POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA BY SAMUEL KIRKLAND LOTHROP >. 6 *. 2 r a a es ry ‘ ; ~ ’ e 8 Pe 8 Q H a \ Bae USacigsse wi aS Ai G Xe FounniS” ba) pe VOLUME II NEW YORK MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN HEYE FOUNDATION 1926 of mie ¥ i * 2 = E: . é rs ‘ - « : A 2 ee é ~ y E % ; ‘ . = x 4 sf é 7a . 4 « = - - : ‘ re - = — 2 sf * - =. a a - he d i. pay ys, = ¢ - a CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN HEYE FOUNDATION VOLUME VIII M4 3 " POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA BY SAMUEL KIRKLAND LOTHROP VOLUME II NEW YORK MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN HEYE FOUNDATION Troe oeG) VREELAND PRESS, INC., NEW + SON PENT Op syOlLU NEST Part II—THE PACIFIC AREA—ConrTINvED PAGE Sete VIONOCHROME, WARES 9005... ye Gat eee ee bugle e dake ewe sess 227. OCR VAL Aare aoe nee eh ote etn Ned's 3 Noy cuit 227 ema ae AEM: DUVTTNG Tony 5220 aoe Jc Sh RARE NS ad Pay ctl ey Shc IRA cae ar Se elas 229 PORTALS LV Gate. AA Vice ee hea: Fan tet h aly Si hates rath al'e) ave SY 230 Rete meD ge ees A Waal voy shaven ee ete eae FE Ta IM ae i eee hy OMe 230 SR em NES SUIT GT OU sy as sok pk coda va Wa nhc Rl gk AAO he ohn y Oe ee aan Hs 230 MeO Ee teach cee Bt ae ey eg ett ee Sal ates “a ras Gehl": 231 MIeR EIA ATOR ISULO Tas a oss aon ey eee See ian eee 231 neem AC Seen ea A toe Rte Ay te Re Gen Sh Reads) ene Rn 1 232 Bem VLC Cy eae ates ar tctscate kiana sth a calbis reca sale Ne tie ANE AUN aon cae aR 222 rE ME ey tee ay he ate Ca ee elon a A oe es Ct aE age le Bole te 232 CN cy TE RAG OPT 19 01 Ras i SE Re en aes eRe Cece Vey Ren ter 232 Seem RC TNL OO cite fa Sic ihigeh ones 8 A ee ee AE pent wy a oe ge en eae 234 URES NM LaCie Bre ine aheeteue Se dod od: 4% Ups SLra te sa EE 234 Smbeee OOM NV ANG geo 2. cece OSPR: acdittie MRAM sake Deel s haw mt ae 236 NETS ERR S09 WV Ue ee eccrine? TEA eR irre oe oes Bik aie Ad wn A ara ee ge ne 237 SMR EC Mery Bie SS ence San PA os a Geek Fab ne FA a cba Meson Slee Baines 238 eM Ce eRe ten oN steel a a, deny ot eee ae ee Bee 238 ROA Te ies As cei RT ee oi ith. 9 Aiden oa Sia en. LR eee ee 239 Mar ee eg ster sno erage, sah oo Gall se" Fc scig be Atallah Btn cae nara eR Ce 239 (oD Len ig OTST IS ails ir, ee ane eae a eee, areal SP eae ey 240 Re MM AT SECA raters Cuca ie le Ulaaie sci y 0! Meier ae eras ae eee 241 See eV Mee mNOR en Cone Te cH odes: tr 2 es ad Heda a8 + el POA 241 Pee ae eea TeV ESSE LS a, Co e-< ones ke etnes. Geos eusin fd «Pow AU eee ee a 241 ee te real Be A es A ol Ca ate bse ROMEO ¢ Shee Gaune GON Pie thle ine mnn Pilate 242 Rete LITT PIOCS V CSSCIS cons sise le chels al OW Sus i ok ENG Sie s a ee ees 243 etneemeR EE EOFS yO UICS a alah ic iicat a We be Caan era cart emis Se elens ae ee 243 ae te PON Moc glace ea 9 ohne bye Gadd ela gh onee Mah eee eter ee 244 ee STOTT S A Seen 5 oy! aps a ide Gis stele d wie tanto ln Sent ae ie eee eee 245 ROM ITS yA ATR cP oc tices Aw ple ie ¥ bo neers ghee Pe iegs aka eke Bek eee eT OE 245 Retteecn 1oauzed Mile Forms gc yin) a. comer ee ee 246 Bee eI LOSI US Grn. choses ots, vs he whe ate ae te ae da ee ee eee 246 eee ALU eL GOs soy ay sj eke Wis Aa hos eke TO UT ae Ret eae ee ea 247 Be PMC fee's en icl Poe Sek ee Ae as 3 Eup ee ee 248 Pimceteae Hoa tor | WATE oi « 00. oe 262 Nandaime Ware Figurines...... 00.4 ..........1.) 60 263 Chiriqui Alligator Ware Figurines....... Let a ee ee a Chocolate and Orange-Brown Ware Figienee Lat sae 6 sen eles ee Human Types... 0. 0.00005 ee ees eb ee ee ue oe, er 265 Animal Types... ac. .cc 0 ee en cee en ne a oe 00 errr Red Ware Figurines. .. 03.5. 006 cence sd wee ee ee 269 Zapatero Ware Figurines, ... 0. 604... es Ulua Valley Figurine Types..... 2... ..: 140.) 13) 1 273 Drums... 6... 0 its ae we es) oe 275 Rattles... bap cede ae we bees of pe sina e oe fle sa ty ose ee ee Miniature Vossen? rr eri eM se 277 Funnels... 00% 00s cee cent eee oe as be) 6 dee er 278 Jar Covers... 8 oitcas 3 cue ele ee ee ee ot oe 278 Spindle-whorls . 2... 4. 05s been on eee es oe eee oer 280 Sinkers 2... ba ee eed ek vee Oe we yo nle wee 280 StAMPS.. owe vce ne eee ee be ene oe os oo © Ome se) oer 281 Labrets 0. cbse cee eve cae ae yes lien sea «ery ol ee 281 Beads.....6.500c05 se eeeu eu ea ee babes Onn 2 area 282 Miscellaneous Forms........00.¢.+0sewe) de) as 282 Part III—THE HIGHLAND REGION CHAPTER I—GENERAL FEATURES...:.'...5.... 0+: 4 0) cena 285 Mounds. «2... 0.2.4 ene ve ee ee seh eats wee) sg ee Sel ee ieee 285 Hut Rings... 65.00 cu cs dae wae o> ale © s uy eee 2 286 Large Stone Statues... 2.05. eet ¥ pea ss cee ss Fe 286 Carved Slabs... os cose cs oe ee eeu sep ee 286 Methods of Burial... 0. ....c0 de oe oe ee 288 Objects from Graves........ 045.5006 os 1+ 54> op)): = oe 289 Pottery . 66 cca esle cba ves ean cee sb e beans 2 5h cn gg 293 CHAPTER II=—-POLYCHROME WARE... .. 25 0-.- 0: ous ss ee Modeled Forms. «26.5.6 50000000003 wow ose aes 1 er 295 Painted Decoration. is o.0.042. 000008026 ess ean as 0 er 296 The Plumed Serpent... .......25200.:05500++ 0555 296 The Two-headed Dragon or Monster. .<7:......7 3. 329 The Feather Pattern. ..... 00.4 c0 0 os bas os bree + oe 301 The Alligator... .... 6.08.0 0000000508 as 02 Ue 6s Ore 302 Miscellaneous Motives. ..........2 0.0005 40's 0) Senter 304 CONTENTS vil aAraEeR LLI—SimMpLe PAINTED’ WARES. ....-..0.0..0.- 000000. foe Sa siie wha 306 SS eePRPRTORER VY ACen? See Neo OU on a a ycer ete e, ari Ta) dae es gaa ol Bos eno toe den anibeg ae 306 ESTE SERS Oe ae a Black-line Ware. . OTA eet ME ete eh A tt on la. < age Ses AES Lost-color Ware. . es .: Ney aca eet Re ret Pel. YZ ZO CHAPTER iy Venwoatene renee RE RSE en ee eR CLI re te aaa ENN Cah Tear AES at ge oar oe Red-lip Ware.. RP ner PAGEL ben Ne ee eee abet ee a eccice RE a BOT Red Ware. Rees eh ok he ee ee? on 2, e220 CHAPTER ious awe. SRI EE PM ae te See RR ict vin AAS Ooo ORT ESS MA ane och ae ne eaten as Se es eee ee re cee eee © Tripod Ware.. Per ae ae Res och OES 37 Mer oot Crea dish Ware\.. pik Re {RIE ee ec i ee een fe. II1—Mercedes Group. . eee ie MR Ct es Pie Pig AZO I1I—Curridabat Groans EXIupator Ker bid EbeLk 0 GecenN On 9 oaieh RN EMO ITOUD a ot ae hice cre! ie a OYE vl om a we ee ele ee AAD Pa BN ATOM TOIL p) geet erase oe ah bg eas Wie Bea BAS Peek eae GLO PEE UerS at SCONE ee Wr a ets 2 oo apn ees ANS fore ee a oe ams 24 3343 Re Cae est OUTS an ume tS oe aia en ay, ctu ie Maat Pete tA eee nie INeriCait (st OUP .i/c. 9 eis he eo ae de eet Oh eee 45 aeRO En OV ere et ae, gus ate se FS Gadsden 4 hie oes Aes we RAO ered ine Decoration. Ph ce hak ee eR S ra ae Ua a Ue Reem BE GONGyet ee tic ol 5 scat A. dined Se een a8 ec rerRMmLE LI POI TS PURE Ne S88 ough Wah “ee neEL Ty Lake imp ag en oe EM Ree Pen mi Gere NTT tL OL INS Guinea: 0c OY Go ese res oe Pele Ee 50 Pemih a eh ICUSCRS nat eos Fae in leel aie oak od Sd DORs BBO meee E LAN tie Ome A ol cee Fo pens, 28 AOS Hath 4G Aes weigh ade pte wie hie 351 Piet sGa kewl... a fests » ait See ee ee ae EO are end ee Pee gence Animal. Forms. Skisy cere ay hee che, RARE wa eee ae Ra ee rem er ey A Sey Ror es, PES AUN ok Mh Salehat, bie ba eae ata aa 3506 ASS RE AE ee eee Seg re me tee See ha OE Cr ahs, 358 PMO MNES ITA Stl Me, Srl o's ys vs bug iv te Re Peele oe ae I nee 359 OTOL Met) I ee aoe ea ee Teer eee Param een re GUS) MR NORRIS Ne ii Se. Sit 2s tgs eB ae ee RN Te ME ae eet a 364 MP PPCOREAILTOT SIG he cay ok tied a ul RS ig he een ee i POA oe ee 365 Beer LGR CR tela ge ie he a ya reth ely oe Oa ee ee een einen EE Oe ee eICORLEL 7% LICAUS 5 Glo ace rhe cts b Fe ahah ra gL Ae Bie Oe Bh tg A eee ee RTE MILs emery ey tied) oo ductike ow Sue Re Ss ie es, Pe Re EE ep TL eR ee. RK Sn Oa Wid A CA a mea aye dW IES HR 2 ae ee tk ee 375 Det reer ran is se nf Feu 8 eb Laces ee vee coke Me ee © MG A yn ae 376 COE GO ae i ar eae era BN Se ER pat Moats bey hts: IT. WORRY INOS kh cai soak Vere any. soe Wiese aeh Oe epee i, ae re epee ees 379 TAs iw SP Gin Ba 68) OC ROUEN Sabena en Armee ae er oer On or Meh) ekg Maas ni), ee ae 379 Remo e rr eas VoL bee ES ORICA RFS irik va vies tens Grace Punins 2 Gee ge ote CUA a Rk ae eM 380 Vill POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA AGE Part IV—-SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS T= -Sumi mary sera a e's pace syed oo ss date lobe #ni i gc ttc eget ee 385 Pactfic ated occ. cic nies ath winie fe © 25 Sak ne ty eee eee 385 Highland area oy os. bs 2 dee ee Pe wes ee 388 Ii=—Pottery Types and Historic Peoples... ... :.04... > - 2 390 Pacific ATCA ss 6 ccc5 ej ect ang aes 2 #4 Genet ele nce ete er 390 Highland aréa.... 6 6sck une eas © oe tte sa go 392 I{I—Cultural Relations and Chronology .............-5 «ys: =e 392 Contact with the Maya Old Empire............- 33 394 Contact with the Maya Renaissance........... 0... ss 397 Contact with Toltec and Aztee culture. .........: )2 eee 398 Contact with European culture,.....'0....:...: 5) 400 The “Archaic”? Culture of Mexico in relation to Costa Rica and Nicaragua. wi. sa: ae ose spe an ols sys tapi oe 400 Contact.with western South America..........::. <=) eee 404 Contact with eastern South America and the Antilles.............. 410 Dating . 0. 5. dae qos © 0a 8 5 te ee neces oa er 410 1V—Interrelationship of Middle America and South America.............. 4II The Frontier of Culture... ..,.5.. 5595) «2 > cys eee 411 sources of Culture. 45. 6000006 ooh cee ote om ee 413 Sources of Population... .... 6... 4. d-ans, o20 ogi ee 416 APPENDIX I ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES... 5 2.0 s60 sce e5 5s 0s oy soe Oe ee ane 421 Pacific Region. .. 2 ...2 000 ce eeu see sa seen he 0 ee ee 421 Highland Region. ....5...4.6.5-0¢2001 5509 ae oe 437 Southern Costa Rica....2. 60.505 64 2+ $2 ya tae 442 APPENDIX II Memorial to Our Lord the King, giving a Description and the Character- istics of the Province of Costa Rica. Year 1610. .... .. 2 446 APPENDIX III Report of Fray Francisco de San José, Apostolic Missionary, to the Presi- dent of the Audiencia of Guatemala, concerning the subjection of Talamanca and the houses and tribes of the Térrabas Indians........... 449 APPENDIX IV Notes on Las Mercedes, Costa Rica Farm, and Anita Grande, by Alanson Skinner. 6. cs. ee ee bn ed wih a ede wig bn eee cpeee oie ae err 451 ILLUSTRATIONS All specimens not otherwise acknowledged are in the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation. The following abbreviations are used: AMNH, American Museum of Natural History. BM, British Museum. CMP, Carnegie Museum of Pittsburgh. CRNM, Museo Nacional de Costa Rica. PM, Peabody Museum, Harvard University. USNM, United States National Museum. In reproductions from pen drawings the colors are indicated by the following scheme of shading: Ct == ZG Brown Red Orange Purple Black LAG BRS PAGE Mipeeienocolate Wares CostasRica. 2,0, CMP. oo Pee ee 228 Piipepenocolate Ware bowls, Costa \Ricalo.0) 05. ceo <.sdew ence sas 230 iui enocolate: Ware, Costa’Rica: a,b, CRNM OU 0 oe es ak 232 CIV. Chocolate Ware. Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica. a, e, g, h, CMV Le Patra NAS Sone hr iol ra ee Der ee We ee 234 CV. Chocolate Ware. Nicoya peninsula. a, d,e, CRNM.......... 234 CVI. Chocolate Ware. a, c-f, Nicaragua; b, g, Nicoya peninsula, PGateenico a6 res ONL Oo, GPM, PE wy oa ee 236 CVII. Chocolate Ware. Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica............. 236 CVIII. Black Ware and Orange-Brown Ware. c, g, Black Ware, Nicaragua; others, Orange-Brown Ware. a, Tola, Nica- fragua, “PM: 6; 7, Sardinal,’ Costa -Rica, USNM; -g, Lagumilla; Costa Rica, PM; e, Nicaragua, PM..,......... 238 CIX. Orange-Brown Ware. Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica. a, b, Side and top views of effigy vessels, USNM; c, d, bowls with loose-headed figurines on the side, PM; e, f, Alli- Patio evr DOWIS foc BoC avace wa: ee ee one ere Neh eet ets 240 CX. Orange-Brown Ware. Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica. d, e, Per US OLner Sy Ul NAVE. Bite oc des ake Oe ee Gee he ree ee 242 CXI. Orange-Brown Ware. a, c-e, Costa Rica; b, Caballo Blanco, Cuatermalay cdo NV 2 yi Panik lt OU cet eeene ere, ene 244 CXII. Red Ware, Black Ware, and Orange-Brown Ware. a, ), Red Ware, Lagunilla, Costa Rica, PM; c, Black Ware, Filadelfia, Costa Rica, PM; d, e, Orange-Brown Ware, Lagunilla and San Vicente, Costa Rica, PM; f, Red Ware poardinal, Costa Rica sUSN Mee ee eee 246 CXIII. Incised designs. a, d, Chocolate Ware; ), c, e-g, 1, Orange- Brown Warerks Black Ware aoe ae ee ee 248 CXIV. Palmar Ware. e, Alta Gracia, Nicaragua; others, Nicaragua. G06 Mat, at UNM ic ore ee eee ce ten ee 250 IX CXV. CXVI. CXVII. CXVITT: CAIX. CXX. Cee? CXXII. CXXITI. CXXIV. COOXY. CXXVI. CXXVII, CXXVIII. CXXUX: Cle CARL. CXXXIT, POTTERY OF COSTA RICA, AND NICARAGUA Modeled Alligator Ware. Liberia, Costa Rica. CRNM.. Modeled Alligator Ware. Alta Gracia, Nicaragua. PM....... Modeled Alligator Ware. a-c, Costa Rica (Keith collec- tion); d, Liberia, Costa Rica (collection of Dofia Angélica Baldioceda). . Modeled Alligator Ware. Alta Gan Nicareres PM. Modeled Alligator Ware. a, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica; CMP; b, Nicaragua, USNM; c, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; d, San José de los Animales, Nicaragua, PM; e, Nicoya peninsula, CRNM;; f, Sapoa, Costa Rica, USNM.. Zapatero Ware burial jars: a, b, Nicaragua, PM; c, El Menco, Nicaragua, PM; d, Ometepe island, Nicaragua, BM (after Joyce, 1916); e, f, Ometepe island, Nicaragua, Zapatero Ware burial jars. a, Santa Helena, Nicaragua; b-e, Hacienda Luna, Nicaragua. USNM Zapatero Ware. a, c, e-h, Santa Helena, Nicaragua, USNM; b, d, Filadelfia, Costa Rica, PM Small boot-shape vessels. a, b, Black Ware, Ometepe island, Nicaragua; c, e, Zapatero Ware, Nicaragua, PM; d, Orange-Brown Ware, Costa Rica; f, Chocolate Ware, Costa Rica Nicoya Polychrome Ware figurine. Costa Rica. CRNM Nicoya Polychrome Ware figurines. a, e, f, Costa Rica, CRNM;; b-d, Costa Rica, AMNH,; g, Bolson, Costa Rica, PM (formerly Anderson collection); h-j, Nicaragua, AMNH, CRNM, and USNM Nicoya Polychrome Ware figurines. a-c, g, Nicoya penin- sula, Costa Rica (a, CRNM); d, Cervantes, Costa Rica, USNM;; e, Las Canillas, Liberia, Costa Rica, USNM; f, Sardinal, Costa Rica, USNM Nicoya Polychrome Ware. Costa Rica. CRNM Luna Ware figurines. a, b, Ometepe island, Nicaragua; c, Nicaragua. USNM Chiriqui style figurines. Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica. CRNM., ©. 0. os ce we oe teu weve oe ete le Whistles and figurines. a, f, 1, Lagunilla, Costa Rica, PM; 0b, Bolson, Costa Rica, Anderson collection; c, Buenos Aires, Costa Rica, PM; d, Costa Rica, USNM; e, Nicaragua, AMNH;; g, 2, Filadelfia, Costa Rica, PM; h, m, Costa Rica, PM;7, k, Nicoya, Costa Rica, PM Red Ware. Bolson, Costa Rica. Anderson collection Figurines. a, b, Granada, Nicaragua, USNM;; ¢c, d, Zapa- tero island, Nicaragua, USNM;; e, 2, Nicaragua, PM; f, Ulua valley, Honduras, PM; g, Moyogalpa, Nicaragua, PM; h, Miravalles, Costa Rica, USNM; j, Sardinal, Costa Rica, USNM 0 © we: 6) eee) ee a ee) ene oem ee ew he Pe ee 6 me 8 6 we le wee Se Nicoya peninsula, oO. 6 (06 le © © 1e es 6 oe le is ie) -w cays! 6!) 8) eel ie) ollie ee eee re ee 2 we © 0 6 8 we) Klee) wl ee (es) a eee eon 2 8 8 em 6 Oe whe 6 is we wl ee os 6) ee rr 6.8 © 0 & © © wl Sey whe & © Sma) wicmire meres le) ei eeee eee ote decay le ke) ee eovoeevn eee 6 6 oO 8 8 8 6 8 ee 8) 6 Ee eee 66 a eee eels 254 Cx. CAAALV, CXAXYV, £92, 9. Gia & CXXXVITI. CXXXVIII. CXXXIX, a. CAG !, CXL: CXLITI. (a4 AD GAL: CALV I. CAVITE, CAEVITE: CXLIX. CL. ‘lel ed Fab ILLUSTRATIONS XI PAGE Pottery drums. Costa Rica. a, Red Ware, AMNH; 0, Red Ware; c, Orange-Brown Ware, AMNH. ark Orange-Brown Ware (a-e) and Chocolate aes (f) crite a, c-e, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica, PM; 3, ee Nicaragua, PM; f, Costa Rica. 276 Pottery spindle-whorls. Nicoya aeninenie® ines ee a, Ree ARRIVE eV ee ae AER ie wee a inten ek eae 27S a, b, e, f, Pottery sinkers, Santa Helena, Nicaragua; c, Pottery celt, Zapatero island, Nicaragua; d, Pottery beads, Miravalles, Costa Rica. USNM. 2250 Pottery cylindrical stamps: Mais prown aNare Nico peninsula, Costa Rica. CRNM. 282 Stone statue. Costa Rica. AMNH. .286 Stone slab. Anita Grande, Costa ey, pee286 Ceremonial metate. San Isidro de ued aieipe Gaon he CORR SIN A cr RE ies i ian oa ae Ben ke PU ae ee 290 Miscellaneous stone objects. Costa Rica. CRNM...........292 Highland Polychrome Ware. Costa Rica. CRNM...........294 Highland Polychrome Ware. a, Costa Rica, CRNM; b Costa Rica; c, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; d, Nicoya Pet SUE Osta vic ee cer cee wee ba he oth. ok 200 Highland Polychrome Ware: Plumed Serpent motive, type A. a, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; }, Orosi, Costa Rica, PM; c, San Antonio de Nicoya, Costa Rica; d, Ometepe island, Nicaragua; e, Two-headed Monster Pepe Ce Tee OSU AMINO Seer ee tenho laltet. iat Mie oN Me ae 296 Highland Polychrome Ware. Costa Rica. a, Bowl with loose-headed figurine and Two-headed Monster pat- tern, type A; 6, Effigy bowl with Plumed Serpent pat- HEED SER DEUS OU LON AV A eer ce AOA te ON ed that. Wega. 298 Highland Polychrome Ware: Plumed Serpent motive, pee Ae psta Rican RIN Mains oes ala Bente oe eas oe 300 Highland Polychrome Ware. Costa Rica. a, b, Plumed Ser- pent motive, type B; c, Two-headed Monster motive; d, e, Plumed Serpent motive, type C. e, PM; others, CRNMoNb-d Courtesy of Moi. Saville) sa 9 0. a oe. 300 Highland Polychrome Ware: Plumed Serpent motive, type C. a, Nicoya peninsula; b, Costa Rica, CRNM.. . 302 Highland Polychrome Ware: Two-headed Monster pat- tern, type A. Costa Rica. CRNM. oat OY Highland Polychrome Ware: Two- headert Monster ¢ mative and miscellaneous types. a, 0, Costa Rica (courtesy of M.H. Saville); c-e, Costa Rica, AMNH; f-h, San Isidro de Guadaloupe, Costa Rica, BM (after Joyce, 1918)...... 302 Highland Polychrome Ware. Costa Rica. a, Alligator mo- tive; b, Two-headed Monster motive, type C. CRNM......304 Red-line Ware and Highland Polychrome Ware. Costa Rica. CRNM.. ne oH 300 XII CSU lea. 8 PA cic Vis CPV i: CUMIN CELX: Cle GUx CALI CSAs CUXIY. GIA: CLXVI. dQ A CLXVITT. CERT Cie COX CUA: CLXXIM: CLIN: CLARY: CUXXVEE CU AV iE CLAXVIIL POTTERY OF COSPA RIGA AND NICARAGUA Red-line patterns, type A. Costa Rica. Late Red-line Ware, type B. a, d, f, g, Costa Ries 7: ie ‘Mer- cedes, Costa Rica; c, e, Anita Grande, Costa Rical. eae 308 Red-line Ware, type C. a-d, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; e, Costa Rica; f, Guapiles, Costa Rica. TO Yellow-line Ware. a-c, Las Mercedes, Casts Ree an dent Rica... eds ccna e beth oe 2 edie en oe Sie Yellow-line Ware. Las Mercedes, Costa Rica............... 314 White-line Ware, type B. a, d, e, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; 6, c, f, Costa Rica. oe Lb Black-line Ware, type A. a, ¢, e, ie ies Meréedaet fon Rica; d, g, Anita Grande, Costa Rica; ), h, Costa Rica . 318 Black-line Ware, type B. Las Mercedes, Costa Rica.... .318 Lost-color patterns. Las Mercedes, Costa Rica............. 320 Lost-color (e) and Maroon Incised (a-d) Wares. Costa Rica osc os pe ee ed ey eee ola ole oy 322 Maroon Incised Ware. a, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; others, Costa Rica. ene | Chocolate Ware and Meee Thoised Wares a, Meee fe cised Ware, Costa Rica; others, Chocolate Ware, Costa Rica. b, c, f, Las Mercedes. 326 Chocolate Ware. Costa Rica. f, CRNM. 42 we 326 Chocolate Ware and Red-lip Ware. a-c, Chocolate Ware, Costa Rica, PM and USNM;; d-m, Red-lip Ware, Costa Red-lip Ware, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica................. 328 Red Ware. a, d, Costa Rica; b, c, e, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; f, Anita Grande, Costa:Rical) soe 328 Red Ware. a, c, d, Costa Rica; b, f, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; ¢, Cartago, Costa Rica... ..°. 2.0) oan 330 Red Ware. a, Angel, Ecuador; }, e, f, h, Costa Rica; ¢, d, Cartago, Costa Rica; g, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica......... 330 Curridabat Ware. a, c, g, 1, 7, Costa Rica; }, a Ib igas _ Mercedes, Costa Rica. SG Se eee Curridabat Ware. h, Gacapo: Chua: Rican 1, Las Mer- cedes, Costa. Rica; others, Costa Rica. 2 UShiMil =e 334 Curridabat Ware. a, b, e, f, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; ¢, d, Costa Rica. ...65 5.000. Dock eS se 2 Oe 334 Curridabat Ware: Interior patterns on bowls, Costa Rica:.... 336 Tripod Ware. a, 0, e, f, Fish motive, Costa Rica; c, d, g, h, Animal motives, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. Ss . 9388 Tripod Ware. a, d-f, Las Mercedes, Costa Riese ah Coste Rica; c, Los Pueblos, Costa. Rica . 2.2 (eee 340 Tripod Ware. a, Costa Rica, USNM; 8b, San Isidro de Guadaloupe, Costa Rica, Tinoco collection............7; 342 Curridabat Ware, Highland Polychrome Ware, and Tripod Ware. a, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; 6, Costa Rica, CRNM; ¢, Agua Caliente, Costa Rica, CRIN DiS ee 344 GIO LX. CIO ee lee I: CLARA. CX OAITI, CLXXXIV. CLeCA XV, CLXXXVI. CAAA VIT. CLXXXVIII. CLXXXIX. ES, te WAG). CXGIT, oe Lil: NES GA A CXCV. CXCVI, CaseVi: CACVIIT, CXCIX. Ce. CCL, ils CCl. GCEly, CGN. ILLUSTRATIONS XIII PAGE Tripod Ware. Filadelfia, Costa Rica. a, PM.. Set ene el Stone Cist Ware. a-c, e, g, Costa Rica; d, Anita Grande, Costa Rica; f, Cartago, Costa Rica; h, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. : Re sAG Stone Cist Ware: Monkey aetnes Edd conventiondlizead ne rivatives. b.f, Chiriqui, Panama; others, Costa Rica.. 350 ATCC a WN At Oo Ost ae Cd me tee, aerate ee ag le dog acrs ate 354 Large jars. a, San Isidro de Guadaloupe, Costa Rica, BM (after Joyce, 1916); b, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica........ 356 Large jars. a, Costa Rica; b, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica.......358 Miniature vessels and Handled Ware. a-o, Miniature ves- sels, Costa Rica; p-u, Handled Ware, Costa Rica.......... 362 Incense burners. a-c, e, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; others, ROSE G HE Seema Saat ire hare tM CPR ce” he Mita ete es. 9 366 Pottery stands. a-c, f, Costa Rica; d, e, Las Mercedes, Wis a tel CATS SA og hee Lc ea A Ii OR Oa re mR A inn Gere mE 368 Pottery and stone heads. Costa Rica. b, Las Mercedes Cot rate RANTING Shere ls dat cactege Aire heaate ohne Lette crue rece BAY aches 3€8 Pottery heads. Costa Rica. CRNM. (Courtesy of M. H. SIR oien feo ket, Gee CRORE, gee Ge ee ara Sr rin, Maan tener pat See 370 Figurines. Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. E272 Figurines, a-c, Chiriqui type, Costa Ries Bs hia aie PULL AS wie Le yh 1] a LOStA RICE, art tak, ng eee inte oie 374 Pottery, types irom southern Costa’ Rica 30.22.65 on ee ne 380 Forms and decorative motives of the pottery of the Pacific BEG UIE REAL Os Bin te SS Ges NG ty Gnas he ok tema eee R ES 386 Forms and decorative motives of Highland Wares .......... 388 Figurines. Nicaragua. a, Mayan type; 0}, c, Venezuelan types; d, ‘‘Archaic’”’ type. Musei Preistorico ed Etno- grafico, Rome. Epa tieg, 2 402 Site map, Mace ta, see More ER ne er peer ery Re EY RS 422 Burials at Las Guacas, Costa Rica. (After Hartman, RNa ANC rene sans alent Ae t hater ait ne wausig fae eh OC, Pee 424 Salinas bay, showing archeological sites. (After Flint MS.)....432 Mounds on Zapatero island, Nicaragua. (After Bovallius, Gy Lote rea ee ie I ae ce a iesee Sod Pa 436 Pibem Iai < OSTA INICA ee as cats cece he A38 Burial mound and general map of Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. (After Hartman, I901).. : . .-440 Burial mound at Orosi, Costa ie (After Harti root) . 442 Partial plan of Las Mercedes, by Alanson Skinner . vent sO Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. a, Retaining wall of Hibund south of Cemetery 3; b, Two-story grave in Cemetery 4...452 Stone figures. Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. a, Cemetery I; p. Gemetery Aan. Re yee i cae ceed eee rare cena 456 XIV TRO 140. I4!. l4g: 143. 144. 145. 140. 147. 148. 149. POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA FIGURES Chocolate Ware bowl, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica... ..... 3) 3 5eeeeee Chocolate Ware bowls, Gosta Rica. a, CMP... ....... 2. Chocolate Ware effigy vases. a, Nicoya peng Costa Rica, CRNM;; J, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. Chocolate Ware jar, Nicoya peninsula, Contes Rice Chocolate Ware jars, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rina a, -CRNM. Chocolate Ware bowl, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica. CRNM..... Black Ware. a, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica, Anderson collection; b, Ometepe island, Nicaragua, USNM;; ¢, Filadelfia, Costa Rica, PMS at Black enor jar, Nieowa AEA EE TA Cone Ricks CRNM. White-line pattern from floor of a bowl of Orange- Brown Ware Filadelfia,;Costa Rica:\PM ..........: 0. 02 2 40 ee Orange-Brown Ware bowl, Costa Rica. Pottery head, Filadelfia, Costa Rica. PM. Orange-Brown Ware bowl, Nicaragua. Muses! Preistaen ed marae. phico, Rome.. Orange-Brown ee Jaie eee Rien AMNH. Bowl from Costa Rica representing a human hea Orange-Brown Ware squash effigy jar, Nicoya neninentes Costa Rew CMP.. ‘meme Bowl with Praiclal Bei: fete Rice Treen colleqan ; Jar with modeled snakes, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica. CRNM. Orange-Brown Ware jar, Filadelfia, Costa Rica. PM......... Black Ware jar, Costa Rica. Incised jars. a, Costa Rica, CRNM: ay Cae of Caen ‘ Guacatene Nicaragua, PM. Red Ware hunch- ee ya jars. a, Costa Rica; 0, Filadelfia, Costa Rica, PM. tS Incised design, Onno Brown re Riladelage ‘Coe Ree PM. Incised designs. a-c, Orange-Brown Ware, Filadelfia, Costa Ree d, Red Ware, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica. PM G35 Modeled Alligator Ware. a, Department of Occidente, Nicaragua, Peabody Museum of Salem; b, c, from the Squier collection, and the type specimens of this ware, AMNH. Modeled Alligator Ware. a, Filadelfia, Costa Rice b, Nicowe ross Rica. PM... oe pk we we oy Modeled Alligator Ware, Alta Gracia, Nicaragua. PM. Large alligator effigy vessels, Costa Rica. CRNM. Zapatero Ware. a, Zapatero island, Nicaragua; }, Onetere lana Nicardgua, USNM. i). 06.5005 05 oe be Orange-Brown Ware, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica................. Part of a figurine, Liberia, Costa Rica,-PM .. . )> ee Solid clay head, Costa Rica. CRNM.....:.. Figurine, Lake Valencia, Venezuela... ...... >. Figurine, Nicaragua. PM.. 150. 151. Ls2. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. Cai, 172; E93: 174. 75, 176. 177. 178. ILLUSTRATIONS Figurines. a, Nicoya, Costa Rica, PM; }, Boruca,- Costa Rica; c, Ometepe island, Nicaragua, USNM..... peaks Whistles, Costa Rica. AMNH. a Nandaime Ware figurine, Witreey USNM. Nandaime Ware Figurines. a, c, Nandaime, Nicaea wien PM; Tk d, ere eRe ie 2 Us NIV oe ttt scone hae ee ee NOAA, Ss a eke Orange-Brown Ware figurines, Costa Rica. AMNH............... Figurines, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica.a, CRNM;),PM.......... Figurines. a, es, peninsula, Costa Rica, PM; b, Lake Valencia, Venezuela. Figurines. a, vs Naniaiine Nene Nicarabuat ‘PM; c-e, Orange- Proumay aren ostaunicas(¢s USN IM). even wihed cma eae Human heads. a, b, Miravalles, Costa Rica; c, d, Santa Helena, Rte ata IN IVEY. to igs bee sar ois hata Aes As Ua ptr Orange-Brown Ware whistle, Lagunilla, Costa Rica. PM...... Orange-Brown Ware whistles, Costa Rica. AMNH. Red Ware figurines. a, Rie Nicaragua, USNM; a ie piiedalae Costar Rica, PM. Red Ware eariries: a, eoatar Rie USNM; is aNicoves Soni Dre Ee Ee eA eres" ars eerle Bie bc Sa Gee BAS ee Figurine, Venezuela. . ROR RR A Fans sake. OA ob Me I ee ne: Figurines. a, Oars Broa! nevare: Moyogalpa, Nicaragua, USNM; 0, Zapatero Ware, Nicaragua, USNM; c, Ulua valley, SUMAN REPU AN anges hc Ak nai Sek Sek ais, Bad Siuee wee hee aS Pottery drums. a, Red Ware, Costa Rica; 6, Chocolate Ware, es peninsula, Costa Rica, PM; c, Bugabita, Sa USNM. Pottery drums, Nicoya porineals, Costa Rica. ee Pottery drum, Santa Helena, Nicaragua. USNM. Pottery rattles. a, Los Pueblos, Costa Rica; }, Ghee Rica AMNH. PAF Miniature bowls. a,c, d, Bird effigies, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica; b, Turtle effigy, Nicoya peninsula; e, Bird rane: Sardinal, Costa ica. a-c, e¢, PM: d, f, USNM.. a seated Pottery funnel, Sardinal, Costa Rae USNM. Rica; b-d, Stamps (b, Costa Rica; c, Escasu, Costa Rica; d, Fila- delfia, Costa Rica); e, Pestle, Nicoya peninsula; f, g, Discs, Costa Rica; h, 1, Jar covers, bores peninsula. a, CRNM; ce, 8,4, PM. Pottery discs, Ome. cence nn Wane a, Nigose ite ay tenes Rica, CRNM;; b, San Miguel, Ometepe island, Nicaragua. PM.... Pottery spindle-whorls. a, Costa Rica; b, Ometepe island, Nicaragua, Ree MG AA Pay a ood PRS eos, SRT TN IS Ons eee, Pottery lip-plugs, Orange-Brown Ware, Filadelfia, Costa Rica. PM... meas Pipes, or snuffing tubes, Costa Rica. AMNH....... XV PAGE | .261 a O2 203 me2O4 ..265 .265 7206 207 2207 ee ies a, Orange-Brown Ware, Costa Rica; b, Red Ware, Costa Rica........ Orange-Brown Ware whistles, Costa Rica. a, b, PM;c, USNM....... 13270 . 269 2270 2271 me f2 e273 Pres? 8 mers ee 7 2aZ6 ) ehewy Be OM, Behr ay te’ ero Miscellaneous pottery objects. a, Rattle, Nivova Seana Gocta =3270 2280 . .280 281 XVI 179. 180. 181, 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. IQI. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213: 214. POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PAGE Stone slabs. a, Costa Rica; b, Cartago, Costa Rica. (Courtesy of “WoH. Holmes) «0. sc06. cain 0k Qi ae tees tse ne 287 Section of graves, Santiago, Costa Rica. (After Hartman, 1901).......288 Metate from Cartago, Costa Rica. CRNM. (Courtesy of W. H. Holmes). 5.05 iss is S645 at oS ise de Pe 289 Gold disc, Cartago, Costa Rica. CRNM —.2.7 5 i. 7 290 Wooden stool, Cave of Cucinizna, Nicaragua: PM 7... 22). eee 291 Stone bowl, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. ..... V2 =... 0. 2 eee 291 Stone statue and implements. a, Eastern Costa Rica, USNM;; 8, c, Cartago, Costa Rica, PM; d, Costa Rica, PM. eee ea Highland Polychrome Ware, Las Mercedes, Chett Rict mr Yi Highland Polychrome pattern on a plate from Filadelfia, Costa Rica: PM. osc eres bac eek ea ocd oe ae 2 rr 298 Designs from bowls, Highland Polychrome Ware, Costa Rica..........302 Highland Polychrome Ware, Costa Rica. abe Alligator patterns, Highland Palvehrone Ware (ater Hacciem IQOI). kee ee esa ce sne cece whe fee 4 gis 0els tee Si i 303 Highland Polychrome Ware, Costa Rica... ... 7... 304 Red-line Ware, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. pe aOR Red-line Ware. a, c, Costa Rica; 3, Beane Aten Foy Rise c CRNM 2... ce cece wee ene oes 4 oe plain isecen ann 307 Red-line Ware, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica........ .. pee 308 Red-line Ware patterns. a, c, Costa Rica; b, d, Las Mercedes, Costa 1h 6 (or: PREM M 309 Red-line Ware patterns. (After Spinden, 1917a).....................310 Red-line pattern, Costa Rica. CRNM .... <2... 92. 3. 310 Red-line Ware, Costa Ricay...2..5... 0. 5... 5) eee ee iI Red-line Ware, Costa Ricas ...... <2.) 2.0. enceeenn 312 Red-line Ware, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica: J. 22). 3) ee eee 312 Yellow-line Ware. a, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; b, c, Costa Rica....... ans a, Red-line Ware, Anita Grande, Costa Rica; b, Oaxaca, Mexico, PM; c, Yellow-line Ware, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica.............. ais a, b, Yellow-line Ware, Las Mercedes and Anita Grande, Costa Rica; c, White-line Ware, Anita Grande...... .... J. oe eee Yellow-line Ware patterns, Costa Rica. )... >...) eee White-line Ware, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. . .. 7) 315 White-line Ware, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica... . 7. 2) ee 316 White-line Ware pattern, Costa Rica. ......... 03.) eee 316 White-line Ware patterns, Costa Rica. (a, After Spinden, 1917a)...... ai a, Black-line Ware, Anita Grande, Costa Rica; b, Stone bowl, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; ¢, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica 2323s eee 318 Black-line patterns. a, Costa Rica; 6, San Isidro de Guadaloupe, Costa Rica, BM; c, Costa Rica, CRNM .... 72. ee 319 Lost-color Ware. a, Costa Rica; b, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; c, Costa Rica 2.0. sc aie ene eo nce apes oy ny oo) 221 Lost-color Ware, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica ./-. 72) 322 Maroon Incised Ware, Costa Rica........: .. 2) see 324 Chocolate Ware pattern, Cartago, Costa Rica. CRIN Mie 326 215. 216. oT: Oro. 219. 220. 231. 222. 223. 22 A. 225. 226. 227, 228. 229. 230. 231. 237, 223. 234. 235. 236. Day 238. 239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. BAT 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. ILLUSTRATIONS XVII Chocolate Ware. a, Anita Grande, Costa Rica; 6, Costa Rica......... ; se Chocolate Ware. a, Costa Rica; 6, Anita Grande, Costa Rica.......... B27 Pama OMN Vt e COSta hi C as ee cele ere wee, Gt man kis Cakes 328 Porm Are mosta Rigas UN Mim eck ees wet ss os ss Ce eas Dee Oa 329 fem yate: Cartaco. Osta Rica teeta tenet ete i te Le Ole hs eae KT brates a RV ATC, Ost aN SACAs OTe ee oes ate es wets os Aly ts aac Vessel resembling Curridabat Ware, Tumaco, Colombia............ 334 Mecorocive detais, iridabat® Wares ius oi3 ce saw fo cet cee os bs es 335 ipo are. LassMercedés, Gosta Rica. icc sy... coe Se oe cee es eG Gold eagle, Costa Rica. Peabody Museum of Salem. (Courtesy of MVE POTIRATIO es Gee OMNES ahs oo Si eae aN CE i ee Bie ek Gals 338 Legs of Tripod Ware. a, Costa Rica, USNM; b-d, Las Mercedes, Sea DG eee ate Pune, We eee Alte irae oe ae, Mea gee eine he ee teeca sk 339 Series ai ares (Osta RICA SUS NIV oc ee itt as hae erg neg Wey are 339 Yripod Ware, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica...... 0... ..00. 00.0 4a es .340 Smee vate Cartato,, (Costa Rica’, oa! cn ahkse ooo o's. eal eae ee ol 341 Tripod jar, painted purple, orange, and white; Costa Rica............ 342 Tripod Ware fragments. a, Tres Rios, Costa Rica, PM; }, c, Costa Samet MV ete or ec. 8 has ee ee aa) nd, Pee SO EAL EE: ais 343 Tripod Ware, San Isidro type, San Isidro de Guadaloupe, Costa heceweviso, formerly Tinoco.collection): 2000.2 wes is ea ke 344 Tripod Ware. a, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica, CRNM;; b, La Con- PetecnTmersta nica. (NE? C. Costa Rica ts of coe sarees Sue ot en's 345 Messemtom angel, Province of Carchi, Ecuador...) e209. eh. wn ee 346 prone twist. Ware. decorative details, Costa Ricay. 00.00. 62.2 2.5 0s ose 347 meEG EU AL Ono Cislal ES ICA on, Gr uae ec hc oe ee haan an or he sews ge 348 Stone Cist Ware. a, Cartago, Costa Rica; 6, d, Costa Rica; c, Las ROS ee le UC GE AS 5104S eee teas GUE cal Oday Os ao ahh wn are ekaee eae hae 349 Stone Cist Ware. a, 6, Costa Rica; c, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; d, ne ECRT ALICE ME OSTAR ICR Ar oe te te cree enc oth oe tee «et eee F 350 Rim figure from Angel, Province of Carchi, Ecuador................. 351 Stone Cist Ware. a, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; b, c, Costa Rica........352 Piamed Wateruosta Rica). uss sak. Late aes, Aw iee eeen ee ree 353 a, Handled Ware, Cartago, Costa Rica, PM; 6, Handled Ware, Costa Rica; c, Twin Stone Cist Ware vessels, Costa Rica................ 354 Large tripod jars. a, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; b, Costa Rica.........356 Tripod jar, San Isidro de Guadaloupe. Costa Rica. BM. (After MCRD OLIN) Geen eee ee a Sn gs Seis so nce ee Bat ete Stee ioae ie re err 2 357 Effigy jars. a, Costa Rica; b, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica............... 357 re PRmDOCLIONC OSta gh ICd fio cit ick artaetss bn habs ee apie eos pee ee eae ee 358 Preseanieuisormenioy jar. Costa aniCa ds. 1k cea se pe ae eee 358 fines jars, as. Mercedes, Costa Rica.o) . 1s. esa aon Oe eee fg eines 359 pamesnrelirvaiats,. Osta BRACE ir 60.55 oes Sine Dl eae adie nes an 360 Meminemoy vessels, Casta Rica ys. 2a. 5 a natula ate. woes Se ee 360 Vessels with Atlantean supports. a, Costa Rica, CRNM; 6, Anita Grande. Costa Rica: c¢,.lFarrazi, Costa’ Rica (Gox collection). 7 2 2. 361 Bowls with Atlantean supports, Costa Rica. a, CRNM. ....-..2.-0... 362 Miniature Red Ware.vessels,Costa Rica .. ...2F. se Sevau eee pee 362 XVIII 253. 254. 255. 256. 257. 258. 259. 260. 201; 262. 263. 264. 265. 266. 267. 268. 269. POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PAGE Tripart miniature vessels, Costa Rica... . 2.1... 2s 0s 9s 363 a, Handle of a double vessel, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; 6, A crude bowl, Costa Rica. . 363 Incense burners. a, 0, ‘h ite Mercadegs Goeth ee a ete Rice 364 Incense burner handles, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica................. 365 Incense burner from San Isidro de Guadaloupe, Costa Rica. BM. (After Joyce, 1916)icc a5 02 «vant ne sesee ager» «102 neler 366 Miniature incense burners. a, 0, Cartago, Costa Rica; c, Arenilla, Cartago, Costa Rica, PM. . 366 Stone stand, Las Mercedes, Costa Rick ade CaO Pottery stands, Costa Rica. a, Nicoya; b, Teas Mercedes PM. of eaten eas 368 Large pottery heads, Costa Rica..............+.) 369 Effigy jar, Puriscal, Costa Rica. PM....... 7; .... +. 3: oe Figurines, Costa Rica. a, ¢, USNM 2... 6... ses 2s oe Effigy rattle, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica............... 371 Miniature canoe, Costa Rica... i. 054.0. 4 <> » se) 0 ee Boat-shape vessel, Costa Rica... 5. ...2... «+. 4/43 Figurine, Costa Rica. AMNH .... 2 2.7. 2... 5s Figurines, Costa Rica. weage a-c, Bird effigy aiiaries Goats Rich; ee “Riedie repitentine dogs, Costa Rica.. MOE ee Red Ware figurine, fae Matenles ‘Costa Rice ol VG ae 374 Whistles. a, Boruca, Costa Rica; b, Costa Rica; c, Tierra Blanca, Cartago, Costa Rica. PM. ne a, Whistle, Anita Grande, Cones Ra 2 Whe ee Mercades) Costa Rica; c, Rattle, Costa Rica. ae 2 a-c, Rattles, Costa Rica; d, problematical each ont Rice: USNM eee Problematical vessel, Costa Rica. USNM. ....... [aa 376 Pottery drum, Yellow-line Ware, Costa Rica. Cox collection..........377 a, Whistle, Costa Rica; }, Drum, Costa Rica; c, Miniature drum.......377 Pottery rings, a, Costa Rica, USNM; }, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica..... 378 Designs from cylindrical stamps, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica...........378 Vase of southern Costa Rican type.. .380 Plumbate Ware jar, Tola, Nicaragua. PM. 395 Maya bowl, Department of Occidente, Nice PM. .396 Figurine mold and a cast from it, ena PM...) 40a .402 Figurine from Niquitaoy, Venezuela. 1 ehOF Jaguar motive in Peru. a, Nasca; ), c, “Chicane a Reauees (After Tello, 1923).. Be .408 Map showing sites on n Oinetene island ae Nictracieam ar. os ee Pictograph at Arroyo de las Calaveras, Salinas bay, Costa Rica, (After Flint MS.).. .432 Pictograph at Orosi, Costa Rice (After Hartman, 1901) .. eee (8) Plan of mounds at Williamsburg, Costa Rica. (After Hartaee TQOL) 6.6 cn ee ee Baan Gare ee oe ee leepe ese occ 442 Plan of mounds and enclosure, Costa Rica Farm, Costa Rica. (From a sketch map by Alanson Skinner)... .... 9... 462 Plan of mound and graves excavated by Alanson Skinner, Anita Grande, Costa Rica.... 2.0.0. «00% 0108 0s 1s ee Parr Il THE PACIFIC AREA —Continued CHAPTER XI MONOCHROME WARES r NHE classes of pottery hitherto considered have depended largely, though not entirely, on color for their decorative ef- fects; the groups remaining for discussion depend for em- bellishment on modeling and incising, and in a general way are of a single shade. ‘This distinction is not absolute, for, as we shall see, touches of color not infrequently are added to monochrome vessels and incised lines are often emphasized by rubbing color into them. Several distinct wares are thus treated, which for the greater part are interrelated, and which have been grouped under the term “Monochrome Wares”. ‘The divisions of this larger group are as follow: I. Chocolate Ware II. Black Ware rege characteristic III. Orange-Brown Ware e northwestern Costa Rica. IV. Red Ware V. Palmar Ware | Primarily characteristic VI. Modeled Alligator Ware é of western Nicaragua. VII. Zapatero Ware CHOCOLATE WARE Chocolate Ware is distinguished by special shapes and designs, but more especially by the characteristic chocolate color of the slip. Vessels of this class are found most abundantly in the Nicoya penin- sula, whence they passed freely in trade to the Lake of Nicaragua, the Highlands of Costa Rica, and even to the distant Province of Chiriqui in Panama. Indeed, the name itself was devised by Mac- Curdy (1911) to designate the specimens found in collections from Chiriqui. In the Highlands of Costa Rica not only the Nicoya trade pieces are found, but a local copy of Nicoya Chocolate Ware was made. Decoration is obtained by modeling and incising, and, to a lesser degree, by painting. Paint is primarily used to fill incised patterns, thus bringing them out in strong contrast to the dark field (pl. cr), a technical treatment encountered also in the Highland area of Costa 227 228 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA Rica and northward as far as central Mexico. In addition, white paint is used on the underbody and legs of tripod bowls (fig. 117). Subclassification in the wares already considered has been based (1) on the method of decoration (modeling, painting, etc.), and (2) Fic. 117.—Chocolate Ware bowl, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. (Diameter, 9 in.) on the nature of the design itself. This method has here been aban- doned and Chocolate Ware has been classified chiefly on the basis of shape and modeled decoration, as follows: (Large. (Small. (Alligator god. | Alligator. IT. Vases 4 Human figure. | Bird. | Monkey. { Human figure. ) Animals. I. Bowls LEl Se lacs The shapes involved by these terms have already been defined: bowls are shallow open vessels, vases are very tall vessels, and jars are of approximately equal width and height. LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. Cl e & Pe ee Soe ow F} 4 SRM ee we q CHOCOLATE WARE. COSTA RICA (DIAMETER: 4, 8 IN.; D, 11 IN.; C, 12 IN.) 230 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA to the incised patterns. Pl. ci, a, has an annular base, a form rarely encountered in this ware. Fig. 118, a, is a freak piece, which is sup- ported by two parallel clay legs fashioned after a type encountered in the pottery and stone stools of Chiriqui. On one side of the rim is a large macaw head, and on the opposite side are two “tails” which run from the rim to the base in the manner seen on the Highland jaguar effigy metates of stone (fig. 181). BowrLs—SMALL. UYPE The smaller type of bowl is shown in pl. cut. All of these have elaborate incised patterns, and all except two a modeled animal head on the side. The tripod legs are of a characteristic conical form. The incised patterns are cleverly built up of triangles, squares, diag- onals, and frets; a has a somewhat specialized shape and design which come from the lower part of the Tempisque valley. Small Chocolate Ware bowls are found in the Nicoya peninsula and in the Highland region (pl. cLxv). The two groups may usually, though not always, be distinguished by the greater refinement of treatment of the Nicoya specimens. Unfortunately the provenience of this type cannot be established very definitely. VASES The typical Chocolate Ware vase is shown in fig. 119, a. Its characteristic features are the tripod legs, the sharp ridge near the base, the long neck, and recurved rim. Decoration consists of in- cised designs filled with white paint, and figures modeled in renee Subclassification is based on the nature of the latter. THE ALLIGATOR GOD One of the most conspicuous forms of goldwork from Chiriquti is a monster which MacCurdy has designated the Alligator god (pl. LXXVIII, a). Its presence in this region has already been noted on Nicoya Polychrome Ware (pl. LXxvit, a), and it reappears on Choco- late Ware vases such as pl. cu, b. The right-hand aspect of this re- niarkable vessel shows a large protruding alligator head with ears and ear-plugs, below and to the side of which are modeled arms. Pl. crv, c, f, and fig. 119, a, apparently represent transitional forms between the Alligator god and a human form. CNIS ‘f dO ¥aLaWVIG) voly VLSOO “S1IMO4d AYVM ALVTIODOHDSD \ \P ‘ WL SSO w\(\\\ “oD ToSant ), (2) globular bottles (pl. cxiv, a), and (3) small cylindrical vases (pl. cxiv,c). Of these the last two are peculiar to this ware. The surface of the vessels exhibits a gray-brown clay, sometimes completely covered by a red slip. More commonly, however, broad bands of red paint have been applied in such fashion as to emphasize the incised designs (pl. cxiv, b). Rarely simple painted decoration appears independently, as on the neck of f. The incised patterns are marked primarily by the width of the line employed, which sometimes (as in pl. CxIv, d) suggests a carving rather than true incising. The designs themselves fall into three groups, one of which (a-c) is connected with the hanging-line motive considered above (pl. c). A second group is marked by greater elaboration, as seen in f, in which the color contrast makes the whole not unlike the British flag. A third group is exemplified in e, on which parallel lines were carelessly incised before the clay was dry. This specimen presents a series of modeled ridges, and it may be intended as a squash effigy. MODELED ALLIGATOR WARE A. small but spectacular class of pottery from western Nicaragua and northern Guanacaste has been named “Modeled Alligator Ware” in deference to its principal decorative motive. It has been sub- divided into two groups on the basis of clay, finish, and shape. Type A The Modeled Alligator Ware vessel of type A is normally a large, flaring, ring-based bowl, with a cover of similar but inverted shape which is surmounted by a large figure of an alligator modeled in the round. The exterior of the vessel is usually decorated with raised buttons of clay, often punctured, and is sometimes covered with comb markings. In most cases the covers have one or more holes drilled in the top in such fashion as to suggest that the vessel was in- tended for burning incense, the smoke of which issued through the reptilian mouth. The clay employed varies in color from very light brown to dark gray-brown. A plaster-like white wash once covered the surface, 250 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND. NICARAGUA although in most specimens it has now disappeared. Not infrequently there are broad bands which have been painted red and highly bur- nished (pl. cxv), and these sometimes are further adorned by incised lines filled with white paint. Occasionally both black and red bands are found (pl. cxviir). Pl. cxvi shows two rather simple vessels of this class. In the opinion of the writer the base of a should be exchanged with that of b, but they have been photographed according to the original labeling. Pl. cxvil, a, ilustrates a specimen in which the nature of the animal is easily seen, and on which the dots representing the alligator scales have been placed not only on the reptile but on the cover and base of the vessel. Pl. cxvit, c, is a similar example, in which the alligator is portrayed with less realism. Fig. 140, c, was obtained and illus- trated by Squier and must be regarded as the type specimen of this class of pottery. Conventionalization of the alligator takes place through the elab- oration and finally the reduplication of the snout in a fashion some- what similar to that al- ready seen on Nicoya Polychrome Ware. In pl. cx1x, b, the reptilian body is represented in the same manner as be- fore, but the eye has been brought back to the shoulder and _ the upper jaw has become an enormous serrated Fic. 140,—Modeled Alligator Ware. a, De- oop. This specimen partment of Occidente, Nicaragua; b,c, fromthe alsg exhibits the open- Squier collection, and the type specimens of this. : Sree ee ings usually found in LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXIV C d PALMAR WARE €—ALTA GRACIA, NICARAGUA; otheys—NICARAGUA wr Pa LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXV MODELED ALLIGATOR WARE. LIBERIA, COSTA RICA LENGTH, 10 IN. MODELED ALLIGATOR WARE 251 covers of this ware, presumably for the smoke of burning incense. PI. cxvu, d, shows a very fine example in which the head is rendered by five projecting loops, and b of the same plate has followed the normal course of the alligator in Nicoya Polychrome Ware and has two such heads (fig. 78, b). The close connection of the Modeled Alligator Ware and the Painted Alligator of Nicoya Polychrome Ware is further established by pl. cxrx, e, in which the lumps representing the alligator scales Fic. 141.—Modeled Alligator Ware. a, Filadelfia, Costa Rica (diameter, 6 in.); b, Nicoya, Costa Rica. appear beside painted geometric patterns of the type associated with the painted forms ; f again shows connection with Nicoya Polychrome Ware, for the alligator scales are seen on a pear-shape vessel of Nicoya type; d is a small vessel of Orange-Brown Ware adorned with the alligator-scale motive. Fig. 141 exhibits simplified forms of true Modeled Alligator Ware from Guanacaste. The use of bosses, or even spines, on the exterior surface of ves- sels has an extremely wide distribution to the north, although with the exception of the pottery from Lake Amatitlan in Guatemala it is not elsewhere a dominant motive. Occasional specimens of this decora- tion come from Maya sites of all ages, from central Honduras (Ten- ampua), from the Highlands of Guatemala (Amatitlan), several sites in southern and central Mexico, Casas Grandes in northern Mexico, and from the Southwest and the middle Mississippi valley in the United States. Similar adornment is found on pottery from Colombia and Ecuador, and two specimens from Porto Rico are known to the writer. Whether this wide range is due to independent origin or to radiation from a single center cannot be stated at present. 252 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA Although the great majority of the figures crowning vessels of this ware represent the alligator, other forms occasionally are found, among which the Alligator god, the human figure, and the shark are important. The Alligator god has already been discussed (pl. Lxxv1), and his appearance side by side with that of the alligator noted. PI. Cxvit1 shows him seated on a low throne on the cap of a large Alliga- tor Ware vessel, the red and black bands of which have retained in part their original luster. The posture of this figure recalls some of the large seated stone statues of this region. PI. cxIx, a, again rep- resents this deity. The alligator jaws and looped snout are apparent, the latter pierced by a nose-plug. Ear-plugs and a conical hat also show that the god and not the animal figure is intended. Fig. 140, a, is also probably the Alligator god, although the absence of the head makes identification uncertain. These two specimens represent the limits of distribution of this group, one coming from the Nicoya peninsula and the other from near Fonseca bay. Fig. 140, b, one of the specimens collected by Squier, shows a human torso with an alligator clinging to the head and shoulders. This piece is of importance, for it exactly reproduces the concept so frequently seen in the large stone statues of this region (pl. Iv, d). Fig. 142 represents a shark, dis- tinguished by its jaws, teeth, and dorsal fin. It must be regarded as a mythological shark, however, owing to the presence of four limbs. The shark is found in Lake Nica- ragua, having acclimated itself after the impounding of the fresh lake waters by the great volcanic up- heaval. Sharks are also numerous on both the Atlantic and the Pacific coast of Nicaragua, the former being noted for their ferocity and the latter for their size. In the art of Mexico cipactli is both the alli- gator and the shark, although the former is usually represented. This particular aspect of the shark, dis- tinguished by the presence of legs Fic. 142. — Modeled Alligator Ware, Alta Gracia, Nicaragua. : (Height, 11.5 in.) and a bar across the mouth, is LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXVI & MODELED ALLIGATOR WARE. ALTA GRACIA, NICARAGUA (HEIGHT OF 4, 10.5 IN.) LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXVIi 4, ss PUR Sets > x MODELED ALLIGATOR WARE a-c, COSTA RICA. d, LIBERIA, COSTA RICA - MODELED ALLIGATOR WARE 253 very closely paralleled by ceramic remains from British Honduras (see Gann, 1900, pl. xxxiv), which probably date from just before the conquest. The shark is not a common motive in south- ern Central America, although a form with a bar held in the mouth appears in Chiriqui goldwork (Lothrop, 1919, pl. 1). Mr. T. A. Joyce recently drew the attention of the writer to pottery sharks of this type from La Tola, Ecuador, which formed part of an exhi- bition of indigenous American art held in London by the Burlington Fine Arts Club (Joyce, 1920). >, ah LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXXV NICOYA POLYCHROME WARE FIGURINES a-[—COSTA RICA. 9—BOLSON, COSTA RICA. /-j7—NICARAGUA of ae atthe has FIGURINES AND WHISTLES 261 type of Nicoya Polychrome Ware figurine is shown in the same plate (h-7). Whereas the Nicoya figures just discussed are seated with legs extended in front of the body, this class is standing partially erect or squatting. The modeling of the head, arms, and body is similar to that of the last class, except that the eyes have a charac- teristic slant. The legs end in a flat foot instead of a point. The painted patterns are of a different character, as can be seen from fig. 149. The fact that this class was mold-made is established by fig. 282, which shows a mold and the cast therefrom. Pl, CxXXvII is a very unusual oval vessel supported by two Atlantean figures which belong in this figurine group. The exterior pattern is not complete; the interior design portrays a jaguar and human head such as appear in pl. xxx, a. ANIMAL AND MISCELLANEOUS FORMS Animal forms are not so common as human among Nicoya Poly- chrome Ware figurines. Two examples of the Nicoya seated type Fic. 150.—Figurines. a, eS Costa Rica (ieights 4.5 5; in,); b, ponies Costa Rica; c, Ometepe island, Nicaragua (height, 5 in.). appear in pl. cxxv, e,g. The former is probably an “Armadillo” god, for the shape of the head and the position of the arms recall the standard representation of the armadillo in this region (pl. x1x, a) ;g is the Jaguar god, who is found also in the goldwork of Chiriqui. Fig. 150, a, shows a figurine which represents a monkey. .One arm is stretched backward and the hand grasps the tail, a posture more 262 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA clearly represented by the figurine shown in b, which is a much more common form. Indeed, monkey figures of this type extend from the Ulua valley in Honduras to the Province of Chiriqui in Panama. Fig. 151, a, represents a turtle, also a type of wide distribution. PI. CxXvI, c, d, g, are all whistles and represent unknown animal forms. Fic. 151.—Whistles, Costa Rica. (Diameter of a, 6 in. OPbe 7540) Fig. 150, c, is an unidentified bird. Fig. 151, b, is a large pottery conch-shell, which forms a whistle. LunA WarE FIGURINES Pl. cxxvitt, c, c’, can be definitely assigned to Luna Ware owing. to the characteristic slip and the Luna Ware serpent motive on the back. It is a very squat seated figure holding a bowl on the chest in a position which recalls the Chacmool. The figurines represented in a and b apparently belong in the same group. LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXXVI NICOYA POLYCHROME WARE FIGURINES a-c, J—NICOYA PENINSULA, COSTA RICA. d—CERVANTES, COSTA RICA. €—LAS CANILLAS, LIBERIA, COSTA RICA. f{—SARDINAL, COSTA RICA (HEIGHT, 8.5 IN.) . FIGURINES AND WHISTLES 263 NANDAIME WarE FIGURINES Nandaime Ware is characterized by a red slip and by both painted and incised designs. With this class of vessels have been found fig- urines such as that shown in fig. 152, which is a squatting female figure with a load of some kind slung diagonally across the back. Fig. 153, c, is a similar figure from the type site, Nandaime: b is a standing female type which probably belongs in this ware; a, a fat- bellied figure wearing an apron. Fig. 157, b, shows an efigy jar which consists of a seated human being minus the torso; a shows Fic, 152.—Nandaime Ware figurine, Nicaragua. (Height, 3.5 in.) some bird heads from Nandaime which may be from figurines but more probably came from the sides of cylindrical jars. CHIRIQUI ALLIGATOR WARE FIGURINES The most numerous class of white-slip painted vessels encountered in Chiriqui is called Alligator Ware in deference to the types of de- sign painted thereon. With it are associated definite figurine types, most of which extend as far north as Puerto Limon and the Gulf of Nicoya: pl. cxxix, a, b, show two examples from the Peninsula of Nicoya; a is a seated female figure with wide-spread legs, holding a sniall bowl; b is an animal of uncertain nature holding an unknown object in its paws. The animal’s body is the resonator of a whistle, the mouthpiece of which is in the elbow and the sounding edge in the 264 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA armpit. Other examples of Chiriqui figurines from northern Costa Rica are illustrated in figs. 267, 268. d Fic, 153.—Nandaime Ware figurines. a,c, Nandaime, Nicaragua; b, d, Costa Rica. CHOCOLATE AND ORANGE-BROWN WARE FIGURINES Figurines and whistles of Chocolate and Orange-Brown Wares merge one into the other in such fashion that they cannot be segre- gated. The double group thus formed is extremely common in LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXXVII NICOYA POLYCHROME WARE. COSTA RICA EENGTH, 17.1N. FIGURINES AND WHISTLES 265 Guanacaste. It may be subdivided into human and animal types, of which the latter are more common and frequently are whistles. HUMAN TYPES Fig. 154, a, shows a seated female figure with a detachable head. The body is barrel-like and is surmounted by a bottle neck, in which Costa Rica. (Height of c, 4.5 in.) holes have been pierced opposite similar holes in the head, in order to fasten the two together. MacCurdy (1911, fig. 249) illustrates Fic. 155.—Figurines, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica. similar covers on figurines of Chiriqui type. In Nicoya they are found only on figurines of this class and on miniature jars (fig. 157, c). Other examples of these figurines are shown in fig. 154, c, and 266 POTTERY OF ‘COSTA RICA AND INIGARAGUA 155, a, both of which have lost their caps. In all three specimens there is an incised panel down the center of the body, and further decoration on the arms and legs. Fig. 154, a, is seated on the ground; fig. 155, a, is seated on a low stool; fig. 154, c, is standing and holds two long, slender objects in the hands. IT igures with objects of this general shape held in either hand have a wide distribution: they are found in the Mexican codices, in late Mayan goldwork (pl. Lxxvitt, 1), in the stone carving of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, in the gold- Fic. 156.—Figurines. a, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica (height, 12 in.); b, Lake Valencia, Venezuela (height, 6 in.). work of Chiriqui (pl. Lxxvu, 1), in the gold and stone (San Agus- tin) art of Colombia, and in the stone (Tiahuanaco) and pottery and textiles (Nasca) of Peru. The place of origin of the type is ap- parently South America. Fig. 156, a, is a large standing female figure bearing a bowl on one shoulder. A whistle is situated in the right armpit, the mouthpiece for which is provided by a hole in the back. The rounded head- dress and the mask-like face recall the Red Ware human figures. LOTHROP——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXXVIII LUNA WARE FIGURINES a, b—OMETEPE ISLAND, NICARAGUA. C—NICARAGUA (HEIGHT, 5.5 IN.) Mer tt 5 Ps 2 e i FIGURINES AND WHISTLES 267 The stumpy legs, greatly enlarged at the knees, suggest the pottery from the Antioquia district in the Cauca valley of Colombia. Pl. cxxx, e-g, show another type of human figure which is sup- ported by a projection behind (broken off in f), which usually forms Fic. 157.—Figurines. a, b, Nandaime Ware, Nicaragua; c-e, Orange-Brown Ware, Costa Rica. the mouthpiece of a whistle. The faces recall Red Ware figurines ; the head-dress is either rounded as in e, or surmounted by a bird as in g. Pl. cxxx, f, introduces a new technic of decoration, namely, the use of the roulette, which is seen more clear- ly in J—a process fully described by Holmes (1892). Its use in this re- gion is apparently limited to Orange-Brown Ware figurines and whistles. Pl. cx, a, illustrates the use of figurines of this ware as handles. The example presented here has the pigeon-breasted body typical of Red Ware human figurines. Pimcxx, b, shows the Alligator god used as the handle of a vessel. Fic. 158.—Human heads. a, b, Miravalles, Costa Rica; c, d, Santa Helena, Nicaragua. 268 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA Pl. cxxxut, 7, illustrates a figurine that approaches the “Archaic” type of Mexico, found also in Guatemala, northwestern Honduras, and eastern Salvador. This specimen was obtained by purchase in Managua, and its original finding place is unknown, so that it may well have passed in trade in aboriginal times, or have been brought to Nicaragua recently by some collector. To the writer it strongly recalls similar mold-made (the true “Archaic” figurines are not made in molds) specimens from such sites in eastern Salvador as Santa Elena or Quelepa. Fig. 158 shows pottery heads suggesting the types from eastern Salvador provisionally identified as Lenca by the writer GRE. Fig. 155, b, illustrates the manner of dressing the hair in two braids. Pl. cxxx, d, shows a woman holding a child in her lap while a second child rests in a sling upon her back. Both these pieces give a hint at manners and customs of the aborigines, but such specimens un- fortunately are not common. ANIMAL TYPES The armadillo has already appeared in several classes of pottery. Orange-Brown Ware figurines representing this animal are shown in pl. Cxxx, j, m, which may be recognized from the characteris- tic position (see pl. XIx, a). Fig. 159 is a large whistle which may represent the coati. It will be noted that the hair on the body is represented by a rough- ened surface obtained by cutting away the original polish. The mouthpiece of this specimen is the nose. ‘ ex S Fig. 160, a, shows a double- F1G.159.—Orange-Brown Ware whistle, | : ‘ Lagunilla, Costa Rica. neaded bird effigy. The type is a little uncommon, for more usually one of the heads is replaced by a mouthpiece and the whole specimen forms a whistle with a globular resonating cavity. Fig. 161, a, is also a bird, the features of which are attached to a tubular whistle. The back of the specimen is shown in the illustration. Fig. 161, c, shows a large tubular whistle, the mouthpiece of which LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXXIX a b CHIRIQUI STYLE FIGURINES. NICOYA PENINSULA, COSTA RICA FIGURINES AND WHISTLES 269 appears to be a serpent head. In pre-Spanish times it is probable that most of the whistles were of this form and were made of reeds or bones. Fig. 162, b, repre- sents a coiled snake with a mouthpiece attached to the side of the body. This specimen suggests a possible origin of the type of doughnut-shape vessels before discussed (pl. cx, g, h). Fig. 162, a, probably repre- sents MacCurdy’s Crab god (fig? 68). It consists of the crab-shell, split in the middle, above which rises a more or less human head. There is a whis- tle of this ware in the form of a crab in the Anderson collection in San José. The crab also ap- pears in gold and stone, as well as on the painted pottery of this region. Pl. cxxx, k, shows a small animal, probably an_ alligator, attached to the top of a hollow cylinder. This form also ap- pears in the Allig ar FIG. 160—a, Orange-Brown Ware, Spe : peas OF Costa Rica (diameter, 3.75 in.); b, Red Chiriqui (see MacCurdy, 1911, Ware, Costa Rica (height, 2.5 in.). figs. 280, 281). Pl. cxxx, h, i, are whistling figures which cannot be identified with certainty. Fig. 161, b, represents a squash. RED Ware FIGuRINES Red Ware figurines and whistles are practically always of human form, which for the greater part falls into two groups, one dis- tinguished by a pigeon breast and hunched back, and the other by a barrel-shape body. The origin and distribution of the first group deserve a word of comment. The hunched-back figure has been a Christian symbol of good luck since time immemorial and is worn with the approval of the church by the Indians of Central America today. However, there is no doubt that the hunched-back figure had POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA in 1! E*) i] el /, # hie | & Fic. 162.—Orange-Brown Ware whistles, Costa (Length of a, 4.5 in.) Rica. LOTHROP-—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXXX mM CHOCOLATE WARE AND ORANGE-BROWN WARE WHISTLES AND FIGURINES a, f,1—LAGUNILLA, COSTA RICA. b—BOLSON, COSTA RICA. C—BUENOS AIRES, COSTA RICA. d, h, m— COSTA RICA. €—NICARAGUA, 9, i—FILADELFIA, COSTA RICA. j, k—NICOYA, COSTA RICA Ca a FIGURINES AND WHISTLES F494 some symbolic influence in purely aboriginal times, for its distribu- tion extends from Tennessee to Peru, although it is nowhere very common. Fig. 163, a, shows an example from Nicaragua in which the pro- projections, feet and buttocks, chest and back, are approximately equal. In pl. cxxxI, a, a’, are shown a female effigy of this type from the Peninsula of Nicoya, decorated with incised patterns on “ " , oe Fic. 163—Red Ware figurines. a, Sapoa, Nicaragua (height, 4 in.); }, c, Filadelfia, Costa Rica (height of b, 7.5 in.; of c, 6.75 in.). the head and body. Illustrated in fig. 163, c, is a large whistle of this class, the mouthpiece of which is in the point of the spine. The barrel-bodied type of Red Ware figurine is shown in fig. 163, b. It differs from the preceding group only in the absence of the projecting chest and back. Pl. cxxxit, j, is a very simple example which once stood upon three legs. PI. cxxxt, b, b’, is a most unusual effigy vessel with the spout placed behind the head, which is of a typical Red Ware form. The body is decorated with incised patterns. Both the above groups show a resemblance to the figurines of Venezuela. Thus the typical rounded head-covering of the Nicoya examples is seen on a figurine in fig. 156, b. The long slit eye of this specimen also occurs in the Nicoya region (pl. crv, b). Further examples of Red Ware figurines are given in fig. 164, which may date from post-conquest times and which recall certain types of effigy vessels now in use in the Peninsula of Nicoya. ave POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA is b Fic. 164.—Red Ware figurines. a, Costa Rica; 6, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica (height, 12 in.). ZAPATERO WARE FIGURINES The figurines shown in fig. 165 are apparently of the same clay as the large burial urns and therefore belong in the Zapatero Ware group. They are by far the crudest ceramic remains from Nica- ragua; a and b, both of which are water-worn, represent male and female types; c is the female type and shows the common method of representing the eyes. Pl. cxxxu, d, is a similar form of extreme crudity; c is of the same clay as the preceding examples but appears to have been made in a mold; b is marked by a head of greater width than the body. This is characteristic of Venezuelan figurines, of which an extreme example is given in fig. 166. Pl. cxxxuml, e, is a small effigy vessel representing a monkey, made of the same typical clay. LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXXX)I RED WARE. BOLSON, COSTA RICA , ~ 7 « Z * c ry i d rl * ae ‘ / . ‘ ' - ’ ‘ r , = 7 , ’ z ' . ~ v . + wm, ‘ aK ‘ . ' . “ Us * Phi 4 an i * is ? : ° + ~ Pal ’ . be 3 t . , 7 A + * t ' % x far ' rf * fi * ‘ + * \) i ie le =e Py . FIGURINES AND WHISTLES 273 a b . c FIG. 165.—Zapatero Ware figurines, Zapatero island, Nicaragua. (Height of oes i, Ob 225 ine soherd Ine ULua VALLEY FIGURINE TYPES The ceramic remains from the Ulua valley, on the north coast of Honduras, present several definite figurine types made known through the researches of Gordon (1898). One group which finds its way to the High- lands of Guatemala, Salva- dor, and also to Nicaragua, is based on the combination of one or more globes with animal and human figures. A simple example is seen in pl. cxxxu, f, which repre- sents an unknown animal with open jaws. It may be compared with g, which is of Black Ware from Nica- ragua. Similarly fig. 167, c, an old man with a bowl or a basket on his back, is an Ulua Valley example, and b ff i yy is the same concept in Zapa- EW ae” Sul" tero Ware from Nicaragua. Fic. 166.—Figurine, Venezuela. (Height, gin.) ———— Saat ANA MA , 274 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA Fig. 167, a, is an extremely complicated specimen from Nicaragua. The profile view shows an alligator on the left and a more or less human head on the right. The front view (a’) shows a long tongue which protrudes from the human head. Ulua Valley forms not only penetrated to the Pacific coast of Nicaragua, but also reached the Atlantic coast of Costa Rica. The Fic, 167.—Figurines, a, Orange-Brown Ware, Moyogalpa, Nicaragua (height, 5.5 in.); 0, Zapatero Ware, Nicaragua (height, 3.75 in.); c, Ulua valley, Honduras (height, 4.5 in.). LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXXXII to ze c eee . wah FIGURINES a, D—GRANADA, NICARAGUA. C, d—ZAPATERO ISLAND, NICARAGUA. €, i—NICARAGUA. f—ULUA VALLEY, HONDURAS. 9—MOYOGALPA, NICARAGUA. h—MIRAVALLES, COSTA RICA. J—SARDINAL, COSTA RICA me DRUMS 275 remains of this type from the latter region are discussed below (pl. GXCE)s DRUMS Two generalized types of drum were used by the pre-Spanish in- habitants of Middle America, one of which was struck on the side and the other on the end. The latter form is especially character- istic of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, and is used to this day by the Indians of Talamanca. Pottery drums of this type extend from Chiriqui (fig. 168, c) to British Honduras, but are found in greatest numbers in the Peninsula of Nicoya. The specimens from this region may be subdivided on the basis of the wares enumerated above. Red Ware drums are shown in pl. cxxx111, a, b. They are deco- rated with broad grooves which sometimes form simple patterns as cs Fic. 168.—Pottery drums. a, Red Ware, Costa Rica (height, 10.5 in.); 5, Chocolate Ware, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica (height, 7 in.); c, Bugabita, Chiriqui (height, II in.). ina. The shape is cylindrical with a slight narrowing at the middle. Fig. 168, a, is an unusual shape decorated in a deeply incised pattern. Chocolate Ware drums appear in pls. CXxXXIII, c; Cxxxiv, f, and fig. 168, b. The shape is that of a slender cup with an expanding foot. Decoration consists of incised patterns as in pl. CxxxIv, f, or modeled figures on the side as in fig. 168, b. Pl. cxxxiv, f, shows with special clearness the roughened area over which the drumhead was lashed. Orange-Brown Ware drums are shown in pl. cxxxiv, a-e. The shape is similar to the Red Ware type, but more slender. The waist 276 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA is encircled by a molding, which is decorated with incised or incised and punctured lines. Above the molding is a wide geometric band. Below is a pair of modeled fig- ures and sometimes a second geo- metric panel. Pl. CxxxXIV, a, rep- resents the monkey, b and d the ‘ > serpent, and ¢ the alligator. ime a While Red Ware and Choco- eh i late Ware drums are essentially hellow cylinders, the Orange- Brown type is divided into two parts by a partition in the in- terior, a little below the middle. Thus two notes could be obtained by placing a head on each end. This division takes place at the level of the feet of the monkey in pl. CXXXIv, a, and at a cor- responding level in other speci- mens, so that a vertical cross- section would resemble the letter H. Fig. 168, c, shows a drum from Chiriqui with a_ similar median band and animal figures, but which lacks the interior divi- sion of the Nicoya forms. Nicoya Polychrome Ware fur- Fic, 169.—Pottery drums, Nicoya nishes but few examples of SS pees Rica. (Diameters: ¢, qrums, F ig. 169 shows two ex- amples from the Nicoya penin- sula; a is decorated with simple geometric patterns; b represents a bird with an elongate body, at the tail-end of which is an opening for a drumhead. Fig. 170, from Nicaragua, resembles in shape the com- mon jar type of this ware. RAPES The use of rattles and drums was the normal accompaniment of the dance. Few rattles, however, were made of sufficiently durable ma- terial to survive. Fig. 174, a, shows a pottery ayote, or squash, which is filled with sand and small pebbles, forming a very service- LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL, CXXXIIlI ] a b c POTTERY DRUMS, COSTA RICA a—RED WARE. 0—RED WARE (HEIGHT, 9 IN.). C—ORANGE-BROWN WARE rh ait “ LOTHROP——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXXXIV ORANGE-BROWN WARE (a-e) AND CHOCOLATE WARE (f/f) DRUMS a, C-€e—NICOYA PENINSULA, COSTA RICA (HEIGHT, 8 IN. TO 16.5 IN.). b—MANAGUA, NICARAGUA (HEIGHT, 3.1 IN.). {COSTA RICA (HEIGHT, 10 IN.) RATTLES—MINIATURE VESSELS ahi able rattle. Fig. 171, b, is a hex- agonal form, also provided with a handle; the panels are painted alternately red and white. Fig. 171, a, is a pottery ball with three small openings ; it may once have contained pebbles and been used as a rattle. MINIATURE VESSELS Miniature copies of the larger ceramic forms are found in al- most all pottery areas. They are rare, however, in the Pacific region, except in the district F!G. ae aC Pen north and west of the Gulf of Nicoya, where such vessels in Orange-Brown Ware are not uncom- mon. Bird effigy jars are the form most frequently encountered ; =~ a series of these is shown : | in fig. 172, a, c-f. The ex- eae a @) | ample shown in D probably i ere, represents a turtle, while \. PRs joy fig. 157, d, is a monkey. \ ZB | A different type of jar is shown in fig. 157, c, in which a small tripod vessel is surmounted by a cap which suggests the Alliga- tor god; e is a cap of the same type. Both of these caps are pierced by two small holes through which a string was passed in order to secure them to the body of the vessel, in the manner already seen in Fic. 171.—Pottery rattles. a, Los Pueblos, certain kinds of figurines Costa Rica (diameter, 3.75 in.); b, Costa Rica (length, 7 in.). (fig. 154, a). 278 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA Fic. 172.—-Miniature bowls. a, ¢, d, Bird effigies, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica; b, Turtle effigy, Nicoya peninsula; e, Bird effigy, Sardinal, Costa Rica (diameter, 3 in.). FUNNELS Fig. 173 shows a half-dome of pottery with a spout in the center. The interior is covered with a red slip and a simple black-line design. This curious piece may have been a cover or a funnel; the latter seems more probable. Vessels of this shape from Nasca in Peru are known, but the pro- jection has no opening and is evidently intend- ed to be stuck in the sand. JAR COVERS Covers for opengves- sels are not of frequent occurrence, but are found most commonly in the northern part of Fic. 173.—Pottery funnel, Sardinal, Costa Rica. the Nicos Peas (Diameter, 9 in.) Two types may be recognized, one of which is simply a bowl inverted over the mouth of a larger vessel, as in the case of urn burial. More or less specialized forms sometimes are found (figs. 50, b, and 74, c) which are decorated across the bot- tom in such a manner as to suggest this use. Another type of jar cover consists of pottery discs which set across the mouth of the vessel. They were lifted in some cases by a handle LOTHROP——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXXXV qk \ mm } ir POTTERY SPINDLE-WHORLS. NICOYA PENINSULA, COSTA RICA (DIAMETER OF 9, 3 IN.) * JAR COVERS 279 (fig. 174, 7) or by a hole in which the finger might be inserted (fig. 175, a) ; but more commonly a hole was drilled in the center through which a string could be passed and secured by a knot (fig. 175, b). A glance at pl. cxxxv will show that jar-cover types fade into spindle- whorls with but little break. The wares represented by jar covers are chiefly Orange-Brown Fic. 174.—Miscellaneous pottery objects. a, Rattle, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica (length, about 4 in.); b-d, Stamps (b, Costa Rica, length, 1.5 in; c, Escasu, Costa Rica, length, 2 in.; d, Filadelfia, Costa Rica, length, 2 in.); e, Pestle, Nicoya peninsula (length, 2 in.); f, g, Discs, Costa Rica (diam- eter, ae and 2 in.); h, 7, Jar covers, Nicoya peninsula (diameter, 3 in. and eR Ith); 280 _ Fic. 175.—Pottery discs, Orange- Brown Ware. a, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica; 6, San Miguel, Ometepe island, Nicaragua (diameter, 4-5 in.). POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA and Nicoya Polychrome. The de- signs are usually geometric. As examples of life forms, a monkey and an alligator are shown in fig. 174, h, 1. Fig. 175, 6, is deco- rated with an incised pattern the nature of which is not clear, but which is obviously related to the Nicoya Polychrome Red-line group (fig. 88, b, c). SPINDLE-WHORLS Whorls for spindles are usually flat discs of which a variety is given in pl. cxxxv. Some of these (e, f) are merely reworked pot- sherds, but others (d, g) are clearly made as discs, but of such size that they may have been jar covers rather than whorls. The effigy type illustrated in b prob- ably is a whorl because it bal- ances about the hole. Somewhat thicker examples are represented by a and c, which, together with b and g, are decorated by incis- ing. Fig. 176 shows a different type of whorl, also decorated by incising, but much more massive than those considered. Whorls of this shape are common in eastern Salvador. SINKERS PE GCRX SVL eo eae ee show selections from a group of similar objects which were found by Bransford heaped over the head of a skeleton. This writer believed that they were attached to a net for Fic. 176.—Pottery spindle-whorls. a, Costa Rica (height, I in.); 6, Ometepe island, Nicaragua. LOTHROP——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXXXvVI a, b, e, f—POTTERY SINKERS, SANTA HELENA, NICARAGUA. c—POTTERY CELT, ZAPATERO ISLAND, NICARAGUA. d—POTTERY BEADS, MIRAVALLES, COSTA RICA a ne: id SINKERS—STAMPS—LABRETS 281 which they served as sinkers. It will be observed that they are re- worked sherds; b has been cut with greater care than the others ; a, e, and f have been countersunk in order that they may be securely fastened, but the shape has not been otherwise modified; f is a frag- ment of rim. SLAMES Cylindrical stamps are found over the greater part of Central America and South America. Two generalized types are used, in one of which there are projections at each end on which the stamp spins, and in the other of which there are depressions at the ends in which the fingers are inserted. The distinction is comparable with that of the “male” and “female” forms of spear-throwers. Among the examples given in pl. cxxxvit it will be observed that d belongs to the first group and that all the others are of the second type. The patterns are probably all derived from the alligator, marked as usual by the triangular scales. In a the head, eye, body, and legs can be distinguished, and they also can be studied out in d, but the other specimens show only geometric patterns to which alligator scales are attached. VABRETS Labrets have been found in considerable numbers in the Pacific area. The gold labret of Chiriqui is unknown, but perforated jade labrets are disinterred in the Nicoya peninsula. In fig. 177 we illus- Fic. 177.—Pottery lip-plugs, Orange-Brown Ware, Filadelfia, Costa Rica. (Length of a, 2 in.) 282 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA trate several examples made of clay. Of these d represents the type commonly made of Jade. BEADS In pl. cxxxvi a string of pottery beads is shown. These are very delicately made and have been fired at a high temperature. Each bead is encircled by a number of parallel grooves. MISCELLANEOUS FORMS A few other objects, all of great rarity, deserve brief mention. Pl. cxxxvi, c, shows a pottery ax decorated with a human face which recalls Zapatero Ware figurines, such as that. in pl CKRXxiee, Fig. 174, e, is a pottery pestle, much worn on the working surface. Fig. 178, a, is apparent- ly a pipe with a double mouthpiece. No smok- ing pipes from this re- gion are recorded by historians, and tobacco was anciently consumed in the form of cigars. It is suggested that this object was used for tak- ing snuff by way of the Fic. 178.—Pipes, or snuffing tubes, Costa Rica. nostrils, for it recalls (Length of a, 3 in.; of 6, 3.5 in.) the Y-shape tubes used for that purpose in the West Indies and the northern coast of South America. Fig. 178, }, is a pottery tube decorated with a modeled animal, which may have been used for the same purpose. % LOTHROP-——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXXXVII Vy NS (}\. b e POTTERY CYLINDRICAL STAMPS: ORANGE-BROWN WARE. NICOYA PENINSULA, COSTA RICA Part III THE HIGHLAND REGION | | CHAPTER I GENERAL FEATURES already been discussed and the remains from the Pacific region have been described. The Highland region (fig. 1) comprises that part of Costa Rica lying northward of a line drawn from Puerto Limon to the Punta Herradura, with the exception of the eastern shores of the Gulf of Nicoya and the Province of Guanacaste. The portion of this area lying west of San José is practically unknown archeologically. It is probable that the district is transitional in type between the central and eastern Highlands and Nicoya. For con- venience in discussing the pottery, the following geographic divisions should be noted: (1) the Atlantic slope, (2) the Cartago valley, (3) the San José valley, (4) the Pacific slope. These districts are often marked by local styles, even in those wares which occur in all of them. The archeological remains of the Highland region have been the subject of intensive study by Hartman, to whose industry and excel- lent publications all future students must pay tribute. In character these remains bear strong resemblance to those of Chiriqui, so much so, indeed, that the region may well be considered to have had a specialized culture developed from the Chiriqui and modified by contact with northern influences. As the Guetar were the only known pre-Spanish inhabitants of this region, the archeological remains must necessarily be attributed to them. , | NHE archeological divisions of Nicaragua and Costa Rica have MOUNDS The chief visible evidence of former occupancy consists of mounds. In the central valleys they are rubbish-heaps of irregular shape, which often contain cist burials. On the Atlantic coast they are so grouped as to enclose courts or a series of courts in a manner suggestive of influence from the north. At Las Mercedes (pl. ccr) there was an elaborate example of the latter, now destroyed by the spade of treasure seekers, and another example occurs at Williamsburg (fig. 288) and Costa Rica Farm (fig. 289). Hartman (1901, p. 10) found that these more pretentious mounds were made by erecting a stone 285 286 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA wall of the requisite shape and filling the enclosure thus formed with earth, a method of construction also known in the Pacific region (page 95). At Las Mercedes the stones of the casing were river bowlders from thirty to sixty centimeters long. HUT RUINGS No description of the dwellings of the Guetar is known. How- ever, at several sites there are circles of stones (pl. ccir), ranging up to seventy feet in diameter, which evidently represent the accumu- lation of débris around the base of the circular palenques of the type used until recently by the Indians of Talamanca (pl. mr). These dwellings are simply huge tipi-like structures of logs and thatch. In the Highland region they were constructed on the ground, but to the south of the Cordillera de la Candelaria they were set on low plat- form mounds. LARGE STONE, STATOR The stone statues from Lake Nicaragua have already been dis- cussed at length (page 91), and their presence on the eastern shore of the lake has been noted. Thence they extended southward across the Rio San Juan as far as the vicinity of Puerto Limon. A splendid example of the Costa Rican statue is given in pl. cxxxvitt, which is more carefully carved than the majority. The animal figure capping a human figure, which is characteristic of Nicaraguan types, is pres- ent, though in a modified form. In most Costa Rican statues it is absent. It is noteworthy that the Chacmool, or recumbent figure holding a bowl on the breast, extends to the Atlantic coast of Costa Rica. Three examples from this region are known to the writer, one in the park at Puerto Limon, one in the American Museum of Natural History, and one in the United States National Museum. Hartman’s investigations at Las Mercedes showed that the large stone statues were set on top of the walls that formed the sides of the mounds. In Nicaragua, it will be recalled, they were found around the base of the mounds, except at some sites to the east of the lake. CARVED SLABS Large slabs of stone, elaborately carved along the edges and across the top, are characteristic of the Atlantic slopes of the Highland LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXXXVIII STONE STATUE. COSTA RICA a ¥ ’ ; s LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXXXIX STONE SLAB. ANITA GRANDE, COSTA RICA (HEIGHT, 6 FT., 4 IN.) CARVED SLABS 287 region. Examples are shown in pl. cxxxrx and fig. 179. The deco- ration on the sides is in low relief and across the top are animal fig- ures carved in the round, usually monkeys or birds. The only speci- men of this kind found in situ was discovered by Skinner (MS.) at Anita Grande where it stood erect in the midst of the cemetery. Fic. 179.—Stone slabs. a, Costa Rica (width, 19 in.); b, Cartago, Costa Rica. (Courtesy of W. H. Holmes.) These carved slabs are paralleled by those from Manabi in Ecuador and Chavin in Peru. From the statement quoted on page 81 it is clear that these stones, or similar forms of wood, were set up over graves. 288 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA METHODS OF BURIAL The usual burial of the Highland region was in a rectangular stone cist, of which Hartman (1909) distinguished four types. The first type is built entirely—walls, floor, and roof—of flat stone slabs, and is particularly characteristic of the Cartago valley. A second type, found in the vicinity of San José, is constructed of oval river bowlders and has no roof. A third class occurs on the Atlantic coast ; it has walls constructed of river bowlders and floor and roof of large slabs, and is much larger than type 2. Finally, on the western side of the Cartago valley cists were made of small, square-cut slabs used like bricks. In addition to the rectangular cists, Hartman found at Santiago some glob- ular stone cists (fig. 180) in the same mound that contained Fic. 180.—Section of graves, Santiago, Costa Rica rectangular ‘ Sore (After Hartman, 1901.) The variations in form exhibited by the Highland cists are due in large part to the nature and abun- dance of the local stone supply, as for example on the Atlantic coast where large slabs had to be transported, while river bowlders were easily obtained. The cist burials usually occur in a mound or within a circle marked by hut rings. Beneath the ground indescribable confusion often reigns, for not only are there sometimes as many as three tiers of cists, but the burials often touch one another, and cists of irregular shape were sometimes necessary to place another body in the already crowded cemeteries. In the more confused burial grounds, prin- cipally in the Cartago valley, the cists are often so small that secon- dary burial must have been practised. Elsewhere, as on the Atlan- tic coast, burial at length was more common. Cist burial is not uncommon in the New World. It is found in Mexico and Guatemala, and in various parts of the United States, as New Jersey, Illinois, Tennessee, Georgia, and New Mexico. The METHODS OF BURIAL—GRAVES 289 Costa Rican graves, especially those on the Atlantic coast, show close resemblance to those of Chiriqui, which in turn merge into the rock- cut shaft graves of Colombia and Ecuador. Cist burial was com- mon on the Peruvian coast, where the walls were made of wood. Stone cists were used in the Recuay valley. Columbus, on his fourth voyage, touched at the village of Cariay, where he observed artificially preserved bodies stored in specially prepared houses. Such treatment of the dead was probably reserved for those of the highest rank, whereas lesser folk were buried in the ground. While normally cists were used, in some cases there is rea- son to believe simple inhumation took place. Hartman (1907b), in his excavations at Curridabat, found no trace of burials, yet the vast quantity of apparently purposely broken pottery encountered strongly suggests a funerary offering to corpses whose very bones have totally disappeared. OBJECTS FROM GRAVES 1. Metates—Grinding plates of stone for the preparation of corn in the spirit world are frequently found in the graves (fig. 181). Whereas the Nicoya metate consists of a rectangular plate with three legs, the Highland metate is usually oblong and has four legs. The Fic. 181.—Metate from Cartago, Costa Rica. (Courtesy of W. H. Holmes.) Nicoya hand-stone projects from each side of the plate, but the Highland metate has a ridge around the edge, which necessitates a short hand-stone. The Highland metate usually has an animal head projecting from one end, while a tail runs from the opposite end to the base of a leg in such fashion as to form a handle. The usual 290 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA animal form represents the jaguar. The Highland metate obviously closely resembles the type encountered in Chiriqui, and indeed so close is that resemblance that no safe rule can be laid down by which the types of the two regions can be distinguished. Similar metates are found in South America as far south as Ecuador (Verneau and Rivet, pl. 1x). One metate (pl. cxL) from this area merits special attention. It has three legs like the Nicoyan type, but has a ridge around the erinding plate like the Highland type. At the base of the legs project human heads upon which jaguars stand, which in turn, Fic. 182.—Gold disc, Cartago, Costa Rica. support monkeys clasping their tails (cf. fig. 182). Under the center of the grinding plate is another group of figures. At the base is a double-headed alligator upon which stands a Jaguar god grasping two objects in his hands (cf. pl. Lxxviu1, /) and holding a serpent with a human head in his mouth (cf. pl. Lxxvut, a), The head-dress of the Jaguar god is composed of four animals standing on their fore-legs and attached to the base of the grinding plate by their tails. This remarkable specimen not only shows the technical ability of the aborigines in carving large blocks of stone, but bears silent witness to the wealth of mythology now completely lost. LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXL CEREMONIAL METATE. SAN ISIDRO DE GUADALOUPE, COSTA RICA (LENGTH OF TOP, 24.5 IN.) + OBJECTS FROM GRAVES 291 2. Stools—Stone stools, of which an example appears in the center of pl. CXL, consist of a round plate encircled by a ridge and sup- ported on a tall pedestal. A series of small heads often depends from the edge of the plate. The base is pierced by slits, triangles, diamonds, etc. Sometimes it consists of a series of Atlantean figures, a form reflected in the pottery. Such stools are found with unbroken dis- tribution and of indistinguishable types from the Highlands of Costa Rica to the Province of Chiriqui. The identification as stools is not absolutely accurate, for many specimens show evidences of grinding upon the upper surface. How- ever, in Costa Rica, as well as in the West Indies, chiefs were wont to sit upon low stools, and as these objects sometimes were made of Fic. 183.—Wooden stool, Cave of Cucinizna, Nicaragua. (Length, I1 in.) pottery (which could not be used for grinding), their primary pur- pose may well have been as stools. Furthermore, it is probable that all the metates of this and other regions were employed as stools. The wooden seat in fig. 183 is comparable with the stone metate and with wooden stools of the West Indies, South America, and Yucatan. 3. Stone Stands—Pot- tery supports for round- bottom vessels are fre- quent finds. A _ corre- sponding type made of stone is shown in figs. 250.0, and 259. *It will be observed that they are like the stone stools Fic. 184.—Stone bowl, Las Mercedes, Costa minus the plate. Rica. (Diameter, 3.75 in.) 292 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 4. Stone Bowls—Stone bowls resembling certain types of pottery are occasionally found (fig. 184). A fine example of a tripod cylin- drical jar of stone, elaborately carved, was once in a Costa Rican collection, but its present whereabouts is unknown. 5. Small Stone Figures—Among the smaller stone objects, carved human figures are common. Three groups may be recognized. The first consists of standing figures usually grasping an object in each hand in a manner suggesting the goldwork (pl. Lxxvi1, ). Not infrequently these statues hold a human head, and the example in fig. 185, a, holds a head in one hand and an ax in the other, a subject Fic. 185.—Stone statue and implements. a, Eastern Costa Rica; b, c, Cartago, Costa Rica; d, Costa Rica. suggestive of human sacrifice, to which it is known the Guetar were addicted. There exists a very similar motive in the art of the Peru- vian coast. A second type consists of the human head, usually about half life- size, cut squarely across the neck (pl. cLxxxvitl, c). This may well be the same severed head as seen in the arms of the previous class, and is perhaps commemorative or symbolical of human sacrifice or victory in battle, or it may have been placed in the grave to represent the slave of the dead. Similar heads are found in pottery. A third kind of human figure, of which examples appear in pl. CXLI, is seated with the arms across the knees. Often ‘an object is held to the mouth as though to represent a man eating, or playing a LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXLI MISCELLANEOUS STONE OBJECTS. COSTA RICA oO *% Ty POTTERY CLASSIFIED 293 whistle. The height of these figurines is usually only a few inches, but several specimens about two feet high were encountered in build- ing the railroad and are now in the United States National Museum. A general resemblance may be noted to the Mexican seated stone figures known as Indios tristes. 6. Stone Axes—The polished ax of the Highland region (fig. 185, 6, ¢) is usually diamond-shape in cross-section, a characteristic which extends from this vicinity to the Province of Chiriqui. A second class (fig. 185, d) is flaked, but not polished. The monolithic ax is not known, but double-bit forms of the flaked type occur. POTTERY The basis of pottery classification has already been discussed in connection with the fictile remains of the Pacific region (page 105) ; but it will be well to state again that classification on a unified basis is not possible, and this is especially true of the Highland region. Thus, clays, color, shape, and decoration all enter into the classifica- tion presented below. However, several specialized shapes, such as the bowls supported by Atlantean figures, crosscut the various wares in such fashion as to form separate groups. ‘These have been treated at the end under the title “Miscellaneous”. The reader will recognize such terms as Red-line, Lost Color, Maroon, Tripod, and Handled Ware, which have already been adopted to designate Chiriquian pottery groups. These names are here applied to the same class of pottery as the Chiriqui wares, modified but slightly by a different environment. Indeed, the list below does not tell the story of the indebtedness of the Guetar potters to those of Chiriqui, and in almost every ware to be examined we shall find traces of the virile art of that region. In estimating the art of the two areas, unfortunately but little can be said about the remains of the intervening provinces of Talamanca and Boruca. The latter is known to contain many large cemeteries which have been rifled by the natives. The gold has, for the greater part, been melted, but quite a number of pottery specimens have found their way into private collections from the Highland region, and, with no distinctive labeling, have ultimately become the property of the museums on whose collections this study is based. However, the specimens illustrated here have been selected with reasonable certainty as to their provenience. 294 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA The classification on the basis of which the Highland pottery will be discussed is as follows: I. Polychrome Ware. Red-line Ware. Yellow-line Ware. II. Simple Painted Wares2 White-line Ware. Black-line Ware. Lost-color Ware. Maroon Incised Ware Chocolate Ware. III. Monochrome Wares Redlip (wate: Red Ware. Curridabat Ware. Tripod Ware. Stone Cist Ware. Handled Ware. IV. Appliqué Wares V. Miscellaneous. LOTHROP — POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXLit HIGHLAND POLYCHROME WARE. COSTA RICA DIAMETER OF @, 7.5 IN. CHAPTER II POLYCHROME WARE N examination of Polychrome Ware can be made more easily A» anticipating our conclusions and stating at the outset that Highland Polychrome Ware is no more than an offshoot of Nicoya Polychrome Ware, modified, it is true, by local genius and by further borrowings from the art of Chiriqui. In Nicoya the polychrome vessels form a large part of the total, but in the Highlands the reverse is true. The clay, slip, firing, etc., of the Highland Poly- chrome is not different from that of Nicoya. The colors employed are red, orange, brown, purple, and black. Both purple and brown are more frequently used than on the Pacific coast, and black is some- times employed as a filler as well as for outlines. Painted patterns are usually outlined by thin lines, not so fine as those of Luna Ware, but intermediate in quality between Luna and Nicoya Polychrome Wares. In this connection it must be remembered that in primitive times there doubtless was direct communication between Nicaragua and the Cartago and San José valleys across the Cordillera Central and the plain of San Carlos, which now form an impassable barrier to ordinary travel. The technics of decoration, as on the Pacific coast, are modeling and painting. Subclassification has been made along these lines according to the type of design. MODELED FORMS Modeled forms are not common in this ware, and those found are partly of types already considered, to which it will be sufficient to draw attention. Pl. cxtv, b, shows a vessel with a painted and modeled face (see fig. 30, b), on the back of which is a typical High- land Polychrome Ware pattern. Another example appears in pl. CXLII, b, marked by diagonal slits in the legs, which are a character- istic of the Highland region. Two types of jaguar effigy bowls from Nicoya, which are some- times found in the Highlands, have already been noted (page 119). In addition a third type, of which examples are given in pl. CxLtur, c, occurs regularly in the Highlands and rarely in Nicoya. It con- 295 296 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA sists of a round or rarely oblong bowl, from one end of which pro- jects a jaguar head. There are two legs on the side of the vessel next the head and one on the opposite side. The exterior wall always, and the interior wall and floor sometimes are decorated with patterns derived from the alligator, a design that will be discussed later. a cxiit, b, shows a type of jaguar effigy bowl of Chiriquian origin, but marked in this specimen by diagonal slits in the legs in a manner characteristic of the Highlands. Pl. cxuiu, a, a’, shows an animal effigy, representing perhaps a tapir or a pig, on the back of which is a bowl. This piece is of special interest owing to the nature of the painted decoration. The exterior pattern is derived fromthe scutes of the Chiriqui alligator, while the interior design is characteristic of the Highland region. Pl. cxtu, a, represents an effigy jar with an animal head on the side in the manner characteristic of Nicoya, and legs with diagonal slits in Highland style. Occasionally pear-shape jars with animal heads on the side are found in Highland sites, but their numbers are so few as to raise the suspicion that they may be trade pieces. Pl. cxty, a, shows a unique vessel. It has a false base about half an inch above the true base, and the hollow space contains clay balls which rattle when the vessel is shaken. On the side is a modeled animal figure of uncertain nature which has one of the loose heads already discussed (page 265). : As in the Nicoya peninsula, the legs of tripod vessels from the Highland area often represent animal heads. Examples of the two commonest forms are shown in pl. cxtv1. In b the tip of the nose and mouth is pinched flat, thus forming a broad line which rests on the ground. In a the nose comes to a sharp point. A third type of leg, seen in pl. cxLviit, b, represents a human figure supporting the body of the bowl on its shoulders. This form was probably developed in the Highlands. PAINTED DECORATION THE PLUMED SERPENT The dominant position assumed by the Plumed Serpent in Nicoya Polychrome Ware patterns has received extended treatment above. Designs of similar origin are frequently found on Highland Poly- chrome Ware as well. It will be recalled that in Nicoya the more natural forms of serpent are distinguished by certain characters which persist in the less natural and geometric forms, and which serve as a ‘CNI S* ‘LHDSIBH) VWOIN VLSODO—pn q “WOIN VWLSOD 3YVM ANOYHDA10Od GNVYIHSIH Dp ‘WOIH W1SOD ‘sHaaDyaW sy1—o VOIY VLSOD ‘VINSNIN3d YAODIN i) i} ii 1] dOYwHLot WW \\ A MMA TT. i I NI TTT =e fac eases se HIN lf TU — Uh ——— Uf LT MU LM VNOVYVOIN GNV VOIX VLSOD AO AYRLLOd Tl Md JD S < 1 —————S . ul SSS BEN) oh SS =— LW Y S os ~_——=—=—_ > SF =" . Hy o> SSS ANY , Ws iret Wt ‘ A HWITXS “Id a - PL. CXLIV LOTHROP——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA L i Ih en | | | Ul OA AN I | | HIGHLAND POLYCHROME WARE: PLUMED SERPENT MOTIVE, TYPE A a—LAS MERCEDES, COSTA RICA (LENGTH, 3.5 IN.). 0—OROSI, COSTA RICA. C—SAN ANTONIO DE NICOYA, COSTA RICA. €—TWO-HEADED MONSTER PATTERN, COSTA RICA d—OMETEPE ISLAND, NICARAGUA. vy PLUMED SERPENT MOTIVES 207 basis of identification in patterns which otherwise have lost all re- semblance to the original prototype. The most persistent of these features are the plumes and the cross-hatchings, dots, ete., which mark the body. TYPE A Pl. cxLiv, c, shows a simple form which presents no great difficulty. The head faces to the left and is crowned by projections which may be plumes. At the right are the tail plumage, “aura” (the lines between the plumes), and cross- hatched areas. Fig. a of the plate (a WWWMWIMMIJY{ZZ } has plumes in front of the face, \ it | | | ; yy, a or rather where the face should Yi \ \\ be, as it has disappeared except 4p ll » Qp for the eye. Fig. 186 represents Aa SW a small jar decorated with a pat- (|; 7 [; | MAT NS | tp tern from this group. PI. cxtrvy, (i | | d, is from Nicaragua, and shows < a somewhat similar breaking-up SS of the Serpent motive. SS Ss SS = = TYPE B Fic. 186.—Highland Polychrome The simplest form of the ee eee Se AS Plumed Serpent of type B is shown on the extended band of pl. cxiv, b. Curiously enough, this design is painted upside down, and the plate must be reversed to view it properly. When this is done, the head, painted in orange and red, is at the right. Beneath are the jaws, the upper of which is white and the lower orange. The orange portion of the head terminates in a scroll immediately in front of the mouth. This may well repre- sent the fang, which is greatly enlarged in some of the Nicoyan examples (pl. xiv, b). Behind the head are yellow and red loops representing the head plumes. The body (painted yellow) ends in a hand-like tail plume. On the lower zone line are two long serpen- tine arms. These should be attached to the body, but have become separated in the process of conventionalization. The presence and significance of such limbs on the plumed serpent have already been discussed (pages 146-159). Pl. cxivir, a, shows several changes. Above and to the left of a central rosette is the eye, to the left of which is a large projecting fang. Beneath the fang are the jaws and lips. The latter have had = \ PO ee + nal 298 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA the markings typical of hands placed on the ends of them. To the a right of the central rosette is a large rectangular panel representing the head plumes. The arms extend in either direction along the base line, and the body lies along the top of the panel and then down the right side, terminating in a double hand representing the tail plumes. The rim pattern on pl. cxtvi, b, shows the Plumed Serpent of type B in its most typical Highland guise. The chief characteristic is the enormous fang, beneath which are the lips tipped with hand motives. At the base of the panel are the legs. To the right of the head is a small cross-hatched panel, recalling the body markings on the Nicoya Plumed Serpent motives. At the extreme right is the tail plumage, represented by a series of chevrons, dots, and hatchings. In pl. cxim, c, the rim pattern has an arm and hand beneath the jaw, while the head plumes, seen to the right itd) of the head, are tipped by ac I's ea ba gm the hand motive. The litle nt \V “ ‘) treatment of the body = and the tail in this speci- men strongly recalls the jaguar of Nicoya (pl. XXxvV, a). Pleceryines is treated in a_ similar fashion and _ the _ tail curved back upon itself is obvious. A new fea- | ture is the introduction of <1 ‘ic space-filling panels, which may be seen on each side Fic. 187.—Highland Polychrome pattern on a of the tail, and which are pes from Filadelfia, Costa Rica. (Diameter, not infrequently found with the Jaguar motive (pl. xxxv1, b). Fig. 187 has a face of the type now familiar, which is flanked by “tails” with recurved tips. The general assemblage of this pattern recalls such motives as pls. Lint, b, and Ly, 0. Pl. cxtyt, a, shows conventionalization through the elimination of parts. The head and mouth offer no peculiarities. To the right of the head are two perpendicular plumes tipped with the hand motive. Farther to the right is a large rectangular pattern in black and red. LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXLV rv Vy TARAAAI . se6e09 « IE A MAL ON ISPS foe ecerteta HIGHLAND POLYCHROME WARE. COSTA RICA a@—BOWL WITH LOOSE-HEADED FIGURINE AND TWO-HEADED MONSTER PATTERN, TYPE A. O—EFFIGY BOWL WITH PLUMED SERPENT PATTERN, TYPE B,. DIAMETER OF @, 6 IN, y t i . . » ra 7 ¥ * ¥ y 7 ’ bd . ’ 1 ‘ : . ‘ j _ : “ 4 . ‘ ‘ + . f ' # , = j . , ' cr 7 ; * P _m i ‘ i 7 i 1 5 PLUMED SERPENT MOTIVES 299 This also represents plumes and may be compared with the plumes seen in pl. cxivu, a. All other parts, even the minor pattern sep- arating the repetitions of the main design, have totally disappeared. The Highland Plumed Serpent of type B is usually accompanied by a secondary geometric pattern which serves to separate the oc- currences of the major design. Sometimes this pattern consists of simple colored bands, as in pl. cxLu, c, but more commonly it is a circle containing small concentric circles to which are attached small hatchings, as in pl. cxtvi, b, or else the bent arms of a swastica. Pl. cxLit, c, in addition to the parallel bands of red, orange, and black, has “‘tail-like” appendages projecting from the outer zone line between the fang and the parallel bands. Pl. cxtvit, e, shows fringed staff-like objects attached to the base of the panel. Similar forms appear in the hands of deities and men in the Mexican codices and on Nasca pottery from Peru. It is suggested that they represent the staff decorated with feathers, the Aztec chicauagtli, which was the badge of authority given to the heralds by the caciques. (see page 49). The patterns of this and other Highland Polychrome groups are normally outlined by fine lines, while those from Nicoya have much heavier lines, a difference which can be seen by a comparison of a and b, pl. cxtvi. The colors used are red, orange, brown, purple, and black. At least four of these appear together usually. The use of purple is confined largely to the Highland Plumed Serpent and the Nicoya Textile Pattern group before described (pl. Lxxx1, e). The shapes associated with this design are the round-bottom and tripod bowls, and rarely the pear-shape jar. The provenience is the Peninsula of Nicoya eastward to the Atlantic coast of Costa Rica. The majority of specimens have come from the Cartago and San José valleys. TYPE C The next class of Plumed Serpent differs from the preceding in that it is formed of two examples of type B fused together. In pl. CXLVvII, d, the central eye is common to two heads. The right head is upside down and the left in the normal position. Beneath the projecting fang of the left head may be seen the jaw and legs. The body runs along the base line of the panel. Fig. e of the same plate is similarly assembled, though painted in a different style. Pl. cxivut1, b, shows this motive on the lip of a tripod cup, the right head as usual being upside down. 300 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA Pl. cxu, c, illustrates the adaption of this motive to the circular field of the bowl floor. The pattern here portrayed is not dissimilar to that on the rim of pl. cxtvi, a. Pl. cxLvr, a, is unusual because the plumes are fringed with double T’s in a fashion found on plumes of Nicoya Polychrome Ware (pl. xxix, b). The right-hand tail plumes grow directly from the end of the body, while the left side shows the body terminating in a hand which grasps two feathers. The commonest and simplest method of delineating this pattern appears in the circular panel of pl. cxLvi, b, which represents two entire serpentine figures joined by a vertical bar. The head of each is crowned by a curved crest, and immediately behind the head are “wings”. The body, bent back upon itself, terminates in a “hand” which represents plumage. This monster is closely connected with the double alligator seen on Red Ware bowls (fig. 195, b). THE Two-HEADED DRAGON OR MONSTER TYPE A The pattern seen in pl. CxLIx is one of the most typical in High- land Polychrome Ware. It consists of two opposed faces outlined by broad red bands and connected with each other by loops. The whole pattern is not unlike the Aztec ollin sign, although the re- semblance is only superficial. The normal field for this pattern is the interior of tripod bowls of the type seen in pl. cL, d, yet it also occurs as an exterior design as shown in pl. CxLv, a, the interior rim of which is occupied by the Jaguar motive seen in pl. Xxxvil, D. Pl. cxtvu, c, shows this pattern on a large vessel from Nicoya in association with a “textile pattern”. Pl. cL, c, again shows the same combination. Pl. cL, e, gives another example on the interior of a vessel, differing from pl. CXLIx in the treatment of the face. The origin of this pattern is by no means obvious, but it is parallel (though not similar) to the Mayan Two-headed Dragon in that it partakes both of the nature of the serpent and the jaguar. The connection with the Plumed Serpent may be seen from pl. XLvill, c, which has two faces (the left-hand one broken off) on opposite sides of the vessel, which are joined by a pattern representing the serpent body and marked by cross-hatching. In the Highland Two-headed Dragon there are two opposed heads linked by a not dissimilar motive minus the cross-hatching, which, however, is usually found in the adjacent triangular panels. The connection with the jaguar is es- LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA ¥ PL. CXLVI OLE MEET DLO ATEN i A IE I ISI BEAK IA BR, 8, : ee ; . We eH i WS ere DA sERWHRRH GZR Bee H Ge me $eiarctosiper Trrrmcctegg HIGHLAND POLYCHROME WARE: PLUMED SERPENT MOTIVE. TYPE B. COSTA RICA LOTHROP——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXLVII HIGHLAND POLYCHROME WARE. COSTA RICA. a, b—PLUMED SERPENT MOTIVE, TYPE B. C—-TWO-HEADED MONSTER MOTIVE. d, €—PLUMED SERPENT MOTIVE, TYPE C % *r > A ‘ ‘ ‘ 5 J% a Z ¥ rs . j bd « a { . 5 bs - t£ 4 hie j G 4 3 i ah e J = ‘al ’ id ' iy a . / af 2* Ne ' cs ' ~ Ze j . . s zt ‘ Pe | Z f a * +7 ¥ = ‘ 2 4 2 ~ > . 4 ¥ Oat ‘ u d s+. de « DRAGON AND FEATHER MOTIVES 301 tablished by specimens such as pl. cxtiv, e, on which the heads and connecting loops are covered with the conventional jaguar markings (see pl. xxx, a). Furthermore, the recurved tail typical of the Nicoya Polychrome Jaguar motive appears in the space beneath the connecting loops. TYPE B A second class of Two-headed Dragon pattern is represented by pl. cL, b, which again has two heads on opposite sides of the vessel, each of which is joined to a common body formed by the circular central field. From the body two pairs of legs run to the rim of the bowl. The intervening spaces are filled with rows of small circles. This pattern is obviously connected with the preceding one, yet the rows of small circles suggest the alligator markings com- monly found on Appliqué Ware vessels (fig. 236). This design is found only on the inside of bowls. It is not com- mion, and is confined largely to the Cartago and San José valleys. Fewer than a dozen pieces are known to the author. TYPE C A third class of Two-headed Dragon is shown in PLMCHy crea lt contains two large triangular heads joined to a small central body. At right angles to the heads are two pairs of arms connecting the body and the rim. Between the arms and the heads are looped pro- jections which may be plumes. A more elaborate example is seen in pl. cri, b, which has four pairs of legs treated in a manner which recalls the Highland Plumed Serpent of type B. This group is related to types A and B and also is connected with the Alligator god who is usually shown with a triangular head in this region (cf. fig. 208, a). THE FEATHER PATTERN Attention has already been called to minor patterns of Nicoya Polychrome Ware derived from feathers, and in particular to the type seen on the wings and body of fig. 35. Rarely in Nicoya, but more commonly in the Highlands, this design becomes a major motive covering a large area on the vessel. Pl. cru, b, shows a bowl decorated with a large cross and a pattern of this nature consisting of parallel lines divided into small segments containing dots. Two arms of the cross are embellished with concentric circles fringed with loops, a pattern found with the Nicoya Human Figure and Monkey 302 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA designs. Fig. 188, a, has a central square to which four loops are attached and the remaining space is filled by the feather pattern. The Mi, me yout nntuttl ya enn G : A ) Ut; \\ AN? OM AY row Wie b OAS Hh : PR SS my Fic. 188.—Designs from bowls, Highland Polychrome Ware, Costa Rica. (Diameter of a, 8.5 in.) square is occupied by another feather design, seen also on Luna Ware serpents (pl. LXXXIX). Fig. 188, b, shows a central circle containing a cross and having four attached loops. Between two of the loops are Highland Ware Plumed Serpents of type B, and the cross, loops, and remaining background are covered with feathers. TO unl re —_ fori Fic. 189.—Highland Poly- chrome Ware, Costa Rica. wr This specimen is important because it definitely connects this motive with the Highlands. Fig. 189 is an egg-shape jar with ring base of Nicoya type, the upper zone of which is adorned with the feather motive. | This pattern is ordinarily found on the inside of flat bowls, although, as just seen, it sometimes occurs on Nicoya jar types. Its range is from the Cartago valley westward to the Gulf of Nicoya. THE ALLIGATOR Chiriqui Alligator Ware is dis- tinguished by the type of pattern LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXLVIII HIGHLAND POLYCHROME WARE: PLUMED SERPENT MOnIV.E vi yee GS @—NICOYA PENINSULA, COSTA RICA. b—costTa RICA; HEIGHT, 3.5 IN , oe LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXLIX $49 wi : eet dem, ses eu deer rene 3 tn PF Ie sour e HIGHLAND POLYCHROME WARE: TWO-HEADED MONSTER PATTERN, TYPE A COSTA RICA LOTHROP——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CL na SEEELT LT es HIGHLAND POLYCHROME WARE: TWO-HEADED MONSTER MOTIVE AND MISCELLANEOUS TYPES a@, b—COSTA RICA (COURTESY OF M. H. SAVILLE). C-€—COSTA RICA. f-hR—SAN ISIDRO DE GUADALOUPE, COSTA RICA (AFTER JOYCE, 1918) 4 . ALLIGATOR MOTIVE 303 seen in fig. 69 and motives derived therefrom. Its presence has already been noted on Nicoya Polychrome Ware, and it is also found, although in a modified form, upon the jaguar efigy bowls of the class most typical of the Highland region (pl. cxit, c). The field of decoration on these bowls is usually the outer rim, but some- <— times the inside rim and also the I floor are decorated. © comes: Pipesi90,)c, is a pattern ap- proaching the Chiriqui prototype as closely as is often seen. The head faces the left and is sur- mounted by a crest. The upper jaw curves backward in the ap- proved style, but the lower jaw is absent. Pl. cLi, a, again repre- sents the alligator, but the back- ground, which in fig. 190, c, is completely filled with color, is now devoted to rows of dots and heav- ily painted ovals and circles. The animal body is a triangle filled with red, to the right of which are at- tached the fore-legs and head, to the top of which the tail is joined, and to the left corner of which the hind-legs are connected. Both of these examples come from the floors of bowls, a field usually Fic. 190.—Alligator _ patterns, more elaborately decorated (when ee eee wat a aiter decorated at all) than the rims. Fig. 190, b, is a rim pattern which again shows the alligator. The head is represented by an oval enclosing an eye. To the left are the jaws, both of which are recurved, and the body and tail are in- dicated by the long recurved lines extending to the right of the head. This example forms a link between zoomorphic figures and de- rived geometric motives, which consist of simple frets such as the center of fig. 190, a, or of parallel black lines separated by a red line and interspaced by circles. These circles often contain dots and ) qu: ———— | 304 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA may be compared with the head and eye of b, while the parallel lines doubtless are derived from the jaw and body lines. The reader desirous of following the modifications of the simpler forms should consult Hartman (1901), who has presented a long series. Other motives besides the alligator are found on jaguar efhgy bowls, but they occur so rarely that they do not merit discussion. Among the most frequent is the Alligator god. MISCELLANEOUS MOTIVES Pl. ctxxviut, b, illustrates a tripod bowl with diagonal slits in the legs typical of the region of San José. The pattern represents an It ‘ 4 Fic. 191.—Highland Polychrome Ware, Costa Rica. (Diameter, 8.5 in.) animal the nature of which is not clear. The closest parallel is seen in fig. 122 and in certain jade pendants, which are usually accepted as bats. The accompanying motive seen on the right of the dec- orated zone is found with the Nicoya Polychrome Monkey of type A (pl. Lx, a), and this pattern may be an effort to represent the monkey full-face. The interlocking step scroll is frequently found in the Highlands, principally upon the lip (pl. cru, b), but sometimes as a major LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA aes ery HIGHLAND POLYCHROME WARE. COSTA RICA G—ALLIGATOR MOTIVE. b—TWO-HEADED MONSTER MOTIVE, TYPE C ma Ye, os MISCELLANEOUS MOTIVES 305 motive as in pl. cxLit, a, in which the step scroll forms a band around one side of the bowl, and in fig. 191 it is seen in combination with a series of crosses. | The lip pattern of pl. cxtrx has been shown to be particularly characteristic of Nicoya Geometric bowls, but it is not uncommon in the Highlands, where it is most frequently encountered in com- bination with the Two-headed Monster, as in this specimen. The Highland Polychrome vessels form but an insignificant frac- tion of the fictile products of that region, and most of the designs | have been borrowed from the Peninsula of Nicoya. The reader who thinks that the connection is not obvious must remember that the specimens discussed have almost all come from the Atlantic water- shed and that the Pacific watershed above the Gulf of Nicoya, when exploited archeologically, can be expected to produce pottery of intermediate character. 7 CHAPTER III SIMPLE PAINTED WARES OLYCHROME pottery is not very common in the Highland p region and the place it occupies on the Pacific coast is in the Highlands filled largely by the simple painted wares, which are embellished by patterns painted in one, rarely two colors. These are grouped into wares on the basis of the color employed. RED-LINE WARE Red-line Ware is marked primarily by the use of patterns painted in red upon a light background. Several classes may be recognized, each characterized by special shapes and painted patterns. The use of Red-line decoration has already been noted on the Pacific coast (pages 189-190), and it is found also in Chiriqui, from which area the name itself has been borrowed. The patterns in that region fall into the ou designated below as types B and C, although the shapes and clay are different. In addition to the Red-line r Wy = | Al Ware of Chiriqui, the vessels OF j of that region known as yews me. Painted Handled Ware are mule we e decorated in part with pat- aa. ee terns painted in red. In form they are like those noted below as type B. From the Province of Chiriqui Red- line decoration extends into South America as far as : IY Ecuador, Peru, and Vene- s =) y) eS See) zuela, and somewhat similar | patterns are found in all these countries. YE Fic. 192.—Red-line Ware, Las Mercedes, The greater number of Costa Rica. (Diameter ‘of a, 6.5 in.) Red-line Ware vessels are tripod bowls painted with patterns derived from the Chiriqui Alliga- tor motive, and there are also certain effigy vessels which often have 306 LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CEI CT Tay = RED-LINE WARE AND HIGHLAND POLYCHROME WARE. COSTA.RICA * xt RED-LINE WARE 307 designs of a similar character. The clay of this class is as fine as that of Polychrome Ware, and it is covered by a slip which varies in color from light-brown to cream. PI. cLu, a, shows an example which can hardly be distinguished from Polychrome Ware. In many instances, however, the slip is replaced by a light-colored wash through which the reddish- brown clay is apparent. The normal shape is a bowl with flaring sides, supported by three animal heads, as in fig. 192, b. These heads are hollow and contain clay balls which rattle when the vessel is shaken. Fig. 198 has legs of similar shape, but the eyes and mouth are not indicated by slits. Fig. 192, a, is a bowl with straighter sides and bulb- ous legs, a less common form. Fig. 193, a, shows a bowl car- ried on the back of an animal, probably a jaguar. Effigy vessels of this ware commonly represent _ birds. Fig. 193, b, shows such a type with the head and tail indi- cated in relief, while c has two heads on opposite ends of an oval body. Fig. 194, a, is a remarkable effigy of the great horned owl found at Las Mer- cedes. The eyes, beak, wings, and legs and tail are decorated in red. Another common effigy form is the jaguar bowl of the same shape as that already dis- ae Ti YY YF} SW WS x YAR \ =) < San rf Ga ‘\ aS AN TT MINNA un a pl Ts FIG. 193.—Red-line Ware. a, c, Costh Rica; 6, Buenos Aires, Costa Rica. (Diam- eter, 6 in. to 7 in.) cussed under Highland Polychrome Ware (pl. cixim, d). The painted patterns for the greater part are derived from the 308 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA Chiriqui Alligator motive. In the series taken from bowl rims (pl. CLut, a), it will be noted that only the head is shown, marked by the recurved upper jaw and crest so characteristic of this animal in the FIG. 194.—Red-line Ware, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. (Height of a, 8.5 in.). art of Chiriqui (fig. 69). As in that region, two heads, facing in opposite directions, are frequent- ly joined together. PI. CLII, c, gives a similar series from bowl floors. It will be observed that not infrequently one head undergoes but little change, while the second head has become greatly conventionalized. Fig. 195, b, shows a pattern of this class which ex- hibits considerable feel- ing for strength of line ‘and symmetry. The top of fig. 198 is a similar pattern executed by an unskilful hand. These two pieces represent dif- ferent “schools” of paint- ing.. Fig. 195, @ and d, belong in the crudely-ex- ecuted class, while the other patterns illustrated are applied with great regularity. The three up- per patterns of pl. CLIII, b, show respectively two entirely separate alliga- tors, a swastica on the arms of which are small heads, and a pattern de- LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA RED-LINE PATTERNS, TYPE A. COSTA RICA PL. CLIII LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLIV ] ff Hy ff} » YD HW mY Cd from iii H cil <> SAA SS SS Ne Zi —< SE —— RED-LINE WARE, TYPE B a, d,f, 9—COSTA RICA. b—LAS MERCEDES, COSTA RICA. C, €—ANITA GRANDE, COSTA RICA. (HEIGHT, 2.5 IN. TO 7.5 IN.) RED-LINE WARE 309 rived from the preceding through the elimination of the “elbows”. The central portions of fig. 195, b, c, show a conception somewhat similar to that in the two bottom examples of pl. citi, c. Fig. 196 ex- hibits a series of similar patterns which has been worked out by Spinden (1917a). In pl. crit, b, the three lower patterns illustrate the appearance of the Alligator god in this ware, and conventionalized forms derived therefrom. The central panel of pl. cri, a, gives an elaborate rep- ial ie C on Ti oo pp tl fim al ¢ i Nim a (| Il | “a D nll ts ty f i" ) fi i) th (a ‘a (Co : i} } i I Wa l ja qm 4 oa aa ly D g ps ; lug o © ode I i i Mii HI Pyagamy mi l po nD oln / | Ww \ ni il Fic. 195.—Red-line Ware patterns. a, c, Costa Rica; b, d, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. resentation of this deity, who is seen also in the central pattern of ne wlos. a. Fig. 197 is divided by parallel lines into three narrow panels, which in turn are subdivided into three parts. Each of the lateral panels is fringed with hatchings and contains at one end an eye. PI. crit, a, 310 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA is similarly divided and subdivided, and again has panels lined with hatchings but without an eye. These patterns may be of alligator origin, although it can not be stated with certainty. Red-Line Ware of type A is found most fre- Rene 3 quently on the Atlantic <> os) slope of the Highlands. Sears jeS* It is found also in the Cartago valley, but is =) [xs] rare farther to the west. Fic. 196.—Red-line Ware patterns. (After TYPE B Spinden, 1917Aa.) A second type of Red- line Ware is confined to vessels made of a very light thin clay, the surface of which is usually smoothed and is covered with a thin white wash. The common shapes shown in pl. cLtv, a-c, e, g, are the bowl, the jar, and the ring-base bottle. The bowls, always small, sometimes have a ring-base as in fig. 199. PI. criv, d, belongs to the group classed by MacCurdy (1911) as Painted Handled Ware, which is adorned with red-line decoration and is not dissimilar to the class under discussion except for a much heavier clay. Decoration is applied by painting and modeling. The painted pat- terns consist usually of simple lines. On the bottles the designs are slightly more elaborate, and a diamond filled with dots is a favorite motive. Modeled decoration consists of ribbons of clay placed around the neck or shoulder of the vessel and decorated with simple incisions. There are a few vessels made of the thin clay characteristic of this group but lacking painted decoration, which may have been eroded away. An example is shown in fig. 200. This class of pottery is not common and its exact distribu- tion is in doubt. The only defi- nitely located specimens known to the writer have come from the Sree Fic. 197.—Red-line Ware pattern, vicinity of Las Mercedes. Costa Rica. (Diameter, 5.5 in.) LOTHROP——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLV RED-LINE WARE, TYPE C a-d—LAS MERCEDES, COSTA RICA. €—COSTA RICA. J—GUAPILES, COSTA RICA AN RED-LINE WARE ait IRV AEA ETO A third Red-line Ware group consists of vessels made of a thin light clay, covered with a pale lemon or buff slip, in shape resembling iiesstriped jars of Stone Cist and Red Wares. Decoration consists of modeled motives and of geo- metric patterns paint- edeitered: The com- mon shape is a globu- lar jar with everted lip, supported on rather tall tripod legs. The modeled decora- tion consists of small animal figures—birds, frogs, monkeys, and men—as well as rows of punctured dots and the punctuated string, both of which are as- sociated with alligator scales (pages 347- 349). Peers vis’ a rather simply painted piece. It will be noted that painted circles, separated by rows of large dots, completely FIG. 198.—Red-line Ware, Costa Rica. (Diameter, 8 in.) cover the base of the vessel. Similarly treated are d and f, but the patterns are more closely knit and there are no blank spaces except on the neck of the jar.. Fig. c is a rather different type of pattern, but the vessel has the buff slip characteristic of this class. Fig. b is associated with this group by the clay, but lacks painted decoration. The distribution of this type is not certain, but it apparently comes almost entirely from the Atlantic Slopes of the Highlands. Its pat- terns have a wide distribution in South America. 312 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA YELLOW-LINE WARE This class of pottery is made of a smooth paste covered with a brick-red slip and is decorated with designs painted in a thick yellow AN nr = NY =a —N Nin > iis Z WY ; se Yi = aui\ S “A a NOON p Nl WK = NNN! li / fi QE : & A SN, Z Fic. 199.—Red-line Ware, Costa Rica. (Diameter, 5.5 in.) ~S SNE we SS Sw AE N paint. The usual shape is a broad shallow bowl with slightly incurved sides, of %." which examples are shown in pl. clv1. A second com- mon shape is a deeper bowl with flaring sides, tripod legs, and an animal head projecting from one side (pl. civir). The animal represented is usually the armadillo, distinguished by the manner in which the paws are raised to the jaw. Sometimes the paws form part of the legs of the vessel, which then rests upon the elbows, as in pl. xtx, a. More rarely the deeper class of bowls rests on tripod legs shaped like animal heads (fig. 201, c), a type borrowed from Polychrome Ware, or is supported by an annular base (pl. civil, a). The bowls with annular bases not infrequently have side, as in fig. 202, c. a modeled human face on the In addition to the Yellow-line bowls there is a very much smaller group of jars decorated with Yellow-line patterns. Fig. 203, a, shows an oval effigy jar which represents the alligator, while b is a curious combination of the _ alligator and the bird. The alligator head is shown, while distinct bird wings (see pl. xt, p) are mod- Fic. 200.—Red-line Ware, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. (Height, 3 in.) cLv! PL. LOTHROP——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA NNN b TOM \ LINE WARE d—COSTA RICA YELLOW - IN.) - TO 10 7 1N (DIAMETER, LAS MERCEDES, COSTA RICA a-C YELLOW-LINE WARE 313 eled in relief on the body of the vessel. F ig. 203, a, b, are of shapes common to Red-line, Yellow-line, and White-line Wares. Iig. 201, a, is a jar with a modeled face on the shoulder, a type usually associated with White-line Ware. The design on this specimen, however, is ks Fic. 201.—Yellow-line Ware. F 1G. 202.—a, Red-line Ware, Anita a, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica Grande, Costa Rica (diameter, 4 in.); (height, 7 in.); b, c, Costa Rica b, Oaxaca, Mexico (diameter, 5 in.); (diameter, each 7 in.), c, Yellow-line Ware, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica (diameter, 11.5 in.). painted in yellow. Although the clay is red, it has been covered with bands of dark-red paint on those parts occupied by geometric pat- terns. The painted patterns are of two styles, marked by broad and nar- row lines. The broad-line group (pl. crv, a; fig. 201, b, ovals decorated with very simple geometrical motives. Not infrequently the narrow-line pattern is placed in a panel painted in the broad-line style (pl. ctvit, b,c). The narrow-line designs are usually geometric, but are derived from the Chiriqui alligator head. A series showing 214 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA the development of such patterns is given in fig. 204. It will be noted that the more natural forms consist of two simple reptilian Fic. 203.—a, b, Yellow-line Ware, Las Mercedes and Anita Grande, Costa Rica (height, 4.5 in. and 6.5 in.); c, White-line Ware, Anita Grande (height, 6.5 in.). heads, marked by the usual upturned snout and crest, separated from each other by a circle or a diamond. Conventionalization takes place by making the pattern angular and by turning the recurved snout into a fret. SANG) . . The painted designs of pl. civu, J, c, belong at the end of the series. Fie ane Pl. civ1, c, d, show a common pat- ee y tern consisting of a terrace to which a long narrow fret is attached. The iO} ay distribution of this motive extends far to the north. Fig. 202, b, is a bowl from Oaxaca, Mexico, with this same Ta pat design painted. in red. Pl. crv, J, shows a pattern in which the wavy line enclosed by the fret has taken on the |_=VS] |=} aspect of a guilloche. Finally there is a group of simple ; |) patterns found usually on the inner lip ‘| (Ee) | OS of the vessel, of which examples may . be seen in pl. civu, b, c. These con- |Fe Seeszsensa sist of parallel wavy lines separated by ; short vertical lines. Sometimes the Fic. 204.—Yellow-line Ware : : patterns, Costa Rica, vertical lines are not attached to a base PL. CLVII POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA LOTHROP COSTA RICA - LAS MERCEDES YELLOW -LINE WARE WHITE-LINE WARE 315 line, as in two designs at the bottom of fig. 204, and bear a resem- blance to the Hanging-line patterns of the Pacific coast. The provenience of Yellow-line Ware is the Atlantic slope of the Highlands. It is found also in the Cartago valley and more rarely in the San José valley. WHITE-LINE WARE White-line Ware is marked by decoration in white paint upon vessels made of good clay covered with a red slip. The white paint is of a chalky consistency and crumbles readly if touched, unless the vessel is allowed to dry after exhumation. As a result the majority of specimens retain but little of the original decoration, and pieces fit for illustration are rare. The name “White-line” was devised by Holmes to describe the Chiriqui vessels corresponding to type B below. The presence of White-line decorations in the Peninsula of Nicoya has already received notice (see fig. 125). Three classes of White-line Ware may be recognized, each of which has characteristic designs and shapes. toy Pines This group consists for the greater part of globular efhgy jars with flaring rims, sometimes set upon tripod supports. More rarely the Fic. 205.—White-line Ware, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. (Diameter of a, 8 in.) bowl shapes typical of Red-line, type A, and Yellow-line, are found A common effigy type is a globular jar such as fig. 205, a, in which a face is modeled in relief on the shoulder, and the body of the vessel is encircled by a band of painted design; b shows a jar of this type with the head completely in relief. Fig. 203, c, is apparently a human figure with the pigeon breast and hunched back so common 316 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA in the Red Ware figurines of the Pacific coast (pl. cxxx1, a). Fig. 206 is a large armadillo effigy on which the mobile bands have been Fic. 206.—White-line Ware, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. (Height, 11 in.) placed at the ends instead of in the center of the body, a good ex- ample of conventionalization through the displacement of parts. The painted patterns of this group are derived largely from Yel- low-line Ware, and are almost always geometric in character, al- though it is possible to trace their derivation from the alligator. Fig. 207 shows a pattern in which the upturned snout, eye, and scales of that reptile are present. SD - The- globular effigy jars ~ are commonly encircled Fic. 207.—White-line Ware pattern, Costa by as or two bands of Rica. design. Two bands are LOTHROP——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLVIII WHITE-LINE WARE, TYPE B a, d, €—LAS MERCEDES, COSTA RICA. b, Cc, f—COSTA RICA. (DIAMETER, 4 IN. TO 6 IN.) WHITE-LINE WARE 317 sometimes joined by an elaborate panel, as in Hew 205 eG ineactew specimens the brick-red of the slip has been covered by broad bands of purplish-red paint upon which the white-line pattern is placed, as in fig. 205, b. (yt lee The great majority of White-line vessels are of the shape, clay, slip, and color described below as Red Ware, but decorated with geo- metric designs in white paint. The paste is usually smooth and homogeneous, and covered with a brick-red slip ; sometimes, however, it is of the coarse variety associated with the Appliqué Wares. The common shape is a globular or slightly subglobular jar, with no neck at all, a straight rim, or an everted rim (pl. crvii1). Not uncom- monly the vessel is set on short, solid tripod legs, and there may be a pair of handles on the neck or shoulder. The usual painted design is formed by a series of hatchings and cross-hatchings, as shown in the same plate. Commonly a set of parallel lines encircles the body of the vessel, from which rise triangular panels. The rim also is often decorated with lines as in fig. b. Figs. c and f, especially the latter, represent a simpler type of decoration which is found more frequently in Boruca and Chiriqui than in the Highland region. Hay Plo A third class of White-line patterns is confined almost entirely to the large tripod jars of the kind seen in pl. cLxxxir. Not only are the patterns of a specialized type, but they are marked also by an un- usual width of line, which sets them apart from types A and B. A group of these patterns is shown in fig. 208. It will be observed that they are all set in rect- angular panels, in the center of which there is usually a circle or a dia- mond attached to the border by four lines. In 4 | | \f 1 a \ NY a some cases appear zo0- ee LAC morphic figures which © probably represent the eave EaN7a | b alligator and the Alliga- Hs god. Verneau and Fic. 208.—White-line Ware patterns, Costa Rivera (1912. fig... 52) Rica. (a, After Spinden, r917a.) 318 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA have published a series of designs in gold and clay from Antioquia and Cauca in Colombia, which are strikingly like the Costa Rican White-line patterns. The large tripod jars on which these patterns occur are found from NS : “F = =: il H) ie TN aves Fic. 209.—a, Black-line Ware, Anita. Grande,» Costa. Rica (diameter, 7.5 in.); 6, Stone bowl, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica (diameter, 3.5 in.); c, Las Mer- cedes, Costa Rica (diameter, 5.5. atlat San Isidro de Guadaloupe in the west to Las Mercedes in the east. They are uncommon. Smaller vessels of similar shape are sometimes found (fig. 243). BLACK-LINE WARE Black-line Ware is marked primarily by designs painted in black upon a red slip. More rarely the slip is light- brown or cream-color and very similar to that of. Polychrome Ware. There are two subdivisions, of which the first tends toward Polychrome Ware and the second toward White-line Ware of type B. TYPES. Type A of Black-line Ware is marked usually by a red slip, although the white slip of Polychrome Ware is sometimes found. The shapes are borrowed largely from Red-line, Yel- low-line, and Highland Polychrome Wares. PI. crix, d, shows the usual Red-line form of bowl with tripod legs shaped like an animal head; c is a more conventionalized type, also characteris- tic of Red-line Ware; f is a jaguar efigy bowl with Red-line decoration within the Black-line pattern on the outer rim; e is an armadillo effigy bowl of a type common in Yellow-line Ware; b and ht exhibit the shape and leg type characteristic of High- land Polychrome Ware. Fig. 209, c, is apparently a form borrowed from the stone stools of this region. Pl. cLrx, g, h, are supported by Atlantean figures. Such supports resting on annular bases are found LOTHROP——-POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA FL. CLIX A \\Wwuuna yy — Mey Heil Lee 7 purnaneyeensdcnisitdl y YP \ 2 2 ‘ = BLACK-LINE WARE, TYPE A a, ¢, @, J—LAS MERCEDES, COSTA RICA. 4d, g—ANITA GRANDE, COSTA RICA. 0b, h—COSTA RICA (DIAMETER, 6 IN. TO 9 IN.) a (NI S OL ‘NI s°z ‘MSLAaWVIQ) "a AdAL ‘AYVM ANIT- MOvIad VOIY VLSOD ‘SHGS9uaW SY HY Be Li ll fad H fe dOYHLOt VNOVYEVOIN GNY VOIN VLSOD 40 ANALIOdW X19 “Td ‘ BLACK-LINE WARE 319 occasionally in most Highland Wares (see page 359), but these fig- ures rest directly on the ground, an attribute especially characteristic of Black-line and Highland Polychrome Wares. Fig. 209, b, shows a stone bowl supported by Caryatides of the same type as the pottery examples. Four classes of painted patterns are found. The first consists of very simple elements, such as diagonal lines (pl. cLix, f), rows of dots (fig. 209, c), rows of dots and crosses (DiveLx tc }eeand the guilloche (fig. 209, c). A second group (pl. cirx, a, d, ¢) is com- posed of double frets of the type previously seen on Yellow-line Ware and shown to be derived from two alligator heads (fig. 204). A third group (pl. ciix, g, h) has a pattern composed of triangles +) m like containing dots and separated from each other by zigzag lines. This motive is a common one in Chiriqui, where it is de- rived from the triangular alliga- tor scale. It is found as far north as Las Mercedes on the Atlantic coast and the Nicoya peninsula on the Pacific side. Fig. 70 shows an example from Nicoya, and pl. .cxtin, a’, an example from Highland Poly- chrome Ware. PI. crix, b, and fig. 209, a, have variant patterns belonging in this group. A fourth class of design consists of zodmorphic figures which are found usually on the inner rims Fic, 210.—Black-line patterns. a, c, of tripod bowls. Fig. 210, a, eee pneu Isidro de Guada- Jp y Uy nl NR 5 al EN , Agana: which is the inner rim pattern of pl. crx, d, represents the alligator head, of which the snout may be ecen at-the left.” Fig. 210, c, is a triangular head flanked by arms, and may be the Alligator god. Fig. 210, b, shows a bird which should be compared with the modeled form seen in fig. 169, b. It will be noted that most of the Black-line patterns are accom- panied with red bands or filling. A careful examination will show 320 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA that this red paint is usually not employed in exactly the same way as in Polychrome Ware, but often merely surrounds a black-line de- sign, as in pl. crix, a. In e of this plate, however, the red band is flanked by black lines in regular Polychrome style. This group then must be regarded as transitional between Polychrome and the other simple painted wares. Black-line Ware of this type is most commonly found on the At- lantic slope of the Highlands and in the Cartago valley. It occurs also, though rarely, in the San José valley, and a few pieces have been discovered in the vicinity of the Gulf of Nicoya where it merges with a class of small pottery marked by very thin walls and simple designs, the description of which has been omitted owing to lack of sufficient data. TYPE B There is a class of Black-line Ware (pl. cLx) exactly like White- line Ware, type B, except that the patterns are painted in black in- stead of white and the vessels themselves are usually smaller than those with white decoration. It will be recalled that White-line Ware of type B is found usually on globular vessels with a red slip, which is true of Black-line of type B, the patterns of which consist also of simple hatchings and cross-hatchings. LOST-COLOR WARE This name was applied originally by Holmes (1888) to the Chiriquian pottery decorated by the so-called negative-painting tech- nic. This process is still used in Salvador for decorating gourds, and has been described by Hartman (1910). It consists of paint- ing a design in liquid wax on the surface of the piece to be deco- rated, after which the vessel is painted all over with some dark color. The wax is then melted and the original pattern painted with wax remains the color of the slip and is outlined by a dark back- ground. This technic has a wide distribution. In the New World it occurs on pottery from central Mexico, Yucatan, Guatemala (Department of Peten), Honduras, Costa Rica (Highland area), Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. It will be noted that nega- tive painting is not found in western Costa Rica and Nicaragua. In the latter area it is replaced by a class of design in which the back- ground is painted black or red by the ordinary method, thus pro- ducing an effect like negative painting (pl. xL). The greatest devel- opment of negative painting is found in Colombia and Ecuador, “SNY¥S31LLVd YO1O9-1LSOTN VOI VLSOD 'SAGS90Y4aW SVT i Nw 3 > , \ y '< i) a —" é f \ _ Hy, | a" \ in ) ig nll rv a wo l Z y . \ , ly 7h, ; fh.) \. Hh 4 ' . = u i a nied ~\ hte | 5 jt. gy Mal ) ) y > YS t= W Ori fy as | : ely! % og, Ml yg i il pal r i pn ) iy oi | “WU | | ae wll bn dOYHLOT VNOVAVOIN GNV VOIN VLSOD 4O ANRZ1LLOd x49 414 LOST-COLOR WARE 321 especially in the northern portion of the latter, which I am inclined to regard as its original home, although this must await chronologi- cal studies for final proof. In the Highland area Lost-color Ware is not common, and is hard- ly more than a specialized extension of the Chiriqui. This technic of decoration occurs on two classes of vessels, one of which has a buff and the other a maroon slip. The latter is the more common, and some designs are associated with it exclusively. However, so many vessels with a maroon slip are decorated by incised designs that it has been necessary to divide them into two groups to facilitate de- scription, one of which will be found beyond under the title “Maroon Incised Ware” (pl. cixim1). Lost-color Ware, on the basis of de- sign, may also be divided into two parts. Dey PEA The commonest class of Lost- color Ware is represented by the patterns in pl. cLxr. These de- signs are found on the interior of small cups supported by annular bases or tripod legs. Fig. 211, b, shows a vessel of this class with an orange-red slip and a simple incised design on the exterior wall. In ais exhibited a common shape which has three “tails” pro- jecting from the rim. MacCurdy (1916) has shown that the majority of Chiriqui Lost-color patterns are derived from the octopus, and the pat- terns of type A have a similar In NTT origin. Pl. cixt, a, shows a cen- ‘an = P ’ bh Sh onan mam By tral circular body from which five ‘ \S a ° ° SS Z arms radiate. Figs. b and c are WG , Z simple variants. Fig. e is a much Ss 7 more elaborate treatment in Fic. 211.—Lost-color Ware. a, Costa : j Rica (width, 6 in.); b, Las Mercedes, which the spiral arms have been Costa Rica (width, 3 inj: ¢ Costa transferred from the body of the Rica (width, 4.5 in.). 322 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA animal to the rim of the bowl where they are placed in pairs. Figs. d, f, g show a frond-like treatment of the octopus arms, which is found also on vessels from Chiriqui. Figs. d and f have a buft-colored slip, while the other examples have a maroon slip. 6 We a nd sho 5 A second and less common group of Lost-color Ware vessels is decorated with zodmorphic designs, and practically always has a maroon slip. There are no standard shapes associated with this class, except rather large ring-base bowls such as that in pl. CLXII, a. Fig. 211, c, is a tripod bowl decorated with monkeys somewhat like the Polychrome type seen in pl. Lxvir. This form is figured by Mac- Curdy (1911, pl. xxvi1) among the Lost-color patterns from Chiriqui. Fig. 212, b, shows a double-headed human (?) figure, the body of Fic. 212.—Lost-color Ware, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. which has been carefully scraped away by persons unknown. The head-dress apparently represents feathers, for it has attached to it a series of T-like objects elsewhere seen on plumes (pl. xxix, b). On each side of the body is a pair of scrolls which are probably the oc- topus arms just discussed. Pl. cLxu, e, and fig. 212, a, show the most remarkable example of negative painting yet discovered in Costa Rica. The circumference of this vessel is divided by vertical bands into three large and three small panels. The small panels are adorned with modeled figures seated on the shoulders of the jar, below which are painted LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLXII min LOST-COLOR WARE AND MAROON INCISED WARE. COSTA RICA €—_LOST-COLOR WARE. 4d-d,—MAROON INCISED WARE we LOST-COLOR WARE 323 patterns related to a variant of the Chiriqui Octopus. Another variant of the Octopus motive is seen on the neck of the vessel in all three large panels, as well as on the body of the vessel in one of the large panels. The remaining space, i.e. the body of the vessel in two of the large panels, is occupied by patterns representing the Alligator god. In pl. cixu, ¢, this deity appears in an upright position. The face is not particularly reptilian in character, but the hands and feet are represented by alligator heads. In fig. 212, a, a double-headed figure is shown which is placed on the vessel in a horizontal position. The treatment of the head and arms is like that of the other panel, but the legs are replaced by a second set of head and arms. CHAPTER IV MONOCHROME WARES HE term “Monochrome” was applied to Pacific Coast wares which had only one color, depending for their decoration on modeling and incising. It is used in a similar sense to group the various Highland wares described below, but this classification is by no means an unalterable one. MAROON INCISED WARE This class of pottery is decorated primarily by incised designs, in addition to which there sometimes are lost-color patterns. The clay is ordinarily a dull-orange color, often tinged with red. Over this is a very thin slip which varies in color from red through maroon to almost pur- ple. The slip is often ap- plied only to the interior of the vessel and the exterior walls. Sometimes, as in pl. CLXIII, d, it scarcely more than covers the lip. Shapes are relatively simple. They consist of tripod bowls with more or less verti- cal sides (pl. cLxIII), ring- Fic. 213.—Maroon Incised Ware, HEME bowls (fig. 213), and Costa Rica. bowls carried on the back of an animal (pl. CLXIV, a). Decoration is in four technics: modeling, incising, painting, and negative painting. The last has already been considered. Painting is limited to broad, chalky white lines on the base of a few vessels (pl. cLxir, b). Modeled decoration is found primarily on the tripod legs and consists of bird heads such as appear in pl. cLxu, d. In rare instances the legs represent Atlantean forms (pl. cLx, D) of the type especially associated with Black-line Ware (pl. cLIx, /1). Small bird heads are also found on the sides of the vessels, as in 324 LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLXIII MAROON INCISED WARE a@—LAS MERCEDES, COSTA RICA; others—COSTA RICA. (DIAMETER, 4 IN. TO 6 IN.) j * 4s a 4 i P ‘ F { ' ~ * az d 7 . he ‘ 1 -_ 1 - 4 re } t , { } . ‘ ‘ ‘ — ’ i i MAROON INCISED AND CHOCOLATE WARES 325 pl. cLxiu, c. Occasionally effigy bowls occur, of which a of the same plate is an example, suggesting the large pottery heads described below (pl. cLxxxvur). Pls. cixu, b, and CLXIv, a, both represent a jaguar carrying a bowl upon its back. In each case the animal body is hollow and forms a rattle, and the first example shows the animal with considerable effort at realism. | The incised designs are filled with white paint like the Nicoya Chocolate Ware patterns. The designs themselves are similar to those of Chocolate Ware, and consist of small panels with cross- hatching or fringed with small triangles. Maroon Ware is found on the Atlantic coast of Costa Rica and probably extends southward into Boruca. It is rare in the Cartago and San José valleys. CHOCOLATE WARE In discussing the Nicoya Chocolate Ware (page 226) mention was made of its distribution by trade over the Highland area. In addition there seems to have been considerable local manufacture of Chocolate Ware in the Highlands, which can be distinguished from Nicoya specimens by certain modifications of shape and by the crudity with which the incised designs were executed. The paste and slip are precisely like those of Nicoya. One of the most elaborate Chocolate Ware types on the Pacific coast is a large bowl with flaring sides supported by tripod legs which represent animal heads (fig. 117). This class was copied in the Highlands, although the legs were increased in size and modified in form, as shown in pl. cLxrv, d. Pl. cixv, 7, shows another Highland specimen in which the crude incising can be more readily seen, while e is from the Nicoya peninsula and shows a borrowing of Highland forms in the modeled elements on the sides and legs, thus proving that the interchange of ideas was not entirely one-sided. PisecCoxy ab cand CLXV. g; belong to the same class as the bow] in pl. cit, a. While the shapes are essentially similar, the designs on the Highland specimens are much more crudely executed. PI. CLXV, b, h, represent the same class of vessel set upon tripod legs. The designs on all these specimens consist of small cross-hatched panels. Pl. cLxv, d, is a small Chocolate Ware bowl from Las Mer- cedes, corresponding in type with that shown in DLS Gri. soameeL tie exact home of this class is in doubt. It may belong to Boruca. Two effigy bowls, both of which probably represent the alligator, appear 326 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA in pl. cLxv, a, c, of which a shows some resemblance to the Pacific Orange-Brown alligator bowls. PI. cLxv, f, is decorated with incised | | [Wee oy ’ ——— So | oo. ESS. y, 5 oa 7 Treen DO sR f OXKLQO CXS Fic. 214.—Chocolate Ware pattern, Cartago, Costa Rica. panels and rather unusual modeled faces on the sides. Fig. 214 shows an incised band taken from a Highland specimen: In addition to forms borrowed from the Pacific region there are two Chocolate Ware shapes which were developed in the Highlands. The first consists of a series of bottles, usually with a cylindrical body (pls. cLxiv, e, and CLXvI, c), sometimes globular (pl. CLXvI, @) and rarely imitating some vegetal form such as the squash or gourd Fic. 215.—Chocolate Ware. a, Anita Grande, Costa Rica (height, 2 in.); b, Costa Rica (height, 4.5 in.). (b). These vessels usually are set upon tripod legs and have a handle on one side and a projecting animal head on the other (fig. 215, b), which might well be a spout, but which rarely, if ever, is functional. Sometimes the cylindrical shape is modified by a series of broad en- circling grooves as in fig. 215, b. In certain cases bottles of the globu- lar type rest upon annular bases as in pl. cLxvi, a. Fig. 25,0 iaee miniature vessel of this class. Chocolate Ware bottles are found most frequently in the Cartago valley and form one of the most attractive, clean-cut Highland pottery groups. LOTHROP——-POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLXIV CHOCOLATE WARE AND MAROON INCISED WARE a@—MAROON INCISED WARE, COSTA RICA; others, CHOCOLATE WARE, COSTA RICA. 0, c, f—LAS MERCEDES. (HEIGHT, 2.5 TO 7.5 IN.) Me “AUYVYM ALVIOOOHDSD voly VLSOOD angle tp Ny nee ok «Mui i i WN AM \ «i | Q IN Sy WY dOYHLOT VNOVAVOIN ONY VOIN VLSOD AO ANALLOd AX19 “1d be CHOCOLATE AND RED-LIP WARES 327 A second distinctive Highland Chocolate Ware type, shown in pl. CLXIv, f, is doubtless a specialized shape developed from the large Nicoya bowls discussed above. recurved rim, and is marked by tripod legs of definite shape and incised designs executed with characteristic precision. Vessels with similar shapes and patterns are sometimes found in Red Ware. Finally, there are certain specimens covered with the typ- ical Chocolate Ware slip but of forms usually associated with Red Ware. Fig. 216 shows ex- amples of this class. In 0} is seen a shape that, apart from the strap handle, is very common in Red Ware, of which examples are shown in pl. cLxx. It has a subglobular body and RED-LIP WARE This small group, which merges into Curridabat Ware and also is connected with the El Viejo variety of Nicoya Black-line ware, is character- ized primarily by a shiny dark- Fic. 216.—Chocolate Ware. a, red lip. Below the lip on the outer walls usually is a band of the original buff-colored clay, and the base and interior of the Costa Rica (diameter, 2.75 in.); b, Anita Grande, Costa Rica (diameter, 4.5 in.). vessel are covered with a red slip. These color distinctions can be seen in fig. 217. The usual shape is a shallow bowl with a thick lip, sometimes supported by tripod legs, which in certain cases are formed by loops of clay (pls. cLxvi and cLxvi1) ina fashion recalling Nicoya Black-line Ware (fig. 116). In addition to the bowls there are a few deeper vessels (pl. cLxv1, J, m; fig. 217) which also have the charac- teristic lip and unpainted outer walls. 328 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA Decoration is modeled, painted, and incised, and for the greater part may be placed in a continuous series. Pl. cLXxvr, k, shows a tripod vessel with small animal figures attached to the sides, which undergo a process of conventionalization through the elimination of parts in figs. 7, J, m. Ini the curved tail is the only remaining ele- ment. In g there is an addition in the form of a series of parallel painted lines, and these have been retained in fig. f while the mod- eled decorations are absent. Fig. e is more elaborate, the painted ee Fic. 217.—Red-lip Ware, Costa Rica. (Diameter, 6 in.) lines being in the form of cross-hatching. The technic has been changed in d, which is decorated with incised parallel lines, which, in pl. c-xvut, b, have become hatched triangles. Other pieces occur which do not readily fall into this series. Thus fig. 217 is decorated with a line of faces suggestive of the stone stools, above which is a band of parallel painted lines, and below which is a series of dots recalling the alligator-scale motive (pl. CLxxul,j). Pl. crxvu, a, has the encircling ridge on the body which is characteristic of Curridabat Ware. Lehmann (1913) has suggested that the El Viejo type of Nicoya Black-line Ware should be attributed to the Corobici. The appear- ance of a type so similar on the Atlantic coast, and its absence from the central Highlands, go far to show that this general group extended LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLXVI CHOCOLATE WARE AND RED-LIP WARE aQ-C—CHOCOLATE WARE, COSTA RICA. d-m—-RED-LIP WARE, COSTA RICA PL. CLXVII ian Ye 2 —— — ete teers ye, 7 Prt, ag, —ae es eS 2 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA LOTHROP , COSTA RICA LAS MERCEDES RED-LIP WARE. = (CNIS OL "NI € ‘LHSISH) “VOIH WLSOD ‘SQNVYD VLINV—/ ‘WOIN WLSOD ‘SHqGaDuaW Sv1—~a ‘2 ‘@Q "vOIN VLSOD—p'‘D S3YuVM Gay — —= = VE fl (. | \} a \ \\ ig\\\ ay } ‘4 i fis vill A \ s RANA Va * ipa ste = oN ‘il = [| 2 : av | i wis w dOYHLOTt VNOVAVOIN GNV VOIH YVLSOO AO ANS LLOd AXX19 “Td vv fe TRIPOD WARE 339 pliqué ribbons representing the mouth and a single fin. The legs of b are not hollow as in the other specimens, but there is a deep slit cut in the surface in imitation of the hollow forms. tinal Fic, 225.—Legs of Tripod Ware. a, Costa Rica; 6-d, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. (Length, 9 in., 6 in., 5 in. yin} Biga223 The bird is a favorite motive in the Mercedes group. (eee leer xvi: shows two aspects of a bird with a broad duck-like bill. f, which represents the great horned owl, has an unusual type of sup- port which shows the two legs of the bird. Fig. d departs from the practice heretofore seen of attaching a separate animal to each leg, for there is a turkey head on one leg and the wings are seen on the body of the jar which thus becomes an effigy vessel. In e the bird head is placed on the side of the vessel and is completely dissociated from the legs. Fig. 225, d, shows another bird head, be- ( neath which Ne two short mod- Fic. 226.—Tripod Ware, Costa Rica. eled legs. Fig. 230, c, illus- (Diameter, 5.5 in.) 340 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA trates a toucan holding a human head in its beak, a motive also seen in Chiriqui goldwork (fig. 224). Another favorite motive is the monkey, which is seen in pl. CLXxv, c,d. Inthe former the animal is represented as walking on all fours, and in the second it is seen in a diving position. Fig. 226 may be a simplified representation of the same animal. Pl. CLXxxv, g, is probably a squirrel. The human figure is sometimes seen on the tripod legs of the Mercedes group, usually in the position shown in pl. cLxxv1, b, which apparently corresponds to the small crouching stone figures seen in pl. cxti. The object held in the hands appears to be a flute ; and in pl. 225, b, a curious masked figure may be seen fingering the holes of a flute. Fig. 225, c, shows an unusual vessel leg formed by a thick loop of clay surmounted by a head and breasts. I1I—CurrRIDABAT GROUP (Alligator Ware) This is the class described by Hartman (1908b). It consists of vases encircled by a ridge of clay like the Curridabat Ware bowls, above which rises a tall, slightly recurved neck (fig. 228). Handles are vam found. The size of these vessels also serves to distinguish them from the other groups, for they are usually very large in comparison, rang- ing to fifteen inches in height. The method of de- position in the ground has been _ described already (page 333), and it is indeed unfortunate that practically Fic. 227.—Tripod Ware, Las Mercedes, all eer from the re- Costa Rica. (Height, 10.5 in.) gion in which they most fre- bes LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLXXVI TRIPOD WARE a, d--—LAS MERCEDES, COSTA RICA. 0—COSTA RICA. C—LOS PUEBLOS, COSTA RICA. (HEIGHT, 4.5 IN. TO 8 IN.) \ “4 TRIPOD WARE 341 quently are found should be broken. At Curridabat about eighty percent of the Tripod Ware vessels were decorated with the appliqué alligator scute motives described under Curridabat Ware. The legs of many examples were plastic representations of the alligator of the type seen in fig. 230, b. The torso of the animal is here modeled in the round, and three rows of scales are carried the length of the leg. Although the alligator is the predominating decorative motive, other types are found, among which the bird is not uncommon. One of the most picturesque forms is the toucan, with its enormous beak. Fig. 228 shows a large specimen ornamented with double-headed birds, with wings folded across their backs. This type appears in the pottery whistles of the Highland region (pl. cxc, c). The mini- ature vessel seen in pl. CLxxvil, a, also represents a bird with the wings crossed behind the head in a somewhat similar position. Other animal forms afeararely found; «Pl. CLXXv, h, represents a squirrel with its tail characteristically arched over the back. Fig. 227, an, exceptionally fine specimen, shows the ar- madillo, the banded re- gion being indicated by a series of incised lines anders El CLXXVI, a, is a seated human figure holding a bowl. The curious head-dress recalls the treatment of the alligator head as Beeumig pl. CLXXIX, dG, and the dots on the arms suggest both the alliga- tor-scute motive and the wadded cotton armor : ; Fic, 228.—Tripod Ware, Cartago, Costa Rica. probably worn in this (Height, 11.5 in.) 342 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA region. Fig. 225, a, shows another human figure wearing a necklace and gorget and with a head-dress suggestive of Chiriqui goldwork. Hartman (1907b) speaks of “unusually realistically rendered” ser- pents on vessels of this group (a type of which the author has not TRE TST ITH Fic. 229.—Tripod jar, painted purple, orange, and white, Costa Rica. (Height, 8 in.) been able to obtain ex- amples), and he also calls attention to the fact that the jaguar is not found, though common in other wares in the same region and also in the stone carvings. IV—PAINTED GROUP A class of small Tri- pod Ware vessels, of which pl. CLXXVIII, ¢, and fig. 229 are examples, is painted in four colors, red, purple, orange, and white. The shape is that of the Curridabat group, except that the mouth is more widely open. About the shoulder runs a row of small incised circles flanked by incised lines, both of which are filled with white paint. The neck is painted orange and the body of the ves- sel is dark-red. The legs are purple, with touches of white. The provenience of this group cannot be established. V—San Istpro GROUP The curious vessels seen in fig. 231 evidently belong in the Tripod eroup. It will be noted that the legs of a are decorated with fish- fins. There is a face at the top of each leg and also on the body of the vase between the legs, making a total of six for each specimen. LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA TRIPOD WARE aQ—COSTA RICA (HEIGHT, 5.5 IN.). D—SAN ISIDRO DE GUADALOUPE, COSTA RICA PL. CLXXVII “se TRIPOD WARE 343 The general type of these faces, surmounted by a large head-dress, recalls that of the Chiriqui goldwork, and may be compared with the specimens in pl. Lxxvitt, f, h. Fig. 230, a, shows a bearded face, with a head-dress formed by two additional heads. Specimens of this group known to the author have come from but two sites, San Isidro de Guadaloupe and Tres Rios. This class bears an indefinite resemblance to a certain type of fraudulent Mexican pottery made of dark clay with a shiny surface. The Costa Rican specimens, however, are light-brown or buff in color and have a rough surface. Further- more, the circumstances of the finding of several ex- amples are fully known and pl. cLxxvil, b, shows a spe- cimen i2 situ before removal from a cist grave on the Tinoco estate at San Isidro. A further fact of interest is that all the pieces illus- trated had a small hole, about a quarter of an inch in diameter, punched in the base while the clay was still plastic. These vessels were therefore not intended to hold liquids. It is prob- able that they were used to burn incense and that the hole in the base was to fur- nish a draft. VI—NtIcova GROUP A few Tripod Ware ves- sels have been found on the Nicoya peninsula. They are usually made with the Choc- olate Ware clay and slip, X Fic. 230.—Tripod Ware fragments. a, Tres Rios, Costa Rica (diameter, 5 in.); ), ¢, Costa Rica (length, 9 in. and 4.5 in.). 344 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA and the legs are covered with white paint after the fashion of large Chocolate Ware bowls (see pl. cr and fig. 117). The distinctive Nicoya shape is a subglobular body surrounded by an incised ribbon of clay and surmounted by a long chimney-like neck, which sometimes assumes the exaggerated proportions shown in fig. 232, a. The two common leg decorations are seen in pl. CLXxrx, and are represenia- tions of the alligator and bird. Fig. 232, b, is a rare type in which the encircling ribbon of clay has become a platform to which the legs are Fic. 231.—Tripod Ware, San Isidro type, San Isidro de Guadaloupe, Costa Rica. (Height, 5.3 in. and 4.3 in.) attached and on which rest two animal torsos. Fig. 232, c, is transi- tional in form between Tripod Ware and the Chocolate Ware type of vase (fig. 119, a). VII—Honpburas Group In the museum at Liverpool are three vessels of Tripod’ Ware which were found on Roatan island off the northern coast of Hon- duras. Bollaert, who has reproduced a drawing of one of these pieces, remarks, “These were found on the top of a high hill, among what appeared to the finder, Captain Fraser, the ruins of an altar.” The discovery of these vessels on the Island of Roatan brings out a point which would doubtless be more evident were the archeology of the Atlantic coast of Nicaragua and Honduras better known, namely, that the drift of Isthmian and South American material cul- LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLXXVIt C CURRIDABAT WARE, HIGHLAND POLYCHROME WARE, AND TRIPOD WARE (LAS MERCEDES, COSTA RICA; DIAMETER, 5 IN. B—COSTA RICA; DIAMETER, 5 IN, ¢€—AGUA CALIENTE, COSTA RICA; HEIGHT, 5.5 IN. ri : 77 ¥ { yy c I e. ea ‘ ¥ > Py 3 } P i“ 7 ‘ = R . 7 ha t : . ‘ + ‘ . . ’ rf ‘ tA ‘ A ‘ 1 * , : . ' \ ” * # . 5 = * « r - . ~ 4 . * LOTHROP——POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLXXIX TRIPOD WARE. FILADELFIA, COSTA RICA (HEIGHT OF 4, 11 IN.) ” TRIPOD WARE 345 ture to the northward was along the Atlantic coast rather than the Pacific coast of Central America. VIII—SoutH AMERICAN GROUPS Tripod Ware extends across Colombia and Ecuador as far as Peru with but little change. Bowls of this type from the Recuay region in Peru fall in the cruder of the two classes of pottery found in that district. Several specimens illustrated by Tello (1922a) and others, more like the Central American examples as they have decorated legs, are in the museum of the Universidad Mayor de San Marcos at Lima. Tripod bowls of Central American form, sometimes painted Fic. 232.—Tripod Ware. a, Nicoya peninsula, Costa Rica (height, about 20 in.); b, La_,Concepcién, Costa Rica (height, 12 in.); c, Costa Rica (height, 9 in.). with typical Peruvian designs, sometimes plain, occur sporadically in the coast sites of Peru. The writer has seen in the Museo de Arqueologia Peruana in Lima more than twenty such vessels from Cajamarquilla, and others from as far south as Nasca. In the Andean region of Ecuador Tripod Ware is common, and is believed by local students to be among the earliest pottery types. 346 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA STONE CIST WARE The commonest ceramic type found in the cist burials of the High- land area, that is, in the region between San José and the Atlantic coast, has been designated “Stone ‘Cist Ware”. The paste is charac- terized by the presence of a large amount of sand, and, as firing was not carried to a high temperature, the finished product is friable, and the burnished surface of the vessel has been worn away in many specimens. The color is normally brick-red, varying to a dark-brown or gray-brown. A thin red wash sometimes covered the exterior of the better class of vessels. The usual shape (pl. cLxxx, b) is a slightly subglobular jar with an everted rim. Tripod legs may or may not be present and do not influence the shape of the vessel they support. Handles are com- mon and consist of ribbon-like loops placed on the neck or shoul- der, and are usually covered by a small animal modeled in relief. This shape, also found in Red Ware, runs without break as far south as Ecuador, as the speci- men in pl. CLXX, a, convincingly demonstrates. A second shape (pl. cLxXxx, @ C) 1S =a Ow rae shallow jar with an angle at the Fic. 233.—Vessel from Angel, Prov- periphery and insloping, recurved ince of Carchi, Ecuador. (Diameter, cides. This form usually is ee mounted on an annular base or on tripod legs. A third form (pl. cLxxx, g) is taken from the gourd. It is common as far south as Ecuador, and the specimen from that region seen in fig. 233 is decorated by a face on the rim in a manner very similar to the Costa Rican example. Stone Cist Ware forms part of a very much larger ceramic type of which it is the frontier group to the north. The southern limit cannot be stated with accuracy, but it falls south of the equator in Ecuador, if not in northern Peru, where sporadic examples from as far south as Pachacamac are known. Within the Highland area it is very closely related to Curridabat, Red, and Handled Wares, into each of which it fades with but little break. STONE CIST WARE 347 Decoration, which as usual has been made the basis of further classification, is applied for the greater part by means of appliqué ribbons and buttons of clay as well as small animals. In addition there is sometimes simple painted embellishment, such as the White- line patterns of type B and the Black-line of type A (fig. 237, a). Very rarely the vessel is painted in a fashion which recalls the painted group of Tripod Ware, as shown in fig. 239, c. PUNCTURED LINE DECORATION The commonest decorative motive is an appliqué ribbon of clay punctured with holes or short lines. The origin of this motive has Fic. 234.—Stone Cist Ware, decorative details, Costa Rica. been demonstrated by Hartman (1907b) to be the alligator scute, so that it is really a conception very similar to the appliqué dot. PI. CLXxx, a, shows a bowl from the side of which an alligator head, marked by the usual curved snout, projects toward the spectator. On each side of the head is an arm covered with short incised lines. In e a much simpler head flanked by arms is shown. Beneath these are three vertical ribbons covered with dots, which apparently repre- sent the body markings of the animal. Fig. 234, a, consists of a head to which a punctured ribbon 1s attached and on each side of which is a similar ribbon. 348 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA Pl. ctxxx, b, c, f, show a head and a pair of arms to which no punctured ribbon is attached, but which is flanked by a pair of such ribbons. The nature of the head in the center is by no means clear. In b there are distinct ears, and in c the hands are held to the mouth in a manner suggesting the monkey. Fig. 234, b, shows a head of this class beneath which the elbows are turned in, a not uncommon posture. Pl. cLxxx, g, also has a face on the side, but differently treated, for this vessel is an effigy jar with the features of a face ap- plied in relief to the neck, a form characteristic of Ecuador (figs 23598 while the sides are adorned with groups of incised and applique punctured lines. Pl. cLxxx, d, shows a specimen which is encircled by a punctured line on the shoulder. The wide incisions have squeezed the rib- bon of clay into series of small loops so that it here resembles the outline of a chain. Similar encircling bands are not un- common in the Red-line bowls and bottles of type B (pl. cLrv, c). Pl. CLXxXX, A, 1s decotaud by an “eye” on the side, above which is an “eyebrow” formed by a punctured line. Fig. 235, which really belongs to Handled Ware, has a simple punctured line motive upon the side. Fic. 235.—Stone Cist Ware, Costa Rica. (Height, 5 in.) PuNCTURED Dot MOTIVE Comment has already been made on the appliqué dot motive which Hartman (1907b) has derived from the alligator. In Stone Cist Ware the raised dot itself is normally decorated with one or more small incisions. In fig. 236, a, which is unusual because the body is rectangular, there are two rows of dots arranged in zigzags in a fashion not unlike Curridabat Ware (fig. 222, b, c). The dots themselves are decorated with a small punctured hole. Fig. 236, b, which is a boot-shape vessel of thinner clay than is usual, shows appliqué dots marked with an incised line, the resultant shape being like that of a coffee-bean. The small appliqué figure at the left end of this specimen is of an unusual type. Fig. 236, c, which approaches “WOIH WLSOD CNI £ OL ‘NI ¥ ‘NY3LaWvIG) "VOI VLSOD ‘OOVLYVO—/ “VOIN VLSOO ‘SGNV45 V_LINV b‘a‘o-D “WOIM vVLSOD p ‘SHGa0uaW SV1I—Y S3YVM LSID ANOLS Se & == _ "A >) \ SS = x J lS ae oe x ’ . SAS [ie , \ ene dOYNHLON YNOVAVOIN GNV WOIYNY YLSOD AO AYR1L10d xXxXXT19 “Td s* | \ STONE CIST WARE 349 Handled Ware in shape, has dots cut by two incised lines, and d shows appliqué dots decorated with three and four incisions. ALLIGATOR EFFIGY JARS The rather shallow jars seen in fig. 237 have large faces covering one side, which may be identified with some certainty as those of alligators, owing to the presence of a tail on the opposite side of cer- tain specimens, while the protruding jaws and heavy eyebrows (a) suggest the treatment of the alligator on the handles of Red Ware in- cense burners (pl. cLxxxvi, c). The jars themselves, it will be FIG. 236.—Stone Cist Ware. a, Cartago, Costa Rica; b, d, Costa Rica; c, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. (Diameter, 3.3 in. to 6 in.) noted, are more shallow than the specimens heretofore considered, and the handles, when of zodmorphic character (fig. 237, c), are very much more simple. The face consists of mouth, nose, eyes, eyebrows, and claws or possibly ears (which do not show in the alligator in life) raised in relief. A second pair of eyebrows indicated by incised lines or a series of incised dots is often added above the modeled eyebrows 350 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA*AND NICARAGUA (fig. 237, a, d). Another interesting feature is the appearance of the so-called “weeping eye,” indicated by incised lines and dots beneath SSS Fic. 237.—Stone Cist Ware. a, 0, Costa Rica; c, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; d, Anita Grande, Costa Rica. (Diameter, 5.5 to 8 in.) the eye-ball (0). The distribution of this motive includes such dis- tant areas as the Mississippi valley and Bolivia. MopELED ANIMAL ForRMS The reader will doubtless have noted the small animal figures which appear on Stone Cist Ware vessels and will remember that similar forms were employed likewise on Red Ware (pl. CLXxx, @). Indeed the types are so nearly identical that the only basis for dif- ferentiation is the finer execution of Red Ware examples. THE HUMAN FIGURE Of the animal forms commonly encountered the type seen in pl. CLXXXI, a-f, is particularly frequent. Whether it is a man or a mon- key, or whether the two types are found, is open to argument. Some of the figures, such as c and f, look decidedly human; but others, such as a, b, e, do not. While no tails appear in the specimens illustrated, this appendage is seen on other examples of apparently the same type. LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLXXXI STONE CIST WARE: MONKEY FIGURES AND CONVENTIONALIZED DERIVATIVES b, f—CHIRIQUI, PANAMA; others—cOSTA RICA an J av et ; p> nai - rye Ayetg i ~ha STONE CIST WARE Se MacCurdy (1911), in describing this type in Chiriqui, was also un- able to determine the nature of the animal represented. For con- venience in reference it has been called a human figure in this work. This modeled form is common as far south as Ecuador, whence comes the specimen seen in fig. 238. Similar figures are seen on the Black Ware from the coast of Pere ape CLXxx1,.b andj are from Chiriqui and the others from the Highland area. toeecus a +% MISCELLANEOUS TYPES—LARGE JARS S57, decoration. However, it differs from fig. 242, b, in the treatment of the legs, which show an unusual representation of an ani- imal, form; and in the nature of the modeled figure on the side, which clearly represents a monkey. Pl. cLxxxIHI, a, has yet another type of tripod leg and is decorated by a large face on the side which is quite clearly human and which is treated in a manner recalling the large ; Fic. 243.—Tripod jar, San pottery heads described below (pl. Isidro de Guadaloupe, Costa peat Rica. (Diameter, 4 in. CLxxxvill). A fragment of a similar adn) vessel is seen in fig. 242, a, with a particularly well delineated human face. Attached to the rim of the latter is a series of small human faces treated in the man- ner seen on the stone stools. This class of large ves- sels is not restricted to White-line Ware, how- BUCe eee Ch OU aD. shows an _ exceptionally fine example decorated in the broad Yellow-line technic and by small Black-line motives placed in the interstices of the large pattern, which are not visible in the photo- graph. In a large rect- angular panel on each side are modeled alligator heads. Fig. a of this plate may be recognized as a very large Currida- bat Ware jar by the ridge encircling the shoulder. b ORE, < | . Rio Sarai ld, Costa’ Rica (height,6 The shape differs from in.); 6, Las Mercedes (height, 9.5 in.). that of the other speci- 358 mens, and it should perhaps not be placed in this group. POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA Lost-color Ware and Red-line Ware vessels, however, are occasionally found. The use of the large jars is unknown, and apparently they are FIG. 245.-—Effigy bottle, Costa Rica. (Height, 5.5 in.) tered only on the Atlantic slopes of the Highland region. found under the same con- ditions as other ceramic re- mains. Smaller vessels of kindred shape sometimes oc- cur, of which fig. 243 is an example similar in type to pl. CLXXXIII, @, which comes from the same site. The dis- tribution of these jars em- braces the area from San Isidro de Guadaloupe east- ward to the Atlantic seaboard. REPIGY SV ESoH Numerous’ effigy types have been treated in the pre- ceding pages, but certain forms not yet considered will now be described. Fig. 244 shows examples of a human effigy type seemingly encoun- Each consists of a globular jar with a cylindrical neck on which are modeled human features, treated after the fashion of the large pot- tery heads. In b modeled arms and breasts appear on the body of the vessel. Pacific Polychrome Ware patterns (fig. 74, c.). In 0b a labret is seen protruding from the lower lip. Fig. 245 is a very much smaller piece, but is designed along similar lines. The original surface has been worn away, but it may once have had painted patterns. Fig. 246 is a fragment of a vessel perhaps belonging in this group. The position of these pieces is not Over all are designs painted in red; those of a suggest Fic. 246.—Fragment of effigy jar, Costa Rica. (Width, 5 in.) LOTHROP——-POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLXXXIV LARGE JARS @—COSTA RICA (HEIGHT, 10.5 IN.). D—-LAS MERCEDES, COSTA RICA (HEIGHT, 8.5 IN ) ¥ ‘ va EFFIGY VESSELS—ATLANTEAN SUPPORTS 359 certain, but from the nature of the slip and the quality of the paint they may be provisionally attachedto Red-line Ware. A second effigy group consists of vegetal forms, such as are shown in fig. 247. Of these, b cannot be identified with certainty, but it may represent two superimposed gourds, or possibly a yam. It is made of a buff-colored clay somewhat like the Chiriqui Armadiilo Ware, and the walls are very thin. Fig. 247, a, which has incised patterns on the side, is a bastard Chocolate Ware piece, which represents the squash locally known as ayote (Cucurbita maxima). Fig. 248 also represents squashes, as is indicated by the vertical grooves in the b aS Fic. 247.Effigy jars, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. (Height of a, 5.5 in.; of 8, 10.5410.) sides. Both exhibit the coarse paste filled with sand which is char- acteristic of the Appliqué Wares as a whole. Another effigy type is seen in fig. 249, which represents the tapir or pig. In athe throat of the animal is decorated with a broad band of white paint, while > has an incised panel below the rim. ATLANTEAN SUPPORTS Vessels supported by Atlantean figures have already been en- countered in Highland Polychrome Ware and in Black-line Ware 360 POTTERY - OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGIT (pls. CXLVIID Beers. g, h). In both of these wares the sfeethor sine figures rest directly on the ground. A second form occurs in which the figures rest on a circular ring of clay, a conception obviously borrowed from _ the stone stools and stands (fig. 250, b). This type crosscuts the wares as described in this work. The specimen figured in hg) 2509) ce comes from the Highland area. The bowl is supported by four figures, prob- ably human, two of which are seen inverted. The painted pattern on the rim shows that the aire? vessel belongs to Chi- b riqui Alligator Ware. Fic. 248.—Squash effigy jars, Costa Rica. Fig. oa b, illus- trates a specimen said (Height of a, 4 in.; of b, 3 in.) a Fic, 249.—Tapir effigy vessels, Costa Rica. (Height of a, 7 in.; of b, 4 in.) ATLANTEAN SUPPORTS—MINIATURE VESSELS 361 to have come from the Peninsula of Nicoya, which is also painted in the style of Chiriqui Alligator Ware. MacCurdy (1911) figures an almost identical specimen from Chiriqui. Fig. 251, a, shows a vessel probably belonging to Red-line Ware, supported by Atlantean figures rendered with more at- tempt at realism. In c, which belongs in the Chocolate Ware group, there are heads on the side of the bowl and annular base, which are connected by diagonal lines. Fig. 250, a, is a particularly well-executed piece which represents a group of monkeys grasping one another by the arms, a motive borrowed directly from the stone stools. Fig. 251, d, belongs to one of the Applique Wares, and has the characteristic coarse clay. The nature of the animal figures is uncertain, but they may be birds. MINIATURE VESSELS Large numbers of small pot- tery vessels are found in the Highland region, and while they sometimes imitate the larger forms, for the greater part they are of separate types. The clay and slip are usually those of Red Ware, Stone Cist, or Cur- ridabat Ware. The distribution corresponds with these various wares. ek MMM oe LAL aa SS ni ew Ay ee Se NEMTIMMAN Wn . ee" J NNT ml) i zn aed Bats SS A SSS ZZ Fic. 250.—Vessels with Atlantean supports. a, Costa Rica; 6, Anita Grande, Costa Rica; ¢, Tarrazu, Costa Rica. Pl. cLxxxv, j-o, show a common miniature class, consisting of flat jars with a pierced lug on each side. In 7 the lugs are in the form of modeled birds, and between the birds a small knob is placed 362 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA on the side of the vessel. This knob persists in &, 1, n, while in o it has been replaced by a wing or tail, thus showing the unity of the Fic. 251.—Bowls with Atlantean supports, Costa Rica. (Height, 3 in. to 4 in.) series. Fig. m, however, has heads of a different type, probably representing a mammalian form. ‘These vessels belong chiefly to Red Ware and sometimes have cross-hatched White-line decoration. C d Fic, 252.—Miniature Red Ware vessels, Costa Rica. (a, Height, 7 in.; b-d, height about 3 in.) a A second miniature group is distinguished by a basket handle which spans the mouth. This feature sometimes occurs in the larger LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLXXXV MINIATURE VESSELS AND HANDLED WARE. COSTA RICA (DIAMETER: 4-0, 2 IN. TO 4 IN.; p-U, 3 IN. TO 5 IN.) - MINIATURE VESSELS 363 vessels (fig. 252, a), but is much more common in the miniature class. Fig. 252 shows a series of the deeper vessels, in each of which a b FIG, 253.—Tripart miniature vessels, Costa Rica. (Height, 3.5 in.) the ends of the handle have been made the field for modeled em- bellishment. In this series the modeled forms represent the human figure, and progressive degeneration and elimination may be noted, so that a consists of a complete figure and d has merely a head. Another series of the same class, but of different shape, appears in pl. CLXxxv, a-d. The vessels here represented are much shal- lower and the handles for the greater part are flat rather than round. Fig. a is adorned with heads on the ends of the handle, which in b have been replaced by knobs. This specimen is also decorated by White-line patterns. Fig. c has two small rows of in- cised dots at the ends of the handles, and fig. d is without decoration. A more specialized miniature form con- sists of the double jars seen in e-i of the last plate. These are really two separate vessels joined by a short bar of clay, and in some cases by a loop handle as well. Occasionally full-size Stone Cist Ware vessels of this type Fic. 254.—a, Handle of ; . a double vessel, Las Mer- are found. I[ig. e is an effigy type already cedes, Costa Rica (height, noted under Stone Cist Ware (fig. 237, a), 3,3 in.); 4, A crude bowl, Costa Ri height, 2.8 and the other examples hardly call for com- jn,), ca (heig 364 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA ment. Fig. 254, a, shows a large handle once attached to a vessel of this class, on the ends of which are modeled crabs. The crab is not uncommon in the Polychrome pottery of the Pacific region, but is rare on the Atlantic side. It is, however, found in both stonework and goldwork. Fig. 253 shows miniature triple jars, both of which have the en- circling ridge characteristic of Curridabat Ware. One (a) has a handle formed of three members leading to the three receptacles; b has an appliqué decoration characteristic of the ware. These triple vessels are not common in Costa Rica. They are sometimes seen in the pottery of Ecuador and of Recuay in Peru. CRUDEGV RS SrIes Fig. 254, b, shows a small jar, evidently shaped in the hands, of which the surface has not been properly smoothed. Similar vessels made of a light gray-brown clay occur sporadically. These are prob- ably the work of amateur potters or of beginners. Fic. 255.—Incense burners. a, b, d, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica; c, Costa Rica. (Length of d, 13 in.) INCENSE BURNERS 365 INCENSE BURNERS There is a specialized class of Red Ware which undoubtedly was intended for use as incense burners. As shown in fig. 255, these consist of plates to which are attached large handles modified into zoomorphic forms, and they are probably related to the Mexican form of censer, which ordinarily has a longer cylindrical handle with a serpent head at the end, and a deeper bowl. On the Costa Rican examples decoration is rarely found except on the handle, which almost always represents animal forms, among which the alligator, serpent, bird, and man are especially common. The usual alligator head, as seen in pl. CLXXxvI, c, is represented with considerable effort at realism, more so, indeed, than in any other ceramic group discussed, with the exception of Modeled Alligator Ware of type B (fig. 143). An interesting example in which the alligator is swallowing a man appears in fig. 255, d. This motive is sometimes seen in goldwork, of which there is a fine example in the museum at San José, Costa Rica. A curious modification of the alligator is shown in pl. CLXxxvV1, a, in which the head and neck of a serpent have been attached to the snout of .the alligator. Fig. b is a similar ex- ample. It is quite pos- sible that the snake is conceived as held in the reptilian jaws, in which case these pieces fall in line with a motive seen in both goldwork (fig. 224) and stonework (pl. CXL, b). The snake appears also as a separate motive Paes s ec) and usu- ally is represented as coiled about a cylindrical handle. A handle _ decorated ; ; Fic. 256.—Incense burner handles, Las Mercedes, with a bird, the copper- Costa Rica. 366 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA tailed trogon, is seen in fig. 255, b. While the bird is completely rendered except for the legs, the end of the handle forms a tail, which may be that of a fish, but more probably is a second bird tail. In Fic. 257.—Incense burner from San Isidro de Guada- loupe, Costa Rica. (Diam- eter, 2.5 in.) fig. 256, a, the bird is a complete unit, but there is an extra pair of wings on each side and a second tail behind the actual bird, and the end of the handle forms yet a third tail. In fig. 256, b, the bird tail at the end of the handle and the modeled bird wings on the side are still present, but the bird itself has been replaced by a human face, which stands out very clearly in the orig- inal, because it has not been covered by a red slip. Inc the bird features are still present, but are less emphasized. In pl. CLXXXVI, e, the head has been turned in a direction opposite from that of the two preceding examples, and the tail has be- come a head-dress. Fig. d shows another human type, in which the handle is formed by a pair of projecting human legs. Still other modifications of the human figure exist which are not illustrated. a b Cc Fic, 258.— Miniature incense burners. a, 6, Cartago, Costa Rica; c, Arenilla, Cartago, Costa Rica. (Length of a, 5 in.; of 6, 4.5 in.; of c, 2 in.) The classes already discussed constitute the common types, yet there are many other variants, among the most frequently encountered of which is the substitution of a human hand for the tail termination LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLXXXVI INCENSE BURNERS (l-Cc, €—LAS MERCEDES, COSTA RICA; others—COSTA RICA INCENSE BURNERS—POTTERY STANDS 367 seen with the bird and human head form. PI. cLxxxv1, f, illustrates a rare flat type of handle, the buttons on the end of which form a conventional face. Fig. 255, a, has a conical handle with a small modeled animal on the upper surface. Fig. 257 shows a Stone Cist Ware vessel which has been fitted with a large handle of the incense- burner type. The resultant form strongly suggests a class of handled subglobular jars found in Peru, which were used for roasting peanuts. Miniature incense burners are not at all uncom- mon; a series of them is given in fig. 258. PODLEERY SANDS Owing to the number of round-bottom vessels in this region, it was necessary to devise some method of supporting them. In the majority of cases no formal means were em- ployed, but sometimes clay or stone rings were used for this purpose. The stone rings are ex- actly like the annular bases of the stone stools, and fall likewise into two groups, one Caryatid in character (fig. 250, b), and the ss Us of Fic. 259.—Stone stand, Las Mercedes, Costa smooth walls pierced Rica. (Diameter, 6 in.) by geometrical openings and often crowned by a row of small faces (fig. 259). From the former type are derived the bowls with Atlantean supports discussed above; from the latter form the pottery stands are copied. They are made in several wares, of which Red-line is by far the commonest. Pl. c-xxxvu, a, shows the usual form of stand. The design is painted in red, and around the lip is a series of small conventional- ized heads. Fig. b has two large heads, and the base is pierced by circles in the style of the stone stands, a feature which more closely approximates the stone type in fig. d, which belongs to Red Ware. Fig. f has a series of small heads on both the top and the bottom edge, while c has a series of incised hatched triangles on the inner rim of 368 POTTERY OF COSTA “RIGA AWN DONICARAGUA the base. Fig. e differs from the others in being cylindrical, with a flaring lip. Fig. 260, a, is a rather unusual piece, which, from the presence of “‘fish-fins,”’ probably belongs in the Tripod Ware group. There are two large faces on the sides. Fig. 260, b, shows the neck a b Fic, 260.—Pottery stands. a, Nicoya, Costa Rica; 6, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. (Diameter of a, 6.5 in.) of a large vase which has been cut off evenly, apparently for use as a stand. There is a crude incised design on the side, probably cut after the specimen had been reworked. LARGE POTTERY HEADS A common find in the Highland area consists of large stone heads of the type seen in pl. cLxxxvitl, c. This example is about half life- size, and wears a conical hat. The “weeping eye” is indicated by incised lines under the eyes. The use of these heads is not known, but they probably are related to the heads held in the hand by a group of stone figures, of which an example is given in fig. 185, a. As these statues often have a weapon in the other hand, it has already been suggested that the heads represent those of sacrificed captives—we know that the Guetar held regular sacrifices every moon, and the stone heads may be commemorative of else symbolic of such cere- monies. In addition to the stone heads there is a smaller group of heads of equal size made of clay. The locality in which the pottery heads are found is limited to Las Mercedes and the immediate vicinity. Outside of Costa Rica the closest parallel is found in the effigy jars of Peru, yet it would be futile to suggest direct connection. The large pottery heads from LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLXXXVII = = ee A Se SS = S POTTERY STANDS a-c, f—COSTA RICA. d, €—LAS MERCEDES, COSTA RICA. (HEIGHT, 2 IN. TO 4 IN.) LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLXXXVIII POTTERY AND STONE HEADS a, Cc, €é, f{—COSTA RICA. 0—LAS MERCEDES, COSTA RICA. (HEIGHT, 5 IN. TO 6 IN.) i LARGE PODTERY HEADS 369 Ecuador are not comparable either to Peruvian or to Costa Rican types in style, and artistically they outclass the Costa Rican forms entirely, being equal if not superior in modeling to the Peruvian pieces. So far as we know, Colombia and Chiriqui have produced nothing comparable to them. Among the Costa Rican pottery heads three main subdivisions may be recognized. ‘The first type is similar to the stone example just presented. They are crowned by conical hats, which, in the more workable medium of clay,.are seen to be made of straw. While the pieces in this group are not solid, they are very heavy, for the walls are about an inch thick. The surface usually is covered by a dark-red wash not unlike that of Red-lip Ware. A fine example is a | b Fic. 261.—Large pottery heads, Costa Rica. (Height, 5.5 in.) shown in fig. 261, a. The features, except the eyes, are modeled with considerable realism, and the treatment of the cheeks admirably sug- gests the bony structure beneath. The ears are pierced and earrings were doubtless once attached. Fig. 261, b, differs principally in the treatment of the hat. Pl. cLxxxvu, a, b,. apparently repre- sent the same face, in the one case seen with a faint smile and in the other shown in repose. A second group consists of heads with very thick walls, made from the typical sandy paste of the Appliqué Wares, and usually covered with a dull-orange wash. From the example in pl. cLxxxvill, e, it will be noted that the ears are not treated with the realism displayed by the preceding group, that the method of dressing the hair is in- 370 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA dicated by broad grooves, and that the eye-balls and teeth are ac- centuated by white filling placed in incisions. These characters fit the group as a whole. Pl. cCLXXXIX, a, is a very similar specimen, the hair of which has been arranged in a slightly different fashion, although the treatment is the same. The profile view shows that the maker was unable to render, in a realistic way, the brow ridges and root of the nose, although this part of the countenance is well worked out in the preceding type (fig. 261). A third class of heads is distinguished primarily by thin walls and usually has the slip characteristic of Red Ware. Pl. cLxxxvul, f, shows a bald-head individual of this class. The ears and eyes are depicted in the style of the first group considered, but the mouth 1s rendered by an oval opening fringed with spikes representing the teeth. Pl. cLxxxix, 0, is a similar specimen on which the hair is in- dicated and the eye-balls have once been filled with white paint. The side view shows difficulty in model- ing the bridge of the nose, and also discloses a pierced lug on the top of the head by means of which it might be suspended. » Plisgis an saat also belongs in the thin-walled group, but differs from: the others in the whitish wash which once cov- ered it and in the addition of black and red decoration, now largely rubbed off. Very rarely effigy jars based on Fic. 262.—Effigy jar, Puris- cal, Costa Rica. (Height, 4 in.) the large clay head type are en- countered. Fig. 262 shows an ex- ample painted in the style of Tripod Ware of the painted group. The features of this piece are very clear-cut and the modeling strong. The teeth and also the ears have been filled with white, and the latter are pierced by large plugs. The nose, brows, cheeks, and chin are unusually well rendered. The color scheme is as follows: the base color is dull-orange, over which there is red on the chin and purple on the cap and ears. The purple field is traversed by broad incised lines which once were filled with white plaster. LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CLXXXIX POTTERY HEADS. COSTA RICA (COURTESY OF M. H. SAVILLE) F; « ’ ‘ - . i , ‘ a 4 ‘ ; - ; P * r - , ‘ * : << . z \ ‘ - 2 ‘ . i~ 2 ~ ' ‘ . J a ~ . 4 i - J te : ‘ o - ” < ’ > . ‘ ~ j «> So } o > . HIGHLAND FIGURINES SES Lic AS IN Hees 371 In treating the pottery of the Pacific region, figurines and whistles were grouped together. In the Highland region both objects are b Fic. 263.—Figurines, Costa Rica. (Height of 6, 4.5 in.) much less common, and while whistles (and rattles also) are almost always of figurine form, there is such specialization that they are more conveniently segregated. The human figure is common among Highland figurines, and sev- eral types may be recognized. Pl. cxc, a, represents a group marked by a buff-colored paste and by legs of which the extremities have been pinched into two cusps in the man- ner of the so-called “Archaic” figurines which are found from Salvador northward to the Valley of Mexico. This figure undoubt- edly portrays a warrior, because he wears a helmet and bears a shield on the back. The helmet is apparently made of wads of cotton and suggests the modern aviator’s helmet. The shield is decorated with a crude face. Fig. 263, a, shows a man wearing a similar helmet, Pig. 264. =) Lingy rattle, Las Mercedes, Costa Rica. (Height, 2.5 40,) 372 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA but the shield has been replaced by a sheaf of arrows. Fig. 263, c, represents the Alligator god, while pl. cxc, b, which portrays the same Fic. 265.—Miniature canoe, Costa Rica. (Length, 5 in.) deity, is a rattle made of the same kind of clay as the preceding specimens. A second type of human figurine can be identified with Curridabat Ware. The example in fig. 264, which forms a rattle, has the slip and paint characteristic of eroup B of this ware. Fig. 263, b, is an unusually fine example which shows a male figure seated on a stool. Fig. 265 is unique in the experience of the author. FIG. 266.—Boat-shape vessel, Costa Rica. It represents a canoe with (Length, 9.5 in.) three paddlers and a cox- A Rn i ih LHSIFH) VOIYH VLSOO ‘SHGa0yuaW SVT (NI € ‘Q ‘°NI » ‘2 GNW D “SANIYN SISA VWNOVAVOIN ONY VOIN VLSOD AO AYS1L10d—dOuYH LOT DX “Id ( ase : : rc ‘ \ 4 *e * ‘ 2 j a . ry i x “ ~ ~ = * 1 . is + ‘ : i “_ : ' j ¢ ‘ ‘ - * . “ HIGHLAND FIGURINES 373 swain. The canoe rests upon a prostrate human figure, of which the legs are seen, the head unfortunately having been broken off. The figures within the canoe are all greatly mutilated, yet their original positions may be judged from the hand grasp- ing a paddle on the side. The origin of this form can be traced through Boruca Fic. 268. — Figurines, Costa Rica. (Height of a, 3 in.; of b, 4.5 in.) Fic. 267.—Figurine, Costa Rica. (Height, By lens, to Chiriqui. Fig. 266 shows a canoe- shape vessel made of debased Chocolate Ware clay and slip. On the sides are in- cised patterns and there are small modeled human figures perched in the bow and stern. Pl. cxcit, b, shows a vessel with similar modeled figures, but with the gen- eral outline reduced to more usual pot- tery limits than the last two specimens. This form runs directly into types found in the Chiriqui Scarified and Tripod Wares. Not only may figurine types be traced to Chiriqui, but figurines, particularly human figures of the group known as Alligator Ware, identical with those of that region, are found in the Highlands. These consist of seated females with wide-spread legs, often nursing a child. A group of this class, found in the High- lands, is seen in pl. Cxcl, a-c, and a more detailed drawing is given in fig. 268. Shown in a is one of a pair of identical twins found in the Highland region. Fig. 374 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 267, a particularly pleasing genre group, shows two figures seated on a large stool, one dressing the hair of the other. The presence of this é Fic. 269.—a-c, Bird effigy whistles, Costa Rica; d-g, Figurines representing dogs, Costa Rica. (Length, 1.5 in. to 3 in.) type in Nicoya has already been discussed (page 260), and its re- lationship to the so-called “Archaic” theory will be treated later (see page 402). Chiriqui forms representing animals, dogs or jaguars, are shown in fig. 269, d, e. These specimens are decorated with Alligator Ware patterns. Figs. f and g are also animal, executed in Highland Red Ware style, the nature of which is not evident. Another class of figurines is derived from a form best known in the Ulua valley in Honduras. This consists of an animal supporting on its back an- other and smaller animal of the same form. PI. cxcl, e, is from Honduras, and f is from Costa Rica. The latter so closely resembles e in paste and general finish that I believe it a trade piece. Fig. 270, however, shows a speci- men made in Highland Red Fic. 270.—Red Ware figurine, Las Mer- Ware style, which was found cedes, Costa Rica. (Length, 2 in.) at Las Mercedes. LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXCI d FIGURINES a-C-—CHIRIQUI TYPE, COSTA RICA. d, f—COSTA RICA. @—ULUA VALLEY, HONDURAS WHISTLES 375 WHISTLES Whistles are almost invariably in effigy forms, among which the bird is most frequently found. Fig. 271, c, is a Chocolate Ware example which has two heads placed on a single body. Fig. 272, b, is a composite form made up of several units, among which the bird predominates. Fig. 269, a-c, show a series of double whistles based on bird forms. Fig. c has two mouthpieces joined to a sin- gle body, but a and b represent two birds side by side, each of which has a mouthpiece. Fig. 272, a, shows an example with a single mouthpiece containing two tubes. Other animal forms are sometimes found. Among these the alligator is common, and an example which re- calls the figurines of the Pacific Setar ep aan GPa te ste region is given in pl. cxct, d. Fig. ruca, Costa Rica (width, 2 in.); 272, c, is a finely worked specimen b, Costa Rica (width, 3 in.); ; ; c, Tierra Blanca, Cartago, Costa representing an unknown animal. Rica (width, 3 in.). C Fic. 272.—a, Whistle, Anita Grande, Costa Rica (height, 1.5in.);6, Whistle, ene Costa Rica (height, 2.1 in.); c, Rattle, Costa Rica (height, i077 10=): 376 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA “AND NICARAGUA Vegetal shapes also occur. Fig. 271, b, is a double whistle repre- senting two gourds joined by the stems. The mouthpiece is placed at the junction. Fig. 271, a, is perhaps also a vegetal type. RA TiS Every Guetar family must have been amply provided with rattles, for the legs of tripod vessels and the handles of incense burners often CG FIG. 273.—a-c, Rattles, Costa Rica (length of a, 2.5 in.; of b, 3.5 in.; of c, a d 4.25 in.); d, Problematical vessel, Costa Rica (diameter, 4.5 in.). contained pellets of clay. Sometimes complete vessels were closed across the mouth and served as rattles. An example of this usage is seen in fig. 274, which in its lateral aspect appears as a vessel in- termediate in type between Curridabat and Stone Cist Wares, pierced by two long slits on each side. The top view, however (fig. 273, d), shows that the opening has been sealed except for a small aperture. Fic. 274.—Problematical vessel, Costa Rica. (Width, 4.25 in.) The usual pottery rattle forms are effigies, among which the gourd is especially common, due doubtless to the frequent use of this receptacle “asvaneateee series of the clay vegetal shapes is shown in fig. 273, a-c, all of which represent Cucurbita lagenaria. Animals and men of the figurine and whistle shapes are sometimes used as rattles (fig. 264), but especially charac- RATILES—DRUMS OW Ts feristic.of the rattle class are small figurines set on columns, like plecxc co. which is a Red Ware specimen. In b of the same plate, which is a rattle rep- resenting the Alligator god, the body and base have been treated in a manner suggesting the col- umn of c. DRUMS Pottery drums from the Pa- cific region have already been described at some length (page 275). On the Atlantic side they are very much less common. They are found occasionally in Highland Polychrome Ware, ee ie = FIG. 275.—Pottery drum, Yellow-line however, and fig. 275 shows a ~~ Ware, Costa Rica. (Height, 5.25 in.) Fic, 276.—a, Whistle, Costa Rica (height, 3.5 in.); 6, Drum, Costa Rica; c, Miniature drum. POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA 378 tet; . . (diame , Costa Rica Costa Rica ’ a ings Las Mercedes bf b ) Pottery r rE 1.25 in as FIG ; id SNISARDDK Dtha HAs Las Mercedes, 1ca drical stamps, in Costa R from cyl —Designs 278. FIG. POTTERY RINGS AND STAMPS 379 fine example painted with Yellow-line patterns. A handle is formed along one side by a large modeled alligator, and the upper lip is slightly compressed for the attachment of the drum-head. Fig. 276, b, is a small, crudely made drum with a modeled figure on the side. Fig. c is a drum effigy and a is a small whistle shaped like a drum. POW BER Ye RUNGSs Fig. 277 shows two rings made of pottery. The “fish-fins’’ on the sides of b, as well as the nature of the paste, serve to connect these objects with Tripod Ware of the Mercedes group. Their use is unknown. POU GH Ree SIAM ES Cylindrical stamps of pottery from the Pacific region have been discussed (see page 281). In the Highland region very similar types are found, differing somewhat in the nature of the designs. Two patterns from Las Mercedes are shown in fig. 278. The first of these (a) is of the incised type common on the Pacific coast; in b the background has been cut away, leaving a bold design in relief. CHAPTER VII BORUCA EFORE leaving the subject of Costa Rican pottery, something must be said about the southern part of the republic, and an attempt must be made to show the connection between the Highland remains and the well-known types from the Province of Chiriqui in Panama. The southern portion of Costa Rica is divided into two parts by the Cordilleras, which in places reach a height exceeding fourteen thousand feet. The Atlantic watershed is known as Talamanca, and the Pacific as Boruca. The former has yielded little if any archeological material. The graves on the Pacific side, however, have been rifled in many places in search of gold. Unfor- tunately no archeologist has penetrated this region, and the specimens which have found their way to civilization have usually been mingled with Highland collections without proper labeling. Such being the case, an elaborate exposition of ceramic types is impossible, yet a word may be said about general forms. As long ago as 1869 the traveler von Frantzius wrote that the objects from the graves at Buenos Aires “show that the inhabitants of this region belong to the same race as the ancient population of Chiri- qui, that is, the Cueva Indians. At the time of the Conquest this race . . . extended towards the North as far as the Moun- tains of Dota.” This statement can be but little amplified today, and it may be laid down as a fact that the frontier of the Chiriqui archeological region is the Cordi- llera de la Candelaria which over- locks the plains of Dota. How- ever, although Chiriqui ceramic FIG. 279.—Vase of southern Costa ; : Rican type. (Height, 7 in.) forms, especially the Alligator 380 LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXCII POTTERY TYPES FROM SOUTHERN COSTA RICA be yy BORUCA 381 Ware, predominate in Boruca, local modifications exist of which a few may be noted. Firstly, in regard to the Alligator Ware, it seems that a special shape is found in Boruca. This consists of large shallow tripod bowls of the type seen in pl. cxcrt, a. The inner rim is the principal field of decoration, and the patterns, while painted in Chiriqui style, show rather more resemblance to the Highland Simple Painted Wares than do those of Chiriqui proper. A second form, found in Chiriqui but more common in Boruca, is the boat-shape tripod bowl seen in pl. cxcu, b. This class of vessels has received comment (page 372). Finally, attention should be called to tall vases of the type seen in pl. cxcu, c-f. This shape is rarely, if ever, found in Chiriqui, but is not uncommon in Boruca, and sometimes it occurs in the Highland area. Fig. 279 shows a vessel of this type with only one handle, below which are small buttons of clay suggesting the alligator scute motive. The closest parallel to this Borucan group appears to be the tall vases found in the Andean region of northern South America. In regard to other archeological features of southern Costa Rica the reader is referred to Appendix I, where all known information will be found under the various sites. \5 ~ eigee TAY SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS I—SUMMARY E have now completed our description of the aboriginal \\ ceramics of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, and shall turn from the detailed to the more general problems. The picture pre- sented is perhaps not entirely a fair one, for several reasons. In the first place, the pieces selected for illustration represent the better class of vessels, or perhaps we should say the more striking vessels, of each type. Secondly, we have tended to overemphasize the more elab- orate forms, a justifiable procedure perhaps, because through these more can usually be learned. In the same way undue importance has been given to transitional specimens. Finally, in the presentation of the subject numerous classifications and developmental series of de- signs have been set forth which, while useful mechanisms for placing the general facts before the reader, are somewhat fraudulent in rep- resenting actual conditions, for it must be remembered that the aboriginal potter was totally unconscious of any such classificatory system and probably rarely would recognize our design series. The reader who has followed the great number of small points presented, the series of designs, and constant interrelation of forms, will perhaps be more confused than enlightened, and it will be well, therefore, before proceeding further, to recapitulate and touch again on the salient features of the various wares. PAC IEIC AREA The western coast of Nicaragua and Costa Rica as far south as the Point of Herradura forms an archeological unit which has been called the Pacific area (fig. 1). Within this area two main types of ceramic remains are found, which have been named Polychrome and Monochrome, according to the type of decoration. Intermediate between the major groups are several wares—Black-line, Managua, and Nandaime—which partake of the nature of both and are there- fore transitional in character. The most important Polychrome group has been designated Nicoya Polychrome Ware. It is found from the Peninsula of Nicoya to Fonseca bay, but is especially typical of southwestern Nicaragua and northwestern Costa Rica. It includes many local variants which cannot be classed separately without further data. 385 386 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA The common Nicoya Polychrome Ware vessels are egg- or peat- shape jars, set on annular bases or tripod legs, and tripod bowls sup- ported by legs shaped like animal heads. Effigy jars with animal heads attached to the sides and arms, and legs modeled in low relief, are common. The painted designs are of various colors outlined in black. They occur within bands on the neck and base of jars, on the rims of bowls, and also upon the floors of bowls. The patterns at first glance appear to be largely geometric, but study shows that almost all of them are derived from animal prototypes. While many of the animals can be identified with certainty, attempts at realism are very rare in the painted decoration, although not uncommon in the modeled designs. Each animal is usually the basis for several derived patterns, which may all come from the primary form or which may be derived from each other. The animals commonly represented in the painted technic are not those characteristic of the modeled forms, with the exception of the jaguar and the monkey, as shown by the following list: Modeled Animals Painted Animals Turkey. Man. Macaw. Jaguar. Jaguar. Plumed Serpent. Monkey. Two-headed Dragon. Armadillo. Monkey. Human Head. Crab. Scorpion. Alligator. Under-slip Incised Ware, as its name indicates, was incised before the application of the slip, through which the pattern is visible. The motives exhibited include the Earth Monster, the Feathered Serpent and its derivatives, and various simple geometric forms. In addition this ware is decorated with designs painted in Nicoya Polychrome style. The distribution is from Lake Nicaragua to the Nicoya penin- sula. Similarly decorated vessels with related designs are found near Vera Cruz in Mexico. Luna Ware also belongs in the Polychrome group. It is found from northern Guanacaste (Costa Rica) to north-central Nicaragua, but appears to center on the islands of Lake Nicaragua and the country to the east. Its most obvious characteristic is a creamy-white slip on which patterns are painted in a thin-line technic. The shapes LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA a Mar Jee ee ee | PL. CXCIII PS cael (tats HUMAN FIGURE——W—__—_" ite > Mi oo TWO-HEADED DRAGON SCORPION “4 SS San SILHOUETTE ALLIGATOR ALLIGATOR MONKEY fF = 35/657. boy Ce Fes Bo Hy Use ff xo af a AR AA Sass eas weesKqK UNDER-SLIP INCISED WARE SHAPES WINGED HEAD JAGUAR MONKEY LUNA WARE POLYCHROME WARES mm P oe fT 12] ; D if om eo) a S Y/ a YY jj y — MANAGUA WARE————~ NANDAIME WARE INTERMEDIATE WARES PALMAR WARE —/ MODELED U——_—_——_ ZAPATERO WARE ——_ ~~ ALLIGATOR WARE MONOCHROME WARES FORMS AND DECORATIVE MOTIVES OF THE POTTERY OF THE PACIFIC AREA PACIFIC ARBAWPOTTERY 387 are limited almost entirely to bowls, often supported by tripod legs or annular bases. No effigy vessels are found—a sharp contrast to Nicoya Polychrome Ware. ‘The designs are derived almost entirely from those of Nicoya Polychrome Ware. Although they are taken from animal prototypes, they usually appear as purely geometric, and the animal forms can be recognized only through study of the steps in conventionalization of which they are the result. ‘The life motives commonly portrayed are: Plumed Serpent. Human Head. Jaguar. Monkey. “Winged Head.” Three wares occupy an intermediate position between the Poly- chrome group and the Monochrome Wares, which are decorated chiefly by incising. Of these Managua Ware is rarely found except between the two great lakes of Nicaragua. The shape is a bowl with flaring rim, supported by solid tripod legs. The painted designs are either the plumed serpent or closely allied bird patterns. Incised mo- tives are often found on the bowl floors, recalling the Aztec “pepper- grater” bowls. Nandaime Ware has a distinguishing red slip, but it is allied to the Polychrome Wares by the nature of the modeled and painted decoration. A specialized class of Nandaime Ware bowls is set on bulbous tripod legs and has incised designs on the floor. The distribution is from central Guanacaste along the Pacific coast probably as far as Fonseca bay. Nuicoya Black-line Ware 1s found characteristically in central Guanacaste. The slip may be white or red, or there may be no slip. Modeled forms are taken from the Monochrome Wares. Painted patterns are either distinctive of the ware or are taken from the Polychrome group. The Monochrome Wares are distinguished by their shapes, color, and methods of decoration. The first four to be considered, Choco- late, Black, Orange-Brown, and Red Wares, are named from the color of their slips. The decorations are modeled and incised. White paint is often rubbed into the incised patterns, producing a very pleas- ing effect. The incised designs are largely geometric, although a few life forms are found. Motives are often built up through combina- tions of hatched triangles, diagonals, squares, frets, etc. Effigy ves- sels are particularly common in these wares, and modeled heads, etc., are often applied to the exterior walls in a fashion found also in the Polychrome Wares. The life forms represented are: 388 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA Human Figure. Monkey. Alligator God. Turtle. Alligator. Jaguar. Great Horned Owl. Armadillo. Snake (rare). The other Monochrome Wares are named Palmar, Modeled Alli- gator, and Zapatero Wares. Palmar Ware is a local group distin- guished by simple patterns, made by a very broad incised line, which are emphasized by touches of red paint. Modeled Alligator Ware is made of a coarse unslipped clay, and each vessel is usually provided with a cover on which is placed a large modeled figure of an ailigator, while the sides of the cover and the base are adorned with small lumps representing alligator scutes. Zapatero Ware includes the large burial urns and smaller allied forms. The clay is coarse, but the outer surface is usually well burnished, and often adorned by broad red lines and small modeled figures of distinctive types. HIGHLAND AREA The territory lying east of the Gulf of Nicoya to the Atlantic has been called the Highland area. Its pottery falls into four main groups, designated Polychrome, Simple Painted, Monochrome, and Appliqué Wares. Highland Polychrome Ware is not a large and important group numerically, as is the Polychrome pottery of Nicoya, and, indeed, the patterns and shapes are almost all borrowed from the Pacific region, although they have often been considerably modified in their new environment. The Simple Painted Wares include Red-line, Yellow-line, W hite- line, Black-line, and Lost-color Wares. The first four are dis- tinguished by patterns painted in the color indicated upon a red or rarely a cream slip. The patterns are geometric or are derived from the Chiriqui Alligator motive. The most common shape is the tripod bowl supported by animal heads, but cach ware contains a subgroup of shapes derived from the Appliqué Wares. Lost-color Ware is decorated with negative painting, a process involving the use of wax to cover certain areas while the vessel is being dyed a dark color, after which the wax is removed, revealing the original undyed surface which forms the pattern. LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXCIV ue —————PLUMED SERPENT FEATHER MOTIVE WH—_____________ aL 1GaToR ———_—_—__— (ee K i WME u—___—————_LOST-COLOR WARE SIMPLE PAINTED WARES RED WARE — © MAROON INCISED WARE RED-LIP WARE———_—_———_~ MONOCHROME WARES — TRIPOD WARE STONE CIST WARE ~ u HANDLED WARE af APPLIQUE WARES FORMS AND DECORATIVE MOTIVES OF HIGHLAND WARES i 4 ieee rt wage ie daa metese move EDA it VE a HIGHLAND AREA POTTERY 389 Highland Monochrome Wares are Maroon Incised, Chocolate, Red-lip, and Red Wares. The first, which is allied to Lost-color Ware, is marked by incised patterns on vessels with a maroon slip. Chocolate Ware is connected with the similar ware of the Pacific area which it was the evident design of the makers to copy. Red-lip Ware, as its name implies, has a red lip, beneath which is a broad, unslipped, buff band on which the decoration—painted, modeled, or incised— is placed. This small group shows affiliation with part of the Nicoya Black-line group. Red Ware is marked primarily by its slip. On the basis of shape and decoration it may be divided into two groups, one of which is connected with the Pacific area, while the other differs from Stone Cist Ware only in the clay and slip. The Appliqué Wares, on the whole the group most typical of the Highland region, are four in number: Curridabat, Tripod, Stone Cist, and Handled Wares. They are all marked by thick walls made of clay containing much sand and by decoration consisting of small buttons and ribbons of clay applied to their outer walls. Curridabat Ware falls in two groups, one of which is distinguished by the presence of one or more small ridges encircling the neck or shoulder, while the other consists of smaller vessels with painted designs and a slip of similar type but without the encircling ridge. Decoration is painted, appliqué, modeled, and incised, but all the forms are very simple. The most characteristic embellishment con- sists of patterns made with rows of applique buttons, which represent alligator scutes. | Tripod Ware consists of vessels set on tall tripod legs, which either represent animals or else have the modeled form of an animal placed upon them. Variation in the shape and animals represented makes it possible to divide this ware into local groups which are scattered from Peru (Recuay valley) to Honduras (Bay islands). Stone Cist Ware consists of globular jars, often set on short tripod legs and decorated by small modeled animal figures or appliqué but- tons and ribbons of clay. The modeled forms represented are the alligator, man, tree frog, and snake. | Handled Ware is similar in clay to Stone Cist Ware, but is less elaborately decorated. It is marked by the presence of large handles, and may be subdivided into three classes: vessels with a single handle, vessels with paired vertical handles, vessels with paired horizontal handles. 390 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA LI-—-POTLTERY TYPEStAND EUS ii ie PEOPLES THE most obvious problem confronting the student of the arche- ology of southern Central America is the correlation of archeological finds with the tribes described by early historians. Previous studies have made but little headway with this problem, and the writer cannot add much beyond a discussion of pottery distribution as herein described in relation to the historic peoples. PACIEI Cea Ri The Pacific coast of Nicaragua and of northern Costa Rica, which forms an archeological unit described in this work as the Pacific area, was populated in the sixteenth century by four distinct linguistic stocks: Chorotega, Nahua, Chibcha, and Maribio. The Nahua stock was represented by comparatively recent settlers who had come from Mexico; the Chibcha were a South American group, which extended from Ecuador across the Highlands of Colombia as far north as Nicaragua ; the Chorotega, the most numerous people of this region, were of unknown origin, but traditionally the Chorotega had been inhabitants of the land for a long period. The Maribio are linguis- tically connected with the north. Nicoya Polychrome Ware is found in the Peninsula of Nicoya, the Isthmus of Rivas, the islands of Lake Nicaragua, the western coast of Nicaragua, and sometimes in Salvador. While this embraces the territory of the Nicarao, a Nahua tribe, yet certain designs taken over from Maya sources indicate that this ware as a whole antedates the arrival of the Nicarao in Nicaragua. It may therefore be stated with confidence that most but not all of the Nicoya Polychrome Ware is the handiwork of the Chorotega. To this people also, on the ground of distribution, may be assigned Chocolate Ware, Black Ware, Orange-Brown Ware, perhaps Red Ware, and Modeled Alligator Ware. Managua Ware is a small group with limited shapes, designs, and distribution. From the latter it may be argued with plausibility that it is Chorotegan pottery and that it was made by a certain tribe, the Mangue, within whose territory practically all specimens have been found. Nandaime Ware extends from northern Guanacaste (Costa Rica) to Nandaime in Nicaragua. It is improbable that the type site rep- Peaeueky LY PES*ANDs HISTORIC: PEOPLES 391 resents the northern limit of distribution. We may expect that Nan- daime Ware extends at least as far as Fonseca bay, thus including the former territory of the Subtiaba, the principal Maribio tribe. However, it would be rash to attribute it exclusively to the Subtiaba in view of its extension to the south into Costa Rica. The facts as now known indicate that it was manufactured both by the Subtiaba (Maribio) and the Chorotega. The presence of the Nahua in Nicaragua and Costa Rica is well established and the time of their arrival is roughly known, so that it is perplexing to be unable to attribute archeological remains to them. Especially in the case of the Nicarao we should expect definite relics. However, although the writer has examined with care a large collection from Tola, the reputed center of their domain, he cannot prove that they alone manufactured any of the wares herein described. Nevertheless, the influence of the Nahua is seen in designs found over a very much wider territory than they themselves ever occupied. Most striking of the Mexican patterns are the representations of the Earth Monster found on the Under-slip Incised Ware. How- ever, the distribution of Under-slip Incised Ware, embracing Guana- caste, the Peninsula of Nicoya, and the islands of Lake Nicaragua, as well as the territory of the Nicarao on the Isthmus of Rivas, ap- parently precludes its manufacture solely by the Nicarao. Other patterns of Mexican character appear on Nicoya Polychrome Ware, among which the Man-and-Jaguar and the Mexican form of Plumed Serpent are especially striking, yet they are relatively rare motives and do not warrant attributing this ware to the Nicarao in the face of overwhelming geographic evidence to the contrary. As an explanation of the dearth of Nahuatl archeological remains, it is suggested that the Mexican invaders were warriors who acquired wives from the surrounding tribes. As the women were probably the potters, it would follow that the Nicarao ceramic types would reflect those of their neighbors, influenced, however, to a slight extent by the religious symbolism introduced by the men of the tribe. The only Chibchan tribe in the Pacific area was the Corobici. Lehmann (1910) has attributed to them a part of the ceramic group described in this work as Nicoya Black-line Ware. This step is as yet unproved, but present indications suggest it strongly, although the presence of this ware in sites remote from the Corobici shows that it was manufactured also by their neighbors, the Orotifia (Chorotega). 392 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA The tribes living east and north of the Nicaraguan lakes are known as the Ulva. To them may be tentatively attributed, in part at least, Luna and Zapatero Wares. The former extends from Guanacaste to the borders of Honduras, so that the greater part of it falls in Ulvan territory. Zapatero Ware cannot be so definitely delimited, but it is very definitely associated with Luna Ware at several sites. HIGHLAND AREA The Guetar are the only people of whom we have historical knowl- edge in the Highland area. In view of the general uniformity of archeological types, all remains are probably the handiwork of this tribe. III—CULTURAL RELATIONS AND CHRONOLOGY Crvyiizations do not stand alone, but in interrelated groups. Thus there is a European civilization composed of many elements which vary with time and locality, but which form a cohesive unit, cemented by deep-reaching conceptions, such as Christianity, the Renaissance, etc. Similarly in the New World there are great culture complexes, each made up of smaller units, the product of local and chronological variation. The area under discussion furnishes the meeting-ground for two such culture complexes, which may be designated the Middle Ameri- can and the Northwestern South American civilizations. The former embraces the region from central Mexico to western Nicaragua and the Nicoya peninsula; the latter extends from Costa Rica through Panama and Colombia to Ecuador. The Middle American area has developed several virile civiliza- tions, most notably the Maya, Toltec, and Aztec. Each of these peoples had attained their development through the course of many centuries, and they differed from each other in that the Maya had developed their own culture while the Aztec were barbarians until the fourteenth century, when they took over the civilization of the Toltec, who in turn were culture borrowers from the Maya. Other peoples also attained distinctive and relatively high development in this area, especially the Zapotec, Huastec, Tarascan, and Totonac in Mexico, and the Lenca in Honduras and Salvador. The Northwestern South American area is relatively unknown be- cause its archeology has been but little exploited and because no CULTURAL RELATIONS AND CHRONOLOGY 393 Prescott has yet arisen to popularize its history. Its archeological unity is established by the presence of certain fundamental types, such as the cist graves, large carved stone slabs, stone chairs, etc., and by the general unity of the ceramic remains. The culture status of this region was only slightly lower than that of Mexico and Peru, from which it differed in never having been united under a single central government and in producing no great buildings of stone for future generations to admire. In the lesser arts, however, it had at- tained undoubted eminence, as is testified by the Spanish conquerors and by the objects revealed by the spade. An understanding of the development of culture ultimately depends on a knowledge of its chronology, and progress in this study may be most easily estimated by the extent and accuracy of the dating. Chronological studies in the Middle American field have received much impetus in recent years through the decipherment of Maya and Aztec dates, through their correlation with the Christian calendar, and through the discovery of stratified archeological remains in the Valley of Mexico. Thus far we have considered the pottery on the basis of form and decoration but without regard to age, because in the region dis- cussed no pre-Columbian dates are known, and archeological re- searches have disclosed no stratified human remains. However, the numerous comparisons we have made with Mexican and Mayan art enable us tentatively to segregate Nicaraguan and Costa Rican pot- tery into groups which are clearly affiliated with datable types. It is further possible to assign certain wares to the early part of the sixteenth century because they have been found in contact with European products such as glass and steel. This line of inquiry might well be pushed farther than it has, but such a course seems unprofitable until further excavation gives a means of checking the results. No attempt has been made to assign dates because no method exists for measuring the rate of the cul- tural drift to southern Central America. The pottery of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, especially that of the Pacific area, has stylistic relationship with the following remains of more or less known age: 1. Maya of the Old Empire (third to seventh century «a.p.). Maya renaissance (eleventh to fifteenth century). Z 3. Toltec Empire (at its height in the tenth and eleventh centuries). 4. Aztec Empire (fourteenth to sixteenth century). 394 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA CONTACT WITH THE MAYA OLD EMPIRE Maya history is divided into two periods of cultural advance. The first is known as the Old Empire, which dates roughly from the third to the seventh century a. p.* and which embraces geographically western Salvador, the lowlands of Guatemala, western Honduras, and the base of Yucatan peninsula. The second development is called the Renaissance, and flourished from the eleventh to the fifteenth century A. D., in the Peninsula of Yucatan and the Highlands of Guatemala, These major divisions differed greatly in their culture, and the influence of both may be perceived in the Pacific area. From a study of the large stone statues of the Pacific area it has been demonstrated (page 91) that: (1) Statues similar in style to those of the Pacific area were built into the foundations of Maya cities during the Old Empire, which they therefore antedate. (2) Certain statues show stylistic affiliation with the Tuxtla statuette, which bears the earliest Maya date yet discovered. (3) The Chorotega probably made the statues in question. (4) The Chorotega probably occupied the southern fringe of the Maya area and the northern part of Honduras before the advent of the Maya—about two thousand years ago. If this reasoning is correct, the Chorotega came into contact with the Maya before or at the beginning of the Old Empire, and we should expect to find the products of this contact, design borrowing and trade pieces, in the archeological remains. These conditions are actually fulfilled both in borrowed designs appearing on Nicoya Polychrome Ware and in trade pieces. Attention has already been called in the text to designs which have apparently been borrowed from Maya art of the Old Empire, and the reasons for believing that this took place explained. Especi- ally striking examples are furnished by the Seated Human Figure pattern (pls. Xxvi, xxvit), the Plumed Serpent, type A (pls. XLIv- xtv1), the Two-headed Dragon (pls. LVI, LX; figs. 59-61), and the Monkey, type E (pl. rxtx). The connection of these pat- terns with Maya art of the Old Empire is not only direct, but the forms in question so changed among the Maya in later times that the designs of the Pacific area could have been derived only from patterns of that period. 1 These dates are. taken from inscriptions at important cities. It is quite probable that Old Empire art flourished much longer in marginal areas such as Salvador or the Ulua valley. CONTACT WITH MAYA 395 The designs here referred to do not complete the list of borrowings from the Maya Old Empire, but are the most obvious examples. Taking into account these patterns and others which show direct con- nection with the Maya, together with linked designs (1. e. different designs appearing on the same vessel), the following Nicoya Poly- chrome Ware patterns may be listed as presumably of early origin: Seated Human Figure. Silhouette Jaguar, types A, B. Plumed Serpent, types A, E. Monkey, type E. Two-headed Dragon. Scorpion. Profile Human Head. Crab. Jaguar. Attention has been already called (page 115) to the close parallel between the Nicoya Polychrome Ware animal effigy jars and those of the so-called Plumbate or Glazed Ware. Plumbate Ware is demonstrably early, having been found in the tombs of the main structure at Copan and also with Maya remains in the Ulua valley and in Salvador. The treatment of animal forms in these two wares is often similar, and borrowing undoubtedly took place. The effigy jars of Nicoya Polychrome Ware which represent the human head, however, differ from those of Plumbate Ware, and the associated painted patterns indicate that they are a late development. A characteristic shape of Maya Polychrome pottery of the Old Empire is the cylin- drical jar or vase set on small oval tripod legs. This form is known, but is not common, in the Pacific area, and some- times it is found in Boruca and Chiriqui. The patterns associated with it in the Pa- cific area—the Monkey, type Pe(pletxix), and the Sil- houette Jaguar, type A (pl. xL)—fall in the early group per se, and their occurrence on the cylindrical jars forms another link tying them to the Maya area. Bs Fic. 280.—Plumbate Ware jar, Tola, The form of tripod bowl Nicaragua. (Height, 5 in.) 396 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA supported by animal heads, from the data now available, appears to have been a Chorotegan or a Mexican invention and is not charac- teristic of the Maya area until later times. Toward the close of the Old Empire, however, especially in the Peten region, the Maya made shallow bowls or plates supported by vertical cylindrical legs. This type penetrated as far south as Nicaragua, as is attested by the specimen in fig. 94. This piece in turn appears to be the forerunner of the Luna Ware bowls with slightly flaring cylindrical legs (fig. 93), which otherwise have no parallel in the Pacific area. In the way of trade pieces passing to the south, two examples are shown in figs. 280 and 281, both of which were found on the shores Fic. 281.—Maya bowl, Department of Occidente, Nicaragua. (Diameter, Io in.) of Lake Nicaragua. Fig. 280 is a Plumbate Ware effigy jar repre- senting a bearded human head. The date of this form cannot yet be settled, but a bearded type of effigy jar appears in Maya Polychrome pottery at least as early as the sixth century A. D., and bearded fig- ures are seen on dated stele of an earlier period. Fig. 281 is a ~ Maya tripod bowl of a form common in Salvador, on the side of which is a painted representation of the pelican. Other Mayan pieces have been found in Nicaragua, including a specimen of the Maya bottle with molded glyphs on the side. Plumbate Ware ves- sels have been found as far south as Chiriqui. Trade also took place northward as far as the Ulua valley, where amulets of Nicoya jade have been found. More important, however, CONTACT WITH MAYA 397 from an archeological point of view, was the exchange or copying of Nicoya Polychrome Ware vessels. The specimen seen in fig. 22 was discovered in the Ulua valley. The shape is a specialized one, characteristic of the region of Fonseca bay. A piece of similar shape, representing a bird, the wings treated as in the specimen in pl. xvi, b, was discovered by the Peabody Museum expedition in tomb 10 at Copan in association with vessels of Plumbate Ware. This important specimen fell to the share of the Honduras govern- ment and is now lost, but a photograph is preserved in the Peabody Museum. That the great pyramid at Copan dates from the Maya Old Empire seems beyond argument, and the presence of Nicoya Poly- chrome Ware in the tombs of that city proves them in part coeval. Quite a number of these vessels have been found in both the Lenca and the Maya districts of Salvador, but not under such conditions that dates can be assigned. CONTACT WITH THE MAYA RENAISSANCE At the close of the sixth century A. p., the Maya abandoned their southern cities and embarked on a period of wandering interrupted by temporary settlements. Finally, about the year 1000 a. p., the foundations of the great historic cities of Yucatan were laid and the Maya entered on a period usually called the Renaissance. All of the Maya, however, did not move to Yucatan; a large number settled in the Highlands of Guatemala. By these migrations the Maya became separated from the Pacific area, with which they had previously been in cultural contact, and, while formerly they had been the prime creators of culture in Central America, they now had to struggle for their existence. As a result they exerted little or no influence on their neighbors until they again came to a period of cultural advance in the eleventh century. In the Pacific area Maya Renaissance influence was exceedingly tenuous, and while suggestions of it occur, it is usually too indefinite for discussion. Some exceptions exist, however, notably the figure of a shark seen in fig. 142. This specimen furnishes a close parallel to late Maya pottery from the east coast of Yucatan and British Honduras, both in the subject portrayed and in the workmanship. It is further to be noted that Modeled Alligator Ware, to which this specimen belongs, offers similarities to the pottery of Amatitlan in Guatemala, also of late Maya manufacture. Another introduction of importance is the so-called Maya chocolate 398 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA pot, a vessel which is not uncommon in the Monochrome Wares of the Pacific region. This shape involves a globular jar, usually with a neck and always with a spout (fig. 145). Its earliest appearance is probably in the Plumbate Ware, but it is not common until after the Great Period. This form is sometimes found in both Nicoya Polychrome and Monochrome Wares. CONTACT WITH TOLTEC AND AZTEG@ GU Ga Ges It has already been recounted (page 6 et seq.) that the break-up of the Toltec régime caused the migration of the Nicarao from Anahuac to Soconusco, whence they passed to Nicaragua in the be- ginning of the fifteenth century, while other bands settled on Fonseca bay, the mouth of San Juan river, and at Bagaces in Nicoya. From that time on, contact was probably maintained with the Nahua in- habitants of Salvador and also with Mexico, and it is recorded that Aztec traders came from Mexico to distant Panama. It is to be noted, however, that two distinct Mexican cultural streams reached Nicaragua. The first, borne by the Nicarao and similar tribes, was of Toltec origin, and, although it reached Nicaragua only in the fit- teenth century, it had left the central Mexican highland several cen- turies earlier. The second was the result of visits by Aztec traders, whose coming must have been sporadic and who left no permanent settlements. In distinguishing what is “Mexican” in the art of Nicaragua and Costa Rica we are confronted with a serious difficulty arising from the fact that the fundamental esthetic and religious symbolism of most Mexican tribes rests on the same bases as that of the Maya, if, indeed, it was not taken over directly from that people. Furthermore, it is by no means always easy to separate the products of the Mexican tribes from one another. Our comparisons, therefore, are limited to those forms which can be assigned with considerable accuracy. A survey of Mexican ceramics clearly indicates that the closest connection is with the district between Cholula and Vera Cruz. This is of especial interest, because Cholula was a great Toltec center, and because Ticomega and Maguatega, the legendary homes of the Nicarao, have been identified by Lehmann with existing towns in the region of Cholula. We thus find that archeology validates the na- tive migration legend. Of the specimens illustrated in these pages which support this idea, pl. xxx1 is a striking example, for, although obviously Nicaraguan CONTACTS WITH TOLTEG AND AZTEC 399 in clay and workmanship, it closely resembles vessels of the so-called Cholula Ware (cf. Strebel, 1904, pl. 30). Examples of the Nicoya Polychrome Ware Plumed Serpent of types F and G also show clear affinity. Fig. 53 reproduces a specimen from Vera Cruz re- lated to the Plumed Serpent of type G. Under-slip Incised Ware technic and designs also appear related to the same Mexican district, as is attested by pl. Lxxxvit, d. While the contribution of designs from the Cholula-Vera Cruz region in Mexico to the Pacific area of Nicaragua and Costa Rica is marked, the contribution of shapes is equally striking. The pear- shape or recurved jar appears to have been evolved before the break- up of the Maya Old Empire, but it is nowhere common except in the two districts named. Furthermore, the typical bowl shape, both in Nicaragua and in Costa Rica, is a rather shallow vessel supported by three animal heads. This concept was not Maya, for it does not ap- pear in Maya ceramics of Old Empire times, although tripod sup- ports were, of course, in use. In Mexico, however, this shape seems to have been well developed before the downfall of the Toltec, who probably introduced it into Yucatan and Central America. It is possible, however, that it was a Chorotegan invention, and was brought northward by the Chiapanec or Mazatec. It is to be noted that the legs of Chiriqui vessels are of a distinctly different type, for, when of zodmorphic character, they represent complete individuals in an Atlantean attitude, rather than animal heads. The Aztec contribution to the art of the Pacific area is not great. The most striking design borrowings are exemplified by the Earth Monster of the Aztec, which occurs on Under-slip Incised Ware, and the Man-and-Jaguar motive, which is found in various Mexican codices and on Nicoya Polychrome Ware vessels. The Managua Ware bowls with flaring sides, solid tripod legs, and incised floors, also seem to be of Aztec affiliation, for they resemble the typical buff vessels of the Valley of Mexico which served as pepper-graters. On the basis of what has been said and by adding a few linked designs, the following Nicoya Polychrome Ware patterns may be grouped together as of Mexican origin and presumably contempo- raneous: Man-and-Jaguar. | Mexican Serpent Heads. Standing Human Figure. Earth Monster. Plumed Serpent, types B, C, F, G. Monkey, types A, B, C. 400 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA CONTACT WITH EUROPEAN CULTURE Contact between European culture and the ceramic remains of Nicaragua and Costa Rica is both historical and archeological in character. Historical contact is indicated by Oviedo’s description of lustrous black pottery (see page 40), which has been identified as the Black Ware of the Pacific area. Black Ware is associated in the ground with Luna Ware and Zapatero Ware burial urns, which are therefore to be regarded as historic. Archeological investigations have revealed objects of European manufacture both in Nicaragua and in Costa Rica. Bovallius (1886, p.9) found in a mound a bronze figure of a saint, together with frag- ments of a burial urn and a Luna Ware bowl decorated with a Plumed Serpent of type G. Flint (MS.) discovered glass beads in burial urns on La Ceiba and Solentiname islands in Lake Nicaragua and iron tools in a mound southeast of Liberia, Costa Rica, and he learned of the presence of similar tools with burials at Hacienda Santa Rosa. A fragment of steel, now in the Anderson collection, was discovered at Bolson, Costa Rica. Finally, Hartman (1901, p. 175) found glass beads in stone-cist graves at Santiago and Las Mer- cedes in the Highland area. (See Appendix I.) As to the finding of European objects by Bovallius and Flint, it seems obvious that the associated remains—Luna Ware, Black Ware, and Zapatero Ware burial urns—are products of the sixteenth cen- tury, in part at least. The discovery of steel in graves in the Penin- sula of Nicoya has no bearing, because the accompanying objects were not recorded. Hartman’s find at Santiago is important, because the objects in the neighboring cists must be roughly coeval. The result of all these finds is to enable us to list the following forms as per- sisting until the sixteenth century: (Red Ware. Zapatero Ware. Tripod Ware. Pacific J Black Ware. Hichland Chocolate Ware bottles. Luna Ware. = Yellow-line Ware. Red-line Ware, type C. | Curridabat Ware, type A. THE “ARCHAIC” COLTURE OF MEXICO INGE ie TO COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA For some years the theory has been advocated that all American culture had its origin in and spread from the very ancient remains CULTURAL RELATIONS 401 found under the floor of the Valley of Mexico. This hypothesis, first put forward by Dr. H. J. Spinden,t has had wide publicity through its inclusion in a popular handbook, and, although most students have failed to endorse it, no criticism has appeared in print. It is the purpose of the writer to examine this thesis in relation to the archeological remains of Nicaragua and Costa Rica. The theory of Dr. Spinden may be summarized as follows: 1. Maize was the first food-plant to be domesticated in the New World. 2. This achievement took place in the Mexican Highlands. 3. The adoption of agriculture led to the making of pottery. 4. The so-called “Archaic” finds in the lowest culture stratum (yet known) in the Valley of Mexico represent the civilization of the original maize cul- tivators. 5. Agriculture, accompanied by the “Archaic” culture, spread southward to the banks of the Amazon and to Peru. 6. “The widely scattered tribes speaking the Nahuatl language were prob- ably the culture carriers of the archaic art.” The first two statements are not subject to criticism by the archeol- ogist, although it may be said that by no means all agricultural ex- perts will endorse them. The third point is a philosophic truism which can be accepted without argument. The fourth assertion, that the “Archaic” art of Mexico was produced by the inventors of agri- culture, may be challenged on several grounds. In the first place, this culture exhibits wide divergence of style within itself and prob- ably can itself be arranged in chronological sequence. Secondly, while “Archaic” figurines are often simple and crude, they are far advanced beyond the awkward beginnings of art,? and in some cases they are distinctly sophisticated. Furthermore, the details of dress, the turbans, and other woven fabrics seen on the figurines certainly do not suggest the handiwork of a people who have just invented agriculture, but rather a group which has long enjoyed its benefits. Before examining the last two points raised by Dr. Spinden it will be well to see on what grounds he identifies “Archaic” art else- where than in Mexico. Perusal of his various papers shows that 1 See Notes on the Archeology of Salvador, American Anthropologist, n.s., vol. xvit, no. 3. Also Ancient Civilizations of Mexico and Central America, American Museum of Natural History, Handbook Series, no. 3. Also The Origin and Distribution of Agriculture in America, Proceedings of the XIX International Congress of Americanists. 2 In this connection comparison may be made with the discoveries of Mr. S. J. Guernsey of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University, in the southwestern United States, which illus- trate the apparent origin of pottery in that region. 402 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA pottery vessels are completely ignored and that the identification is based largely on figurines characterized as follows: a. “Modeled in a flat gingerbread fashion (i. e., solid) and with details added by buttons and fillets to a gross underlying shape.” b. “Modeling and shaping done with the fingers, molds being unknown.” c. “The heads are characteristically of slight depth compared with their height.” d. “When the figures are intended to stand erect, as is often the case, the feet are pinched downward into a forward and backward cusp.” e. The eyes are formed by characteristic grooves or double grooves, which are usually cut in buttons of clay, resulting in the so-called “coffee-bean” eye. On the basis of this description only one out of the several hun- dreds of Nicaraguan and Costa Rican figurines observed by the Fic. 282.—Figurine mold and a cast from it, Nicaragua. (Height, 5.5 in.) writer can be definitely classed as “Archaic”. This is a specimen ob- tained by Mr. S. G. Morley in Managua and now in the Peabody Museum of Harvard University. However, its finding place is not known, and it may be a trade piece from Salvador. A second speci- men, now in Rome (pl. cxcv, d), has the “coffee-bean” eye, but is otherwise of local type. In general we may compare Nicaraguan and Costa Rican with “Archaic” figurines on the basis of the points raised by Dr. Spinden, with the following results: a. Nicaraguan and Costa Rican figurines are not usually solid, but are hollow (pl. cxxv). LOTHROP—POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA PL. CXCV FIGURINES. NICARAGUA a—MAYAN TYPE. 0, C—VENEZUELAN TYPES. d—'‘ARCHAIC’’ TYPE ot. . CULTURAL RELATIONS 403 b. Modeling and shaping were not done by the fingers, but in molds. There is an example of such a mold in the Peabody Museum of Harvard University (fig. 282). c. Flattened heads are not common, and some of them are post-Spanish. d. Legs with cusps are practically unknown in Nicaragua, but are found on a small local group of figurines from the east coast of Costa Rica (pl. cxc, a). e. The grooved eye is never found on Polychrome figurines, and is rarely seen on any type. From this comparison it is obvious that the morphological charac- ters of the true “Archaic” figurine are either very imperfectly repre- sented or are totally absent from the figurines of Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Let us now turn to the question of distribution. “Archaic” art passes southward from Mexico to the Ulua valley in Honduras and to eastern Salvador with but little change—on this almost everyone will agree. Dr. Spinden, however, traces this culture southward through Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, to South America, including Colombia and Venezuela, where “the typical art of the archaic horizon appears again in almost pure form.” ‘The final boundary he draws at the mouth of the Amazon and at Ancon in Peru, where, he says, the remains from the earliest cultural strata “show plastic art in clay similar if not identical with that of Central America.” We have shown that the morphological features of “Archaic” art are rarely present in southern Central America, and a similar critical analysis will demonstrate their absence from South America. As all students believe that the earliest remains in the Valley of Mexico and in Peru are at least twenty centuries old, the “Archaic” theory falls if it can be shown that the “connecting links” in Nica- ragua and Costa Rica are very much more recent. Among the Nicaraguan specimens indicated as “Archaic” by Dr. Spinden in his publications and in the labels at the American Museum of Natural History, there are examples of Black Ware, Luna Ware, and large burial urns. The manufacture of the Black Ware after the Spanish conquest is described by Oviedo! and by Castaneda.? In the ground, Black Ware is associated with both Luna Ware and the large burial urns, and objects of European manufacture have been dug up with all three. Is it possible that these wares represent the handiwork of ancient primitive culture-bearers who lived thousands of years ago 1 Historia General y Natural de las Indias, lib. xL11, cap. x11. 2 Sobre el estado en que encontro a Nicaragua, etc. In M. M. de Peralta, Costa Rica, Nicaragua y Panama en el Siglo XVI, Madrid, 1883. 404 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA and that identical ceramic forms persisted without change until the sixteenth century A. D.? Another feature of the “Archaic” culture on which Dr. Spinden lays great stress is the occurrence from Mexico to the Amazon of a type of seated figurine with wide-spread legs. We have no knowl- edge of the origin of this type. As to its significance we can point out that there are many pottery forms—negative painting, cylindri- cal jars with projecting animal heads, squash and gourd effigy jars, effigy jars shaped like the human head, etc.—which have an equally wide and as yet unexplained distribution. As for naming these figurines the fons et origo of New World culture, it would seem a slender thread to support much weight. Finally we shall discuss the question of whether the “Archaic’’ cul- ture was spread by Nahuatl tribes. In the first place, the chief characteristic of the art of the lowest culture stratum in the Valley of Mexico, and of similar finds elsewhere, is the total absence of the grotesque pantheon of the Toltec and Aztec. It is the handiwork of a totally different people who apparently had no relationship of any kind to the cultures which followed them, which presumably were Nahua. In the second place, all our evidence goes to prove that the Nahua did not reach any part of Central America until compara- tively recently. The historian Motolinia makes the statement that they reached Nicaragua only a century before the arrival of the Spaniards, and the Nahua colony in northwestern Costa Rica probably came at the same time. The Sigua in Panama, the southernmost known Nahua settlers, are said to have come to Panama in search of gold for Montezuma and to have settled there when they learned of the destruction of their capital by Cortés. Nahua tribes could scarcely have caused the spread of “Archaic” culture under these conditions. For the various reasons which have been indicated, the writer is led to the belief that the earliest culture now known in the Valley of Mexico was not the work of the inventors of agriculture, that this culture never extended into South America or even into southern Central America, and that in any case it could not possibly have been spread by Nahuatl tribes. CONTACT WITH WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA While no comprehensive work on the archeology of northwestern South America has been written, an inspection of museum collec- tions clearly indicates that the same general type of culture extended CONTACT WITH SOUTH AMERICA 405 from Ecuador to the Isthmus of Panama. The great geographic diversity of the country and the isolation by the rugged ranges of the Andes of mountain valleys and coastal belts have resulted in many local manifestations of this culture. In Colombia the archeology is particularly obscure, but several im- portant subareas may be pointed out. In the Cauca valley a great amount of gold and pottery have been found which are supposedly the handiwork of the Quimbaya. Other strong local cultures flour- ished near Antioquia, Popayan, Bogota, and in the Department of Bolivar. While collections from these regions may be seen in various museums, the interrelationship and sequence of types are but little understood. In Ecuador archeological studies have made great progress in re- cent years. In the coastal region two archeological types have been distinguished. In the Province of Manabi the chief features are the well-known stone chairs and stone slabs carved in bas-relief. The pottery of this region consists largely of ring-base bowls and jars of shapes recalling the Lost-color Ware and Maroon Incised Ware of Costa Rica. Farther north, in the Province of Esmeraldas are found pottery types connected with the southern Pacific coast of Colombia and with the Quimbaya ceramics from the Cauca valley. Here also is a high development in the modeling of figurines, which offer a striking resemblance stylistically to the handiwork of the Maya. In the Andean region of Ecuador local cultures can be dis- tinguished in the north, center, and south, all of which show rela- tionship with Central America. In the north pottery vessels are found which closely resemble the Stone Cist Ware and Tripod Ware of Costa Rica and the corresponding groups in Chiriqui. Tripart vessels such as our fig. 253 also are found, and negative painting is common. In the south flourished another culture which also has Central American traits. In central Ecuador in the Province of Chimborazo stratified remains have placed the archeology upon a chronological basis. The features of the pottery which extend to Central America—such as Tripod Ware, the Octopus motive, nega- tive painting, etc.—all appear in the three earliest of the six periods before the Inca conquest. In Peru intensive excavation has been carried on at many sites, particularly in the coastal region, and the results are accessible in 406 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA well illustrated volumes. The importance of Peru in New World archeology is enhanced by the high merit of the art and by the fact that it is undoubtedly possible to throw the relics of the past into chronological sequence, even if it is not possible to assign exact dates as is done in northern Middle America. The ordering of this se- quence, however, is proving a very intricate problem. The two most authoritative chronologies for Peru have been pro- duced by Uhle (1920 and earlier papers) and Tello (1921a,b). Both depend upon actual field work, but several of Uhle’s divisions have recently proved doubtful as the result of the discovery of European products in association with supposedly ancient types and by the finding of specimens of supposedly different periods inter- mingled in a single stratum. Tello’s sequence, grounded on his own and Uhle’s studies, has been published only in outline, and, while furnishing a suitable working basis, is far from offering a final answer to the complex archeological problems of Peru. The final phase of aboriginal culture in Peru is represented by Inca remains, for the Inca dynasty has left its imprint from Ecuador to Chile. Antedating the Inca period are the remains of various local cultures, such as Nasca, Ica, Chincha, Pachacamac, Chicama, Caja- marquilla, Chimbote, Chavin, etc. In the north these cultures are marked by high development of modeled decoration in the pottery, while in the south painted decoration and the exotic use of color are characteristic. Most of these cultures represent a long period of time and exhibit no little artistic development within themselves. All of them may be traced back to a parent type which Tello calls “tipo Andino,” which, in turn, is related to more primitive forms such as are seen in the art of Recuay. During a recent visit to Lima the writer made careful notes in three museums on resemblances to Central America seen in the pot- tery. Some days later he had the privilege of going over these col- lections again in the company of Dr. Tello, who explained his ideas on dating much more fully than he yet has in print. A comparison of the notes taken on these two occasions shows that almost every detected likeness to Central America in all parts of Peru occurred in types to which Dr. Tello assigns an early date—as is also the case with the stratified remains from Ecuador. Before leaving the subject of Peru we should point out that man freed himself from barbarism in that region a very, very long time CONTACT WITH SOUTH AMERICA 407 ago. ‘This is indicated by the complexity of society as encountered by the Spaniards, by the domestication of animals and food plants, by the amazing feats of engineering seen in the construction of roads and aqueducts, by the huge extent and magnificence of the ruined cities, and by the high level and intricacy of the artistic products of the various groups inhabiting the country in pre-European epochs. In short, Peruvian culture seems fully as old if not older than any- thing yet known from Middle America. Returning now to the pottery, we find that vessels of three shapes, particularly common in the Highland area of Costa Rica, are known far to the south. The first and most common of these is the sub- globular jar with a short neck and a pair of handles formed of small animals. Pl. cLxx, c, shows an example from Costa Rica, while a is from Ecuador. A second type is a gourd form with a human face on the rim. Costa Rican examples are seen in pl. cLxxx, g, and an example from Ecuador is given in fig. 233. In Peru such vessels are found as far south as Pachacamac. Thirdly, one of the most characteristic shapes in Colombia and Ecuador is a hemispherical bowl set on a tall annular base, which is found in Costa Rica and Nicaragua in such ves- sels as those shown in pls. Cie, 2nd CLXXII, a. In Peru similar vessels are found at Recuay. Furthermore, the shape of Nandaime Ware in- cised tripod bowls (fig. Peljecectire on the Pa- cific coast of Colombia in the Tumaco region. Fin- ally, pear-shape vases with a ring base, most typical of Nicoya Poly- chrome Ware, are found in Colombia and Ecua- dor, and even at Recuay and Cajamarquilla in reti, : Fic. 283.—Figurine from Niquitaoy, Venezuela. Mention also should be (Height, 6.5 in.) 408 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA made of figurine types which extend from Costa Rica into South America. The most obvious of these forms are: figurines with wide-spread legs (pl. cxxv); figurines supported by bulbous legs (fig. 156, a) which are common to the Nicoya peninsula and to the Antioquia region in Colombia; and also figurines with very long slit eyes (figs. 148, b; 283) typical of Venezuela, a type of eye which reappears on Nicoya Monochrome effigy vessels both in Costa Rica (pl. crv, b) and in Nicaragua (pl. cxcv, b, c). Both painted and modeled forms of decoration are diffused in Costa Rica and South America. Of painted patterns the so-called Chiriqui Alligator is the most prominent. This design indeed ex- tends unchanged as far north as Nicaragua, where it occurs on Poly- chrome pottery. In the Highland region it is found as a Polychrome Vas fay if Fic. 284.—Jaguar motive in Peru. a, Nasca; b, c, Chicama; d, Recuay. (After Tello, 1923.) motive, but is much more common on the Simple Painted Wares. In Chiriqui it is again a Polychrome pattern and is so common that the pottery decorated with the alligator and its derivatives is classed as a separate ware. In the art of Recuay in Peru it is very common. Here, although some of the most characteristic elements (such as the head-crest or plumes and the curved back) persist, the animal has changed from an alligator to a jaguar. This incarnation goes to CONTACT WITH SOUTH AMERICA 409 the very roots of the ritualistic symbolism of Peru, and has been traced far and wide in both the ceramic and the lithic art of that country. In fig. 284 we show an example from Recuay in the nega- tive-painting technic, painted variants from the Chicama valley, and finally a pattern from Nasca in southern Peru. The significance and distribution of this Peruvian variant have been well studied by Tello (1923). It is evident from an inspection of the large number of illustrations brought together by him that the Peruvians in many localities depicted this animal with wings, or with serpent or alligator features. It therefore seems clear that we are dealing with an aspect of the Plumed Serpent-Dragon complex of Middle America and North America (pp. 146 and 160), that the es- sence of the religious symbolism in each region is founded upon a similar’ artistic complex, and that the Chiriqui Alligator motive is a connecting link. This symbol is so widespread and universal that we may postulate its appearance with the earliest graphic art of the American Indians. The Octopus motive is another pattern which extends from Peru to Costa Rica. In the Highland area its presence has been detected in Lost-color Ware and Curridabat Ware; in Chiriqui, Colombia, and Ecuador it is associated with Lost-color Ware and is seen in the stone carvings of Manabi. In Peru this motive is modeled in Black Ware; it is also seen in the painted wares of the Chicama district; sometimes it occurs on pottery from Nasca (fig. 284, a). In Red-line Ware we have another decorative type of wide distri- bution, characterized primarily by painted red geometric patterns. Vessels thus adorned are found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru as far south as Chimbote. They are also, however, associated with the east coast of South America and the widespread Carib-Arawak culture. The small modeled figures on vessel walls, typical of Stone Cist Ware and Red Ware in the Costa Rican Highland region, are also found in South America. In Chiriqui they are as common as in Costa Rica (pl. cLxxx1, b, f). They are frequently seen on pottery from Colombia and Ecuador (fig. 238) and on the Black Ware from the Peruvian coast. The modeled alligator scute, which has been described in both Costa Rica and Nicaragua, extends southward along the Pacific coast of Colombia (fig. 221). Negative painting forms an important technical link between 410 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA Costa Rica and South America. This process was highly developed in the Andean region of Colombia and Ecuador, and is frequently seen on pottery from Recuay in Peru. To the north it is found in Guatemala and southern Mexico, but never attained great importance there. The development of this decorative process was doubtless due to the use of wax in the casting of metals. It is to be regarded as the great contribution of northwestern South America to New World ceramics. CONTACT WITH EASTERN SOU TH RARE ie AND THE *ANTILCEES The chief culture-bearers in eastern South America belonged to the Carib and Arawak stocks, whose influence can be traced from the Parana delta in Argentina northward across the Antilles to Florida. At the time of the conquest they occupied the Guianas, Venezuela, and the Antilles, but their original home must have been very much farther south, perhaps in southwestern Brazil. The ceramic remains of this culture are chiefly broad bowls, sometimes with incurved rims, decorated by incising, by geometric patterns in red paint, or by the addition of small modeled figures to the outer walls of the vessel. It is the belief of the writer that this culture had a distinct connec- tion with southern Central America. This belief is founded upon the fact that the Red-line Ware patterns and also some of the small mod- eled figures in Stone Cist Ware of Costa Rica have a distinct Antil- lean flavor. In addition pictographs from the two regions are surprisingly alike, while the chairs of the present tribes in South America resemble those of the Guetar. For geographical reasons direct contact between these areas was impossible, and those features which are common to both were doubtless passed along by the na- tives of Colombia. DATING From the foregoing discussion it is clear that no suitable basis has been found for assigning actual dates to archeological types in southern Central America. Nevertheless we have been able to show that certain classes of pottery are closely affiliated with dated forms. Two factors, however, are at present incalculable: the rate of cul- tural drift to the south, and the length of time during which designs DATING—FRONTIER OF CULTURE 4IlI of northern origin had persisted in their new home. Stylistic rela- tionship with South America evidently exists, but it is impossible to determine the chronological relationships until the sequence of forms has been more accurately determined. In general it seems that cultural influences, both from the north and the south, reached or persisted in Costa Rica and Nicaragua long after they had been developed elsewhere. This may be argued from such facts as that Tripod Ware is very ancient in Peru and Ecuador, but quite recent in Costa Rica, or that designs of Maya Old Empire origin on Nicoya Polychrome Ware are sometimes linked with pat- terns of Toltec or even Aztec parentage. Therefore, no statement as to dating can be made at present which is other than a more or less well-founded guess. We have demon- strated the artistic and technical affiliations of the ceramic remains. The chronological ordering of this array we leave to be determined by the ultimate and conclusive proof of excavation. IV—INTERRELATIONSHIP OF MIDDLE AMERICA AND SOUTH AMERICA Woe HRONTIER OF CULTURE From the numerous instances adduced it has been shown that the aboriginal ceramic art of Costa Rica and Nicaragua was derived in part from the more civilized nations of Mexico and northern Central America; we have also demonstrated features which clearly pertain to the culture of South America. Examination of the pottery of Chiriqui indicates that it belongs almost im toto to South America; study of the Pacific area of Costa Rica and Nicaragua reveals very few South American features. The real meeting-ground between the two continents then falls in the Highland area in Costa Rica. The nature and extent of blending along the culture frontier is exhibited by the accompanying table, which lists the Highland wares and shows the trend of each subtype to the regions immediately to the northwest and southeast. This table demonstrates that the pot- tery falls in three groups, of which one (Polychrome Ware) is re- lated almost entirely to the Pacific area and thence to Middle America, another (Simple Painted Wares and Monochrome Wares) shares almost equally the features of north and south, while the third group 412 POTTERY OF COSTA RICA AND NICARAGUA INTERRELATIONSHIP OF POTTERY ya HIGHLAND AREA?® SUBGROUP DESIGNS SHAPE Effigy vessels ) Flumed PENG Pacific area : POLYCHROME Two-h’d m’nstt Pacific area Feather pattern Alligator Chiriqui Pacific area Red-line | Chisigul Yellow-line Pacific area Pacific area White-line + Chiriqui Chiriqui Pacific area Chiriqui Black-line Pacific area a ea) = é Yellow in decoration, 107-108, 113, 127, 297, 430, 452. See Decoration, Slip Yellow-line Ware, age of, 400; charac- ter of, 388; drum of, 377, 379; large jars of, 357; of Highland region, 312- 315; patterns derived from, 316; shapes borrowed from, 318 Yoaltecultli, identified with Omeya- teite, 69 Yoaltiail, identified with Omeyateci- goat, 69 Yojoa, Lake, Hond., 26 Yucatan, black background in mural paintings of, 145; conquest of, 44; Maya culture in, 394, 397; negative painting in, 320; wooden stools of, 291 Yurustt, Garabito town, 15 Yecuintlan, form of Escuintla, 6 Zacate Grande id., remains at, 436 Zapandi, Orotifia settlement, 24 Zapatero i1d., burial urns of, 194; Luna ware on, 194; Nicoya Polychrome ware from, pl. XXVIII; pictographs on, 95; remains on, 94-95, 436-437, pl. cxcrx; sinkers from, pl. CXxXXvVI; statues on, 93, pls. VI, VII, CXXXII Zapatero Ware, age of, 400; associated with Black ware, 400; attributed to 529 Ulva, 392; burial urns, 400; character of, 388; described, 254-257; figurines of, 272-274, 282; shoe-shape jars of, 235 Zapotec, burial customs, 97; culture, 392; statues not attributable to, 93 Zarate, on human sacrifice, 64 Zazacali, Ulva town, 18, 27 Zeledon, P. P., cited, 14 Zepada, Padre, on Corobici houses, 32 Zevallos, Agustin de, cited, 15, 80; im- portance of writings of, 31 Zigzags in decoration, 159, 222, 229, 247, 319, 330, 348. See Geometric patterns Zipa, custom regarding, 78 Zomoto, Ulva town, 18, 27 Zoémorphic character of Chiriqui ves- sels, 399; designs on Culebra ware, 107-108; designs on Lost-color ware, 322; figures on bowl rims, 319; figures on Monochrome wares, 387; forms of handles, 349, 365; motives on Curridabat ware, 336; origin of geometric patterns, 152, 154, 166, 180, 183-184, 193, 211, 246, 303, 386, 387. See Animal figures, Geometric patterns Zoque associated with Chiapanec, 24 Zorobaro id., a linguistic boundary, 44; Sigua on, 10 Zorobaros mentioned in 1610, 448 Zotzil associated with Chiapanec, 24 iii