 
 
 Beneath, in the churchyard, lay the dead, 
 In their night-encampment on the hill, 
 
 so deep and still 
 
 like a sentinel’s tread, 
 
 Wrapped in silenc 
 ‘That he could hea 
 The 
 
 atchful night wind, as it went 
 
 eeping along from tent to tent, 
 And seeming to whisper, “All is well!” 
 
 ‘A moment only he feels the spell 
 
 Of the place and the hour, and the secret dread 
 Of the lonely belfi 
 For suddenly all his thoughts are bent 
 On a shadowy something far aw 
 
 and the dead; 
 
 Where the river widens to meet the b: 
 
 A line of black that bends and floats 
 
 On the rising tide, like a bridge of boats. 
 113 
 
 A glimmer, and then a gleam of light! 
 He springs to the saddle, the bridle he turns, 
 But lingers and gazes, till full on his sight 
 
 A second lamp in the belfry burns ! 
 
 A hurry of hoofs in a village street, 
 
 Asshape in the moonlight, a bulk in the dark, 
 
 And beneath, from the pebbles, in passing, a spark 
 
 Struck out by a steed flying fearless and fleet : 
 
 That was all! And yet, through the gloom and the 
 light, 
 
 ‘The fate of a nation was riding that night ; 
 
 And the spark struck out by that steed, in his flight, 
 
 Kindled the land into flame with its heat, 
 
for the burial of the dead, and among those who found sepul- 
 ture here was Major Pitcairn, the leader of the advance guard 
 of the British troops who began the attack at Lexington, and 
 with it the most momentous war of modern times. 
 
 While the old building is thus associated with so much 
 of the history of the Revolution, the parish has had an im- 
 portant part in the religious welfare of Boston. As was re- 
 counted in the story of King’s Chapel, the Church of England 
 had a hard struggle to gain a foothold in this Puritan settle- 
 ment. It was about sixty years before King’s Chapel could 
 be built, and over thirty years longer before this second edi- 
 fice came into bein The erection of this building was at a 
 time when a radical change took place in the views of the 
 President of Yale College and some six other Presbyterian 
 
 ministers as to Episcopacy. These seven presented a paper 
 to the trustees of the college declaring their purpose to con- 
 nect themselves with the Episcopal Church. They were men 
 of learning and of blameless lives, and the step they took 
 created considerable excitement. While bitterly condemned 
 by the Puritans, they were applauded by the Churchmen, 
 The vestry of this new parish hearing that Cutler, Johnson 
 and Brown, thr desirot 
 to England for ordination, offered to defray tl 
 thither, and to receive Dr. Timothy Cutler as their 
 
 ng’ 
 
 of the new conv 
 
 ts, we 
 
 of going 
 
 Tue Bust or WASHINGTON. 
 
 r expens 
 
 rector 
 upon his return. Dr. Cutler preached the sermon at the opening of the church, December 29, 1723, and 
 continued here as the faithful and laborious rector until the infirmities of age compelled him to rest. He died 
 August 17, 1765, and his remains were buried beneath the chancel of the building. 
 
 Dr. Mather Byles succeeded to the rectorship in 1768 and continued the good work, but he was a stanch 
 and went to Halifax. Subse- 
 
 loyalist and the revolutionary spirit was strong in his parish, He resigned in 1775 
 quently he officiated as rector at St. John’s, N. B., and died there in 1814. During part of the war the building 
 
 was used by a French congregation, but Dr. Pz 
 
 ker of Trinity Church prevented its alienation and Episcopal 
 services were continued. 
 
 Among the many interesting facts in the history of the parish is the e 
 the first Sunday school formed in Boston, and, it is thought, the very first in America. Dr. Eaton has the honor 
 of introducing this agency for Christian work among the young, He also introduced a third service on Sunday 
 
 stablishment here, June 15, 1815, of 
 
 nights when “evening lectures” were regarded with distrust. To him the church in Boston is indebted for 
 valuable help in raising the parish from the depression that followed the separation from England to a high state 
 of prosperity, which it long afterwards maintained until the neighborhood changed and left the old church 
 
 standing as it does to-day. 
 [Pr 
 
 Tue Cuurcn PLATE. 
 115 
 
From this same steeple General Gates witnessed the battle of Bunker 
 Hill and the burning of Charlestown, After the shattered British 
 companies came running back from Concord on the rgth of April, 
 1775, every one realized that the war had commenced. ‘The British 
 army was speedily reinforced, and the American Committee of Safety 
 resolved to fortify Bunker Hill. On the 17th of June the British 
 guns on Copp’s Hill, just in front of this church, began firing upon the 
 new earthworks which the patriots over the river had thrown up the 
 
 previous night on Breed’s Hill. About three o’clock in the afternoon 
 General Howe at the head of 3000 troops made the attack on the 
 American lines. The cannon on Copp’s Hill, the guns of the ships 
 ned 
 
 of war in the stream, and the muskets of the British regulars 
 to threaten the annihilation of all who dared dispute the Kin 
 
 authority in his dominions. At first the patriots were successful 
 repulsing the British assault, but their ammunition gave out, the 
 
 brave Warren fell, and the battle was lost. The Americans retreated 
 
 to Cambridge, and the night of the 17th was the saddest Boston ever 
 saw. One hundred and fifteen of the colonial volunteers had fallen 
 
 dead upon the field; three hundred more were wounded, and the 
 
 flames swept through Charlestown. 
 
 QP a Cea It seemed as if the patriot cause was lost, but on the 17th of the 
 
 next March the outlook from the old steeple could see the British 
 
 troops under General Howe slowly sailing out the harbor of Boston to come back to it no more. ‘The rising of 
 in departure, The 
 
 the colonists had been too overwhelming for the British, and they saw that safe 
 
 rear-guard of Howe had scarcely gone on board his vessels before Washington at the head of his little army 
 
 marched into Boston amid the cheers and shouts of the citizens. 
 
 In almost any direction the modern visitor to this old steeple looks to-day he may see something to remind 
 him of the historic past. Immediately below and only a short distance from the church he sees the Copp’s Hill 
 burying-ground, where lie the remains of John Cotton and of Increase and Samuel Mather well known in the 
 
 annals of Puritan Boston, Here also is the resting-place of members of some of the most noted Boston families. 
 From this hill, too, it was that Burgoyne and Clinton directed the fire of the battery that started the flames in 
 Charlestown, Looming up on the site of the battle-ground is the Bunker Hill monument, marking a defeat 
 which became a victory in the end. From here can be seen the harbor into which Blackstone, the first settler, 
 his plantation—afterwards to become the site of Boston, 
 y was started 
 
 sailed, and Shawmut, the promontory, on which he 
 n another direction is Cambridge, whe 
 the college for preserving and promoting sound learning in de- 
 fence of the Christian faith. And pointing upward on the land side 
 es of an 
 
 are the gables and spires of buildings which recall the stor 
 eventful past in this busy city. The neighborhood of the church 
 
 has become greatly changed since its chimes began in 1744 to ring 
 out their call to prayer. Then it was the place of residence of some 
 of the best families. There were fine old houses and noble gardens, 
 beautiful fields 
 
 Chapel there we 
 across which the music of the bells floated uninterruptedly. To-day 
 there is hardly a house left that would suggest any association with 
 
 o 
 Ss 
 
 and between here and King’ 
 
 the prosperous times of the colony. The few old places that remain 
 have been greatly changed or converted into tenement houses. It 
 is now a neighborhood of foreigners, and the old church stands as 
 almost the sole reminder of a very different past. 
 
 The interior of the church, although greatly changed, retains 
 some of the general characteristics of its original finish. The pews 
 are straight-backed and the pulpit is lofty. The old chandeliers 
 
 were taken from a Spanish vessel by a privateer and given to this 
 
 parish. The Bible and Prayer Book and Communion vessels were 
 
 given by George II. An interesting feature of a later day is the bust 
 
 of Washington, beside the chancel, the first of “the Father of his 
 
 Country” made in America, Underneath the building are vaults Interior ViEW—FRoM THE CHANCEL, 
 114 
 
THE HUGUENOT CHURCH, NEW YORK CITY, NEW YORK. 
 
 HE history of the Huguenot Church in New York is the history of the Huguenots themselves. These 
 i interesting people were French in nationality and derived name and character from their religion. “The 
 Reformed Church of German Switzerland,” says Dr. Malan, “declared themselves ‘ Eidgenossen, or bound 
 
 by oath, to follow the Bible. They were at first called in France Eigenots, and later Huguenots. The term 
 Huguenots therefore signifies a decided and faithful follower of the Bible.” The Huguenots were so hampered 
 and restricted in France under the Catholic kings that they emigrated in large numbers to all the Protestant 
 countries of Europe. Many came to the New World. The first colony of forty-five persons sent out to colonize 
 Manhattan by the West India Company in 1625 were largely Huguenots; Sarah Rapalje, the first female child 
 born on the island of European parents, was of this faith, and Director Minuit, the first governor, was also a 
 Huguenot. 
 The foundations of the first Huguenot church were laid in 1628 by the Rev. Jonas Michaelis, the first Chris- 
 
 tian minister at New Amsterdam, who, as he tells us, 
 gathered the Walloons and French together and admin- 
 
 istered the Lord’s Supper in the French language and 
 after the French mode, having preceded it by a written 
 iscourse in the same tongue. Services for the benefit of 
 the Huguenots were conducted in their own language by 
 the pastors of the Reformed Church all through the Dutch 
 régime, and there is evidence that an independent church 
 
 and a clergyman of their own race was maintained by 
 them as early as 1677; if so, the church had ceased to 
 exist by 1678, for in 1679 the Sabadist brethren visiting 
 New York were told by the French settlers on Staten 
 Island that they had neither church nor minister. In 1682 
 the Rev. Pierre Daillé arrived and reorganized the defunct 
 church, holding services, as did the English, in the Dutch 
 church within the fort. 
 
 The first Huguenot church in New York of which the 
 records have come down to us was organized in 1687-88. 
 At this time it was estimated that fully two hundred French 
 families had emigrated to the province, and that the Hugue- 
 nots constituted one-fourth of the entire population, The 
 revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV.,, in 1685, 
 drove four hundred thousand of the best blood of France 
 into exile. No inconsiderable number of them came to 
 the New World; some settled at Charleston, South Carolina, founding a church there which is still flourishing ; 
 some came to Delaware, some to Boston, but the great majority located in New York. Among the latter was 
 the Rey. Pierre Peiret, a native of the province of Foix in southern France. A man of talent, piety and zeal, he 
 arrived November ro, 1687, and at once set about organizing those of the ancient faith into a church. October 
 10, 1688, Domine Selyns, the Dutch pastor, wrote: “Our French brethren are doing well, and their congrega- 
 tions increase remarkably by the daily arrival of French refugees.” In this year, 1688, they built their first 
 church, which was known as the Eedise francoise ala Nouvelle York, or as it was sometimes called, Zgdtise des 
 Réfugiés francois & la Nouvelle York. \t stood “in the street commonly known by the name of Petty-coat Lane ; 
 butting northerly to the said street being in length Forty-eight Foot nine inches, and in breadth in 
 the Front Twenty-seven foot seven inches, and in the rear Twenty-eight six inches.” Petticoat Lane later be- 
 came Marketfield street, and the site of this first church is now covered by the Produce Exchange. 
 
 Until 1704 this modern building continued to be the spiritual temple not only of the Huguenots of the city 
 116 
 
but of those in the outlying districts, For 5 
 twenty miles around, from Staten Island, 
 from the various French settlements on 
 Long Island, and from New Rochelle, the 
 people would come, many of them setting 
 out on Saturday in their covered wagons and 
 passing the night in them, that they might 
 
 be ready for the early morning service on 
 the Sabbath. At an early hour on Saturday 
 evening we are told every street near the 
 church was filled with wagons, “and in them 
 they passed the night and ate their frugal 
 Sunday repast, presenting a touching spec- | 
 tacle of purity and zeal.” Many also came 
 on foot from the outlying farms. Tradition 
 says that they walked barefoot until the little 
 stream at what is now Canal street was 
 crossed, when they sat down, put on their 
 shoes and stockings 
 forward to church. 
 By 1704 the society had so far increased in numbers and wealth that it was able to build the second church. 
 By a special act of assembly authorizing the disposal of the old church, its sale was speedily effected, and on July 
 8, 1704, Lord Cornbury, the royal governor, laid the corner-stone of the new structure “with due ceremonie,” 
 There are many old citizens in New York who still remember this unique edifice; it stood on a lot situated “on 
 
 and went decorously Tue FRANKLIN STREET HuGUENoT CuurcH. (From an old drawing.) 
 
 the North East side of King’s (now Pine) street,” and was built of stone, plain both within and without; was 
 fenced from the street, and had a steeple and a bell, the latter of which was the gift of Sir Henry Asshurst. 
 This bell is now the property of Trinity Episcopal Church, New Rochelle. The dimensions of the church were 
 seventy by fifty feet. Extensive repairs were made in 1741, and on Wednesday, August 24, 1743, a memorial 
 stone, bearing the inscription, “Aedes Sacra Gallos. Prot. Reform. Fund. A. 1704, penitus repar. 1741” (Church of 
 the French Reformed Protestants, founded in the year 1704, and entirely repaired in 1741), was inserted in the 
 front wall over one of the windows. Mr. Peiret, to whom the building of this church as well as the one in 
 Marketfield street was largely due, did not live to see it completed. He died September 1, 1704, and was buried 
 the following day in Trinity churchyard with due honors. His tombstone there bears both a French and a Latin 
 inscription, the former being as follows: 
 
 “ Ci-git le reverend Mr. Pierre Peiret M. D. St. Ev. qui chassé de France pour Ia religion a preché Ia parole de Dieu da 
 
 e de 60 ans il remit avec une proffonde humilité son esprit entre 
 
 ise de cette ville pendant 
 
 environ 17 ans avec approbation general et qui apres avoir ves 
 les mains de Dieu le I Septembre 1704.” 
 
 1 comme il avait preché jusques a l’ay 
 
 Ten days later the church called the Rev. Jacques Laborie, at the time pastor of 
 a little flock of some eight or ten Huguenot families at New Oxford, Massachu- 
 setts, and who also acted as missionary to the surrounding Indians, whose lan- 
 guage he had learned. He seems to have had too great a leaning toward the 
 Church of England to please the majority of his parishioners, and in August, 1706, 
 they “paid him his wages” and let him go, Mr. Laborie soon after joined the 
 English Church. 
 For four years the French church was served by the Rev. Mr. de Bonrepos, 
 pastor of the French churches on Staten Island. At length, in July, 1710, a new 
 pastor was called, the Rev. Louis Rou, who is described as having been zealous 
 and talented; he had studied theology at Leyden, and had just been ordained 
 by the Walloon Synod at Tertholen, Mr. Rou’s pastorate extended through 
 forty years and came down nearly to the time of the Revolution. It opened very 
 pic rowth and the accession 
 the Dutch, in the city. 
 s that he attended ser- 
 
 auspiciously. The church had become, by its natural 
 of refugees, the strongest and wealthiest church, sav 
 John Fontaine, travelling through New York in 1716, s 
 vice there twice on the Sabbath, and that the church was large and beautiful, and 
 within it “ there was a very great congregation.” Many of the principal families 
 of the city then attended there. The most cordial relations, too, existed between 
 
 it and the sister churches, When, in 1713, certain persons desecrated Trinity 
 
 117 
 
Church, we find the Consistory of the French Church offering a reward of 
 ten pounds for their discovery, and when, at the close of the same year, Mr. 
 
 i Rou was married a second time, his young wife having died soon after coming 
 “ances LIVRE to New York, the Dutch pastor, the Rev. Mr. Du Bois, performed the cere- 
 PINTARD souranaae aes mony. But the young clergyman soon became involved in a quarrel with 
 
 PRIERES PUBLIQUES, several of his wealthier parishioners in regard to preaching and administer- 
 ing the sacraments at New Rochelle, the church there, with the exception of 
 two members, having conformed to the Church of England, and the dispute 
 at length waxed so warm that a large number left the church. This was a 
 
 DES SACREMENS, 
 
 fr tee Aurars blow to the French Church from which it never fully recovered. Mr. Rou 
 RITES ET CEREMONIES DE LEGLISE, retained peaceable possession of his pulpit until his death, in 1750. He died 
 srtow voanoe poor, and in 1756 the church granted his widow a pension of twelve pounds a 
 DE L'EGLISE EPISCOPALE PROTESTANTE Car for life. 
 
 pans The Huguenots had long been drifting toward the Church of England, 
 LES ETATS UNIS DE; L'AMERIQUE: whose creed differed little from their own, and under whose authority many of 
 avec her ministers had been ordained in England. It was a matter of no surprise, 
 LE PSEAUTIER, therefore, when, in 1804, the French Church conformed to the Episcopal Church 
 ov, and her existence as a distinct body came to an end. One of the rarest and 
 
 LES PSEAUMES DE DAVID, most interesting relics of the times of this change that yet ex 
 
 —— adaptation of the English Book of Common Prayer for use 
 Poe Pg dol hfe Pretrs Fronsif da Saat Epi la Nadel Pant CG . 
 
 hurch. The work was accomplished in 1803, when copies of the American 
 
 ‘ALA Kovvense-yonx French book were i 
 OB LIMPRIMERIE DE ROBERT WILSON 
 
 sued, arrangements for their publication having been 
 made by Mr. John Pintard. The facsimile reproduction of the title-page 
 
 ‘03 ‘ 3 = 
 shown is from the well-preserved copy in the possession of Rev. A. V. 
 
 Wittmeyer. The history of the church between the two dates, 1764-1804, 
 possesses little general interest. In the Revolution it was used as a prison, and also as a magazine for the 
 reception of ordnance stores. On its reorganization in 1796, its trustees were incorporated under the title of 
 The Reformed Protestant French Church in the City of New York. After its union with the Episcopal Church, 
 in 1804, the most encouraging results were apparent. The cong 
 increase in the receipts for pew rents. 
 
 TITLE-PAGE OF THE PINTARD PRAYER BooK, 
 
 gations were larger, and there was a marked 
 
 Since 1804 two removals of the church have been made. The first was in 1834, under the pastorate of Rev. 
 Antoine Verren, when the old church on Pine street was 
 
 sold for fifty thousand dollars and a new church and 
 rectory built on Franklin street; and the second was in 1863, when the Franklin street site was sold and the 
 present beautiful church on Twenty-second street was erected. Mr. Verren died in 1874, and was succeeded by 
 the Rev. Leon Pons, who resigned in the same year, and who was succeeded by the present rector, Rev. A. V. 
 Wittmeyer. 
 
 a A 
 
 THe Cuurcn Sra. 
 
 118 
 
wt 
 
 i 
 
 Ny 
 uot 
 
ST. JOSEPH’S CATHEDRAL, ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 
 % 
 
 « ANGING in the belfry of the Cathedral that faces the Plaza 
 in the picturesque old city of St. Augustine is an ancient bell 
 bearing the inscription: “ Sancte + Foseph: Ora: Pro Nobis: 
 Do- 1682.” But old as the venerable bell is, it is a century 
 and a quarter younger than the first expedition sent out from 
 Spain to plant the cross in Florida. It isan appropriate sum- 
 moner to worship for St. Joseph’s Cathedral, which occupies 
 the site of the older building that, completed in 
 1791, was destroyed by fire in 1887. For one hun- 
 
 dred years the Roman Catholic missionaries main- 
 
 _tained an unequal struggle in the wilderness 
 amongst the savage hordes, against whose arrows 
 
 and tomahawks the gentle, earnest priests offered 
 
 no resistance save with cross and rosary. Many 
 
 sealed their devotion to the mission they had un- 
 
 dertaken with their life’s blood. As fast as one 
 
 priest fell another came to take his place, fear 
 complainingly to fill and to hold while life lasted the peril- 
 ous post of his predecessor. St. Augustine’s Cathedra 
 of St. Joseph is a memorial of the long line of unarmed 
 warriors of the Roman Catholic Church in Florida. 
 Peter Menendez, a famous Spanish naval commander, set 
 
 sail in person from Cadiz in the “San Pelayo,” on June 29, 
 1565, followed by a fleet of nineteen other vessels. In the ex- 
 nedition were four secular priests and eight Jesuit fathers, whose 
 mission it was to convert the aborigines of Florida and found 
 churches in the trackless wilderness. On the 28th of August, 
 1565, the feast of St. Augustine, Menendez and his fleet reached 
 the coast of Florida, and in gratitude for the safe voyage the 
 priests chanted the Te Deum with great solemnity. The har- 
 bor of St. Augustine was entered on September 6th. Mendoza 
 Grajales, a priest who had himself placed on shore the day pre- 
 ceding, met Menendez with a cross, which the commander, 
 
 un- 
 
 THe Ancient Crty Gari 
 
 sed. A solemn mass was offered up, and subse- 
 shrine of Nuestra Senora de la Leche was erected 
 
 <neeling, ki 
 quently tl 
 on the spot. And this was the beginning of the Spanish mis- 
 sion in Florida and of the city of St. Augustine. 
 
 Menendez sailed away with his ships to fight the French, 
 
 eaving the priests to advance the cause of the cross. The com- 
 mander was, however, a zealous adherent of his church and lost 
 no opportunity to further the work of the missionaries; more- 
 over, he had pledged himself to the King of Spain to use 
 his expedition for the good of the Roman Catholic Church. 
 Wherever he landed he caused crosses to be reared, and left 
 
 behind him at such points devout Spaniards to familiarize the “Baas Bap: — gus Sa 
 ndians with the devotions of his church. Two chapels were “liristepl:Rotuxd, HlapSinBlorida po Cliffe tr 
 
 3 2 A ses : 2 CSérita del, Hill, Kel f 
 uilt at St. Augustine by the missionaries, headed by the vicar, ee Ua CET a SA 
 
 Lopez de Mendoza, who was made vicar and superior of St. casein, 
 119 
 
Augustine, having four priests su ject to him. Father Peter Martinez was sent from Spain in 1566 to assist 
 him; he was selected for the work by the General of the Society of Jesus. He sailed from San Lucar ina 
 Flemish vessel, which on nearing the Florida coast became separated from the fleet. Uncertain of his position, 
 the captain sent a boat to the shore in which Father Martinez embarked. During the time the priest and his 
 companions were on land a sudden storm drove the vessel out to sea, and while they were endeavoring to reach 
 a Spanish port Indians seized the small company, dragged Father Martinez from the boat, and took him to the 
 island of Tacatacura, now Cumberland, where they cruelly murdered him, 
 
 Menendez went back to Spain, returning in 1658 with ten missionaries selected by St. Francis Borgia. At 
 the head of them was John Baptist Segura, who had been appointed Vice-Provincial of Florida. He went to St. 
 Augustine, where he proclaimed the jubilee, Thence the Vice-Provincial, accompanied by seven priests, and 
 taking vestments, books and chapel furniture, necessary implements and provisions to establish a permanent 
 mission, departed for the northward, The Indians among whom Segura and his colleagues commenced the work 
 
 of conversion proved treacherous, and in September, 1570, the 
 savages murdered the Vice-Provincial and all his priestly com- 
 panions. ‘The killing of Father Segura and the 
 who were anxious to further the work of conversion under his 
 direction caused dismay at St. Augustine. When intelligence 
 of the massacre reached St. Francis Borgia he despaired of the 
 Florida mission, recalled the Jesuits, and sent them subsequently 
 to Mexico. In 1572 there was no priest or friar left in St. 
 
 ealous priests 
 
 Augustine to say mass and administer the sacraments. After a 
 few years other missionaries came, and by 1586 a flourishing 
 parish church had been established. Again the task of con- 
 verting the natives of the surrounding country was undertaken ; 
 a number of fathers came over in 1577 and converted so large 
 a number of Indians at San Sebastian that a parish church was 
 built for their use. In 1594 St. Augustine received its first 
 and the cause of the Catholic Church again 
 flourished in Florida. 
 
 yarish prie 
 
 A calamity befell the missionaries in September, 1597. The 
 son of a cacique, wearying of the restraints on his passions im- 
 posed by Christianity, deserted the mission at Guale and joined 
 
 a band of roving Indians. At the head of these he madea night 
 
 attack on Father Corpa’s village of Tolemato, tomahawked the 
 c = E priest, cut off his head and set it ona pole. Next the murderous 
 PPetmneMartnes His annST odio Fid iChristiane vase band proceeded to Topoqui, where they murdered Father 
 Be aria Americania in Insula Floris a Ansb628 Septembre 3lase Rodriguez while he was kneeling before his altar. Mis- 
 ‘ sionaries stationed at Asops, Asao and Ospo were slain by the 
 
 same band, These savages were finally subdued on Cumber- 
 
 land Island by the aboriginal inhabitants with the aid of an armed Spanish vessel. After this outbreak the Florida 
 
 Dear or FATHER MARTINEz.—From an old engraving 
 
 missions did not suffer from violence. 
 
 In 1646 the parish church of St. Augustine was still of wood, the Bishop being unable to replace it by a 
 more substantial one, his whole annual income from Florida being four hundred dollars. When Bishop Cal- 
 deron, of Santiago de Cuba, visited St. Augustine in 1674 he made a formal visitation to the parish church, 
 which from that time forth had a peaceful history. Repairs and renovations, the displacement of wood with stone, 
 kept the site of the old mission of St. Augustine sanctified ground, and the principal place of Catholic worship in 
 ‘an city until the completion of the Cathedral of St. Joseph in 1799. 
 
 the ancient Amer 
 
THE CHURCH OF NOTRE DAME, MONTREAL, CANADA 
 
 NHE enthusiasm shown by the Roman Catholic clergy in the early settlement of this country has probab y 
 never had a parallel in any newly discovered regions. 
 
 Neither fire, nor the elements, nor the cruelty of 
 
 bloodthirsty savages could stay the determined efforts of this devoted body of men to extend their faith 
 among the Indian tribes. From the icy banks of the St. Lawrence to the burning sands of Florida and Lou- 
 isiana the Catholic priests penetrated everywhere into the interior of the boundless forests, carrying with them 
 the cross and the rosary. It was always the same with this devoted band, and their lives they counted as noth- 
 ing in the effort to convert the children of the woods. This devotion was espe 
 hood, which stood ready 
 
 lly true of the French priest- 
 it all times and at all seasons to work or to fight for their beloved religion, Many suf 
 fered the tortures of the stake, but no one of them ever hesitated in the performance of his self-appointed task. 
 The trials of the Catholic clergy were of course more severe in the northern climate; but it was here that they 
 made their most notable conquests, and extended their influence from Acadia in the east to Michilimackinac on 
 the upper peninsula of Michigan. Thence again they worked their way to the Mississippi, and down its muddy 
 
 banks to the settlements near its mouth in the Gulf, locating themselves among the many tribes living in the 
 
 intermediate country. Their influence, however, was of a more permanent ER in the north, and here this 
 influence was felt in the building up of the French settlements. 
 
 In the spring of 1534 a wooden cross was erected by Jacques Cartier in the newly-di 
 is now known as Canada, and po 
 
 overed country which 
 session of New France in the name of the French king, Francis I., was de- 
 clared. During the century that followed, the cross was carried in the name of Him w ihe suffered, by the mis- 
 sionaries of the church into the wildernesses of that vast territory. These patient men endured untold hardships 
 n their efforts to spread the gospel among the aborigines, and their work accom plished wonders, not only for those 
 whose condition they sought to alleviate, but for the general advancement of civilization. The great valleys of 
 the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi were thus opened to colonization and settlement through the activity of 
 these teachers of the religion of Christ. 
 
 The settlement of the Island of Montreal dates from 1640, when a concession was first obtained by a com- 
 pany which had for its objects the better control of the warlike Iroquois and the establishment of a base from 
 which missionary operations could be extended. The missionaries had for a long-time urged the occupation of 
 the island on account of its physical advantages, and when the place had been ceded, plans for its colonization 
 were carefully formulated. A party of forty persons, under the leadership of M. de la Montmagny, “the Lieu- 
 tenant of His Majesty in all the regions of the St. Lawrence and of New France,” and of M. de Maisonneuve, as 
 the first governor, arrived in Montreal in 1642, after having wintered in Quebec. The dangers attending the 
 foundation of the settlement did not deter Maisonneuve from proceeding to Montreal; arriving there he erected 
 a few buildings on the site laid out, and surrounded them with palisades for defence. Such of the natives as had 
 been christened or wished to be were soon gathered together for further instructions in the arts of civilization, 
 and in this humble way the now fair city of Montreal was inaugurated. Reinforcements to the colony arrived 
 later, but not to any great extent, as the entire European population in Canada, in 1643, did not exceed 200 souls, 
 The emigrants destined for the settlement at Montreal were all selected with the utmost care however. In 1669 
 the colonists there had increased to 160 men, of which fifty were heads of families; there were forty houses, and 
 Sisters were in charge of the schools. 
 
 One of the first enterprises of the colonists upon their arrival was the erection of a chapel, a temporary affair 
 being constructed of bark by the devout immigrants at the fort on “Pointe a Calliére.” They arrived on May 18, 
 1642, and gave the name of “Ville Marie” to their new home, the present name of Montreal originating in the 
 appellation given by Cartier to the mountain a short distance above the ancient Indian village of Hochelaga, the 
 site of which is now covered by a part of the city of to-day. Enchanted at the prospect which spread out before 
 him, the explorer gave the hill the name of “ Royal Mount,” a combination which, with slight modification, can be 
 readily rendered into Montreal. To fulfil a vow, M. de Maisonneuve and his men carried a large cross to the 
 top of the mountain, and at its foot an altar was raised. There on the summit the Jesuit Father Duperron said 
 
 mass for several years, and the spot became a place of pilgrimage for all the people. In 1643 a more substantial 
 121 
 
¥ congregation 
 
 building of wood replaced the chapel at the fort; this was used until 1654, when the incr 
 found the second structure too small for their needs. Through the efforts of their leader, M. de Metaonmarne. a 
 . Paul street. This edifice was to have been built by the 
 
 larger church was built adjoining the hospital in 
 offerings of the people, but as the amount realized from their contributions was insufficient, the company which 
 ion of the island in the first place erected a large part of the building, the first stone of which 
 
 had received pos 
 was laid in 1656. Here the congregation worshipped for more than twenty years, in inerpran anticipation of the 
 time when a fine and spacious church would be theirs, and when, in 1669, Mgr. de Laval came to Montreal on 
 his pastoral visit their wishes commenced to be realized, for he began the fonetntion of a large stone building on 
 On June 29, 1672, the Feast of SS. Peter and Paul, ground was broken, and on the following 
 years later the edifice was 
 
 the Place d’Armes. 
 day, amidst imposing ceremonies, the first stone of the foundation was laid, S 
 
 shed. 
 Although the growing wants of the congregation soon taxed the capacity of the church, it was many years 
 r one received 
 
 before the project of istic a lar 
 final consideration. A buil aia committee was finally 
 appointed, measures were taken to secure funds for 
 the enterprise, and the needed property for the site 
 
 acquired. In 1823 the foundations for the largest 
 church in this country were laid, and owing to the 
 generosity and zeal of the congregation, and to the aid 
 
 re 
 
 ceived from the Seminary of St. Sulpice, the work 
 went on unceasingly. On June 7, 1829, the church 
 was opened to the emits and a week later Monseign- 
 eur Lartigue, first Bishop of Montreal, officiated pon- 
 tifically within its walls. The edifice belongs to the 
 gothic style of architecture, and was built after des 
 of Jame 
 was inte 
 greatest monument of his genius.. It is grand and im- 
 
 O'Donnel, the architect, who, dying in 1830, 
 ed within this building, which stands as the 
 
 posing to the highest degree; its front is perfect in 
 bold and lofty towers attract attention 
 es of the city, and are visible from 
 
 symmetry ; its 
 from the 
 the south at a distance of over thirty miles. The por- 
 tico between the two towers is sixty feet in height. 
 Over the arcades are three colossal statues represent- 
 ing the Blessed Virgin, St. Joseph, and St. John the 
 Baptist, the patrons of Lower Canada and of the city 
 of Montreal. The towers from their foundation to 
 their pinnacle measure 227 feet, The platform of the 
 western tower is reached by a stairway containing 279 
 steps. From this elevated standpoint is to be obtained 
 a fine view of Montreal and its environs. In descend- 
 
 tremit 
 
 Iyrerton or Norre Dawe Craver. 
 ing can be seen what is known as “le gros Bourdon,” 
 
 an enormous bell weighing 24,780 pounds, six feet in he 
 diameter. Its sound is magnificent in its fulness and grandeur; graven on its 
 tion in Latin, which tells its own history: “I was cast in the year of the Christian era 1847, the 202 since the 
 foundation of Montreal, the first of Pius the Ninth’s pontificate and the tenth of the reign of Victoria, Queen of 
 England: Iam the gift of the merchants, the farmers and mechanics of Ville Marie.” It is ornamented with the 
 images of the Blessed Virgin and St. John the Baptist, and with the emblems of Agriculture, Commerce and 
 
 zht, and whose mouth is eight feet seven inches in 
 
 erior is the following inscrip- 
 
 Industry. In the eastern tower are hung ten smaller bells, beautifully toned in such perfect harmony that 
 the most varied musical airs can be executed while they peal. Each of these ten bells bears the name of its 
 donor, 
 
 The nave of the church, including the sanctuary, is 220 feet long, nearly eighty feet in he sight, and sixty-nine 
 feet in width, without including the side aisles, which measure twenty-five and a half feet each; the walls are five 
 feet thick. It is said that the church is capable of seating fifteen thousand persons, all of whom, by the admirable 
 construction of the building, can not only follow the holy ceremonies at the altar, but also hear the word of God 
 from the pulpit. Fourteen windows, forty feet high, light up the galleries, Entering the western side aisle, the 
 chapel adjoining the wall of the tower, and containing the baptismal font, is to be seen. Over the altar is the 
 
 122 
 
painting representing the Baptism of Our 
 _ord by St. John the Baptist, a copy of the 
 
 gre 
 in the Baptismal Chapel of St. Peter at 
 Rome. The font itself is of white marble, 
 supported by figures of four angels, and 
 
 at mosaic work by Maratta to be found 
 
 f the cover or lid is of gilded copper. 
 wi la | : 4 Hi a Nii Here is also a fine copy of that celebratec 
 
 yi Fae i 1 ip painting, Our Lady of Constant Succor, 
 : 4 ‘ rought from the East to Rome many 
 centuries ago. Between the altars are 
 placed the confessionals. The 
 ett pes 5 i F bi altar is that of St. Amable, priest and 
 
 f pastor of Riom, in Auvergne, France, in 
 the fifth century. 
 
 ents the saint 
 controlling by Almighty power the rav- 
 ages of a vast conflagration. The altar 
 j of this chapel was once the main altar of 
 the church and is pre 
 memento of the past. The third chape 
 is that of St. Joseph, the altar of which is 
 adorned with four statues. In the tomb beneath this altar rests the body of St. Felix, taken from the Catacombs 
 of Rome. 
 
 At the extremity of the aisle to the right is found the Chapel of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The altar is 
 
 arved here as a 
 
 Rk VIEW OF THE CHURCH. 
 
 adorned by a superb painting purchased in Florence, Italy, in 1872, and by a magnificent enamelled crucifix and 
 candlesti At a slight elevation in the passage extending behind the main altar and the tabernacle are the 
 beautiful statues of the Blessed Virgin and 
 
 In the eastern side aisle 
 
 Adoring Ang 
 the first chapel is that of the Sacred Heart. 
 
 The painting represents Our Lord appearing 
 to the Blessed Margaret-Mary, a nun of the 
 Order of the Visitation, The next altar is 
 dedicated to St. Ann. Another chapel is 
 dedicated to the souls of Purgatory. The 
 last is the Chapel of St. Roch. The whole 
 
 * 
 
 | 
 £ 
 
 church is lighted by beautifully stained glass 
 windows, one of which, representing the Virgin 
 and Child, surrounded by twelve angels, was 
 brought from France. The walls over the 
 second gallery on both sides of the church are 
 
 decorated by twelve paintings representing 
 scenes in the life of the Virgin. The sanc- 
 
 tuary is raised above the floor of the church 
 and divided off by a rail that serves for a com- 
 
 munion table. At the entrance stands the (OaaAENHN Ee Gy ee 
 statue of St. Peter resting upon a bronze 
 
 pedestal. Next to be seen is the Main Altar, so grand and imposing with its splendid group of 
 to represent the sacrifice of Our Lord as foreshadowed in the signs and prophecies of the Old T 
 superb combination includes also the “Céne” illustrating the institution of the Holy Eucharist. 
 the “Ceéne” are small statues, and above it are the Altar and Tabernacle, the latter beautified by bas-reliefs on 
 each side. These, together with other fine statuary and bas-reliefs, were the gift of the Seminary of St. Sulpice 
 of Montreal. 
 
 atuary intended 
 estament, This 
 On each side of 
 
ST. LUKE'S CHURCH, ISLE OF WIGHT COUNTY, VIRGINIA. 
 
 \TANDING in the ancient kingdom of Warrisquoak, which 
 s discovered by Captain Smith in the fall of 1607, made 
 a county in 1634, when the population was 520 souls, and 
 changed in 1637 to Isle of Wight County, is one of 
 
 wa 
 
 the most picturesque ruins in Virginia. It has stood 
 for more than two hundred years near the road 
 leading from Smithfield to Suffolk, embowered in 
 
 the primitive forest, whose grand old tr 
 
 throw 
 
 their protecting arms about and cast upon ita 
 dim religious light. Time, which adorns the ruin 
 
 and beautifies the dead, has clothed it with a 
 
 green mantle of vines, which cling to it with their 
 
 affectionate tendrils, and twine around roof and 
 tower as if to hide the ruin it had wrought. The 
 Islanders of Wight in England are not more 
 proud of their church 
 
 S$ 
 
 and castles, which have 
 
 been illustrated in poems and pictures, than are 
 
 the citizens of their namesake in Virginia, old St. 
 Luke’s, standing alone in her glory. Time was 
 when the Cavalier and the Puritan, the rich and 
 
 the poor, the master and his servant, thronged her courts. 
 But times have changed. 
 
 THe Coxe Font ty THE ResTORED CHURCH. 
 
 «The worshippers are seattered now 
 
 Who knelt before her shrine, 
 
 An old and uniform tradition assigns the year 1632 Tend shouiveiond haere anincaie cose 
 
 as the date of the building of this church. There is In days of Auld Lang Syne!’ 
 
 a tomb ona neighboring farm on which is the fol- 
 
 lowing epitaph: “Sacred to the memory of Joseph Bridger Counsellor of State to Charles 2d. He dyed Aprill 
 rs. Mournfully leaving his wife, three sons and four daughte There are 
 
 15 Anno Domini 1688 Aged 58 yea 
 
 some verses added, concluding with these lines: 
 “< Here lies the 12 
 Who royal virtues had and royal fa 
 
 reat Minister of S 
 
 Mrs. Cowper, of Macclesfield (who had been Mrs, Bridger), inherited this estate, and affirmed that this General 
 Bridger was the son of Joseph Bridger who 
 superintended the building of the church, This 
 tradition is supplemented by the testimony of 
 
 Francis Young, formerly clerk of the county, who 
 told the venerable Dr.Purdie, the veteran vestry- 
 
 man, over 80 years of age, that when he in his 
 youth was deputy clerk he used to read in the 
 rinal vestry book the date of the church build- 
 
 ing in 1632. Andas if to make assurance doubly 
 
 sure, some bricks fell with the falling in of the 
 original top, in 1887, in which the figures 1632 
 are cut deep and clear, The first vestry book 
 was destroyed at Macclesfield when Arnold 
 
 made his raid into the county and sacked 
 Macclesfield in search of General Parker, a 
 Revolutionary officer. By the loving care of 
 
 Dr. Purdie some church papers which survived 
 
the raid have been perpetuated. The present 
 vestry book goes back to 1727, and in it the 
 church is called “The Old Brick Church,” the 
 name St. Luke’s being of later date. In this book 
 
 are recorded orders for a new roof and wainscot 
 in 1737; nearly a century 
 
 Rey. W. G. H. Jones reported that St. Luke’s, 
 which had been for more than twenty years ina 
 state of dilapidation and destitute of 
 + be 
 
 Bishop Moore 
 
 fter this repair (1827), 
 
 Gospel 
 ordinance: 
 
 ns to raise her head.” In the 
 i it and ordained 
 In 1828 he re- 
 subscribed for re- 
 e this oldest church 
 
 ited 
 to the priesthood. 
 
 same year 
 Mr. Jones 
 
 ported three hundred dollar 
 
 pairs, and 
 (now standing in Vir e comfortable.” 
 In 1831 Mr, Keeling reports “ this oldest church 
 in Virginia has been thoroughly repaired and 
 
 he “expects to 
 
 cinia) mac 
 
 money has been raised 
 
 church is as 
 
 edifice, made of the best materia 
 
 warwhoop of the Indian 
 
 trated with scriptural subjects. 
 all gone. The walls, tower and main timbers are 
 rector, Rev. David Barr, has happily inaugurated 
 
 Ties 
 
 gi. 4) 
 
 In Honor oF tHe SoctetTy FoR THE PROPAGATION OF THE GosPEL, 
 AND IN MeMoRY oF Dr, Danie Coxe, or Lonpon, 
 
 marble font in the style of the Restoration era, costing $110, presented 
 
 Special recognition is due to Mr. Edward Neville 
 
 tion is conducted. Funds are still needed to give the finishing touch to t 
 
 to build a church in Smithfield.” 
 
 and pursued with such energy and enthu 
 
 Tue Ruins av THE CHANCEL END or THE CHURCH. 
 
 Another half century rolls around and the old 
 
 zain in ruins, and from them vivid ideas of the original grandeur can be formed. It was an elegant 
 , and rose like a marvel in a wilderness which had so lately resounded with the 
 Among its ornaments was a large chancel window in the east, of stained glass, illus- 
 3ut it and the antique pulpit, sounding-board, communion table and plate are 
 
 as sound as ever, and are ready for the restoration, which t 
 
 sm that it is on t 
 
 he 
 
 ne 
 eve of complete success. 
 
 A splendid church window made in London is one of the 
 features of the renewed church; in form and position it will 
 be exactly as the original. ts 
 
 Moses, David, Zachariah and Isaiah; memorials of Washing- 
 
 It has twelve subje namely 
 
 ton and Lee; of Rev. Mr. Hubard and Mr. Bridger; of the 
 four evangelists and of Bishops Meade and Johns; in the 
 third tier, memorials of Raleigh, Captain John Smith, John 
 
 Rolfe and Commissary Blair. The eight double lancet win- 
 dows are.memorials of Pocahontas; of the pioneer preachers, 
 Hunt and Whittaker; of Colonel Josiah Jourdan; of Captain 
 Cowper, wife and mother, descendants of Josiah Parker ; also 
 of the Nosworthys, primitive settlers ; of Wood 'y and Thomas, 
 vestrymen (1724-56); also of Dr. Daniel Coxe, of London, 
 an ancestor of the wife of Dr. Colton, a former Rector, and 
 in honor of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in 
 Foreign Parts, of which Dr, Coxe was one of the first mem- 
 bers. This window, a beautiful specimen of English glass, was 
 the gift of Mr. Brinton Coxe of Philadelphia. The three 
 lower windows are in memory of Youngs and Purdi 
 in the late war, and four cherub heads in memory of four 
 little Jourdans buried in the churchyard. The c 
 dow is all English, and the other windows ar 
 English cathedral and American opalescent glass. 
 pulpit. sounding-board and communion table will 
 ductions of the originals. 
 
 The new floor is the wind 
 are of Isle of Wight yellow-heart pine, and the 
 tower will be covered 
 best quality. 
 
 2s, killed 
 
 hancel win- 
 combined 
 The 
 
 be repro- 
 
 'S 
 
 ow-frames 
 roof and 
 with heart-cypress shingles, all of the 
 The old font will be replaced by 
 
 laid in cement anc 
 
 an Italian 
 by Mr. Brinton Coxe of Philadelphia. 
 architect, under whose d 
 
 Stent, decorative 
 
 irection the restora- 
 he operations, and when completed the 
 
 125 
 
lory of the latter house will exceed that of the former. And as it is thought that the tide of church life which 
 n the wildernes ] flood it again, we trust that the new 
 
 P- Slor hn 
 
 The complete restoration which Dr, Slaughter contemplated when he wrote the above article has not yet 
 made in London” are still there, because there is no money in 
 d dollars), and the tariff duty of about four 
 
 o! 
 g 
 has ebbed from the old edifice, leaving it high and dry 
 may surpass the old in the beauty of holiness as it will in outward phys 
 
 iognomy. 
 
 been realized. The “splendid church window 
 hand to pay the balance due on the east window (about two hundr 
 hundred dollars, The duty on the Coxe window Mr. Brinton Coxe will pay just as soon as its companion, this 
 east window, can be brought over. The other windows of which Dr. Slaughter speaks are all in the church in 
 but they and the doors have not been put in position for the lamentable 
 still some plastering to be done in the tower, and the pews are to be made, or bo 
 completed until the money is raised to accomplish the objects mentioned. Can no o 
 will contribute the money necessary to bring that east window from London? There it is, and there for the last 
 
 reason above given. There is 
 h cannot be 
 
 boxes ; 
 
 at. The chur 
 
 be found who 
 
 enerous giv 
 
 two or three years it has remained, because the church was utterly unable to pay either that small balance due 
 or that heavy tariff ta: he government has been implored to remit that tax; but the decisions of its courts in 
 other cases have compelled it to deny the request, and the church, in its poverty, with its wrung heart, is looking 
 iously and longingly for some generous soul to give to it this beloved object of art. Is there not some one 
 detained window, and say, “ Here is the money, bring it over, put it in place, 
 
 any 
 
 who will connect his name with this 
 and go on with the worship of God in this the oldest church now standing of European construction upon the 
 continent of America?” And is there no other generous giver who will liberally contribute to the cost of the 
 sadly in need of money. It ought to be raised, and raised at once, so that 
 sss. For sixty odd years it has stood 
 
 remaining repairs? The church is 
 it may be completed, and enter once again on its grand mission of usefulr 
 there silent, without a service, facing and defying storm and decay, appealing in its desolation to every sentiment 
 of the State, of the Church and of the Nation against abandonment and desertion, and now in its halfcompleted 
 condition, feeling the touch of revival and restoration, it pleads more imploringly still for just enough money to 
 ,and to utter again with 
 
 complete its repairs and to enable it once more to enter upon its life of activiti 
 renewed joyousness its ancient but long suppressed voice of prayer and of thanksgiving. 
 Shall it appeal in vain ? A’ VIRGINIAN. 
 
 Ancient Date Brick Founp In THE RUINS, 
 
SANTA BARBARA MISSION, CALIFORNIA. 
 
 HE history of Santa Barbara on unfolds no tragedy like that of San Diego or of San Juan Capistrano, 
 nor grandeur like that of San Gabriel. It reads much like the story of San Luis Rey, but without the 
 romance or gloomy ending of the latter, A presidio or fort had already been established here four years 
 
 when the mission was founded, The location is on the Santa Barbara channel, which is between the islands and 
 the main land of Southern California, The cross was raised and blessed by Fathers Lasuen and Paterna on 
 December 4, 1786; but, before the ceremonies of founding the m 
 ernor Pedro Fages that the work should be suspended. Governor Fages arrived at Santa Barbara on December 
 14th, and changed his order, and on the 16th Father Paterna said mass, and Father Lasuen preached a sermon, 
 and thus completed the foundation, 
 
 Saint Barbara, the virgin and martyr, after 
 
 whom the mission was named, was the daugh- 
 ter of Di ro of Asia Minor. Her father 
 
 ion were finished, an order came from Gov- 
 
 po 
 was an idolater, who gave Barbara to the 
 
 heathen inquisition to be tortured for her ad- 
 herence to Christianity. Her earthly life ended 
 by decapitation at the hands of Dioscoro him- 
 
 ib 
 
 In 1789 a church 18x90 feet was com- 
 pleted, as were also other buildings, all of 
 adobe walls and tiled roofs. Two years later 
 
 a guard-house and three tool-houses were fin- 
 
 ished. 
 
 Father Antonio Paterna, the founder, died 
 in 1793, and was succeeded by Father Estévan 
 Tapis, who eventually succeeded Lasuen to 
 the presidency. There were then nearly one 
 
 thousand neophytes and over eight thousand 
 ts INTERIOR OF THE MIssroN. 
 
 cattle of all kinds. 
 In 1794 a second adobe church, 28 x 135 feet, was finished, It had a sacristy, 15> 
 
 tico in front, The same year a granary and a spinnery were built, The next year a grand corridor with a tile 
 roof and brick pillars were added on the side next to the presidio, and another corridor was added to the spin- 
 + nery, besides four large rooms for the friars. 
 
 veral more rooms were afterwards built for 
 granaries, store-rooms and offices. In 1799 
 nineteen adobe houses, each 12x g feet, neatly 
 plastered and whitewashed and tiled, were built 
 in a row for residences of the neophytes, and 
 thirty-one more of the same and style were 
 built the next year, and the three remaining 
 
 5 feet, and a brick por- 
 
 y 
 
 o 
 
 sides of the grand square were thus completed. 
 These rows all had corridors with brick pillars. 
 xty neophytes were engaged in weaving, 
 and others were taught carpentering and tan- 
 ning. It was indeed a busy mission, although 
 it did not—except in the erection of new build- 
 1 San Gabriel. The five years from 
 ction of nearly fifty 
 
 ings—exce 
 
 1801-05 witnessed the er 
 dwellings for the neophytes, until there we 
 
 @ 
 two hundred and thirty-four of these structures, 
 They were enclosed on three sides by an adobe 
 
 ViEW or THE GARDENS. 
 
wall. There were also built a tannery, a residence for the 
 mayor domo, three large warehouses, and several other build- 
 ings, 18 x 60 feet, divided into many apartments, all plastered 
 and furnished with a corridor. 
 
 A branch mission at San Miguel, six miles away, was the 
 scene of many substantial improvements. In 1801 a pulmc 
 
 nary epidemic proved fatal to a large number of natives. 
 They saw that their new religion was powerless to stay the 
 pestilence, and they turned in their thoughts to their old and 
 
 neglected god Chupu. Pleased with their remembrance, he 
 
 appeared in a trance to one of the old prophets, The medi- 
 cine man said that Chupu had ordered the death of all neo- 
 phytes unless they brought him offerings and washed their 
 faces in a certain water. Within an hour the revelation was 
 made known, and the Indians hastened with offerings of beads 
 and grain to the prophet’s house and renounced Christianity. 
 The movement spread secretly among all the Indian villages 
 along the channel, for Chupu had forbidden its disclo 
 penalty of death, Fortunately the epidemic subsided, 
 and Chupu was abandoned for Mary, and the secret was dis- 
 
 ure 
 
 und 
 
 covered. The mission reached the zenith of its prosperity 
 
 in the year 1803, when it had seventeen hundred and ninety- 
 
 LookING EAst FROM THE MISSION. two neophyt after that date the Indians decreased, erad- 
 ually at first, but rapidly after 1821. 
 
 ssent grand structure—the great stone church. The stone-work was com- 
 
 pleted in one year. The pine timbers were brought from Santa Cruz island, off the channel, by Captain Wilcox 
 
 of the American ship Zyaveler, about twenty years before Dana was there. The new church was consecrated 
 
 In 1815 was commenced the pr 
 
 September 10, 1820, by solemn and imposing ceremonies. Governor Sola stood as sponsor. Large crowds of 
 
 white and red people were present. The military gave an exhibition drill, and the celebration wound up with a 
 grand banquet in the evening. While the mission prospered in its increasing herds and products its neophytes 
 decreased. In 1834 there fell the blow of secularization, but in 1842 it was conceded to Bishop Garcia Diego, 
 the first episcopal officer of California, for his capital. In 1845 the estates were rented to Nicholas A. Den and 
 Daniel Hill for $1,200 per annum. The mission has always remained in the hands of the Catholic Church, and 
 is one of the best preserved buildings on the coast. From 1786 to 1834 the total number of Indians baptized 
 was 5,676; married, 1,524; deaths, 4,046; total products: 152,797 bushels of wheat ; 24,733 bushels of barley; 
 19,084 bushels of corn, At one time it had 5,200 cattle and 11,066 sheep. 
 
INTERIOR OF THE PRESENT CHURCH. 
 
 THE FIRST CHURCH, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 OSTON was settled in 1630 by English Puritans. They first established themselves at Charlestown under 
 the leadership of Governor Winthrop, but removed from there to the other side of the Charles river to 
 secure better water from springs and brooks. Much of this peninsula was then owned by the Rey. William 
 
 Blackstone, a clergyman of the English Church, who had built himself a house and was eng 
 
 ed in farming, and 
 
 gy 
 
 who seems to have shown very friendly feelings towards the colonists at first, courteous 
 
 y inviting them to come 
 over the river to secure the spring water they failed to find in Charlestown. Soon, however his religious views 
 and theirs proved to be irreconcilable, and he expressed himself willing to sell his property to them so that he 
 might move farther on. They paid him £30 for the land on which much of the great city now stands, a smal 
 sum compared with the millions of dollars at which the same land is rated to-day! The Indian name for the 
 peninsula was Mushauwomuk, which has been contracted into Shawmut. Winthrop and his associate 
 called it Trimountaine, shortened into Tremont, because of its three hills, later on known as Beacon, Copp’s and 
 Fort Hills. 
 
 The name Boston was given it use some of the settlers, notably the Rev. John Cotton, came from the 
 old town of Boston, Eneland. Mr. Cotton had been the rector of St. Botolph’s Church in old Boston, but hac 
 resigned on account of his holding views at variance with those required by the Church of England. He was 
 
 s for a while 
 
 induced to come here by letters received from Winthrop. He became the assistant to the Rev. John Wilson, the 
 pastor of the Puritan congregation, and for nearly twenty years wielded a great influence in all the affairs of the 
 colony, both secular and religious. We can scarcely understand how strong was the influence of the Puritan 
 
 ministers in colonial affairs until we remember that the effort of the colonists was to establish here a kind of 
 
 theocracy which would reproduce some of the features of the ancient Jewish Church. But beside this, such men 
 as Wilson, Cotton, Mather and others like them would, by the very force of their talents and accomplishments, im- 
 press themselves upon any community. Cotton was a cultivated scholar. His literary attainments were of the 
 highest order, and his labors were abundant in every useful direction. 
 
 The congregation whom Wilson and he served was made up of those who had put themselves in a position 
 of decided hostility to many things in the English Church, They were not willing at first to regard themselves 
 as 
 
 eparatists, but simply as separating from what they deemed its corruptions. They would not use set forms 
 
 in prayer. They ceased to recite the Lord’s Prayer because by some at home it had been used superstitious y. 
 
 They would not permit their ministers to wear the white surplice. They would not kneel about the altar, lest 
 
 some should think they worshipped the bread and the wine. They had no funeral prayers, but carried the dead 
 
 in silence to the burial. They took the performance of marriages from their ministers and made that one of the 
 129 
 
prerogatives of the magistrates. They would allow no instruments of 
 They forbade 
 
 music, nothing but the human voice, at their servic 
 he keeping of the church's fasts and feasts, and ceased to use the title 
 ignate departed worthie 
 
 saints” to des: Their modes of worship 
 
 re thus described: “The Lord’s Day began at sunset of Saturday. 
 
 Through its hours no one was permitted to leave or to enter the town, 
 he gates on the ‘Neck’ being shut, and the north ferry watched, while 
 hroughout the country travelling was strictly prohibited. Nor was it 
 lowed even in the hottest days of summer to take the air on the com- 
 non, or on the wharves adjacent to the houses, while fine and im- 
 risonment awaited those who, meeting in the street and conversing 
 here, did not disperse at the first notice.” 
 
 The religious services on Sunday began with solemn prayer by 
 he minister, lz i 
 \ teacher, read and expounded a chapter from the Bible. A psalm was 
 \" next sung, af 
 \Y hour or two, Another prayer closed the morning exercises. After a 
 rvice, with about 
 
 ting about fifteen minutes. Then his assistant, the 
 
 r which followed the sermon, lasting it may be for an 
 
 brief interval the congregation met for the second 
 
 the same outline as for the morning, except that baptisms and church 
 business were added, making the second service even longer than the 
 rst. To the visitor who came to the colony for business or out of 
 
 5 fi 
 ber Beocrlaby ow Ye Lark curiosity there was but little that was attractive or interesting, but to 
 
 the Puritan who entered into these observances with the heart they 
 Cotton 
 
 were full of comfort. The Puritan was strict in his worship as he was 
 in his home and his life. He had left his home for this, and here in the 
 
 New World was enjoying the liberty to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience. If others 
 were not satisfied by it, or attracted by it, and if much has become repellent since—we must always bear in mind 
 that the Puritan came here to voluntarily impose thes 
 
 es upon himself. If the type of character de- 
 veloped was not joyous and genial, it was certainly heroic, and has left its traces in those strong virtues which 
 have characterized New England. 
 
 In this fashion, and by these men, Boston was begun. The later history of the place, and the numerous 
 ways by which the influence of its people touched our colonial life and prepared the way for the Revolution, as 
 well as the part which Boston has taken in all our later history, would occupy volumes. No brief sketch can 
 even hint at the many ways in which the Puritans, their descendants and successors have moulded the life and 
 affairs of the American nation. Would there, indeed, have been an American nation had there been no Puritan 
 colony on the Massachusetts Bay? And could the United States have ever attained the prosperity in which we 
 now rejoice had not the Puritan contributed his courage and 
 
 integrity to its upbuilding ? 
 
 There are but few reminders in modern Boston of the 
 Puritanism of colonial days, for no place in the land has changed 
 so greatly in its material aspects and in its social and religious 
 features. The old town has almost gone. The straightening 
 and widening of streets, the removal of old landmarks, th 
 fires, the extension of wharves, the filling in of the bac 
 
 and the opening of new territory for business and for building— 
 are fast chang 
 
 ng the once quaint seaport city. Some of the 
 
 changes enhance its beauty, but the charm of antiquity lingers 
 now over only a few places, such as Christ Church, King 
 Chapel, the Old State House, Faneuil Hall, the Old Corner 
 Book Store, and the Old South. Here and there a few narrow 
 
 or twisted alley. 
 
 ways, used as short-cuts between principal 
 thoroughfares, remind the stranger of an older day when the 
 
 chain and rod of the civil engineer were not often called into 
 
 Yy 
 
 requisition in laying out streets. It is not easy for one who sees 
 
 Uy 
 
 the crowds hurrying through the streets, especially in the middle S \ 
 o c fe Ss 
 of the day, when there is a jam of drays, carts and street cars, N 
 to fancy the green fields and shaded ways that stretched along Joun Winriror. 
 
 130 
 
beyond Tremont street, even in the time of people now livin 
 
 The changes in population are as great as are 
 the changes in the appearance of the city, for whereas Boston was once a peculiarly American place, now its 
 foreign-born population exceeds all others. 
 
 Nothing, however, is so marked in the life of this old Puritan colony as the change which has taken place in 
 its religious views. In colonial days Quakers, Baptists and others were sent off with a reminder that their return 
 was not desired. The Church of England gained a foothold only after repeated efforts, and held it through 
 struggles and courage. Boston seemed to be intrenched in the intense Calvinism of its founders, but first came 
 the King’s Chapel change to Unitarianism. Then followed the establishment of other sects, and finally there 
 
 burst forth that great movement led at di ent stages of its progress by Channing and Parker and others, and 
 known usually 
 
 er 
 
 “ The Liberal Movement. 
 
 The year 1815 is memorable as marking the time when the struggle between Orthodoxy and the 
 Liberal movement became clearly defined, and which led eventually to the separation of the Congregational 
 churches of New England into Orthodox and Unitarian, There had been collisions before 1815, and on all 
 sides the forces were preparing for the struggle. Preachers and writers began now to oppose the dogmas 
 which had made up hitherto a part of the Puritan faith, In some cases pastors and congregations went solidly 
 over to Unitatianism. In other cases there were contentions, divisions and lawsuits. The old First Church, 
 under Dr. Frothingham, did not take an active part in the controversy, while strongly sympathizing with what 
 was called the Liberal side, This sympathy with Unitarianism, however, landed it out of the old Puritan 
 fold, and it is to-day a Unitarian parish. The building in which its congregation now worships would hardly 
 be a greater surprise to those who came to Shawmut in 1630—if they could revisit Boston—than would be 
 the religious beliefs held by their descendants. 
 
 ets 
 
 WHIPPING A QUAKER AT THE TaiL OF A Cart. 
 
ST. JOHN’S CHURCH, RICHMOND, 
 
 The Upper Church to 
 
 Gap. Sometimes it is callec 
 from the name of the parish a 
 the town of Henrico or Henri 
 in 1611, and which was the si 
 versity, being endowed with t 
 bottom land, gave promise of 
 the bud in a single night by t 
 
 NHE church familiarly known as Old S: 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 John’s was first called 
 rom The Mother Church 
 
 istinguish it f 
 
 below at Curles’ Neck, near what is now known as Dutch 
 
 in the vestry-book Henrico Church, 
 
 nd county, which were developed from 
 icopolis, founded by Sir Thomas Dale 
 te of the 
 
 This uni- 
 
 yreat university. 
 
 housands of acres of rich James river 
 
 brilliant success, which was nipped in 
 
 he dreadful Indian massacre of 1622, 
 
 which would have annihilated the colony but for the warning 
 ain, it was called the Church on Indian 
 Hill, because it was near Powhatan, the seat of the Indian emperor 
 
 Te 
 
 given 
 
 by a converted Indian, / 
 
 wil of that name, since well known as the seat of the 
 
 yo family, so 
 attested by 
 
 J tions of whom are buried in its cemetet 
 tombstones and epitaphs still extant. 
 
 When Captain John Smith and Captain Newport ascended the 
 river in search of a pas: 
 by the falls, where they 
 
 age to the Pacific Ocean they were arrested 
 
 aised a cross and inscribed “ Jacobus Rex’ 
 upon it, and in a fit of loyalty, but with wretched taste, changed the 
 name of the from Powhatan to James riv 
 called 
 
 Communton SERVICE. 
 
 river 
 
 in honor of the 
 The Church on Richmond Hill, because it was 
 Richmond, which was established by act of Assembly in 1743, at which 
 the present site of the Exchange Hotel. 
 
 nt names of this nurch have their warrant and their meaning in 
 The name St. John’s does not appear upon the vestry-book until 182 
 
 king of England. Once more, it was sometimes 
 the site of Colonel 
 time Colonel Byrd had a w: 
 
 Thus it wil 
 
 3yrd’s new town of 
 rehous 
 be seen that all the diffe 
 
 = ieee 
 
 old cl 
 
 history. The initiatory steps towards 
 estry December 24, 1739, when the Rev. Wm. Stith, the historian, was 
 3rook road, on the south 
 was made with Colonel 
 . to be paid by the sale 
 
 he whole sum was settled. 
 
 building this church were taken by the v 
 
 the minister. The site fixed was on the 
 
 side of Bacon’s Branch, and a contract 
 
 ph to build it for £317.10 
 
 Richard Rando! 
 
 of 20,000 pound 
 The church was to be sixty feet long and 
 fourteen feet pitch. 
 
 s of tobacco annually till t 
 twenty-five broad, with 
 o, Colonel Byrd offered 
 d have it at Richmond, 
 and also give any pine timber they might need and wood for burn- 
 
 On December 12, 
 
 to give two of his best lots, if they 
 
 ing bricks. He urged as an argument the number of people living 
 
 below who would pay their devotions there, but would not care to 
 
 go up higher. 
 
 The question was taken between the two sites, and “ Indian 
 Town at Richmond” was chosen, It was the custom of the time , ull 
 
 Wi) 
 for some rich p | 
 
 Hie 
 
 anter to contract for the building of churches, be- _ \\\\ 
 cause he had command of labor and material, from which it has 
 been erroneous 
 
 y supposed that these gentlemen were carpenters. 
 Colonel Richard Randolph of Curles was the son of Richard of 
 Turkey Island, the first of the family in Virginia, and he was the 
 
 grandfather of John Randolph of Roanoke. He married Jane, 
 daughter of John Bolling of Cobbs, who was the grandson of Pow- 
 
 hatan. 
 
 The Randolphs owned thousands of acres of the best land Patrick Henry.—After the original portrait by Sully. 
 
 132 
 
on James river, and were leading men in church and state and 
 society. Their seats were Turkey Island, Curles, Varina, Chats- 
 worth, Wilton, Dungeness, Tuckahoe and Bremo, etc. Some of them 
 were always in the vestry of the parish. 
 
 The church is of wood and in the form of the letter T, with a 
 handsome tower. In 1772 it was resolved to make an addition, 
 fifty feet long and the same width as the present church, to the 
 north side, with gallery on both sides and at one end, with proper 
 windows above and below. The wing of the church has been en- 
 
 larged, and is 45 by 38 feet. In the original addition there was but 
 one aisle; there are now two. The belfry was an open one. In 
 
 1857 some repairs were made to the church and steeple, and in 
 
 1866 the present spire took the place of the old one. The original 
 gallery still remains in the western end. The pulpit now occupies 
 a central position in the southern side of the church, There is a 
 cellar beneath the original church in which some prominent persons 
 were buried; among them, it is said, was the old Rector, Rev. Dr. 
 Buchanan. In 1826 Dr. John Adams presented to the church the 
 marble font which had belonged to Curles, the Mother Church. Jupce EpMunp PENDLETON. 
 
 The churchyard, fillin 
 bowered in fine trees and historic with tombs and monuments. Some of the sills of the old church have been 
 removed, and the weather-boarding and roof renewed, but the antique 
 pulpit and the sounding-board, which reflected the voices of the old 
 
 a square, is furrowed with graves, em- 
 
 i \ pastors, the communion table and chancel remain as they were in the 
 
 beginning. The old bell calls to prayer in tones as sweet as when 
 it first waked the echoes of the neighboring hills. The communion 
 plate of 1756 is still in use. St, John’s is also rich in political 
 reminiscences. It was the scene of the Convention of 1775, when 
 Patrick Henry startled the Convention and the country with the 
 
 thrilling exclamation: “Give me liberty or give me death!” 
 Mr. R. 
 for the pre 
 
 Brock deserves special honor for what he has done 
 ation and illustration of the old records of this church. 
 Many men famous in history have been active in this church: among 
 them may be mentioned Edmund Randolph, Secretary of State under 
 ( og ided at the 
 Convention held in this church during which Patrick Henry made his 
 famous address.  Chief-Justice John Marshall, Presidents James 
 Madison and James Monroe, and George Mason, author of the Bill 
 of Rights, were communicants and officers of the church. The Wythe 
 family was also represented among its. worshippers. 
 
 fp. Shaw 
 
 Sry 
 
 rge Washington, and Edmund Pendleton, who pre 
 
 THE ORIGINAL INTERIOR oF Sr, JorN’s, 
 
 133 
 
THE OLD MEETING HOUSE, CONCORD, MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 the Revolution took place—that here 
 “The embattled farmers stood, 
 ‘And fired the shot heard round the world.” 
 
 1é is hard for the visitor to this quiet town to realize that here is where one of the most important events in 
 
 The town is now most tranquil. Girdled by low hills and looking out upon broad green meadows, and upon a 
 winding river fringed with bushes, it is the abode of peace and not the battle town, But more than a century 
 ago stirring events took place here. Says the old Concord minister, the Rev. William Emerson, grandfather of 
 Ralph Waldo Emerson, writing in his diary under date of April 19, 1775: “ Between one and two o'clock we were 
 alarmed by the ringing of the bell, and upon examining found that the troops to the number of 800 had stolen 
 their march from Boston in boats and barges from the bottom of the Common over to a point in Cambridge. 
 This intelligence was brought to us first by Dr. Samuel Prescott, who narrowly escaped the guard that were sent 
 before on horses purposely to prevent all posts and messengers from giving us timely information. He, by the 
 help of a very fleet horse, crossing several walls and fences, arrived at Concord at the time aforementioned, when 
 
 several posts were immediately dispatched that, returning, confirmed the account of the regulars’ arrival at Lex- 
 ington, and that they were on the way to Concord.” 
 
 This old minister was an eye-witness of the great events that 
 followed. It was probably about three o'clock before the town 
 thoroughly comprehended its danger; then came hurry, confusion 
 and alarm. Every available man and team must be impressed tc 
 carry away the military stores and ammunition which the Committee 
 of Safety had stored here, and which the British troops were now 
 rathered 
 
 coming to confiscate and to destroy. All these goods, g 
 together with such trouble, must be hidden in barns under the hay 
 
 or in the woods, or elsewhere, to save them from the destroying 
 hands of the British, for without firearms and equipments the plans 
 of the patriots for further resistance to the tyranny of the oppressor 
 One good woman when she heard that the 
 
 would be hopeless. 
 regulars were coming thought they would not scruple to destroy 
 \\only the military stores, but whatever else they might lay their hands 
 house as the bell rang 
 
 upon. So she rushed into the old meeting 
 out its alarm, gathered up the communion plate, carried it to the 
 cellar of her house and hid it there in the barrel of soft soap. Many 
 of the women and children betook themselves to the woods in terror, 
 for they had heard much of the wrath of the troopers. The firing 
 
 e signals jor the Minute 
 
 of guns and the beating of drums were th 
 Men and the members of the old volunteer military companies to 
 
 prepare their arms and equipments for immediate service. 
 It was, however, some four hours from the first alarm before the 
 green, around the mee 
 
 Joun Hancock. 
 
 British came. The villac 
 
 ing house, was the place of assembly. A little after sunrise 
 
 200 men, variously equipped, had come together, most of them from Concord, some from Acton and some from 
 Lincoln. They sent a guard a mile or so out of town to report the coming of the British as soon as they 
 appeared. The main portion of the 200 was stationed on the ridge opposite the meeting house. When they 
 
 found how numerous the coming troops were they obeyed the orders of Colonel Barrett, who assumed com- 
 mand, and fell back over the bridge to Ponkawtasset Hill, which overlooked the village, there to await rein 
 forcements, which were on the road from all the towns around. The British troops put a strong guard at both 
 
 bridges over the river, and the main body began their search for the hidden stores. Some cannon wheels 
 were found and fire was sct to them. The smoke ascending was seen by the Concord militia on the hill who, 
 134 
 
THURMAN TAT 
 ea i 
 
supposing that the torch had been applied to 
 their homes, insisted upon being led into ac- 
 tion, Finally Major Buttrick was ordered to 
 lead a force down to the bridge, with strict | ili 
 
 orders, however, not to fire a gun unless they 
 were first fired upon. Marching down to the 
 bridge they were received by a volley from 
 the Britis’ 
 fell, Then rang out the order: “Fire, 
 
 h muskets and some of the patriots 
 
 fellow- 
 
 soldiers ; for God’s sake, fire!” 
 The British at first retreated, but, being 
 reinforced, again held the bridge. The rest 
 of the story of that day is well nigh incredible. 
 
 Irresolution and timidity seem to have entered 
 the British counsels. They marched and 
 countermarched, and finally about noon con- 
 cluded to go back to Boston. Their move-~ 
 ments were watched. A strong detachment 
 of Americans hurried across the fields to Mer- 
 
 CLT 
 
 riam’s Corner, a mile or so below the village, 
 where, being joined by Billerica and Reading 
 volunteers, they attacked the British. A half CORCEAIAN EE rae (CHER 
 mile below, Sudbury troops joined in the 
 
 affray. On the edge of Lincoln the fight was hottest. All the way down from Concord, through Lexington, 
 Lincoln, Wert, Cambridge and Charlestown, almost to the water's edge, where they had the protection of their 
 sh retreat was harassed by these militiamen meeting them at cross-roads, firing from fences 
 
 ships of war, the Bri 
 and farm houses, and swooping down from hillsides. It is a wonder that any British soldier again reached 
 Boston. As it was, they lost that day more men than it had cost them to capture Quebec. The results of the three 
 great events of that day—the massacre at Lexington, the fight at Concord and the stubborn pursuit to Charles- 
 town—led to the uprising of the American people. In a week Boston became a prison for the British, and then 
 thick and fast followed the events which made of us a nation. 
 Concord is always thus associated with the Revolution, but it has a history one hundred years older than the 
 Revolution. It has, beside, a recent history that is written in the annals of learning and literature. It was in 
 635 that a band of Puritans crossed the hills which shut out the sight of the ocean and began their first settle- 
 ment in the State away from tide-water. All the other settlements up to this date had been along the shores of 
 the ocean. This at Concord was inland along the side of the river, where were the grass-grown meadows. It 
 never became a large place. Its greatest population before the Revolution did not exceed 2000, but it was 
 important in those early days as a shire town, where five times or so each year the law courts were held, and 
 where, as the oppression of the mother country began to be felt, there were discussed the great questions of 
 authority and obedience, of justice and right. 
 In the old meeting house on the green “the high sons of liberty,” as Paul Revere called them, met to con- 
 sider the grievances under which they and their fellow-colonists groaned, to deepen the love of liberty, and to 
 strengthen the patriotism that would grow courageous enough to strike a blow for freedom. There was, of course, 
 much faithful religious instruction after the Puritan 
 
 belief, in the old meeting house, but this building 
 was the political as well as the reli 
 the people, and much that they heard here nerved 
 them to fire that shot which was heard round the 
 
 xious home of 
 
 world. Its appearance was similar to the one at 
 Lexington. The present Unitarian building is 
 near the same site and is built in part of the tim- 
 bers of the one in which the First Provincial Con- 
 
 gress met, October 14, 1774, of which John Han- 
 : . cock was President. The square building then 
 z. : : i known as Wright’s Tavern, and used as an alarm 
 
 post of the Provincials still standing. The 
 monument at the North Bridge is built of granite. 
 
 THE MANSE, 
 Originally the home of Rev. William Emerson, grandfather of Ralph Waldo Emerson, 
 
 135 
 
xty survivors of the battle, who listened to the eloquent 
 
 Its corner-stone was laid in 1825 in the presence of s 
 words of Edward Everett as he described the great event of 1775, in which they took part. The inscription 
 
 reads: 
 Here 
 
 On the roth of April, 1 
 
 Was made the first forcible resistance to 
 British Aggression. 
 
 On the opposite bank stood the American militia, 
 Here stood the invading army 
 And on this spot the first of the enemy fell 
 In the war of the Revolution, 
 
 Which gave Independence to these United States. 
 
 In gratitude to God, and in the love of Freedom, 
 
 This monument w 
 
 s erected, 
 
 The Concord of later days has become known all the world over through the writings of its poets, story- 
 tellers and philosopher Says Drake, in h storic Fields and Mansions of Middlesex:” “ Nature knew Con- 
 cord in the common-place, pastoral sense. War left the print of her bloody hand here. Man’s intellect has 
 breathed upon it and clothed it with beauty.” Emerson, Hawthorne, Channing, Thoreau, the Alcotts, Dr. Harris 
 and others almost as well known, have spread the fame of Concord, so that nearly every reader of American 
 literature feels that he is familiar with the place. Grant Allen, in his « Sunday in Concord,” says: “I know no 
 e in the world which combines in so high a degree so many interests—antiquarian, 
 as the home of Emerson, Thoreau and 
 
 village of equal size anywher: 
 literary, artistic, scientific, historical, philosophic, human and natural. 
 Hawthorne.” 
 
 fons 
 
 Tue Ficut ar THE Nort Brince. 
 
ST. PAUL'S CHURCH, NORFOLK, VIRGINIA. 
 
 ORFOLK TOWNE, situated on the bank of the Elizabeth river, which 
 is practically one of the estuaries of the Chesapeake bay, was not incor- 
 porated until 1705. Very early in the seventeenth century, however, the 
 country lying between the Elizabeth and the bay, and bounded on 
 the east by the broad Atlantic, was peopled by a sturdy English 
 their countrymen in other parts of the continent, lost 
 
 stock, who, lik 
 no time in dispossessing the Ches 
 the land and of the more fertile waters which teemed, then as now, 
 
 peakes, the original owners, of 
 
 with oysters and with fish. 
 One of these early settlers, Captain Adam Thorowgood, gave to the 
 territory the name of his native county in England. The town itself was 
 laid out in 1682, the land, fifty acres, being purchased from one Nicholas 
 Wise, a shipbuilder in the county of Lower Norfolk. The purchase was 
 made by Captain William Robinson and Colonel Anthony Lawson, 
 feoffees in trust for the county, for and in consideration of ten thousand 
 pounds of good merchantable tobacco in casks. Long before the estab- 
 lishment of the town the parish had been erected with its church and 
 chapels. In 1637 one John Wilson was minister of Elizabeth River 
 
 Parish. In 1682 Captain Samuel Boush gave a chalice to the Parish Church of Norfolk Towne. What was the 
 character of the church at that time, whether it was the first or a second church, we do not know. That it was 
 built of brick, and that it occupied the same site as the present church, is evidenced from an entry in the vestry- 
 book of 1750, which orders that James Pasteur be allowed to have the bricks and timber of the old church to 
 build a house on the school land. In 1725 Norfolk had become a place of considerable importance, its extensive 
 trade with the West Indies making it what might be called in those days “no mean city.” 
 
 Colonel William Byrd, in his “ History of the Dividing Line,” describes it as it appeared to him at that time: 
 “ Norfolk has most the air of a town of any in Virgin There were then twenty brigantines and sloops riding at 
 the wharves, and oftentimes they have more. It has all the advantages of situation requisite for trade and navi- 
 
 gation. There is a secure harbour for a good number of ships of any burthen. Their river divides itself into 
 three branches, which are all navigable. The town is so near the sea that its vessels may sail in and out in a 
 few hours. Their trade is chiefly to the West Indies, whither they export abundance of beef, pork, flour and 
 lumber. The worst of it is, they contribute much towards debauching the country by importing abundance of 
 rum, which, like gin in Great Britain, breaks the constitution, 
 
 vitiates the morals and ruins the industry of most of the poor 
 
 people of the country. The stree 
 
 straight, and adorned 
 with several good houses, which increase every day. The 
 two cardinal virtues that make a place thrive, industry and 
 
 frugality, are seen here in perfection; and so long as they can 
 banish idleness and luxury the town will remain in a happy 
 and flourishing condition.” It was about this time that the 
 good townsfolk, either from a feeling that the old church was 
 
 not stately enough for so growing a place, or in order by in- 
 
 creased accommodations to counteract the evils that flowed 
 from the over-abundance of rum, seem to have determined to 
 t a parish church which would be a credit to the com- 
 
 er 
 munity. 
 The decade between 1730 and 1740 appears to have been 
 
 throughout Virginia an era of church building. In many AN OLD TompsTonr IN THE CHURCHYARD. 
 
 137, 
 37 
 
parishes second churches replaced the humbler 
 structures which sufficed in the earlier years of the 
 settlement. The town, by royal charter of George 
 I, was erected into a borough in 1736, and three 
 
 years later, in 1739, the present church was com- 
 pleted, The church, like others of the same period, 
 is cruciform, built with solid walls of glazed bri 
 
 ck. 
 
 On the south wall the date of the erection is still 
 seen in raised brick, and below are the initials S. B., 
 doubtless those of Colonel Samuel Boush, the lead- 
 
 ing man of the community and senior warden of 
 the church. In 1749 the Rev. Charles Smith was 
 rector, and the ve sisted of Colonel George 
 Newton, Colonel William Crafford, Colonel Samuel 
 Boush, Captain William Hodges, Captain Willis 
 Wilson, Jr. Mr. Charles Sweeny and Captain 
 James Ivy. It will be seen from this list that at 
 INZERIOS SeoeuETCHUvGR: this early date the American partiality for titles 
 
 already existed, Mr, Sweeny being in a hopeless 
 The vestry in those days was an important body, exercising many functions which are not purely 
 tical. They processioned the lands of the parish to lay the rates. Each tythable person had to pay 33 
 pounds of tobacco, and in case of delay or non-payment the sheriff was ordered “to Make Distress and Sail.” 
 Among the assets of the parish at this time were five slaves, Davy, Soll, Ishmael, Sarah and Nell, who were hired 
 out for sums ranging from £8.15s. for Davy to £r.r0s. for Nell. The rector received for his salary 16,000 pounds 
 of tobacco, and 4ooo more for preaching at Tanner’s Creek Chapel. For washing the surplice 60 pounds of 
 tobacco were paid. The poor of the county at this time were boarded out at a yearly rate varying from 100 to 
 1000 pounds of tobacco, 
 
 In 1751 Captain George Whitewell, commander of His Maj 
 
 minorit 
 
 eccle 
 
 sty’s ship “ Triton,” gave a silver plate “as a 
 compliment” for his wife, Mary Whitewell, being interred in the church. In 1750 it was ordered by the vestry 
 “that Captain Charles Cook, Captain John Shriff, Captain John Calvert and Mr. Charles Sweeny be allowed to 
 build a gallery in the church in Norfolk, reaching from the gallery of Mr. John Taylor to the school-boys’ gallery, 
 to be theirs and their heirs’ forever.” In those days “the gallery” was the place of honor, On April 6, 1761, the 
 General Assembly divided the parish into three distinct parishes, Portsmouth, St. Bride’s and Elizabeth River, 
 which last still includes Norfolk Towne and its vicinity. 
 
 With the opening of the Revolutionary war the trials WA Meth he Ly, 
 of St. Paul’s Church began. The town was intensely wW a Ub kyrg 
 Wetlpof> 
 
 patriotic. Early in 1775 an Association of the Sons of 
 Liberty was organized, and the Rev. Thomas Davies, rector 
 of the church, was one of the leading spirits. In December, 
 
 A iy 
 1775, Lord Dunmore, the last of the royal governors, erected Te thosend Mt bes he nl (ll? Ey Vigne 
 batteries at Great Bridge, about nine miles from Norfolk. COM>» Oy Cll bam’. Soak Gy ee 
 The people in all the surrounding district rallied for the Vill Hodlipeg, 7 Te Nin. ni Vi, 
 defence of their homes, and in a pitched battle defeated the Vee fs teu f DP. 
 British forces with a heavy loss. Dunmore, enraged by his & VAL Wy des Gog Lig 
 
 defeat and by the refusal of the citizens of Norfolk to fur- Q% Z laof ip lay godly A Ming 
 nish supplies for his fleet, gave orders for the bombardment ig Goff pas CL 74 y 
 
 = given notice Ke fens Lind res he Bathe fpr eully 
 to leave, and on New Year's day, 1776, the fl ponrreeeade) om Miacnesarlh, Ife bn Lb ba hap, Ee 
 ing of the frigate “Liverpool,” two sloops and the ship Lot Klee Udon A MG Eddins 
 “Dunmore,” opened a furious fire upon the town. Men ee “Ly oe Mb Clb thn 
 were landed from the ships with orders to burn the stores, EE: ihe oe hese a2 who hove bps VEG 
 and the flames did their work so thoroughly that the town Oe 4 
 
 Se : : en (oct bu Ve ed a 
 was laid in ashes, one house and the sacred walls of the 
 
 ald pad coamine Me led quai Mid of lhyabete Rise 
 
 aa BS : : 1. Which on excarrinidion te founda CEI rll fartiialar 
 once thriving seaport. The church still has imbedded in Ey a Ces Ee? 
 les te 
 
 the south wall a 24-pound shot which was fired from the 
 
 of the town. The women and children wer 
 
 cons 
 
 sh church alone remaining to mark the site of the 
 
 “Liverpool.” Tie First Pace or THe Orn Vestry-Boox Tebace 
 138 
 
‘he rebuilding of the town was a work of difficulty, but in 1785 we 
 find the old church restored and reoccupied, the Rev, Walker Maury 
 being the rector. Towards the close of the century a dispute aros 
 
 e as to 
 the possession of the church between two rival parsons, Mr. Whitehead 
 and Mr. Bland. The latter was one of the survivals of the horse-racing 
 and hard-drinking 
 
 clergymen, who did so much to bring reproach upon 
 the church, His boots and spurs, made ready for the fox hunt, could be 
 seen under his gown. He had the grace, however, to tell his flock “to 
 do as he told them, and not as he did.” The rival claimants occupied the 
 pulpit alternately morning and evening, until at last Mr. Whitehead, 
 doubtless, in the interests of peace, retired from the contest and left 
 
 Parson Bland in undisputed possession. 
 
 A few years afterwards the church fell into decay, being abandoned 
 by its congregation and occupied for a while by the colored Baptists. In 
 1832, however, it was repaired and consecrated by Bishop Moore and 
 entered upon a new era of prosperity. 
 
 ince that time, St. Paul’s has 
 had many vicissitudes, but it stands still, with its ivied walls, surrounded 
 by the tombs of its dead, a link between the present and the past, a monu- 
 ment to the faith of our forefathers, and yet a centre of Chr 
 and a stronghold in the battle of to-day. 
 
 tian activity Tue WALL. 
 
 OED ESI PAWIEX 
 
 1739—1802. 
 
 Sunshine and cloud, and wintry winds and snows, And so, thro’ all the change and chance of years, 
 And breezes warm with hawthorn breath and rose, Thr 
 
 peace and war, and joys, and hopes and fears, 
 t 
 
 And wealth of green and boughs of elms all bare, God’s House has been a welcome port of r 
 
 Like yearning arms outstretched in c 
 
 seless pra: To wand’ring souls and souls with care opp) 
 
 And nights of gloom—and silent nights when falls Confessions low and words that bring rele 
 The sheen of moon on iviec and walls— The very walls have heard, and words of peace 
 Yet still the church, thro’ all the shifting yea And pleading words of prayer, and songs of praise 
 
 Thro’ restless time, abides unchanging here And benedictions—through the passing days. 
 
 In days when those who sleep beneath the trees And mothers here have brought their babes to Christ, 
 Still called it home beyond the surging seas, And faithful lovers made their holy tryst 
 
 When King and Church alike held equal sway, And pledged their troth—and weary sinners here 
 
 God’s House was here—and here it stands to-day 
 
 Have laid their burden down and all their 
 
 In days of cl 
 
 i war, when shot and shell And here the blessed Christ, in grace divine, 
 © poured—as though the gates of hell Has cheered with Bread of cred Wine 
 
 And fire w 
 
 and 
 
 Prevailed—yet still her battered walls uprose The lowly sculs who loved and knew Him best— 
 In supplication mute against her foes. And here the dead were brought and laid to rest ! 
 And dreary days when all was waste and bare In other lands the stately fanes arise 
 
 And birds their shelter made the House of Prayer, With sculptured walls and towers that woo the skies, 
 
 And days of joy when once 
 
 The sacred strain, the reassuri 
 
 gain were heard And jev 
 
 elled shrines, and pure majestic dome 
 
 ig Word ; And fretted aisles long drawn—but this is home ! 
 
 And many quiet, peaceful days and calm, So keep it, Lord, thro’ changing y 
 Unbroken like the beat of chanted psalm, Where souls may c 
 And pallid days when pestilence was rife, And bring us, Chri 
 And, once ys of war and strife ! 
 
 a place 
 
 nd meet Thee face to fa 
 
 t last, in tender love, 
 
 Thro’ storm and cloud to cloudless skies above ! 
 
 fiteecley I leccloer 
 
MISSION nal tl IS Rol CAIN JRNTA. 
 
 SATHER JUNIPERO SERRA, the re- 
 4 
 
 sionary of Cali- 
 
 nowned pioneer m 
 fornia, having died in 1784, was suc- 
 ded as sident of the Upper California 
 Missions by Father Firmin Francisco Lasuen, 
 of San Diego. Founding mi 
 venient distances apart along the coast be- 
 
 sions at con- 
 
 tween San Diego and San Francisco was the 
 order of the day, President Lasuen, with 
 
 appropriate ceremonies, established a mis- 
 sion at the site of the Indian village of Ta- 
 {ofeeoan 
 Jiego, on June 13,1798. The site is four 
 iles from the Pacific Ocean, in a fertile val- 
 ey containing 20,000 acr He named the 
 mission San Luis Rey (the king) to di stinguish 
 it from the mission of San Luis Obispo (the 
 
 cayme, forty-five miles northw 
 
 1 
 
 bishop). This St. Louis was the King of 
 tablished the in- 
 quisition at “ and annihilated the dis- 
 senting sect of Albigenses; he was canonized 
 by Pope Boniface VIII. 
 
 France—1229-1270—who e: 
 oulou: 
 
 A large number of Indians witnessed 
 the founding, and, before the ceremonies had been concluded, they brought fifty-four of their children for baptism. 
 t was a day of great encouragement for the missionar President Lasuen left Father Antonio Peyri and 
 Father Santiago as resident ministers, and a squad of soldiers for the mission guard. The Indians were more 
 
 rapidly Christianized here than at any other mission. The first week Father Peyri baptized seventy-seven chil- 
 
 dren and had twenty-three catechumens under instruction. 
 Father Peyri at once began preparations for the erection of the mission buildings, which were completed 
 
 within the next five yea and were the largest and most extensive of any mission in Upper California. In two 
 weeks he had iy adobes made, and the work of building the mission and converting the Indians went right 
 
 along without any trouble whatever. By the end of 1800 there were 337 neophytes, 617 horses and cattle, and 
 
 1600 sheep, and that year they had harvested over 2000 bushels of wheat, barley and maiz 
 In 1810 there were 1519 neophytes; in fact, so rapidly did the converts increase that, in 1816, the branch 
 mission of San Antonio was established at the Indian village of Pala, about fifteen miles to the northeast, and in 
 
 e 
 
 two years the resident priest there had baptized over one thousand Indians. The main mission attained its 
 maximum of population in 1826, when it numbered 2869. The amount of construction work done at this mission 
 
 was enormous, as is shown by the ruins that exist to-day, and it was all done by the patient, unpaid labor of the 
 Indians, 
 
 The main building is 80 x 180 feet; its auditorium is 75 x 100 feet, with 60 feet to the ceiling; it has a tiled 
 roof, clay floor and a board ceiling, nine doors and e neon windews, with four adjoining rooms. Its exterior is 
 imposi The court-yard contains some four acre Surrounding this amphitheatre were seats to accommodate 
 ten thousand persons at a time, at an elevation of fifteen feet, so “ie the olive-colored sefioritas could securely 
 
 look on while the fi 
 
 rce Spanish bulls and giant grizzlies were engaged in their sanguinary conflicts, A portion 
 of the old barracks and granaries still sur 
 
 ives the storms of ninety winters. 
 
 Some twenty acres are surrounded by adobe walls, and the olive trees, the century plants and the tall palms 
 seem to be sentinels left alone to guard the place. Timbers in the mission twenty inches square and more than 
 twenty- five fe 
 twenty: 
 
 t long, if they could, would tell the story of how they were cut and squared on Palomar mountain, 
 
 t miles away, placed on the shoulders of neophytes, who were informed that the timbers would be 
 140 
 
desecrated if they touched the ground; and how the Indians groaned under the load before they reached the next 
 relay, five miles away, and thus “worked out their salvation with fear and trembling.” On the west side of the 
 sion building is a court-yard containing four acre 
 by two walls ten feet apart and each four feet thick, The outer 
 
 mi surrounded 
 
 wall is twenty feet high; the inner one fifteen. They were plastered 
 and highly ornamented. Fifteen feet from the ground, on the 
 level of the inner wall, a solid floor connected the two walls, on 
 which seats were erected, one above another, extending from the 
 interior wall to the top of the outer wall inclosing this amphi- 
 theatre. Ten acres of olive trees on the north are enclosed by an 
 adobe wall two feet thick and six feet high. A number of the old 
 and their annual fruit crop yields a fine quality of 
 ating ditch, two miles long, was also dug by the 
 
 trees survive, 
 
 ull, LNoy ate 
 
 Indians. 
 The memorable flight of Father Peyri constitutes the principal 
 
 romance and legend of the mission. On the roth of January, 1832, 
 
 ar 
 
 he was sixty-three years old, having been born in Spain the y 
 that Father Serra came to Upper California, For thirty-three full 
 
 an Luis Rey and Pala. One of the results 
 
 years he had lived at 
 of Mexican independence, acquired in 1821, was an effort to expel 
 all the Spaniards from Upper California, and Peyri, with other 
 n order to remain, had with their lips taken the oath 
 , but at heart remained loyal to the 
 zation was approaching its culmi- 
 
 onarieé! 
 
 of allegiance to the republ 
 
 king. The question of secula : 
 nation, and, with his loyalty and old age, he evidently did not care LooKine INTO THE CouRT-VARD. 
 
 to endure any further troubles. His resolution to leave the country 
 
 probably came from reflections like these on his birthday. Governor Victoria had been deposed by a re’ 
 the previous December, and he determined to leave the country with him. An American vessel, the “ Poca- 
 hontas,” was even then lying at San Diego awaiting Victoria’s departure for Mazatlan. His decision was quickly 
 made. Taking some three thousand dollars, he concealed them in 
 l, Then going out of 
 
 olution 
 
 kegs of olives and sent them aboard the vess: 
 the mission in the night he knelt on the hill near by and prayed for 
 it as his last act, and then hastened away. Morning dawned and 
 the neophytes, missing him, suspected the truth. Over five hun- 
 dred of them mounted their mustangs, and galloping fifty miles to 
 La Playa, on San Diego Bay, to prevent his going, arrived just in 
 time to see the “ Pocahontas” spread her sails. Nothing daunted, 
 several jumped into the water and started to swim to the ship. 
 Standing on the deck, Father Peyri gave them all his blessing. 
 Two of them succeeded in reaching the vessel, and Father Peyri 
 took them with him to Rome and they were placed in the Propa- 
 
 ganda College. Father Peyri died at Rome, about 1835, after 
 having bitterly regretted that he had left California, One of the 
 neophytes soon after Peyri’s death returned to San Luis Rey. 
 
 The mission was secularized in 1834, and Pio Pico, afterwards 
 governor, was the administrator. The priests, before August, had 
 
 slaughtered over 25,000 cattle on their various ranchos and sold the 
 hides and tallow. The buildings and orchards were neglected. 
 Small pox broke out among the Indians and thousands died, and 
 only a remnant was left. Zalvadea, of San Gabriel mission fame, 
 was here until 1845. In 1840 it was visited by Duflot de Morfras, a 
 
 French traveller and artist, who made an oil painting of it and gave 
 
 GRAVEYARD OF THE MISSION. 
 
 urn home. 
 
 the mission great fame on his 
 
 Some priests remained here all the time, and in 1846 Governor Stephen W. Kearny recognized their rights; 
 
 but here, as well as at the other missions, the attempt at secularization had wrought irreparable mischief, and it 
 has since been used only as a place of worship. 
 
ST. GEORGE'S METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 
 FPXHIS venerable edifice is bound to the Methodist public by the strongest ties of reverence and love. It may 
 be truly called the cradle of Philadelphia Methodism, Methodism owes its origin in the city of Philadelphia 
 to a Captain Webb, of the British army, who, being a local preacher, held services in an old sail-loft on 
 
 Dock street. In the year 1767 he organized the first class-meeting, consisting of seven members—James Emer- 
 
 son and wife, Miles Pennington and wife, Robert Fitzgerald and wife, and John Hood, Of this class James 
 
 Emerson was appointed the leader. Soon after, others being added, the sail-loft was given up and the little band 
 
 reet, below Fourth. 
 
 At a Conference held in Leeds, England, August, 1769, it was resolved to send help to the cause of Method- 
 ismin America. In response to the question, “ Who will go?” Richard Boardman and Joseph Pilmoor volunteered, 
 and fifty pounds were contributed for the general work, and twenty pounds allowed the two preachers for their 
 
 expenses. They landed at Gloucester Point, October 21, 1769. Mr. Pilmoor writes: “When we had rested a 
 
 little while, Mr. Boardman and I walked up to the city of Philadelphia, where we were kindly entertained by Cap- 
 
 tain Sparkes and his wife. Having no knowledge of any society in Philadelphia, we had resolved to hasten for- 
 
 ward to New York as soon as possible, but God had work for us that we knew not of. As we w 
 
 removed to Loxley’s court, Arch s 
 
 re walking 
 along one of the streets, a man who had been in a society 
 in England and had seen Mr. Boardman there, met us and 
 challenged him. He informed us that they had heard that 
 two preachers had arrived, and he was then out seeking 
 them. He took us home with him, and in a little while 
 Captain Webb, who had been in the city some days, came 
 to us and gave us a hearty welcome to America.” On the 
 23d Mr. Boardman went to New York, but Mr. Pilmoor 
 remained, preaching first on the State House steps, at an- 
 other time to attentive thousands from the platform of the 
 race-course on the Common, now Franklin Square, and, in 
 fact, whenever and wherever opportunity offered, 
 
 On November 23, 1769, Mr. Pilmoor met the society 
 to consult about getting a more convenient location to 
 preach in. The place they had in Loxley’s court would not 
 contain half of the people who wished to hear the word, 
 and the winter was approaching, so that they could not 
 stand without. It was resolved to buy the large shell of a 
 church built by a German congregation on Fourth street 
 and left unfinished for want of money. Owing to their 
 inability to pay their creditors for work already done the 
 church had been seized and sold by the sheriff. It brought 
 only seven hundred pounds at public auction, though it had 
 cost over two thousand pounds. The purchaser was a 
 
 Boece eee young man not altogether of sound mind, whose father, not 
 
 relishing the bargain, rather than prove his son’s mental 
 
 unsoundness, was willing to sell it again at a loss. Thus, providential y, it fell into the hands of the Methodist 
 society. In this way the present building became the first Methodist church in Philadelphia, and the oldest now 
 standing in the United States, or perhaps in the world, for the corner-stone of City Road Chapel, London, was not 
 laid until April 1, 1777, and John Street Church, New York, is comparatively a modern edifice. It was not, how- 
 ever, until the 14th of June, 1770, that the property was conveyed by deed to Miles Pennington for six hundred 
 and fifty pounds, Pennsylvania currency, and on the 11th of September, 1770, the said Miles Pennington, tallow 
 
 chandler, by deed conveyed the church to Richard Boardman, Joseph Pilmoor, Thomas Webb, Edward Evans, 
 142 
 
Daniel Montgomery, John Dowers, Edmund Beach, 
 Robert Fitzgerald and James Emerson, for the sum of 
 six hundred and fifty pounds, Pennsylvania currency. 
 The very next day after the r 
 
 olve to purchase, viz., 
 November 24, 1769, in its unfinished and unfurnished 
 state, the building was solemnly dedicated to God, 
 Mr. Pilmoor preaching the dedicatory sermon from 
 Zechariah, 4th chap’ 7th verse: “Who art thou, O 
 re Zerubbabel thou shalt become 
 a plain: and he shall bring forth the headstone thereof 
 
 great mountain? be 
 
 with shoutings, crying, Grace, grace unto it.” 
 For a long while the church was a plain, un- 
 finished buil ding, 
 
 without floors, and when the British 
 took possession of Philadelphia, in 1777, after the 
 battle of the Brandywine, they dispossessed the Meth- 
 odists of St. George’s, making it a riding school for 
 their cavalry, but permitting the Society to use the 
 3aptist church in La Grange Place, on Second street, 
 below Arch, When the army left Philadelphia, the 
 Methodists re. 
 organized the 
 
 Date Sone. 
 sembled in their own edifice and re- 
 
 attered remnants of their Society. They half covered the ground with a floor. The seats were 
 rough, and the pulpit was a square box on the north side. In the course of time the house was floored from end 
 to end, more comely seats were introduced, and the old square pulpit replaced by a new one built on top of a 
 nost in the centre of the east end. 
 
 Ci 
 
 The first Methodist Conference held in America met in St. George’s Church in 1773, under the presidency 
 of the Rev. Thomas Rankin, sent by Mr. Wesley from England for this purpose. Those present were Thomas 
 
 Rankin, Francis Asbury, George Shadford, Robert Williams, John King, Richard Wright, Robert Strawbridge, 
 
 Abraham Whitworth and Joseph Yearby. Mr. Boardman and Mr. Pilmoor took no appointment in view of re- 
 turning to England, while Captain Webb was more of a spectator than a member, The preachers agreed that 
 Mr. Wesley’s authority should extend to the Methodists of this country, and that the same doctrine should be 
 
 sreached and the same discipline enforced as in England. There was no church in the connection that Mr 
 Asbury, both before and after he became Bishop, labored as much for as St. George’s. For nearly fifty years it 
 was the largest place of worship that the Methodists had in America. In 1772 he endeavored to raise one hun- 
 
 dred and fifty pounds to discharge the debt upon it. In 1782 he aaah a subscription of two hundred and 
 
 782 
 Gortra i Ke 
 
 = ae “ seventy pounds to relieve it from the incumbrance of 
 
 Je . 
 by ground-rent. In 1789 he held a meeting of the prin- 
 — ee ner 8 
 
 ine  Dreght y LTT ee aE aE STE ETT) a, cipal members to consult about incorporating it. 
 2 el Gy fe Pei “gf 2|— | About 1791 the galleries were put in it, and in 1795 
 RM Afar Bay Sie of Pore bite fm Fiaiy a 7\/@ | Bishop Asbury exclaimed: “To my surprise, I saw the 
 2 lech s Wedd Yldashing lo Laer ; ; : 
 Wg yt ha ep a oe EE 7 7|Z\* | galleries filled;” a sight that he had not witnessed 
 \AaP~ (SEZ Bee Fravitirng oy Payer i226 Goines: 
 ; “io forve. ex eel ne |e aniect rae 5 . 
 ire pees g eal The building stood as described until 1837, when, 
 2D Shirk - > ea) under the ministry of Rey. Charles Pitman, great 
 gate Pall fake porpl Lalnce)) Te g alterations were made in the interior, the principal im- 
 Bi Baga 9 baat Gor NEN ., 2 provement being the basement story, thus increasing 
 ee We pores ire a ‘le the church facilities and pr ting the structure as we 
 232? loa « Lod Oe, ere se i / Za | have it to-day. Thus the fathers contended with their 
 ¥ yar hiwh.d fer Bh. bhadch, | | i 5 se 5 
 0 fer 5th Nacls an 2 Lis | a difficulties until the comfortable church arrangements 
 HG 4 ees Gul "Pitinecr : s 
 goat ff IY, heft fo a1 Letrsnw Ai B of the present were secured. The old house stands 
 Ye, “to Fr *) with wonderful and glorious memories of the past, an 
 hi brlline Dt Il Leone — x 
 | Goce) Har Up 
 
 dyer Iu. Dibner GIL NBs honor to the fathers and a credit to Methodism even 
 
 VP, 7 dilay 2 P > 5 
 
 2? | A led fled b va = \— | in this day of brownstone and marble cathedrals, St. 
 Vaile a Gloatice A) Td h- — Ale | « 2 : : 
 
 ere afer a Laiiffirs_ — 3 | George’s Church has sent out colonies in different 
 
 9| Dry ers ae fies f+ _ = (BS directions to gather in the population as it was spread- 
 pacrt ft) A a t 
 
 | He es Ge Op a= | ing north and west. In 1790 the Ebenezer Church 
 
 y ihe ; | z = aay 
 
 ee OM Lahixes ial ! was opened on Second street below Catharine. This 
 
 A Curious Pace FROM THE OLD Recorps. was the first swarm that went out from the old hive. 
 
That swarm has moved into a larger hive and has sent out other companies to build. In 1796 Zoar Church was 
 built up-town for the use of the colored brethren, In 1804 the Kensington Church was erected and called at first 
 the Old Brick. St. John’s is a swarm from St. George’s, and was built in 1816 on St. John street. The congre- 
 
 INTERIOR OF THE CHURCH. 
 
 under the labors of the noble men who have filled her pulpit, and many have gone out from her to preach the 
 Gospel. During the war of the Rebellion she sent many of her sons to fight for the Union. Scores of her 
 young men who had thronged her galleries volunteered under the flag, many of whom returned no more to 
 church or home, Twice did the old church send $1000.00 in money to be expended for the benefit of the boys 
 in blue. Through the organization of churches, by colonies going out from St, George's, but especially by the 
 
 gation moved to their present location in 1850. Salem, in 
 the southwestern part of the city, was commenced about 
 1818, and Nazareth arose from a prayer meeting held near 
 Thirteenth and Vine streets about 1814. Its congregation 
 occupied a wooden building in Perry street, south of Vine 
 street, for a number of years, but took a new location in 1827, 
 
 and still another a few years ago, uniting with the Central 
 Church under the name of the Thirteenth Street Church. 
 Asbury Church, West Philadelphia, was started about 1829 
 Fifth Street Church was purchased and occupied in 1832. 
 jout 1833 St. Paul’s, Wharton Street, Second Street, and 
 Scott Churches were instituted. Union Church, or the 
 Academy, as it was called, also went out from St. George’s. 
 The Mariners’ Bethel was commenced by some of the 
 brethren who were greatly interested in the sailors. Rev. 
 George G. Cookman, at that time in charge of St. George's, 
 preached the initiatory sermon of this enterprise, its first pastor 
 being appointed in 1834. The Western Church was opened in 
 1834, and Front Street Church in 1841. It is also due to St. 
 George’s to say that Bethel Church was erected for the 
 colored people in 1794. It was under the care of St. George’s 
 for a time and then became an independent church, with 
 Richard Allen, who was afterwards ordained Bishop, as the 
 preacher. 
 
 The old church may well be called the Mother of Meth- 
 odism. St. George’s has been the centre of great revivals 
 
 e 
 
 encroachments of business and the consequent removal of the population, this grand old charge has not the mem- 
 
 bership and congregation it once had. 
 
 Nevertheless, it is still a vigorous church with about two hundred and 
 
 fifty members, over three hundred names of scholars on her Sunday-school roll, well attended services, and a 
 Christian Endeavor Society of nearly a hundred members. On the 27th of November, 1894, it will be one hun- 
 
 dred and twenty-five years old. 
 
 (Go. W: G:(Exeff- 
 
 144 
 
ST. JOHN’S CHURCH, HAMPTON, VIRGINIA. 
 
 churches, there is but little space for historical criticism, but the pictures, 
 
 to be intelligible, must be set in historical frames. Nearly all historians 
 since Burke have assumed that the town of Hampton is on the site of the Indian 
 village of Kecoughtan (variously spelt), And yet Captain John Smith, in his 
 minute description of the village in his “True Relation,” and on his map, places 
 it on the eastern side of South Hampton, the original name of the river, now 
 called Hampton, whereas the town of Hampton is on the western side of the 
 river. Hugh Jones tells us that “ Kiquotan” was settled by the white man in 1610. 
 John Rolfe describes it in 1616 as having twenty inhabitants, with Mr. Mease 
 as their minister. In 1619 Wm. Tucker and Wm. Capp represented it in the 
 House of Burgesses and petitioned the Assembly to “change the savage name 
 Kiccowtan.” Thereafter the name disappears from legal documents, but was some- 
 
 \ S the prominent features of this publication are artistic pictures of the old 
 
 times used in common speech. It was called “ Elizabeth City”’ in land grants and 
 laws, as could be proved if there was space for citing authorities. Out of Eliza- 
 beth City (town) was developed Elizabeth City county, as was James City county 
 from James (city) Town. 
 Hampton was founded by act of Assembly in 1680, on the western side of 
 
 the river. This act was suspended and re-enacted in 1691 ; several dwellings 
 and warehouses had been built since 1680. This act was suspended and re- 
 enacted in 1705, and the date of the legal existence of Hampton is thus fixed, but 
 there is no indication of a church in the place. There probably was one at the 
 Pembroke farm, where are the tombs in black marble to Admiral Neville (1697), 
 of Thos. Curle (1700), of Peter Heyman, Esq., (1700), and of the Reverend Mr. 
 Tue PocAHoNTAS MeMorraL Wixvow. Andrew Thompson, a former Rector of the parish (1719). Kiccowtan, as it was 
 still popularly called, was the more prominent place. The will-book, in the 
 
 clerk’s office, shows that a Mr. Baker was buried in 1667 in the new church at Kichotan and a Mr. Brough in 
 the old church at Kichotan. Bishop Meade, supposing with Burke that Hampton and Kichotan were the same, 
 naturally inferred that the new church at Kichotan was the present old church at Hampton. But the new 
 church at Kichotan was in use after Hampton was founded. Before me is the diary of G, Keith, a mis- 
 sionary of the Propagation Society, who, with his colleague, Talbot, visited his daughter in 1703 or 1704, 
 “Mrs. Walker, at Kichotan by James River.” He speaks of preaching repeatedly at Kichatan Church, 
 as he spells it, and of hearing Commissary Blair preach there. He also speaks of Talbot's presehing at 
 Yorktown, and of himself as preaching at 
 “Hampton Church in Virginia,” by which was 
 doubtless meant Hampton Parish in York 
 county, which, with York, was merged into 
 
 the present York-Hampton Parish. 
 
 The foregoing clears the way for a docu- 
 ment (transcribed for me by Mr. Jacob Heffel- 
 finger of St. John’s Church) from the records 
 of Elizabeth City county, which fixes the age 
 of the present church beyond question. “At 
 a Court held Jan. 17, 1727: Present, Jacob 
 Walker, Joshua Curle, Jas. Wallace, Wilson 
 Cary (Justices), Mr. Jacob Walker & Mr. John 
 Lowry are appointed to lay off and vallue an 
 acre & a half of land at the upper end of Queen 
 St. for the building the Church thereon. It is 
 
 Tue Grave or ApMIRAL NEVILLE, 
 
agreed by the Minister, Church Wardens and Court to furnish Mr. 
 Henry Cary with wood by the rate of Six Pence pr. load to burn 
 bricks for the Church from the school-land. Hereisanother church 
 taken out of the category of those said to have been built of im- 
 ported bricks. The late Kennon Whiting, vestryman of St. John’s, 
 born in 1796, told Mr. Heffelfinger that within his memory the 
 present church was the head of Queen street, and that the yard 
 was always said to be an acre and a half, which is its present 
 measure within a fraction. 
 
 The old church has survived three wars. Twice it has been 
 
 in ruins and risen again. When Hampton was sacked and plun- 
 dered in the war of 1812 it was a barrack. Bats and owls revelled 
 in its courts, and old men wept when they remembered Zion in her 
 first glory. About 1824—'25, a vestry was chosen, and it was re- 
 solved to repair the church, then standing with bare walls and 
 without a door or window. As an inspiration to the work, Bishop 
 Moore was persuaded to hold a service in the ruin, which once 
 more resounded with prayer and praise, and no one who ever 
 heard that “old man eloquent,” with streaming eyes and his whole 
 frame quivering with emotion, talk of the hallowed courts our 
 fathers trod could doubt the result. “I sat on the bare tiles,” said 
 vant; “the glory of the Lord filled the 
 house.” The church was repaired, and in December, 1827, Bishop Moore consecrated it and it was named in its 
 old age St. John’s. Once more, in the late war, it was reduced to ruins and has risen again. 
 
 There are several pieces of old communion plate to whose history there has hitherto been no clue. One of 
 these is a large cup inscribed, “The Communion Cup for St. Mary’s Church in Smith’s Hundred, Virginia.” My 
 
 Cou 
 
 NEL WILSON-MiLes CARy, OF CErry’s, VIRGINIA. 
 (A Vestryman of the Church, and son of Wilson Cary.) the venerable Mr. Se 
 
 interpretation of this is as follows: In 1618 a Mrs. Mary Robinson devised £200 to found a church in Virginia, 
 and some one sent a communion service for the church founded by Mrs. Mary Robinson. My conjecture is that 
 the church founded by Mrs. Robinson was called “ St. Mary’s,” in her honor, and that this is the cup sent to that 
 church, Whether this is so or not, it is probably the oldest church plate we have, as Smith’s Hundred, above 
 Hampton, which was represented in 1619, had its name changed and disappeared from history. There is also a 
 large paten, inscribed, “The gifte of D. C. A. to M. H. P.,” the last letters standing, perhaps, for “ Martin’s Hun- 
 
 dred Parish,” and if so, are of like antiquity. rf Slash 
 
 * These lands belonged to what is now known as the Symms-Eaton School Fund, founded originally in 1642~'43 and in 1659. Despite the losses incurred 
 during the civil war, ten thousand dollars of this fund still remain intact, 
 use, while the teachers are in part paid by the income from the same fund. ‘This is probably the first free school fund founded in Ameri 
 
 nd from its proceeds three public free school-houses have been built, and are now in daily 
 Sip ee 
 
 THE ANCIENT COMMUNION SERVICE. 
 
 146 
 
ST. MICHAEL'S EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 
 NTIL the year 1871 there might have been seen at the northeast corner of Fifth street and Appletree alley, 
 a small thoroughfare north of Arch street, in Philadelphia, a quaint brick building; it had a curious hip- 
 
 roof, and two small porches or vestibules on the north and south sides reaching to the roof, which 
 x this building, and extending north to C street, wa: 
 
 ve the 
 
 a well- 
 
 structure a somewhat cruciform shape. Adjoinir 
 
 filled graveyard; the whole enclosed by a high brick wall, pierced by an iron-studded gateway on Fifth street, 
 opposite the main entrance of the building. ‘This sacred structure was known as the Evangelical Lutheran St. 
 Michaelis Church, and proved a veritable mother of churches, all of the Lutheran churches in Philadelphia being 
 an outgrowth from this parent stem, To trace its history, we must go back to the arrival of Rev. Heinrich Mel- 
 hior Muhlenberg in Philadelphia, November 25, 1742. To so low a state had Lutheranism then fallen that, in 
 
 cl 
 answer to his inquiry about a church and congregation, he was told that there was neither in Philadelphia. So 
 t 
 
 he pastor set out for New Hanover, then in the upper part of Philadelphia county, where an organized congre- 
 gation existed. During the next week, however, he returned to the city, and on the following Sunday, December 
 5, 1742, preached his first sermon to the few Lutherans in the city in 
 a loft over a joiner shop on Arch street, above Fifth (then in the out- 
 skirts of the town), which had been secured jointly by the Lutherans 
 and Reformed for religious worship alternately on Sundays. 
 
 At the start great difficulties arose when Muhlenberg attempted 
 to hold regular services. However, the matter was eventually over- 
 
 come and regular German Lutheran services were held on alternate 
 Sunday mornings in the Arch street carpenter shop, while the Swedish 
 Church, Gloria Dei, was secured for occasional afternoon services; 
 the latter privilege, however, was but of short duration, and it was 
 not long before the few Lutheran families who had flocked around 
 Muhlenberg and formed the nucleus of a congregation were con- 
 fronted with the alternative of building a church for themselves or 
 disbanding their organization. How many families composed this 
 congregation is not known, but they did not number a hundred souls 
 all told, nor could they muster more than seven suitable men to fill 
 the eight offices of the congregation ; still they were not dismayed 
 and resolved to procure a lot and erect a church. To stimulate the 
 congregation, the pastor, on January 23, 1743, preached a special 
 sermon, after which he placed the subscription list upon the impro- 
 vised altar. £120 currency were pledged, and this was a large sum 
 for persons who were all poor and many in needy circumstances. 
 Earnest efforts were at once made to secure the ground and increase 
 the subscription list, and as the price of city lots had advanced to 
 so high a figure, for a time the members almost despaired of achieving their object with their limited means. 
 It was not until the 12th of March following that the lot on Fifth street, above Arch street, between Cherry 
 and Appletree alleys, was secured. Preparations for building were made without delay, and on Tuesday, April 5, 
 1743, the foundation-stone was laid by Rev. Muhlenberg, assisted by the Swedish pastor in charge of Gloria Dei. 
 
 PAsTor JOHANN Friepricu Scumipr. (From an old drawing.) 
 
 To push the building to completion money was needed to pay the mechanics, This not being forthcoming, an 
 effort was made to borrow the necessary funds, and this proved no easy matter,as the congregation had neither 
 credit nor property. In this strait an appeal was made to several prominent churchmen in the city, which resulted 
 in some £700 currency being loaned to the church by Hon. William Allen, Dr. Kearsley, Thomas Lawrence, Esq., 
 anda Mr. Ross. As security, four of the members, viz., Bernhard Herman, Johann Heinrich Keppele, Johann 
 Javid Seckle and Heinrich Miiller—all honor to their memory—gave their bodies as a pledge for both prin- 
 cipal and interest. 
 
 147 
 
On Sunday, November 20, 1743, the first service was held within the walls. The church was seventy feet 
 long, forty-five feet wide, and thirty-six feet high to the peak of the roof. The walls were pierced for twenty-eight 
 
 windows and three doors; the church was surmounted by a wooden spire which rose fifty feet above the roof and 
 
 was directly over the main entrance on Fifth street. This latter feature, strange to say, was hurried to comple- 
 tion before the walls were dry, or even a door or a window had been put in the church, and was introduced to 
 for 
 
 tall the Moravians, who were building a church at the same time on Race street, near Second. The undue 
 haste came near des ther with the imperfect workman- 
 
 ship, which did not keep out the rain, caus 
 
 roying the church, the great weight of the steeple, tog 
 ng the walls to bulge so much as to endanger the whole structure, 
 of the church were built by an individual mem- 
 
 esidents ; 
 
 To save the edifice the two portals on the north and south side 
 ber at his own expense ; this < 
 but as these additions failed to have the desired effect, the steeple was finally taken down in 1750 and the timbers 
 
 ve the church the familiar cruciform shape, well remembered by older re 
 
 used in the construction of an organ gallery on the west side of the church. Some idea may be formed of the 
 dif s known that for five ye 
 were held in the church without windows, the light and air being admitted by spaces between the boards with 
 which the openir 
 Brunnholtz write 
 
 rs services 
 
 culties under which the congregation labored at that early day when it i 
 
 were closed, these spaces being regulated according to the season or weather. Pastor 
 aching his first sermon in the church, he had fre- 
 
 that on h in January, 1745, while pr 
 quently to stop to brush the heavy snow from his Bible. 
 Muhlenberg now retired to the Trappe Church, leaving the new pastor in sole charge of the city; but so 
 => great was the distress of the congregation, 
 | ZUM GEDAECHTNISS that it was not until 1748 that the build- 
 | paige uae Gene 2 ED DIESE KIRCHE, | ing had so far progressed as to warrant 
 
 deren irdische Hiille 
 
 in Denkmal des Glaubens und der téeve| consecration. This ceremony took place 
 unserer deutschen Vorfahren, - ; 
 Eig peareean at the meeting of the first Sy 
 
 Province, August 14, 1748. During the 
 
 vor demAltar dieserKirche ihreBuhestiitte fand 
 
 nod in the 
 
 JOHANN DIETRICH HED andtdon teedian ati fens) 
 
 berufen als Gehiilfsp 
 
 | ihres ersten ordentlich berufenen Pred 
 
 next two years 
 abor of the pastor, all difficulties wi 
 
 , through the unceasing 
 
 Gestorben d. 9 Febr: 17 
 
 des Hochw: 
 PETER BRI 
 
 NNHOL!' 
 
 HEINRICH MELCHIOR MU. re 
 
 berufen als Prediger im Jan: 1745. wart 
 
 finally overcome; the windows were now 
 
 Gestorben d. 5 Jul: . unter dem Segen des ERRN A i 
 | : » render Segen Cee AEEEN | glazed and the church furnished and 
 
 JOHANN FRIEDRICH HANDSCHUCH, Gegriindet d. 5 Apr: im Jahre 1743. : : ae Fi 
 painted; in addition, the worshippers had 
 
 d so greatly as to necessitate the 
 
 bernfen a 
 
 fnet d. 20 Oct: 174 
 
 Zum Gottesdienst eri 
 
 increas 
 SCHMIDT, erneuert in den Jahren 1791 und 183 erection of galleries along the north and 
 und | south walls (Zmpor-kirche it was called) 
 
 Gestorben d. 12 Mai 1812. nahm die Gemeinde auf connecting with the organ loft in the west. 
 JUSTUS HEINRICH CHRISTIAN HELMUTH, 
 
 Gestorben 
 
 Vollendet und eingeweihet d. 14 Aug: 1748, 
 
 JOHAN) 
 
 FRIE} 
 
 RICH 
 
 berufen als Prediger d. 18 Sept: 1 
 
 prigen Jubi 
 
 3y these means the seating capacity was 
 | increased to about seven hundred. Nego- 
 | tiations were also opened by Pastor 
 
 berufen als Pre Mai 
 
 am 14 Jun: 1842, 
 
 Gestorben d. 
 
 ‘ebr: 1825. 
 
 3runnholtz at the same time with parties 
 in Heilbronn, Germany, for an organ—Mr. 
 Keppele assuming the financial liability. This instrument arrived in 1750 in charge of Gottlieb Mittelberger, who 
 set up the organ and became the organist and schoolmaster of the congregation. The o 
 
 ‘TABLETS CoMMEMORATIN 
 
 rgan was opened or 
 consecrated with elaborate ceremonies May 12, 1751, and was by far the largest and grandest in the Provinces. 
 The congregation was fast becoming too large for the care of one clergyman; consequently, on the arrival of 
 
 Rey. Johann Dietrich Heintzelmann, July 26, 1753, he was immediately installed as adjunct to the pastor. How- 
 
 ever, he was not long spared to the congregation, as he fell a victim to his zeal and the rigors of the climate, 
 February 9, 1756. His remains were interred in front of the altar in St. Michaelis, A year and a half later the 
 istant. He 
 it became evi- 
 
 senior pastor, Rev. Peter Brunnholtz, also succumbed to his labors and was buried beside his late as 
 was succeeded in November by Pastor Johann Friedrich Handschuh. Within the next two yea 
 
 dent that the church was fast becoming too small for the increasing congregation, and, accordingly, a large school- 
 
 house or academy was built (1761) on Cherry alley, below Fourth, where occasional services were held. Still this 
 did not afford the needed relief; a parsonage and lot of ground had also been bought, and in these two 
 ventures the church incurred an indebtedness of over £2,500 currency. ‘This caused much dissatisfaction 
 among the people, and some turbulent spirits fomented discord and agitated a division of the congregation. 
 
 In this emergency, Pastor Muhlenberg was recalled to Philadelphia and asked to exercise his authority 
 as senior pastor of the Synod. Fortunately under his wise and firm administration the dissatisfaction soon 
 disappeared, and, to guard against a possible recurrence of the trouble in the future, he took measures to 
 
 have the congregation legally incorporated. To achieve this object, a special sermon was preached Sunday, 
 
 October 17, 1762, after which all male communicants were requested to meet in the church on the next day, 
 148 
 
and there to sign the church constitution, as well as an application to Governor Penn for a charter. After 
 the hymn, “Befiel du deine Wege,” the papers were opened on the altar, and the first to sign was the senior 
 pastor; then followed Pastor Handschuh, with the vestry and communicants present, making a grand total 
 of over two hundred and seventy name 
 
 The congregation was incorporated under the corporate name of 
 “The Rector, Vestrymen and Church-wardens of the German Lutheran Con egation in and near Philadelphia,” 
 and Pastor ] Muhlenberg was appointed Rector. Pastor Handschuh died November 10, 1764, and he, too, 
 found a resting-place in front of the altar at 
 which he had so often ministered. October 
 24, 1765, Rev. Christian Emanuel Schultze 
 arrived from Germany, and was at once in- 
 
 stalled junior minister at Philadelphia. 
 Within the next five years (1765-70) 
 came the building of Zion’s Church for the 
 
 uses of the large congregation which has been 
 described at length in another sketch, and 
 
 from this time forth the ministers of the con- 
 gregation served both churches. September, 
 1770, Rev. Johann Chr. Kunze was installed 
 as assistant minister; Pastor Schultze re: 
 
 sign- 
 ing the following year, he be 
 
 pastor. Two years later, Henry Muhlen- 
 
 came junior 
 
 berg, a son of the rector, was installed as as- THREE Preces oF THE CHURCH PLATE, Now PRESERVED AT Z1oN’s CHURCH. 
 sistant minister. In 1774, Rector Muhlen- 
 
 berg r urned to the Tr: 
 British, in 1777—'78, the church was used by the enemy as a gar 
 use of the building for half a day on Sunday. The building was more fortunate than Zion and escaped serious 
 damage ; that had been turned into a hospital. In 1779, Rev. Henry Muhlenberg, who had fled from the city on 
 Johann Heinrich Christian 
 
 Durin 
 ison church, and the con 
 
 the occupation of Philadelphia by the 
 ation allowed the 
 
 gned his charge and re 
 
 appe Chure 
 
 igned his charge, and was at once replaced by Re 
 nation of Pastor Kunze, in 1784, became the pastor or rector. In the next year, 
 
 the approach of the enemy, 
 Helmuth, who, on the res 
 1785, Johann Friedrich Schmidt was installed as junior pastor. 
 
 With the advent of the present century the question of introducing the English language into the church 
 The German party con- 
 
 was agitated, and the 
 sisted of the older members and the late arrivals from Ge 
 for the future of the church at large—merely stood up for the German for their own selfish motives. The 
 er native-born members, the real life and sinew of the church, who fore- 
 saw that to keep the coming generations within the Lutheran fold, and keep pace with other denominations, the 
 English services were an imperative necessity. 
 This struggle was resumed year after year until 
 1806, when the two factions came to blows. 
 The English party then seceded 
 half the congregation, and organized and built 
 St. John’s Church, on Race street, between Fifth 
 sixth streets, the Rev. Philip F. Mayer be- 
 
 xcitement ended in a bitter struggle between the two factions. 
 many, who neither understood the 
 
 wants of nor cared 
 
 Opposition was composed of the young 
 
 55 
 
 taking over 
 
 and 
 coming their pastor. May 12, 1812, Pastor 
 | Schmidt died and was buried bi 
 pastors who had preceded him in the ministry. 
 } He was in turn succeeded by Rev. Frederick 
 D. Schaffer, also a native of the Fatherland. 
 
 In 1814 the struggle for English se 
 again broke out, and resulted in the a 
 the vestry and their trial before Judg 
 
 de the reverend 
 
 Tue “Brack Book” of THE EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCHES IN PHILADELPHIA, s € ; a Pas 
 CommeNcen IN 1791. July, 1816, for illegal conspiracy. The minority 
 
 again withdrew and founded St. Matthew’s 
 
 Church, on New street, below Fourth. Peace was no sooner fairly restored (1820) in the greatly reduced 
 
 congregation than the German element showed their gratitude towards their old pastor, Dr. Helmuth, by dis- 
 
 pensing with his services (claiming that he secretly favored the English party); this was the earthly reward 
 
 for one who had served the congregation faithfully and well for forty-two years (1779-1821), through seasons 
 149 
 
of war, p 
 
 ilence, trouble and sorrow, as well as of joy and peace. The venerable shepherd retired, meekly bowing 
 
 in submission to the will of the Almighty and the action of his ungrateful flock, and before many years had passed, 
 another grave was opened within the chancel of St. Michaelis: it was for the venerable servant of the Lord who 
 
 Rey. Wo. J. Mann, D. D., THE LAST PAsToR OF ST, MICHAELIS. 
 
 had been so cruelly discarded in his old age. Tradition tells us, and 
 no doubt with truth, that his end was hastened through grief at his 
 
 unjust treatment by the congregation. He was the last survivor of 
 the twelve clergymen sent from Halle to this country, and was also 
 the last clergyman who found a temporary resting-place within the 
 walls of the sanctuary. 
 
 Wednesday, June 14th, 1843, the centennial anniversary of St. 
 Michaelis was celebrated during the pastorate of Rev. Carl Rudolf 
 Demme. The church was lavishly decorated with flowers and ever- 
 greens by the younger members, while the corporation placed within 
 the church two marble tablets commemorative of the jubilee and its 
 
 founders. The inscriptions on these tablets are shown on another 
 page. It is a noteworthy fact that this was the first centennial cele- 
 
 bration which took place in Philadelphia. In later years the church 
 
 was used as an adjunct to Zion Church—week-day and children’s 
 services being held within the venerable pile. After the sale of 
 Zion Church, in 1868, the now greatly reduced congregation once 
 more worshipped in the mother church, Rev. William J. Mann, D. D., 
 being pastor until the fall of 1870, when the new Zion Church, on 
 Franklin street, was ready for service. Then the venerable land- 
 mark, after a century and a quarter of service, was also abandoned, 
 sold, and doomed to destruction under the plea of meeting the re- 
 quirements of modern needs, Neither the hallowed associations nor 
 
 the memories of the former pastors who rested within the chancel affected those in power. Another building is 
 
 now reared upon the site, wherein the hum 
 of prayer and praise which once arose from 
 
 and bustle of modern industry and traffic replace the sweet sounds 
 this sanctified spot to the throne of Grace. 
 
 if 
 
CHURCH OF NOTRE-DAME DES VICTOIRES, LOWER-TOWN OF QUEBEC CANADA. 
 
 HIS interesting church, whose two hundredth anniversary was observed on May 23, 1888, with imposing 
 ceremonies, in which Cardinal Taschereau took part, owes its existence to the labors of Bishop Laval and 
 
 M. L’Abbe de St. Valier. As early as 1680 Louis XIV. of France was humbly petitioned to grant a 
 
 piece of ground in the lower part of Quebec whereon to erect a chapel of ease, such a place of worship being 
 rendered necessary by the severity of the winters, the inclement weather preventing old people and children at- 
 tending mass at the church in the upper part of the town. Six years were consumed with royal functionaries and 
 intermediaries, but the persistence of the patient prelates prevailed in the end, and at last a plot of ground, 
 encumbered with the ruins of the “Cents Associés” 
 
 trading company’s store-house, was secured. On May 
 1, 1688, the corner-stone of the new chapel was laid with a dedication to St. Genevieve, but work on the 
 structure progressed so slowly that the building was not finished until some years afterward. Meanwhile war 
 was declared between France and England. An invasion of Canada was resolved upon by the latter power and 
 Quebec was menaced by land and sea. At — 
 
 this time Louis de Buade, Comte de Frontenac, 5 
 was governor of Canada. On October 18, 
 1690, a body of British troops was repulsed af- 
 ter having landed near Beauport ; on the same 
 day the English fleet commenced bombarding 
 the city. In the midst of the horrible din of 
 the artillery the devout women (who pre- 
 dominated in the terror-stricken crowds that 
 flocked to the churches when the firing 
 commenced) vowed that if Quebec held out 
 against the assailer they would make a pil- 
 
 grimage to the new church in the lower town 
 to return thanks to the Virgin for the de- 
 liverance. Finding that the attack by land 
 had failed and that his batteries made no im- 
 pression upon the city, the English admiral, 
 to the great joy of the population, withdrew his fleet. As soon as the invaders were entirely out of sight of the 
 city, the people so lately in imminent peril united in thanksgiving for their deliverance, and, after chanting the 
 Te Deum in the Basilica, the women fulfilled their vow of making a pilgrimage to the chapel in the lower town. 
 They were accompanied by a general procession in which images of the Virgin were carried to the incomplete 
 edifice, which the ecclesiastical authorities had now resolved to finish under the name of “Notre-Dame de la 
 Victoire.” By this designation the now famous chapel in the lower-town of Quebec was known at the time of 
 its dedication, when it had already become a favorite shrine with devout Roman Catholics. 
 
 THE Op CuurcH Burer IN 1690.—AFTER THE SIEGE OF 1759. 
 
 But still greater honors were in store for the unpretentious church whose already acquired glory was like the 
 halo around an orb’s brilliancy; the little chapel seemed destined to become a prominent figure in the dramatic 
 picture presented by Quebec’s stirring history. In 1711, an English fleet, commanded by Admiral Sir Hovenden 
 Walker and fitted out for an assault on Quebec, was sailing thither when it encountered a dense fog. In the 
 obscured atmosphere of the turbulent St. Lawrence river the warships could not be steered with safety, and eight 
 of the most formidable craft were stranded on the Egg Islands, near Point des Monts, while others suffered seriously 
 from collision. With the expedition so crippled, there was nothing for the English commander to do but to with- 
 draw. This disaster befell the enemy in the month of August; in October the news of this intended bombardment 
 reached the people of Quebec, but the lateness of the tidings did not seem to lessen their sense of gratitude for the 
 deliverance, which all the pious Roman Catholics attributed to divine intervention. Spontaneously the people 
 pressed in vast crowds to the church of “ Notre-Dame de la Victoire” in the lower town; throngs of worshippers 
 
 offered up thanks to the Virgin for again saving the city from its enemies. A solemn /é/e was celebrated in the 
 15t 
 
church after the populace had offered up its grateful prayers; M. de la Colombiére preached a glowing sermon 
 on the fidelity of the people to the Virgin; masses were founded, and, as a perpetual token of faith in her inter- 
 vention for the deliverance of Quebec, the ecclesiastical authorities changed the name of the church from “ Notre- 
 Dame de la Victoire” to “ Notre-Dame des Victoires.” After the spirited address of M. de la Colombiére, six 
 thousand /vres were given for the erection of a portal to the church. 
 
 All went well until 1759. In that year the English, under General James Wolfe, assaulted Quebec by land 
 and sea, On the 8th of August the missiles from the guns of the besiegers fell fast and thick in the lower town. 
 Houses were set on fire by the shells and the flames spread to the church of “ Notre-Dame des Victoires.” Roof, 
 wood-work, images and ornaments, organ 
 and altar were consumed; nothing but the 
 bare walls was left standing. Rebuilding, 
 
 though promptly determined upon, proved 
 a slow process, as the means were not com- 
 mensurate to the zeal of the people; but, 
 tedious as it was, the labor of reconstruc- 
 tion was persevered in until it was entirely 
 completed in 1793. The ancient shrine of 
 “Notre-Dame des ctoires,” ostensibly 
 finished, was wanting in adornment; its 
 former beauties were lacking, and it was 
 not until 1817 that the devout worshippers 
 and pious friends of the church were ina 
 
 position to restore the interior to its pristine 
 splendor. Though no longer in danger 
 from hostile cannon, “ Notre-Dame des Vic- 
 toires ” 
 
 was again menaced by the dread 
 AS SINTER TORAVIEW TOR MEEAPREN TSG Ren: enemy—fire, a danger alarmingly increased 
 by the vast number of wooden structures 
 reared in the lower-town of Quebec. Fire devastated this part of the city on April 30, 1836, and for a time s 
 ously threatened the church. Another fire swept around it in 1840, when its preservation from destruction was 
 considered little less than miraculous by the faithful Catholics. On August 15, 1854, a fourth conflagration threat- 
 ened the annihilation of the venerable pile. On this occasion the firemen gave special attention to the historic 
 
 edifice, and the newspapers of Quebec lauded them for their successful efforts in preserving from destruction a 
 building that had become interesting to the entire community. 
 
 On October 14, 1855, the Curate of Quebec, in a sermon at the Cathedral, announced that a fé/e would be 
 celebrated in the church of “ Notre-Dame des Victoires.” At the celebration, Monseigneur de Tloa reconsecrated 
 the church to the Holy Virgin and re-established the annual /é/e of Notre-Dame des Victoires, to be held on the 
 Sunday before October 22d. He also designated this church, after the Cathedral, as the foremost of all churches 
 se where plenary indu 
 
 in his dioc 
 
 ences could be obtained at the celebration of the four principal /ées of the 
 presented to the church by the citizens of Quebec in 1860. 
 On May 23, 1888, the two hundredth anniver: 
 
 Virgin. The organ now in use v 
 
 of the church was fittingly commemorated. Houses and 
 stores were decorated in honor of the event and the services held within the venerable walls were magnificent 
 and imposing. Cardinal Taschereau took part in the ceremonials and the little church was thronged with the 
 
 foremost people of Quebec; high officials and social leaders also lent their presence on this auspicious occasion, 
 which was a glorious one in the long history of the little church in the lower-town of Quebec. 
 
 oe ord the) Nishorique du t tgliie 
 cy Wetie-Dourw) ces Yeetrines ty Dr. PE. Dienmed-lnte 
 
THE RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH, SITKA, ALASKA. 
 
 \HE Russian Orthodox Church of St. Michael stands at the end of the main street in the town of Sitka, 
 Alaska, and is one of its quaintest buildings, While not possessing any history calling for extended 
 notice, its establishment is intimately identified with the enterprises of a great nation, and some importance 
 
 may be attached to it therefore as one of the remnants of Russ 
 
 an settlement and domination on this continent. 
 From the time of the discovery of Alaska by Bering, in 1741, until the old Russian American Company’s control 
 of it, in 1799, the territory appears to have been the natural prey of bands of 
 rough, indomitable men, who were stimulated to visit its shores with anything 
 but a love for geographical or scientific research. A lar. 
 
 e number of pelts 
 brought back by the survivors of Bering’s expedition excited the mercenary 
 spirits of scores of men, and to such an extent had they visited these shor 
 that by 1768—69 a considerable portion of the country was well known by 
 them. The rights of the natives did not seem to figure very largely in the 
 
 calculations of these adventurers, who were busy year in and year out robbing 
 the aborigines and fighting among themselves over a division of their trophies 
 With the increase of trader: 
 
 who were attracted by the great success of some 
 of the earlier ones, came a paucity of results and more desperate struggles for 
 possession of this new fur country. 
 
 When the Emperor Paul, in 1799, granted a charter to the Russian 
 American Company (a consolidation of the 
 leading companies engaged in trading in 
 America) he gave to that organization the 
 exclusive right to all the territory in Alaska, 
 but shrewdly introduced into the charter cer- | 
 
 tain provisions that had at times a most un- 
 fortunate effect upon the successful conduct f 
 of the business. Among other affairs which } 
 it was required to maintain were a church 
 establishment, a military force, and the ex- 
 
 penses of the new government, the seat of 
 which was finally located, after a desperate 
 » conflict with the natives, at the present town 
 
 St. MicHAxL.—From a painting in the church. 
 
 s site of Sitka, At first the place was known as New Archangel, but it was soon 
 * designated by the tribal name of the Indians who lived outside the stockade 
 which the Russian commander, Baranoff, caused to be built, At the zenith of 
 Russian domination the Greek Catholic Bishop of Alaska, surrounded by a staff 
 
 of fifteen ordained priests and scores of deacons, lived in the town, and to illus- 
 trate the activity of the devout Muscovite missionaries in that section, and, in 
 fact, all along the Pacific coast from Bering’s strait to Mexico, it is said that a 
 foundry in Sitka at one period was engaged almost constantly in making bells 
 that were called for by the mi 
 
 ons established from time to time. With the 
 passing of Russian influence, however, the glory of the church, with all its pomp 
 and circumstance, departed, and the half-decaying buildings, the old houses set- 
 
 THe Manonwa.—Fromapainting inthe church. tling on their foundations, impress the visitor to Sitka to-day with what it was, 
 but is not. 
 
 The church, which was once a Cathedral, was dedicated in 1844, splendid vestments, plate and altar furnish- 
 ings being contributed by the venerable Ivan Venianimoff Metropolite of M 
 as priest and bishop at Ounalaska and Sitka, It has been on the decline ever 
 
 153 
 
 ow, who had labored many years 
 
 since the purchase of Alaska by 
 
the United States, many of the better class of Russians leaving Alaska when its nationality was changed. Of 
 the large number of natives, half-breeds and others who once thronged the church, but a small proportion remain 
 in the town, and the worshippers at the church are becoming smaller in number each year. The expenses of this 
 church, together with the churches at Ounalaska and Kodiak, have been assumed by the Russian government, 
 which thus extends a paternal hand to its children in far away places. After the United States government took 
 charge of Alaska the Russian bishop moved his official resi- 
 dence to San Francisco, and from thence made periodical 
 visits to the three Alaskan churches. The last of these 
 bishops to perform this office was Bishop Nestor, who was 
 lost at sea while returning from Ounalaska to San Francisco 
 in May, 1883. 
 
 The view of the church, while not striking, is picturesque, 
 and its architecture seems strange to the American eye. 
 Over the doorway is a paneled picture of St. Michael, which 
 is dim and indistinct from the effects of time and the weather. 
 The interior is cruciform and highly decorated in white and 
 
 gold. There are side altars at each transept, the main altar 
 being reached through a pair of open-work bronze doors 
 ornamented with silver images of the saints. No woman is 
 allowed inside the inner 
 
 anctuary. A large picture of the 
 INDIAN GRAVES. Last Supper is over the bronze doors, with the faces in the 
 
 figures painted on ivory and the figures robed in silver. At 
 the sides of this picture are paintings of the saints, also robed in beaten silver, the halos around the heads being 
 of gold and silver set with brilliants. Massive silver lamps and chandeliers hang from the ceiling, and censers and 
 candlesticks stand before the pictures of the saints. Ina small chapel in the north transept, where winter services 
 are held, there is a splendid painting of the Madonna, painted on ivory with silver drapery about the head and 
 shoulders, A collection of the apostles and angels, robed in silver with jeweled halos, are on the altars in this 
 chapel. 
 Some superb tre: 
 
 sures are to be found in this church, which have always been freely shown and exhibited to 
 visitors by those in authority in the church. There are jeweled caskets, jeweled crosses, chalices in gold and 
 silver, and superbly bound and illuminated books. The bishop's cap, a tall 
 conical affair lined with satin, is covered with rubies, pearls, amethysts and 
 enameled medallions in filigree settings. The crowns, which are held over the 
 heads of the bride and groom during the marriage ceremony, are curious and 
 handsomely-wrought pieces of workmanship. V 
 
 ments of velvet, old damask 
 and robes of cloth, of gold and silver, together with the embroidered pall to be 
 thrown over the coffin at funeral services, are also shown the visitor, Some of 
 the finest of the church’s treasures were removed to San Francisco when the 
 bishop left Alaska. Among these treasures was an enameled cross set with 
 diamonds and other gems, together with a book of the Scriptures havi 
 elaborately-worked silver cover weighing twenty-seven pounds. After the 
 death of Bishop Nestor many of the most valuable of the accessories of the 
 Greek church in Alaska, which had been taken to San Francisco, were returned © 
 to Russia. Much valuable material was also lost to the church by a robbery 
 
 g an 
 
 committed in 1869, it is supposed, by some discharged soldiers of the garrison ; 
 very little of the treasure thus lost being recovered. 
 
 The bishop's residence, which was formerly the finest private residence in 
 the place, has been rapidly going to decay. With a decrease in the revenues 
 of the church, and a congregation growing gradually less from year to year, the | 
 fate of this interesting relic of a former regime seems almost sealed. On a hill 
 beyond some house 
 
 s at the right of the church is the graveyard where the Rus- Toren Pours. 
 
 sians buried their dead. An old block-house overlooks the graves, and the 
 
 tombs are overgrown with grass and ferns. An elaborate tombstone, which once marked the resting-place of the 
 wife of Prince Maksoutkoff, has been broken in pieces by marauding Indians who were attempting to carry it 
 
 away with them. Beyond the cemetery, on the hillside, are the tombs of the medicine men and chiefs of the Sitka 
 tribe. The strange-looki 
 
 g images and burial boxes of the natives are found hidden in the bushes and vines 
 
 overgrowing the place, Old pictures of Sitka show a chapel which the Russians once had for the Indians, although 
 154 
 
all trace of it has now disappeared. The white settlement was once separated from the Indian village and 
 cemetery by a stockade, but this too has disappeared, and is said to have been torn down and the materials carried 
 off by the Indians after the Russian troops left the place. 
 
 Sitka is entered through an old stockade gate, when the visitor finds himself in front of the Indian xancherte 
 a double row of square 
 
 houses fronting the beach, each house being neatly whitewashed and numbered, Good 
 
 ywhere observed. Baranoff 
 
 police regulations prevail, and order and quiet are ev stle. 
 eminence overlooking the town of Sitka, has been considered the most prominent building in the place. It was 
 destroyed by fire March 16, 1894. It was undoubtedly the most important historical landmark in Alaska. It was 
 a two-storied structure of logs, capped with a lig 
 seventy feet in width, and was contemporary with the founding of the town of Sitka 
 who had been chosen by Shelikoff as his 
 
 situated on a rocky 
 
 yht-house cupola, and was a hundred and seventy feet long by 
 n 1800 Alexander Baranoff, 
 n American Company, decided 
 to transfer the trading station from Kodiak to the island on which Sitka stands. He beean erecting a stockade 
 there, but before it was finished it was destroyed by a band of natives and its defenders massacred. Baranoff, 
 away at the time, was unable to return until 1804, when, after ge ting together a party of Russians and 
 Aleutian sea-otter hunters, he undertook to drive the natives out of the place. In this attack he was finally suc- 
 
 iccessor in the management of the Russi 
 
 who y 
 
 @ 
 
 ful and drove the Indians out of the stockade. The Russians then took possession of the present site of 
 Sitka, and named the island Baranoff Island. Baranoff began strengthening the stockade, and it soon became 
 known as Baranoff Castle. As in the case of the church, the magnificent equipment of glass, plate and other 
 accessories disappeared many years ago, and the whole building, with its massive timbers, had gone into a condi- 
 tion of mouldiness and decay at the time of its destruction by fire. 
 
 INTERIOR OF THE CHURCH.—From a photograph by Taber. 
 
HEBRON EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH, MADISON COU 
 
 N a secluded spot near the confluence of Robertson river and White Oak run is one of t 
 relics in Virginia in the form of a Lutheran church, the name of which is Hebron. It 
 and a half old and is now in use, as is also its pipe-organ, imported later. 
 firmations and communicants are in good preservation and some of them are beautifu 
 
 text. 
 
 NTY, VIRGINIA. 
 
 he most antique church 
 is more than a century 
 The registers of baptisms, con- 
 
 specimens of German 
 
 The plate for the offices of baptism and communion, presented by Mr. Griffin, of London, in 1727, with an 
 
 inscription in German, is also extant and in use, except one piece which was taken by Federal soldiers. The 
 baptismal bowl is inscribed: “THe Grrr of THomas Grirrin In LEADEN-HALL , Lonpon, May 137TH, 1727.” 
 
 The tray, two platters and two tankards bear the same inscription, with the exception of t 
 
 he date, which is 1729. 
 
 Each of the platters has engraved upon it a representation of the crucifixion, and the tray has a representation 
 
 of the Last Supper. All the above are of alloy, consisting of fourteen parts pewter and 
 wafer box, of pure silver, was 
 
 The cup was given by friend 
 
 of institution in German. 
 The German is a potent 
 pulation of WV 
 scended from 
 he lower Rapidan, above its 
 pahannock, and were employe: 
 wood when he es 
 712 and erected the first iro’ 
 hese Germans were Protest: 
 ble pastor nam 
 hey petitioned t! 
 minister for then 
 his powers shou 
 
 ed Haeger, 
 
 n to succeed 
 
 copal prayer-book translated 
 ca 
 a flourishing Episcopal Germ: 
 but the English authoritie 
 in 
 Bay tunity was lost. 
 = and settled in what is now 
 = = built a frail chapel which soon decayed. 
 
 THe Puurrr, ployed Augustus Stoever, a 
 
 the Fatherland to solicit subscriptions to build a new church, 
 scribers, many of whom were persons eminent in church and st 
 names and donations sentiments of encouragement and good-wi 
 West. These sentiments were written in the several dialects 0 
 given represent the various European currencies of the day, and 
 
 He recorded in a book 
 
 ] to these m 
 
 adison county. 
 the first settlers at Germanna, on 
 
 ten parts silver. The 
 taken by the soldiers. 
 s in Germany in 1 
 
 7375 
 
 and bears an inscription to that effect and the words 
 
 element in the thrifty 
 The people are 
 
 junction with the Rap- 
 d by Governor Spotts- 
 
 tablished a frontier fort there about 
 
 n furnace in America. 
 ants and had a vener- 
 eighty years of age; 
 
 he Church of England to ordain a 
 
 their old pastor, when 
 
 d fail, and to send them the Epis- 
 
 into German. If this 
 
 had been heeded there would probably now be 
 
 an church in Virginia ; 
 
 were too much absorbed 
 politics to heed the call and the golden oppor- 
 
 About 1719 these Germans ascended the river 
 
 Madison county, and 
 They em- 
 Lutheran minister, to 
 
 succeed their old pastor, Haeger; they sent him to 
 
 the names of all sub- 
 
 ate and in literary circles, who appended to their 
 onary pioneers in the wilds of the 
 f Germany, in French and in Latin; the sums 
 some of them are amusing specimens of chirog- 
 
 raphy. It is a curious and suggestive literary melange of languages and autographs, and two of its pages are 
 reproduced in the accompanying engraving. The church was built in 1740 in the form of a Maltese cross, and 
 the large etching which forms the main illustration to this subject will assist the readers’ conception of this historic 
 
 edifice, standing remote from the 
 
 ¢ 
 5 
 
 at highways of travel and but little known to the public. 
 
 The congregation, in time, grew prosperous and purchased a valuable glebe, which yielded handsome returns 
 
 356 
 
Py. 
 i 
 ip 
 } i 
 ah f 
 aR // 
 
 igen 
 
 Cnt 
 
in rents, thus furnishing an income for the sup- 
 port of their pastors and for keeping the church 
 in repair. The writer has a copy of the deed 
 ‘lebe dated in 1733 and made to the 
 “Trustees of the Evangelical Lutheran Church 7 
 in St. Mark’s parish in the County of Spottsyl- 
 vania.” All the church documents should be 
 embalmed in print and be made the basis of an ee 4 q l < aera Sauer 
 
 interesting and instructive chapter in the history ? EAL ee ad, Raghey a Prec cth ri 
 of the Lutheran Church in America. The ser- - — ree ‘ én 
 
 In 
 howe 
 
 ee 
 eS 
 
 for the ¢ 
 
 vO. 
 
 vices at the church were originally in German, 
 then once a month in English, and afterwards 
 entirely in the English tongue. When there \ 
 was no minister in this church, the late Mr. 
 Samuel Slaughter remembered that its members Two Paces or THE OLD Sunscriprion BooK. 
 went to Buck Run Episcopal Church in Cul- 
 peper to receive the communion, and the like offic 
 
 palians when they had no pastor. 
 ~— f.: Stan 
 
 s were done by the Lutheran minister for the Episco- 
 
 The following is a list of the pastors of this flock in the mountains of Virginia from 1735 to the present 
 
 time : 
 Phomas Ha 
 
 ugustus Stoever. 
 —Jacob Frank. 
 
 —W. G. Campbell. 
 R. C. Holland. 
 
 —G. H. Beckley 
 
 1815.—Miel 
 
 ohn Kehler, S. Moser 
 ym, Scull. 
 Thomas Miller. 1891,—J. A. Flickinger. 
 
 Samuel Allenbaugh, 
 
Sr, MicHart’s CHuRcH—INTERIOR. 
 
 ST. MICHAEL'S CHURCH, CHARLESTON, SOUTH 
 
 CAROLINA. 
 
 HE pride and ornament of Charleston is St. Michael’s Church, which still stands very much as it stood when 
 it left the hands of the architect in 1766, an interesting example of the church architecture of that period. 
 From the wealth of poetry and history associated with it, its loss would be, perhaps, more deeply felt than 
 
 that of any church edifice in the South, 
 
 its literary interest. When the act of As: 
 
 embly directing St. Michael's to be bui 
 
 church in South Carolina was much more encouraging than when St. Philip’s was 
 time (1751) twenty parishes in the State, with three extra parochial districts, and t 
 the Rev. Mr. Crallan, master of the Provincial Free School. 
 
 The site designated for the new church was that of the first St. Philip’s, on t 
 Meeting streets, and on February 17, 1752, “His E 
 
 anc 
 N 
 
 Sj 
 
 cellency (Governor Glen 
 
 not ” and lay the first stone 
 
 ” 
 
 don’s, where a handsome E sioners. 
 
 ar 
 
 ertainment was provided by the Comm 
 was planned by one Mr. Gibson, who is said to have been a pupil of Sir Ch 
 t the desi by t 
 The spire of St. Michael’s is its most beautiful feature. 
 hambers, one rising from within 
 
 d 
 
 tha n was inspirec 
 
 It is not a spire mere 
 
 is a square tower rising from the ground with a portico and four Ionic colum 
 
 Tajesty’s Honorable Council, with the Commissioners and other Gentlemen, wa 
 
 Mrs, Stansberry’s popular lyric, “How He Saved St. Michael’s,” gave 
 it a national fame, and the pathetic poems of Timrod and Simms during the siege of Charleston added greatly to 
 
 t was passed, the state of the 
 There were at that 
 wenty-five clergymen, besides 
 
 erected. 
 
 he south-east corner of Broad 
 ), attended by several of His 
 s pleased to proceed to the 
 
 Others of the party laid stones, and later “the Company proceeded to Mr. Gor- 
 T 
 
 istopher Wren. 
 
 hat great master; but this is somewhat apocryphal. 
 
 he church was to be of brick, 
 
 Tradition avers 
 
 but a series of ornamented 
 
 the other to the height of about one hundred and eighty feet. The first of the 
 
 ns supporting a large angular 
 
 courses, from the second of which springs the steeple, octagonal in form, with 
 
 the belfry with its incompara- 
 
 the balustrade. Above this 
 
 pediment. Next are two rustic 
 
 windows on each face, and Ionic pilasters between each window. In this course is 
 
 ble chime of bells. The next course is octagonal, but smaller, rising from within 
 
 course rises another still smaller, of the Corinthian order, and from this again a fluted spire terminating in a 
 globe 
 
 The interior of St. Michael’ 
 
 the colonial regime. The c 
 
 hance 
 
 s rich and fine, with the lofty carved pulpit and reading desk and high pews of 
 is ornamented with a paneled wainscot and four Corinthian pilasters supporting 
 
acornice. Between them are the tables of the Decalogue, Lord’s Prayer and Apostles’ Creed, The galleries 
 are supported by twelve Ionic pillars. There are several rich monuments upon the walls, the most notable being 
 that to the beloved Bishop Theodore Dehon, who became Rector of St, Michael’s in 1809, succeeding Dr. Bown, 
 and who continued in that relation until elected Bishop in 1812. The monument is on the east wall, south side 
 of the chancel, beneath which the bishop was interred. Its inscription is so good an example of those found in 
 St. Michael's that we give it entire : 
 
 «Sacred to the Memory of the Right Rev. THE 
 of this Church, and Bishop of the Diocese, who c 
 August, 1817, in the 4tst year of his life, and the 2oth of his ministry. G 
 ing and eloquence added lustre to a character formed by Christian principles and a 
 constant study of the Christian’s model. Meek: He was swift to hear, slow to speak, 
 slow to wrath, Humble; He esteemed others better than himself, Merciful: He 
 Devoted to God ; He counted his life not dear to 
 himself, so that he might finish his course with joy, and the ministry, which he had re- 
 ceived of the Lord Jesus, to testify the Gospel of the Grace of God. Zeal fortified by 
 Di y Moderation, Sanctity united with U and Goodness 
 with Cheerfulness, rendered him the delight of his friends, the admiration of his country, 
 the glory and hope of the Church. His death was considered a public calamity. The 
 pious lamented him as a primiti a father, and youth and age 
 lingered at his grave. He was buried under the chancel, by direction of the Ve 
 also caused this monument to be erected in testimony of their affection, and his merit. 
 Quis desiderio sit pudor, aut modos, tam chai qe 
 
 SORE DEHON, D.D.,, late Rector 
 ed to be mortal on the 6th day of 
 
 3enius, learn- 
 
 sought out the poor and the affli 
 
 retion, and Firmness b 
 
 Bishop, the 
 
 -y, who 
 
 also 
 
 capitis 
 
 Tombs of great men are numerous in St. Michael’s 
 churchyard and within its walls. Charles Cotesworth 
 Pinckney (to whom is erected a mural monument on which 
 his virtues as Christian, patriot, statesman and gentleman 
 are referred to); John Rutledge, the first Chief-Justice of 
 the United States; General Mordecai Gist of the Revolu- 
 tion; Hon. Robert Y. Hayne, and Hon. James L. Petigru Cuarzes Cor 
 are buried there. 
 
 The bells of St. Michael's are its most charming feature. In the humid atmosphere of Charleston bells 
 acquire a rare sweetness of tone, and those of St. Michael’s are especially melodious. “There are none sweeter,” 
 says Simms, “They seemed to us,” says another old resident, “a part of the venerable structure itself. It 
 appeared to us that they had been so consecrated to pious uses from a period almost beyond calculation. They 
 were certainly older than our Independence. They had often 
 preluded the rejoicings attendant on the birth of a British 
 prince almost coeval with Brunswick dynasty, as they have 
 sounded the knell of many a departed spirit.” These bel 
 
 WORTH PINCKNEY, 
 
 S, 
 too, have a strange, eventful history which enhances their 
 interest. They were bought in England in 1764 for £581. 
 14s. 4@,, and imported together with a thirty-hour clock for the 
 steeple. 
 
 When Charleston was evacuated by the British in De- 
 cember, 1782, Major Traille, of the Royal Artillery, took the 
 bells of St. Michael's with him as sfolia opima. The vestry 
 
 applied to General Leslie to have them returned, as they 
 
 were private property and secured by the terms of the treaty. 
 
 Failing to get p sion of them, they next applied to Sir 
 Guy Carleton at New York. That officer had investigated 
 the case, and three months before receiving their letter—on 
 April 28, 1783—had issued an order commanding their in- 
 stant restoration, The bells had been shipped, however, 
 from Charleston to England. The vestry next applied to the 
 English Secretary of War, but without success, and the bells 
 ie te were sold in London as spoils of war. They were purchased 
 % fa- 2, by a Mr. Ryhiner, who had been a merchant in Charleston, 
 J and presented by him to the church. They reached Charles- 
 
 ton in November, 1783, and were received by the people with great rejoicing and again placed in the belfry. 
 When Charleston was besieged in 1861, the people, mindful of the former fate of the bells, removed them 
 
 to Columbia, and when that city was burned, at the time of its capture by Sherman, the bells were so much injured 
 159 
 
 Se. 
 
by fire as to be useless. Two were stolen and could not be recovered. In the spring of 1866, peace having 
 returned, the bells were sent to England to the foundry of Mears & Stainbank, London, the successors of the 
 original founders who had cast them a hundred years before; by this firm they were recast from the original 
 patterns, The whole city rejoiced when, on the 18th of February, 1867, the eight bells, as nearly identical as 
 
 possible with the originals, were received back, They were replaced in the belfry on March atst, and again their 
 sweet voices gladdened the city. 
 
 Almost from the moment of its completion St. Michael’s became the church home of the patrician families of 
 Charleston. It stood in the fashionable quarter, and was early recognized as the official church. The act creat- 
 ing the parish insured it all the rights, privileges, immun 
 
 ies, etc., of other parishes. A pew was ordered to be 
 set apart for the governor and Council, two large pews for the members of the Assembly, and another large pew 
 
 for strangers. Once a year, an “old sessions sermon” was preached there by the rector to the bench, bar and 
 court attendants of the colony, for which the rector was allowed three pounds 
 
 forfeitures.” The 
 
 a 
 
 “to be paid out of the fines and 
 in their scarlet robes, the b: 
 risters in black robes, and a small army of attendants, went in procession to the church, and listened with proper 
 respect to the homilies and exhortations of the expounder of the Divine Law. 
 
 se sessions are said to have been great occasions. The jud 
 
 o 
 
 The tower of St. Michael's, from its height and position, is the first landmark sighted by the voyager ap- 
 
 proaching from the sea and is used by pilots 
 the Bri of Charleston began, the tower was 
 converted into an observatory from which to watch the operations of the Union forces. Near its top a room was 
 
 in making the port. In the Revolution it was painted black, so that 
 h squadron might not make use of it as a beacon. When the 
 
 fitted up, furnished with a stove for cold weather, and with a powerful telescope through which all the movements 
 of the Federal fleet and army could easi 1 day an obse 
 instructions to watch not only the enemy, but the effe 
 
 ver was kept at the post with 
 city, and as at any moment a shell might 
 so damage the tower as to render the interior means of descent useless, a rope ladder wa 
 side from top to bottom as a means of escape. The bombardment as witnes 
 
 stretched on the out- 
 ed from this eyrie is said to have 
 been terrific. Shot and shell fell around like rain, They struck the guard-house opposite, riddled the City Hall 
 on the north, plowed up the churchyard on the south, and almost demolished the mansion house in the rear. 
 rht bombs were counted in the air by the observer at one time, yet the steeple seemed to have a charmed 
 existence and was not once hit. 
 
 The observers certainly showed great bravery, for the destruction wrought by the shells was terrible. The 
 whole front of a two-story building was torn off by a shell. A thirty-pound Parrot exploded between the roof 
 and ceiling of one of the churches of the city, made fifteen openings of different sizes in the ceiling, demolished a 
 bronze chandelier over the pulpit, broke the readi k, split the communion table, partly demolished three or 
 four pews, and made several rents in the floor beneath. Another tore open a Bible on a pulpit desk leaving up- 
 
 turned a leaf bearing the words, “An enemy hath done this.” But St. Michael’s steeple wholly escaped, as before 
 remarked, and the church was not injured until just before the evacuation. 
 
 Until the earthquake shock St. Michael’s passed through the vi udes of peace and war and the strife of 
 the elements with little injury. The cyclone of August 25, 1885, blew down about three feet of the upper part 
 of the spire, and inflicted other damage to the extent of $2,000. This damage had just been repaired when the 
 earthquake of August 31, 1886, near 
 
 y leveled the venerable structure to the ground. It was at first thought, 
 and was telegraphed over the land, that St. Michael’s was ruined. The Charleston papers of the next day spoke 
 of it as “the saddest wreck of all” in the city. The walls were shattered in many plac 
 eight inches and was slightly out of perpendicular. A fis 
 
 s, the steeple had sunk 
 
 ure several inches wide ran through the vestibule and 
 up the middle aisle for ten or fifteen feet. The portico seemed about to fall into the street, and the galleries 
 into the body of the church. The vestibule under the steeple presented a curious appearance, being highest in 
 
 the centre and sloping away to all four sides. Detailed examination by skilful engineers, however, proved that 
 
 the historic structure could be saved, and the work of restoring it has been successfully accomplished. 
 
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