* 5 SSN Pamgted yey etree poh anak ts bd es n coins oes tpn ee BPA wwe nt yy ar a gene ern es oa een eee meer Nera de ee Asie oe he a ee a — . A rend ait vary = a yt eae ener} Sau ‘ cS se cae = c- + A Pe . i. me ote _ ue ~~)? oe bs ie » Ae ~~ pw ees ot i“ fs Ne a en ape ya ee net Fr tha THE OCTAGON LIBRARY OF EARLY AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE ONCE EID) UNE (SRO ee) Ta aVIRIRCIOS AWG RONDA CIR Volume I CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF HEy EARLY SARGHITECTS AND BUILDERS WHOSE WORK IT HAS BEEN THE RARE PLEASURE OF sFHE EDITORS HERESTO RECORD The EDITORS ACKNOWLEDGE THEIR GRATE- FUL APPRECIATION OF THE KIND PERMISSION OFTHE VARCHITEGTURAL FORUMPAND® J.B: LIPPINCOTT COMPANY TO USE THE MEASURED DRAWINGS OF MR. ALBERT SIMONS. THEY ALSO WISH TO RECORD THE VALUED ASSIS- TANCE OF MESSRS. JOHN BENNETT, C. C. WIBSON 2 Psat iA = DF ho HUGGER = SMITH, FREDERICK H. HORLBECK, J. A. McCORMACK, JOSEPH E. JENKINS, WILLIAM G. MAZYCK, PROF. Jit BAS LERBY OPS THE COLLEGE OF /CHARLES- TON; CHARLES H. WHITAKER, EDITOR OF THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS; MISS ALICE R. H. SMITH, MRS. G. E. HOFFMAN, MISS ELLEN M. FITZSIMONS, OF THE CHARLESTON LIBRARY; MISS MABEL L. WEBBER, OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA HISTOR- ICAL SOCIETY. TO MESSRS. TEBBS & KNELL ARE DUE ESPECIAL THANKS FOR THEIR IN- VALUABLE COLLABORATION IN THE MAKING OF THE PHOTOGRAPHS: THE OCTAGON LIBRARY OF EARLY AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE VOEUMESs! CHARLESTON SOUTH CAROLINA Edited by Ae Eiees MONSEADITA. AND SAMUBLSUAPHAMS | ReeAs LA: WITH A FOREWORD BY SAM Ee Grate A RD e Sd. ON Ey A PRESS OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS, Inc. NEW YORK 1927 GABRIEL MANIGAULT - 1758-1809 AFTER THE PORTRAIT BY GILBERT STUART, LONDON CHARLESTON AND HER PEOPLE CLUE to the character of Charleston and her people is to re- member that during their period of growth and greatest importance they were essentially of the eighteenth century. It was then that their culture crystallized, and their mode of thought, their insti tutions, and their very pronunciation keep the flavor of the age. From that time they preserved the tradition of the classic, with its intellectual freedom, its moral tolerance, its discipline in matters of etiquette, its individu- alism, and the spirit of logic which elsewhere largely perished in the romantic movement. No city was more intimately a part of its surrounding country, and none more influenced by it. Its citizenship, like that of Rome, was widespread, prac- tically embracing the planter population of the South Carolina “low country” (as the coastal section is called); but in this case the transient countrymen-citizens were the most powerful element in the community, and it was due to these great conservatives that the town never became a mere place of traders and professional men, but kept a mental breadth and social conscience almost un- hampered by business. Rice was the great crop of the region, and the rice plantation, with its scourge of malaria in summer, its systematized negro labor, and its rich harvests, bred a class of wealthy nomads, forced to leave their homes in the summer and well able to afford a long holiday in the winter. In the summer many of these families came to town, and during the months of the winter season, everyone that counted in the “low country” came also. There was a very strong aristo- cratic feeling among these people and they dominated the community. While the attempt of the Lords Proprietors, with Locke’s Constitution as a guide, had failed to set an hereditary titled class, the spirit, due to the very life they led, was very present. A man who counted his negroes by fifties and his acres by thousands fell easily into the mood. With material fit to form such a class, and the Whig aristocracy as a natural model, they were not bad rulers. The “low country” was a fascinating place to live in. The climate is pleasant the year round. Never too cold in winter to keep men within doors, it is sharp enough to temper their blood between summers. Its summer days, refreshed by 5) CHARLESTON AN DARE RYE LO 2m regular changes of wind from the great water-courses, were never too severe to prevent Europeans from working in the fields. The malaria made the negro the agricultural laborer exclusively. Its fine native flora made it a land of delight for the gardener and the botanist. Rochefoucauld-Liancourt said that a park might be easily formed there by cutting the trees that were not necessary, the rest being fine enough, and a garden might be come at as easily. With the cli- matic necessity for large yards about the house, the town became a place of gardens. Two popular exotics immortalize her botanists, for poinsettias and gar- denias are named for Charlestonians. Near enough to the tropics to allow their more hardy plants to pass the winter in the open, the climate is not too warm for most of those of the temperate zone. Every garden has its figs and pome- granates, its peaches and oranges, its oleanders and myrtles, azaleas and camellias, acacias and jujubes, and roses. The country itself gave yellow jessamine, wild rose, live oak, and magnolia. The institutions of the place are hard to date. Two wars, with great de- struction of records, make positive statement of antiquity a rather dubious matter. Certainly the museum was the earliest in the colonies; whether the racecourse and theatre, the library society, were the first or only the second or third is questionable. That there should be a question shows what a rapid erowth in culture the early community made, and the list of activities shows the broadness of the culture. In music it had a society of gentlemen-amateurs who gave concerts from sometime before the Revolution. The society still exists, but it gives only balls now. The region had never been one which needed or desired industrialism. When the Revolution came, the Charlestonians joined the movement more from a desire for abstract justice than from any economic pressure such as brought more northerly colonies into the struggle. These fought for principles and won, only to find themselves engaged in a struggle of the same sort which was to last the better part of a century and end in defeat. When the power to tax gravitated to the northern states, it was used, as it is always used, by the industrialists, to exact tribute from the agricultural minority. Then, as now, the tariff was the method used. Finally, South Carolina protested. Unfortu- nately for her and for the country, the strongest President between Washington and Lincoln was in the White House. Jackson fought the Nullification Ordi- nance and there was a compromise. It was a mere truce, for the struggle went on and was further embittered by the slavery question. Charleston took a leading part in all of these struggles; they were all-absorbing; Cre leh le Ow AN Dit E Re PEOPLE vie there was no other road for talent, no other expression for genius; for three generations everything was thrown into the fight. Here, at last, was signed the ordinance which dissolved the old union forever, and here was fired the first shot in justification of that ordinance. If these people did nothing else worthy of memorial, they set up in their city records of a society and a civilization, drawn from an older time, preserved with anxious care, and transmitted with accretions of beauty and fitness from generation to generation. SAMUEL GAILLARD STONEY SL 1) q a aut DST Taunt TTT Cc ee OA CN TTT yancyony btm a | » NNR RS == S585 7) Wt UCSC A manne i h Dy x z wae) ———————————————— ALBERT SIMONS i Ne ~ A 4 as es ST oe S | PR erate er Composite map of Cherleston 1 ee MRA showing the original fortifjed — le ea uses OAS settlement creeks, streams. and fortifications of 4704, /7 80 and /812 asa guicle in the cdefermination building Cores aE aor ERE AOE SR. PE ee a CHARLESTON— A COMPOSITE MAP MADE IN 1883 a Tk bea Bt Sa “ee ee 6¢LI—NOLSATYVHO is tare bata 9 Doperrnmninas y pease a buerey oe ae roy pte OL Emmy remarpany fe 00 OEE OO she i oa senyy Je AmGMENY YE PEMD PHY PPLE oye pf hk wad| ont abel ap Big Anh a Ge PAM ; z minca ; igi poo MY \ DDN gremaeyerys Brerg Bp EDLY POD PY” COB, PE POM EV bap frit 4 OU, \¥F — = pe oe hyp evecare uy Wy NI DU YO. Me AME UP $ ae, Sep WH, yy pe rete hes afd PM YPUL NYY POG GLUED ‘ e ‘Yt f A ops Pecan priprst prrdpy* whryoury, AA z feHf* patie’ Do x AF ae puny” ry “poriyy > UGS \2X? (Hy Y Maint: 7 Ap pices 6 ee a - . * vt . 7, PPh» ppoye POY» fps | Rt periyy? Paapp\ P Jia “Y) Pandy + POL Fale / i my Y tek WE vH Pwrayy* yok ie AV a cas yyy # + } M3 ~OMMIE WEEMS, rary wwtn ) me Belg wrth A pacer if wera yy ab prynpre wens fe 4 searcrntractt ot IN. \ MPR POY MON OY, i r t { ¢ Bt 77D WAIMONY * : E . ¢ ) DEI MENDY “nggIr? ary) 2 AM Bes wh “on strueryobreyfartatoting,® reepreaisy winaint? ne serv emp eaticy wtbyecO STUMOIN peer rae f Ai ey 2g joi jean yy ae tate rit ee Pr | ye “AN GBT ae a . a a er MOI. -SETAVH I AAV YOON Hi PerR Ee REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD ——reSHE FIRST settlement of Charleston was in 1670, on the west 5a RS bank of the Ashley River, at Albemarle Point. Ten years later FEN |X| the settlement was moved to the present site, on the peninsula between the Ashley and Cooper rivers, as being a more desirable position. These first settlers were English, but after the revoca- tion of the Edict of Nantes (1685) they were joined by considerable numbers of Huguenots whose refuge in the colony had been graciously encouraged by King Charles II, with the expectation that they would engage in the culture of silk, oil, and wine, in order that British commerce might become independent of France for its supply of these staple luxuries. Today, in searching for evidences of French influence in the architecture of the city, it is difficult to point out anything that is indisputably Gallic, for what is not English has rather more of a Dutch character. This may derive from the fact that some of the Huguenot settlers had taken refuge in Holland before coming to the colony; also, in the alluvial coast lands of Carolina, not stone, as in France, but brick, the traditional building material of the Low Countries, was available and extensively used. However, the French strain in the people of coastal Carolina manifested itself in an appreciation of and a desire for the monumental and judiciously proportioned in architecture, and it is the presence of this character in so many buildings of comparatively small dimensions that gives the city much of its individuality and charm. The period of greatest prosperity in Colonial times seems to have been the four middle decades of the eighteenth century. The planters were in the large majority, with much smaller numbers of merchant-traders and artisans. The cultivation of rice was started in the seventeenth century, and of indigo in the first half of the eighteenth. The original small grants were soon absorbed into large holdings and the plantation system was modeled on that of the older British colony in the Barbadoes, establishing a decidedly aristocratic basis of society. Although the planters were extremely prosperous, the largest permanent fortunes were amassed by the merchants, who were sometimes planters as well and men of highly diversified interest and great ability. Their staple exports were rice, deerskins, and indigo, with some pork, beef, and lumber. The deer- 18 CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA skins, supplied by Indian trade, came from a vast territory extending even west of the Blue Ridge Mountains. The principal imports were rum, beer, wine, Guinea negroes, and indentured white servants, as well as a great variety of manufactured commodities. The necessities of the growing agriculture created a constant demand for black labor, which the slave-trade was ever ready to supply, despite constant legislative efforts of the colony to restrict the traffic. Very little local capital was invested in the building or ownership of large ships, and just before the Revolution there were but twelve Carolina-built vessels in use between Charleston and Europe. With the exception of some interchange, with Portugal, of rice for Madeira, the greater part of European trade was with England; this, with considerable commerce with the West Indies, but very little with the northern colonies, accounts for the architectural influence of trade. The majority of the population was about equally divided in its allegiance to the Church of England and the Presbyterian Church; the remainder, mostly Baptists, with a very small number of Quakers and a few Sfardic Jews. The Church of England, being established by law, enjoyed the greatest power and prestige, but from the beginning of the colony, with Locke’s Constitution, “Jews, heathens, and dissenters” were permitted a religious tolerance rare in those times. Hence, the great variety of ecclesiastical buildings erected to serve a compara- tively small community: reat CuuRCH AND DENOMINATION OF TODAY Date or EREcTION 1st Phase 2nd Phase 3d Phase St. Philip’s Episcopal . . . . . . 5 1) 3681-90 1412 1835 St: Michael's piscopa lsc. yee aueeees 1752 (a) Sti Paul's: Episcopalois 3s. Pets ote were 1811 (a) French Huguenot. .. .. . . . .¢) 1681-pe-s180gea8 1844 Congrepational (by ‘ira ay ce aes 1729 1804 etuJohn's Lutheran! 2 ncaa ee 1815 ot: Mary's Catholic (Selvin 1980 1793 1838 Pirst. Baptist). Sy: ie ee ee rae 1746 1822 Hasell Street Synagogue . =. =. . . . 1950 1'792 1838 First'Presbyterian "> =o Gas ea. Baek ad (eee ee second, Presbyterian | wees face 1811 (d) Westminster Presbyterian . ... . . 1850 Bethel: Methodist = aee= 7 eeure sn See 1797 (e€) 1853 Spring Street Methodist 9 5s ame 1858 (e) Ditarian 9 tet ae oe ei ee eee ae 1772 (f) 1852 (a) Offshoot of St. Philip's Episcopal. (b) Originally Presbyterian, becoming Congregational with the withdrawal of the Presbyterians in 1734. (c) Formed by the withdrawal mentioned under (b) (d) Offshoot of First Presbyterian. (e) Descendant of Cumberland Methodist Church (1787), third phase of which was burned in 1861. (f) Originally a branch of the Congregational Church. Ae ae et eR Ea) oe ONE RAY eer Re LD) 19 The architects of colonial times were essentially operative builders trained, by the long-established traditions of their craft, to a more or less sensitive feel- ing for the proprieties of design as well as to a knowledge of the necessities of construction. They were further assisted by those invaluable handbooks and builders’ “treasuries” wherein were to be found a choice of several solutions to most of the architectural problems encountered in the general practice of the day. To this school belongs Ezra Waite, “Civil Architect, House-builder in general and Carver, from London,” whose exquisite craftsmanship is to be admired in the Miles Brewton House. More monumental and of greater scope was the work of the Horlbeck brothers, John Adam and Peter, masons from Plauen, in Saxony. John learned his trade in Berlin under Christian Buckholtz, and then worked as a journeyman in Copenhagen, Riga, St. Petersburg, and Woolwich, on a variety of civil and military establishments. Finally, after many adventures on land and sea, the two brothers settled in Charleston where they became the leading builders and established a business that was continued with distinction by several generations of the name. There were, however, besides the professional builders, others who, upon oc- casion, applied themselves to architecture, for the plans of St. Michael's Church were furnished by a “Mr. Gibson,” whose identity we have been unable to verify, and “Mr. Samuel Cardy, the ingenious architect, undertook and completed the building.” We know of no other buildings by either of these masters. Of the very earliest buildings of the colony nothing truly authentic remains. The city has experienced five great recorded fires (1700, 1740, 1778, 1838, 1861), ten or more destructive hurricanes,and devastating earthquakes in 1811 and 1886. The oldest dwelling houses, with few exceptions, that have come down to us hardly antedate 1740, the second of the great fires. These are of a distinct type which persisted, with little modification, until about 1760. They are built with rather thick brick walls covered with stucco made of burnt oyster-shell lime. In some instances this stucco is evidently later work, for where it has spalled it dis- plays a brick wall laid in Flemish bond with carefully pointed joints. Unlike the later houses, the first floor is only about two feet above the grade. When piazzas occur, they appear to be considerably later additions, arising from the effort to adapt the north European type of dwelling to a subtropical climate. The street front is not always in rigid symmetry, as the doorway or a wrought- iron balcony under a second-story window may be off center, according to the requirements of the interior disposition. The drawing-room is on the second 20 CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA story overlooking the street, and all the more important rooms are paneled. Mouldings are bold and simple and of limited variety. Where the original mantels have been preserved there is but little carved ornament. While the street frontage of these houses is often narrow, the lots are usually deep, owing to the large blocks formed by the layout of streets; thus each piece of property constituted a large messuage. Behind the privacy of a high garden- wall of lichen-covered brick, the house, with its additions and dependencies of kitchen, washroom, servants’ quarters, and stables, recedes in rambling per- spective, losing itself in an overgrown garden where fig trees and pomegranates, magnolias and oleanders clothe the faded stucco in a tissue of light and shade. Seen from the garden, these accretions of buildings have a frankness of functional expression that belongs to medieval times. Especially is this noticeable in the manner of roof intersections and the placings of chimneys and dormers. Most of the roofs have a steep pitch, adhering to the building traditions of England, the Low Countries, and northern France. Along the eaves the roof becomes perceptibly less steep, flaring out in a pleasing concave curve or “bell cast.” The rooftiles are salmon-pink, sometimes salt-glazed a deep purple-black, and glitter like bright metal when seen in the sun. In section they consist of a long con- cave curve with a short convex curve along one edge, so that each joint is covered by the next tile alongside; they are the same type as those commonly seen in England and Holland, and are quite different from the Mediterranean semi- cylindrical tile. That these tiles were of local manufacture is evidenced by the fact that quantities of them are still to be found in the abandoned brickyards of old plantations in this vicinity. Tiles, however, were not the earliest kind of ma- terial used for roofing, for shingle roofs are still found in place, sometimes under the tile covering. Slate roofs are also quite common, especially if the roof has dormers. The old slates are quite thick and rugged, and vary greatly in size and color. They were probably brought in cargoes from Wales, as the nearest American slate quarries are in Virginia whence the difficulties of transportation would have been insurmountable. The shapes of the roofs show considerable variety, and it is worthy of note that several of the earlier buildings made use of the gambrel or curb roof. This type is generally associated with New England, but was also tried out here in early times and given up, no doubt because rooms so close under the roof proved to be excessively hot during the greater part of the year. Besides the gambrel roof there are several examples of the “jerkin head,” in which the peak of the gable is splayed off by a third roof-plane giving it a snug and blunt expression. = eee WN poor LINES A \__, = Se \ ae € THEN \ mM 3 i> cay 2 ai ra 7 A= peGere =a | ae a be \, tees (0 Eft ES Jjnisc =e ii zy i _ om I] i ee — er = ALBERT SIMONs So = JERHIN HEAD ROOF 22 CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA The chimney-stacks are large, to allow for log-burning fireplaces on each floor, and flues ample enough for the free passage of a “a ro-ro boy” (chimney-sweep), as the old city ordinances required all chimneys to be swept. In almost all instances these large open fireplaces have been reduced and cribbed in with cast- iron facings of gothic design that suggest nothing so much as a frontispiece from one of the old editions of the Waverley Novels. These, of course, were ushered in with the introduction of coal-grates in the Victorian era. j An interesting detail found on many old houses is the insurance plate or fire- mark. These are oval plaques about eight by ten inches, made of cast iron or lead, bearing the insignia of the company with which the house was insured. Some of these insurance companies antedate the Revolution but most are a little later. Apart from their value historically, these plaques add a spot of interest to many a blank wall-surface. There are two small stuccoed houses, opposite St. Philip’s Church, that evidently belong to this early period. They are of especial interest as being probably the only houses now standing that are built of coral stone,' which was brought in as ballast from Bermuda. Practically all these earlier dwelling-houses fall roughly into two general types __the “single-house” and the “double-house”—and examples of both types con- tinued to be built up to the Civil War. The first has been described uniquely yet clearly as follows: “houses stand sidewaies backward into their yards and only endwaies with their gables toward the street.”* To enter the main hall, one entered the yard and walked along the side of the main body of the house until reaching the axis of the entrance door. The double-house (usually nearly square) is entered directly from the street, the doorway being on the front axis of the building. The plans of the Robert Pringle and the Horry houses, which stand side by side and are reproduced herein, illustrate these two types better than any description. From about 1760 to the outbreak of the Revolution, which caused the cessation of building, houses were erected of larger dimensions and greater richness of detail than formerly. The first story is raised well above grade, so that more head-room is gained in the basement, and the entrance is reached by an imposing flight of steps. This elevation of the first floor arose from the desire for greater coolness, and to lift the house above the danger of flooding 1We are indebted to Dean H. D. Campbell, of Washington and Lee University, for the following identification: ““The stone is made up of grains of coral sand with a few grains of quartz sand loosely cemented together with carbonate of lime. I would not say that all the grains of carbonate of lime came from coral, but the stone would go under the general name of coral limestone. It is the character of stone that is found on coral islands.” 27, Fuller, ‘ Worthies, Exeter.” eh baeiR Boh BVO LUO NCA Rey SEER CD ye by storm tides. The drawing-room still occurs on the second floor and is now high enough to enjoy the sea-breezes that sweep across the city and keep the air fresh and cool all during the long summers. There was, at this time, a great regard for everything British, so that the tastes and fashions of London were adopted in the colony soon after their inception in the capital. Most of the young men of wealthy families were sent to England to be educated, and upon their return home must have desired the same amenities to which they had grown accustomed in the mother coun- try. Instances are recorded of houses erected by London builders attracted to the colony by the opportunities for plying their trade. As a result of all this close contact, many of the houses of this period have little of that tentative and naive quality that is usually associated with colonial work but are very definitely a transplanted manifestation of English-Georgian architecture. This is especially the case in respect to the well-proportioned paneled rooms and the dextrously carved woodwork of mantels, doors, and cornices, following frequently the elegant manner of Chippendale with rococo and Chinese motifs skillfully blended. This gay and spirited architecture ceased before Sir Peter Parker’s ships (1776) appeared in the harbor to attack Fort Moultrie, and when, at last, peace was restored and prosperity gradually revived, a new man- ner and a different taste inspired the builders of the day. A iit g EE = ami I f ot)? AW Re al ki ga Be ue ; a | [eee == ill PUTTIN 1 pasen eons =! re GAMBREL ROOF oo , a OEE I RON OATS a v= —— “Heats 4 -* ge + Mi ace need td : au, Se >~-+ GIBSON, DESIGNER ST. MICHAEL'S CHURCH— 1752-61. HOUNHO S$, TAVHOIW “LS (C6QI WaLAV ANOG-ATVH NI NOILWYOOIA) HOUNHO 8/TAVHOIN “LS Le. eo nse SGanguh'svesaae ee \S SO . a, EXCHANGE AND CUSTOM HOUSE— 1767-72. 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RR hee a j mj nye (cea al CL Second Story Drawing Reem of Horry Howse 4 7 wr Wr DO LwOSz AE APK NIX NICATION AAA NETS) j/ WZ, ow ITE. Yj BESANT ENE Sad ZIT STZ PSS SE PS DDO Trond Trop oyu Dy Upu Trtptyp tpt pty ll a7 roo. Tope ot Won GY 4 1] | Ny ai 8 ea eee eta bay fast sy LL lool lnonnanl SY S99 [ rs x VST 2 J 2 iu — y a DRAWN BY ALBERT SIMONS aSNOH AWYOH AHL | SEE ECTS pais ee nore fe pe Peer bee os Sue td : crrrerrererreert | Tian i Z j peer. Ll | digas UY) ° oO J 4 3 need go Ee ee LL, += mag ela LLlla : Sent DRAWN BY ALBERT SIMONS Laguis davuL oL ‘¥L41—asnoH $,aIONIad Luasou aoanfl if ad iit x % es eet a - Pa =. Zz rol a ASNOH $ AIONIYd Luadou aoanl 6 ane Se Pte Sle CaS ee oes om Oe Se ae Oe ox uA pHs Ue reer ey JUDGE ROBERT PRINGLE 'S HOUSE ASNOH $ AIONIUd Luagdow aoanl 6 Rr ae estes ene piesa roeakeh ss ng pinnt orae i lin name oneal rida ¢ HMA hte OO tec OP Raita eterna LaauLS HOUNHO ANY AUALLVYA HLNOS "ggki WaLAVY—daSNOH S$ NOLONIHSVM WVITTIM TV YaNaD lida te na HERAEAL Star. img a ae aSNOH § NOLONIHSVM WVITIIM TY YaNdd c Hn TNIUUINT UNQOLIY ULHTHHT AIM TT ‘mmm ian IMI | Se RT ee 7 a es ee a a a a GANS A a - wow Ee VE Ef) “2 ga\eeSee rose Batiy seese- aN eSeee: ft + oe 7} ‘a ME oad Ro ee an fe ‘ . . LA jm a px , Si. 4: ae oe Dae Se el GENERAL WILLIAM WASHINGTON’S HOUSE ieee eae ae <4 ee ey Pereny od Pe eae GENERAL WILLIAM WASHINGTON’S HOUSE WSS ANY Sa ro PN MT DOO AEE i on ae “ate ete wo lh a re ean we HOUSE AT 21 CHARLES STREET (BOTTOM) CHURCH STREET CABBAGE ROW’ (TOP). 6s beta 15 MEETING STREET OUSE—ABOUT 1770 JOHN EDWARDS’ H Noh ae se oy PV te st Pe - - - — - = al - = - e ated: Vere tere ve tee eID | , JOHN EDWARDS HOUSE SNOWIS LYdaTV AC NAVY Joo $i QLECF+SOLOEATUSIW, YOIS Die cat V4 ) Wve woovy Swravongy Y bs yop {epee woos - , is (©: ASN INS uy 7G % i) ee y ~ FA Gy | ) a \ ‘sy , A an Ya Pe a 7: Bi Ys ‘A Y \ y joeR Oe een j SS Y Y OS. NS SSS OWS SS DX 29S ES2 Bo ( Z Y SAO NARAYAN WAIARAAASAVSY MSS freee teehee Peewee caer tecsc) aSNOH sduvMda NHOf gpa cabins % EN FCT REE DESDE TOLEVEY ASNOH saquvMda NHOf 6 isa TITttrrrtrtet SsSeaRAR ER = rs t epenocrnetn aioe; een ‘cyte cemetia nn peter aSNOH sauvMdd NHOf LiL? BABERMRARASARNSAAAB AEM RL ERE AEA IAERSTAAS EA $ Lamereriyirty | LAAULS NAIND SF Lv ASNOH a a ET: PIRI MN MOE thy: re : (MA AAs idle ELLE EE VE ir a Bw fae ethene nnn in Ue TE VERT HOUSES IN TRADD STREET LAXULS AdATO “oLLi LONOGVY —AOVNOSUVd HOUNHO S dITIHd “LS LAIULS ONILAAN ST LY ASNOH 6 = = = = = mS eres "2 +" 1 el a AYE aN Ty haz au LS aie 2 EE HUMPHREY SOMMERS’ HOUSE ee yt PAINU YA yi) Pye —— SY iy ere My yhytye Tas Sy tye te y és yyy” Oe te gy, Sie UOT ) ) } } ‘ Wyn ke PERT wi = Py hytyis poy ap scons aL UCT tnt nY O)4 8) Vp ty igh phyryigt PPE ey HH Ayyayn ome Perera ayy Hi _ ‘ 4 es Le ae aa HUMPHREY SOMMERS’ HOUSE— ABOUT 1'765. 128 TRADD STREET : Ss = na = Cee eee I1O BROAD STREET 5 RALPH IZARD §S HOUSE— BEFORE 1757 it~ st] aS fA Nil ; iy opt xi Curriage Drive Ptan LplOr Plan of I* floor Seale Ins Rovistsevesn goed EA wa) RALPH IZARD’S HOUSE DRAWN BY ALBERT SIMONS Pe IaaULs HOUNHO OF -€$—CrL1 NaaM.Lad —aSNOH $ HOFITAAT ADUOAO LaAULS SHAWIVHO NI ASNOH ANId LaAULS SHATUVHO 17 LV ASNOH t i i z | vibes i cee Uae fa Pa ities Uiiis: . tt : s 7k eauen eens ae meneeee ° a eee il pe HE ree eg ee ia ir % me aie if Ui verre Bees i We , iN¢ aM | M Hv ABEL ee" —— iil MR SS AE COLONEL JOHN STUART S HOUSE— ABOUT 1772. 104 TRADD STREET SNOWIS LYddTV Ad NAVY SANIT MOV1Id AGITOS NI NV1d TYNIOIYO—dSNOH S$ LYVNLS NHOf THNOTOO JING Ss 2st2 tL 9USW) YI’ 19994 % £9 wWAd 1007f 1 $0 UOTd LPOPQSLS* "i Ro | \ wooy 5 , Bes 7 Ba | Re | l a ae r= | a oss Oo = fee =o | = | os Ns Ah GMeses Se UIYoPBY : Wu _ N pared 2—] : N) —AACKR—aw’s ASNOH $ LUYVNIS NHOf THNOTOO 6 iii Se ee oat TPVOrT TH trv PHtriseyeees Sabai 2 Scak snr Fa = Y Yj CA A AAU /// oc Sees | 1 ‘ VE g 4 $ ee, = 2. Te RIL P SLIP TEELIDLETD Om ASLSIIELESIILSELIS Eta Ue VITIDOODOSD. WS SCR | 9) Ech Sososstse: 2 mY 4 PILL LLL LLL ALLL LAS VA RSASASSASSaucasaaasa: \GasarereraragcIaeasooTeo2es. Seal (ne ti 3 6 COLONEL JOHN STUART § HOUSE— DRAWING’- ROOM DRAWN BY ALBERT SIMONS aSNOH $ LYVNLS NHOL 1TaNOTOO Baal eae 2 on et Py gee . Se ———, - | . sin A RP stint ete try >> sooty vA rn jt emma (on ea Mi Rey 1D TR ash ~ | ASNOH $. LUWNLS NHOL TaNOTOO Soa iit e HREM EIEN LOTT & aad eee LaGULS NAAND S¥ LY ASNOH —AVMUIVIS _ @SNOH §.LuvNLs NHOf TANOTOO IIIS Hi ASSEN iia A; se } aS aay = SA ke £ a, C,H, bap bn a lyon at iy, ey, i, AN, ve SIM, Hh, a. S, SATA ty OA ee “ A yn ~ apes PO cet “SS AS 99 epee” on diet. sinenoie gate S—EASTERN HALF DANIEL BLAKE S TENEMENT ERS AT 45 QUEEN STREET 5 SERVANTS QUART ieee a 8 TENEMENTS——BETWEEN 1760 AND 1'772. COURT HOUSE SQUARE 5 DANIEL BLAKE i Beak UP Giga aes *s TENEMENTS DANIEL BLAKE 5 T Be Scola DANIEL BLAKE'S TENEMENTS— EASTERN HALF ed Spenser seal ajiaitennnd deceit asian A Cotesia iii wii piiiti IN a b 4 reba bees mee tenes eterno mneninnrrireessetinratinnaennitnentnt TRELERA PSI ENERO LE OED ATE T NEE LET DD MER enned ne vi EMENTS— WESTERN HALF + DANIEL BLAKE § TEN AWALLVG HLNOs +9 “6gL1 quOITa—aASNOH saaaIO WVITIM STIR ond dE Bie Fae x S35 jee = = = > 4 4 4 4 4 I sd q HOUSE 5 WILLIAM GIBBES HSNOH SdddIO WVITIM SAAD AW as SE HANAANAIINNALMRiN — i oaieanenteaatinhieeiemehememnnatanamiemanemtie 2 een aSNOH SaddID WVITUM fear wars. 4 q 56 ie eevee a oi 4 4 - m # epeet sar ea nyiacanaaseaes Sedienonaiena ¢ : ,O 1=,21—STIvlad °*,O ,l1=,%$—NOILVAaTa KD sais LHDIT > oe HLIM CIv'IN ANVDOHWW WUva VALNVW UAAO DNIIIAD LY ADINUOD P Bi THE POST-REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD . . . + 4 ‘ f ’ / ‘ é cm i ‘ 1 a) os 5 -” 4 ~ ee Sane ae wy SIR HENRY CLINTON S MAP OF CHARLESTON— 1'780 eis : ak Opel MYOP GY Ag MOYO ACLS VD UOLf tomes ae a QQgL1 — NOLSATYWHO nonempty asians sisatininaanTentte ae wnebeanit <. scepter nesters MASE OE ERNIE TIES ge: UNE TILED HBAS NOLS 2TAFHD $0 LL) Ye. JO VTE if ee ae : tf, TO res f id at ’ eZ Ye lw! a = 8 s as mama od 18 2 hi Z x é Aa Lee \ A 19% @\ : a \ “\ wh , Ly X ‘ at dle dade: Sohal wa Ue ss wr. ie 2, Doe ey ee ia THE POSTREVOLUTIONAR Y PERIO WURING the Revolution, Charleston became one of the chief focal points of the war-zone. After successfully resisting a combined naval and military attack in 1776, under General Clinton and Sir Peter Parker, it was swept by a destructive fire in 1778, shelled by General Prevost in 1779, and finally, after the fall of Savannah, was shut in by Clinton, with fortifications thrown across the neck of land be- tween the two rivers and by a fleet anchored in the harbor. In 1780, after a protracted siege, General Lincoln surrendered the city to the British, who did not evacuate until December, 1782. When the chaos of war ceased, the town presented the appearance of an armed camp. A considerable area lay within the fortifications, but there were few buildings, and several of these were barracks. In many parts of the town were large vacant spaces called “greens”; these had been used for drilling and maneuvering troops. The whole terrain was intersected by lagoons, tide marshes, and creeks navigable by small craft and spanned by bridges to connect the isolated boroughs. Commerce and trade had disappeared; many substantial Tory citizens had fled; even the leaders of the victorious patriots had been ruined financially. There was no stable system of currency, and there was no credit available with which to start new business. Until raw products could be produced for export, ex- treme poverty prevailed. The production of indigo, which had been subsidized by the Crown and had been the source of much wealth, had now ceased, never to be revived. Until cotton was introduced as a staple, and the swamps along the rivers had been systematically cleared and dyked for the more general culti- vation of rice, the depression continued. In 1787, water mills took the place of manual processes for cleaning and polishing the grain, effecting a greater profit. Banks were established and foreign trade, which had been formerly monopolized by Great Britain, spread to all parts of Europe. Manufactured articles needed by the entire state were imported by the merchants, while down the rivers to the wharves floated barges from the plantations, bearing vast quantities of rice, and along the miry roads plodded long defiles of ox-drawn wagons piled high with cotton from the up-country. At the shops and taverns in Broad, Elliot, PHeEePOST*REVOLUDIONAR Yer hin OD 103 and Tradd streets could be found English hardware and woolens, French silks and brandies, Canton china, Madras prints, Spanish and Portuguese wines, and Jamaica rum. Prosperity grew with the closing of the eighteenth and the opening decades of the nineteenth century. With the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars, fol- lowing the French Revolution, the British Navy destroyed the French merchant marine, and France opened her commerce to neutrals; thus American trade pros- pered greatly, supplying France and the French West Indies with food-stufts. This led to reprisals from Great Britain, reflected here by the disappearance of foreign commerce and the accumulation of raw produce, with an accompanying decline in values and loss of capital, which was further aggravated by the “State of War” that existed with France for some years. The conditions became acute prior to the War of 1812, but by 1816 hard times had passed and the town entered upon a new period of prosperity and expansion which lasted until the debacle of 1860. It will be noted, in general, that intensive building usually follows a period of commercial activity, and that construction frequently goes forward when the tide of prosperity has reached its flood or has begun to ebb. This may be ac- counted for by the fact that building operations proceeded slowly in those days and considerable time was spent in preparation before the project could be com- menced. With the first economic recovery following the Revolution, we note the erection of a considerable number of religious, philanthropic, and social in- stitutions, as well as commercial and domestic buildings. Perhaps the most gifted architect of this period was Gabriel Manigault, the third of his family in America to bear that name. He was a gentleman rice- planter of independent means who had completed his education in Geneva and London and brought home with him from England a valuable architectural library. He was the first Charleston architect in the more modern acceptance of the term, in that he prepared designs to be executed by builders. However, his equipment seems to have been more that of a cultured amateur than of the thoroughly trained professional. All of his work betrays the elegant attenuation of proportions, smallness of scale, and flatness of detail which characterize the work of the Adam Brothers and their immediate successors. He died in Phila- delphia in 1809. The dwelling-house of this period following immediately after the Revolu- tion displays considerable ingenuity and variety of plan. Gracefully winding stairways and oval drawing-rooms indicate the influence of architects conversant 104 CHARLESTON; SOU DR CAhWOL TNA with contemporary French as well as English practice. Paneling disappears from the interiors, except as wainscoting. Mouldings become very small in scale and of greater variety of profile. Much reeding and channeling is resorted to, as well as composition ornament of standardized Adam types. Plaster cornices and centerpieces enrich the lofty ceilings in the main rooms. Piazzas, or open gal- leries, in two or three tiers, assume greater proportions and extend the entire length of the house along the western or southern exposure, shielding the house from the hot rays during the day and affording an airy retreat in the evening. Various expedients were employed to overcome the lack of unity of design which these many-storied appendages imposed. Perhaps the most successful was to reduce the columns to very slender proportions and span them with ex- tremely flat segmental arches. This gives the piazza frankly the character of secondary importance and emphasis and is sufficiently pleasing in appearance to be tolerated. Later, with the advent of a more rigid classicism, the end of the piazza facing the street was sometimes walled up and treated with windows similar to those on the rest of the house. The fallacy of this contrivance is at once apparent when the house is viewed at an angle across the garden. These general types of buildings continued in use up to the Civil War, although, with the approach of the middle of the century, there appeared an increasing tendency towards the large in scale accompanied by the simplification and coarsening of the detail, due to the replacement of white craftsmen by negro artisans. While there is no sharp line of demarcation between the post-Revo- lutionary and the ante-bellum periods—for the transition is continuous—yet the final development is so far from the point of departure as to make some distinc- tion seem appropriate. SECOND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH—I8I1 OIQZI—-1IQI—HOUNHS 8 TNVd “LS HAS SUT, 1 i IRON GATES— 1823 HERAN CHURCH— 1815-1818 ST. JOHN'S LUT <> ee: 7x j bys | | oy, \ Roce RLOGH HPQ : < ) sy RMN MME oo shcnamespae gegen nat ees) er y E HUN Secacan semeanrean 1 || a NG | | ! i \ | | | i i H i i] i) ) | | {| ) i ! ! ) } PLCC I yu 4 i } \ } l | NH WOW ~| | \ ea | } | } it | | ‘a 1 ill | | P | | i 1 ! ] H | | i iH | My | | i i | ) Wk i 2 I} i i | | rit LI | F Win hi | Vit f a | | = ate l | ! ) | i i { Vi }! a || HN j t l | | | i i | } f I \ | ) ) H } | | Hl | | i | MHI | { 4 | | i \ i) ! It) | \\ \ i} } i | | i | | } | + | \ ad ii ! — || | i DN | A i i — i) | iit HNTLURTMT TTT THAT GTETeia TNT How Ion eo ) i iH |) ee i J “ | i} om il tits DOO CTT pean \ | i Hl ] i ! A tI i XO X92 {) 4) hoy INO a f ait Er 1, } i 'Y me | : 1 an | | hf { if i i] | 4 | | | | i ! | i ! ) H j Wi i | | ; ; if I} tt tit ae L i) '} ih INN UAUSOTI UR FLAN LMU a | ! | =e m \ J ONE ST. JOHN'S LUTHERAN CHURCH — IRON GATES DRAWN BY ALBERT SIMONS SCALE—33"=1’ oO” 1814 FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH ARCHITECT > UNITED STATES BANK—I80I (NOW CITY HALL). GABRIEL MANIGAULT ARCHITECT > GABRIEL MANIGAULT JUDGE WILLIAM DRAYTON HAPEL— 1802 (Top) CHARLESTON ORPHAN HOUSE C ARCHITECT bp] 1800. 1788- (BOTTOM) COURT HOUSE — BETWEEN LOALIHOUV SUANSAM AOrMAdTUA “STQI NI Gaqdqdv OOILuod LOALIHOUV SLINVOINVW Taluavo ‘YOQI—TIVH ALAIOOS VNITOUVO HLNOS SNOWIS LYddTV Ad NMVUC LOGLIHOUV SLINVOINVW Taragvy ‘OOLI LNOAyY—aANGOT ALVD —dSNOH S LINVOINVW Hdasol Jpi_—760) Or renoy pyro Sriay yd cop am, iS F atin ot — FPF SSS as fprvxclost g Supupotp yy 3 Ge Ree Nien ZIAYL QUARTERS SERVANTS HOUSE ’ NATHANIEL RUSSELL $ LaquLs aouoas Fi *L6L1 LnNOayY —aSNOH AANNYONId-NOLAIIAGIW AHL # z f H “ k | i | _ I MAM Ss eel’ Inches 30 25 20 10 12 14 16 18 20 5 Bas 68 ° Doorway Scale of Plans Scale of THE MIDDLETON-PINCKNEY HOUSE— FRONT DOORWAY AND FIRST FLOOR PLAN. DRAWN BY A. T. S. STONEY -ASNOH AANYONIG-NOLAIGGIN FHL ; TU eee Ra Me > ae ge a a mn is celestial ars A Li he agegegey 14 BULL STREET E— ABOUT 1800. WILLIAM BLACKLOCK S HOUS WILLIAM BLACKLOCK’S HOUSE 6 © pay le of Dra wing Scale of Details. DRAWN BY A. T. S. STONEY FRONT STEPS WILLIAM BLACKLOCK’S HOUSE Hunan ail lar Section aid a OSD Be BE) i a a ee a eae cul A — i mee MI f i \ iS i ue oS I Hf \ = = - a ee - Ft === | SSSSSSSssq lek SAT HHARH HB ABBE wes 5 Rae Lane + eae q a HE WILLIAM BLACKLOCK’S HOUSE— FRONT DOOR DRAWN BY A. T. S. STONEY WILLIAM BLACKLOCK’S HOUSE LaaULS GVOUd JO YANUOO AHL LV LAPULS GONVUO NO ALVSD V SuUaLUVvVNd SINVAWdS — ASNOH 8 AOOTAOV TA WVITIIM N NI > \ N s iS iS : S < SN S mS S N N N N \ \ Arg aS, fe LLEEL PAULL, UORNRURGERTELLUCY SRARRORAREMAOAR DANIEL RAVENEL’§ HOUSE—SERVANTS’ QUARTERS— ABOUT 1800. 68 BROAD STREET he sheieaee cee * CHAMBER: *DIAING- DINING - - ROM: ROM - TETRIS * Fi PLANS: * SECOND: FL@R° PLAN = VANDERHORST ROW— 1800. EAST BAY DRAWN BY SAMUEL LAPHAM, JR. VANDERHORST ROW HOUSE AT 92 CHURCH STREET— COACH HOUSE AT LEFT % i SR era “ATE OUSE— 1800. 77 MEETING STREET 5 JOSIAH SMITH S H UUM f i HOUSE AT 8 MEETING STREET AV LSVa NI gaSNOH LaaULS SHAGID Q “TT—-OTZI—ASNOH S NOLAVUG WVITTIIM il eee ill iv See > ae SRE 2 Sens. tA ales IM SOROS sa» ae eae titi WILLIAM DRAYTON’S HOUSE aes: iB ~~ See Newhe om Sha Rea. aed | ge SG one “ Bina oe eS . . = “ rates = ney * - phe a Bee tc kelheA Mek kel att a ot et oll et hated ac tne CUTLER CE ‘ ; na 5 ee re + Pe >. MR + WILLIAM DRAYTON’S HOUSE (TOP) WILLIAM AIKEN’S HOUSE— BEFORE 1827. 456 KING STREET (BOTTOM) DANIEL VERANEL’S HOUSE— ABOUT 1800. 68 BROAD STREET ) ; oi i Za GEORGE EDWARDS’ HOUSE (TOP). COACH HOUSE (BOTTOM) a ee ai he a Se wy @ > F I = I 14 LEGARE STREET HOUSE— BEFORE 1786. 5 GEORGE EDWARDS GEORGE EDWARDS’ HOUSE HSNOH SduvMdd AOUOUO eA LORE BIST if } 3 4 i . aASNOH SduvMdd ADUoOIO SEO é oo 4 Nh aASNOH SduvMda a 4 Swodd LadauLS ONILAAW QI “ASNOH S$ LINVOINVW AUNAH . WHR ME PRM ERE a aSNOH § LINVOINVW AYNAH aNd lsd — LaIULS NNOHTVO “ASNOH SVONT NVHLYNO[L Ddy SancoaganaaNHOCIOH ws | ben ow Mee LaaaLs HOUNHO OIT LV aSNOH LUIULS HOUNHO FII LV ASNOH = =] = = s| J SE as _ ——— ; te . SUEOMNCL TIMENSOESE 170 MNO AE NEN ig Seen Poo oe av wl tod WON aie Stes Sle RW JONATHAN LUCAS’ HOUSE HOUSE AT 13 CHURCH STREET oD tata Beet tg ty pry ty ty Fophetutatutetrtetehy tata ety! : e a } | t inwey HOUSE AT 55 EAST BAY HOUSE AT 20 MONTAGUE STREET ii ae a aE ee abet . eS a a oe) & & a3} ss oS = n pom | = joa) E : Ee Ll * : 5 [oe) oa oe) H Q fad e) om wa ise] 23} wn a5 Oo ener rr erent = SS mn | ent Oo : 7a) a io) #2 a — =“ — o are: < aE T > > WEMBLEY oO + Ros (eB aE TD, B HOUSE AT '7I ANSON STREET (BOTTOM) iad HOUSE AT 173 RUTLEDGE AVENUE (TOP) GOVERNOR THOMAS BENNETT'S HOUSE — LUCAS STREET (BOTTOM) Ele Vatton. $ Inches. 3 12g “asd Seale: Detail — ies = Mainz a =, Let i Point of Support? DRAWN BY A. T. S. STONEY THE WINDING STAIRWAY +) GOVERNOR BENNETT S HOUSE— TL a o i a O LJ ©) U @) a ) i fo) a (6) a © a C)} | L] ©) | O late a C)} | a me G) L - Q Mie, ©) L C) C) i ) pay eee iy Ae ical : 2) =) . 2) ; ¢ fo) F P E Z a f os [ea] nN r gs 3 = 4 S ‘ ical 4 ie) e pea] j > ae e) 1o) aSNOH S,LLANNad SVWOHL YWONUAZAOD oe ee eee Et + -* 2S ae eal 2) pe Sree Set pererrrsr a iq nm © y D Ee a ical vA v4 : a wien anes susenanyr-inasieoniivnmeir nianianingnpen Nimmo Went “crave —nowan vey sehr ar ighineerec Eten renal a wm roeeaea toot ee oe » gre ieee “ee : S . et mete pe Aaa em aR tr ae — SIy s (oe) “ x y 4 eT: Z 2 OR 1o) € af wg a 7 # a : rt " ‘ = f i aasreiniin wMaeelliee y/ fs wil aaa ; ownage ent | * srs gene i j i Re a! jetted UIE ‘ BURAEOIEELRERLE_IACRERELDDE a PHLDOLUNURELLSHT HELD Bean OO aed Fy, mT A at (LAE ji Ma E11 HOUSE AT 21 CHARLES STREET THE MAGWOOD HOUSE— 39 SOUTH BATTERY P2293 == ess, ce \ \ Ne es 2 wy, sta oY, > SS eee CA=saG Se MEY ay: Canvey, = eS (Da. BAYES. AS, = Y~= > SSS ©a¥ Ay; Sx“ WZ ¢ WT ae ff); Gz probably a poplacement base EXTERIOR DRAWN BY ALBERT SIMONS ‘WIE HH}, WO?” ~ S S mS INTERIOR FRONT ENTRANCE THE MAGWOOD HOUSE to". DETAIL 13” cman: 2 SCALE — ELEVATION & — oa a4 & n 3) fad G 1e) isa) — Ln on x} D =) O q a) a ROBERT MILLS 7832, EPROOF BUILDING —I ee MESNE CONVEYANCE OFFICE— FIR Mee we Sex Saree - S41 eat A ett — WESTMINSTER PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH — 1850 (TOP). EDWARD C. JONES, ARCHITECT BETHEL METHODIST CHURCH — 1853 (BOTTOM) pact d, PY Rt”) = | +4 —— £9 fy ae s.. aD PRP 2% S *, Y al ), > ae = oul Kf I PRIOLEAU STREET ES. MERCHANTS OFFIC —— — aS ee COLLEGE OF CHARLESTON—CENTRAL PORTION, WILLIAM STRICKLAND, ARCHITECT— 1828. WINGS AND PORTICO, E, BLAKE WHITE, ARCHITECT— 1850. GATE LODGE, BEFORE 1852, E. BLAKE WHITE, ARCHITECT (PROBABLY) OW 1c~ al a * MARKET HALL— 1841 a ac | i vw oy oe Ye ~~ hale ¥, See man yy = ¥. ) rs a AVf. AL | Pet yO » 3. ER apes © == —— > Pa Fras ie =. of | a re ieee | at ares mel 7 | tip 7 A) ‘ eel m1 . BM oe hee BELLE TR wo ig al ANA , ba = en oo et org guar * eS a (le oo oo ¢ @ ee 9) a bs x : a) | GATE—CITY HALL PARK GATE— HIBERNIAN HALL— 1840 1840. IUSTI, MAKER CH GATE ST. MICHAEL § CHUR 4 CUMBERLAND STREET 5 McLEISH S$ SMITHY. LOALIHOUV “WANSAM AOMAGAUA “TlL-OtTQI—TdaVLIO dHL =LOGLIHOUV “LGUVHOIau ——— ‘L$Q1 quodaa—TSLOH NOLSATYVHO (Lda) ALVO UvaU— ORI ANOdad ‘AVA LSVE “ANWA SOINVHOAW ANW SUALNW1d S505) S 3 Cx KX O) Cx LAV ROO COOK x a Ot —- key a (3 HI aya i pts i AMR iH Hy QUARTERS (BOTTOM) a bEg SS ibe i ae in it TY, ae ‘i : WI I PLANTERS HOTEL (TOP), BEFORE 1835. 13'7 CHURCH STREET PLANTERS AND MECHANICS BANK—SERVANTS LAW-OFFICE OF JAMES LOUIS PETIGRU— 1848. ST. MICHAEL'S ALLEY (TOP). E. BLAKE WHITE, ARCHITECT WROUGHT IRON AWNING SUPPORTS. 152 CHURCH STREET (BOTTOM) TV Vet FEEL OR PRNTTTITIT TU ANTI we eS su ane ah Ides intr on BENNETT'S RICE MILL— 1844 ICE MILL— 1830 (TOP). WEST POINT RICE MILL— 1860 (BOTTOM) CHISOLM § R HOUSE AT THE CORNER OF ANN AND MEETING STREETS OUSE— 1820. 26 MEETING STREET OUSE— ABOUT 1845. 13 EAST BATTERY STREET. WILLIAM MASON SMITH S H ) WILLIAM RAVENEL 8S H ELIAS VANDERHORST'S HOUSE— AFTER 1832. 28 CHAPEL STREET Ht UN) a NE | rT ah, ee ELIAS VANDERHORST’S HOUSE (TOP) CHARLES ALLSTON’S HOUSE— 1838. 21 EAST BATTERY (BOTTOM) CHARLES ALLSTON’S HOUSE AUVNOS OOVUM ‘MOU NAXIV Fug Pt pe Laquls ALLOTYVHO QI “OFgI LNOAY—aASNOH § NILUVW LUIAOU i Mi YY ( A EN ie ORES aly ~ 4 oe y ’ ise | ils OUSE 5 ROBERT MARTIN 8S H HOUSE AT '75 ANSON STREET tits eee RC eRGKeTRENGRUSGGa Sune Ea) SSSSR58S6 88 Sua Be THE RIPLEY HOUSE. 2I GEORGE STREET : abe ni oy $ i CS p= 5 a! a s - Mest NYS 2 Ps ae) ¢ iit JAMES NICHOLSON’S HOUSE— AFTER 1830. 1'72 RUTLEDGE AVENUE i il | l lh To. _./zrerere, at TSS ee es = | ft A ‘ JOSEPH AIKEN’S HOUSE— 1848. 20 CHARLOTTE STREET f ANNAAV AaTHsv SL Lv asNOH é _ ASNOH S_NOSIOHOIN sawvf . | . frrvetaer eee tert ery ere ee ek tee ancien gyre OUSE— AFTER 1845. Q EAST BATTERY WILLIAM ROPER § H ” f 32 LEGARE STREET Ane PS . THE SIMONTON GATE THE SIMONTON GATE SIGNATURES AND IDENTIFIED WORKS OF pO VibgObe Lob B ARTY VAR CHLEE@ISeAND BUILDERS OF CHARLESTON PETERVHORLBECK For signature see page 217 Born Died JOHN HORLBECK For signature see page 217 Born 1729. Died PRACTICED AS PETER ann JOHN HORLBECK Circa 1767-1792 IDENTIFIED BUILDINGS : The Exchange, 1767 The Synagogue, 1792 (Steedman & Horlbeck). Destroyed 1838 GABRIEL MANIGAULT ey A ee ay 7 fe SE? Re, ok a ok oN igh (Ay Ash * 5 Seat. ie Lae ay 7 Nae LF Fs nf we « , rd Patil, tee j IDENTIFIED BUILDINGS : Joseph Manigault House, Meeting and John Sts. About 1790 Gabriel Manigault House, Meeting and George Sts. About 1800 Bank of the United States, 1801 Chapel of the Orphan House, 1802 South Carolina Society Hall, 1804 ROBERT MILLS For signature see page 217 Born 1781. Died 1855 IDENTIFIED BUILDINGS : First Baptist Church, 1822 County Record Building, 1822 Circular Church, 1804. Destroyed 1861 WILLIAM STRICKLAND OF PHILADELPHIA IDENTIFIED BUILDING : Main Building, College of Charleston, 1828 [HOMME IAG Re DY s: Born Died —— Practiced circa 1835-1840 IDENTIFIED BUILDINGS : St. Philip’s Church, 1835 Masonic Temple, Market St. Destroyed 1838 Market Hall (?), 1841 WARNER OF NEW YORK Synagogue, Beth Elohim, 1838 FREDERICK WESNER Born Practiced circa 1813-1841 IDENTIFIED BUILDINGS : Portico, South Carolina Society Hall, 1825 The Citadel, 1829-32 Old Medical College, 1827 SIGNATURES AND IDENTIFIED WORKS, Continued EDWARD BLAKE WHITE lupe O90 Gees Born Died —— Practiced circa 1841-1876 IDENTIFIED BUILDINGS : Huguenot Church, 1844 Grace Church, 1848 Petigru Law Office, 1848 College of Charleston, Wings of Main Building, 1850 U.S. Custom House, 1850 Spire of St. Philip’s Church Charleston Gas Light Co. Office, 141 Meeting St., 1876 G. GC. WALKER College of Charleston, Library Building, 1855 PRANGIS, DELEE pe EDWARD C. JONES A ee ON eb VLEp Born ——- Died — COL “-t., Cus ; vi Lie. a sll e Born 1826. Died 1885 Removed from Charleston to St. Louis, Mo., in 1868 PRACTICED INDIVIDUALLY AND AS FIRM OF JONES anv LEE Circa 1849-1862 IDENTIFIED BUILDINGS : Westminster Presbyterian Church, 1850 (Edward C. Jones) Unitarian Church, 1852 (Jones and Lee) State Bank of South Carolina, No. 1 Broad St., 1853 (Francis D. Lee) Farmers and Exchange Bank, 135 East Bay, 1854 (Jones and Lee) Remodeling of Charleston Orphan House, 1855 (Jones and Lee) Citadel Square Baptist Church, 1856 (Jones and Lee) St. Luke’s Episcopal Church, 1862 (Francis D. Lee) - # J a. raw f felay wie me ae | ; Po nn mee te hha ‘ Kell or re ea rs he h : ‘ < 5 en ae 4 a Z ee rey ee = ale d Phees, tifrers eee Comte ath 1404 Va Yhrr eSkrte Alaye od ehative Pe tur fA , Sy ie pd =. < lit fe Gorrie a eS tay tor thtae es NL. aes Gq Se, wdeche cory Sue Von 3 7 tae 4 ¢ iy « % < a = F + ia Rte 4G ; 4 - . F Ger ‘we P Pog Vie \ Ive OF*9 C11 091 CZ ey ? vA + he : Hi ~ vad — \ ~~, yp | ee List Fa) ow Mh iff! Sates f Unk, cA faghart Bia a fomy Prtadusanunts fave ees es Correct, ae as Veco nig ere nd pee eo aes Shum Jo, Av ill pet ay tah inteaying kit fie hind aegeinte fe complet Hhes. Citibn shall ret exci? St 10.000 which wilt be tif hun. Oe half ef whet Hes tet Phas will bro, eslirer alan £400 GA. fr he Lirafias x SISO hid ra Bose hid [lerlocas Corly 40 wn he ary ears fre Yih orks, Ee 7 Cra ree ye ; Re «eee | CZ one oS auth iGo < SEY. PEE) Sf ’ ; ; - J ; : # ? ( a ter? . J), i, ae? » 7 ys : i Z Fh df a ae | Hdd tenisnd cde i blir = peer tty WROTE ALS ETL (APD OLA 12 Se Viccupiens forand an the leball yf thu Idling ‘ athe Yu foo Ala seus pad 2 Halt be fro art Ls be Villa carat ff le be, 2 = | the tea f Croat Mira ari fief , ee 2 hitmen the hafarwg; Prana More wi, 2 | , vs, Vee Wil of ther Serthyrbouthe arid What vt he ia Be. . $= See ee pe ae Sa LY (nae LLL “ta ; re =a l at sat é 5 ee aes ‘ a >. , ; yi L. fp Draorritdt) (AP 1MA Pe Li cerree wilte Che eta Stlif Whe “ Gh tong « etrin Uatteige WZ A lart < x there fa J ate tL Hide: fT CODC7 UE pars Se i At oe, : j agen [terfer the Coriilazalion. ertire aflir verti atl Sernty wit, mak, Et Arta GPA EE J : 4 Sees y wid Palériald ihe afer arurli tre (Gul Ot lo if J ; te, td haely fl arid Me Hal furl ABE SPF. ZA Vt, lb bi rice ab he A272 T pe be Dorie Wr ete erly 4 Me Surface of d Seratle tha tide Crm of the its tittle 7 wetepurrlice uttte plerthe Lact lprtint 2 he Jaur Berit bargihasag Mick Und the Wa FP S. ROBERT MILLS’ SIGNATURE TO THE PROPOSAL FOR ENLARGING ST. MICHAEL'S (TOP) JOHN AND PETER HORLBECK’S SIGNATURES TO THE CONTRACT FOR BUILDING THE EXCHANGE (BOTTOM) BIBLIOGRAPHY Bairp, C. W.: History of the Huguenot Emigration to America. 1885. Baptist CHurcH, CHARLESTON, History OF. Brackett, G. R.: History of the Second Presbyterian Church. 1898. Brown, E. C. L.: Sketch of the Unitarian Church, Charleston. 1882. Crry of CHARLESTON, YEAR Books, 1880-1890. City or CHARLESTON DiRECTORIES, 1790-1852. City Gazette AND Dairy ComMerciAL ADVERTISER, 1788-1832. Crark, W. A.: Banking Institutions in South Carolina prior to 1860. 1922. Co.iecE oF CHARLESTON: Trustees’ Minutes, 1790-1880. Commons JournaL MS. anp Councit Journat MS. Courter, THE CHARLESTON, 1803-1860. Datcno, Frepericx: Church History of South Carolina. 1820. Frazier, CHARLES: Reminiscences of Charleston. 1854. Corner Stone Address, College of Charleston. 1828. Girman, SAMUEL: The Old and the New (Unitarian Church). 1854. Hartow, R. V.: The Growth of the United States. Hotmes, G. $.: Historical Sketch of St. Michael’s Church. 1887. Hopkins, T. F.: Historical Sketch of St. Mary’s Church. 1897. Horn, E. T.: Historical Sketch of St. John’s Lutheran Church. 1884. Howe, Grorce: History of the Presbyterian Church in South Carolina. 1870. Hucuenot Cuurcu, SKETCH oF. 1885. Hucuenot Society or SouTH CAROLINA, TRANSACTIONS OF. LapHAM, SAMUEL, JR.: The Rice Mills of Charleston, S. C. (Architectural Record, August, 1923). Levin, NATHANIEL: Synagogue Beth Elohim. 1883. McCrapy, Epwarp: South Carolina under Proprietary Government. 1897. South Carolina under Royal Government. 1899. Historical Sketch, St. Philip's Church. 1896. Address Medical College Commencement. 1886. Mesne Conveyance Orrice: Deeds and Records. Missitpinz, A. H.: Historical Sketch of Congregational Church. 1882. Poyas, Mrs. (THe Ancient Lapy): Our Forefathers, Their Homes and Their Churches. PRESBYTERIAN CENTENNIAL. I914. Ramsey, Davip: History of South Carolina. 1809. Rivers, W. J.: Historical Sketch of South Carolina. 1856. Stmons, ALBERT: Minor Charleston Houses (The Architectural Forum, February, 1925). Smmons, ALBERT, AND Lapua, S., Jr.: The Development of Charleston Architecture (The Archi- tectural Forum, October, 1923, to January, 1924). Early Iron Work in Charleston (The Architectural Forum, April, 1926). Smiru, A. R. Hucer anp D. E. Hucer: The Dwelling Houses of Charleston. 1917. Smytue, A. T.: History of the Hibernian Society. 1901. SoutH CAROLINA GazeTTE, THE, 1732-1801. SoutH CAROLINA HistorIcAL AND GENEALOGICAL MAGAZINE. Wuson, C. C.: Robert Mills, Bulletin of the University of South Carolina, No. 77. 1919. Wattacez, D. D.: Life of Henry Laurens. THE TYPE FOR THIS BOOK WAS SET AND WITH THE PLATES WAS PRINTED AT THE _ MOUNT PLEASANT PRESS _ HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA . es PN, % a bd ‘ , : r) t le 7 he aly ‘ oo a in VY . " a A 4 a 4 q b - 4 whe 1 am oA a ~ ‘ - ~ ll ‘. - 7 = Fe % . bg “ ; on ive - ape * ‘ Se iNT fi ce re? =~» - - ¥ a 2 = ~ ’ > =~ > = a =< = i be — eae = = , 7 r - sgn a ; a — = ’ —— —_ ; a 7 s v - — < Ve = = * —" — bs a a a - i 7 ro deem er meee ~~ “ 7 S*ce