Ap dala ‘@RIGIWN BUILDING: PLAGIARISM HEATHENS DETECTED. i BY oe = BOO Ks By JOHN WOOD, Architea, BA TH: Printed by S. and F. Fariezy, And Sold by J. Leaxe: Briftol : W. Innys, in St. Pauls Church’; ard: C, Hircu, in Pazer- Nofter-Row; R. Dovsuz y, in Pall-Mall; J. Pine, in Old-Bond-ftreet s and J. Brin puzy, in New-Bond-ftreet, London, : M.DCC.XLI, M. Lewis, in GON TEN T'S BOOK th FIRST Containing an Accbunt of rhe Rist and Procress of BU ILD- TN G, from the Creation of the World, to the Time in which Motes finifh'd bis Tabernacle iz rhe Wildernefs: CHAP. J, The Inrropucrion: Page 2s CHAP. II. Of the Rise of Buizpine. p- 1. CHAP. Ill. Of the Progrefs of Buirpinc, from its Introduc- tion by Cain, °till Woah began the Ar. p13. CHAP. IV. Of Woah’s Arx, and the Detucr. p. 16, CHAP. V. Of the Progrefs of Bumpine, from the Dézues, *till the Confufion of Languages. . 18: CHAP. VI. Of the Progrefs of Buirpinc, from the Gehten of Languages, *till %o/eph’s Advancement in the Court of Pharaoh, King of Egypt. p» 27: CHAP. VII. Of $o/eph’s Advancement in Egypt, and of the Manner in which the principal Part of the Riches of the World was firft colleéted, p- 39. CHAP VHI. Of the Bondage of the Children of Lrael in Egypt. 41. CHAP. IX. Of the Tranfition of the colle&ed Riches di the World, from the Egyptians, to the I/raelites. pe 47. CHAP. X. Of the Works performed by the I/raelites, between their crofling the Red Sea, and their building the Tabernacle under the Dire&tion of Mo/es. fp 49. CHAP. XI. Of the Tabernacle erected by Mofes in the Wilder- nefs. pay ane, XIE. of the Orin and Thummim. fi é BOOK the SECOND. Containing a Defcription of Speculative AxcurrecrtRs ¢ of Pro- portion ; of Beauty ; and of the various Parts of the Tabernacle. CHAP, I. The Inrropucrion, p. 67. CHAP, Ul, Of Arcnirecrurs, p- 69: b CHAP. The ComwTents. CHAP. IN. Of Pitrars, in Imitation of Forked Trees, or Poles. 7 p. 70. « CHAP, IV. Of Ornvzr. pe 71. CHAP. V. Of Proportion. p: 72. CHAP. VI. Of Beaury. » 73 CHAP. Vil. Of the Manner in which the Lraelites BAS be inftructed iff'the Law. 7! Pp» 74 CHAP. VII. Of the 4é Mercy Seat, Altar of Incenfe, Table, and Candleftick, in the Tabernacle. pe 75. CHAP. IX. Of the Sockets or Bafeiof the Tabernacle, — p. 78. CHAP. X: OF the Boards and Bars of the Tabernacle. p. 79. CHAP. XI. Of the Curtains of the Tabernacle. p. 81. CHAP. XII. Of the Pillars of the Labernacle. p. 83. CHAP. XII, Of the Brazen Ahar, Laver, and Court of the Tabernacle. p. 86. CHAP. XIV, Of the Pillars of the Court. Ib. CHAP. XV. Of the Qualifications of Mofes. p: Od» BOOK the THIRD. Containing an Account of the Procress of BUILDING, from the Completion of the Tabernacle, to rhe Finifbing of Solomon’s ‘Temple. CHAP. I. The Inrropucrion. p. 976 CHAP. If. Of the Camp of the I/raclites. p- 98. CHAP. Ill. Of the Progrefs of Building during the Life of Mofes. p: Tos. CHAP. IV. Of the Progrefs of Building, from the Death of Mofes, to the Inauguration of King David. p- 109 CHAP. V. Of the Progrefs of Building during the Reign of King David. ; p. 113. CHAP. VI. Of the Preparations made by King David, for the Temple at Ferufalem. p. 116. CHAP. VIL Of the Preparations made by King Solomon, for the Temple at Ferufalem. } p- 118. CHAP. VIII. Of the Situation of the Temple at Serufalem, and of the Year of the World in which that Building was begun, p. 119. CHAP. IX. Of the Temple, and the Parts thereunto belonging. ‘ p. 12s CHAP. X. Of the Altar, Sea, and Laver, in the inward Court of the Temple. p-. 129. CHAP, The ConTEnNTs. CHAP, XI. Of the Courts of the Temple. p- 130. CHAP. XII. Of the Time Solomon was erecting the Zemple, with an Explanation of the Plan of that Edifice. pe 133. BOOK the FOURTH. Containing an Account of the Procress of BUILDING, from the Completion of Solomon’s Temple, ’rill it arriv'd to its bighef Perfection in Afia, Egypt, Greece, and Italy. GHAP. I. The inrropucrion. p- 139: CHAP. II. Of King Solomon’s Patack, and of his other Works. . TAL. CHAP, IIL. Of the Progrefs of Building in Canaan, faci the Death of King Solomon, to the sth Year of the Reign of Rehoboam. nae . 146. GHAP IV. Of. the Progrefs of Building in Egype, fea is Bondage of the Children of J/rae/, to the Rife of the Ayrian Em- pire under Put. . p. 147 CHAP. V. Of the Progrefs of Building in 4fyrie, from the Rife ofthat Empire under Put, to its Deftruétion by the Medes and Ba- bylonians. p 152. CHAP. VI. Of the Progrefs of Building in Media, from the In- auguration of Deioces, *till it arrived to its higheft Perfe@tion. p. 156. CHAP. VII. Of the Progrefs.of Building in Babylon, from Ma- bonaffar, “till it artiv’d to its higheft Perfection under Mebuchad- MZZOP. p- 157. CHAP. VIII. Of Exehiel’s Vission of a new Temple and City, for his Brethren, the Fews. p- 161. CHAP. IX. Of the Temple of Ferufalem, as built by Zerub- babel. p. 164. CHAP. X. Of the Progrefs of Building in Perfia, from Cyrus, till the Reign of Alexander the Great. p. 166. CHAP. XI. Of the State of Building in Greece, from Gyrus, *till the Reign of Alexander the Great. . 169 p CHAP. XII. Of the Progrefs of Building in Italy, from the Burning of Rome, by the Gauls, to the Reign of Aucusrus Casar. p- 174. CHAP. XIII. Of the Temple at Ferufalem, as built by Herod the Great. BOOK The: Con TEN Ts, BOOK the FIFTH. Containing a Defeription of the Orders of Columns; of the Porms and Proportions of Temples, Bafilica’s, and other celebrated Edifi- ces of Autiquity ; and of the Standard Meafures of the Antients. CHAP.I. The Intropucrion. p. 183. CHAP. If. Of the Doricx Orns. p. 185. ~ CHAP. Til. Of the Ionicx. Orper. p. 188. -CHAP.IV. Of the Corrnrutan Orper. : p. 104. CHAP. V. Of the general Proportion of the Accefiary Ornaments of all the Kinds of Columns. p: 197. CHAP. VI. Of the particular Meafures of the three Orders of Columns; and of the Names of the feveral Parts of thofe Orders. . 202. CHAP. VIL Of the Stivation of the Pagan Temples, Aad the Orders peculiar to them. : pe 210: CHAP. VIII. Of the Forms, Pro/petts, Kinds, and Compartment of the Pagan Temples. p. 212. CHAP. IX. Of the Form and Proportion of the antient Bafilica’s, Halls, Squares, and Places for publick Exercife. 5 p. 247. CHAP. X. Of the State of Building in Britain. p. 218. CHAP. XI. Of the’ Standard Meofures of the Antients, pan CHAP. XII. The Summary and Conciusion. p» 23%: The Order of the Plates. N® rt. is to follow Page 52 eee. 60 Ang. 68 6. 72 Gots Oh As 1G 94 — Ta he 100 14. 15. 16,147. 18, 1g. 20, 21. 102 Zen 28: 106 is Ane 136 26. 144 27. 28. 162 29. 30. 164. BI. 184 32. 206 | 33: 34 208 35.980. 210 THE THE Rae 1 oN BUILDING: PLAGIARISM OF THE HEATHENS DIO TE CLP ED, BOOK the FIRST, Containing an Account Of the Rise and Procress of BUILDING, From the Creation of the Wor Lp, To the Time in which Moszs finithed his Tabernacle in the Wildernefs, EA i Origin of Building : Plagiarifm of the Heathens DE. TEC. TED. CH AP. The IntropuctTion. ; S Riches and Caprives in the early Ages of the World A were the natural Effeéts of Conqueft; fo it foon became a Rule among the People in moft Nations to employ them upon Works of Building ; fometimes in Honour of their Gods; fome- times in Honour of their Kings or Heroes; and therefore Arcutric- Ture was held in fuch high Veneration and Efteem by the Antients, that the greateft Monarchs of the Eaft made it their chief Study, in order to tranfmit, by fome Noble Work, their Names, their Riches, and their great Atchievements to Pofterity. Tue Name of Shifbak, or Sofoftris, King of Egypt, will be ever glorious (2) for the Pillars, Temples, and other Buildings which he erected in his Dominions ; as well as that of Pwd, or Vinus, (3) for the ftupendous Works with which he adorned the City of Wizeveh. The Empire of the Medes was no fooner fixed, than Deioces (c). built Ecbatana, with a View to attraé the Admiration of the World, and make himfelf adored by the People. Webuchadnexzar (d) boafted that the Majefty of the Babylonian Empire, appear'd in the City of Babylon which he had raifed. Cyrus, the Founder of the Perfian (a) Herod. 1. 2. (0). Hered. 1. 5. (6) Diod. Sic. 1. 2. ¢. 3. (¢) Daniel iv. 30. ee Empire, 4 Lhe Origin of Building: Or, Tbe Book I. Empire, was no fooner chofen King by his Play-Fellows, than he di- vided them into’ feveral Orders and Offices, the firft of which he (e) appointed to be his Builders; and grew fo compleat an Architeé him- felf, that, upon his Acceffion to the Throne, he gave the Fews In- ftruétions how to build the Second Temple of Ferufalem. Alexander the Great (f) erected divers Cities, as well ‘as fingle Stru@tures, to fhew the Strength, Power, and Riches of his People, and to be as fo many Monuments of his ViGories: And when Julius Cafar be- gan to aim at Univerfal Empire, He, in order to gain the Efteem of the World, and to make himéelf popular, (¢) adorned the princi- pal Cities in Italy, Gaul, Spain, Afia, and Greece, with {plendid Edifices, ArcHITEcTURE thus becoming the chief Study and Delight of Princes, the moft renowned in Hiftory, we need not wonder that the People of every Nation fhou’d endeavour to be thought the Inven- tors of the Rules for building fuch Stru@tures as, by their.Beauty, at- tracted the Admiration of the intelligent World; and herein the Grecians bore away the Palm from all others ; for being a People naturally inclined to Fi@tion, they fo drefled up their Story of the Origin of the Orders, that the Romans very readily have given the Invention of thofe beautiful Parts to them, as appears by the Writings of Vitruvius, who thus accounts for the Rife of Building in general, and of Order and Proportion in particular. Men, (4) fays he, in antient Times were born in Woods and Ca- verns, like the Beafts, and lived therein on the natural Produce of the Earth. At length an impetuous Wind happened to arife in a Place where Trees grew very clofe together, which put them into fuch Agitation, that the Violence with which they ftruck one an- other, caufed them to take Fire: The Vehemence of the Flame furprized thofe People that were near it, and made them run off to fome Diftance, till the Tempeft was over; when taking Cou- tage they drew near the Fire again; and finding that a moderate Heat thereof was very beneficial for the Bodies of Men, they kept in this Fire with other Wood; brought thither other Men, and befides, gave them to underftand what a ufeful thing Fire was. Thus Fire, adds Vitruvius, occafioned Men to affemble, to join in Society with each other, and to dwell in the fame Place; and to this End, they began to make for themfélves Huts with Leaves, others dug Lodges in Mountains, while fome, imitating the Induftry of the Swallows, made, with little Branches of Trees and Pieces of Clay, Places to fhelter themfelves in; in the doing of which, each one confidered the Work of his Neighbour, and not only perfeéted his own Inven- tions by the Remarks he made on thofe of others, but every one (e) Herod. 1. 1. (g) Suet. in Ful. Cefar, c. 28. (7) Died, Sic. 1.17. 6.5, 10, Ee. (4) Vit. Laer, - glorying Chap.I. Plagiarifm of the Heathens Detected. § glorying in his own Contrivances, they daily eommuinicated t6 éacki other whatever they found proper to make them fucceed in their Buildings, whereby a great Progrefs was daily made in the good Manner of erecting Cottages; Man being by Nature teachable and inclined to Imitation. Tue Rife of Order our Author takes next into Confideration; and informs us, that Dorws (i) the Son of Hellen, and 6f the Nymph Optice, King of Achaia and of all the Peloponnefis, hav- ing formerly caufed the Zermple of Funo to be built in the antient City of Argos, that Temple was found by Cuance to be the Order which we call Dorick; after which, in all the other Cities of Achaia, feveral other Zemples were erected of the fame Order, but at that time there were no eftablifhed Rules for the Proportions of AncuiTEcTURE: VITRUVIUS proceeds with thewing us how Proportion took its Rife, and referring to the Age wherein Dorws flourifhed, or near it, tells us, That the Athenians, after having confulted the Delphick Oracle, by a common Confent of all Greece, fent into Afia thirteen Colonies, each having their own Captain, under the general Con- dua of Jon, the Son of Xurhus and Creufa, whom Apollo by his Oracle had acktiowledg’d to ‘be his Son: > Ion being entered fa; conquer’d all Gzrigjcand: founded thirteen ‘great Cities forthe Re- ception» of his Péople,; who: gave the Country the Name ‘of Ionia, from Zon their Leaders ino which they built &veral Temples to the Honour of the Gods: The’ firft, which was dedicated to Apollo Pas mionius, was made after the Manner of thofe they had feen in “Achaia, and was for that Reafon call’d Dorick; but as they did. not know ~ what Diameter was proper to be given to the Columns intended for this Temple, to make them fufficiently ftrong, to fuftain the Burthen of the Edifice, and at the {ame time appear agreeable to ‘the Eye, they at laft took the Meafure of a Man’s Foot, and finding it to be in Length the one fixth Part of his Height, they fixed on that Pyo- portion, and fo made the Columns fix ‘Times as high as the Diame- ter, the Capital being comprehended. And thus the Dorick Order concludes our Author, was firft introduced into Edifices, having the Proportion, Strength, and Beauty of the Human Body. Sometime after this, the fame People, Hitrivius tells us, erected the Temple of Diana, and fecking fome new Form that might be beautiful for the Columns of that Structure,’ they at length gave them the: flenider. delicate Shape of a Woman’s Body, by making the Di- ameter of them the one eighth Part of their Height: They alfo added Bafes. to’ thefe Columns, made in the Manner of a coiléd Rope, to refemble, in fome Meafure, the Drefs of the Feet, common in thofe Times; they cut Volutes on the Capitals, to reprefent that Part of @) Vit. 1, 4c. 1. B Womens 6 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book I. Womens Hair which hangs in Ringlets on each Side of the Face; the Cymatiums and the Pods, they made like their Hair com’d or feathered up ; and they fluted the Front of the Shafts, to imitate, in fome Degree, the Plaits of a Matron’s Robe. Thus they invented thefe two Species of Columns, the one imitating the naked, neg- leG&ted Simplicity of a Man’s Body; and the other the Delicacy and Ornaments of a Woman’s. The Architeéts which fueceeded to thefe firft, and who grew more refined in their Judgments, greatly ap- proving the Delicacy of the fmaller Columns, gave feven Diameters to the Dorick, and eight and a half to the Tonick, on which they im- pofed that Name, becaufe the Jonians had been the Inventors of it. Tur Third Order of Columns, our Author informs us, is called Corinthian, and reprefents the airy Stru@ture of a young Girl, to which Stru€ture that tender Age gives all the Advantage of Shape, and makes it more capable of Ornament to add to its natural Beauty. The Invention of its Capital he attributes to this AccinpntT. A young Virgin of Corinth, faith he, dying when fhe was upon the Point of Marriage, her Nurfe placed upon her Tomb, in a Baiket, fome fmall Vafes which the Girl had valued in her Life-time; and that they might continue the longer without receiving any Injury from the Weather, fhe covered. the Bafket with a Tyle, which, by Cuance, was placed on the Roots of a Plant of Acanthus. In the following Spring, when the Leaves and Flower-Stalks began to fhoot, the Bafket forced the Leaves along its Sides, which when they came to the Tyle were forced down again at their Extremities, by which they formed.the Sweeps of the Volutes. Fhe Sculptor Callimachus, whom the Athenians called Catatechnos, becaufe of the great Subtility and Delicatenefs with which he cut Marble, pafling by the Tomb, faw the Bafket, and after what Manner the growing Plant had en- compaffed. it, that new Form gave him infinite Pleafure; and he not only. imitated the Manner of it in the Columns he afterwards made at Corinth, but eftablifhed, and fixed on that very Model, the Propor- tions of the Corinthian Order, making the Height of the Capital one Diameter of the Column at Bottom. Tuus far Vitruvius on the Origin of Building, as well on the Rife, Progrefs and Perfection of the Orders of ArchiteEture. His Account, he fays, was (4) colleGted from the Writings of the moft celebrated Architeéis of Greece ; as Theodorus, who wrote of the Dorich Tem- ple of Funo at Samos; Crefiphon and Metagenes, who explained the Lonick Vemple of Diana at Ephefus Phileos, who wrote of the Jonick Temple of Minerva at Priene ; I&tinus and Carpion, who defcribed the Dorick Temple of Minerva, in the Citadel at Athens; Theodorus a Phocean, who explained the Tholus (/), or Roof of thé Temple at (4) Vit. Preface to 1. 7. Spintharus, an Architeét of Coriath, but the Roof was (2) The Temple of De/phos being burnt in the firft perfeGted by Theodorus, Vide Filebien's Lives of the Year of the 58th Olympiad, the Walls were rebuilt by —_Architeéts, p. 20, Delphos ; Chap.I. Plagiarifin of the Heathens Detected. 4 Delphos ; Philo; who treated of the Proportions of Temples, and of the Arfenal which was built in the Harbour of Pireus ; Flermogenes, who wrote of the Pfeudo-Dipterick Temple of Diana, of the Lonick Order, at Magnefia, and of the Monopterick Temple of Bacchus at Leos; Argelius, who defcribed the Corinthian Proportions and the Tonick Temple of Aifculapius at Tralles; and Satyrus and Phyteus, who wrote of the Mau/oleum. Our Author likewife compiled his Account from the Writings of the lefs eminent among the Grecian Architeéts, as Mexaris, Theocydes, Demophilos, Pollis, Leonides, Si- lanion, Melampus, Sarnacus, and Euphranor, who all wrote of the Preepts and Proportions of Architecture; and in the Performance of his elaborate Work he fo well fucceeded, that his Books are the only ones on Architefture which have been tranfmitted down to Po- fterity ; they have been a Guide to all our Modern Writers on the Subjeé& of Building ; and he himfelf hath obtained, by thofe Books, the Name of, The Farner or Arcurracturn. Tur Cuance‘or Fortune which fuperintended the Rife of every Thing curious in Architeffure, as above, was, under all its Ap- pellations, ¢fteemed by the Antients as a Dryrnz Power, (m) and no lefs than GOD alone. ‘And indeed if we examine into the Writ- ings of the moft eminent Authors of antient Hiftory, as well Sacred as Profane, we fhall find them all confefs, that the Knowledge our Anceftors firft had in Arts and Sciences, was given them immediately by GOD. And therefore tho’ Vitruvius lays it down as a Principle, that Mankind are by Nature teachable, and inclined to Imitation, he has neverthelefs declared, they were above Three Thoufand Years before they, even by Cuancz, did any thing worthy to be recorded, and that many Centuries pafs’d before another Step was taken to- wards Perfection in their Works of Arehiteéfure; for Hellen (z) flourifhed in the Year One Thoufand and Forty-Three before Chrift, Callimachus became eminent in the (0) Sixtieth Olympiad, and had for his Contemporary Crefiphon, (p) the firft Archite& of the Temple of Diana, and confequently the Inventor of the Tonick Order ; fo that from the Time of the Rife of the Orders under Dorus the Son of Hellen, to their PerfeGion under Callimachus, fuppofing Hellen to reign twenty Years, and Dorus to build his Temple imme- diately after his coming to the Throne, was juft four hundred and eighty-fix Years. Tuis Account, which Vitruvius has colleGed, however fpecious it may appear from its remaining ftill, in a great Meafure, uncontro- verted, has'its Foundation in the Hoty Scriptures, for therein we fhalll find it moft expreffly declared, that Mankind at firft dwelt in a (7) Garden of Trees, quited the Place of their original Abode thro’ an (m) Plin.1. 27. ¢. 3. &e. Ge. Se. (2p) Rollin on the Arts and'Sciences, vol. 11 p. 13% (2) New. Chro. p. 14. (9). Gen. ii. 9. (0) Filebien’s Lives of the Archit. p..24. impetuous 8 The Ovigin of Building: Or, The Book I.- (7) impetuous Wind, was kept out of it by the (s) Fire that enfued that Wind, in the third Generation began to build Huts to dwell in, and that it was above two thoufand five hundred Years before they had any Idea of Order in Building, the firft Stru@ure that is mentioned by the Sacred Writers to be ereéted with Pillars being the Tabernacle built by Mo/es in the Wildernefs by the DireGtions of GOD; after which the Heathens began to ereét Zermples to their Idols; for we read of divers of them fubfequent to the Tabernacle, but not of one before it; and tho’ by this Structure the Form of Order was intro- duced into the World, yet we don’t find that the Pillars in it were made according to any of thofe Proportions which were afterwards eftablifhed for thefe effential Parts of a beautiful Building. Immepiarzty after the Completion of the Zabernacle, Mo/es (1) marfhalled the whole Body of the [/raelites into five Camps; Him- felf as General, with Aaron his Brother, and Aaron's Sons pitched their Tents before the Eaft Front of that Edifice; the reft of the Tribe of Levi encamped facing the North, South, and Weft Parts of the fame Structure, and had Eleazar for their Captain. The reft of the People formed four detached Camps; namely, the Camp of Judah, the Camp of Rueben, the Camp of Ephraim, and the Camp of Dan. The firft of thefe Camps confifted of the Tribes of Judah, Ifjachar, and Zebulun, and was fo placed as to face the Eaft Front of the Tabernacle ; the fecond contain’d the Tribes of Rueben, Simeon, and Gad, and was ftation’d fronting the South Side of the Tader- nace; the third comprehended the Tribes of Ephraim, Manaffeh; and Benjamin, and was fixed over-againft the North Side of the Za- bernacle; and the fourth included the Tribes of Dan, Afher, and Naphtali; and made the Rear of the-whole Army, being placed at the Weft End of the Tabernacle: Every Tribe had its own proper Captain ; fo that there were thirteen Captains over the whole Body of the People, with Mo/es for their General. Tue People thus difpofed, Mo/es, after confulting GOD, began to-march with them towards the Land of Canaan, and was fucceeded. in the general Command by Fo/hua; who being entered Canaan, foon conquer’d it ; the People built themfelves feyeral Cities to dwell in; and when they were eftablifhed in Peace, they ereéted divers Temples ; the firft, which was built by King Solomon, and dedicated to GOD, was made after the Manner of the Tabernacle ; and fome of the Pillars in that Temple were fix Times their Diameter in Height ; for a Line of twelve Cubits did encompafs either of thofe in the Porch about, and each Pillar, the Capital comprehended, was twenty-three Cubits high, of which the Lilly Work of the Capital (r) Gen. ili. 7, As the Motions of the Spirit are. in Wildernefs ; fo powerfal the Pfalmift, Pf. xxix. 5. 7s Holy Scriptures, fet forth by Wind, this may be well declares the Voice of the Lord to be. deem’d impetuous, when Man had fo highly offended GOD: His Voice muft then break the Cedars, divide (9) Gen. iti. 24. the Flames of Fire, 7. e. the Lightning, and fhake the (1) Numb. ii, 3. was Chap.I. Plagiarifia of the Heathen: Detetied. 9 was four Cubits; or very near one Diameter of thé Pillat: And thus Order was not only reduced to a certain Proportion, but all the Orders were brought to their Perfection after the Space of Four Hun- dred and Eighty-Six Years and a Half, from their firft Introduétion into Edifices; this being the éxact Period between the Time in which Mo/fes built the Zabernacle, and the Completion of the Temple by King Solomon. Tuus far Sacred Hiftory on the Origin of Building, as well as on the Rife, Progrefs and Perfeétion of the Orders of Architecture. We will now fee how thefe two Accounts ftand when fairly flated together. VITRUVIUS tells us, That Men at firft were born in Woods and. Caverns, like the Beafts, and lived therein on the Fruits of the Earth. VITRUVIUS fays, That an impetuous Wind happening to arife, it pufhed the Trees in a cer~ tain Wood with fuch Violence a- gainft one another, that by their FriGion they took Fire; which drove Mankind out from amongft them: This caufed Men to af femble together, to live in the fame Place, and to make Huts to dwell in; fome with Leaves, o- thers with Branches of Trees and Pieces of Clay ; while fome dug Lodges in the Mountains. MOSES tells tis, That after Gop had created Man, he plant- ed a Garden with many Trees in it, and therein’ placed him to drefs it and to keep it, giving him for his Suftenance every green Herb, and the Fruit ef ev- ery Tree but that of the Know- ledge of Good and Evil. MOSES fays; That Man hav- ing difobey’d Gon’s Commands, his Nature was inftantly chang’d; as foon as he found it, 4e covered himfelf with Leaves ; and when he heard the Voice and Motion of his Maker, i. e. an impetuous Wind, attended with Thunder ~ and Lightning, he hid himfelf under the Trees; Gop inftantly drove him out of the Garden of Eden, and placed Cherubims with flaming Swords at the Eaft End thereof, to prevent his Accefs to the Tree of Life, and thereby make his new State immortal. ' After this, when dam had a Grandchild born; his Son Cain, who had taken up his Abode in Obfcurity in a ftrange Land, which he called (od, in Allu- fion to his Vagabond State, be- gan to build Aus for his Fami- ly to dwell together in one col= lected Body. ae aig ie) The Origin of Building: Or, The Book 4. VITRUVIUS adds, When Men were aflembled, and had in- vented many Things concerning the good Manner of building Cottages, each one gloried in his own Performance, and commu- nicated to his Ni eighbour the Knowledge he had attained. VITRUVIUS goes on with telling us, that Dorus having built a Temple in the antient City of Argos, that Temple was found by Cuance to be of the Order which was afterwards call’d Do- rick; after which feveral other . Temples were erected of the fame Order in the neighbouring Cities, but at that Time there were no Rules obferved for the Proportions of Architefture. The Form of this firft Specimen was afterwards copied in a Temple built in ano- ther Country, when entirely con- quered by the People of thirteen Colonies, each having their own Captain, under the general Con- du& of one Leading Man; and the Pillars were then adjufted af- ter Proportions taken from the Human Body. Tue Lonians built themfelves new Cities in Caria after their Conqueft of that Country. Tur Corinthian Capital, ac- cording to Vitruvius, was equal in Height to the Diameter of the Column. Tur Time between the Rife of Order under Dorus, and its Per- fection under Callimachus, ac- cording to Profane Hiftory, a- mounts MOSES adds, That Cain's Family thus living together, in- vented many Arts: At length they united with the reft of the World, and fo the People in common built the 4-£. MOSES goes on with tell- ing us, That he built a Taberna- cle by the Dire&tion of Gop, with many Pillars in it; and though he defcribes the Proportion of al- moft every Thing, fays nothing as to the Dimenfions of the Pil- lars ; after which the Philifines and other neighbouring People erected Temples in Imitation of it. The Form of this firft Spe- cimen was afterwards copied in a Temple, built in another Country, when entirely conquer’d by the People contained in the Twelve Tribes of I/rael, and the Levites, making thirteen Colonies, each having their own Captain, under the General Condu@ of one Leading Man ; and the Pil- lars were then adjufted by Pro- portions agreeing with fome in the Human Body. Tue Lraelites built themfelves new Cities in Conaan after their Conqueft of that Country. Tue Capitals of the Brazen Pillars in the Porch of Solomon's Temple, were each four Cubits high in Lilly-Work, which was very near the Diameter of thofe Pillars, Tur Time between the Rife of Order in the Stru€ture of the Tabernacle built by Mo/fes, and its Perfection in the Temple ereéted by Chap. 11. Plagiarifm of the Heathens Detetted. 44 amounts to Four Hundred and by King Solomon, according td Eighty-Six Years. Sacred Hiftory, amounts to Four Hundred and Eighty-Six Years and a half. Now fince Vitruvius attributes the Rife of Building to Cuance, which under all its Appellations was efteemed by the Antients to be no lefs than Gop alone; and fince his Account, from whatever Au- thors collected, agrees with what is contained in the Writings of Mo/es, and the fucceeding Penmen of the Hory Scriprurrs; and fince the moft eminent Authors of Antient Hiftory, in many Inftances, own, that the Knowledge our Anceftors firft had in Arts and Sciences, was given them immediately by Gov; we purpofe, in the following Sheets, not only to weigh and confider, the Origin, Progrefs, and Perfection of Building, fo as to make an Account thereof confiftent with Sacred Hiftory, with the Confeffion of the Antients, with the Courfe of great Events in all Parts of the World, and with itfelf ; but, from Time to Time, to point out the Plagiarifin of the Heathens; and then, to thew, that the Dignity to which Architeflure was rais'd by the Grandeur of the Egyptian, the Affyrian, the Median, the Babylonian, the Perfian, the Grecian, and the Roman Empires, was not comparable to the Lufire with which it firft thined in the Sacted Works of the ews. CHAP. IL Of the Rise of Buitpine, HE moft certain, plain, and probable Account, that can Hl be gathered of the Rife of Building, feems to be from the Sacred Text, wherein Mo/es tells us, it happened imme- diately after the Birth of Enoch, for as foon as Cain’s Wife bore him that Child, Cain, who before dwelt at large in the Land of Vod, made Choice of a certain Place in that Land for the future Abode of Himfelf and Family; and in Token of this Regulation of his Affairs, He not only named his Son Exoch, which fignifies difciplined and well regulated; but (a) built a City, and called it by the fame Name; ’till then the Mofaic Hiftory is filent, as to the Habitations of Mankind, tho’ it treats particularly of their Food, of their Cloathing, and of their Manner of Life. Tue Rife of Building being thus afcertained by Sacted Hiftory, we may very. fafely fix its Commencement with the Beginning of the (4) Gen, iv) 17. Third | | i i The Origin of Building: Or, The Book I. Third Generation of the World, when only three Malé Perfons were in it, inftead of. drawing Conjectures of its Origin from the uncer- tain Accounts of Profane Writers. {2 How uncertain thofe Accounts ate, tho’ collected by the moft Au- thentick Naturalifts and Hiftorians of Antiquity, will appear from what Diodorus Siculus (b) has delivered under this Head : Men, fay the Na- turalifts and Hiftorians, at firft led a rude and brutith fort of Life, wandered up and down in the Fields, and fed upon Herbs and the na- tural Fruit of the Trees, being as yet Vaked, without Houfes, and un- acquainted with the Ufe of Fire. Thofe Men having no Idea of laying up their Food, nor Barns or Granaries where to depofite the Fruits of the Earth, many thro’ Hunger and Cold perifhed in the Winter: But, beingin Procefs of Time taught to provide for themfelves, they fled into Caves in the Autumn, and laid up fuch Fruits as were proper for their Nourifhment and Support: Coming afterwards by Degrees to the Knowlege of the Ufefulnefs of Fire, and of other Conveniences, they began to invent many Arts, and fuch Things as were further ufeful and beneficial to Mankind. Tus, from Sacred and Profane Hiftory it appears, that Mankind had no artificial Place of Dwelling in peculiar to their Nature, (c) as the Birds have, and that their Reafon and Knowledge for many Ages extended no further then juft to enable them to provide for themfelves the common Neceffaries of Life. As the Habitations peculiar to the People of the Eaft in the firft Ages of the World had the Appellation given them of Wefts, fo it feems more than probable, that Caiz took the Idea of Building from the wonderful Contrivance of Nature in the Works of the Birds, and that Evos gave his Son the Name of Cainan, fignifying the Builder of a Neft, when he copied Cain’s Huts in order to preferve the Me- mory of his Building. Tuat the firft Builders formed. their Ffoufes in Ymitation of the Birds efs is attefted by many, and particularly by Democritus, who moft exprefily declares that Men originally imitated the Swallows, and formed themfelves Hus to dwell in, in Refemblance of their WNefts: He is followed by Vitruvius, and their Opinions are confirm’d by Gellivs, who is laftly approved by Pliny, in his Recital of what he has faid under this Head, namely, that (¢) Doxius, the Son of Geelus, devifed the firft Houfes that were made of Earth and Clay, taking his Pattern from Maztins and Swallows Wefts. (8) Lib icc. 1. (<) What can we call the Principle which direéts every different Kind of Bird to obferve a particular Plan in the Stru€ure of its Neft, and dire&s all of the fame Species to work after the fame Model? It cannot be Jni- tation; for though you hatch a Crow under a Hen, and never let it fee any of the Works of its own Kind, the Net it. makes fhall be the fame, to the laying of a Stick, with all the other Nefts of the fame Species, It cannot be Reafm; for were Animals indued with it to as great a Degree as Man, their Buildings would be as different as ours, according to the different Conveniences that they would propofe to themfelves,—~ Speffator, No. 120. (4) Plin. le 7. c. 56. Now Chap. III. Plagiarifm of the Heathens Detected. 13 Now if we take that Sort of Huz which was made with Poles fet in a Circular Manner at Bottom, and meeting together at the Top in the Manner of a Cone or Sugar Loaf, with Sods of Turf,-or Pieces of Clay put round about them to keep out the Wind and Weather, it will not only refemble the Form of a Swallow's Vef?, but appear to be the moft antient and univerfal Cottage defcribed by Writers on this Subject; and of this Kind we may fuppofe thofe Alvzs to have been, of which the City of Exoch at firft confifted. From the Place of Man’s firft Abode, as well as from his firft Effay in Building, we may colle two Principles of Architeture y the one regarding the Shelter, the other the Security of his Perfon. The Firft received its Origin at the Time of the Fui/, when Man, afhamed of his Difobedience, /creened himfelf under Trees; the Se- cond took. its Birth in the Third Generation, when Cain, in fear of Reprifals for the Murder of his Brother bel, built Huts to keep his Family in one colleéted Body, thereby to enable him to prevent the other Part of the Iffue of Adam from taking that Vengeance upon him which the Nature of his Crime deferved. Convenience of Shelter was therefore zhe Firf? Principle of Architetture, and Strength the Second: Dreadful Effects of Difobedience to GOD! © HA Po Of the Procress of BuripiNne, from its Introduction by Cam till Noah be- gan the Ark. 3 together for his Defence is very clear, not only from his diftinguifhing his Son and City by the Name of Exoch, to fhow the Dicipline and Regulation of bis Family, but from. his calling his Grandfon Ivad, a Name which denotes an Heap of Empire: And therefore as the Fugitive Race of this Man encreafed, one may fuppofe they formed their new Hts more ftrong and more commodi- ous than at Firft, and fo made them after that general Manner de- feribed by antient Authors; wherein Forked Sticks were fet upright in the Ground, with Poles laid upon them, and reverfed both Ways fo as to make a Covering, and the Intervals interlaced with Boughs, Reeds, or Straw, and then plaiftered with Clay, or fuch like Mate- rials; becaufe the Skeleton of this Kind of Cottage when. covered with. Skins, or Cloths, forms a ent, of which the Defcendents of Cain were the Inventors, TT HAT Cain’s Defign in Building was to keep his Pofterity D Tue 14 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book I. Tue Condition of Cain’s Family upon their Encreafe will beft ap- pear by an Etymological Enquiry into their proper Names, and as Mehujael fignifies finitten of GO D, Methufael follicitous for Death, and Lamech Poor and Low; fo one may look upon Cain's Family for Five Generations as ftruggling with extream Poverty ; but when Lamech had his three Sons Fadal, Jubal, and Tubal-Cain born, he conceived Hopes, at the Birth of every one of them, of feeing better Days; all thefe Names denoting Produce and wordly Poffeffion. Accorpincty Mofes tell us, (2) That Tubal-Cain invented the Smiths and Founders Art, which enabled him to make Inftruments for Men to labour and work with; the good Effeéts of this ap- peared in the next Generation; for the Sons of his Brother Jabal contrived moveable Tents, and applied themfelves to the keeping of Cattle in fuch Places as were convenient for Pafturage; at the fame Time the Sons of his other Brother Fubal ftudied Mufick, and in- vented the Harp and Organ, Contemporary with the Sons of Fabal and Fubal, were Lamech and his Brothers, the Sons of Methufelah, in the Ninth Generation from Adam by his Son Seh, as appears by the following Table. t Adam. 2 Cain. 2 Seth. 3 Enoch. 3 Enos. 4. Irad. - 4 Cainan 5 Mebujael. 5 Mabalaleel. 6 Methufael. 6 Jared. 7 Lamech. 7 Enoch. 8 Jabal, Fubal, Tubal-Cain. ; fark oe 9 Sons of Fabal and Fubal. io’ Noah, Ir we confider the State of Sezh’s Family from the Names of each Defcent, we fhall find that Serb looked upon himfelf as @ mortal Man full of Difeafes in Body and Mind; and therefore from thefe low Thoughts named his Son Evos, which implies all thefe Things. Eyos obferving the Policy of Cain, began to build for the Accommodation of his Family, and fo called his Son by the Name of Cuzinan, (4) (a) Gen. iv. 22. (t) That the Sons of Seth were Builders, appears from Fofephus, who tells us in his 4x. 1. 1. c. 3. That thefe People were the firft that made their Obfervations upon the Motions of the Heavens, the Courfes and Influ- ences of the Stars ; and having been foretold by Adam of an Univerfal Deluge, and Conflagration to come, they ereéted two Pillars, one of Brick, the other of Stone, which they were fure would be Proof, one or other of them, againft either Fire or Water. Upon thefe Pillars, adds ‘Fa/ephus, they engraved the Memorials of their Difcoveries and Inyentions, there to remain for the Be- nefit of Ages to come; and leaft the Tradition of the Science it felf fhou’d be loft for want ofa Record. Sax- choniathon, in copying Mo/es’s Account of the Tranfa&ti- ons of the firft ten Generations, has manifeftly tranfpofed the Works and Inventions of the Younger Line to the Elder Line ; for when the Elder Family grafp’d fo much at Empire, as the Name of Jrad imports, or in Sancho- niathon's Expreffion, when they feized on whole Moun- tains to enlarge their Poffeflions, Exos began to build ; his Work became a fifth remarkable Tran{action of the People of the firft Ages, and his Name was tranfpofed to Ehpfuranius in Sanchoniathon’s Catalogue, where he ftands as the Inventor of Huts made of Reeds and Ruthes in the fifth Generation, fignifying Chap. Ill. Plagiari(m of the Heathens Deteted. i¢ fignifying the Builder of a Neft. Cainan was eminent for his Piety, and therefore named his Son Mahalaleel. Mahalaleel was the true Defcendent of his Father, and had fuch an high Idea of GOD, that as foon as he had a Son born, he dedicated him to GOD, and called him Ezoch, a Name implying his Dedication. ENOCH’s naming his Son Methufelab, thewed the Notion he had of his own Iriwmph over Death, which that Name implies ; but Methufelah did not tread in his Father’s Steps, but foon became mean and abject in his Opinion of Things, and-as fuch named his firft Son Lamech ; whole Brothers obferving how GOD had profpered the Family of Caia, in giving them a numerous Iffue, Cattle in Abun- dance, and in making them the Inventors of fo many curious Arts ; thefe Refle&ions, and the exquifite Beauty of their Females, made them foon grow defirous of uniting with them; but their firft Step towards this Union was, by forcibly taking the faireft of their Women for Wives; which they might very eafily have done, fince the Manner of Cain in dwelling together in pxed Habitations, was alter’d, and his Pofterity, in the Ninth Generation of the World, Lived promif~ cuoufly in moveable Tents. Tus Ac of Violence alarmed the old People, the Women efpe- cially, who apprehended nothing lefs than Death and Deftrudion : But Lamech, the Seventh in Genealogy from Adam by Cain, called his Wives to him, and thus endeavour’d to remove their Fears: Have I, fays he, flain a Man to incur the Fudgment of GOD, and to make Atonement with the Lofs of my own Life ? You know, continues he, the Blood of our Anceftor Cain was to be avenged feven Fold on whoever foould kill him for the Murder of his Brother Abel: Now for me, who am quite innocent of fuch an heinous Crime, to be deftroyed, will inevitably draw down the Fudgment of GOD on my Murderers, and Vengeance will be taken on them feventy and feven Fold for it. With thefe and the like Arguments, he allay’d their Fear; and in a fhort Time both Families feem to have been perfe@ly united ; and in that Manner they continued till the Iffue of thefe Marriages grew up to Manhood. ‘Then Mo/es (c) defcribes them as ftriving for Do- minion and Power, each one endeavouring to be Lord over the other till they had corrupted the whole Earth with their Violence, till they had raifed to themfelves the Names of Mighty Men, and till they had imcurrd GO D's Determination to extirpate and deftroy them ater One Hundred and Twenty Years fhould be expired. (2) Gen, vi. a. CHAP. IV. 16 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book I. Co A AP. 20d BY, Of Noahs Arx, and the Detuce. HEN the Antediluvian World was growing near its Pe- WW riod, GOD directed Moab to (2) make an Ark of Go- pher Wood Three Hundred Cubits in Length, Fifty in Breadth, and Thirty in Heighth. This Veffel He order’d him to rub over with Pitch both Infide and Outfide, to divide it into Lower, Second, and Third Stories; to fubdivide every Story into Rooms, or Nefts, and to place a Door in the Side, with a Window above in the Space of a Cubit. In which 4k He promifed to preferve him and his Family, with fome of all the other Creatures, from the Deluge, to propagate their refpective Species in a new World. Tue Area of the three Stories of this ftupendous Struéture was near two Acres and a half; when immerfed in Water to half its Height, it would force away about Five and Twenty Thoufand Tun of that Fluid; and therefore muft be of a Burden and Capacity fuf- ficient for what was to be preferved and contained therein, as Monf: Lamy and other modern Writers have very clearly demonftrated, The Queftion that will naturally arife here, is, How fuch a Work could be performed in an Age fo early, when even now, the making fo large a Vefiel would be a Miracle? To this Mo/es has furnithed us with a very full and effe@ual Anfwer: For previous to the Build- ing of this rf, he acquaints us, That GOD ordained that fuch mechanical Arts as fhould be neceffary for the Accomplifhment of it, fhould be invented: To which End TYubal-Cain inftru@ed many People how to work in Brafs and Iron; and the Sons of his Brother Fabal contrived Tents for the People to dwell in; whereby the Bufi- nefs of a Smith, as well as that of a Carpenter, was made familiar by the Time /Voah wanted Hands to begin the 44: Which 4-4 Woah fet about when a general Amity among the People feem’d to have been eftablifhed, and when thofe People feem’d to have had Regard to nothing but their Luxury: For (4) in this Condition the Pusod came and deftroyed them, after (Voab had happily accomplifhed the Ark, and fecured Himfelf and fuch others within it as GOD di- rected to be preferved. Tux Deluge began about four Years, one Month, and fixteen Days, after the Death of Lamech, the Father of Moah, (c) upon the (a) Gen. vi. 14. (c) Gen. vii, 11. (6) Matt. xxiv. 38. feyen- Chap. IV. Plagiarifi of the Heathens Detected. 19 feventeenth Day of the Second Month, ia the Six Hundredth Year of Noah's Age, and in the One Thoufand Six Hundredth and Fifty- fixth Year of the World; for GOD upon that Day caufed all the Fountains of the great Deep to break up, and the Windows of Heaven to open, fo that it rained inceflantly for forty Days and forty Nights; and the Watets prevailing on the Earth foon bore up the 4, de- ftroyed every living Creature, and, in (d) One Hundred and Fifty Days, increafed above the higheft Hills full (e) fifteen Cubits. The’ rk thus borne up, floated upon the Surface of the Waters, till the feventeenth Day of the Seventh Month, and then it refted on the (f) Mountains of Ararat; which feems to imply, that it drew fifteen Cubits of Water, or very near it, becaufe two Days after this, on the nineteenth Day of the Seventh Month, the Flood began to abate, Tur Waters were one hundred and fifty Days returning off the Earth ; for /Voah, upon the three hundredth and ninth Day after his * going into the 4r&,, removed.the Covering of it, and (g) beheld the dry Ground, which happened eight Days after the Dove had brought him in an Olive Leaf. cyWuew the Earth was perfealy dryed, GOD direéted Woah to come out of the-4r.with his Family, and-all that were in it. Thefe Orders) were’ given him ‘upon the twenty-feventh Day of the Second Month, in the (4) fix hundredth and firft Year of his Age: So that from’ the Time of his going into the 4k, to the Time of his coming out, was three hundred, and: fixty-five Days, prefuming that the Months then in Ufe were Civil Lunar ones confifting of (i) thirty, and twenty-nine Days, alternately: And therefore the Produ of the Earth, that was deftroyed by the Deluge, was propagated again after the Flood, at the véry fame Seafon in which the Courfe of _ Nature was ftop’d before it. Tr is not improbable, but from this Account the Egyptians fettled their Solar Year at three hundred and fixty-five Days; that Revolu= tion of Time, according to Herodotus, (2) being afcertained by them, which Sir I/aac Mewrton fays (1) was done in the Reign of Ammon, who was Cotemporary with King David. Ir may not be improper in this Place to obferve, that Methufelah muft have been deftroy’d by the Deluge; for he was born (wm) in thé Six Hundredth and Eighty-Seventh Year of the World, two hundred and forty-three Years before the Death of Adam, and he died (a) in the nine hundredth and fixty-ninth Year of his Age; confequently in (d) Gen. vii. 24. (m) Adam begat Seth at 130, Seth begat Enos at 105, (e) Jb. vii. 20. Enos begat Cainan at go, Cainan begat Mabalaleel at (f) J. viii. 4. 70, Mabalaleel begat Fared at 65, Jared begat Enoch (g) 28. viii. 13. at 162, and Lnoch begat Metbufélah at 65. All which (A) 1b. viii. 14. Numbers added together make 687, the Year of the {i) See Lam's Introd. 1. 1. c. 5. World in which Methufilab was bom, Gen. v. $+ to at. A) 1. 2 (x) Gen. v. 27. @ Lz. Q Newt. Chro, p. 79. E the H Spee ener ES 18 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book 1. the One Thoufand Six Hundredth and Fifty-Sixth Year of the World, and in that very Year in which the Flood was upon. the Earth. Therefore Methu/elah did not live to fee the Years of his Life compleat, as others in the Line of the Patriarchs did, but was cut off by the Dexves with the reft of Mankind, as a Token of GO.D’s Diipleafure for His Diffidence in His Mercies; if we may form a Judgment of Methu/felah’s Idea of Things by his giving his Son the Name of Lamech, a Name which implies a Diftruft of the Divine Goodnefs in providing for Him. C« BH JAM Pa Of the Procress of Buripine, from the Devucz till the Confufion of Languages. to GOD, which was the firft that ever was erected, and of which any Mention is made in Scripture; He then took of every clean Beaft, as well as of every clean Fowl, and offered a whole Burnt Offering thereon, for the Great Deliverance of Him- felf and Family from the Deluge: GOD then bleffed him and ‘his Sons; He promifed that they thould be fruitful, and commanded them to replenifh the Earth. i a § foon as Woah came out of the Ark, he (a) built an Altar Wuen Woah had made an End of his Offerings to GO D, he be- gan to be an Hufbandman ; and as his Family grew up, he inftrué- ed them in the Manner of cultivating the Ground. At length, when they were encreafed to a confiderable Number, he direéted the Iffue of his Sons to feparate, and every one to take a different Parcel of Land to improve for the Maintenance of his own Family, in order to replenifh the Earth, as GOD had exprefily commanded them to do. AccorpincLy we find that the whole Male Iffue of /Voas’s three Sons, together with their Wives and Female Children, (4) departed from the Eaftward, and travelled into the Land of Shinar, where they found a moft beautiful and fertile Plain, whofe natural Pro- duce was (c) two hundred, and fometimes three hundred Fold; its Soil was proper for Bricks, and it yielded a Slime that was fit for Mortar. Peas (OV erie, #\ Ib, xi. 2. Chap. V. Plagiari[m of the Heathens Detetted. 19 Ar the Time of this Migration all Mankind were of (@) one Lan- guage, and of one Speech: By which we apprehend that they Wor- thiped GOD in the fame Manner according to the Example and Inftru@tion of WVoah, who undoubtedly imprinted on the Minds of his Offspring the Hope of a full Redemption, by (¢) she Seed of the Woman, from the Sin brought upon the Human Species by the Tranfgreffion “of. our Firft Parents, whofe Difobedience not only made them fubje@ to Death and Difeafes, but debar’d their Accefs to the Tree of Life, till the Per/on fignified by that Zree fhould appear again, in the Seed of the Woman, to mediate for them with GOD, and thereby réflore them to that Life which they had forfeited. Bur alas! no fooner were thefe People got from under the ‘Tuition of their Progenitors, than their fiopes of the Redemption. were loft, and they began ‘to addrefs themfelves to GOD by the Heavenly Bo- dies, or One of that Order, as the promifed Mediator between GOD and them; fince this was, by, almoft, the unanimous Confent of the Learned, the firft Species of Idolatry Men formed to themfelves; and thefe People were undoubtedly ‘the firft Idolators: For before the Flood ‘neither the Mofaic Hiffory, nor the Meaning of the proper Names therein, do give us the leaft Idea of this enormous Crime; but ‘on the contraty, every Circumftance in that Eiiftory contributes to fhew us that the great Offence which Men then committed, to bring on the Deluge, was their Uniting together, after GOD had feparated Cain from the Reft of Mankind for the Murder of his ‘Brother Agel, and ‘had laid upon him the heavy Curfe, shat when he tilled the Ground it fhould not yield its Strength to him, for that barbarous, and inhuman Adtion. Tur Neceflity of a Mediator between GOD and Man, {ays the Learned Dean Prideaux (f), was a general Notion, which obtained among all Mankind from the Beginning. And their Notion of. the Sun, Moon, and Stars, being, That they were the Tabernacles, or Habitations ‘of Intelligences, which animated thofe Orbs, in the fame Manner as the Soul of Man animates his Body, and were the Caufes of all their Motions; and that thefe Intelligences were of a middle Nature between GOD and them, they thought thefe the propereft Beings to become Mediators between GOD and them. And there- fore the Planets being the neareft to them of all thefe Heavenly Bodies, and generally looked on to have the greateft Influence on this World, they made Choice of them in the firft Place for their GO DS- Mediators, who were to mediate for them with the Supreme GOD, and procure from Him the Mercies and Favours which they prayed for, and accordingly they directed Divine Wor- thip unto them as fuch. Aud bere began all the Idolatry that hath been praétisd in the World. They farft Worfhipped them per Sacella, (4) Gen, xi. 1. apply this to our Bleffed Saviour, emphatically ftiled (e) The Right Rev. Doétor Sherlock in his Third here the Seed of the Woman. Gen. iii, 15. Difcourfe of Prophecy, tells us, That Chriftian Writers (Ff) Con. Part 1. libs 3. that Se | 20 The Oviginof Building: Or, The » Book I. that is, by zheir Tabernacles, and afterwards by Images alfo. By thefe Sacella, or Tabernacles, they meant the Orbs themfelves, which they looked on only as the Swcella, or Sacred Tabernacles, in which the Intelligences had their Habitations. And therefore when they paid their Devotions to any one of them, they direéted their Worfhip towards the Planet, in which they fuppofed he dwelt., But thefe Orbs by their Rifing and Setting, being as much under the Horizon as above, they were at a Lofs how to addrefs to them in their Abfence. To remedy this, they had Recourfe to the Invention of Images, in which, after their Confecration, they thought thefe Intelligences, or inferiour Deities, to be as much prefent by their Influence as in the Planets themfelves, and that all Addrefles to them. were made as effe@tually before the one, as before the other. And this was the beginning of Image-Worfpip among them. This Religion firft began among the Chaldeans, which their Knowledge in Astronomy helped to lead them to; the Profeffors of it had the Name of Sadians, and the Remainder of this Se&, which ftill fub- fifts in the Eaft, pretend to have had their Name from Sadius, a Son of Seb... Thefe Sabians in the confecrating of their Images, adds our Author, ufed many Incanrarions to draw down into them from the Stars thofe Intelligences, for whom they ereéted them, whofe Power and Influence, they held, did afterwards dwell in them. Ler us now Return to the Mo/aic Hiffory, and if we ftridly examine into what the People did when they got into the Land of Séi- nar, it will manifeftly appear that they not only addrefs’'d themfelves to the Hoft of Heaven, but came to a Refolution to raife a Town and to confecrate it unto Them. ‘There they likewife refolved to build themfelves a City; and there they determined to live together in one united Body, the Land for Fertility being a fecond Garden of Eden. Tuts Project Fo/epbus (g) attributes to Vimrod. And Mofes tells us ‘that the People were apprehenfive of a Difunion, but to prevent it, refolved to raife the proje&ted Town fo high as to make the Top thereof confpicuous to the whole Country around it, that it might be a Marx to direét fuch as fhould wander too far abroad, or fuch as fhould, upon their Increafe, be obliged to occupy a greater Diftri@ of Land, than was neceflary for their prefent Subfiftence, where to affemble for Civil or Religious Purpofes. For as Monfieur Lamy (h) obferves what is rendered in Scripture, (7) Let us make us a Name, may alfo fignify, Let us make us a Stcn or a Marx. Bur whoever was the Projector of this Scheme, moft certain it is, that is was unanimoufly approved; for the People inftantly began (g) Aut.\. 1. cv. i) Gen. xi, 40 {4) Intro. 1, 1. ¢. iii, () i Chap. V. Plagiarifin of the Heathens Deteed. 21 to make and burn Bricks; with which, and with the Slime the Place naturally yielded, they not only built 2 Tower and feveral Houfes contiguous to each other: But put themfelves entirely under the Government of WVimrod, who by this Means became a (#) Great Man, and as fuch was conftituted rhe fir? King. Tue Building of this City and Tower, as well as the raifing of Wimrod to the State of Sovereignty, are Truths which the Mo/aic Hiftory plainly thew: But it may be afked, how it appears by that fiiftory, that the People in their Journey from the Eaftward to the Land of Stinar, lap{ed into fuch Idolatry, as that of the Worthip of the Heavenly Bodies? To this we anfwer, That the proper Names given to the Children of the Second Defcent, after the Deluge, points out to us, many remarkable TranfaGtions in that Journey, and fuch as feem to amount to a Demonftration, That the People did not go dire@ly from the Eaftward into the Land of Shinar, but wandered up and down, for many Years, in fearch of a fertile Part of the Earth, before they got to that fruitful Plain, and had inteftine Quar- tels amongft them, to pervert their Belief of the true GOD, and thereby lead them into thofe Abominations which they committed, in paying Divine Honours to the Planets: Let us therefore take a fhort View of thofe Names, and fee what can be gathered from thence, in Support of our Conjectures. Wuen Canaan had his firft. Son born, he was in great Profperity, as may be gathered from the Name of Sidon, which he gave to that Son: But before the Birth of his fecond Son, Herth, Adverfity, or the Apprehenfions thereof, had feized him, moft likely from that bitter (/) Impzrecation which his Grandfather denounced agairift him, and from iVoah’s fending forth, at the fame Time, that little Colony of People which departed together from the Eaftward; then Canaan could have nothing but the melancholy Profpe& of being a Servant of Servants to his Brethren ; fince the Name of Heth, carries with it all the Apprehenfions of Fear and Terrour, Adverlity can fugeeft. ‘Turse dreadful Apprehenfions did not long continue, for as foon as Canaan had a third Son born, his Spirits revived; his Fear of the Effects of Moah’s Curfe was turned into Contemp, and he then thought, that he fhould foon be able, by the Help of his three Sons, to zepel Force by Force, if his Brethren fhould offer to inflave him; Gince he gave this Son the Name of Yedus, which imports the higheft Contempt of worldly Matters, Tuess Thoughts foon ftir’d up Canaan into an AGual Rebellion againft fuch as he had been told fhou’d Lord it over him, and in Token thereof, he named his fourth Son Amorrheus. Vittory at- tended him, and he made Peace with his Brethren upon his own Terms, (2) Gen, ix. 25, F eyeeds 22 The Origins of Building: Or, The Book L as the Name of Girgas, which he gave to his fifth Son, imports. After this, all the People travelled together in Search of better Land than they had hitherto poflefled, ‘till they arrived in the Plains of Shinar; at which Time Canaan feems to have had a fixth Son born; fince the Name of Afivi, given to that Son, exprefies the Fertility of that Land, as bringing (7) Life, or Subfiftence, to him, whofe Exiftence, after the Birth of his eldeft Son, had been one continued Scene of Fatigue and Trouble. And thus the Jour- ney of this Colony of People, from the Eaftward to Shinar, appears to have been performed between the Birth of the firft and fixth Son of Cayaan. i Ir we were to examine into the Meaning of all the Names given to the People of the fecond Defcent, we might difcover, in a great Mea- fure, the Conduct of the whole Lives and TranfaGtions of the imme- diate Offspring of Woah’s three Sons. But this would be too great a Digreffion from our Subject; and all that is neceflary for us further to obferve, as conducive to Architeéture, is, that Gomer, the eldeft Son of Fapheth, feems to have ftudied rhe Mature of Herbs in the Cure of Diffempers, fince he gave his fecond Son the Name of Riphath to imply it; tho’ this Conjecture carries the Origin of Medicine one Generation higher than the Time in which Sanchoniatho places it. Javan, the fourth Son of Gomer, colletted precious Stones, and exa- mined into the Nature and Properties of them, as the Name of Tar/pifh, given to his fecond Son, implies. Mzraim, the fecond Son of Ham, applied himfelf to Aftronomy, and formed a Sphere, in Token whereof he gave his feventh Son the Name of Caphtorim. And laftly, Aram, the fifth Son of Shem, gave his third Son the Name of Gether, which implies a Vale of curious Refearches, to perpe- tuate the Enquiries of his Cotemporaries. Commenpaste too had thofe Refearches been, if, in their Confe- quence, they had not eftranged Men from GOD, and caufed them to adore the Creature inftead of the Cruaror. But no fooner had Mizraim began to contemplate on the Motions and Effects of the Sun, Moon, and Stars, than the People imagined them, as Maimonides in his Treatife upon the Origin of Idolatry obferves, to be created by: GOD, to govern the World, and to ferve him as fo many Mim- Jeers; whence they concluded, it was their Duty to give them Honour, and accordingly they worfhipped thofe Bodies, firft by their Orés, and then by their Images, which they undoubtedly. exhibited on the Top of their Tower, on a Pole or Bough, in the Shape of Globes, fufpended in the fame Manner as thofe Globes were, which reprefented the Sun, Moon, and: Stars; in the Dapbhnephorian Feftival of the Greeks. This Feftival, and the Occafion of it, the Learned. Author of Archeologia Graca, hath defcribed in the following Words: () Gen. xlv. 5. Deut. xx. 19, and 24, 7. Mark xii. 44. Luke xxi. A, & Tury Chap. V. Plagiarifia of the Heathens DeteGed. 23 Tuty, the Beotians, adorned an Olive-bough with Garlands of Laurel, and various Sorts of Flowers: Upon the Top of it was plac’d a Globe of Brafs, from which hung other lefler Globes: About the Middle were fix’d to it Purple Crowns, and a Globe of {maller Size than that at the Top: The Bottom ‘was cover’d with a Gar- ment of Saffron-colour. ‘The Uppermoft Globe was an Emblem of the Sun, by whom they meant follo, that plac’d diametrically under it, fignified the Moon; the leffer Globes reprefented the Stars; and the Crowns, being fixty-five in Number, were Types of the Sun’s annual Revolution, which is compleated in about the fame Number of Days. The Bough thus adorn’d, was catty’d in Pro- ceffion ; the Chief in which was a Boy of a beautiful Countenance, and good Parentage, whofe Father and Mother were both living: He was apparell’d in a fumptuous Garment, reaching down to his Ancles: His Hair hung loofe and difhevell’d; on his Head was a Crown of Gold; and upon his Feet Shoes, call’d Iphicratide, from Ipbicrates an Athenian, the firft Inventor of them, It was his Duty to execute at that Time, the Prieft’s Office, and he was honour’d with the Title of Laurel-bearer, Before him went one of his neareft Relations, bearing a Rod adorn’d with Garlands: After the Boy follow’d a Choir of Virgins, with Branches in their Hands: And in this Order they proceeded as far as the Temple of Apollo, firnamed Ifmenius, and Galaxius, where they fung Suppli- catory Hymns to the God. Thefe Ceremonies were firft praétisd upon this Account: The olians that inhabited Arne, and the adjacent Territory, being advis’d by an Oracle to relinguifh their old Seats, and to feek their Fortunes, made an Invafion upon the Thebans, who at the fame Time were befieg’d by the Pela/gians : It happened to be near the Time of 4pollo’s Feftival, which. was religioufly obferv’d by both Nations; wherefore a Ceflation of Arms being granted on both Sides, one Party cut down Laurel-boughs in Helicon, the other near the River Me/as; and, as the Cuftom was, carry’d them in their Hands, in Honour of Apollo. On the fame Day there appear’d in a Dream to Polematus, General of the Beotian Forces, a young Man, who prefented him with a compleat Suit of Armour, and commanded that every ninth Year the Bgozians fhould make folemn Prayers to “4olfo, with Laurel in their Hands: About three Days after this Vifion, he made a Sally on the Befiegers with fuch Succefs, that they were fore’d to quit their Enterprize: Where- upon he caus’d this Feftival to be inftituted. We were willing to give, in this Place, the full Defcription of the Daphnephorian Feftival, to thew, That to the Image of the Sun, the Antients added thofe of the Moon and Planets as his Attributes. And it is worth obferving, That they alfo added to the Image of the Sun, Figures to exprefs his fuppofed annual Revolution; for the Crowns which encircled the Globes, pointed out, as Monfieur Banier, 24. The Origin of Building: Or, The Book I. Banier, in his Mythology of the Antients, writes, The Days of the Year: So the Perfians, according to Quintus Gurtius, prefigur’d the Number of Days in their Year by three hundred and fixty-five Youths, cloathed in Scarlet, who followed the Magi that carry’d the Sacred Fire, upon Silver Altars, in the Front of their Army. Bur to return to our Subje&: So infatuated were the People upon their Arrival in Shinar, That as they concluded the Heavenly Bodies were fet in the Firmament to be as fo many Miniffers to GOD; fo, by Parity of Reafon, they thought thofe Bodies muft have Minifters here on Earth; and as fuch Mizraim deputed his Son Caphtorim the Miniffer of the Sun, Moon, and Stars; and his Bre- thren believed him to be fuch. Ouranus, fays Sanchoniatho, had four Sons, one of whom was named Gyonus, and this had feven Sons, the Youngeft of whom, at his Birth, was, according to the Learned Door Cumberland, confecrated a GOD. This is jut what the Scripture Names fuggeft, for Ham had four Sons, one of whom was named Mizraim, and this had feven Sons, the Youngeft of whom, at his Birth, became the Reprefentative of the Planetary World; and was not only diftinguithed by a Name importing their Habitation in the Heavens, but invefted with a Power of making every feventh Son, in all fucceeding Generations, a Partaker of his Divine Influence, Hence the Origin of the Jeventh Son; and hence all the Vertues attri- buted to him arife. Tuts Interpretation of the Scripture Names, difcover to us the Scource of the Art Magick, which according to Pliny (x) , took its Rife by Phyfick under Pretence of preferving Health, and curing; Difeafes. This, fays he, was foon cloaked with Religion ; and then to Medicinal Receipts and Religious Ceremonies, the Skill of Aftro- logy, and the Mathematical Arts were added to compleat the Magi- cal Syftem. PHYSICK had its Rife by the Refearches of Gomer; who from thence, had the Care of Men’s Health; then came to his Aid; Caphtorim, the Agent of the Planets, whofe Interceffion with thofe Bodies, added much to the Efficacy of Medicine; and with thefe were mixed the Affronomical Enquiries of Mixraim to {educe Mankind, and bind their Senfes, as Pliny obferves, with three fare Chains, ftill made ftronger by the Patriarch Sa/ah; for the Prophe- tical Blefling of the Seed of the Woman, defcending from his Pro- genitors to him, He looked upon himfelf to be the Minifter of the Supreme GOD, as Caphtorim was of the Planets; and therefore relying on his Power, he not only undertook, by IncuanrMENTs, to draw down from Heaven fuch Intelligences as were required on thefe Idolatrous and Magical Occafions ; but glorying in his diabo- lical Pradtices, he gave his Son the Name of Heber, to petpetuate (1%) Lib, xxx, G 1. them Chap. V. Plagiarifim of the Heathens Detefted. 25 them, that Name denoting an INcHANTER; and moft probably gave Sanchoniatho Occafion to fay, that Cuarms wete invented in the thirteenth Generation, from the firft Man. Turse Abortinations of Sa/ab, feem to have brought upon the Defcendants of Arphaxad the Name of Chaldeans, i.e. Demons; and their diabolical Pratices fo allured the People, that no Set of Pricfts were ever more efteemed than thofe Chaldeans, fince, as Diodorus Siculus (0) obferves, They held the fame Station and Dignity in the common Wealth of Chaldea, (the Land of Shinar, as Fo/ephus (p) writes, taking that Name from them) as the Egyprian Priefts did afterwards in Egypt: That is, (g) they were next to the King in Honour and Authority ; they were always at his Elbow, as the Chief of his Council, to affift, advife, and inftrué him; they were free from all Taxes' and Impofitions, and they held a third Part of all the Land, for the Maintenance of themfelves, and for the publick Sacrifices: So that the Heads of the Patriarchal Line did not become lefs eminent, in the third Age after the Flood, than the Defcendants of Ham; fince Salah commenced a Spiritual Governour, at the fame Time that Mismrod became a temporal Ruler of the People, and Caphtorim the Agent of the Planets: From this Syftem of Government, the Colony of People that came into’ the Land of Shinar, feem to have taken the Name of Sabeans, fince that Name imports, a general Converfion from one Religion to another ; which was really the Cafe of thofe People: For the Ar~ micHty looking down from Heaven, and Surveying their Works, faid, Behold the People are One, and they have all one Language ; the Meaning of which, we conceive to be, That they had _inftituted im Shinar a new Kind of Worfhip, different from that which they followed when they left their Anceftors; fince Mo/es, previous to their fetting out from the Eaft, defcribes a// Mankind to be of one Lan- guage; but after their Arrival in Shinar, he {peakes only of (r) zhofe very People, and not of Mankind in general. _ Tuts new Language, fays Mo/es, fo highly offended GOD, that he caufed a Diverfity in it, about the Time of the Birth of the firft Sori of Heber; who, in all Probability, gave that Son the Name of Foktan, to tranfmit to Pofterity, the Di/putes and Contentions, which then arofe among the People. Thefe Difputes and Conten- tions grew to fo high a Pitch, by the Time Heder had a fecond Son born, that their Gity, forty Years after the Period of its farft Foundation, (for fo long Eu/ebius fays it was Building, or encreafing) had the Name of Bade/, fignifying Gonfufon, given to it, to per~ petuate that Diforder, (9) Lik. it. c. 3. (4) Died. Sie Mt, ¢. 63 (b) Anti. 0 75 (7) Gen. xi. 6, Tuis 26 Lhe Origin of Building: Or, The Book I. Tuts Diverfity of Worthip foon caufed a Migration from Babel, for Afbur, with Part of the People, left that City and went into Afpria in Search of a new Place of Habitation, At that Jun&ure Heber had a Son born, which he named Peleg, to eternalize the Divifion of che Earth. ‘This fell out one hundred and one Years after the Deluge, fo that allowing Exfebius’s Account, of the Time Babel was about, to be.true; it fixes the Beginning of that Work fixty one Years after the Flood, and fix Years before the Birth of Heber. Thefe fix Years was a Time fufficient for the firft Colony of People that came into the Land of Shinar to build themfelyes Habitations in: To raife their Tower as high as was neceflary to make it con{picuous to the whole Country, which for many Miles was both flat and low, and to eftablifh a new Method of Worthip. among them, Tree other Migrations from Babel followed. that of Afhur’ss and thofe that went into Affyria did not fettle together, but divided themfelyes into four Bodies, and fixed their Abode in four different Places. All this was done before the Birth of Rew, the Son of Peleg, and moft probably by, the one hundredth and fifteenth Year after the Deluge, as we fhall endeavour in the next Chapter to. prove : For at prefent our Defign is only to fhew, That as there were but feventy Male Perfons when the Earth was totally divided, fo their Number muft have been many lefs fourteen Years before, when the Divifion was Firft begun. And if we ftill afcend to the Time when the City of Babel was fet about, forty Years before the Divifion of the Earth began, the People then in the World won’t appear to be fo numerous, nor the Work of Babel fo ftupendous, as is generally’ fuppofed. Tue City and Tower of Babel cou'd not be the Work of above thirty or forty Men, and therefore that City muft appear, to all confiderate People, but as a little forry Village; the Tower can’t be conceived bigger than one of the Croffes. common in Country Places; and WVimrod’s Dignity cou’d not exceed that of a Matter over thirty or forty Workmen. And it is-not unlikely but from the Tower of Babel, the High Places in Scripture, and. alfo our Croffes and May- Poles had their Origin. For the High. Places (a) were adorn’d with Images, reprefenting the Sun; and the Firft of May was the Day on which our antient Druids held their great Feftival to Braz, or the Sun, therefore to this Hour, fays Mr. Toland, The Firft of May, is, by the Aboriginal Trifh, and alfo by the Highlanders of Scotland, call’d, La Beaureins,. or the Day. of Bruzy’s. Fire; and the Poles fet up on this Day, as well as the Crofies, were intended only to exhibit the Image of the Sun, with fuch other Ornaments as were carried in Proceflion at the Daphnephorian Feftival-of the Greeks, (2) 4a took out of the Cities of Fudab the High Images that were on high over them he cut down. Places, and all the Sun Images. And Fofich cauled 2 Chra, xiy, 5. and xxxiv, 4. all the Altars of Baalim to be taken down, and the Sun Bur Chap. VI. Plagiarifvaof the Heathens Detected. 23 Buir fuppofe the City magnified, the Tower exalted, and Mimrod dignified with all the Characters of Royalty equal to what the lofty Manner of Expreffion, peculiar to the Eaftern People, can fuggeft ; what is all this Magnificence, what is all this Honour, in Comparifon of the everlaftine Reproach annexed to it? imrod was a mighty Hunter before be Lorn, that is, he was a great Perfecutor of the Primitive Religion of the World, and, by his Authority, drew all Mankind, that were near him, into Idolatry. But alas! how foon were his Schemes ¢onfourided; and he himfelf divefted of the one- half of his Subje@ts? even in the tenth Part of a Man’s Age! For GOD looking upot what they were doing as the higheft Profana- tiony confounded their Language, and diffipated the People from the fixed: Place of Habitation they had propofed to themfelves. Or in other Words, GOD caufed them to’ have fuch confus’d Ideas of their new Religion) that they were’no fooner become unanimous in. it, than-they fellixto Diflenfions, and’every Family was for adopting a Method of Worfhip of their own, By the Tower'of Babel, which was ere&ted to fhew the Piety of Mans Architeétare receiv’d a third Principle: And as that Tower was: built for the Habitation of fome Exiftence of a faperior Nature to Man ; fo tlie‘ Work itfelf appears evidently to have been intend- ed to be expreflive’ of Him’ for whom it was ereéted: But as the Builders of that Zower had a falfe Idea of GOD, all their Repre- fentations’ oft éeleftial’ Things ended in nothing but Conrusion. CHAP. VL Of the Procress of Buripinc, from the Confufion' of Languages, ‘till Jofeph's Advancement in the Court of Pda: raob, King of Egypt. =~y ENERAL Society having been render’d inefleaual by the G Diffenfions that.arofe at Babel, Mankind remoy’d themielves into various Regions to inhabit, and formed themfelves into two little Empires. 4/bur,. the fecond Son of Shem, went into 4/- ria, and there built the Cities of WVineveh, Rehoboth, Calab, and. Réfen to refide in, which perfefed bis Defigns, as the Name o the laft City imports. But MVimrod continued at Babel, and pre- ferred his Sovereignty there over the Reft of the People, fome of whom he difpofed of in the Cities of Erech, Accad, and Calneh, in the 28 The Origin of Building: Or, The — Book L the Land of Shinar; and fo compleated his little Empire; the Name of the laft City importing zhe Confummation of his Scheme. Tse Difperfion from Babel, and the Completion of thefe {even new Cities, by which the Divifion of the Earth was finifhed, we may, with certainty, circum{cribe with the Birth of Peleg, and that of his Son Rez, between which there was jut thirty Years; for the Name of Rew is not in Mofes's Lift of the People between whom the Earth was divided ; fo by Gonfequence he was not then born, To come yet nearer to the Year of Peleg’s Age, when the Divifion of the Earth was perfected, we mutt obferve, that when Alexander the Great took the City of Babylon, Califthenes the Philofopher found; in that City, Aftronomical Obfervations of nineteen hundred. and three Years backward, from. that Time, which he {ent into Greece; to his Mafter Arifforle, as Simplicius (6), from Porphyry, writes. Now thefe nineteen hundred and three Years carries us back, by Dean Prideaux’s Calculation, to the fourteenth Year of Peleg’s Age ; from whence it will appear evident, that by that Year there was not only fufficient Time for the People to, build and feat themfelves. in the feven new Cities, as above; but for Heber to have had. thirteen Grandfons, fince he was then forty-eight Years old. Tuest little Empires having been thus fettled, about the one hundredth and fifteenth Year after the Flood, there is no doubt but the People, at that Time, fome how recorded their Knowledge of the Heavenly Bodies ; which, in all Probability, was what Califthenes found, as above, and confifted chiefly in the Difcoveries of Foktan, who feems to have been not ‘only a Competitor with his Brother Peleg for the Prophetical Blefling, but abfolutely to have affumed it, as the Heir apparent of Heber. Tue Chaldeans, according to Diodorus Siculus, (c) held that the Sun, Moon, and five Planets, which they call’d Interpreters, were the chief Intelligences under the Supreme G OD; and that under the Courfe of thofe Planets there were thirty Stars, which they call’d Counfelling Gons ; fifteen of whom obferv’d what was done under the Earth, and the other fifteen took Notice of what waé tranfaded upon the Earth, and in the Heavens. ‘Thofe thirty Stars, they faid, had their Habitations in the Circle of the Zodiack, that twelve of them were the Chief, and that through them the feven Planets ran their Courfe; the Sun in a Year, and the Moon in a Month, Twelve of thofe Stars towards the North-Pole, and twelve towards the South-Pole, they termed Judges of all Things; and affign’d 2) De Ceelo, I, 22 (¢) Lib. 2.6, 3, ich Chap. VI. Piagiarifim of the Heathens Detetted. 29 fuch as we do fee to the Living, the Other which we do not fee to the Dead. They alfo held that two of thofe Stars were Meflen= gers, and faid, That once every ten Days one of the higheft Order defcended to them that were of the Loweft; and that again ano- ther afcended from -thofe Below; to thofe Above, and {o alternately and fucceffively: By which Means the counfelling Gop s above the Horizon, were fourteen in Number, with a Meffenger; and. the like below the Horizon, _ We will now examine whether the Names given by okra to his Children, will open to us any Part of this Syftem; and if. they fhou’d, we may conclude it more than probable, That fuch Things as thofe Names point out, were the Obfervations which Califhenes found, as above. ; . FOKTAN, claiming the Prophetical Blefling, as above, fet up for a Prophet, and named his firft Son Alnodad, to {hew that fuch as wanted any Thing from GOD, muft apply themfelves to Him; as his Minifter here on Earth: And to make, himfelf more Vene- rable, he, feperated his Family from the Reft of the People, as the Name of Stheleph, given to. his fecond. Son implies: He then fet Death and Deftruétion before Mankind, as may be.gather’d from the Name of Hazarmaveth, given to his third Son; that Name fignifying the very oppofite to A/modad : And therefore Foktan’s Defign appears to have been, to fet Life and Death befote the People; that, by being obedient, or difobedient to him, he might obtain for them the Benefits of the Former ; or get them condemn’d to fuffer the Inflic= tions of the Latter. Our Prophet, or Legiflator, next declar’d under whom it was that he a&ed; and as it 1s highly probable, that the Sw had been before taken for the promis’d Mediator between GOD and Man; fo Foktan's iy pebaees was to make the Moow that Mediator, as being the neareft of the Heavenly Bodies to the Earth ; therefore he named his fourth Son Ferab, which fignifies the Moon, and fo adopted that Luminary the chief Mini/fer under the Supreme GOD; and he himfelf became her Reprefentative here on Earth: As fuch Foktan foon began to celebrate her Beauty, and her Power over the World, and he named his fifth Son. Hadoram, to denote it.. He then confider’d her Motions; and the Cettainty, he attain’d of them, feems to be exprefs'd by the Name of Uza/, given. to his fixth Son. Foktan, in the text Place, reduced the Moon to an Image; which he feems to have made in the Shape of a Palm Leaf, to imitate her Crefcent ; and at the fame Time to fhew; by that Leaf, that the Moon determin’d the Months of the Year, of which the Palm-Tree is the moft proper Emblem, zhat Tree budding every Month: and all thefe Things are implied by the Name of Drk/ah, which he gave to his feventh Son, H Ir 30 The Ovigin of Building: Or, The Book 1 Ir is not improbable, but ‘Yoktan difcover’d, That the ebbing and Slowing of the Sea, was govern’d by the Moon; fince the Name of Obal, given to‘ his eighth Son, feems to point it out; be that as it will; fo: great, and {fo curious, were his Difcoveries, that, by them, he made the. People believe him to be a Perfon fent from GOD to be a Father to then, as the Name of his ninth Son, Abinael, implies; infomuch that by the Time that he had a tenth Son born, the People came into his Scheme of Religion; in Token whereof he not only named that Son Sheba, to import their Converfion ; but declar’d him his Succeflor, as Minifler to the Moons and accordingly endow d him with all ber Influences. Burr it may be afked how this will appear? To which we anfwer, That the Name of Sheba alfo fignifies rhe Jeventh; and as he was the feventh Son born to Joktan, after he pretended that the Moon was the Chief of the Heavenly Bodies; fo it feems probable, that Foktan attributed the fame Vertucs to Sheba, which Mizraim had afcrib’d to Caphtorim, whereby he became invefted with a fuper- natural Power. “\Yoktan having thus nominated a Succeflor in his Minifiry, he feems next to have inftituted the Ceremony of repent= ing in Sackcloth and Ajbes, as a Preparitory to his interceeding with the Derry in the behalf of Men, in Token whereof he call'd his eleventh Son Ophir ; a Name which imports a Humiliation in Afhes. The People thus prepar’d, Yokzan, to thew his Converfe with the Moon, feems to have undertaken to animate the Image of that Lumi= naty, or its Bafis, that it might return Anfwers to Queftions afk’d ; fince the Name of Havilah, given to his twelfth Son, and that’ of Jebab, given to his thirteenth Son, intimates fo much ; thofe Names fignifying ove that makes Refponfes, and one that Speaks out of a Hollow Place. Tus Trick, of animating inanimate Things, was an Invention of as remote Antiquity as the Divifion of the Earth, if we may give Credit to what Sanchoniatho writes ; for he tells us, That she Gop Ouranus, contriv'd Stones which moved, as having Life: And this was the Origin of all thofe Idols reprefented by Czébes, of which it would not be difficult to thew, That every Nation in the World had One. The Chiun, Remmon, Rimmon, or Remphan of the Moabites ; the Arnon of the Amorites ;and the Ambre of the Britifh Druids was no more than a Che/f, or Hollow Place; or the Reprefentation of a Chef, fome how animated’; as the Meaning of thofe Names plainly intimates. : Now as Foktan ftudied the Nature of the Moon, and feems to have reprefented her by the Palw-Tree, ora Leaf of that Tree; and as the Aftronomical Learning ‘of the Chaldeans, confifted chiefly of the Knowledge of the Courfes of the Moon ; till fomething more Certain {hall appear, we may conclude, That the Months of the 3 Year, Chap. VL Plagiarifin of the Heathens DeteGed. 31 Year, and the Days of the Month, were emblematically exprefs’d by Joktan, ix his Image ; which he‘feems to “have perfected, as well as his Syftem: of Religion, about the Time of the Birth of Fobab; and “was, moft undoubtedly, what Calliffhenes found as above: And we are the‘More inélin’d to believe that Foktan’s Difcoveries were recorded at this’ Pime, tho’ they were made five or fix Years before, becaufe the Cities of Réjfen, and Calneh, were the laft that were built; and had thofeé Names given them to import a Completion of the Defigns which had beeh formed when the People, at Badel, fell into Diflen- tions‘ with one ‘another, SHEBY becoming the Succeffor of his Father, he undoubtedly propagated the Religion founded by him ; and therefore that Se& of Idolator; call'd Sadeans, might derive their Origin from Sheba. Thus the Sabeans, confider’d as Adherents to a particular Religion, or as Defcendants from a particular Perfon; had their Rife, as the Learned Dean Prideaux obferves, among the Chaldean}; and not from an imaginary Sadbivs, as the Remainder of that Se@,. now in the Eaft, pretend, ; : As the Divifion ‘of the Earth was compleated after the Birth of Jobab ; fo the Number of Males which Peopled the feven new Cities, together with thofe that remained at Babel, were precifely Seventy ; which will more’ clearly appear by the following Table of their Names, extracted from the tenth Chapter of Genefs. FAPHETH begat. 1 Gomer, the Father of x Afbkenaz, 2 Magog. 2 Riphath. 3 Madai. 3 Thogarmah, ‘4, Favan, who begat 1 Alifbab. 5 Tubal. 2 Larfhifp. 6 Mefhech. 3 Kittin. 9. Tiras. 4 Dodaniut. Thefe are the Defcendants of Japheth, amounting to 14, SHEM begat’ 1 Elam. 2 Afhur. 3 Arphaxad, who begat 1 Salah, whobegat 1 Heber, 4 Lud. & Aram, the Father of 1 Uz. Aiud. 32 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book I. 1 Heber begat i Peleg. 2 Foktan, the Father of 1 Almodad. 2 Sheleph. 3. Haxarmaveth, 4 ferab. 5 Hadoram. 6 Uzal. 7 Dikloh. 8 Obal.. . 9 Abimael: 10 Sheba. 14 Ophir. 12 Havilah. 13 Fobab. Thefe are the Defcendants of Shem, amounting to 26: HAM begat + Cub, the Father of 1 Seba. 2 Havilah. 3 Sabtah. 4. Raamab, who begat 1 Sheba. 5 Sabrecha. 2 Dedair 6 Nimrod. 2 Mizraim,who begat 1 Ludim. 3 Phut. 4 Canaan, who begat 2 Anamim. 3 Lehabim. 4 Naphtubin 5 Pathrufim. 6 Caflubim.. 7 Caphtorim: 1 Sidon. 2 Heth. 3 The Febufite. 4 The Emorité: 5 The Girgafbite. 6 The Aivite. 7 The Arkite. 8 The Sinite. 9 The 4vadite. 10 The Zemarite. t1 The Hamathite. Thefe are the Defcendants of Ham, amounting to thirty in Number; which being added to the twenty-fix Defcendants of Shem, and to ise fourteen of Fapheth, compleats the Number of Seventy. FOSEPHUS, Chap. VI. Plagiarifm of the Heathens Detetted. 33 FOSEP HAUS (d) gives us the fame Catalogue of the Sons of Sapherh, Shem, and Ham, with this Difference only, That Fapberh had a Grandfon lefs, and Hama Grandfon more than is mention’d in the above Table. So that we may be affur’d, that there were no more than feventy Males between whom the Earth was divided after the Mood; and thefe feventy People being difpos’d of in eight Cities, make it evident, that the Name of City was given to any Place, whtre a few Families took up their Abode, and that an Em- pire was conftituted by a few Cities; a City (e) foon became a Kingdom, and the Place of Refidence for a (f) fingle Family, formed a Town. Such was the Original of Towns, Cities, Kingdoms, and Empires, while the Earth was replenifhing after the Flood. NVIMROD, and Afbur, having fet the Example of univerfal Empire at Bade/, and MVineveb ; the fame Defire prevail’d in the fucceeding Ages of the World, ‘and in about three Cenituries (g) Che- dorlaomer, King of Elam, had five Kings that were Tributary to him; and Tidal was a King of Nations. So that the Peace of the World being thus broke; People began to remove to a greater Dif tance from one another ; which proved the Foundation of Multitudes of other Cities: But yet the Manner of Building remain’d in its priniitive Simplicity, without Order, Proportion, or any other Cha~ racter that could render it beautiful: For thofe Cities, which, upon the Confufion of Languages, were founded for Convenience, were afterwards jude’d as neceflary for Defence; and therefore the principal Care of the People, was to inclofe every City with a Bank of Earth, or with a Wall; to make (4) one common Gate, or Entrance to it; and within its Diftri@ to ereét fometimes a (7) Caftle, or common Place of Refuge, fome- times an High Place, or (4) Tower, remarkable only for its Altitude, as a Marx to direét People to the Place of their Abode, and where to affemble for religious Purpofes: Uron thefe Removals Mizraim went into Egypr, and inftituted the Magical Art there ; Canaan brought the fame Art into Paleftine; and Caphtorim and his Defcendants, took up their Abode in (J) Caphtor, from whence they removed into that Part of the Land of Canaan which was inhabited by the Avims, whom they deftroy’d, and, after they had feiz’d on their Poffeflions, took upon themfelves the Name of Philiffines, which, according to the Sepruagint,import Strangers. (2) Aut. 1. 1.0.7. (A) Gen, xix. 1. the 34, 20. Sc, Fudges xvi. 2/ (6) Folhua vi. 2. and viiis 1 (4) Gen. xxv. 16. (f) Gen. xxv. 16. (4) Fudges ix. 46, and 51. (3) Gem xiv. i. (2) Deut. ii. 23. fags 1 SALAH , i are 34 The Ovigin of Building: Or, The Book 1. SALAH and his Defcendants, continu’d their Abode in Chal- dea, where, for five or fix Generations, there was only Abram among them, who dar’d to affert the true GOD: And this will appear to be no ill-grounded Conje@ure, when we refle@ on the proper Names of Men given to every Defcent in the Patriarchal Line, from Lamech, before the Flood, to Abram, after it, LAMECH gave his Son the Name of Woah, becaufe he con- ceiv'd, at his Birth, That that Son, would bring Mankind Comfort con= cerning the Ground which GOD had curfed; that is, Lamech imagin’d that the Redeemer of fallen Man wou'd fome how come from that Son. Voah call’d his fecond Son by the Name of Shem, which thews, That he had placed him in his Stead, as the Inberitor of GOD's Promife concerning that Redeemer. So when Shem named his fecond Son Arphaxad, he had, undoubtedly, a Notion, That by zhat Son, the Breach between GOD and Man would be made up, with Wifdom and Under- ftanding ; He oppos'd the Iniquities of the People; and ftrenuoufly endeavour’d to bring Men over: to the Knowledge and Fear of GOD, for which the People of Chal/dea were {fo incens’d, that they drove him out of that (7) Land from amongft)them, and he and his Father, together with his Nephew Zor, came into a certain Part of Me/opotamia, where they fettled, and gave the Place of their Abode the Name of Haran. The Place of Abrams Nativity. was: from thenceforward . call’d Ur, and as this Name denotes Fire, it was probably, given to that Place, in Token of the Heat and Vehemence of this Perfecution. Wuen Terab. fhew’d this: great. Diftin@ion for his Son Abrani, it is more than probable, that Wahor infifted on his Birthright, as Joktan before had done, claim’d the Prophetical Blefling implied in the Name of his Brother, and as fuch gave it to his Son Bezhuel ; fince this Name denotes, as to his Humanity, a Defcent, from (”) Fudith y. 8. Father Chap. VI. Plagiarifi of the Heathens Detetted. 35 Father to Son, of GO D the Redeemer. But to put an End to any Conteft between the two furviving Sons of Zerah, Abram, and Nabor, concerning the Prophetical Blefling, GOD himfelf declar’d in whom it was; for to Abram He made this moft gracious Declaration, (7) Thou foalt be a Bleffing, and I will blefs them that ble[s thee, and curfe them that curfeth thee, and 1N THEE sHALL ALL FAMILIES OF THE Earry se Burssep. At the fame Time GOD direéted him. to leave his Father’s corrupted Houfe, and in Compenfation thereof, promifed to condué him to a certain Land, to make his Name Great, and to make of him a great Nation, By. (0) Faith, St. Paul affures us, Abram obey’d and went into Canaan, taking with him his Nephew Zor. After which MWahor took Poffeffion of Hfaran, this Place was call’d his City, and there his Family refided for many Generations, and yielded Wives for the Sons of Abram. Tfaac, bis only Son by Sarah, took Rebekah, the Daughter of Berhuel, to Wife; and Jacob, the Son of Ifaac, mar- ried “Rachel and Leah, the Grandaughters of Berhuel, by his Son Laban. ABRAM was no fooner got into the Land of Canaan, than GOD appear’d to him, and promis’d to give that very Land to his Seed after him: But with this Exemption, That they fhould not enjoy it “till after the End of four hundred Years; during which Time they were appointed to dwell in a ftrange Land, and to ferve the Natives thereof; GOD’s feleéted People being not yet excufed from the great Command of replenifhing the Earth, - In Token of this Promife, (p) Abram built an Altar; afterwards he took up his Abode in a Mountain, on the Eaft of Beth-c/, where he ereéted another A/tar, and there call’d on the Name of the Lorp. In Procefs of Time hé and his Nephew Lf parted; then Abram fettled in the Plain of Mamre, and there built a third Azar, where he exercifed his Religion in the fulleft Manner; and GOD not only confirmed the Promife He had made to him, of raifing his Seed to a great Nation; but changed his Name from Abram to Abraham, to denote it. After this, éraham was fo far from living in a State of Perfecution, that the,People, far and near, {oon grew fond of imitating whatever he did in the Worthip of GOD; for after he had made his Covenant with Aimelech, King of Gerar, who had artfully drawn him into the Ratification of it. by an Oath, (x) Gen, xii. 2. (0) Heb. xi. 8. (p) Gen. xii, 7 Abram was 45 Years old when he wént into the Land jof Canaan, .which was about, 315 Years after the Earth was’ divided between 70 Male Per- fons. It is certain that the Jraelites encreafed in the Space of about 210 Years from:70 Male Perfons to above 600000 ; fo that they doubled every 16 Years, or there abouts. Now if we double’7o Men every 16 Years for 304 Years, they will amount to above 36 Millions: From whence it is not only poffible, but highly probable, that Mankind were encreafed'to 40 Millions when dbram went into Cavaan;/and ifwe continue dur Multiplication-to the Time of his Death, the Total will be near 1009 Millions, a Number fuflicient to People the World, in the Manner Sir Waltéy Raleigh, p. 1. 1. 2. conceiy’d it to have been inhabited in Abraham's Days, and 36 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book L and after he had (9) planted a Grove about the Place where that League was enter’d into, in Token of the Solemnity of his calling upon GOD to be as a Witnefs to it, the Heathens began to plant Groves about their Places of religious Worthip ; which foon pre- vail’d all over the Land of Canaan. Arrar this feparation of Abraham and his Nephew, Lor (r) had two Sons, the one he named Moab, and the other Ammon, who infticuted the Worfhip of the Sun, in fuch Countries as they took took up their Abode in. Thofe Men addrefs’d the rifing Sun by the Name of Peor, fignifying, Tie Sovereign that difpells the Shades of Night and opens the Day; they alfo addrefs'd the fetting Sun by the Name of Chemos, which imports, His withdrawing his Rays of Light Jrom the Earth; and thefe they Worthipped by their Orbs; upon the the Summits of Hills and Mountains, where they ereéted their A/zars, and offer’d their Morning and Evening Sacrifices: But the Sun, as the Supreme GOD, they addrefs’'d by his Image, upon High Places built in the Streets of their Cities, in their High Ways, and in other publick Places: They call’d him Moloch and Baal, which Names, as Monfieur Banier obferves, are fynonymous, and, in the Hebrew, fignifies King, Lord, or he that Rules or Subdues; and t6 him they offer’d, upon Altars before the Image, every Thing for Sacrifice, which Abraham offer’d to GOD; even Children, in Imitation of the Offering of his Son I/aae. Tur Sun being now conceiv'd to be the Supreme GOD, the other Planets became his Miniffers: So that when he was reprefented by Image, that Image was adotn’d with all the other Planets, as the proper Attendants of the Derry. Tue gracious Promife which G OD made and confirmed to Abraham, was repeated to Ifaacy and after him to Facohb. This Patriatch was the firft Perfon that ereéted Pillars, and his raifing of fuch Monuments was owing to this Occafion. J/aae (s) was exceeding Old, and his Eyes grew dim, whereby Yacob was the better enabled to obtain his Blefling as the elder Son; this enrag’d E/au, and tho’ he had fold his Birthright to acob, yet he refolved; ‘That as foon as his Father fhould die, he would kill his Brother that he might enjoy the Beriefits arifing from what he had fold. This was told Rebekah, and the thereupon prevail’d on her Hufband to fend Jacob to her Brother Laéan, to take a Wife of his Daughters, in Hopes, that during his Abfence, E/az’s Wrath would be allay’d. AccorpincLy Fach fet out for Padan-aram, being then feventy feven Years old ; and our Traveller, the firft. Day of his Jour- (g) Gen. xxi. 33. (7) Ib.xiii.-8. (s) Ib. xxvii. 2 ney Chap. VI. Plagiarifm of the Heathens Detetted. 37 ney, having reached a Place call’d Lux, no fooner faw the fetting Sun, than he determin’d to take up his Abode there that Night ; his Bed was the Earth, and a Stone ferved him for his Pillow. There he had a Vifon, and when he awaked out of his Sleep he was afraid, but thus reafon’d with himfelf: (¢) Surely the Lorp is in this Place, and I knew it not. How dreadful is this Place! This is none other but the Houfe of GOD, and this is the Gate of Heaven. Facob then rofe up, took the Stone he had put for his Pillow, fet it up for a Pillar, poured Oil thereon, and then made this Vow; If GOD, fays he, will be with me, and will keep me in the Way that I go, and give me Bread to eat, and Raiment to put on; fo that I come again to my Father’s Houfe in Peace: Then fhall the Lorp be my GOD. And this Stone which I have fet up for a Pillar, thall be GOD’s Houle, e. i. Berh-cl: And of all that Thou fhalt give me, I will furely give the Tenth to Thee, LUZ from thenceforward was call’d Berh-e/, and the Pillar which Facob fet up there, if we believe Bochart; and fome other Médern Writers, gave the Antients Matter for a very confiderable Part of their Theogony, as it furnifh’d them with their Beryl; one of which the Greeks imagin’d Saturn had fwallow’d, inftead of his Son Jupiter, and therefore one of the Names of Fupiter was Lapis. F ACO B purfued his Journey, aid at Length got to Padan- aram, where he continued twenty Years with his Uncle Laban, and then he left him fecretly ; at which Time (z) Rachél ftole from her Father divers Images, which the Learned feem to agree were in Human Shape, becaufe the Name of Zeraphim was common to thofe Images, and fuch as really reprefented Men. But that Argument is not conclufive, fince the Antients reprefented the fame Goo, fometimes under the Shape of a Hunian Figure, fometimes under that of a Cube, a Cone, or the like: Befides, all the Notion which Mofes gives us of thofe Images, is, That they were valuable Things for Ornament. Thou haft fearch’d all my Stuff, faid Facob to Laban, but what haft thou found of all thy (w) Houfhold Stuff? After this, when acod purged his Houfe of all Objects of Pride, thefe Images were given up to him, with the Ear-rings which his Family then wore in their Ears: They were probably Bracelets for their Hands, and Crowns for their Heads; Ornaments peculiar to the Sabcans, as Ezekiel (x) writes, Wuen Laban was told that Facod was fled, he purfu’d after him, and in feven Days overtook him at Mount Gilead; but in the pro- {!) Gen. xxviii. 16. made Ufe of for Pride, Mo/es turn’d into Ornaments (u) Gen. xxxi. 19 Religious Ufe, and directed that they fhould be Emblems ( w) Gen. xxxi. 37. of the Pafover, Ewod. xiii, 16, andofthe Law, Deut. (x) Ch, xxiii, v.42, Thele Bracelets, and thefe Crowns, vii, 8. r ceeding 38 Lhe Ovigin of Building: Or, The Book I. ceeding Night before his Arrival there, Laban was warned in a Dream not to hurt his Son-in-Law, by which his Anger was averted, and he permitted Jacob, not only to proceed on his Journey, but, in Confideration of Facob’s Promife not to affli@ his Daughters, or take other Women to Wife, made a Covenant with him, That they would neyer moleft each other in Time to come; and this they ratify'd by an Oath: Laban calling upon the GOD of Abraham, and the GOD of Wahor, and alfo upon the GOD of their Father, 1.e. Terah, to confirm it; but Jacob {ware only by the Frar of his Father I/aac. Tus Ceremony on this Occafior Mofes thus defcribes, Facob took a Stone and {et it up for a Pillay ; He then order’d his Bre- thren to gather Stones, and make an Heap, as a Table, whereon they might eat; next was the Covenant; then they declared, That that Pillar, and that Heap, was not only the Witnefs thereof ; but that it fhould be a Marx between them, that either fhould not pafs over it to the other for Harm, Jacob then offer’d Sacrifices, and after that they all fat down together to eat. The next Morning they parted; Facob purfu'd his Journey ; and Laban returned to Padan-aram. Turse, Things were foon imitated by the Heathens, who every where rais’d leaps of Stones, and fet up Pillars to their Idols. Hence the Mercurial Heaps of the Greeks; Hence that moft folemn Oath of the Romans, which Cicero calls Fovem Lapidem jurare ; hence the Carns of the Druids; and hence their Monumental Obelifks arofe, and had their Foundation, Brrore Jacob had accomplith’d. his Journey, he loft his beloved Wife Rachel; on whofe Grave he fet up a (y) Pillar, which is the firft Sepulchral Monument we have any Account of : This was imitated by the Heathens, when they came to: deify theit Dead, in the Altars they built to burn their yearly Sacrifices upon: And we Chriftians, to this Day, follow the fame Example in the Tombs we put over our deceafed Friends, as may be feen in almoft every Church, and Church-yard. Another of Jacob's Pillars was erected in Memory of GOD’s talking with him and changing his Name to Drael; from whence all his Pofterity were afterwards call’d the Children of J/rael, or the L/raelites. Tuts Veneration which the Reft of Mankind fhewed for, and the high Ideas they entertained of whatever GOD’s felected. People did, is fufficient, to make us conclude, That if they had built ftately Edifices, for publick or private Ufe, the Heathens would have like- wife imitated them: But no fuch Edifices were ereéted by them; for as Abraham and his Succeftors followed a Paftoral Life, they (y) Gen, xxxv. 20, were Chap. VIL Plasiarifm of the Heathens Detetfed. 39 were contefited to live in moveable Tents, ahd only Facob (x) built himfelf an Houfe ; which he did as an effed of his Fear, after his Brother Efav’s meeting him with four hundred Men. ‘This Work of Facob’s gave a Name to the Place, where erected, importing, a City of Tents; for, befides an Howfe for his own Dwelling, Jacob built feveral Booths for his Cattle. Arcuitectur# however receiv’d two other Principles by thefe early Works; and fuch as regarded the Gratitude, and the Fidelity of Man: The former took its Rife’ when Fatob had his Vifion, and the ‘latter when ‘he made his Covenant with Ladan: So that all the Caufes of Building are Five, to wit, Shame, Fear, Picty, Gratitude, and Fidelity ; and thefe produced three Precepts of Building, namely, Convenience, Strength, and Beauty. The two firft whereof Mankind foon attain’d, but the laft was Reavertp to them, as will appear in the following Chapters of this Book. CHA P. VIL Of Fofephs Advancement in Egypt, and of the Manner in which the principal Part of the Riches of the World were firft collected. OSEPH, one of ¥acob’s Sons, having beeii fold into. Egype J by his Brethren) GOD foon enabled him to advance his For- ” tune there, not only by expounding two Dreams of the King’s, which foretold a moft dreadful Famine of feven Years Continuance, that would follow {even plenteous Years; but by advifing the Egyp- tigns how to guard themfelves againft the dreadful Efeas thereof, in gathering all the Food during the Years of Plenty, and in laying it up in every City, as a Store, againft the Years of Dearth. PHARAOH very juftly attributed this Interpretation to the (2) Insparion or GOD, conformed himfelf to Yo/eph’s Advice, advanced himfelf from a Prifon to be the the next Man in the Kingdom to him, and entirely put the Management of what he had advifed into his Hands; declaring, at the fame Time, that there was none in his Dominions fo difcreet, and fo wife as himfelf. (2) Gen, xxxiii, 17. @) Geo, xli. 38. 3 FOSEPH 40 The Ovigin of Building: Or, The Book I: _J OSEP AH, in Difcharge of this high Commiffion, gathered all the Surplus Food in the Land of Egypt, during the feven plenteous Years, which he laid up in the (3) Severan Crrins thereof: And when the Famine began, he opened his Store-heufes, fold the Provifions he had referved to the Egyptians, as their Neceffities required, as well as to the People of fuch other (c) Countries as flocked thither to buy Corn; whereby Yo/eph foon got, for Pharaoh's Ufe, all the (d) Money that was in Egypt; in the Land of Canaan, and in all the bordering Nations. At Length the Famine grew fo great, that the Egyptians were forced to fell all their Cattle, their Flocks, their Herds, their Lands, and even their Bodies for Bread. So that Pharaoh became poffefied, firft of all the Riches, then of the Lands, and laftly of the Bodies of his Subjeéts : But Fo/eph inftantly releafed the People, returned them their Lands, and gave them Seeds to fow it; referving only to the King, and his Succeflors, the one fifth Part of the yearly Produce. Tuus the Riches of the principal Part of the World were col- lected together, Phuraoh became the firtt great and wealthy Monarchy and had an annual Revenue to fupport him, in all his Glory, of the one fifth Part of the Produce of all Egypr, except of fuch Lands as belong’d to the Priefts; for thofe Lands were not taken by Fofeph in Exchange for Bread ; Pharach having allotted the Priefts fuch a Portion of the referved Food, as was fufficient to maintain them during the Tinie of the Famine, without driving them to the Necef: fity of fellirig their Lands for Bread. Turis great Acquifition of Pharaoh's was made when Fofeph was forty and four Years old, for he was (e :) thirty when he interpreted the King’s Dreams that there wou'd be fever Years of Plenty, and feven Years of Famine. FACOB was (f) an hundred and thirty Years old when he came into Egypt with his Family; and as this happened at the End of the (g) fecond Year of the Famine, when ‘Fo/eph was thirty nine Years old, it proves Facob’s Age, at the Birth of Toeph, to have been ninety one Years: Iaac begat Facob at (4) fixty ; and Fo/eph dy’d at the Age of (/) one hundred and ten: So that from the Birth of Laac, to the End of the Famine, was one hundred ninety five Years; from thence to the Death of Fo/eph was fixty fix Years; and from the Death of o/eph to the Departure of the [raelites from Egypt, was one hundred and thirty nine Years. (2) Gen, xli. 48. (f) Ib. xviii. 9, (¢) Ib. xli. 57. g) Ib. xlv. 21. (4) Ib. xvii. 145 (4) Ib. xxv. 26; (¢) Ib. xli, 46, @) Ib, 1, 26, Chap. VIL Plagiarifm of the Heathens Detetted. 41 Tun Egyptian Monarchy fubfifted in the Degree of Wealth, to which it was advanced by ‘Fo/eph, during the laft fixty fix Years of his Life; and foon after his Death, new Acquifitions were rhade to it; which will the Subje@ of our next Enquiry: CHA P. VIL Of the Bondage of the Children of Ifrael in. Egypt. W HEN the Famine, foretold by ¥o/eph, had fo encreas’d j in Canaan, as to oblige Trael to fend his other Sons into Egypt to purchafe Corn; Fo/zph no fooner fet his Eyes upon them, than he (a) knew his Brethren; and in a {hort Time made himfelf known to them. This foon reach’d the King’s Har; and He, from a due Senfe of Gratitude to Fo/eph, not only invited, but (6) commanded his Brethren to come and take up their Refidence in his Country: He alfo ordered Waggons for the Con- veyance of their Wives, Children, and Father, and promis’ them the Choice of all Egypt for an Habitation, as well as of the Pro- dué& thereof for their Subfiftence. Accordingly when they came there, Pharaoh allotted them the beft Part of Egypt, call’d the Land of Gofhen, for their Dwelling in, as a feperate People from the Egyp- tians: For Fofeph had inftruéed his Brethren to choofe this Land, not only becaufe of its rich Pafturage; but becaufe they might have no Commerce with the Egyptians, who deteited the Occupation of Shepherds, to which the Iraelites were brought up, and as fuch Fofeph well forefaw that if his Brethren liv’d amongft them, they would be at an eternal Variance with one another. Tue I/raelites, thus fettled in the Land of Gofben, riultiplied and foon became a numerous Set of People, more than even the Natives of Egypz itfelf; infomuch, that after the Death of Foeph, when a new King arofe, the Government concerted Meafures how to keep them in Subje@tion ; and the firft (c) Expedient was, to fet them about building two Cities; One of Which they called Raam/és, or Ramefes, a Name which implies, the higheft Reproach of thofe who lived on the bef? Part of the Country; the other they named Pithom, which imports, @ Confummation of Phataoh’s Scheme, to deprefs thofe that fed fo voluptuoufly: And in the firft of thefe Cities ti ie alii. e €¢) Exod, i. 11, eRIV. 106 L the 42 The Ovigin of Building: Or, The Book I. the D/raelites were fettled: After which they were continually em- ploy’d in making Bricks, and in all Manner of Service in the Field, under the Governmient and Direétion of Tafk-Mafters; who ufed their Authority in fuch Degree, that the Lives of the I/raelites were made a Burthen to them, Norwrrus'ranbiné this crtiel and fevere Treatment, the more the Traelites were Oppreffed, the more they Grew and Multiplied; which grieved Pharaoh, and made him have Recourfe to a fecond Expedi- ent, to prevent thefe Aliens from growing Opulent, which they muft of Courfe do, if they continued ehcreafing, as they had done; and therefore the King ordér’d the Midwives to deftroy all the Male Children which they, from Time to Time, fhou’d deliver the He- brew Women of: But. thofe Midwives difregarded the King’s Com- mands, and faved themfelves from Impunity by their evafive Anfwers; which put Pharaoh upon a third Expedient, to curb the growing Race of his Slaves; for he commanded his People to take every Male Child that fhou’d be born of an Hebrew Woman, and caft it into the River. Tue Birth of Mo/es happen’d foon after this fevere Edi& ; and notwithftanding it was rigouroufly put in Execution, yet his Mother contriv’d Methods to conceal him for three Months: But unable to keep him any longer, fhe then put him into an 4h of Bull-rufhes, which fhe laid in the River, and fo left the Babe to the Mercy of the Waters. This was done about fifty nine Years after the Death of Fofeph; and for eighty Years more, the Egyptians continued to opprels the I/raelites. We cannot forbear making one Reflection, in this Place, on the horrid Ingratitude of the Egyprians: Thofe People, no ‘fooner faw the Eyes of him, to whom their Exiftence was owing, clofed; than the Benefits they had receiv’'d by his prudent Conduét, were eraféd out of their Memories. Whereas other Nations celebrated his A@s, and confecrated them to Immortality: For Dagon, Triptolemus, Ceres, and every other Perfon who taught Men to raife Corn for Bread, had their Original from Fo/eph. Tue Learned Bochart, is of Opinion, That Abraham is one and the fame Perfon with Cronus, in Sanchoniatho’s Hiftory; each of thofe Perfons having offered his only Son a Sacrifice; and each having circumeifed himfelf, and obliged the Reft of his Family to do the fame. But as this is a controverted Point, can’t it be reconcil’d, by fuppofing Sanchoniatho to have afcribed all the re- markable Events relating to the Patriarchal Line, from Woah to ° Fofepb, to the Family of Cronus; efpecially fince we find as great a Similitude between Fo/eph and two of the Brothers of Cronus, to wit, Chap. VIL. Plagiarifin of the Heathens Detetted. 43 wit, Dagon and Atlas, as there is between Abraham and Cronus, as above? FOSEPH dreamt that the Sun, Moon, and eleven Stats made their Obeifance to him; this made his Brethren jealous of him; they confpired his Death, and threw him into a Pit. The fame Fac we have in Sanchoniatho: Cronus had a Brother whofe Name was Atlas, from his being fuppofed to fupport the Heavens; he grew jealous of him; confpired his Death with Zaautus, and threw him into a Pit. Again, Dagon is faid, by our Penician Hiftorian, to be the Inventor of the Plough; and the Perfon that taught Men how to raife Corn and make Bread thereof: How can Fo/eph be pointed out in a ftronger Light? Was he not the Perfon that cultivated all Egypt for feven Years? And when Agriculture had been prevented for feven Years after that, and all Experience of the Plough loft, did not Fofeph teach the People how to fow their Lands, and give them Seeds for that Purpofe ? Tut God Dagon, of the Philitines, can’t have a more illuftrious Original than this, nor one that is better attefted: Sanchoniatho tells us, That Yadurus, the Son of Mifor, made the Image of Dagon. This Zaautus, according to the Learned Bifhop Cumberland, was the Son of Mizraim; he was his facred Scribe, and a Gop: So that there is no Doubt but in him we have the Caphtorim recorded by Mojes: For the Defcendants of that Man, were the People that drove the Avims out of Canaan, and feiz’d on their Pofleffions ; taking upon themfelves the Name of Pbili/tines, as above. And there- fore thefe Philiftines, willing to inftitute, in their new Settlement, Gops of their own, undoubtedly made Choice of him, who had been the greateft Benefactor to Mankind, for that Purpofe; and fo reprefented him by an Image. The Image of Fo/eph was there- fore the firft in hurnan Shape, of the Pagan World; fince Dagon is the firft mentioned in Sacred Hiftory: And as the Artificer that made Dagon, was, according to Sanchoniatho, the firft that formed. Images, fo he made thofe alfo of Owranus to reprefent Moab, and of Cronus to denote Abraham. Noruine lefs than Fo/eph’s Conduct cou’d make the Pagans in- ftitute Gons of their own Species. Let any one Refle& on the Mife- ries which reftrained Nature, in the Beginning of the Year one thoufand feven hundred and forty, brought upon all, or moft Part of Europe; the Blow was no fooner ftruck, than the Streets of our Villages, Towns, and Cities, were filled with the Cries of the Poor and Induftrious: And, as the Year advanced, we were Wit- neffes that the Heat of the Sun was incapable of producing its ufual Effeéts. Let us judge of our Cafe but for feven Weeks in the Months of Fanuary and February in that Year, How dreadful muft {even Years of fuch Calamity have been to the People in 7o/eph’s Days? If Ad The Origin of Building: Or, The Book I. If any Perfon could have foretold the Miferies which Europe faffer’d for want of Rain the Beginning of one thoufand feven hundred and forty, and by too much the latter End of the fame Year, fo as to have enabled People to have guarded themfelves againft thofe Effeds, how had fuch Perfon been loaded with Honours? And how had. the Prayers of the People been dire¢ted to Heaven in his Behalf? Cou’d the Pagans, on their Principles, render lefs to Fofeph, their Preferver, than to inftitute him a Gon; fince under that Name they did not, for many Ages, mean the Omnirorenr Creator of all Things, but fome vifible Obje&, from which they received’ Benefits ? Tr Quranus was Noah, Cronus Abraham, and Fyeph Dagon, as feems very probable; Who were more Worthy of being rais’d to Divinity in the Pagan Theogony, and to be Worfhipped by their Images? Thofe Images were made by one and the fame Perfon, a Defcendant of Mizraim; one that was efteemed a Goo 5 and- therefore it’s highly probable, that the Heir apparent of Caphtorim was that Gop, and Gop-maker ; who gave Jyeph the Name of Dagon, Abraham that of Affaroth, and Noah that of Berith. Our Reafons for this are, that Dagon fignifies Wheat, a proper Epithet for Fofeph; Aftaroth fignifies Flocks, Sheep, Riches, or the Line of the Law, all expreflive of Abraham; and Berith imports, Aim that poffefjes the Covenant, which is applicable to Woah, with whom GOD made a Covenant to deftroy the World no more by Water : Thefe Reafons opens td us a more fubftantial Caule for the Ado- ration paid to Men, than the Stream of Mythologifts have offered ; and therefore they defeive to be further confidered: Now as the Pagans, in Patriarchal Times, had the higheft Idea of the Power Prophets had with GOD, efpecially Abraham and his Defcendants; {o their Prayers, and their Bleflings, were of the greateft Efficacy. Abimelech was told that (d) Abraham was a Prophets and fhou’d pray for him; which he did; and the King was healed. So that when Image Worfhip was once intreduced, the Intelligences fuppofed to animate the Orbs of the Heavenly Bodies brought down into them, and thefe to become Mediators between GOD and Man: Surely the Pagans, on the fame Principle, wou’d tranfpofe the Soul of a Man that had been efteemed a Mediator in his Life time, into an Image of the fame Man after his Death; and fo make their Addrefies to fuch Image, as they had done before to the Images of the Heavenly Bodies, in order to obtain from G OD, by his Medi- ation, what they prayed for. Tuus if the Waters prevail’d, they addrefs’d themfelves fo Noah; with whom GOD cftablifed his Covenant. f they wanted any Kind. (4) Gen. xx. 7. i of Chap. VIL Plagiatifn of the Heathens Dereéted. 45 of Bleffing, they fupplicated Abraham, in wHom ati Famirins or rit EARTH WERE To B28 BLESsED. And when they tilled the, Ground, they applied to Fo/eph ; in View of a plentiful Crop of Cora: hele they addrefied by their Images ; Foeph in Human Shape, as above ; Woah in the Figure of a Cheff, or of that Veffel which he had made to preferve hinifelf and Family in, from the Deluge , and Abraham in that of a Tree, from the Tree he planted when he and Abimelech, King of the Defcendants of Caphiorim, made their Covenant at Beer-fheba. This laft Image they called by the Name of Aerorh, which fignifies Zrees, or a Grove: So that Abrabam, in refpes to his Occupation, was called Afaroth ; but, in regard to his Image, he was named A/erozh. Oni of thefe Images was always exhibited with that which the Pagans made to reprefent the Supreme GOD: Thus the Image of (f) Fupiter Ammon was carried in a Golden Ship, and this was borne by eighty Priefts. We alfo find that (g) Baal, the Sun, and Berith, a Ship, or (4) Moloch, the Suns and Chiun, a Pedeffal, were annex’d together ; and fo was (7) Baal, the Sun, and Aferoth, a Grove, or rather a Tree with a hollow Trunk, as the Saxon Name, Grove, (now become a ‘Term of Art for a hollow Place to receive, or confine a Thing in) imports ; So that it feems manifeft, that, with the Image of the Gon, the Pagans joined that of his Proper ; and that the great Myftery of the Heathen Pricfthood, was to draw from the latter, the Determinations of the former, which Foktan's Contri- vance, as above, could not fail, as to all outward Appearance, of doing ; not of giving Rife to the Oracle of Dodoma, the Anfwers being theré delivered from an (/) Hollow Oak, by a Perfon therein conceal’d ; as well as to that Order of Priefts, among the Druids, called () Saronide, that is, Priefts of the Hollow Oak. Strange {lufion! But fuch as advanced the Worfhip of Baal, and .the Grove, to fuch a high Pitch, in the Kingdom of. I/rae/, that no Jef than (z) eight hundred and fifty Priefts attended the Altar in Samaria ; four hundred and fifty of which addtefs'd themfelves im- mediately to Baal, and the remaining four hundred apply’d them- felyes to him by the Mediation of Aferoth, or the Grove. Tur Image of Fupiter Ammon was no more thai an (0) Emerald, and divers precious Stones ; and the Sides of the Ship, in which it was cartied, wei¢ adorned with a vaft Number of Cups, or, Goblets, hanging on them; all reprefenting the Sun, Moon, and Planets, as in the Daphnephorian Feftival of the Greeks : The Image of (p) Mo- loch was the fame: And a Grove fometimes confifted of a natural Tree, fometimes of a Pillar in Imitation of a Tree. (gq) Reboboam (f) Died. Sic.1.17-% 5+ (m) Diod. Sic. 1. v. ¢. 2. (g) Fudges viii. 33. (x) 1 Kings xviii. 19. (b) Amos v. 26. (0) Quintus Curtius, 1. 4.€ 7- (i) Fudges vi. 26. () Myth. of the Antients, I. 7.¢- 6 (1) See Banier’s Myth. of the Antients, 1. 4. ¢. t+ (q) 1 Kings xiv. 23. M buile 46 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book I. built Groves in every high Hill, and under every green Tree: (r) Manaffeh made a Grove, which he placed in the Temple of GOD; where it remained till (s) Jofiah caufed it to be taken away. And fuch Veneration had the Phenicians for Groves, that they not only worlhipped 4farte in them, but edufed 4 Tree to be imprinted on their Flefh, and were therefore called Dendrophori, that is, Tree Bearers, as Monfieur Banier more particularly writes. Tue great Efteem which. the Pagan Legiflators had for Abraham, is very clearly {hewn by Dean Prideaux: Out of a particular Ve- neration for Abraham, fays that Learned Author, (2) He, Loroaftres, call’d his Book the Book of Abraham, and his Religion the Religion of Abraham. For he pretended, that the Reformation which he m= troduced was no more than to bring back the Religion of the Perfians to that original Purity in which Abraham practifed it, by purging it of all thofe Defedis, Abufes, and Innovations, which the Corrup- tions of After-times had introduced into it. And to all this-Afp- Lomet alfo (no doubt from this Pattern) afterwards pretended for his Religion. For the Name of Araba hath for a great many Ages paft been had ih great Veneration all’ over the Eaft, and among: all Seéts, fo that every one of them have thought it wou'd give Re- putation to them, cou’d they entitle themfelves to him. For not only the Fews, the Magians, and the Mahometans, but the Sabians, and alfo the Indians, (if the Brahama of the latter be Abraham, as it is with good Reafon fuppos’d) all challenge him to themfelves, as the great Patriarch and Founder of their feveral Sects, every one of them pretending that their Religion is the fame which Mraham profefled, and by his Reformation eftablifhed among them, and. to reftore this Reformation was all that Zoroaftres, Mahomet, and the Author of the Sabian Se&, whoever he was, pretended to, Tue Sabeazis, or Followets of Sheba, cou’d not make any great Conqueft in bringing People over to their Religion, *till they. had: fuch Men as Voah, Abraham, atid Tieph, to reprefent by their Images: But after they had fuch eminent. Men to raife to Divine Honour, there is no doubt but their Se@ grew numerous in-the Eaft, where we will leave them for the prefent, and return‘to the Traelites,, whom we left in Slavery in the Land of Egypt. For by that Bon- dage it will appear evident, that the Egyptians not only greatly enrich’d themfelves ; but that Building, flourifh’d for above one Century in that Country. So that thofe People that went there Shepherds, muft come away the compleateft Artificers, in Brick and Mortar, perhaps at that ‘Time in the World; but yet we can’t perceive that they, or the People of any other Nation, made any Advances towards Beauty in their Edifices, (r) 2 Kings xxi. 30 (5) Ib. xxiii, 4, (4) Con, p. 201, 4s Chap. 1X. Plagiavifin of the Heathens Detetted. 43 For if we look back into all the Stru@ures recorded in the Sacred Writings, we fhall find the Dwelling-Houfes to be but very fmall, and only defign’d for the bare Convenience, of containing the Families that took up their Abode in them, and to afford each his {eparate Room: For Fo/eph, in all his Dignity, fought where to weep when he entertain’d his Brethren; and at length withdrew to his own Chamber for that Purpofe. So when he made himfelf known to them, Room was fo. fearce, that he order’d all others to depart the Place where he and’ his Brethren were: If he had ano- ther {pare Room, a Scene fo moving as this, woud not have been performed in that which was common to the Prefence of every Body. > Pharaoh’s Ambition, when he was poffeffed of the greateft Part of the Riches of the World, did not lead him to erec& fump- tuous Palaces, but ftrong: Treafure Cities, for the Security of his Captives and Effeéts. In fhort, a Room to eat in, and another to fleep in, made a Nobleman’s Apartment; Beauty, and Grandeur in Building, being as yet imperceptible in the beft Editices ; the Mind. requiring nothing unknown to it for its Gratification. CHAP. IX Of the Tranfition of the collected Riches of the World, from the Le ypians to the Ifraehtes. near its Period, the Egyptians being then at the Summit of all Power and Glory, and the Land of Canaan being no lefs. confpicuous in Power, as it was divided into (a) feven Nations, and govern’d by (2) thirty three Kings, all of the Pof- terity of wicked Ham, GOD made choice of Mofes, (¢) whe was taken out of the River by the Order of Pharaoh's Daughter, became her adopted Son, and, as fuch, was (d) educated in. Pha- raoh’s Court, to bring his People out of Egypt; invelting him with all the Power neceflary for fo great an Event. And the better to convince the People of the Truth of his Miflion, GOD enabled him to work Miracles (e); promifing, at the fame Time, to be with T HE Time of the Affliction of Jraham’s Sced growing (a) Deut. vii, x. (d) AGs vii. 24. (4) Fofoua xii. 2,to 24. (e) Exod.iv. 3. (¢) Exod. ii. 5+ : his | Se — 48 > Lhe Origin of Building: Or, The Book I» his Mouth, and:to teach him what to fay on all Occafions, that his Brother Agron fhou'd be his (f) Spokefman unto the People, and unto him infead of a Mouth, and that he himéelf fhou’d be unto Aaron Insrzap or GOD; and to render them fill greater (g) He made Mo/es a Gon to Pharaoh, and promifed that Aaron thou'd be his Prorugr, Norwirusranpine this, when Mofes went to Pharaoh, in Behalf of his Brethren, to afk but for three Days Refpite from their Bon- dage to go into the Wildernefs to Sacrifice unto the Lorp their GOD, Pharaoh infolently demanded to know of him who the Lorp was that he fhou’d obey his Voice, and premptorily declared he knew Him not, nor wou’d he obey Him in what was required, his Riches, and the Profperity he was in, making him believe he had no Superior. However, GOD foon brought this imperious Prince to a due Senfe of his Omnipotence, for He had only rais’d- him to that Degree of Glory, to fhew in him his Power, and to make his Name known throughout the Earth; and therefore, after infli@ing divers Plagues on him and his People, He gave the I/raciizes Inftruétions how to obtain an Equivalent for all their Service, and for the Riches they originally brought out of Canaan: (4) Iwill, faith GOD to Mojfes, bring one Plague more upon Pharaoh, and upon Egypt; after- wards he will let you go hence; nay, he will then Surely thruft you outs But you foall make your own Terms with him and his People, before you quit the Land; and thofe Terms you [pall acquaint them with before the Plague falls on them, that they may have Time to deli- berate on the Matter, Let every Man tell bis Neighbour, and every Woman her Neighbour, that you will not leave Egypt without they will give you their Fewels of Silver, and their fewels of Gold. For this is the Tenour of the colle@ive Part of the Hiftory, which, in its own Language, makes one Demanp, and the other Grvz, in- ftead of one Borrowine, and the other Lenpine, as the com- mon Interpreters make Mo/es fpeak. THE Plague, here threatned, was the Death of the Firft-Born of all Egypt; and when it fell upon them, they expected no lef than their own inevitable Death to follow, in Cafe the Ifraclites continued any longer amongft them. Under thefe Circumflances the haughty Egyptians fued (7) to their Slaves to quit their Bondage, and, with the utmoft Precipitation, not only to go where they had defired, to ferve the Lorp their GO D, but entirely to leave (f) Exod. iv. 16, (4) Ib. xi. 1. (g) Ib. vii. 1, (8) Ib, xii, 31. Chap. 1X. -Plagiarifim of the Heathens DeteGed. 49 the Land of Egypt; and as an Inducement thereto, and To (4) osTAIN THEIR BrEsstnc, bid ‘them take their Flocks and Herds, and then gave them fuch Jewels of Silver, and Jewels of Gold, toge- ther with fuch Raiment as they required, as a Confideration for their quitting the Land ; whereby the greateft Part of the colled&ed Riches of the Earth became the Property of the I/raclites, a large Step towards the gracious Promife of making them a great Nation, whom GOD, by the Hand of his Servant Mo/es, miraculoufly brought out of Egypt, (1) by giving them a Paflage thro’ the Red Sea, and deftroying Pharaoh, with thofe Egyptians, that purfued after them. «Tuts Paflage of the I/raelites thro’ the Red Sea, is neverthelefs thiraculous, fuppofing Mo/es to have taken the Recefs of the Tide for it; for during “that Recefs, and in the dead of one Night, the Tfraelites, amounting to above (m) fix hundred thoufand Men on Foot, loaded with Provifions, their Families, their Cattle and Herds, together with a mixed Multitude, entirely paffed the rough and un- éven Bottom of that Sea, at leaft three Miles over; and the Egyptian Army, confifting of all the chofen Chariots in Egyp7, fix hundred in’ Number, their Horfe-men, and their’ Foot, had enter’d it, and . were fo far gone, by the Time ‘of the’ Morning Watch, that they cou’d neither advance, nor retreat, upon the return of the Waters; which foftned the Sands, cloge’d their Chariot Wheels, and fwallow- ed up their whole Hoft: Whereas Xerxes, about one thoufand Years after, was (7) feven Days and feven Nights paffing a difciplin’d Army, of feventeen hundred thoufand Men, over the Hell/e/ponr, upon fmooth and level Bridges. Cyn As Po. Xx Of the Works performed by the J/ra- elites, between their crofling the Red Sea, and their building the Tabernacle under the Direction of Mofes. S foon as the I/raelites had crofs'd the Red Sea, and had A feen the total Deftruciion of the Egyptians that purfued them, and had alfo obferved the dead Carcaffes of their Enemies lying all along the Shore, they not only afcribed the great Defeat of Pharaoh, and all his Hoft, to GOD; but their (Rk) Exod. xii. 32. () Ib, xiv, 22, (m) Ib. xii, 37. (2) Herod. 1s 76 N owns 50 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book IY own Deliverance from the Fury of that potent Prince: And Mo/es thus exprefs'd himfelf on that Occafion, The Lorp, faith he, (a) is my Strength and Song, and he is become my Salvation ; he is my GOD, and I will prepare him an Habitation ; my Father’s GOD, and I will Exals him. Wir thefe Intentions Maes {et forward with the People, and travelled towards the Defarts of Sinai, incamping firft at Elim, where they found twelve Wells of Water, and feventy Palm Trees, then in the Wildernefs of Sim, and afterwards at Rephidim. Tr was at this laft Place that the I/raclites were firft attack’d, and it was there that Mo/es built his firft Altar, which he raifed in Token of his Victory over Amalek, and therefore called it Jenovau- Nissi, a Name importing, that rue Lanp was nis BANNER. Ir muft be obferved in this Place, That Mo/es, in his Exhortation to the I/raelites, among the Titles which he gives to Canaan, is that of a Land of Pomegranates; (4) and therefore ordained it as a Law, that whenever they fhould befiege any City in that Land, they fhould not cut down, or deftroy, fuch Trees as produced Meat for Men. (c) So that it is more than probable, that the feventy Trees at Elim yiclded the People Suftenance, fince they muft of Courfe be then deftitute of Provifions ; becaufe when they: left Egypt they had but a little unleavened Dough for Bread: And this Con- je@ture may appear the more reafonable, when we confider the great Ufe the Palm Trees are of to the Inhabitants of thofe Places where they grow; for Herodotus tells us, That of the Fruit of thofe Trees, the Babylonians made Bread, Wine, and Honey: That fingle Tree, according to Strabo, yielded the People of the Country about Euphrates, Wine, Vinegar, Honey, and Meal; and the fame Author adds, That out of /it they wove their Clothes; that the Shells ferv’d the Smith for Fire; and that being foaked in Water, with them they might feed their Cattle, Oxen, and Sheep.» Befides this, Diodorus Siculus, in defcribing the Country near the Place where Elim was fituated, declares, that the Palm Trees yield fufh- cient for Pleafure and Neceffity. Uron the fifteenth Day of the third Month, (d) after the Z/ra- elites came out of Egypt, they reached the Defert of Sinai, and incamped in the Wildernefs before the Mount, to which Mo/és im- mediately went up, where GOD gave him a Meffage to the Peo- ple, importing, That if they would obey his Voice, and keep his Covenant, they fhould be a peculiar Treafure to him, above all others, a Kingdom of Priefts, and an Holy Nation; at the fame (a) Exod. xv. 1. (¢) Deut. xx. 19. (2) Dent. viii. 8. (4) Exod. xix, 5. ier ‘Lime Chap. X. Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteGed. +i Time reminding them that they had already feen what he had done to the Eyyprians, and how he had borne them, the I/raelites, on Eagles Wings, and had brought them to himfelf. ‘To which they all unanimoufly anfwered, ‘That all the Lory had fpoken they woud do. Wun Fethro, the Prieft of Median, heard that. the People were encamped at this Place, he immediately went to them, and carried -with him Mo/es’s Wife and Children; and after Mo/es had given him a full Account of every Thing that had pafled, Ferbro pro- fefled his Faith in GOD, and then, in the Prefence of Agron and the Elders of J/rae/, offered Burnt-Offerings, and Sacrifices to Him: FETHARO, the next Day, obferving how the Time of Mo/es was taken up in adminiftring Juftice, concluded it to be by much too heavy a Tafk for him, and therefore advifed (e) him, firft to fe- leét out of the People able Men, fuch as feared GOD, Men of Truth, and fuch as hated Covetoufnefs ; then to teach them the Or- dinances and Laws of GOD; and afterwards to fet them over the People as Rulers of Thoufands, Rulers of Hundreds, Rulers of Fif- ties, and Rulers of Tens, with a Power to take Cognizance of all little Matters ; but to referve to himfelf the Decifion of all weighty Affairs. And this Ferhro urged as the only Means for Mofes to pre- ferve his own Health and Eafe, and to enable him to bring the Peo- ple, in Peace, to the promifed Land: Provided neverthelef, that this Scheme, for the Civil Government of the People, fhould not be repugnant to the Commands of GOD; but wholly conformable thereto. Soon after this, in the Sight and Hearing of all the People, GOD himfelf pronounced his.Commandments, which were ten in Num- ber; the two firft whereof. not only forbids Idolatry, but explains the feveral Species thereof: Thou foalt have none other Gods before me. Thou foalt not make to thy felf any graven Image, nor the Like- nefs of any Thing that is in Heaven above, or in the Earth beneath, or in the Waters under the Earth; Thou Joalt not bow down to them, nor worfhip them. This is the Sum of thofe two Commandments ; by which it feems clear, that GOD was addrefled to by the Heavenly Bodies, and thereby intercepted from fuch as paid their Devotions to him; That they had made to themfelves Images of Things in Heaven, in the Earth, and under the Earth; that is, of the Pla- nets, of Prophets, and of eminent and good Men, deceas’d ; and had adored and worfhipped them: Inftead of which, GOD com- manded Mofes to tell the Children of I/rael to make an Altar of Earth, or of unhewn Stone, and facrifice thereon their Offerings in all Places where he fhould record his Name. (f) And at the fame (e) Exod. xviil. 29, (f) Ib. ax, xxiv. 52 The Ovigin of Building: Or, The Book I. ‘Time He directed Mo/es to fet feveral Laws before them, which-he did, and to which they all affented. Then Mofes wrote all. the Words of GOD ina Book ; and the next Morning he built (g) an Altar at the Foot of Mount Sinai, together with twelve Pillars, according to the twelve Tribes of Vrael, of which Plate N& x, is the Plan. A. The Altar, B.C. D. E. F, G. H. I. K. L. M,N. ‘The twelve Pillars. Tuts done, Mo/es appointed a folemn Sacrifice of Oxen, and having taken half the Blood of thofe Animals into Bafons, and fprinkled ‘the other half on the Mar, He then took the Book of the Covenant, which he read in the Audience of the People ; .and. they, a third Time, aflented to the Words of GOD, and to be obedient to him ; in witnefs whereof, Mofes {prinkled the Blood he had preferved upon them, telling them it was the Blood of the Co- venant which the Lorp had made with them, concerning all the Words which he had been reading to them. Thus Mofes pertorm- ed the Commiffion which GO D had given him, and this folemn Sacrifice was the Token (4) by which he was to know it, Tuts Work of Mo/es’s was copied by the Pagans; and to it we may very juftly afcribe the Origin of all thofe circular and qua- drangular Places of publick Worfhip in the Eaft, as well as thofe of the Druids in thefe Parts of the World, which were compofed of fingle Stones fet up on their Ends, C HAP) oon. Of the Tabernacle ere&ted by Mofes in the Wilderne/s. M OSES having declared his Intention of making an Ha- BrraTion for GOD, as well as of Exaurine him, after : he had made the Covenant with the People, as above, He together with Aaron, Wadab, Abibu, and feventy of the Elders left the Camp, and went up towards Mount Siwai, where (a) they all Jaw the GOD of \irael: And there was under bis Feet, as it were, (g) Exod. xxiv, 4. (2) Ib, 3.13. (4) Ib. xxiv, 10. a paved Late 1 Chap. XL Plagiarifin of the Heathens Detetted. $3 a paved Work of a Sapphire Stone, and, as it were, the Body of Hea- ven in his Clearnefs: But only Mofes advanced to the Mount itfelf, where GOD was pleafed to inftru& him in the Habitation he in- tended to make Him, and to impart to him thofe Things that would be conducive to his Defign of Exhalting Him. Text the Cl en of Ifrael, faith GOD to Mojés, (4) to bring r only of fuch as fhall bring it Sihinal € r, Brafs, Blue, Purple, Scarlet, fie Lainnen, Goats Hair, lp Skins dyed red, Badgers Skins, Shittine Wood, Oil, Spices, Onyx Stones, and Stones to Jet in the Ephod and Breaft-Plate : With thefe Materials, lect them make me a Sanctuary, that I may dwell among them; and let them make it according to the Parrern which T now foew to thee, and according to thefe De rections. Tuey fhall make an Ark, of Shittim Wood, two Cubits and a half long, one Cubit and a half broad, and one Cubit and a half . high, which thou fhalt over-lay with pure Gold, within and with- eut, and round about the Top ae thou fhalt make a Crown of Gold; for the four Corners of this 4-£ thou fhalt caft four Rings of Gold , and place two on each Side thereof; into which Rings, thou fhalt put Staves of Shittim Wood, over-laid with Gold, and thofe Staves fhall always remain fo fixed to the rf, in order to bear it when it is carried. Tuov fhalt make a Mercy Scat, of pure Gold, two Cubits and a half long, and one Cubit anda half broad, with two Cherubims, of Gold, of Beaten Work, on the Ends thereof, having their Faces looking to one another, and their Wings ftretched on high, and covering the Mercy Seat. Tuovu fhalt make a Tab/e of Shittim Wood, two Cubits long, one Cubit broad, and one Cubit and a_ half high, which thou fhalt over-lay with pure Gold; to which thou fhalt add a Crown. of Gold, a Border of a pias Breadth, and a Golden Crown to the fame Border ; alfo four Rings of Gold, which thou fhalt put in the four Corners of the Table, Ovet-againg the Border, and thefe Rings fhall be for Places to receive the Staves neceffary to bear the Table ley which Staves fhall be made of Shittim Wood, and over-laid with Gold. Trou thalt make a Candleftick, with fix Branches, of pure Gold, of Beaten Work ; three of the Branches fhall be placed on each Side of the Shaft, every Branch fhall have three Bowls, like unto Al- monds, with the fame Number of Knops, and Flowers; and in the Shaft there thall be four Bowls, like unto Almonds, with a Knop, and (6) Exod. xxv. 2, 0 a Flower, 54 The Ovigin of Building: Or, The Book 1 a Flower, to every Bowl. The Branches thall be fo fixed to the Shaft, that there may be be a Knop under every two Branches as they proceed out of it; and thou fhalt make {even Lamps to this Candleftick, in Order to illuminate what hall be over-againft it ; the Tongs and Snuffers fhall be of pure Gold, and the whole thal] be made of one Talent. Morgover, thou fhalt make the Tazgrnacia with ten Curtains of fine Twined Linnen, and Blue, Purple, and Scarlet, with Cheru- bims of Cunning Work ; each Curtain thall be twenty-eight Cu- bits long, and four Cubits broad: Thefe Curtains thou thalt couple together, firft into two Pieces, of five Curtains in each Piece, and then into one, by making fifty Loops upon the Edge of the ex- tream Curtain of each Piece, and faftening them together with fifty Taches of Gold. Tuou fhalt make eleven Curtains of Goats Hair to be a Cover- ing, or Zenz, upon the Tabernacle; each Curtain thall be thirty Cubits long, and four Cubits broad: Five of thefe Curtains thou fhalt couple together in one Piece, and fix in another Piece ; thefe thou fhalt again couple together, by making fifty Loops on the Edge of the extream Curtain of each Piece, and faftening them to- gether with fifty Taches of Brafs. The Curtain next the Front of the Zabernacle thall be doubled, that the lat Curtain may hang over the back Part of the Tabernacle two Cubits, or half of its Breadth ; and thefe Curtains, by being longer than the under ones, will hang over on each Side, one Cubit, and fo cover the whole Tabernacle. "Thou fhalt alfo make a Covering for the Tent of Ram Shins, dyed red, and another Covering aboye that of Badgers Skins. Tuou fhalt make Boards, for the Zabernacle of Shittim Wood, every Board fhall be ten Cubits long, and one Cubit and a half broad, with two Tenons fet in Order, one againft another. On the South Side of the Tabernacle there. thall be twenty of thefe Boards, with forty Sockets of Silver under the forty Tenons there- of : On the North Side, there thall be twenty of the fame Boards, with forty Sockets of Silver under the forty Tenons thereof; and on the Weft Side, there fhall be fix of the like Boards, with two others for the Corners, to be coupled above and below to one Ring, with fixteen Sockets of Silver under the fixteen Tenons thereof: And thus every Board will have two Sockets for his two Tenons. Tuou fhalt make Bars of Shittim Wood, five for the Boards on one Side of the Tabernacle, five for the Boards on the other Side, and five for thofe on the Weft Sides ; the middle Bar, in the midft of the Boards, fhall reach from End to End of each refpective Side. The Boards and Bars fhall be over-laid with Gold, and the Boards fhall be faftened to the Bars by Means of Rings of Gold fixed to the former, thro’ which the latter fhall thoot. Tuou Chap. XI Plagiarifin of the Heathens Detected. 58 Tuou fhalt make a four Square A/zar to burn Incenfe upon, one Cubit long, one Cubit broad, and two Cubits high, with Horns on the four Corners thereof ; which tar thou fhalt make of Shit- tim Wood, then over-lay it with pure Gold, and about the T op thereof thou fhalt make a Crown of Gold, with two Golden Rings by the two Corners. This done, thou thalt next prepare two Staves of Shittim Wood, over-laid with Gold, to be put through thofe Rings to bear the “ar withal. Tuou fhalt make a Vail of Blue, Purple, Scarlet, and fine Twined Linnen of Cunning Work, with Cherubims; alfo four Pillars of Shittim Wood, which thou thalt over-lay with Gold; the Hooks of thefe Pillars fhall be of Gold, and the Sockets of Silver. This Vail thou fhalt hang upon thefe four Pillars, dire@ly under the Taches, that thou mayeft bring in, within it, the 4ré ‘of the Tefti- mony, with the Mercy Seat upon it. And the Vail, thus fixed, thall divide unto you, between the Holy Place, and the moft Holy. ‘The Table thall be fet without the Wai/, on the North Side of the Tabernacle; the Candleftick thall be placed over-againft the Table, on the South Side; and the var of Incenfe thall be put before the Vail. Tuou fhalt make an Hanging for the Door of the Tent, of Blue, Purple, Scarlet, and fine ‘T'wined Linnen, wrought with Needle Work ; this fhall be fupported by five Pillars, of Shittim Wood, over-laid with Gold ; whofe Hooks thall be likewife of Gold, but their five Sockets fhall be of Brafs, Tuov fhalt make an Afar of Shittim Wood, with Horns, on the four Corners thereof, of the fame Wood; this tar thall be four Square ; the Length of which fhall be five Cubits, the Breadth five Cubits, and the Height three Cubits; and thou hale over-lay the Whole with Brafs ; of which Metal thow thalt make all. its Veflels, and all its Appurtenances. To the Corners of this 4/ar thou fhalt fix brazen Rings, thro’ which thou {halt put Staves of Shittim Wood, over-laid’ with Brafs, to bear it, Tuou fhalt make the Court of the Tabernacle, for the South Side of which there fhall be Hangings prepared of fine. Twined ’ Linnen, one hundred Cubits long, together with twenty Pillars ; for the North Side, the like Quantity of Flangings, and the fame Number of Pillars ; for the Breadth of the Court, at the Weft End, half the Quantity of Hangings, and half the Number of Pillars, direéted for one of the Sides ; ahd for the Eaft End of the Court there fhall be three Pieces of Hangings, and ten Pillars. provided ; two Pieces of thele Hangings hall be made of fine Twined Linnen, each of which fhall be fifteen Cubits long; and the other Piece fhall. be made of Blue, Purple, Scarlet, and fine Twined Linnen, a wrought 56 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book 1. wrought with Needle Work, and be twenty Cubits long. All the Pillars round about the Court thall be filleted with Silver; their Hooks thall be of Silver, and their Sockets of Brafs; of which Metal, all the Pins and Veffels thall be made. The Length of the Court fhall be one hundred Cubits, the Breadth fifty, and the Height, by the Curtains, five. Tuou thalt make a Laver of Brafs, place it between the Zader- nacle and the Brazen Altar, and put Water therein. Tuen GOD concluded in faying, (c) See, I have called by Name, Bezaleel, the Son of Uri, the Son of Hur, of the Tribe of Judah : And I have filled him with the Spirit of GOD, in Wifdom, and Underftanding, and in Knowledge, in all Manner of Workman- frip, to devife Cunning Works, to work in Gold, Silver, and Brafs, in Cutting of Stones, in Setting of them, and in Carving of Timber. And with him F have given, Aholiab, the Son of Ahifamach, of zhe Tribe of Dan; and in the Hearts of all that are wife-hearted, I have put Wifdom; that they may make all that I have commanded thee. ‘Puus far concerning the Hasrrarion forGOD. Now to enable Mo/es to Exarr him, GOD gave him (d) Tables of Stone, on which he had written a Law and Commandments for him to teach ; this he was direéted to (e) put into, the 4ré, upon which: the Mercy Seat was to ftand; and there GO.D promifed. to Gi meet his Servant Mo/és, and to Communes with him. Upon the Zable, in the Tabernacle, Mofes was dire&ted to fe) order Sbew Bread always to. be put ;, to. (4) keep the Lamps of the Candleftick conftantly lighted ; and to (i ) burn {weet Incenfe upon the Altar, before the Vail, as. often as the Lamps fhould be drefs’d. He was likewife directed to (k) offer two Lambs, of the firtt Year, Day by Day, continually, together with a Drink Offering, on the Altar in the Court. And as often as the Priefts, appointed. for the Performance of any of thefe Things, fhould go into the Tabernacle, they were (/) ordered to wath their Feet with the Water in the Laver, before the Door of that Stru@ure, MOSES thus Divinely inftru@ed in the Hasrrarion he ine tended to build for GOD, and in the Manner in which it was proper for him to Exarr Him, was.next dire&ed to deftroy Idola- try in the Land of Canaan, and the Means of Introducing, or of Propagating it again, among the I/raelites, when they {fhould be fettled in that Land. Thou fhalt, faith GOD-to him, () utterly a ee 7 (B) Th, xxvii. 20, . &xxi. 18, ¢) tb. xxx. 7. (e) Ib. xxv. 16, % Ib. onlsayee (f) Ib. xxv. 22, Gy Ib. 90. 19. (g) Ib, xxv, 30, (m) Ib, xxili, 24, and xxxiv, 12. over- Chap. XL Plagiarifim of the Heathens Deteéted 57 overthrow the Gops in all the Land of Canaan, and quite break down their Images, deftroy their tars, and cut down their Groves. Thou fhalt make no Covenant with the Inhabitants of that Land, nor with their Gops; nor fhalt thou fuffer them to dwell in the fame Land with thee; neither fhalt thou contra@ Marriage with them. Arter Mo/es had been thirty-nine Days in the Mount, the Peo- ple imagined him to be loft, and fo applied themfelves to Asron, whom they looked upon as a Propuer, from the Signs he had fhewed them in Egypt, to make them an Image of their Leader, their Ruder, and their Fudge, to condu& and rule them for the future. For this feems to be the Meaning of their Requeft to Aaron: (x) Make us Gods to go before us, for as for this Mofes, which brought us out of the Land of Egypt, we wot not what is become of him: ‘That is, Make us an Image of our Fudge, Ruler, and Leader, here called a Gop, an Appellation the (0) Scripture often gives to Fudges, Magiftrates, and Rulers of the People. AARON, willing té comply with the Requeft that was made him, demanded of the People the Ear-Rings out of the Ears of their Sons, their Wives, and their Daughters; which they inftantly ‘gave him. Then he prepared to make the Image, notwithftanding GOD had fo lately forbid Works of this Nature: And He having caft the Fewels into the Fire, the Mould, intended for.a Man, (p) produced a Calf; which Aaron (g) touched up with a Graving Tool. Tue People, amazed at this Prodigy, took the fortuitous Image to be their Gop; and though they had a few Hours before attri- buted their Delivery from Egypt to Mofes, they now divefted him of that Honour, by declaring the Image to be the Gop that brought them out of that Land; and as fuch they paid Divine Honours to it: Nay Aaron himfelf built an Altar before this Calf, and appoint- ed a Feaft, to be obferved the Day after, being the forty-firft from Mofes’s going up into the Mount ; which Feaft was accordingly held; For, at that Time, the People then offered their Burnt-Offerings, and brought theit Peace-Offerings to this Image; before which they fat down to eat and drink, and then rofe up to play. Ir is the genetal received Opinion, that this Image was made to imitate the Gop Apis, of the Egyptians: But as the Egypzians were a People remarkable fot paying (7) a {uperftitious Reverence to Prodigies, or any Thing tending that Way, it feems much more Probable, that 4aron’s Calf gave them the Idea of their Apis ; for (2) Exod. xxxii. 1. FOP ey (0) Exod. xxii. 28.—Pf, Ixxxii, 6.—Fobn x. 34.—Alfs xxiii. 5.80. (r) Herod. 1, a. (p) Exod, xxxii, 24. F one 58 The Origin of Building : Or, The Book. one of the Plagues which GOD infli@ed upon the Exypzians, jult before the J/raelites left that Country, was a (s) Murrain among their Bea/ls, which deftroyed all their Horfes, Afies, Camels, Oxun, and Sheep. If there had been an 47s to fhare in the common Calamity, how had Mo/es triumphed in the GOD of J/rael’s de- ftroying the Gop of the Egyptians? On the contrary, had there been an 4pis to furvive this Plague, wou’d the J/raelites have fought to a Gop who had not defended his own People; to One that fuf- fered‘all Sorts of Plagues to fall on them; and to One that fuffer- ed their whole Hoft to be deftroyed? Surely fuch a Gop mutt be contemptible, and not venerable, to the I/raelites. The Truth there- fore, in its full Force, feems to be, that the People of this little Repub- lick, loofing Mo/es, their Leader, as they thought, applied themfelves to Aaron to make his Image ; into which, by Virtue of the Power he had of working Miracles, they thought he could tranfpofe his Soul, and thereby fecure to them the Prefence of that Man who had fuch a Power with GOD in their Behalf, as they had, in fo many Inftances, experienced him to have. But GO D thewed them their Folly, had they but been able to difcern it; the Mow/d, in- tended for a Man, produced one of the moft ftupid of Animals, A GREAT CaLr. In this Conjunéture, GOD (¢) fent Mofes down from the Mount, to punifh the People for the Violation of the Covenant they had fo lately entered into with Him ; who accordingly took the Calf, and burnt it, then ground it to Powder, this he ftrawed upon the Water, and then made the Children of J/rael drink thereof. He next rebuked 4aron; and then taking to his Affiftance the Sons of Levi, they flew about three thoufand Men, that Day, who had been the Ring-leaders of this Idolatry ; which Mo/es before had in- terdicted, in the ftrongeft Manner, by fhewing his Brethren, that the Power Prophets had with GOD, in Behalf of Man, ceafed with their Exiftence here. Exoch, fays our Divine Hiftorian, (~) was a moft righteous Man, He walked with GOD for three hundred Years; then GOD took him for his Piety into Heaven: But ne- verthelefs, Exoch was nor ; that is, his Miffion ceas’d at the Time of his Tranflation. Tur next Morning, Mo/es told his Brethren, That he would go up again to GOD, to endeavour to make Attonement for this great Sin, which they had committed ; and they, on their Parts, teftified their Humility, by ftripping themfelves of their Ornaments, and. impatiently waited the Return of Mo/es. But, alas! he could not pre- vail ; for GOD then turned from them, refufed to go in the Midft of them for the future, and not only (w) gave them up to worfhip (8) Exod. ix, 3, (¢) Tb. xxii. 7. (4) Gea. v. 2m (ww) Ads vii. 42. the Chap. XI. Plagiarifm of the Heathens Deteed. ¥9 the Hoft of Heaven, but determined to plague them for the Calf they had caufed Aaron to make. Neverthelef, (%) He appointed Mofes to condué them to the promifed Land; and withal told him, That his Anezx fhould go before him; and that He himflf wou'd drive out of that Land, the Ganaanite, the Amorite, the Hit- tite, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Febufite, whole (y) Abo- minations, in offering their Children, as Sacrifices to their Idols, in ufing Divinations, Enchantments, Witchcraft, and Necromancy, in obferving Times, in making Ufe of Charms, and in confulting with familiar Spirits, had brought upon them the Divine Vengeance, to extirpate and deftroy them. Tuus Mofes received a fecond Commiffion from GOD, relating: to thefe People ; to whom he forthwith returned, and acquainted them with it: But when they heard thefe evil Tidings, Drefs was no more regarded, the People mourned, and no Man attempted to put on his Ornaments. However, Ma/es, in fome Meafure, alleviated. their Grief, by giving them a full Detail of GOD’s Orders con- cerning the Tabernacle : Whereupon the Offerings, for that Stru€ture, were brought fo faft, that the People were foon reftrained from contributing more; the Work was immediately begun, in Obedi- ence to the Direétions given, as before, in the moft expreflive and comprehenfive Terms; and what appears to have been omitted in the Defcription of the Work, was undoubtedly fupplied in’ the Parrern which GOD fhewed to Mo/es. Morzover the Tenons, of the Boards, were made equally diftant from one another; the Pillars of the Door of the Tabernacle had Chapiters, and Fillets over-laid with Gold; and thofe of the Court had Chapiters over-laid with Silver, and were filleted with the fame Metal. Aut the Gold amounted to twenty-nine Talents, and {even hun- dred and thirty Sheckles; and the Silver amounted to one hundred Talents, and one thoufand feven hundred and feventy five Shekels : The People that were numbered were fix hundred and three thou- fand five hundred and fifty Men, above twenty Years old ; and cach offered a Bekah, or half a Shekel of Silver. Or the Silver, offered by the People that were numbered, the Workmen caft the Sockets of the Sanéfwary, one hundred in Num- ber, of a Talent Weight each ; and of the Remaining one thoufand feven hundred and feventy five Shekels, they made the Hooks, Cha~ piters, and Fillets of the Pil/ars. (8) Exod, xxxii, 341 (y) Deut. xviii 9: eae Ape 60 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book ¥. Aut the Brafs amounted to feventy Talents, and two thoufand four hundred Shekels; and therewith the Workmen made the Soc- kets for the Pi//ars at the Door of the Zadernacle, the Brazen Alar, with all its Appurtenances, the Sockets for the Pi//ars of the Court, and all the Pins neceflary for the Zabernacle, with the Court about it. Tue Work being all compleated, together with fuch Cords as were proper for the Court, the fame was viewed and approved by Mofes. Then GOD commanded the Tabernacle to be reared ; the Altar of Burnt-Offerings to be placed before the Door of that Stru@ure ; the Laver to be fixed between the Door and the Avzar ; and the Court to be fet up round about the Whole: Which Mo/es accordingly performed, upon the firft Day of the firft Month, in the fecond Year after the Departure of the I/raelites from Egypt : For upon that Day he reared up the Yabernacle, and the Altar, and fo finifhed the whole Work ; of which Plate N° 2. 3. is the Plan. A. A. The South Side of the Tadernacle, confifting of twenty Boards, ten Cubits long, and one Cubit and a half broad ; fup- ported by forty Sockets of Silver. B. B. The North Side of the Tabernacle, confifting of twenty Boards, ten Cubits long, and one Cubit and a half broad ; fup- ported by forty Sockets of Silver. C.C, The Weft Ends of the’ Zabernacle, confifting of eight Boards, ten Cubits long, and one Cubit and a half broad ; fup- ported by fixteen Sockets of Silver. D. D.D. D. The four Pillars, upon which the Vail was hung ; fupported by four Sockets of Silver. E. The moft Holy Place. F. The Ark of the Teftimony, with the Mercy Seat upon it. G. The Holy Place. H. The Altar of Incenfe. I. The Zable, with Shew Bread upon it. K. The Candle/fick, with feven Lamps. L.L. L. L. L. The five Piers which form’d the Door of the Tabernacle ; fupported by five Sockets of Brak. M. The Laver. . N. The Alar of Burnt-Offerings. ! O. O. The South Side of the Court, one hundred Cubits long, containitig twenty Pi//ars, upon twenty Sockets of Brafs. P. P. The North Side of the Cours, one hundred Cubits long, containing twenty P//ars, upon twenty Sockets of Brafs. QQ The Weft End of the Court, fifty Cubits in Breadth ; containing ten Pi//ars, upon ten Sockets of Brafs. R. R, Plate 2 Plate 3 5 - - © § -= © © » os © ©» a a | U : 5. a a [2] = 7 : + 2a a A Ps 2 8 a 1] @ = 2 ® 4 see a ta Chap. XI Plagiarifim of the Heathens Deteéted. 61 R.R. The Eaft End of the Court, fifty Cubits in Breadth ; containing ten P7//ars, upon ten Sockets of Brafs; of which the four middle Pi//ars, and the three Spaces between them, take twenty Cubits, and make the Gate; which has on each Side of it, three Pillars, and three Spaces, occupying fifteen Cubits on a Side. t Tuts Tabernacle Mofes reared (z) up at a confiderable Diftance from the Camp; he looking upon the Ground, where his Brethren had then pitched their Tents, as polluted, by the Idolatry the Peo- ple had run into, when they made a Calf, and paid Divine Honours to it, as above ; and therefore improper for the Sanféuary of GOD to be pitched upon. For the Service of this Tabernacle, GOD fet apart (a) Aaron, and his four Sons, Wadab, Abibu, Eleaxar, and Ithamar ; and then di- rected Mofes to make them their proper Garments: For Aaron He was to make a Breaft-Plate, an Ephod, a Robé, a broidered Coat, a Mitre, a Girdle, and Breeches; and for his Sons, Coats, Girdles, Bonnets, and Breeches: With thefe Garments, GOD direé&ted Mo/es to cloath Aaron, and his Sons; then to anoint, confecrate, and fanétify them ; and in Aaron's Breaft-Plate to put the Urim and Thummim , after which, faith GOD to Mojes, they thall be upon Aaron's Heart, when he goeth in before the Lorp: .4ad Aaron foall bear the Fudgment of the Children of Vrael upon his Heart, before the Lor continually. Tuus the Spiritual Government of the People was committed to Aaron ; who had to his Affiftance his four Sons: So that the Prieft- hood was compofed of an High Prieft, and four of an inferior Order. Tur Time in which the Yaberiacle, and Aaron and his Sons were confecrated, was feven Days; and on the eighth Day Mo/és went into the Tabernacle, and immediately a cloudy Pillar defcend- ed, and ftood at the Door of that Struéture; then the Lorp ap- peared before the whole Congregation of I/rael; for when Mo/es left the Camp that Day, every Man ftood at his Tent Door to look after hit, and fee the Event of his addrefling himfelf to GOD in this new Hazrration ; and when they faw the Pillar defcend, every Man worfhipped GOD in his Tent Door. The firft Month con- fifted of thirty Days, the fecond of twenty-nine, and fo alternately and fucceflively, as was before obferved ; and therefore, from the firft Day of the firft Month, of the firft Year, to the firft Day of the firft Month, of the fecond Year, both inclufive, is three hun- dred forty-five Days ; to which add the above-mention’d eight Days, (2) Exod, xxxiii, 7. (4) Tb, axviii. 1. Q. . and 62 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book I. and .at leaft two Days more for fetting up the Work, and for all neceflary Preparations for the Offerings, and other Things relating to the Tabernacle, and together it will make three hundred and fixty- five Days: And we may conclude, .that the Time from GOD’s appointing the Paffover, to his appearing at the Completion of this Work, anfwered that very Period, fince that which is {pecified comes fo near it, and a further Time feemingly neceflary for fetting up the Work. Tue Tabernacle thus pitched, Mofes gave his Brethren to under- ftand, That fuch as fought GOD, muft repair to it, and make their Offerings to Him, in fuch a Manner, as we find them record- ed in the Book of Leviticus: Accordingly, the Princes of the Tribes inftantly began to make them; and their Offerings, con- fifting of fix covered Waggons, twelve Oxen, and divers other Things, took up twelve Days. And thus the Azar was dedicated about the twenty-fecond day of the firft Month, of the fecond Year, after the I/raelités left Egypt; about the Year of the World two thoufand five hundred and thirteen, and about eight hundred and fifty-feven Years after the Deluge. For the Performance of this Tabernacle, the Precept of Beauty ‘was REVEALED to Man: And as the Caufe of this Stru@ture re- garded his Piety, fo every Part of it was expreflive of GOD; as we fhall endeavour to fhew in the next Book, In the Conclufion of this, we fhall only adda fhort Explanation of the Urim and Thummim, from the Lights the Scripture gives us concerning them, C HAE XU, Of the Urim and Thummim. W HEN Aaron was induéted into his Office, Mo/es brought him to the Door of the Tabernacle, and there, in the Sight of all the People, firft wathed him, then cloath- ed him with his Holy Garments, and, in the next Place, (a) put in his Breaft-Plate the Uvim and Thummin: And when Mofes bleffed the Tribes, many Years after, to that of Levi, He thus faid, (2) Let thy Thuminim and thy Urim be with thy Holy One, whom thou - didft prove at Maflah, and with whom thou didft firive at the Waters (a) Livit. viii, 8, (2) Deut. xxxiii. 8, of Chap. XIL Plagiarifm of the Heathens Deteted. 6 3 of Meribah. So that the Urim and Thummim were then refign’d to (c) GOD; that the Tribe of Levi might not imagine them to be joined to the Priefthood, which was made Hereditary in them, ‘Tue Urim and Thummim, from hence, appears evidently to have been no real Thing wrapped up in the Breaft-Plate, as {ome have intimated : Thofe Words literally fignify Light and Perfec- tion, and therefore, were moft undoubtedly Spiritual Endowments, which Mofes communicated to Aaron, at the Time of Indu@ing him into his Office; But nothing Oraculous appears in, or from them, by the exprefs Words of Scripture: They were Endowments which only extended to capacitate Auron, for the due Execution of his Office; GOD never {poke to him as He did to Mofes ; nor did He endow him with the Gift of Prophecy, as is manifeft in the Cafe of his and his Sifter Miriam's Sedition: (d) Hath the Lorp indeed Jpoken only by Moles? Hazh be not Spoken alfo by us? No! For GOD told them; Tf there be a Prophet among you, I will make My Self known unto him in a Vifion, and will fpeak unto bim in a Dream; declaring at the fame Time, That Mofes was no Prophet; but of a much fuperior Denomination, even Ais faithful Servant, to whom he would [peak Mouth to Mouth, even apparently, and not in dark Speeches; which demonftrates to, us, that whatever Aaron did, was by the immediate Direction of Mo/es, and not of GOD. MOSES, in the next Place, told his Brethren, That when they fhou’d be fettled in the Land of Canaan, they fhou’d not do after the Abominations of the People of that Land, who had Oracles and Prophets of vatious Kinds to delude Mankind. The Time will come, faith He, when (¢) zhe LORD thy GOD will raife up unto thee a Prophet from the midft of thee, of thy Brethren, like unto me s unto him ye fball hearken. Vt will, continues Mofes, be a Prophet, in whofe Mouth GOD will put his Words; and that Prophet will relate them truly to the People. ’Till that Time comes, follow the Direétions I have given you; and in the Interval, be not afraid of any one who fhall affume the Gift of Prophecy; but when, the Great Prophet comes, be ftriétly obedient to him: After this, Mofes bleffed the Tribes, and then refign’d the Urim and Thummim, in that of Levi, to GOD, as above: Tue fafeft Intetpretation therefore that cai be fet on the’ Urim and Thuinmim, and the moft confiftent with the Scripture, is, That GOD gave Mofes the great Gifts of Light and Perfeétion, to ena- ble him, with the Affiftance of his Brother Aaron, to bring his People out of Slavery to the Land promis’d them, four hundred Years-before ; to give them a Law for their Government in that (¢) Nui: xx, 13. and 24 Pf lxxxi, 7, andcvi, 3s, (4) Num, xii, 2. (e) Deut, xviii. 15. Land, 64. The Origin of Building, Ge. Book I. Land, *till the Seed of the Woman thow’d come, and reftore Man- kind to all thofe Advantages which were forfeited by the Fall; and to explain that myfterious Seed, fo as that People fhou’d be no more deluded with Oracles, or fuch Kind of Inventions, as only tended to debafe human Nature, and, inftead of raifing Man to the Know- ledge of GOD, introduce Craft and Ilufion to eftrange them from Him. We fhall only add, in Conclufion, under this Head, That if the Divine Light and Perfeétion had been in Aaron, (f) what further Weed was there that another Prieft foould rife after the Order of Melchifedec, that is, a Prieft of the moft high GOD, and not be call'd after the Order of Aaron? But Aaron was a Prieft made under the Law, by Man, and confequently imperfectly ; for at his Tnftitution, the Time for the perfect Prieft was not come; he only typify’d him, every Thing that Almighty GOD did in the early Ages of the World, being for (, g) Enfamples of what was afterwards to come to pafs, and to (4) teftify of Curisr the perfect Prieft, and that Prieft which the Tribe of Levi always expected to ftand up with Urim and Thummim, as well knowing, that their own Priefthood wou’d be then abolifhed. (f) Heb. vii. 11, (g) 1 Gor. 10, 14. (2) Fohn v. 39. G) Neb. vii. 65. 1 aN 93 THE THE OD hotdesG | N BUILDING: PLAGIARISM OF THE HEA THENS DETECTED. BOOK the SECOND. CONTAINING, A Defcription of Speculative Architecture ; Of Proportion; of Order ; of Beauty ; And of the various Parts of the Tabernacle, T HE Origin of Building: Plagiarifm of the Heathens DETECTED. The Inrropuction, ie HE vaft and great Superiority of the Labour of the Mind, fl to that of the Hands, in Works of ArchiteGure, is ver largely, and in the ftrongeft Terms, fet forth by Plato; who tells us there were but few Architeés in Greece, even in that Gentury after the Rebuilding of thofe Temples which were de- firoy’d by the Perfians, in Purfuance of Dariws’s Vow. And V;- truvius declares, Vhat all thofe Architeéts who aimed at the Per- fection of their Art, by the bare Works of their Hands, made little or no Progrefs in Architetture, how Laborious and Afliduious fever they might have been; but thofe who united Theory with Practice, fays that great Author, gained their Point, being thereby furnifhed with every Qualification, neceflary to bring them to the Perfection they endeavour'd to attain. Tut Theory, which /itruvias means, was fuch as confifted of Principles and Precepts founded in Nature ; for othetwife, Caprice it felf might yield Matter of Speculation, as is evident if we exa- mine into a Houfe built by Pederigo Zuccheri, at Florence, of which Plate N° 4. is the Elevation. Ts Gentleman was a celebrated Painter, Archite@, and Sculp- tor, of the fifteenth Century ; and has this Incident remarkable in his Life, That he lived thirty-feven Years in the latter Part of Pa/- ladio’s Days, and thirty-feven Years in the Beginning of Fuigo Sones’s 68 The Ovigin of Building: Or, The Book U. Fones’s Life ; being born A.D. One thoufand five hundred and forty- three, and died A, D; One thoufand fix hundred and nine. Saint: Matthew writes, That our Blefled Lorn and Saviour declar- ed that Man to be wife who built his Houfe upon a Rock ; fo that Signiore Zuccheri feems to have had in View, to make the Bafe of his Houfe, which is to be fuppofed'4a Rock, an Emblem of his Wifdom ; and that the Figure of that Bafe, comprifed within the etters A. B. C. D, and making a perfe@ Square, fhou’d allude not only to his Solidity and Stability, \but to Mercury, the Deity .who was held by the Pagans to prefide’ over Learning, Eloquence, and Trade: For the proper Emblem, among the Antients, of Solidity and Stability, was a Cube; and the Grecians reprefented Mercury under that Figure. Upon this Bafe, the Superftri@ure C. D. E. F, was rais’d with Brick, the Ornaments were made of Stone, and the Center was adorned with a large Pidture. So that from the moft impartial Sur- vey of this whimfical Front, we may conclude, that Signiore Zxc- cheri, over and above*his other Views, defigned to exhibit in it Samples of his three-fold Profeffion in Theory and Praétice; the firft being apparent in the Door, the Windows, the Pillafters, and the other Ornaments traced and cut out of ‘the Rock in an un§- nifhed Manner; the fecond in three Pieces of Sculpture, H. I. K. fketch’d. and. cut out of the -fame Rock; and the third in the finifhed PiGure G. Tue Oddity of this Defign will be more confpicuous, when com- pard with one of Palladio’s Plate, N° s. which is conformable to thofe Rules delivered by his great Mafter Vitruvius 3 who’ tells, us, That Architeure confilts of fuch Variety of Knowledge, that ..be- fore a Man can juftly affume the Title of an Archite&, he muft be able to Write and Defga, be fkill’d in Geometry, and not ignorant. of Opticks, that he muft be acquainted with Arithmetich and Mufich, be very knowing in Aifory and Philofophy, and have fome Tinc- ture of Phyfick, Law, and Aftrology. Turse are Qualifications not attainable at once by our own Abilities; and if. we confider the fmall Advances made by Men towards them, before the Tabernacle was built, we cannot fuppofe them attainable at all by their natural Genius: But when G OD directed the Form. of that Edifice, flld all thofe People which he appointed to work upon it with his own Spirit in Wifdom and Un- derftanding, and taught them how to perform the moft curious Works ; we need not wonder; that the Superintendant of that glo- rious Structure, had as large a Fund of Knowledge given him at once, as that which Vitruvius has enumerated, as above. Tur Plate4, Li = ee Chap. Plagiarifmof the Heathens Deteled. 69 Tue Qualifications of an Archite&, according to Vitruvius, con- fifting of {uch Variety of Knowledge, it may not be improper to confider what Architeéture is; at leaft what it appears to have been when the Tabernacle was ereéted, ©. HA Phos Th Of ARCHITECTURE. ReitiketTurs isa Term, under which is comprehend- A ed all the Caufes and Rules of Building, as well as the due Application and Execution of them, for all Manner of Purpofes incident to Man, Architeture is generally underftood to be a Science, tho’ in reality it is a Compound of Art and. Sci- énee, as every Thing;muft be which depends ‘on the Mind and Hands. The Sciential Part is the Idea we conceive of the moft perfect and accomplifh’d Work: The Artificial Part is the Under- ftanding all the Caufes and Rules relating to any Figure, or Body, how to adapt thofe Things for the Ufe of Mankind, and how to execute them in all Sorts of Works: So that the Sciential Part of Architetture is pure ; but the Artificial ig mixed. ArcHirrcrurs, therefore, is partly a Science, partly an Art; and may be faid to confift of three Parts, Speculative, Laiberal, and Mechanical: Speculative, fo far as it regards the Idea of the original Defign 5 Liberal, fo far as it regards the Caufes and Rules whereby a Figure is produced, and the Application of fuch F igure for the Ufe of Mankind; and Mechanical, {0 far as it regards the Execution of the Defigns refolved upon. From hence it is manifeft, that in Works of Architeéture, before the Tabernacle was ereGted, the Effet, or the Labour of the Hands, in a great Meafure, preceded the Cau/e, or the Labour of the Mind ; and, confequently, the Buildings fo performed, muft be without Or- der, Proportion, or any other Character that could render them Beautiful. Bur in the Tabernacle, the Caufe preceded the Effeé?, the Fa- brick was prefented to the Mind perfe@ly finifh’d, the Magnitude of every individual Part was undoubtedly given, and the Whole was explain'd in the moft comprehenfive Terms, previous to the Execu- tion of it; And as the higheft Demonftration ‘that Architefure was S not 79 | The Origin of Building: Ov; Tbe Book Ih. not then arrived to fuch a Degree of. Perfection. as to afford any one, among thofe whofe Lives had been {pent under Bondage among the Egyptians in the Building Art, capable of . Working after-pre- fcribed Rules and a juft Pattern, GOD, at the fame Time that He directed the Tabernacle to be built, determined it neceflary to fill all thofe that were wife-hearted with his own Spirit in Wifdom and Underftanding, to enable them to perform that Sample of new and perfect Architecture; the Pillars of which, being, as it were, the Sinews or Support of it; and imitating, in fome Meafure, thofe Trees, or Props, made Ufe of in the original Dwellings of Men ; it will be proper now to confider, ‘what it was that gave them fuch Name, Pre-eminence, and Rank, as they appear to have had in this Stru@ture. Co Hv Aa Pes of Of Pixtzars, in Imitation of Forked Trees, or Poles. ftuck up in the Ground, in Order to fupport the Covering to be laid over them, were, in the Tabernacle, called Pillars, and varioufly applied ; fo that the Manner of fetting them up in that Structure was entirely new 5 fince the Trees, or Poles, of which the Pillars were made, became deprived of that Bafe, in this Structure, the fticking them up in the Earth, in former Buildings, gave them. Therefore, this Defe@ GOD fupplied, by the Affiftance of the Art which he now rzveauep, in giving them another Sort of Foot; fo broad, as to make a fufficient Bafe to keep them upright, ‘and from falling, though they fhou’d be fomewhat prefled above to the one Side, or to the Other. S UCH Forked Zrees, or Poles, as, in the Original Ffus,;’ wete Morgovern, GOD was gracioufly pleafed, in thefe Pillars, to direct how we thould fupply our Neceffities in Building, with the Materials of the Earth, and even reconcile Art with Nature in our future Imitations ; to which Purpofe, as the Pillars imitated Trees, fo they were made with a Bafe at the Bottom, to anfwer the Root, and with a Capital at Top to reprefent the Head of a Tee: GOD fhewing us, in the very fame Stru€ture, how we ought to apply the Imitation of natural Things, in natural Places ; for thofe Pillars that had the open Air and Earth to nourith them were exhibited growing ; whereas thofe in the Building it felf, as being fhut up from the Air, were reprefented as dead, And therefore, the Pillars of the Chap. UL. Plagarifin of the Heathens Deteéted ai the Tabernacle, by their different Situation, being of three different Kinds, furnith’d the various Sorts of Building neceflary for Man; as the Strong, the Mean, and the Delicate; and which, in Procefs of Time, were ranked under the Name of Order, with Grecian Names ; to wit, Dorich, Fonich, and Corinthian. CHAP. IV. Of Orperr. P RDER is that Kind of Appearance exhibited to the Eye QO by any Artificial Object, or Figure, which by the regula- rity. of its Compofition is pleafing, and anfwers the various Purpofes for which it is made or intended. Iy the Works of the Divine Arcuitecr of all Things, we find nothing but perfeé Figures, confifting of the utmoft Regularity, the {weetelt Harmony, and the moft delightful Proportion: And as his Works univerfally tend to a circular Form, and are as univerfally conftituted of three different principal Parts, fo thofe three Parts generally carry with them, in the whole, and feverally, the Proper- ties of U/e, Strength, and Beauty's to illuftrate which, the Figure of a Man, created in the Image of GOD, is the moft notable Example. Tur Parts of Man are moftly circular ; and of the infinite Num- ber with which he is compofed, there is not one fuperfluous, or that do not anfwer fome particular U/2, conducive to his Exiftence, Man confifts of three principal Parts, namely, the Head, the Trunk, and the Limbs ; all the Parts, in their utmoft Extent, are comprehended in a Square, or in a Circle; and fo exaé is the Me- chanifm of his whole Stru@ture, that all the Parts mutually aflitt each other, and contribute to the Strength of the Whole. Maw is a compleat Figure, and the Perfe@ion of Order. Imagine him to be parted by a Line in the Middle; and whatever falls on one Side, the fame will fall on the other, to anfwer and correfpond with it. And of the infinite Number of Parts with which he is compofed, do but unfold any one of them, and what aftonifhing Beauty will arife to the moft intelligent Eye! OrpzR may therefore be agreed upon to be a perfect Figure, conftituted by Equality, and a regular Difpofition of its Parts. CHAP, 92. The Origin of Building: Or, The Book Il. CHAP. VY. Of Proportion. Breadth, and Depth of any Figure; and when fuch Figure is commenfurable by one ofits Parts, that Part is the Prin- ciple, or firft Caufe of fuch Figure, and muft ever be conceived as Unity, tho’ capable of being divided into an infinite Number of leffer Parts. This Unity muft be imagined only in regard to its Length ; and fuch Length: was, by the unanimous Confent of all Antiquity, called a Standard Meafure, for the whole Figure. Thus a Cubit was the Standard Meafure for Noah's Ark, which contained three hundred of them in Length, fifty in Breadth, and thirty in Height ; and this with the Hand, the Span, the Foot, the Yard, and the Fathom, by whatever other Names they may be ‘called, were all founded on the Parts of the Human Body; they were the pri- mitive Standard Meafures in all the different Parts of the World ; and the moft antient of them, as well as the moft univerfal, was the Cudiz; for which Reafon, the Hebrews called that. Meafure mmabh, fignifying the Mother, or the common Parent of all other Standard Meafures. Piscc.':: confifts in the Agreement between the Length, Tre Ark was built by this Standard, which GOD himfelf te. vealed to (Vouh ; and that Veffel was, as Alberti obferves, of a Pro- portion fimilar to that of the Body of a Man. What Figure more perfect! Befides, it was fo exadtly. calculated for its Ufe, that it not only made a commodious Habitation for oab and his Family, as well as _for fome of every other Species of living Creatures, ‘but yielded fufficient Room for Provifions, for a whole Year, for them ; and yet it drew no more, Water than jut half its Altitude: So well was the Magnitude of this 7 effel concerted ! Prorortion will from hence appear to be the Secret of determin- ing the Size of any Stru@ure, or of any Kind of Figure relating to a Building. When any fuch Figure anfwers the U/e to which it is afligned, we determine it to be well Proportion'd ; it then becomes a Precept for us in our future Works; and we are enabled to make fimilar Figures to it, to anfwer a proportionable Degree of Ue with the Original. The chief of fuch Figures are the Orders of Pillars and their Proportions, as fet forth, Plate N° 6, arifing from the Hu- man Body, have, by the Voice of all Ages, been declared Beautiful; infomuch, that Caprice itfelf hath wafted all her Talents in fwerving from thofe Proportions, and in endeavouring to ornament the Figures. This therefore leads us to confider what Beauty confitts of, CHAP. ar Sao Ee? tee | te XY ig Chap. VI. Plagiarifi of the Heathens Deteéted. ~I we CHAP. VI Of Beauty. EAUTY is that Sort of Object which gives Delight to the B Mind, and muft confift of Variety, though at the fame Time be conceived as oné Individual. Tue principal Fundion of the Mind, is the Knowledge of its Crearor, which is to be attained no other Way, but by a thorough Underftanding ‘of the Works of the Creation ; the Author of which, ‘though but On® Breiné, comprehends the whole Syftem. of the Univerfé, which our Re-fearches can tiever exhauft,’ nor the Mind fully conceive, From this Principle, ic muft neceflarily follow, that Variety is‘one of the moft natural and pleafing Objects to’ the Mind’; but amidit that pleafing Diverfity, Unity is likewife a predominant Caufe of Pleafute, without which, Variety is ambiguous and indiftine : Unity therefore fixes Diverfity, and re-unites in it felf all the feveral Ob- je@s, which before were loofe and unconfir’d in the Mind, in the fame Manner that the Eye draws all Objects to one Point. In the Multitude of Objects which perpetually offer themfelyes to the Mind, ‘the feveral Refemblances. aré drawn together, .and clafied with Regularity, and Proportion: Variety therefore tempered by Unity, Regularity, and Proportion, produces Beauty; and this Harmiony is by no Means the Etfeét of Caprice; thefe Charaéters of Beauty exift in MWarure, and are founded upon everlafting Truths. Now if we take a Review of the Tabernacle: Order, Propor- tion, Beauty, and every other Thing which can attribute to a per= fect Piece of Architecture, will appear to have taken its Rife there- in, and therefore fuch a Review feems neceflary: But firft let us fee how the I/raelites were to be inftructed in the Law, which GOD gave Mofes to teach them. T CHAP, 74 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book IL. CHAP. VI. Of the Manner in, which the J/raelites were to be inftructed in the Law. “ite A FTER Mofes and Aaron had explained the Law to the People, by the Help of the Urim and-Thummim, GOD exprefly ordered, that the Iraelites fhould put (a) Frin- ges in the Borders of their Garments, throughout their Generations, ° and over-lace it with a Blue Ribband, that they might look upon it, and remember all his Commandments. ' And Mo/es (6) firft en- join’d them to keep: his Words in their Hearts; and then command- ed them to. teach them diligently to their Children, to talk of them when they fat down in their Houfes, when they walked Abroad, when they lay down, and when they rofe up; to bind them for a Sign upon their Hands, to. make them, Frontlets between'-their Eyes, and to write themuponthe Pofts of their Houfes, and on their. Gates. MOS E\S' alfo.(c) ordered. the Priefts and Elders to read the whole. Law at.the End of every, feven., Years; in the Solemnity of the Year, of Releafe, in the Feaft.of Tabernacles ; at which ‘Time, he direéted them, to gather the People together, Men, Women, and Children, and even the Stranger that liv’d amongft them, to hear, and learn to fear GOD, and to keep His Law: And alfo, that during that Time, as well as during the Time of the Yearly Feaft of Tabernacles, he enjoin’d all thofe that were I/raelites born, to dwell in Booths, in Remembrance of their Living in fuch Habita- tions, when GOD brought them out of the Land of Egypt. To this may be added innumerable Inftances of GOD’s peculiar Care of his People, in reminding them of the Covenants He made with them, of His Miracles, and of His Predictions, which He frequently proved, by Signs, by Tokens, and by other ocular Demontftrations. For GOD gave to Woah the Rainbow, as (¢) a Token of his Convenant ; He enabled Mo/es to work Miracles, (e) for Signs of the Power He had invelted him with ; He made the People to be- lieve Him to be the GOD of J/rael, and Mojes to be His Servant, by the fame Signs; He foretold the Idolatry of the People, and the Book of the Law was placed by the Side of the 474, as (f) a Tefti-. (4) Num. xv. 35, (d) Gen. ix, t2. (2) Deur. vi. 6. {e) Exod. iv. 5. (¢) Ib. xxxi. 9. (f) Deut, 31. 26 : mony Chap. VIL Plagiarifin of the Heathens DeteGted. 75 mony of that Prediction ; and He proved the Commiffion He gave Mojfes, by His enabling him to bring the People out of Egypr, and then by caufing them to ferve Him on the fame Spot of Gtound where He gave him that Cosmmifion. Upon the whole; therefore, one may conclude, that all the ereat Occurrences contain’d in Holy Writ, were defign’d to be Really and Evblematically fet before the Eyes of the People, to remind them of their Duty; but chiefly in that Stru@ure to which they were always to repair, to make a Tender of their Offerings to GOD, fince there He direfted, at the Time of Korah’s Rebellion, (h) the Cenfers of thofe that had offered ftrange Incenfe to be placed, as a Sign to the Children of J/rae/; and there likewife He ordered Aaron's (4) Rod to be put, as a Token againft the Rebels ; but more efpecially, fince St. Pau! (i) declares more exprefly, That the Tabernacle and Veffels thereunto belonging, were Shadows, Patterns, and Figures of Heavenly Things. Acrerasie to this, Yo/ephus compares the three Divifions of the Tabernacle, to Heaven, the Earth, and the Sea; the Curtains, with the four Colours, to the four Elements, Fire, ir, Earth, and Water, the two Stones on the Shoulders of the High Prieft, to the Sun and Moox ; the Pomegranates, to the Lighining ; and the Bells to the Thunder: We will thetefore, in the Explanation of the various Parts of the Tabernacle, thew how far they may be look’d upon as Emblems of, or Allufions to the Matters contained in the Sacred Writings, which -we fhall neverthelefs mention but only as Problems, at this Time, to be further confider’d. CHAP. VIL Of the Ark, Mercy Seat, Altar of liicente, Table, and Candleftick, in the Tabernacle. HE 4k, in the Tabernacle, Mofes exprefles, by a Term f quite different from that made by MVoeh, or that which was made by his Mother, of Bull-Rufhes, though all of them mean. a Kind of Coffer, or Cheft. The Ark we are now {peaking of was no more than five HalfCubits long, three broad, {b) Num. xvii, 10, (@) Heb, viii, 5. and ix, and 23. (Rh) Aang. ¢. 7. 4 an 76 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book Il. and three high ; fo that the Height and Breadth was equal, The Mercy Seat was of the fame Length and Breadth with the Ark, and placed upon it; fo that the Thicknefs of the Seat, and the Height of the 4rk, may be prefumed to have made up four Half Cubits, and thereby to have produced thc Progrefiional Num- bers, three, four, and five; being thofe which gave Pythagoras the Idea of his wonderful Propofition, Thar the Square formed on the longer Side of a Reétangled Triangle, is equal to the Squares formed on both the other Sides: This he no fooner found out, than he de- clared the Difcovery to be above the Power of human Invention, attributed it to the Affiftance of the Mufes, and in Return, facri- ficed a Hecatomb, that is, one hundred Oxen, to them. And in- deed, if it be confidered what an univerfal Ufe this Propofition is of to Mankind, we may, without Impunity, trace it from the very Seat of GOD, as the firft Thing He direé&ted, when He was pleafed to take up His Habitation upon this Atom of His immenfe Creation, SFAMBLICUS tells us, That Pythagoras was twenty-two Years in Egypt, Learning Geometry; and at his Return to Sa0s, found out his Propofition, as above: This was about nine hundred Years after the 4rk was made; and therefore, as our prefent Ree- fearches are intended to find out the Emblematical Meaning of the feveral Parts of the Tabernacle, in Things which were pafs’d before it was built, we fhall only collate, in this Place, thofe very Parts, with the great Occurrences contained in the Hiftory of the I/raclites, in order to find out the Relation which they bear to. each other, Iw the firft Place, GOD direGed Abraham to prepare a Heifer, a She Goaz, and a Ram, with a Turtle-Dove, and a young Pidgeon, preparatory to the Sign whereby he was to. know, that his. Seed fhould be fo great, and have fuch large Poffeffions ; thefe five Bo- dies agree with the five Half-Cubits in the Length of the 4£, which was the firft Demenfion given by GOD, in the firft Figure by Him direéted, as well as the firft Demenfion in the fecond Figure. Srconpuy, The Age of everyone of the three Beafts which Abraham had prepared, was to be three Years, which anfwers the Half-Cubits in the Breadth and Height of the 4,4, and in the Breadth of the Mercy Seat. Tuirpiy, The fecond Step taken by Abraham, preparatory to the Sign, whereby he was to know that his Seed fhou’d be {fo great and have fuch large Pofleflions, was to divide the three Beafis di’ the Middle, by which the five Bodies became eight Pieces, and to place four of thofe Pieces oppofite one another ; this isanfwered in the fecond Figure dire&ted by GOD, wiz. The Mercy Seat five by three, which being added together makes eight, and parted in the Middle makes four on a Side. Tue Chap. VILL. Plagiarifim of the Heathens Deteéted. al Tur Sign which was fhewed Abraham after he had prepared and laid the Bodies in two Parcels, as above, was a Smoaky Fur- nace, and a Burning Lamp, which paffed between thofe Parcels ; and this feems to have been reprefented by the Altar of Incenfe, of a double Cube of one Cubit, and the Divinr Prissznce on the Mid- dle of the Mercy Seat, between the two Cherubims. Tue Table was four Half-Cubits long, two broad, and three high ; fo that the Length was double the Breadth, and the Height was half of the Sum compounded of the Length and Breadth: This Diverfity of Proportion produces the Progreffional Numbers, two, three, and four ; as the 4rk and Mercy Seat are prefumed to have produced thofe of three, four, and five. This Zad/e was furmounted by a Border of a Hand’s Breadth; and the Zas/e, as well as the Border’ was finith- ed with a Crown ; fo that the Ornaments on the Top of the Tadle formed a Kind of Entablature: In which Manner we may conceive the 4rk to have been finifhed ; but the Arar of Incenfe had only a fingle Crown about it, For a Token of the Covenant on Abraham's Side) GOD com- manded him to circumcife every Male at eight Days old; this is anfwered by the Multiplication of the two next Numbers direGed by GOD in the Length and Breadth of the Tab/e, the former being four Half-Cubits, atid the latter two; and this Comparifon appears the more reafonable, if we confider, that the A@ on Mraham’s Side was Sealing the Covenant by Circumcifion ; and in Return, GOD pro- mifed him, that He would multiply his Seed as the Stars in Hea- ven, and as the Sand which is upon the Sea Shore. ABRAHAM entertained three Angels, when a Son swiaks again promifed him; and this is anfwered by the next Demenfion di- tected by GOD in the Height of the Zad/e; which was three Half: Cubits. Tue Candleftick was compofed of a Body, and fix Bratiches, each fupporting a Lamp ; every Branch had three Bowls, with a Knop and a Flower; the Cardleftich it {elf had four Bowls, with a Knop anda Flower, one whereof was under every two Branches: Three of the Bowls, Knops; and Flowers of the Shaft of the Candleftick being common to the fix Branches, the Branch of every Lamp; when terminated in the Shaft of the Gandleftick, contained four Bowls, Knops, and Flowers. By this it appears, that the Lamps were feven in Number, and that the Bowls, Knops, and Flowers were twenty-two, each confifting of three other Parts, and making together fixty-fix. FOSEPHUS fays, The feven Lamps of the Candleftick, in the Yabernacle, intimated the Veneration the Fews had for theiz U feventh 78 The Origin of Building: Or, The - Book Il. feventh Day, and that Day on which GOD refted from his La- bour. Be that as it will,, the Candleffick, and the feveral Parts thereof, were Emblems of Something, and moft probably the four- fold Ornaments, and the feven Lamps, were defigned to refer to. the feven Years of Plenty, and to the feven Years of Famine, which was the Caufe of the I/raelites taking up their Abode in Egypt; to the feven Meffages fent to Pharaoh, to releafe them from their Slavery in that Land; and to the feven Days Feaft, of Un- leavened Bread, which they held juft before they left Eeypz: And it’s very remarkable, that the Ornaments of this Candleffick, and. alfo I/rael’s Family, when they went firft into Egypt, were each fixty-fix in Number ; and therefore thofe Ornaments feem to have been defigned for an Emblem of that little Colony of People. CHA Pa OF the Sockets, or Bafes of the Tabernacle, HE Sockets,-or Bafes, which were prepared for the Boards ; of the Tabernacle to ftand upon, had Mortifes in then; -K and every Board had two'Tenons, one equally diftant' from the other: Every Board, having been fet upon two Silver Sackers, Equality will appear thro’ the whole Work, if the Tenons be admit- ted a Quarter of a Cubit Square, and the Sockets three Quarters of a Cubit Square ; for one Quarter being allowed for the Mortife;°in the Socket, to receive the Tenon, of the Board, the folid Part round it will be another Quarter of a Cubit broad: From hence, the Boards muft have been a Quarter of a Cubit in Thicknefs, equal to the Breadth of the Mortife; and the Sockets muft ‘have projeGed, on each Side of them, a Quarter of a Cubit, or the one-fixth Part of the Breadth of the Board. Now as the Sockets under the Boards were three Quarters of a Cubit in their Length, and each Sochera Talent Weight ; and as the Sockets under the Pillars. of the Vail were of the fame Weight and Metal, fo the Demenfions of all the Sil- ver Sockets muft have been the fame, and of a perfect Square, three Quarters of a Cubit in Length and Breadth ; but the Brazen Sockets under the Pi//ars at the Door, were, in all Probability, larger, as Brafs is a much grofler Metal than Silver. Tue firft Step towards fetting up the Tabernacle, was to fix thefe Bafes, which confifted of forty Sockets of Silver for the South Side, forty for the North Side, fixteen for the Weft Ends, and four for the Chap. 1X... P/agiarifim of the Heathens Deteed. 79 the Separation, of the Moft Holy Place, from the Holy Place, mak- ing together the compleat Number of one hundred; and for the Eait End there were five Sockets of Brafs. GOD’s Covenant with Abraham was confirmed by a Sign, pre- paritory to. which, “He direéted him to prepare five Bodies, which are anfwered by the five Brazen Sockets, under the Pilars, at the Doorof the Yabernacle; and as the Birth of Z/aac was the firft Thing towards fulfilling the Covenant, that Miracle was effected when Abraham was juft one hundred Years old, which is anfwered by the hundred Silver Sockets, of equal Weight, under the Boards, and Pillars. of the Wail: And thefe two remarkable Events were the very Basis of what followed, for the Glory of the I/ra- elites, as the one hundred and five Sockets, together, were the very Basis for the Structure of the Tabernacle. Morsover, the one hundred Silver Sockets, anfwer to GO D’s diftinguithing Blefling to! J/age, in fending him a Produce of one hundied Fold, when he: firft fowed in the Land of Gerar ; and to the Years which Abraham lived, after he left his Country, his Fa- ther’s Houfe, and his Kindred; as alfo to the Number of Parts produced in the Arh, Mercy Seat, Altar of Incenfe, and Table, by the Meafure, on which the Proportion of thofe Figures were found- ed, namely, the Spam, or Half-Cubit ; for the 4ré contain’d forty- five fuch folid Particles, the Mercy Seat fifteen, the. Altar of In- cenfe fixteen, and the Table twenty-four, making together the exa& - Number of one hundred. tee age i gnetle, Of the Boards and Bars of the Tabernacle. Tabernacle, were each ten Cubits in Length, and one and a half in Breadth; and thefe Bogrds had Golden Rings fixed to them, The Bars were fifteen in Number; five of which were applied to the Boards on each Side, and five to thofe at the End of the Tabernacle: Thefe Bars were put thro’ the Rings in the Boards, and by that Means they held them firm and tight together. ‘T= Boards, that formed the Sides and Weft End of the Tue 80 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book Il. Tue twenty Boards on the South Side of the Tabernacle, anfwer the twenty Pieces of Silver Yo/eph was fold for; and as they were kept together by five Bars, an{wering the Refervation of one Part in five of the Produce of the Land of Egypt, {0 it feems to have been defigned for an emblematical Reprefentation of the Divine Goodnefs, in Favour of the J/raelites, by the Refervation of fome of the Pro= duce of the Land of Egypy, againft the Years of Dearth; which was fufficient to preferve, not only the Egyptians, but many others, particularly J/rael’s Family, from the dreadful Famine, without which they muft inevitably have perifhed; Tue eight Boards at the Weft End of the Tabernacle; united by five Bars, anfwer in Number to the Perfons preferved in the Ark; and the five Bars feem’to have been defigned to reprefent the five Brethren, which ¥o/eph prefented to Pharaoh: Tus twenty Boards on the North Side of the Tabernacle, anfwer the twenty Days in which GOD releafed the Lraelites from, their Bondage ; fourteen of which were taken up in the Preparation of the Paffover, and the other fix in the Feaft of Unleavened Bread on the fevetith Day of which Feaft, Paraoh was deftroyed : And as thefe Boards were kept together by five Bars, anfwering the Re- fervation to Pharaoh of the fifth Part of the Produce of the Land, fo -it feems to have béen defigned for an Emblem: of ‘the great Deliver ance of ‘the J/raelites, and the Obligation ‘the Egyptians were under ‘to them: For ¥o/eph having lawfully got all the Land in Egypt, in Exchange for Corn, He generoufly return’d it to the People, with Seeds to fow it, referving only fuch Part of the Produce for Pha- vaoh’s Ufe, as amounted to little more than an Equivalent for the Seed ; and this feems to have been more particularly defigtied to have been taken Notice of, fince GOD exprefly ordered the Candleffick to be fet on the South Side of the Zabernacle, that it might give Light over-againft it, the Clearer to. fhew. the Children of Vrael theit great Deliverance, what they were to do in Return, by the Unleavened Bread on the Tab/e, and how feverely the Egyptians were punifh’d, for their Ingratitude to the Family of Him, whom GOD had en- abled to preferve them from Famine and Slavery, Wuen the Bafes of the Tabernacle were fixed, and the Boards reared upon them, they formed a Room thirty Cubits long, twelve Cubits broad, and ten Cubits high ; by which, the Length became two Squares and a half of the Breadth, and the Height was one- third of the Length ; and its reafonable to believe, that when the Boards were {fo reared, crofs Pieces were laid on their Tops, from Side to Side, fo cut, as to give a {mall Current for the Water to run off, and to keep their Sides from falling in, by the Weight of the Covering ; and this might have added half a Cubit more to the Altitude of the Room, and fo have made it ten Cubits and a half high. CHAP, Chap. XI. Plagiarifm of the Heathens Detetted. 8% CHAP XL Of the Curtains of the Tabernacle. WHE firft Part of the Covering of the Tabernacle confifted i of ten Curtains, five of which were coupled together in one Piece, andthe other five in another Pieces thefe Weré again coupled together with one hundred Loops, and. fifty ‘Taches, which made one Covering of forty, Cubits in Length, and twenty-eight in Breadth 5 for every Curtain was twenty-eight Cibits long, and four broad ; or, the Length of every Curtain was feven Times its Breadth. ‘Tut fecond Patt of the Covering confifted of eleven Curtains of Goats Hair, and were coupled, firft into two Pieces of fix Gur- tains into one Piece, and fiye in the other; and then into one, with one hundred Loops and fifty Taches; thefe Curtains thus coupled together, made oné Covering of forty-four Cubits in Length, and thitty in Breadth ; but one of the fingle Curtains was doubled in the Front, and reduced the Length to forty-two Cubits: Thefe Curtains were thirty Cubits long, and four broad, fo that the Length of every Curtain was feven Times and a half of its Breadth. Wun thefe Coverings were {pread. over the Labermacie, the Vail was hung up, direétly under the Taches which coupled the two Pieces of the under one together, and fo divided the Infide of the Stru€ture into two Rooms, which was inclofed in the Eaft Front by a Gurtain hiing upon five Pillars: So that the outward Appearance of this Edifice confifted of the Covering of Badgers Skins, and the rich Curtain before the Door. ‘Tur Mannet of difpofing the feveral Coverings of the Taberuatle was very Curious, for by Doubling the firft Curtain of that of Goats Hair, all the Couplings of that Covering fell direétly over the Mid- dle of the Curtains, which made the under Govering ; and there is no doubt but the fame Method was obferved in the Coverings of Rams Skins and Badgers Skins, in making the Joinings of thofe above to fall on the Middle of thofe next under them: From’ thefe Coverings the Idea of Slating was indifputably taken ; for Slating will not perfectly Keep out the Weather, without being four Times doubled, and always reverfing the Joints ; yet the Invention of Slat- ing is attributed to one Byas, a Greek Carver, of the Ifle of Waxos, who is faid to be the firft that contrived a Sort of Marble Slates to cover Temples and magnificent Stru€tures with, about the fifty- x fifth 82 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book Il. fifth Olympiad ; which was nine hundred and thirty-three Years after the Zabernacle was finithed. Tue firft five Curtains, of the under Covering, determining the Length of the Holy’ Place of the Tabernacle, it became a Room twenty Cubits long, twelve Cubits broad, and ten Cubits and a half high ; fo that the Breadth was three-fifths of the Length, and the Height near, one-third’ of the Sum compounded of the Length and Breadth. Tue’ Thicknefs of the Vail, and Pillars, was at Jeaft one Cubit, fo that there’ remain’d, of the whole Length of the Tabernacle, nine Cu- bits’ forthe Depth of ‘the Moft Holy Place ; which being twelve Cubits broad, and ten Cubits and a half high, form’d a Room, whofe Depth was thtee-fourths of the Breadth, and the Height was one- half of the’Sum compounded of the Breadth and Depth. Tue ten Curtains, that covered the Tabernacle, correfpond with the Number of Facobl’s Sons, which he fent into Egypt to buy Corn ; arid the twenty-eight Cubits in their Length, anfwer Fo/eph’s Age, when GOD firft permitted him to thew his Prophetick: Spirit in the Interpretation of the Butler and Bakers Dream ; the eleven Curtains which made the Tent over it, feem to refer to the Divifion of the Land among the Pofterity of eleven of Fyeph’s Sons, of which »Fo/eph had a double Portion, denoted by the double Gur tain next the Front of the Tabernacle 5 the thirty. Cubits in. their Length, is correfpondent with o/eph’s Age, when he expounded Pharaob’s Dream ; and by adding the Vaz, and the Hanging of the Door, to the ten embroider’d Curtains of the Tabernacle, they make twelve, anfwering the twelve Tribes of Lrael, Tur ten Curtains correfpond alfo with the ten Generations from ‘Adam to Noah; and by being coupled together with one hundred Loops and fifty Taches, and fupported by forty Boards on the Sides, and eight at the Ends, it exactly anfwers to Woah, and his Family, making eight in Number, who were faved in the Ark, when the Reft of Mankind were deftroyed, by forty Days Rain, which caus’d a Flux of Water for the Space of one hundred and fifty Days : The one hundred Loops and fifty Taches, that coupled the Covering of Goats Hair, anfwer to the one hundred and fifty Days the Wa- ters were upon the Reflux: And this Hieroglyphical Emblem of GO D's Wrath againft the Wicked, was thus placed over the Vail, that divided between Him and the People, that they might be con- vinced of His Power, who had raifed them up from the Seed of Abraham, who was the tenth Perfon in a direé& Line from MVoah ; correfpondent alfo with the ‘ten Curtains with which the Tabernacle was covered, CHAP. Chap. XII. Plagiarifin of the Heathens Detetted 8 3 CHAP. Xi Of the Pi//ars. of the Tabernacle. “\ HE (Pillars of ‘the’ Tabernacle were of two Kinds ; for fl thofe which fupported the Vail had no Fillets, nor Cha- —\' -piters; whereas‘the Pillars of the Door were enriched with thofe beautiful Ornaments,’ As the Sockets under the Pillars of ‘the / ail are reafonably pre- fumed. to have been three Quarters of ‘a Cubit Square; {6 one may as well fuppofé all the Pillgrs to’ have been made of the fame De- menfions ; becaufe Pillars of that Size are produced by Quartering Trees of one Cubit and a half Square ; and fuch Trees Were pro. vided, when the Boards were’ cut out for the Sides and. End. of the Tabernacle. On the Suppofition thetefore, that all the. Pillars were three Quarters; of a Cubit Square; the’ Sockets under thofe of the Hgi/ cou'd have: no \ifible| Projection, nor cou’d they be diftinguifhable by any Thing but their Colour: Bat the Sockets under the P;/- lars at the Door, had, «in all Probability, fomie vifible Projection ; becaufe Brafs is a much groffer Metal than Silvet, and thofe Sockets were undoubtedly of equal Weight and Thicknef with the Silver Sockets under the Pillars of the Vail, : Turse Pillars mutt have been of equal Height with the Boards of the Tabernacle, but when they-were’ reared up in the Stru@ure, the outward. Appearance of thofe at ‘thé Door miuft have been higher than the outward Appearance of thofe within ; the former including the Thicknefs of the Covering, but the latter wete exclufive of it, As the Office of thefe Pillars was to fupport’ the Wail and the flanging at the Door of the Tabernacle, {o when either of thofe Hangings was drawn up, it would teprefent a Kind of Entabla. ture before the upper Part of the Pillars, and fo reduce their Height very confiderably ; and at the Tops of the Pil/ars, thus re- duced, we muft fuppofe the Over-laying to have been, which made the Chapiters of the Pillars at the Door, that thofe Chapiters might be feen from the Outfide of the Tabernacle, To the Door of the Yabernacle the People wete to bring their Offerings, to the End that they might be purged from their Sins : and this they were to do out of a fteadfatt Belief in GOD’s Mer: cies: Therefore, inorder to fet before their Eyes the higheft Ex- ample 84 _ Lhe Origin of Building: Or, The Book Il. ample of Faith and Obedience, the Chapiters of thefe Pil/ars feem to have been compofed of Volutes, in Imitation of Rams Horns at their Corners, figuring thereby, that Aéraham’s Faith and Obedi- ence to GOD was fo great, that, when he was commanded, he made no Scruple to offer up his dear-and only Son a Sacrifice ; but GOD accepting the Will for the Deed, at the very Inftant when Abraham ftretched out his Hand to flay him, an Angel called to him froy, Heaven, and bid him defi, and immediately a Ram was dilcovered in the Thicket, catched by his Horns, which Abra- 4am took. and offered a Sacrifice to GOD, inftead of his Son. Anp in order to make the Impreflion, full ftronger oh the Minds of thofe that approached the Holy Altar with their Offcrings, thofe Chapiters feem to have been fo reprefented, to put the People in Mind, that after their killing thofe Creatutes of one Year old; with- out Blemith, their Gracious GOD inftantly redeemed them from their feyere Bondage; with fuch a High and Mighty Hand, that “filled all the, Corners. of the arth with Terror, and caufed the Foundation of the whole Univerfe to tremble » And the Horns of thofe Chapiters, as well as thofe of the, War, were manifeftly in- tended for Symbols of Strength and Power; for Mofee in -his Bleffing of the twelve Tribes concludes that-oef. SJ ofephy with this’ Defeription of his Strength and Power: His Glory, fays he, is:Jike rhe Lirftling of bis Bullock, aud his Horns are like the Horns of an Unicorns with them he will pufh the People together. to the Ends of the Barth ;. and they are the tem thoyfands of Ephraim 5. and they are the ten thoufands of Manafieh, Morzover, GO D Almighty appearing in Vifions, His Voice was the fenfible Meflenger of His Will; and that Man might be enabled to receive it, He endued him with Hearing ;.by which, Abraham was enabled to obey His Commands, in fo fingulara Manner; and therefore, the Horns of the Ram in thofe Chapiters, pointed out the Refemblance of that Organ, which enabled hin fo to hear the Voice of GOD: And this, inthe Human Ear, is called the Cochlea ; which circumvolves, not only in the-Manner of the Ram’s Horn, but ex- aly the fame with the Volutes of the Capitals of the Fonick Or- dey: And as Nature has no. other Inftance to copy thofe Volutes after but the Cochlea, and as the Difcovery of that wonderful Strudure hath been but within thefe two hundred Years, we can give this venerable Ornament no other Original, than to the Hand of Bezaleel, who. wrought and. made it in this compound Manner, by the Direétions of GOD. Himfelf. Tue four Pillars. which fupported the Kuil, anfwer the four Days in which the Feaft of the Paflover was preparing; and. the five Pillars. at the Door, intimate the five remarkable Miracles in Fas vour of the I/raclites, between, their Departure from. Eeypr, their Chap. XI. Plagiari{mof the Heathens DeteHed. 85 their incamping before Mount Sivai, viz. Firft, the Parting of the Red Sea, to give them a Paflage to efcape the Fury of Pharaoh and his Hoft: Secondly; the Making the bitter Waters at Murah {weet : Thirdly, the Regaling them at Elim with the Water of twelve Wells, and the Fruit of feventy Palm-Trees: Fourthly, the Feed- ing them with Manna, and Flights of Quails, which fell down from Heaven into their Camp: And, Fifthly, the Satisfying their Thirft with Water, extracted out of the very Rocks in Horeb, where there was never any Water feen: before. Tus Pillars at the Door of ‘the Tabermacle had a Weight, in Appearance, to fuftain, when the Curtain was drawn up; and thofe. Pillars having, been, decorated with Ba/es and Chapiters, feem therefore. to have been. defigned.to reprefent a Compound of Beauty and, Sérength. Tus Pillars of the Vail, by being lower and lels decorated than thofe.at the Door; and having a greater Weight, in Appearance, to fuftain, feem to, haye. been, defigned. to reprefent, in the Taber- macle, the greateft Degree of Strength neceflary in a correct Build- ing; and by the Plainnefs of thofe Pil/ars, it feems as tho’ they were intended for Emblems. of Stability ;- and, at the fame Time, to fhew us, that fuch as approach GO D,-muft approach Him with firmnefs and conftancy of Mind, as well as Ardency and. Zeal of Affection. ne As the Altar of Incenfe, the Candleftick; and the Table; were the three, Things appointed by GOD, within-fide the Tabernacle, for all Rites and Ceremonies, of the High Prieft;, and as He divided the Place for His own Prefence by four Pillars; and made the Entrance into the Tabernacle by five, fo thofe Things point out diftin@ly the Progreflional Numbers, three, four, and five, which being added together make twelve; anfwering the twelve Tribes of I/rael. Ir may appear fomewhat flrange, that in fo regular, and fo cor- re& a Building as the Tabernacle was, there fhou’d be an odd Pillar at the Entrance; but as GOD, iz a Pillar of Cloud, was pleafed to guide the I/raclites, wherever that Cloud pitched, that was to be the Center of the Court of the Tabernacle, and of the whole Body of the People ; this Pilar was Mo/fes’s Standard, and next to it a Pillar of the Door of the Zabernacle was fixed 3 from which Sta- tion they were enabled to go on with fetting up the whole Taber- nack, and with difpofing the feveral Camps in their proper Order atound it, as we ¢hall fhew hereafter. ¥ CHAP. 86 The Ovigin of Building: Or, The — Book Il. C. HA. PB. XT Of the Brazen Afar; Laver, and Court of the Tabernacle. ee HE Aor of Burnt-Offerings, which was placed in the } Court before the Eaft Front of the Tabernacle, was four Square, and contain’d in Length five Cubits, in Breadth five Cubits, and.in Height three Cubits: So that the Height was three-fifths of its Length, ot Breadth ; and the folid Cubits iin it amounted to feventy-five, anfwering the Age of Abraham when he left his Country, when he ‘rected the ‘firft Azar, and when GOD promifed him the Land of Canaan. Tur Laver, and: its Foot, in whicl the Water was put, “was placed between the Tabernacle and the Altar of Burnt-Offerings but of what Form or-Demenfions is uncertain. Tue Court of the Tabernacle was one hundred Cubits long, and fifty broad, fo that the Length was double the Breadth, each Side confifted of twenty Pillars, and each End of ‘ten’ Pillars, which fupported fix Curtains of five Cubits broad, that enclofed the whole ‘Court; one Half of which was for ‘the Tabernacle, the other for the Altar. Cath Ai POO XY. Of the: Pi//ars of the Court. WON HE Pillars of the Court had Sockets of Brafs, and Chapi- fl ters over-laid with Silver, with Fillets of Silver; by which we underftand, they were bound with Rings of that Me- tal to keep them from {plitting ; and as their Bodies were covered with the Czrtains, the Cords, with which they were tied, encom- pafled the Pi//ars juft under the Chapiters, and above the Sockets, leaving Chap. X1V. Plagiarifinof the Heathens Detected. 83 leaving the Ornaments. clear to the’ Sight of : the People : ‘Thefe Pillars were made of Wood;. and not fo much as over-laid with Brafs, it being exprefly faidto what Ufes the Brafs was applied ; and that with it, among other Things, were made all the Sockets and Pins of the Court, the Sockets were rihdoubtedly.a ‘Talent ach in Weight, and of the fame Size with thofe under the Pil/ars at the Door of the Tabernacle-3\and it is very probable; that the Pi/- lars were three Quarters‘of\a Cubit Square, anfwerable to the Di- ameter of the other Pi//ars, employ’d in the fame Work. Tue Manner in whichvthe Pil/ars owere made: is,\wicértain ; but we may with good Reafon affirm, that GOD fet nothing but Objects of Nature before» Bezalel for his Imitation in the Parts of this Edifice ; therefore if\we'tefleé on thé otiginal Manner of Mens building Huts, \elpeciallyfach as where Forked Trees were us’d, we cannot-but conceive two: material Things, on which we may form very rational Ideas ofthe Manner: in swhich the. Pi//ars. were made; the Firft is, that:fuch\ Trees, juft below the Fork, encreafes by Degiees, ‘till the two Limbs above begin to feparate ; and the Second is, that thofe\Limbs being cut off as near the Fork as was juft neceflary to receive the Pieces: to be laid iiponi themjLand then ftuck up in the Ground, it’s a natural Confequence that fuch Forked Trees fo cut, ahd\fet\ up, will bud forth in the Spring, ef- pecially if they are cutim\Autumn, and» fet in’ moiftand. fertile. Ground; in Iimitationof\\which thefe Pil//ars may have been made, and, in all Probability, to reprefent the Palm-Tree. For GOD having inftruéted Bexalee/ in Carving Wood, and he being then about a Piecesof Work, confifting of Emblems of, and Allufions to, fo many miraculous Events ; the Nature of the Palm- Tree beft fuited with the fortunate Cireumftances of the People, at the Time this Work was about: The Righteous fhall flourifh like the Palm-Tree, fays the Pfalmift ; and GOD Almighty promifed to multiply raham’s Seed, as the Stars in Heaven, and as the Sand which is upon the Sea Shore, ‘ardto make ‘of them ‘a ‘great Nation ; which was, in a-great Meafure, verified, when the I/ra- elites began the Tabernacle. Now as the Pillars of the Court were fixty in Number, the Sockets under them feem to allude to the Age of J/aac; when Fa- cob was born; who was ther fixty Years old: And all the Pillars of the Tabernacle amounting to fixty-nine ini Nuthber; they agree with the Number of Yacol's Family when they met together in Lcypt, at the End of the fecond Year of the Famine, which was precifely fixty-nine, as will appear by the followirig Table of their proper Names, REUBEN, The Origin of Building: Or, Tbe Book II: REUBEN, the Father of Hanoch, SIMEON, the Father of LEV, the Father of Ff U DAA, the Father of ISSACHAR, the Father of Phallu; exon, Carmi: Femuel, Jfamin, Obad; Fachin; Zohar, Shaul. Ger fhon, Kobath, Meérari: Shelah, Pharez, who begat Hezron, Zerah, Hamut. Tola; -Phuvab, Fob; Shitrons ZEBULUA, the Father of \Sered, G AD, the Father of ASHER, the Father of BENJAMIN, the Father of Belah, DAWN, the Father of Elon, Fableel. Ziphiony Haggais Shiunis Matchiel, Becher, Afbbel, Gera, dVaaman, Ebi, Rofb, Muppim, Huppim, Ard. NAP HTALT, the Father of Fahzeel. Guni, Fexer, Shillint. By Chap. XIV. Plagiarifm of the Eleathens Detetted. 89 By this Table it is evident, that the eleven Sons of Trael, and their Male Iffue, amounted to fixty-four; to which we muft add, Dinah, the Daughter of I/rael, and Sarah, the Daughter of her, in order to compleat the Lift of that Part of Irael’s Family, that went into Egypz at the Time of the Famine ; and thefe fixty- fix, with Fo/eph and his two Sons, Ephraim and Manaffeh, make his whole Family amount to fixty-nine, and he himfelf compleated the Number of feventy ; of which fixty-eight were Males, and two Females, JF U DAH had two Sons, Er and Onan, who died in the Land of Canaan, before Ifrael removed from thence to fettle in Egypt 5 fo that J/rael, and his whole Male Iffue, amounted to the exaé Number of feventy: And it is fomewhat furprizing, that he him- felf fhou’d have had but one Daughter; and that his twelve Sons fhou’d have had fifty-one Male Children, and but one Female, As the Number of Pillars in the whole Tabernacle, feem to allude to I/rael’s Family, when they met together in Egypt, fo their great Increafe {eem to have been pointed out by the Chapiters of the Pi/- lars of the Cowrt, adorned with curious Sculpture, in Silver, repre= fenting the Leaves of a Palm-Tree: And as thofe Chapiters were always confpicuous to thie People, they can allude to nothing fo proper, as the great Increafe of I/rael’s Family; fince it is exprefly faid, in Scripture, That the more they were opprefled, the more they grew and multiplied ; which is the Cafe of lopping a Tree, if you cut off one Branch, many will {pring out in the Room of it; and Oppreffion is the Method ufed to make the Palm-Tree grow. Morgover, The Egyptians, as Mr. Sandys in his Travels ob- ferves, held the Palm-Tree to be the perfect Image of a Man: And as that Tree is conftantly Green, Flourifhing, and Fruitful, it’s the only Sample for Imitation in Building, the Parts of which, at all Seafons, fhould appear the fame, and reprefent the fame na- tural Things: And here the Divine Wispom fhews us clearly the Regard we fhou’d have in all our Imitations to the Works of Nas ture; for the Pillars of the Court having been clear, and open to the Air; their Chapiters were the Reprefentations of natural Pro- ductions; But in the Pillars of the Tabernacle itfelf, the Cafe was quite different: There was neither the free Air, nor the Moifture of the Earth to nourifh them; and therefore, had the Pil/grs of that Edifice been really Forked Zrees fet up, they would not have budded forth Leaves as the fame Forked Trees would have done; had they been fet up found the Court; for which Reafon, the Tops of the Pillars in the Tabernacle were no otherwife ornamented, than fome of them with the Heads of Animals made Ufe of for Sacrifice, in the fame Mannet as the whole Stru@ure was covered with. the Skins of thofe Creatures. Z Amone re) The Origin of Building: Or, The Book IL Amonce the Leaves of the Chapiters, there might have been in- termixed Pomegranates, arid Bells, fince they were directed for the Garment of the Ephod, figuring thereby the Harmony there was then between GOD and His People, which He efteemed as His peculiar Treafure: And we ate the more inclined to affert, that thofe Chapiters were compofed of thefe Sort of Ornaments, fince Pomegra- nates are Emblems of Concord, and remind us of GOD’s Promife to increafe the Seed of Abraham , for Fofeph, thio’ his prophetick Spi- rit, after making himfelf known to his Brethren, and when he fent them for his Father, advifed them not to fall out with one ano- ther, but to live in Harmony and Agreement ; and this Harmony increafed after the [/raelites came into Egypz ; for as Fo/eph attri- buted the Cruelty of his Brethren to ‘the over-ruling Providence of GOD, thereby to make him the Inftrument to fave them; fo they, on the other Hand, had fuch Ideas of his Benevolence, and fo in- culcated the fame with their Families, that they all lived in. the greatelt Concord with one another, and thereby became fo numer- ous; to which the Pomegranates bear the greateft Analogy; for they being full of little Grains, clofely united, if you feparate the Roots, they will mutually twift together again ; and if the Trees are planted at a good Space from one another, they will meet, and, with twining, embrace one another: For this Reafon, many. of the Eaftern Nations, and particularly the Perfans, adorned their Javelins, and other Weapons of War, with Pomegranates, fome in Gold, and fome in Silver, efpecially the Body Guards of the King’s Perfon. Tue Pillars of the Court, whofe Office was the leaft in Strength to thofe in the Tabernacle itfelf, were the moft elegantly decorated ; they were fet at a great Diftance from one another; and by their reprefenting Palm-Trees, always Green, Flourifhing, and Fruitful, they may be agreed upon as the Bloom of Nature, transferred into Works of Art, to be an Emblem to incite Mankind to Virtue and Goodnefs, Tus certain Analogy, which, from the foregoing Account, ap- pears to have been between the Parts of the Fewifh Tabernacle and Hiftory, is an evident Demonftration, that the Pillars, Boards, Cur- tains, &c. in that Struéure, were intended to reprefent fomething more than the Poffs, Boards, Curtains, ec. neceffary to form an Houfe or Tent: They were moft undoubtedly defigned to anfwer the Convenience and Strength of a Building ; but at the fame Time it is as clear, that they were alfo intended as an Hierogly phical. Re- prefentation of the paft Hifory of the World, of the Law of GOD, and of the Rewards and Punifhments attending Vertue and Vice; Without fuch a Reprefentation as this, how cou’d the People know their Duty? For the Law was to be read to them. but once in feven Years. Tue Chap. XIV. Plagiarifin of the Heathens Deteed QE Tur Theoretical Part of the Tabernacle, being, beyond Contra- diction, the Knowledge of the Law of GO D, this Knowledge the Fews and Gentiles receiv'd by the emblematical Meaning of the fe- veral Parts of that Struéture, whence the Egyptian Hieroglyphicks, and the Analogy between the Parts of the Heathen Temples and the Attributes of their Idols, for the written Part of the Law was omitted by the Fews for neat one thoufand Years, and the Sama- ritans were the firft of the Gentiles that obtain’d a Copy of it. From a due Confideration of this glorious Struéture, we fhall next endeavour to fhew what were the Qualifications of the Architect, under whofe Dire@ions it was tais’d: Co AYP XV. Of the Qualifications of Mofes. dom of the Ey yprians ; confequently he knew all their Ma. gick, and as fuch exploded it: But in nothing was he more Eminent, than in the fuperiot Knowledge by which GOD enabled him to work Miracles; for before Pharaoh, and his Magicians, Aaron's Rod. fwallowed up their Rods; and tho’ thofé Magicians, by their Inchantments, turn’d their Rods into Serpents, the Water of the Rivers into Blood, and brought Frogs upon the Land, yet they cou’d not, when that was done, ‘remove thofe F rogs, ‘till Mo/es, at Pharaoh’s Importunity, interceded with GOD on their Behalf : After which, the Inchantments of the Egyptians were of no Effect ; for when Mofes turned the Duft into Lice, Pharaob’s Magicians fail’d in their Attempts to do the fame, and then declared to the King, that what Mo/es had done was by rue Fryczr of GOD, Ss: Stephen tells us; That Mo/es was Learned ii all the Witt Now fuppofe, as fome infinuate, that Mofes was only a Magi- eian, which cannot with any Propriety of Reafon be allow'd, it does not follow becaufe he was fkill’d in that Art, that he applied it to the wicked Purpofes of thofe Times, which appears indifputa- bly, by his Writings ; having prohibited the Ufage of it among his Brethren ; enaéted a Law to punith it with inimediate Death j and tho’ he admitted that the Gift of Prophecy might haye been con- tinued to fome, yet he moft exprefly told them, ‘That there wou’d be 92 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book IE be no fuch a Thing as an Oracle, nor one that would have accefs to GOD, ’till a Prorust thou’d arife like himfelf, endowed with Urim and Thummim ; and. that whatever’ that Props fhou’d tell them from GOD, they: thou’d attend unto. MOSES mutt therefore have been’ well fkill’d in the Egyp+ tian Aftrology, as the Bafis.of their Magick: He cou’d Write, Defign, and Draw, as is evident by the Inftructions he gave for the Work of the Tabernacle: He underftood Geometry; fixed the Cubit toa Standard, and pointed, out the Right Angle, as well as the Horizontal Line: He was acquainted with Opticks, and dif- pofed his Lights in their proper Situation: He underftood Arithme- tick; Numbers in great Variety being confpicuous in all his Wri- tings: Hiffory was his Mafter-Piece, and He the Father even of Hiftory it felf: Philofophy was his great Talent, his chief Qualifi- cation; he had a Soul Great and Heorick, was Juft, Faithful, and entirely free from Covetoufnefs, and knew the Principles and Caufes of Things natural : He was fkill’d in Mu/fick, and compofed a Song of Thankfgiving: As to Phyfck, what greater Proof can be given of his Ability, than in making the bitter Waters of Marah {weet ? And laftly, His Knowledge in the Zaw no one can doubt of, fince his Rules cofcerning Property, Juftice, and Equity, are the very Bafis of the Law it felf. Tuese are the Qualifications which Vitruvius judges neceflary in an Architeét, as well as his Reafons for an Achitects attaining. fuch Knowledge. As to Architecture: it felf, he divides it into-five Parts ; the Firft he calls Ordonance, by which is fignified that which gives to all the Parts of a Building their juft Grandeur, in Refpec to their Ufes, whether they are feparately confider’d, or whether Regard is had to the Proportion or Symetry of the whole Work: The Second he diftinguifhes by the Name of Di/poftion, which he tells us is a convenient Difpofal of all the Parts: Eurizhmy is the third Part, and this he explains to be the Beauty of the Af femblage of all the Parts of the Work, which gives it an agreeable Profpect: The Fourth he calls Decor, and tells us, it is the Correct- nefs of the Afpect of the Building, wherein every Thing reprefent- ed. muft be founded on fome Authority, which, at the fame Time, muft exift in Nature: And the Fifth he calls Di/fribution; ‘and explains it to be the Regard one fhou’d have to the Abilities of the Perfon who is to build, by adapting the Defign to the Money he is able and willing to lay out, and to the Materials that are at Hand, and eafily to be obtain’d. From hence it is evident, that the five Parts of Architefure con- fift in the Meafure by which the Proportion of a Building, and its Parts, aré regulated ; in the Difpofal of the Parts into fuch Ufes as are convenient ; in the Forming of the various Parts, into fuch Figures, Chap. XV. Plagrari{m of the Heathens Deteéted. 93 Figures, and of fuch Sizes, as fhall be beautiful; in the Chufing fuch Figures for the Parts, as fhall declare the Intent and. Ufe of the whole Structure ; and in Contriving fuch Works only as may be executed with the Materials of: the Country where they are to be ereéted, and for the Money the Builder is able and willing to expend ; all which is pointed out by Mo/és; for he firft eftablifhed a Standard Meafure, and call’d it a Cubit, and by that he regula- ted the Proportion of the Boards and Curtains which formed the Tabernacle ; We then difpofed the whole Fabrick into its proper Parts, and aflign’d a Ufe to every Part; the feveral Parts of this Strudture He direéted in fuch a Manner, that when they were put together, Beauty appeared in the Whole, and in the Parts; thofe very Parts were not only beautiful Figures of themfelves, but evi- dently Emblems of fomething relating to the Fews; the Ma- terials were fuch as the Place afforded ; and the Offerings required towards making it, was fuch as the People were able and willing to give, Uron the whole, it muft appear manifeft, that when Mankind had the Idea, given them of a Standard Meafure, of Working by that Meafure, and of difpofing their Works into regular Forms ; as often as they did fo, Beauty was the natural Confequence of their Labour. Let us fuppofe the twelve Pillars, which Mofes fet up at the Foot of Mount Szai, covered over in fuch a Manner, as to form a Cottage of that Kind, wherein Forked Yrees were fet up- right in the Ground, fuftaining others as an Architrave, and thefe bearing the Joifts of a Floor, upon which a pyramidal Roof was put; and let us alfo fuppofe thofe Pillars made after any of the Orders; will not fuch an Edifice, {mall as it is, be beautiful, whe- ther the Order be the Strong, the Mean, or the Delicate? On the Contrary, omit Proportion and Regularity in the fame Cottage, and the Refult will be what every Country now Produces, where the People have no Idea of the fundamental Principles and Precepts of Architeture. Noruinc was more common in the Eaft, than Cottages com~ -pofed of twelve Pillars, fuftaining a pyramidal Roof: In this Manner the Tomb of Zachariah, in the Valley of Fehofpaphat, by Ferufalem, was built, as we learn from Father Calnet. ‘Thefe Kind of Furs will admit of great Conveniencies, though the external Demenfions fhould be fmall. Plate N° 7. 8. is the Plan of the firft and fecond Stories of a Cottage twenty-feven Feet Square. A. B. C. D. E. F. G, H. 1, K. L. M. The twelve Pillars that forms the four Fronts of the Houfe. N. A little Hall. O. A Parlour, with two Clofets, mark’d P. P, and ten Book, or other Cafes, 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 7. 8. 9. 10. 3. Aa Q. An 94 The Origin of Building, Ge. Book II. Q. An Alcove Bed-Chamber, with a Clofet, marked with the Letter R. : S. A Drefling-Room; and T. T. are Bed Rooms for Boys or ' Men. V. V. Are Bed Rooms for Girls or Women. W. A Bed Room for Maid Servants. X. A Clofet. Y. A Way to the Roof, by a Step Ladder, in which there will be a Room for Men Servants, as well as a Room for Lum- ber. Under the Parlour there will be a Kitchen, with other Offices ; and under the Bed-Chamber there will be Room for a Servants Hall, and for a Cellar. : To thefe Plans, the Elevations, Plate N& 9. 10. and rz. are all applicable ; but N® rr. is that which is to be executed by the Per- fon for whom thefe Defigns were firft made. THE Lian ff the SPIO S1O0Y Hla of Wee SECON Story : List il Llate 20. THE Okt Gi N BUILDING: PLAGIARISM O-F --T HE HEATHENS DETECTED. BOOK the THIRD. Containing an Accounr Of the Procress of BUILDING, From the Completion of the Tabernacle, to the Finithing of Solomon's Temple. THE Origin of Building : Plagiarifm of the Heathens DETECTED. CHAP.-L ‘The Introbpuction: gs R OTA GORAS, the Sophift, under Colour of a Fable, hav- y ing given the Arhéenians an ample Account of the Mofaick Fiiftory of the Creation; and fhewed them, Thar rhe Knowledge of Aris and Sciences was immediately communicated to Man by GOD; proceeds with telling them, That fuch Knowledge was given but to few: And therefore it will not appear ftrange, that Man fhou’d not improve the Idea of Order in Building, dur- ing the Space of four hundred and eighty-fix Years, as the con- current Teftimony of Hiftory affures us. We muft content ourfelves therefore, for the prefent, with this plain Truth, That Men, before the Tabernacle was built, very inge- ‘niouwfly imitated the Birds, and formed themfelves Houfes to dwell in; in Refemblance of their Nefts; which they, however, fo far im- proved, as to anfwer other Purpofes, befides the Prefervation of their Young: And after the Tabernacle was built, they as ingenioufly copied that Structure, "till their Ideas were raifed to a higher Pitch of Excellence, in Works of Architecture, by the Temple which King Solomon built at Ferufalem: & Work which raifed the Jewifh Na- tion to its Meridian Glory, and rendered the People thereof the In- firuments of proclaiming the True GOD to the utmoft Regions of the whole Earth. Bb How 98 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book Ill. How ArchiteEture took its Progrefs after the Tabernacle was built, and how it arrived to its high Degree of Perfeétion, under King Solomon, will be the Subject of our next Enquiry. © BRA PB MEL Of the Camp of the If/raelites. Sefoftris’s dividing Egypt into thirty-fix Nomes, and then into fmaller Parcels; which he diftributed to the People : He being confcious that fo noble and fo ufeful an Art muft have taken its Rife from. fome very extraordinary TranfaGion. Now what Tranfaétion does Hiftory furnifh us with, fo eminent, and of fuch high Antiquity, as the Camp of the I/raelites, wherein the Families of above fix hundred thoufand Men; befides Strangers, their Cattle, their Flocks, and their Herds were difpofed of, as it were in an Inftant, in a regular Order, and commodioufly Houfed ? : HH RODOTUS (a) attributes the Rife of Geometry ta We fhall therefore give the Rife of Geomezry to this ever me- morable Work, under the Dire@ion of Mo/es, and his Father-in- Law, (6) which they began, upon that very Day Month: after the Tabernacle was reared, Tux firft Step that was taken by them towards this great Work, was to number the People; this done, Mo/es divided them into five Bodies, each of which was fubdivided into three Parts; and then the People in thofe fifteen Parts, were divided into fmaller Bodies, as thoufands, hundreds and tens, with an Officer over every ten, every fifty, every hundred, and every thoufand, and likewife over every one of the firft fifteen principal Parts. The laft were called Captains ; of which, twelve were. over the twelve Tribes, and three were over the Levites. Four of the twelve Captains, over the Tribes, had Precedency over the Reft: So that every three Tribes had a Ge- neral, two Lieutenant-Generals, a Colonel over every thoufand Men, (a) Lib. 2. (6) Numb. x. 31. a Cap- Chap. Ul. Plagiarifin ofthe Fleathens Detetted. — 9 a Captain, with two Lieutenants,’ over every hundred. Men, and a Serjeant over every ten Men, Again, the Tribe of Levi, exclufive of Mofes, Aaron, and Aa- ron’s Sons, had three Lieutenant-Generals over them ; a Colonel over every hundred Men, a Captain, with two Lieutetiants; over every thoufand Men, and a Serjeant over every ten Men, More- over, Eleazar (¢) one of Aaron's Sons, was General of the Le- vites ; Aaron had the Spiritwal Government of the whole People ; and Mofes the Temporal, who had to his Affiftance fixty-cight (d) of the Elders, and thefe formed the great Sanuepri of VYrael ; and fo made a fourth Part to one of the five Bodies the People were firft divided into: In the Center of which was the Bannan which Mo/es fet up, the GOD of Trael, and the Supreme Go- vernour of the Univerfe: Tus five great Bodies of People were {6 difpofed, that One, with the Yabernacle in the Middle, made the Center of the Camp ; thefe were formed into a perfe& Square, each Side whereof faced one of the Cardinal Points ; parallel to which the other Bodies were difpofed of, the Whole according to the’Plan; Plate N° x2, 13. ADA, A. A, BOB B. B.°G €.C8C2D2DiD_LD! £. E. E, E. The five great Bodies which’ the People were firft divided into. A.A. A.A. The Camp of Levi, including the Court of Mofes, or the great Sanbedrim of Ifrael, which made the Center of the whole Camp, and formed a perfea fquare, with the Tabernacle in the Middle; B.B.B.B. The Camp of Fudah in the Eaft-Front.-of the Army, facing the rifing Sun, and ata great Diftance from the Tabernacle. C.C. C. G. The Camp of Reuben, as pitched upon ‘the South Side of the Army. D. D. D. D. ‘The Camp of Ephraim, in the Rear of the Army, arid facing the Weft. E.E. E.E, The Camp of Daz, as flation’d’ onthe! North Side of the Army. _ _ ELELE.F. The Tribe of Yudah, containing feventy four thou- fand fix hundred Men. B.B.G.G. The Tribe of Iffachar, containing fifty four thou- - fand four hundred Men. B.B.H.H. The Tribe of Zebulun, containing fifty feven ‘thou- fand four hundred Men. LILI. The Tribe of Rewben, containing forty fix thoufand five hundred Men, (¢) Numb, iii. 32, (d) Numb. 11. 26, C.C.K.K, 100 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book Ul. C.C.K.K. The Tribe of Simeon, containing fifty nine thou- fand three hundred Men. C.C.L.L. The Tribe of Gad, containing forty five thoufand fix hundred and fifty Men. M.M.M.M. The Tribe of Ephraim, containing forty thoufand five hundred Men. D.D.N.N. The Tribe of Manaffeh; containing thirty two thoufand two hundred Men. D.D,.0.0. The Tribe of Benjamin, containing thirty five thoufand four hundred Men. P.P.P.P, The Tribe of Day, containing fixty two thoufand. feven hundred Men. E. E.Q.Q.. The! Tribe of Afber', containing forty one thoufand five hundred Men. E.E.R.R. The Tribe of WVapbheali, containing fifty three thoufand four hundred Men. §,90S.$:. Phe Families of the Ger/bonites, containing feven thoufand five hundred Males. T.T,T,T, ‘The Families of >the Koharhites, containing eight thoufand fix hundted Males. V.V-V.V. The Families of the Merarites, containing fix thou- fand two hundred Males. x. The Tent of Wabjbon, Captain of the Tribe of Fudab, and: General and Standard Bearer of, the Camp of Fudah. a. The Tent of WVethaneel, Captain of the Tribe of Iffachar. 3. The Tent of E/iad, Captain of the Tribe of Zebulun. 4. The;Tent of Elizur, Captain of the Tribe of Reuben, and General and Standard Bearer of the Camp of Reuben. 5. Phe Tent of Shelumiel, Captain. of the Tribe of Szyzeon. 6, The Tent of Elia/aph, Captain of the Tribe of Gad. 7. The Tent of Elifhama, Captain of the Tribe of Ephraim, and General and Standard Bearer of the Camp of Ephraim. 8, The Tent of Gamaliel, Captain of the Tribe of Manaffeh. 9. The Tent of Abidan, Captain of theTribe of Bezjamin. to. The Tent of Abiezer, Captain of the Tribe of Dan, and. General and Standard Bearer of the Camp of Dan. 11. The Tent of Pagiel, Captain of the Tribe of Afher. 12, The Tent of Asira, Captain of the Tribe of Vaphrali. 13. The Tent of Eliafaph, Captain. or Chief of the Families of the Gerfhonites. 14. The Tent of Elizaphan, Captain or Chief of the Families of the Kohazhites. rg. The Tent of Zurie/, Captain or Chief of the Families of the Merarites. 16. The Tent of Eleazar, Captain of the) Captains, or Chief over the Chief of the Levites, and General of the Camp of Levi. 17. The Tent of Aaron, the Spiritual Governour of the Chil- dren of J/rael. 18. The Mate 23. Flate 12. Ww ice SnS28 Saas / eee Proc Renan ETNA Cae be LJ = a = See) SR EEE f { E Es Rit t L t - J | sa [ pee : 14 f f a @ | c = |-- bal al i a E t ali =a; BB SSSR eee! Aes eee | i aa) —] Eee a 7 os 7, JE Sew hes | sa a Se aT ——— os sa ce conten 5 Be Bees) 8 gl a u =a ESS RSE HSE MESS) CEES GEES Cr Chap. Il. Plagiari{m of the Heathens Detetted, 1of 18. The Tent of Mo/es, the Temporal Governour of the Chil- dren of frac 19. 19. t9. 19. The Tents of the fixty-eight Elders of Tfrael. 20. The Tabernacle, with its Court, in the Center of which: was Mo/es’s Banner, the GOD of Vrael, ina Pillar of Cloud. W.W.W.W. The whole Camp of I/rael, containing fix hun- dred and forty-feven thoufand, eight hundred and twenty-three Males, of one Month old and upwards, befides Females and Stran- gers ; together with their Cattle, Flocks, and Herds, which were difpofed of at the four Corners of the General Camp, and alfo at the four Corners of the Camp of Levi. Pirate N® 14. 15. contains the Plan of the Camp of the Tribe of Iffachar, by a larger Scale than that Camp is exprefled by in the general Plan, Plate N° 12. 13. 1. The Tent of one of the Captains over one thoufand Men. 2.3.4. 5.6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Are Squares, each containing the Tents of one hundred Men, with their proper Officers; as one over every ten, one over each fifty, and a Captain over the hundred. Prats N° 16. 17. exliibits the Plan of the Camp of the Tribe of Levi, including the Court of Mo/es, or the great Sanhedrim of Yrael, by a larger Scale than that Camp is expreffed by in the general Plan, Plate N° 12. 13. ; z. The Tent of one of the Captains over a thoufand Men. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. ro. 11. Are Squares, each containing the Tents of one hundred Men, with their proper Officers; as one over every ten, one over each fifty, and a Captain over the hundred. Puare N° 18. 19. Is the Plan of the Camp of the Gerfbonites, wherein the Tents of every Man are expreffed. 1. 2. 3. 4. One of the Squates marked in Plate N° 14. 16, and in 16. 17. with the Figures 2. 3. 4. &c. and containing one hundred Men, with their proper Officers. 7-7 7-7-7: 7-7 7-7-7 “Vents for the Officers over every ten Men. 6. 6. Tents for the Officers over cach fifty Men. 5. Tent for the Captain over the hundred Men. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. £3. 14.15. 16. 17. Tents for ten Men: And if any Difference arofe among them, it was cartied to the Officer at the Head of them, , in the Tent marked with the Figure 7: If he could not determitie it, then it was carried to the Officer over the fifty, in the Tent marked with the Figure 6: And if the Matter was too hard for him, the Difpute was next laid be- fore the Captain of the whole hundred, whofe Tent is defcribed by the Figure 5: And in Failure of Determination by him, it went next to the Captain over the whole thoufand, in the Tent Cc diftin- to2 _ The Origin of Building: Or, The Book Tl. diftinguithed by the Figure 17 in the Plate N° 16.17:: From whom it was likewife removed to the Prince of the Tribe, in the Tent marked with the Figure 16: Then it was car- ried to the fixty-eight Elders: And if the Matter was too hard for them, it was laftly removed to the Supreme Governour of the People; after which there was no appeal; fince thofe Governours were always fuppofed to be infpired by GOD, to enable them to determine right, in hard and difficult Cafes. Turis was the Plan of the Spiritual and Temporal Government of the Children of I/rael, as fettled by Mo/es, and his Father-in- Law, Fetbro, called alfo Reuwel, Raguel, and Hobab, Names ex- prefling his Occupation ; for Rewel, or Raguel, fignifies a Shepherd ; and the fame Names, as well as Hobab, imports one that is favour- ed, beloved, or that is a Friend of GOD, as @ Prief?: As to the Military Government, it was eftablifhed on the fame Plan’ with the Spiritual and Temporal ; and therefore we may.conceive what a Military Camp was, by the Camps we have been defcribing, Tue Tents of this great Camp were no more than 4ybours made of the Boughs of Trees, but fo exquifitely difpofed, that it wou’d not be dificult to prove, (were it conducive to. Civil Architecture,) that moft Nations of the World, in all Ages, have followed. the fame Difpofition in their Camps. How ftriGly the Romans ad- hered to it, will appear by an Examination of one of their Camps, as defcribed by Polydius, and of, which Plate N® 20. 21. is the Plan; the Dimenfions whereof will give us fome Light into the Quantity of Ground neceflary to contain the Camp of the Lraelites. A.A.A.A. The Pretorium or Generals Pavilion, being a Square of two hundred Feet. B.B.B.B. The Zens of the Tribunes, parallel to the Pretorituny, fifty Feet diftant from it, and extending one thoufand and fifty Feet, equal to the Length of the Front: of the Camp. C.C.€.C, A Square of one thoufand and fifty, Feet, parallel to the Zents of the TZribunes, and a hundred Feet diftant from them, in which Square are lodged two’ Roman Legions. D. A Street of fifty Feet broad, which diyided the two Legi-- ons ; on each Side of which the Cavalyy were quarter’d. E.F.. Streets of fifty Paces, or one hundred and fifty Feet broad; on one Side of which, and on the back of the Cavalry, the Zriarii were placed ; and on the other Side the Principes ; next to which the Alafati were lodged. G. A Crofs Street of fifty Feet broad, which cut the four Bo- dies of Men, in each Legion, into two equal Parts. Tue Bodies of Men, in each Legion, were divided into ten diftin& Companies ; the Cavalry had thirty Men in a Com- pany 3 Platetg. Tater. [Placer Hater, NMaterg. Vlater8. ERED EEE EEE EEE TET — wees ee a a bl Et & a : GEE wm HERRERRAS Ba z qa saanegeae | | = rma + eann on : d +a i Be qa =] i = Es) meee | | oe Ha aa ge ae a. Ha deeeene || Ha suaens ay qe sane! | a Hag i aa i [=] a gl cE EEE ae 0 Ha 0 ag : aa Te wy geueene |) sar | SRST TEE | a ane | (Bae : oat ag anne | aaa ze: ag : : ga efit: ae | saan sere [| |: BEER Pa a me Ba fe i Hate 2 ae : c fae S| aa a | bl genen eae aa Cl : | sane! iaeguane | obese gl SueHESISOETEHSTTEE fa = cE) eae egeeeas [| al Ee et ane a af ; ns Opes aa ee | af agian seers | | ae asacuea pm ag ! @ 4 EE ‘| a Ae ne bs ‘4 oli uusae [| fae ae 3 8 8 ae be E= i f | i ig ye 4 ary wR i sgee |] E @ EET ! BH £ BS ‘aa aaa oa aa | | a | : \ E a) aauee [| oe_| Tee | 8 Chap. Il. Plagiarifin of the Heathens Deteéted 103 pany ; the Triarii fixty; the Principes one hundred and twenty ; and the Ha/ffati one hundred and twenty: So that the Triarii were lodged on Half the Ground the Principes, or Faftati, took up; but the Cavalry occupied as much Ground as the Principes, or Haftati: Thefe Companies of Foor, of one hundied and twenty Men, or Horfe of thirty Men, were every one lodg’d upon a Piece of Ground of one hundred Feet f{quare; and every Company of Foor, of fixty Men, covered no more Grourid than one hundred Feet in Length, and fifty in Breadth. Tue Cavalry of the Allies were double to that of the Romans ; but the Infantry were equal. Of thefe Wes one-third of the Florfe, and one-fifth of the Foot were appointed to be near the Conful, and were placed behind the Pretorium, at fifty Feet diftant, but parallel to it; the Cavalry firft, the Infantry next: The Reft of thefe Allies were lodged next the Alaftati, with a Strect between them of fifty Feet; the Cavalry firft, the Infantry next. Thus the Allies were divided into three Bodies of Forfe, three of Foot, and every one contained ten Companies ; thofe of Lforfe, being a third more than the Companies of Raman Forfe, took up, for every Company, a Piece of Ground one hundred Feet in Length, and one hundred and thirty-three Feet four. Inches in Breadth: Thofe of Foot which were placed parallel with the Legions, muft be double to the Companies of Roman Foot; and confequently every Com- pany muft cover a Piece of Ground one hundred Feet broad, and two hundred Feet deep; but thofe Companies of Foot, of the Allies behind the Conful, were equal to the Companies in the Roman Legions, that is, of the Principes or Haftati. Now, if to the Breadth of the Camp of the Legions, we add fifty Foot for each Street, one hundred and thirty-three Feet four Inches for each Body of Cavalry of the Allies, and two hundred Feet for each Body of Foor, it will extend the Breadth of the whole Camp to one thoufand eight hundred and fixteen Feet eight Inches : And if to the Length of the Camp of the Legions, we add the Street before the Tents of the Tridunes of one hundred Feet broad, the Depth of the Tents of the Tribunes which may be fuppofed to be Squares of eighty-three Feet. four Inches, fifty Feet behind them, for their Cattle and Bageage, fifty Feet between that and the Pretorium, two hundred Feet for the Prevorium, fifty Feet for a Street next it, one hundred and thirty-three Feet four Inches for the Hlorfe of the Allies, and one hundred Feet. ‘for their Foor, it will increafe the Length of the Camp, to one thoufand eight hun- dred and fixteen Feet eight Inches, and bring the whole to a er= fect Square ; round which there was a Space. of fix hundred Fect broad, and then a Retrenchment 3 out of which Space we may take eight Feet four Inches for a Wall, and then the clear Arca of the Camp, 104 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book Tf. Camp, with the void Space round it, will be a Square of three thoufand Feet, or two thoufand Cubits. Tux void Ground on cach Side the Prezorium was afligned for a Market, and for the Quefor ; next to which the Mower of the Foot, and Voluntiers were quarter’d; the Holwntiers firft, the Flower of - the Foot next; and above them, at the Corners of the Camp, all fuch Foreigners were placed as were efteemed Allies: Tuus far concerning the Roman Camp, as defcribed by Polybius 5 from whence it will appear evident, That the Ground on which the Camp of the Ifraelites was pitched, need not be conceived fo large as fome People have fuggefted. That Camp might haye been about three Miles and a Half fquare; and fo wide, Mr. Shaw tells us, the Plains of Siwai are: For it is very certain, that a Compan: of one hundred Men, and their Officers, may be difpofed of in a Piece of Ground one hundred Feet fquare ; ten fuch Companies will therefore take up one hundred Feet in Breadth, and one thoufand Feet in Depth; to this we will add one hundred Feet {quare for the Colonel, a Void of fifty Feet between his Tent and thofe of the Men, another Void of fifty Feet between every five hun- dred Men; and this will encreafe the Ground of a whole Regi- ment to one hundred Feet in Breadth, and one thoufand three hun- dred Feet in Depth : Join two fuch Regiments together, and put four Regiments, in two Bodies, oppofite one. another, with a Space between of three hundred Feet, and the four Regiments will take up a Piece of Ground two hundred Feet in Breadth, and two thoufand feven hundred Feet in Depth. Now if we fuppofe the Tribe of -Fudab to have contained eigh- teen fuch Bodies as we have been defcribing, of four Regiments in a Body, with a central Street of three hundred Feet, and Streets between every other Body, of fifty Feet broad ; and if we fuppofe the Tribes of Iffachar and Zebulum to have each contained fourteen of the fame Bodies, with the fame central and fide Streets; and if we alfo fuppofe a Street of three hundred Feet broad to have been between every Tribe; then the whole Camp of Fudubh mutt have extended in Length twelve thoufand feven hundred Feet; the Streets of three hundred Feet broad at each End of the Camp, mutt have encreafed it to thirteen thoufand three hundred Feet, and the Breadth of the Side Camps, being five thoufand four hundred Feet, muft have extended the Front of the whole Camp of Ifracd to eighteen thoufand feven hundred Feet, or three Miles and a half and feventy-three Yards. Accorpine to this Method of Calculation, the Square, in which the Zabernacle was placed, was two thoufand two hundred Feet in Length and Breadth ; the Camp of the Tribe of Levi contained four Chap. 1. Plagiarifin of the Heathens Detetted. 105 four thoufand fix hundred Feet in Length and Breadth; and the Square, in which the Camp of Levi was placed, was thirteen thou- fand three hundred Feet in Length and Breadth: Now if we allow a Street of fifty Feet broad round the whole Camp of Ifrael, and alfo round the Camp of Levi, then the Front of the datter Camp will be equal to the one-fourth Part of that of the former. CHAP. TL. Of the Progrefs of Building during the Life of Mofes. t A FTER Mofes had. difpofed the People into the feveral Camps; he, in order to preferve the greateft Decency amongft them, appointed a Place (a) without the general Camp, whither every Body was to retite for the Relief of Natute; and to bury Under-Ground, by the Help of a Paddle, whatever was obnoxious and difagreeable. i As GOD was pleafed to reviai to Man fuch Precepts as were neceflary to enable him to arrive at Perfe@tion in ArchiteEture ; fo Mofes gave the I/raelites fuch Laws concerning their future Build- ings, as were conducive to their Pyety, to their Health; and to their Security: To thew their Piety, Mofes directed thent to ketp a Feaft (4) for feven Days; yearly, for ever; during which Time, he enjoined all thofe that were I/raelites born to dwell in Booths, that their Generations might know that they dwelt in fwch Habitations, when GOD brought them out of the Land of Egypt: And upon the Day on which they fhou’d enter the Land of Canaan, he direGed. them to fet up great Stones, (c) and plaifter them over with Plaifter ; on which he alfo-direéted theny to’ write the Law very plainly ; and at the fame Time to build an Alar of whole unwiought Stones, and offer thereon Burnt and Peace-Offerings to GOD, (4) Dens, xxiii, 12, (0) Levit. xxiii, 39. (6) Deute xxviis a: Dd To 106 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book IIL To preferve their Healsh, Mo/es inftituted a Law, that whenever the Leprofy (d) fhou’d happen in a Houfe, the Owner thereof fhou’d inftantly acquaint the Prieft therewith, who was to order fuch Houfe to be emptied ; and if upon Examination afterwards he fhou’d find Signs of the Plagué upon the Walls of that Houfe, his Office was to fhut it up for feven Days, and then view it again 5 and if the Contagion encreafed, he was to order the infeGed Stones of the Walls to be taken out, all the inward Faces of the Walls to be feraped, and the Stones and Duft to be carried out of the City, where fuch Houfe fhould ftland: After which, Mofes dire&ted, that they fhou’d repair the Walls thus broke and feraped, with new Stones, as well as new Mortar, and then plaifter them over with Plaifter: When this fhou’d be done, if the Plague remained, Mofes \aftly directed, that the whole Houfé fhou’d be taken down, and that the Stones, ‘Timber, ahd Mortar, fhow’d be removed out of the City: But if the Prieft, after the Reparation of an infected Houfe, fhou’d find the Inhabitants preferve their Health therein, then he was to pronounce that Houfe to be clean. As tothe Security of their Perfons it feems to have been in danger but from one Caufe, which was, the Cuftom of making flat and de- fencelefs Roofs to their Houfes; and therefore Mofes dire&ted, that when any Man fhou’d build (e) a new Houfe, he fhou’d make Bat- tlements upon the Roof, to prevent any one from falling off it. He alfo pointed out to them a proper Form for fuch new Cities, (Ff) as they might have Occafion to build, and direéted them to be made of a perfeét Square of two thoufand Cubits on every Side ; the fame to be enclofed with a Wall; the four Sides to face the four Cardinal Points ; and a Piece of Ground to be enclofed on every Side, of two thoufand Cubits in Length, and one thoufand Cubits in Breadth, for Suburbs ; of which City, Plate N° 22. 23. is the Plan. A.A. A.A. The Walls of the City, two thoufand Cubits in Length on every Side. A. A. B. B. The Suburbs on the Weft Side of the City, two thoufand Cubits long, and one thoufand Cubits broad. A, A. C. C. The Suburbs on the South Side of the City, two thoufand Cubits long, and one thoufand Cubits broad. : A. A.D. D. The Suburbs on the North Side of the City, two thoufand Cubits long, and one thoufand Cubits broad. A. A. E. E. The Suburbs on the Eaft Side of the City, two thoufand Cubits long, and one thoufand Cubits broad. MOSES alfo appointed a Form of Government for every City: Judges and Officers, fays he, (g) fhalt thou make thee in all thy (4) Levit. xiy. 24. (e) Deue, xxii. 8. (f) Numb, xxxy, 2. (g) Deut. xvi, 18. Gates, Vateas, Chap. lil. Plagiavifii of the Heathens Detetted 107 Gates, which he LORD thy GOD giveth thee throughout thy Tribes ; and they fhall judge the People with juft Fudement. And if there arife any Mazter too hard Sor thee in Fudgment, then, con- tinues he, (4) thou fbalt arife, and get thee unto the Place which the LORD thy GOD frail choofe ; and thou fbalt come unto the Priefts, the Levites, and to the Judges which fall be in thofe Days, and enquire, and they Joall foew thee the Sentence of Fudgment. Tun Judges of every City, according to Fofephus, (i) were fe- ven in Number, who had fourteen Levites as Officers or Affiftants. The Court of Judicature was in the Middle of the City, and-took up a fourth Part thereof; and the Refidencé of the chief Judge made the Center of the Court and City: The Dwelling-Places of the inferior Judges, with their Affiftants, made the four Sides of a large and fpacious Square, marked in the Plan, Plate N° 32, 23. with the Letters F. F. F. F. and their particular Habitations are diftinguifhed in the fame Plan, by the Letters G. H. I. K. L. M,N. 0. P.Q.R. 8. T. V.U. W. X.Y. Z. and & Or thefe Kind of Cities, GOD dire@ed that forty-eight thou’d be given for Habitations for the Levies ; and that the fame thou’d be taken out of the whole Land of Canaan, in Proportion to the Poffeffion of every Tribe. Upon the Plan of one of thef Cities, there is no doubt but the Romans formed their Camp of two Le- gions, a City and a Camp being comprized within the fame Di- menfions ; and Vitruvius declaring a Camp and a City to be one and the fame Thing, in all Refpeéts, but the Intent of Duration. Tus D/raclites having incurr’d GOD’s Difpleafure, He fent fiery Serpents (k) among them, which bit them, and many died. Under thefe Circumftances they went to Mo/es, confefled their Sins, and intreated him to pray to GOD to take the Serpents away: Mo/cs complied with their Requeft; and GOD direGed him to make a Brazen Serpent, to {et it up upon-a Pole, and then promis'd that every one that was bitten fhou’d be healed, by looking upon. that Image ; which was accordingly verified. And fuch was the Vener ation the Hews held for that Image, that, to the Days of King Hezekiah, they burnt Incenle (2) to it. Soon after this, the J/raclites tan into the moft flagrant Idolatry ; for during their Abode in Shittim, they aflociated with the Midian- itifo Women; and in Compliance to them, went to their Sacrifices, (m) eat of their Meat, worthipped their Gods, and no le than twenty-four thoufand Men entirely devoted themfelves to the Service of Baal-Peor: But Mo/es foon put an End to this Idolatry ; for (4) Dens. xvii, 18. (/) 2 Kings xviii. iy, 8B ak 2G te . 0) Numb. xxv. 2. he 108 Lhe Ovigin of Building: Or, The Book Ih. he took the Heads of the Idolaters, and hung them. up in Contempt of the God they worfbipped, and then commanded the Judges of I/rael to flay every other Man that had joined himfelf to Baal-Peor ; which was accordingly done, and the whole twenty-four thoufand fell by the Sword and Halter, Tue Prophet Amos (2) upbraided his Brethren with this Idolatry fave ye, lays he, offered unto me Sacrifices and Offerings in the Wilderne/s forty Years, O Houfe of VUrael? No! But ye have borne the Tabernacle of your Moloch and Chiun, your Images, the Star of your God whom ye made to your felves. That is, they wor- thipped the Rifag Sun, or Baal=Pcor, by his Orb; and the Swz, or Moloch, by his Image, or Star; and him they addrefled by the Mediation of fome deceafed Prophet, whofe Soul they imagined was tranfpofed into the Figure of a Pedefial, or a Kind of Support to the Image of Moloch, as the Word Chiun imports; and that it was her that delivered the Will of the Gop to them: Whereas it was only @ Perfon that was concealed in that Pedeftal, to return Anfwers to fuch Queftions as fhou’d be afked, For this ftrange Illufion, which the Midianitifh People had thus drawn fo many of the J/raelites to adhere unto, GOD {oon punifh- ed them; for Mo/es having detach’d twelve thoufand Men (0) out of the Army of I/rael, one thoufand out of every Tribe, and given the Command thereof. to Phinebas, the Son of Eleazar, they, fell on the Medianites, deftroy’d all the Men, and took the Women and Children Captives, carried off their Cattle, Flocks, and Goods, and then fet Fire to all their Cities and Catftles, MOSES next diftributed all the Land of the Midianiies among the Children of Rewben, and Gad, conditionally that they would, as they of themfelves had propofed, take Part in the War, ’till the whole Land of Canaan fhould be conquered : Hereupon the Ruebe- nites and Gadites took Poffeffion of their vanquifhed Land, which was fituate on the other Side of Fordan, and rebuilt fome. of the Cities, founded others for their Families to dwell in, and made Folds for their Sheep. Mo/es alfo allotted the Land of Gilead, in which the Amorites lived, for the half Tribe of Manaffeb, who fab-. dued it, difpoffeffed the Inhabitants, took their {mall Towns and Villages, and fo lived in them, whilft forty thoufand Men, difci- plin’d in War, and chofen out of thefe two Tribes anda half, went to help their Brethren, to conquer the Land of Canaan on this Side Fordan. Tus Tribe of Reuben, at firft, confifted of forty-fix thoufand five hundred Men; that of Gad of forty-five thoufand fix hundred and (4) Amos v.25, (0) Memb 3%. Fs fifty; Chap.tll. Plagiarifin of the Heathens Detetted Tog fifty ; and that of Manaffeh' of thirty-two thoufand two hundred; { that the Houfes capable to receive the Families of fo many Men, as then received the Lot of their Inheritance, muft have been a large Work, tho’ they were built with Timbet, for fo we conccive they were erected, the Houfes taking the Name of Zens, as did moft of thofe of the I/raelites; but if they had been built with Stone ot Brick, they wou’d have had the Name of Strong-Holds ; an Appel- lation given to fuch Edifices, to diftinguifh them from Timber Build- ings. But thefe Sort of Stru€ures the I/raelites had no Occafion for, except whei, by their evil Meafures, GOD délivered them into the Hands of their Enemies; “and then, for their Defence, they made themfelves Dens in the Mountains, Caves, and Strong-Holds. ‘Tuus it appears, that the Tabernacle, at the fame Time, it gave Mankind an Opportunity of worfhipping GOD, it fet them an Example in what Manner to build their own Dwellings ; foftening their defenfive Habitations into the moft beautiful Forms, and there by fhewing them, that they were for ever after to live together in Amity with one another, CHAP: IV: Of the Progrefs of Building, from the Death of Mofes, to the Inauguration of King David. x A FTER Mofes had inftruéed his Brethren in every Thing conducive to their future Buildings, whether they regarded their Piety, their Health, or the Security of their Perfons, GOD fcon gave them an Opportunity of putting thofe Things in Practice, in the promifed Land of Canaan, into which they were brought, under the Condu& of Fofbua; the River Fordan was dried (a) to give them a Paflage; and as a perpetual Memorial thereof, they carried zwelve Stones, (6) which they took out of the Bottom of the River, and fet them up at the Place where they lay that Night; and as a fimilar Monument, Jofbua fet up twelre (2) Fofous iii, 16, (4) Ib. iy. 8, Ee Stones 110 - Lhe Origin of Building: Or, The Book Ill... Stones (c) in the River itfelf; both which anfwered in Form to the, Monument which Mo/es eredted at the Foot of Mount Sivai, as above. Soon after this miraculous Paffage, they, in as fingular a Manner, took the City of Fericho, and burnt it, killed all the Inhabitants, and confecrated the moft precious Part of the Spoil te GOD, which they depofited ina Treafury (d) erected for that Purpofe ; and pur- fuiag their Conquefts, they took 4, another great City, and flayed the Inhabitants, to the Number of twelve thoufand ; whereupon Fofoua built an Altar of whole Stones in Mount Eéa/, offered Sa- crifices thereon, and then wrotea Copy of the Law on the Stones. Tus Hivites, Pofleflors of the Cities of Gibeon, Chephirah, Bee- roth, and Kirjath-yearim, among many others, hearing of thefe Things; and that GOD had dire&ted the J/raelites to deftroy all the Inhabitants of the Land before them, they, with Craft and Dif guife, fought to make a League with Yo/bua, in order to fave them- felves from a total Extirpation of their Races, and their Cities from that Devaftation, of which Yericho and Ai were too convincing and terrible Examples, and evident Demonftrations that nothing could withftand or flee from the Hands of fuch mighty Conquer- ors ; and therefore, in the moft artful Manner, they came to Yo/hua, who made Peace with them, and all the Princes of the Congrega= tion ratify’d the fame with a folemn Oath. Tus Jraelites purfuing their Conquefts, on the third Day after the Execution of this Covenant, they came to the Cities of their new Allies, and then difcovering the Cheat, they made great Complaints againft the Princes, who wou’d by no Means violate the Oath they had entered into, in fuffering the People to be de- ftroyed ; but, for the Impofition that was put upon them, they in+ ftantly doomed thofe who had thus deceived them to perpetual Bon- dage; and fofbua made them that Day (e) Hewers of Wood, and Drawers of Water, for the Congregation, and fer ‘the A/tar of the Lorp. Aut the {pare Time that thofe Bond-men had, after preparing Wood for the Altar of Burnt-Offerings, and Water for the Ufe of the Za- bernacle, was employed in hewing of ‘Timber ‘for Habitations for the I/raelites, who, as faft (f) as they deftroyed the idolatrous /Ci- ties, erected others in Lieu thereof ; fo that the Bondage which was contrived in Egypz, was thus applied to advance the Art of Build~ ing in the Land of Canaan. Tus I/raelites, in the Space of feven Years, having fubdued the Land of Canaan, (confifting of feven Nations, and thirty-three (6) Foftua iv. 9 (4) Ib, vi. 24, (e) Tb ix. 27. (Cf) Ib. xix, 50. &e. } : Kings, Chap,1V. Plagiari{m of the Heathens Detetted. irt Kings, as above) they affembled themflves together at Shiloh, and there fet up the Tabernacle; and after dividing the Land among the nine Tribes, and the half Tribe of Manaffeh, they difmiffed and fent home the fighting Men of the two Tribes and a half; who had chofen their Inheritance on the other Side of Jordan, and had affitt- ed them in their Conquefts; and as thofe People returned to the Places of their Abode, they erected a very great /tar on the Bor- ders of Fordan, to be a Witnefs, and to thew fucceeding ‘Genera- tions, that tho’ their Poffeffions were over Jordan, yet they were the fame People with thofe, whofe Inheritance were in Gonaan. JOSHUA having thus eftablifhed the Yraeliies in the pro- mifed Land, and fet up the Tabernacle, he renewed the Covenant between GOD and His People, wrote (g) the fame in the Book of the Law, then fet up a Stone under an Oak, by the San@uary, to be a Witnefs thereof, and fo let the People depart, every Man to his Inheritance. This Tree, from thence forward, was called the Oak of the Pillar : By this Tree Abimilech was eleGed and annoint- ed the firft King over Part of the Children of Vfrael » And to this Tree we may afcribe the Origin of that.Cuftom, which fill pre- vails in moft Country Places, of planting a remarkable Tree near the Church. Tue firft Edifices, of any Confequence, we have any Account of, after the Tabernacle was compleated, were the FToufes; or Temples, erected by the Heathens, in Imitation of that Fabrick ; which they generally built with Timber, but made them much larger than the Tabernacle; for an Hold (4) of the Houfe of the Gop Berith, re- ceived one thoufand People that fled, from the Tower of Shechem, thither for Protection, but were therein confumed with Eiresatby — Abimelech, after he had deftroyed the City itfelf, and laid it in Athes ABIMELECH, after his Conqueft at Shechem, encamped be- fore Thebex, and took it, but the Inhabitants all betook themfelyes to their ftrong Tower, to which the Conqueror advanced, with an Intent to burn it, as he had burnt the Hloufe, or Temple, of Baal- Berizh ; but approaching too near.it, a Woman caft a Piece of a Mill- Stone upon his Head, which fra@ured his Skull ; and che finding Life departing, and to prevent the ignominy of dying by the Hand of a Woman, ordered his Armour-Bearer to flay him with: his Sword, who accordingly thruft him through, and fo Abiimelech expired, . Tue Philiftines having got a Vidory over the Hraelites, and taken the 4rk of GOD from them, brought it from Eben-ezer unto Afp- dod, and there fet it in the Hou/e (7) of Dagon, by that Idol, who (g) Fofeua xxiv. 26, (2) Fudges ix. 46. (#) 1 Sam. v. a, fell 112 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book Uf. fell down before the 4-4 the firft Night, and it being fet up again, tumbled down the fecond Night, by which it was fo broke, that only the Stump of Dagow remained. Wuen the Philifines took Sampfon (hk) Prifoner, they firft put out his Eyes, then brought him down to Gaza, there bound him in Fetters of Brafs, and ithen put him into the Prifon-Houfe to grind Corn. After which, the Lords of the Philiftines aflembled themfelves together at Gaza, (one of their chief Cities,) to offer a great Sacrifice to their Gov Dagon, who had a Temple there, as well as at Afhdod, for the Vidtory they imagined he had got them over Sampfon: The Chief of the People {eated themfelves, on this Occafion, in the Body of the Zemple; the common People, to the Number of three thoufand, Men and Women, fixed themfelves upon the Roof of the Houfe, and when they began to be merry, they ordered the diftrefled Captive to be brought before them to make them Sport. - SAMPSOW bore all the Derifion of the Philifines with ‘Temper and Patience; at length, when he had fatisfied their De- fire, and found himfelf placed between the Pillars of the Zem- ple, in the Middle of his Enemies, he defired the Lad that held him by the Hand, to let him feel the two middle Pillars of the Houfe, that he might reft himfelf againft them ; then praying to GOD to give him Strength to avenge himfelf on thofe who had deprived him of his Sight, he took hold of thofe Pillars, and with Force bowing himfelf towards the Ground, wrenched them out of their Places, thereby diflocating the whole Frame of the Building, _ which, with Precipitation, fell down, and deftroyed all his mortal Enemies, he himfelf fharing in the common Calamity, and dying at the fame Time like an Hero, viGorioufly. Tus Philiftines had likewife an Houfe, {/) Sacred to Afaroth, in which they depofited the Armour of Sav/: So that they had Zem- ples to Berith, or Noab, to Aftaroth, or Abraham, and to Dagon, or Fofepb, as their God’s Mediators ; but to the Surrsmzs GOD, they don’t appear to have raifed any fuch Stru€tures; it was enough for them to make his Image, and exhibit it upon fome high Place, which was the Rule wherever Sabianifin prevailed. aI ¢R) Fudges xvi. 21. (1) 1 Sam xxxi, 191 CHAP, Chap. V. Plagiarifim of the Heathens Detefted. 113 CHAP. Y. Of the ProgrefS of Building during the Reign of King David, at Hebron, than he went to Yerufalem with his People, but was denied Entrance into that City, it being not then conquered: However, the King, by the Valour of Yoab, took the Caftle of Sion, made the fame his Habitation, built round about it, and fo called it the City of David; to which Joab made fome Additions: And David then growing great and potent, Hiram, (4) King of Zyre, fent Meflengers to him, together with Cedar Trees, Carpenters, and Mafons, and they built the King an Houfe, or Palace. D: D (a) was no fooner anointed King over all I/rael, - By thefe Things, David perceived that GOD had eftablithed him King over J/rael; whereupon he made a Vow, (¢) That he wou'd not go into his Houfe, or to his Bed, or give Sleep to bis Eyes, or Slumber to bis Eye-Lids, until be had found out a Place for the Haziration of GOD: For, faid the King, thall I dwell in a Houfe of Cedar, while the 4k of GOD remains only within Curtains ? DAVID, in Purfuance of this Vow, having prepared a Place in his own City, and thereon pitched a magnificent Tent for the Ark, he then fetched it from the Houfe of Obed-edom, with the utmoft Solemnity, and offered a great Sacrifice at the Induction of it into this new Tabernacle : And when the King found himfelf efta- blifhed in Peace, (d) as a further Inftance of his Gratitude to GOD, he refolved to build a moft magnificent Temple for his Hasrra- r10N 3 which Defign David imparted to Vathan, the Prophet, who then encouraged him to do what he had propofed: But the King was foon after given to underftand, by the fame Prophet, that GOD approved his Intentions, but that the Work it {elf thould be refery- ed for his Son, whom the Lorp wou’d raife up after him, and eftablifh his Throne for ever. é (4) 1 Chron. xi. 3. {0) Pfa. cxxxii. 2. + Emule (0) 2 Sam. v. 13. (d) 2 Sam. vii. 1. and 1 Chron, xvii. 3. FE By 114 \ The Origin of Building: Or, The Book Ih By thefe Examples of Building, we may plainly fee that the Za- bernacle of Mofes was what the People endeavoured to imitate; the Pillars of Dagon’s Temple, at Gaza, is a plain Demonftration, that they then made Ufe of Pillars in their Edifices ; and Davia’s Palace of Cedar is a fufficient Teftimony that their greateft Fabricks were erected with Timber, \ as the prevailing’ Tafte of Building at that Time, when the Houfes began to be more capacious than before : For we find that Eg/on, King of Moab, over and above the Con- veniencies in his Palace, had a Summer Apartment, after the Form of the Zabernacle, the inward Part of which ferved’as a Parlour; and the eutward Part as a Porch or Portico: In thig Room of State Eglon gave the People’ Audience, and particularly Esud; who (¢) pretended to have had a fecret Meflage to him from GOD, and thereby got all the People, befides himfelf, difmiffed the Prefence of the King, who rifing from his Chair, in humble Reverence, ‘to ré= ceive it, Ehud drew out a Dagger, of a Cubit long, which he had concealed, and with his left Hand, at one Puth, buryed it in his Belly, by which he inftantly died ; and Ehud efcaped, by fhuting and locking the _Deors after him. . : Tuere is no doubt, but that as whole Habitations encreafed int Grandeur, fo did the various Parts of which they were compoted 5 and the Chamber in which Delilah (f) praétifed her Deceit upon Sampfon, is a Demonftration of it; for that Room muft have been of a prodigious Size to be made the Scene of fo much Treachery : But it don’t at all appear, in any of the Buildings, that the Propor- tions of the Tabernacle had been look’d into, or any further En quiry, made into its Parts, but in Refpect to the general Form, which, in the Space of above five hundred Years, may have diffufed itfelf throughout the whole World. HIPPOCRATES tells us, That the Nomades, a Scythian People, had no Houfes, but dwelt in Chariots of fix Wheels, and others ef four, confifting fome of one, and fome of three Rooms, and made Proof againft the Weather with thick Woollen Cloths, or Felts; the very Pattern of the Zabernacle ; and thofe Houfes, Herodo- tus (g) fays, were made with Shrubs, compacted with Ruthes, This laft Author adds, that it was cuftomary for the Argippears, ano- ther Set of Scythian People, to fleep under Trees, covered in the Winter Seafon with a ftrong white Cloth, which in the Summer was {upplied by the Leaves.. The fame Author fubjoins, that the City of Gelonus, the Capital of the Budians, the largeft and moft populous Nation of all Scyzbia, was entirely built with Tim-= ber, and furrounded with a Walk of the fame Materials, three hun- dred Stades, or thirty-feven Miles and a half on every Side; in which City there were Temples, adorned with Images, Altars, and Cha~ fe) Fudges ili, 9, (f) Tb, xvi, 40 (g) Lib. 4, pels Chap. V. Plagiarifin of the Heathens Detetled. ty 5 pels of Wood. This fhews us, to what a great Degree of Mag- nificence this firft Sample of Architetture was carried. DAVID, (b) in Procefs of Time, had a Son by Bath-/heba, whom he called Solomon; but thé Lorp fent to him, by Mazhan the Prophet, and told him his Name thould be Jedediah, that is, beloved of the Lory; he being the Son whom G OD promifed to raife up and eftablith his Kingdom for ever; Arter a long Serits of Troubles that enfued the Birth of Soli mon, David (i) dire&ed Foab to number the People, whereby he might be enabled to judge of the Strength of his Kingdom ; but this Proceeding fo difpleafed GOD, who had given thofe People mani- feft Proofs, that their Strength was only in him, that he fent a Peftilence upon J/rael, which deftroyed no le than feventy-thou- fand Men: Under thefe calamitous Circumftances, the King made an open Confeffion of his Guilt, and prayed to GOD to avert his Wrath from the Innocent, and only punith him that had finned, by executing his further Vengeance upen him, and upon his Father’s Houfe : Hereupon the 4ugel of GOD commanded Gad, (David's Sever) to tell the King, to go up, and fet up an Alar to the Lorp, in the Threfhing Floot of Ornan, the Febufite, as the beft and fitz teft Means whereby he could make Attonement for his Tratifgteffions, DAV ID (k) inftantly obeyed. this Gommand, and Araunah, or Ornan, Names of the fame Import, perceiving him advancing with his Servants, went out, and after making his ‘Obeifance to the King, afk’d him, on what Occafion he came there; David told him, to buy his Threfhing Floor, to build an A/ar upon unto the Lorp, that the Plage might be ftay’d from the People :° To which Araunab replied, ‘That the King might offer what feemed good to him ; telling him, there were Oxen for Burnt+Offerings, and ‘Threfh- ing Inftruments, with other Inftruments of the Oxen, for Wood, which he as a King, did give unto a King; and at his Tendering of them, moft earneftly prayed to GOD to accept the Offering of David : But the King would not take thefe Things, He infifted upon Parchafing of them at their full Value, and accordingly gave Araunah fifty Shekels of Silver for them. Then David (2). built an Altar there, offered Burnt-Offerings, and Peace-Offerings, and called upon the Name of the Lorp; who, after anfwering him by Fire from Heaven, on the Mar, commanded the Angel to put his Sword again into the Sheath thereof; and thus the Plagtie was ftayed. Tur King, after this Proceeding, refle@ting, that his offering Sa- crifices would render the Land about the Akar ulelels, upon any @ 2 Sam. xii, 24, () 1 Chron: xxi. 5, (k) 2 Says. xxiv. 19. (2) 3. Chrow. xxi. 26, : other 116 The Originof Building: Or, The Book Il. other Occafion, propofed (7) to purchafe of Ornan the Place of his Threfhing Floor ; but that generous Man, fenfibly affeted with the Miferies that had befallen his Country, made a Tender of that alfo to the King, who refufed to accept it upon any other Condition, than for its full Value; and accordingly he gave for the Place fix hundred Shekels of Gold. David thus poffefling himfelf of Ornan’s Eftate, not only continued to facrifice there, becaufe the Tabernacle of Mofes, and the Altar of Burnt-Offerings, were, at that Seafon, in the high Place at Gideon, but: pronounced the Place (2) he had purchafed to be the Houfe of the LORD GOD;s and the Altar he had eretted zo be that of Burnt-Offerings for Urael: And look- ing upon his former Vow to be fulfilled, he declared, That he would forthwith make all the Preparations in his Power for the Temple, fince GO D had given him a Son that would {oon arrive to a State of Manhood, and be able to go on with that great Work. CHAP. VL Of the Preparations made by King Da: vid, for the Temple, at Ferufalem. S foon as King David had purchafed Ornan’s Eftate, he A (2) commanded all the People that were Strangers in the Land of I/rael, to be gathered together, and fet Mafons to hew and work Stones, to build the Hov/e of GOD; he alfo pre= pared Iron Nails, and Brafs, in Abundance, befides great Quanti- ties of Cedar Trees; infomuch, that when he called his Son So/o= zon, and charged him to build an Houfe to the LORD GOD of Jrael, he told him, He (6) had already prepared, during his Trou- bles, for that Work, ten thoufand Talents of Gold, one hundred thoufand Talents of Silver, and Brafs and Iron without Weight ; alfo ‘Timber and Stone, with Workmen in Abundance, fuch as were capable of hewing and working of Stone and Timber, and of per- forming all Manner of other Work, DAV ID (c) growing old, and anxious to the laft Degree to have the Temple built, made Solomon, his Son, King over I/racl; he (nm) 1 Chron, xxi 22. (4) 1 Chron. xxii, 2, (#) Tb, xxii, 3. (2) Fofephus's Ant, 7, c. th (¢) & Chron, xxiii, 1, then Chap. VL Plagiarifi of the Heathens Detefted. 114 then affembled (d) together not only all the Princes, but fuch others as were in Authority, or of any Confequence; and after declaring GO D’s Favour and Promife to his San Solomon, he exhorted them all to fear GOD, and encouraged his Son to build the Temple, giv- ing him the Pattern of the Porch, of the Houfes, Treafuries, Upper- Chambers, and Inner Parlours thereof, the Place of the Mercy Seat, the Courts of the Houfe, and all the Chambers round about, with the Treafuries of the Houfe, and Dedicated Things 5 he.alfo gave him In- Jrruttions for the Courfes of the Priefts and Levites, and for all thé Work of the Service of the Houfe, and for all the Veffels in the Ser- vice thereof; for thefe he gave the Weight cither in Gold or Silver, faying, (¢) Ant ruis tHe Lorp MADE ME, UNDERSTAND IN WRITING by nis Hanp upon Mz. David then turning to the People, {poke thus to them: Sz/omon, my Son, whom GO D alone hath chofen, is yet young and tender, and. the Work. is great; for the Patack is not for Man, but for the LORD GOD: Now, tho’ I have prepared for the Houwfe of my GOD, Gold, Silver, Brafs,. Iron, Wood, Onyx Stones, Stones to be fet, Glittering Stones of divers Colours, all Manner of precious Stones, and Marble in Abundance, yet I, at this Time, further give three thoufand Talents of the Gold of Ophir, and feven thoufand Talents of refined. Silver, to over-lay the Houfe withal ; and who then is willing to confecrate his Service this Day unto the LORD? : Tuts laudable Example excited all. thofe that: were prefent with David, to contribute towards. the intended Work. and the Princes and People offered and gave for the Hou/e. of GOD five thoufand Talents, and ten thoufand Drams. of Gold, ten thoufand Talents of Silver, eighteen thoufand Talents of Brafs, one hundred, thoufand Talents of Iron, with Precious Stones in Abundance; all of them rejoicing, that they had offered willingly,. with perfe@ Heart, Da- vid the King ‘participating with them: And after he had’ tendered his 'Thankfgiving to: GO-D on this Occafion, he. defired all the Congregation to, blefs GOD,. who obeyed,. bowing their Heads, and worthipping the Lorp. _ Tun (f) Day after this, the Princes and People inade a Sacri- fic to GOD, and offered Burnt-Offerings, one thoafand Bullocks, one thoufand Rams; and one thoufand Lambs, with their Drink-Of: ferings and Sacrifices, in Abundance,. for Vrael : Then they: made Solomon, a {econd ‘Time, King, and all.J/rael obeyed him. €d) 1 Chron: xxviii. 1 (e) 1 Ib. xxviii. 1g. (f)-2 Ibi is 2. Gg CHAP, 118 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book III. GABE A Pee ar Of the Preparations made by King So/v mon, for the Temple at Ferufalem. 7 HEN Solomon was eftablifhed King over all Lfrael, with an Intent to begin the Temple, which his Father pur- j pofed to build, he immediately acquainted all his Peo- ple, that during the Time the Work fhou'd be about, they fhould make their Offerings at the Tabernacle, which was then in the high Place, at Gideon ; and as-an Introduétion, Solomon himlf offered, upon the Brazen Altar there, one thoufand Burnt-Offetings: ‘This A& of Piety was foon rewarded, for GOD appeared that very Night to Solomon, and bid him afk, what he fhould give him; the King refle@ing on the great Mercy GOD had fhewed his Father David, and how he had made him to reign in his Stead, anfwered. and faid, O LORD GOD, Let thy Promife to David, my Father, be eftablifbed, for thou haft made me a King over a People, like the Duft of the Earth in Multitude; cive me Wispom anp Know- Leper, that I may go out and come in before this People, for who can judge thefe thy People who are fo great. This Petition fo well pleafed GOD, that, over and above the Wifdom which he afked for, He promifed him fuch Affluence of Riches, Wealth, and Ho- nour, as fhou’d exceed what any King before him had, or any after him fhould have. Solomon awaking in the Morning from his Sleep, was fenfible he had had a Vifion, therefore upon his Return to ¥e- rufalem (a) he prefented himfelf before the 44 of the Covenant, offered. Peace-Offerings before the Lorn, feafted all his Servants, and foon after fhewed a Specimen of his Wifdom in the Decifion of the Difpute between the two Harlots, Wuren GOD put it to Solomon's Option to chufe whatever Blefling he defired, and'He would grant it him ; Solomon, no doubt, reflected on the Building he was going to ere@, as well as on the Number of People he was to rule, Tde Building, fays he, Jeall be wonderful great; and therefore the extraordinary Nature of it was fuch as required the continual Dire@ion of the Divine Br- ING, to enable him to go through with it, fince the Zadernacle could not have been performed, unlefs GOD had filled thofe that were principally concerned in it, with bis own Spirit, ia Wifdom (@) Kings iii, a5. and Chap. VIL. Plagiarifm of the Heathens Detelled. i 19 and Underfianding. "le therefore praying for Wifdom, GOD not only granted it him, but fuch infinite Wealth, as enabled him to perform fuch immenfe Works, that the reft of the World, united to- gether, cou’d not at that Time have done the like ; fo apparent was the Hand of GOD in whatever Solumon undertook, through his religious and good Views; and his Wifdom was {o great, that it rais'd Admiration in all Men. Preparatory to the Beginning of the Work was his Contrad (2) with Hiram, King of Tyre, for Timber ; then he raifed (c) thirty thoufand Levites, with Adeniran at their Head, to fupervife, direé, and govern the Workmen, amounting to eighty thoufand Hewers in the Mountains, feventy thoufand to bear Burthens, and three thou- fand three hundred Overfeers, or Officers, to rule over them, Tuzsz hundred and fifty thoufand Workmen were partly zhe Pofterity of thofe Gibeonites, which Jothua condemned to be Bond men in bewing of Timber, and partly Bond-men, which the Lfraél- ites, from Time to Time, purchafed from among the Strangers, in the Nations round about them ; for the Law (2) moft exprefly for- bid them making any of their Brethren Mechanicks in the Building Art, which was an evident Mark of Bondage, and as fuch all Works wete performed by the Labour of Bond-men, Arrer thefe Preparations were made, which took up almoft four Years Time, King Solomon began the Work, which we now propofe to explain from the Sacrrp Text, and from what TF oephus writes in Confirmation thereof; CHAP. Vit Of the Situation of the Temple at Feru- falem, and of the Year of the World in which the Building was begun. =m HE Ground on which the Temple was to ftarid having i been prefiguied by GOD, to Abraham, in his going three Days Journey thither, and offering up a Ram, in- fread of his Son, and determined by the Defcent of the Fire from (>) 1 Kings v.8, (c) 1 Kings v. 13.and 1 Chron, xxiii, Ae @) Levit. xxv, 30: and 44. Heaven, 120 . The Origin of Building: Or, The Book Tl. Heaven, to confume the Sacrifice upon the 4/zar, which He order- ed David to erect, as foretold by Mofes, when he faid, (a) In the Mount of the LORD it foall be feen, obviated all the Difficulties the Nature’ of the Place fuggefted, for fuch a great Work ;. and therefore Solomon refolved to build the Temple on Mount Moriah, on the Spot of Ground where Orzan’s ‘Threfhing Floor was placed, be- ing the very fummit of the Hill, having on the South Side a deep Precipice ; and on the Eaft Side the Valley of Fehofbaphar ; on the other Side whereof was Mount O/ivat ; by which Means, from the rifing Ground Eaft and South, there was a fair Profpect of each of thofe Fronts of the whole Stru@ure chat faced it ; but the other two Sides were intercepted by the more contiguous Part of the City of Ferufalem, gradually afcending towards it. Tue Area of the Ground of the Temple, remains, in fome Mea- fure, entire, except that Part which was artificially made, on the South Side, and of which Mr. Maundyell, in a Journey he took from Aleppo to Ferufalem, in the Year fixteen hundred and ninty- feven, gives this Account, to wit, (6) That on the South Side of the Mountain, there are feveral large Vaults, at leaft one hundred and fifty Feet under-ground, built in two Ifles, arch’d at Top with huge firm Stone, and fuftained with tall Pillars, confifting each of one fingle Stone two Yards in Diameter; and in another Place he adds, (c) That from a Terrace of the Palace of Pilot, on the North Side of the Area, where the Temple ftood, you have a full Profpec. of the Ground where it was fituated; and that a fitter Place for.an auguft Building could not be found in the whole World, than that Area, which was one thoufand five hundred. and thirty-nine. Feet, in Length, and about one thoufand Feet in Breadth: Our Author concluding, That one may ftill difcern Marks of the great Labour that it coft, to cut away the hard Rock, and to level fuch a fpaci- ous Place upon fo ftrong a Mountain. Tuts Situation muft therefore. make the Superftru@ture confpicu- ous, not only to all Ferd/alem, but to the whole Country ; there- fore Solomon, upon his Acceffion to the Throne, continued the Pre- parations his Father David had made, and omitted, nothing that was, neceffary for his immediate Proceeding upon the Work, as above ; and indeed, if we confider the Extenfivenefs of it, the People of no other Nation in the World, but this, could have yielded Hands to have cartied it on: For as the I/raelites were Bond-men them- felves in the Building Art, fo they juftly afflicted others, during the Space of above four hundred Years, in the fame Manner; who being at firft the Inhabitants of four large Cities, were fo encreafed by the Time Solomon was made King, that he colleéted above one hundred and fifty thoufand Men to begin his Works with. — (4) Gen. xxii. 14, (6) Page 100, (Page 106, THESE Chap. VIL Plagiarifin of the Heathens Detefed. 131 Tues Men having hew’d Stones, of great Magnitude, to lay the Foundation with, and brought them to the Place where they were to be fet up, Solomon (d) began to erect the Zemple in the fourth Year of his Reign, in the four hundredth and cighticth Year after the Yraelites came out of Egypt, and about the Year of the World two thoufand nine hundred and ninety-nine ; tho’ according to St. Paul (2) it was a hundred Years later ; but as this Apoftle was then fpeak- ing to Fews and Gentiles, and had made it a Principle to avoid (f) Fables and endlefs Genealogies, he was not exact in his Computation of Time, and ufes the Word abauzt, as unwilling to reject the Chro- nology of the Yews or Gentiles. Tue Birth of T/aac having been the firft Thing that was efle@ed for the Glory of the I/raclites ; from his Birth, to the End of the Eg yp- tian Bondage, as foretold by GOD, was juft four hundred Years ; from which Time, to that of their entering into the Land of Gz- naan, was forty Years more, making together four hundred and forty Years; fo that from the Birth of I/aac, to the Lraelites taking Pof- feffion of the Land of Canaan, was juft the fame Space of Time, as it was from their coming into that Land, to the Beginning of the Temple, by King Solomon. Godihedth cia ya LK Of the Tremere, and the Parts thereunto belonging, Moriah with a high (a) and ftupendious Wall, built with Stones of fuch vaft Magnitude that they were twenty (4) Cu- bits long, and fix Cubits deep: This the King ordered to be done, that the Sides of the Hill might be fo filled up to the Level of the Wall, as to form a fpacious Area at Top, capable of containing the whole Stru@ture, with its feveral Courts; and thefe Walls were made fo firong, | that. the Fabrick above might. ftand upon» Ground that would not yield to its incumbent Weight. ‘Chen’ Solomon ereQed the Zemple in the following Manner, and according to the follow- ing Dimenfions, S OLOMON began this mighty Work, by enclofing Mount (d) 1 Kings vi. 4; ¢ > Ant. 1, 8.6 26 Gh Aas Be 18, @ vi: 29 ¢, 8, 1 Tim. i, 4. Hh Tue 122 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book Il. Tur Length (c) of the Infide of the Zémple was juft fixty Cu- bits, being double the Length of the Zabermacle; the Breadth was twenty Cubits, anfwering the Length of the Holy Place of the Za- ernacle; and the Height was thirty Cubits, which was equal to the whole Length of the Tabernacle, and to three Times its clear Height, produced by the Length of the Boards that made the Sides and End of that Edifice. Tur Porch, at the Entrance into the Temple, was twenty Cubits long, and ten Cubits broad; the Area of which preferved the Di- menfions of all the Boards on the Side of the Holy Place of the Tabernacle, and the Height of this Porch was one hundred and twenty Cubits ; which not only anfwered the Age of Mo/es, but that Period of Time which GOD gave Men, to return from their Wick~ ednefs and repent, before he deftroyed them by the Deluge. ; Tue other three Sides of the Zemple were environed with a Wall, of about eighteen Cubits high, at the Diftance of five (d) Cubits from the Wall of the Zemple; this void Space was called a Cham- ber, and the Height was divided into three Stories, each five Cubits high, in the Clear: The Floors of thefe Chambers, were refted in the outward Wall, and upon Rebatements made in the Wall of the Temple, of one Cubit, for every Story ; by which Means, the firft Chamber remaining at five Cubits broad, the fecond became fix Cu~ bits, and the third feven ; whereby the Wall above thefe Chambers, being properly the Wall of the Temple, was reduced in its Thick- nefs three Cubits, and had narrow Lights in it, to illuminate the Infide of the Temple: By thefe Rebatements, the Floors of the Chambers were fupported without being faftened into the Wall of the Temple, and the Way to them was by a Door on the South Side, the fecond and third having been made acceffible by winding Stairs. The whole Building was Roofed with Beams and Boards of Cedar, covered over, on both Sides, with Plates of beaten Gold. Ir is impoflible to determine of what Thicknefs thefe Walls were built, but by fuppofing thofe of the Sides and Weft End of the Temple fix Cubits at the Bottom, thofe on the Eaft and Weft Sides of the Porch feven Cubits and a half, and thofe of the Chambers, being the outward Walls, four Cubits, the whole Building muft have extended one hundred Cubits in Length, upon fifty Cubits in Breadth, and have form’d a double Square, anfwering the Form and Dimen- fions of the Court of the Tabernacle; and the Temple having been thirty Cubits high, thefe three Dimenfions of Length, Breadth and Height, made a Body equal to the one-third Part of JVoah’s Ark. Tue better to fupport our Suppofition of the exterior Dimenfi- ons of the Ground Work of the whole Zemple, we will mention {¢) 1 Kings vi. 6, (@) Ib. vi. 6 other Chap. 1X. Plagiarifi of the Heathens DeteYed. 2 3 other Things that were made in the Form of double Squares, to thew Solomon's great Efteem for that Figure ; and firft, the Infide of the Temple was reduced to forty (¢) Cubits in Length, and twenty Cubits in Breadth ; fecondly, the Porch jas twenty Cubits long, and ten broad ; and thirdly, the Cherubims in the moft Holy Place occupied twenty (/) Cubits in Length, and ten in Breadth; {0 that in the three Divifions of the Temple, this beautiful and well-propor- tion’d Figure was feverally retained, and. vifibly apparent ;_befides which, the Side of the Temple formed a double Square, as well as the Parts above the moft Holy Place; and of the fame Figure So- lomon made the Sides of the Akar of Burnt-Offerings. Anp asa further Proof that the Side Walls were of the Thick. nefs we have fuppofed them, the twenty Cubits in the clear Breadth of the Temple had, on each Side of it, fifteen Cubits, anfwering the very Divifion in the Eaft End of the Court of the Tabernacle, where the Gate was twenty Cubits broad, and the Curtains on each Side of it took up juft fifteen Cubits, Tur Infide of the Zemple was divided into two Parts, 4 Cube (e) of twenty Cubits, at the Weft-End, made the moft Holy Place, the Remainder was call’d the Holy Place. The Divifion of the moft Holy Place was made with Boards of Cedar, and all the infide Walls were covered with Boards of the fame Wood, but the Floor and Ceiling (4) were laid with Planks of Fir. The Doors, (4) with their Frames, for the Moft Holy Place, were made of Olive-Tree ; as was alfo the Frame for the Door of the Temple; but the Door itfelf was made of Fir. The Infide of the Temple, as well as the Doors, were richly carved with the Figures of Cherubims, Pillars (2) in the Shape of Palm-Trees, made of Alimug Wood, and open Flowers; and then over-laid (4) with Gold. In this Manner the Sides, the Floor, the Ceiling, and the Roof of the moft Holy Place were finifhed ; and nothing was to be feen in the whole Temple that was not covered with Gold, enriched (7) with Precious Stones, In this Temple, GOD Himfelf was the Hiftoriographer of the moft beautiful and explicit Kind of Hiftory the World ever produc- ed; all the Ornaments of the Tabernacle were there colleGed toge- ther, and improved to the utmoft Degree; beyond Imagination itfelf, The Pillars of mug Trees fupporting the Ends of that Kind of Covering, as an Entablature, which made the Roof of the moft ‘Holy Place, poffeffed the firft twenty Cubits in Height ; and over every Pillar there was the Statue of a Cherubim. The Chapiters of thefe Pillars, which were made with Palm-Brariches, bearing Fruit, (for fo they muft be to carry the Figure of the Tree) were (e) 1 Kings vi. 17, Gi) x Kings vi. 31. (f) Ib. vi. age (k) Ib. x. 12. (g) Ib. vi. 20, @) Ib. 6. 20, (2) 2 Chron. iii, 5, (im) 2. Chron, iii, 63, feparated 124 . The Origin of Building: Or, The Book I. feparated. by a Moulding, , in Imitation’ of a Cord, which was cartied from Pillar to Pillar, round the Zemple; and the Intervals between thefe Pillars were embellifhed. with curious Sculpture, reprefenting all the, various Flowers.of the Field, at their full Growth; and thefe were done to that Perfection, that Art itfelf feemed to vie with, or rather out do the very Original. Morzovsr, from Chapiter to Chapiter, in the Front of the moft Holy Place, there were Chains (J of Gold, garnifhed with préci- ous Stones, fo artfully difpofed, that they formed a) Feftoon of Flow- ers, in all their natural (2) Colours, but! with that dazzling Splen- dour, which accrues to real Flowers, by the Morning Dews, and the enlivening Sun rarefying, drying, and bringing them to their fragrant PerfeGtion ; under which was a rich and beautiful Vail, (p) of Blue, Purple, Crimfon, and fine Linnen, wrought with Cherubims, in fuch. exquifite Manner, ‘that it added Luftre to the Work compofed with Precious Stones. - Anp in order to add to the Splendour and Majefty of the whole, the laft.ten Cubits of the Side Walls. of the Temple, as well as the Ceiling, was a quite plain Surface of Gold, fave only fo much of the Side Walls as was poffefled by the Cherubims, and the narrow Lights. Tue Temple being fuppofed to have reprefented the Univerfe, the Entablature round. the Infide of that Struéture ‘may be conceived to have intimated the Divifion between Heaven and Earth; the Lights, thofe of the Firmament; and all the plain Surface of Gold, that beautiful and terminate View a clear Day exhibits tothe Eye: The Cherubims above, and the Pillars below, reprefented the Inhabitants of Heaven, and thofe of the Earth; the firft in their real Shapes, the laft Hieroglyphically : And: thefe Pillars havingbeen made in the Figure of Palm-T'rees, is fufficient to coroborate our former Conjecture, that the Chapiters of the Pillars of the Court of the Tabernacle were ornamented with the Leaves of that Tree. Tue Pillars of the Sacred Struétures: of the ews thus refembling Palm-Trees, {eem to have been defigned for an Emblem of the great Oppreflion of the I/raelites in Egypt, and Multiplying thereupon ; and. were introduced into the Tabernacle and Tenmple, to fhew farther the miraculous Support of thofe People, in the Suftenance they weceiv’d from the feventy Palm-Trees at Elim; and that while they conti- nued Good and Obedient to GOD, He would make their Condi- tion profperous, like that ‘Tree, which is:conftantly Green, Flourifh- ‘ing, and Fruitful, as well as Vittorious ; the Palm-Tree, ot a Branch thereof, being a Symbol of Vittory. And as the upper Part of the (”) x Kings vi, 21. (0) Fof. Ai. 18.c.2. (p) 2 Chron, iii. 34. Temple Chap. IX. Plagiarifia of the Heathens Detebted. 12 5 Temple is fuppofed to have reprefented Heaven, and the lower Part the Earth ; the firft by being plain, and of the richeft Metal, thews the Immenfity and Glory of the Seat of GOD to be unapproach- able to our Sight, which foon evaporates among thofe Rays he dif penfes to enlighten the Earth; but the fecond Part was quite other- wife, for that having been decorated with all the Ornaments of Na- ture, every Thing was apparent to the Eye ; and thus, at once, Men might have feen the Beauty, and, ina great Meafure, have conceived very juft Ideas of the Magnitude of the Works of GOD. In (7) the moft Holy Place of the Temple there were two Che- rubims made of Olive-Trees, over-laid with Gold, each of which was ten Cubits high; and from the utmoft Extent of one Wing, to that of the other, was ten Cubits; fo that being there placed with their Wings expanded, they reach’d from one Side of the moft Holy: Place to the other. Tue whole Length of the Temple was three Times its Breadth, and the Height was one-half of the Length. After the moft Holy Place was enclofed, the Remainder of the Temple, upon its Area, was juft a double Square; that is, the Length was double the Breadth, and the Height’ was half of the Sum compounded of the Length and Breadth. Tut Doors of the moft Holy Place, as well as thofe of the Zéw- ple, were double, and thefe latter confifted of two (r) folding Leaves in each Door; fo that the Entrance into the Temple was four-fold, anfwering that of the Zabernacle. Tue Altar (s) of Incenfe was of Cedar, over-laid with Gold uas was the Table (z) for the Shew-Bread ; but the Candlefticks, with the Lamps, were of pure Gold. © Solomon made ten of thefe Candle- Sticks, and placed them before the moft Holy Place, five on the Right Side, and five on the Left. He alfo made ten (w) Tables, which he difpofed of in the fame Manner as the Candlefticks. Tue Porch was curioufly finifhed, for befides being over-laid (w) with Gold, two Brazen Pillars were placed in it, which, for their exquifite Workmanthip and Magnitude, far exceeded the Ma- jefty of the other Parts of this grand Edifice. Tue compleat Pillars were each twenty-three -Cubits high, of which their Chapiters (w) were five Cubits, and their {quare Bafes, (4) 1 Kings viv 25, (#) 2 Chron. iv. 8. (r) Ib. vi. 34. (@) Ib. iii. 4. €s) Ib. vi. 20. (x) 1 Kings vii. 16, (2) Ib. vii, 48, Fie 126 Lhe Origin of Building: Or, The Book Ul. or Sockets; at. Bottom, were ‘probably half a Cubit;: fo that the round Shaft of each Pillar was. feventeen Cubits and a half long, fince both together were thirty-five.(y) Cubits.. The Thicknefs of the Shafts of thefe Pillars amounted to an Hand (x) Breadth, and their Circumference having been twelve Cubits, their: Weight mutt have been at leaft, one hundred| Tun, exclufive of the Chapiters, which, confidering their. Ornaments, could not be lé& than forty Tun more. Tue lower Part of the Chapiters was made of Lilly (2) Works forfour Cubits in Height, upon which there was a Bowl of one Cu- bit high, and this Part was covered. with feven Nets of Chequer Work, and feven Wreaths of Chaini Work, over-laid with two Rows of Pomegranates, one hundred in a Row. Turse Pillars were placed in the Porch of the Temple, one on the Right Side, and the other on the Left; that on the Right, or South Side, was called. Fachin, which fignifies, Ale foal cftablifp, from Fachin, the fourth Son of Simeon; that on the Left, or North Side, was called Boaz, which fignifies, In it is Strength, from Boaz, the Name of Solomon's Great Grand-father, by Ruth; and thefe Pillars reduced-.the Middle of the Porch toa {quare: Form, agree- able to that Part of it that was above the Roof of the Temple; for the Porch having been raifed one hundred and twenty Cubits high, it formed-a very lofty Tower, and undoubtedly made the Center of the inward Cowrt, that it might have ‘the fame Appearance from fuch Places as fronted the four Sides of that Court, and be a Mo- NUMENT of the great and virtuous A&tions to which the Place whereoa it frood was facred. For as: the Zemple furnifhes us with fuch curious Matters of Hit: tory, the Porch was no Way deficient in contributing to the fame End, fince GOD Almighty pointed, out that Spdt of Ground for the Place whereon to make Tryal of the Faith of Aérabam, and to confirm ¢he Pramife of a Saviour to the World to be in his Seed. Abraham feems therefore to have been reprefented by the Pillar Boaz, and the Strength of his Faith was in the Work he then and there did, in Obedience to GOD’s Commands. Fachin, the South Pillar, might have reprefented J/aac, whofe virtuous Education made him willingly {ubmit to furrender up his Life, to him that gave and required it, by the Hands of his Father, for whom he had the greateft Duty and Reverence ; and fhewed on that Occafion a Re- fignation, becoming the Son of fo good and pious a Parent. But in the very Inftant, when 4éraham ftretched out his Hand to flay his dear and only Son; GOD Almighty knowing the Integrity of his Heart, and that he was fully bent upon obeying his Commiands, (y) » Chron. iii, 15. (2) Ferem Mi. 21. (a) Kings vii. x9. caufed Chap. 1X. Plagiari(m of the Heathens Detected. 137 caufed ‘his Agel to call to hith out of Heaven, and tell him to for- beat doing any Thing to Dac, for what he had already done, was a fufficient Teftimony of his Obedience to GOD, ABRAHAM, in Surptize, turned himfelf about, and, at fome {mall Diftance, perceived a Ram, which was caught in a Thicket, by his Horns, which he direétly took, and offered up fora Butht-Offering, inflead of his ‘Son : Upon which the Angel called to Abraham a fecond Time, atid told him, That GOD was {0 well pleafed with what he had done, that iz Blefing he would blefs im, and in Multiplying he would multiply bis Seed, as the Stars in Hea- ven, and as the Sand which is upon the Sea Shore, that they foould poles the Gates of bis Enemies; and THatT IN HIs.Seep att Na- TIONS OF THE Earru sHourp se Biessep, fince he had obeyed bis Voice. Vo this emblematical Reprefentation of Abraham and Tfaac, ‘by the Pillars,“Fachin and Boaz, and to the Continuation of the Sacrifices to GOD, upon the Altar of Burnt-Offerings before the Temple, Mofes fecms to have alluded, when he faid, (6) That in the Mount of the LORD it foal be fen. THe Faith of Orndn, the Febifite, which was fhewed in this Place, ‘may be faid to be a Paragon in many Refpeéts, with that of Abrohom, the Condition of his Life cannot be fuppofed to be fuch as could enable him to give fuch a confiderable Part. of. his Effects away, as his Threfhing Floor, Land, Oxen, and Implements of Bu- finels, wheteby it’s probable he earned his Bread, on any other Ac- count, but through the Confidence he had, that the intended Offer- ing would appeafe the Wrath of an angry GOD, and thereby ftop the Contagion which fo vehemently raged, and had then deftroyed no lefs than feventy thoufand People. His Faith was. real, where- fore GOD opened ‘his Eyes to perceive the Meffenger of his Ven- geance 5 and the infpired Writers of the Scripture have defcribed hig Character and Action on this Occafion, with the Epithet due to fo noble a Spirit, by faying, / thefe Things did he, as a King, give unto a King. r Tuererort the one hundred and twenty Cubits, to which the “Porch was raifed, was to make it a Monument, for ever memora= ble; and to perpetuate to all Eternity the one hundred and twenty Yeats Warning of the Deluge, and the Faith which was there fhew= ed in GOD, by his true Believers that arofe after that dreadful Mark of his Vengeance; and that in Return, the Almighty had verifted great Part of his Promife, and would do all the Reft in due Time, provided the People, on their Part, performed the Covenant, and kept the Laws he had prefcribed them: The Chapiters there- fore of the Pillars explain, by the four hundred Pomegranates in {b) Gen. xxii, 24, four 128 — The Origin of Building: Or, The Book Il. four Rows, the Number of Years from the Birth of I/zac, to the End of the Bondage GOD had foretold Abraham of ; and the Seed of the Pomegranates fhews, that the Almighty had fo united the Hearts of the Seed of Abraham, that though they were fo numerous, when they left Egypt, not one fo much as offered to fwerve from the common Direction given to the whole, but facrificed their Male Lambs, and fo came out of their Bondage victorious, under the Banner of their Gracious GOD, in the fourth Generation, from their going there; Mo/es being the Son of Amram, the Son of Ko- bath, the Son of Levi. ~ Acarn, the feven Wreaths of Chain Work, circumf{cribing the feven Nets of Chequer Work, in the Chapiter of one of the Pillars, correfponds with the feven Days of Victory GOD gave the I/raelites, and to the total Overthrow of Pharaoh and all his Hoft, who were | fwallowed up by the Red Sea, upon the feventh Day after the J/- raelites began their Journey from Egypt. In like Manner, the Chapiter of the other Pillar having been crown’d with feven Wreaths, it feems to allude to GO D’s enabling the I/raelites to vanquifh their Enemies, at their firft Entrance into the promifed Land of Canaan; for after a folemn Proceflion round Fericho, {even Days repeated, and {even Priefts founding: feven Trum- pets made of Rams Horns, and making a Shout of Conqueft, the Walls of the City fell down, the I/raelizes entered into it with Tri- umph, and deftroyed all their Enemies, without meeting with the leaft Refiftance, Tur Nets of Chequer Work, covered by the Wreaths of Chain Work, and circumfcribed by the Rows of Pomegranates, reprefent- ed alfo the Thicket, in which the Ram was caught, that Abraham facrificed inftead of his Son; and the fleecy Part of that Creature, was reprefented by the carved Lillies, with which the lower Part of the Chapiters were compofed. Tue Outfide of the Temple did not at all yield in Beauty to the Infide, confidering its Situation ; for it was embellifhed (c) with the fame Ornaments, tho’ carved in white Stone, or Marble: The Pil- lars (d) had Bafes of Gold, to which Solomon alludes in his De- feription of Curis, by his Graces; andthe Roof (e) was over- laid with Gold, which made the Contraft of the whole Stru@ure charming to the Eye of the Beholder, Thus, this Divine Piece of Architeéture, was allo a Divine (f) Piece of Hiftory ; which we will leave to be further confider’d. (¢) 3 Kings vi. 29. (4) Cant. v. 15. (e), 1 Kéngs vi. 30, Cf) Fol, As. 8. c. 2. CHASE Chap. X. Plagiarifm of the Heathens Detetted. 128 CHAP X Of the Altar, Sea, and Laver, in the inz ward Court of the Temple. Temple, and was twenty Cubits long, twenty Cubits broad, and ten Cubits high: “This A/tar was made with Brafs, in fo exquifite a Manner, that though its Magnitude was above fifty- three Times as much as the Altar, in the Court of the Tabernacle, no Imperfection could be perceived in the Workmanthip of it. The folid Cubits in this A/tar, amounted to four thoufand, which cor- refponds, with the Number of Years, from the Promife of our Lorp and Saviour, to his Incarnation’; and the four (6) Branches of the River that watered the Garden of Eden, feem to refer to the four Parts of this grand Period of Time; at the Expiration of which, the River (¢) itfelf ‘performed the Office’of all its former Branches : iVoah feems to have been the firft Branch, whofe Birth was about one thoufand Years after the Fall of Man ; Abraham may be look’d upon as the fecond Branch, whofe Birth was about two thoufand Years after the Fall; and Solomon feems to have been the third Branch, whofe Building the Temple, and thereby fhewing the Glory of Ufrael, was about three thoufand Years after the Ful/. @ Bee Altar (a) of Burnt-Offeririgs was placed befote the Ar (d) the Eaft End of the Zemple, oppofite the South, the Molten Sea was placed for the Priefts to wath in, which was ten Cu- bits Diameter, thirty Cubits in Circumference, and five Cubits in Height. This Sea was made with Brafs, of a Hand Breadth in Thicknefs, the Brim of which was curioufly wrought with Flowers, in Imitation of Lillies; and underneath thefe (¢) there were two Rows of Knops, in the Similitude (f) of Oxen, ten in every Cu- bit ; fo that each Row contained one hundred and fifty Knops, an- fwering the Number of Loops and Taches which coupled the firft and fecond Curtains of the Tabernacle together. Tuts Sea was fupported upon the Backs of twelve Oxen mad¢ of Molten Brafs, whofe hinder Parts were inward; three of thofe (4) 2 Chron, ive i (d) 2 Chron. iv. 2. (2) Gen. ii. 10. (e) 1 Kings vii. 24, (c) Rev, xxii, r/ (f) 2 Chron. iv. 3. Kk Oxen 130 Lhe Origin of Buildings Or, Thé\. Book TL Oxen looked towards the North, three towards the Weft, three to- wards the South, and three towards the Eaft. Ow each Side of the Temple there were placed five (g) Brazen Bafes, each of which was four ‘Gubits fquate, and three Cubits high. The Multiplication of the Length and Breadth of the Sides of thefe Bafes, being that Part of them which was always vifible to the Eye, produces twelve, alluding to the twelve Tribes of J/rae/ ; and upon thefe Ba/féss there ftood ten (6) circular \Lavers,\of Brafsy wherein they wafhed fuch Things as they offered for Burnt-Offerings, The Bafes, with the Lavers upon them, were’made moveable, by four Wheels that were put under every Ba/e; and the Superficies of every Side of thefe.Ba/es having ‘been twelve {quare.Cubits,! asabove, the,.four Sides of every -Bg/e amounted. to -forty-cight.fquare Gubits, fo that the Superficies of the Sides of thc-ten Bajes together.made up: the Number of four Jhundréd arid :eighty {quate Gubits:: Now the cubical Content of the’ fame -Bafés was fourandred and eighty folid Cubits, which makes.a, Parity, jof Numbetscin their folid, and their fuperficial Content, as above ; and.,this, it’s highly probable),iias intended ,to allude to the-Number of, Years fromthe: Dfracliteseom- ing out of Hyyip7, \to! Solomon's Beginning the ,Zemple,? which: was jut four hundred and eighty. } te As the. Things neceffary..for the Service of the Zabernacle were an Altar of Burnt-Offerings, a Laver, ‘an-Altar of Incenfe, a Zable, anda Candleftick, fo.in the) Temple. Solomon had:the fame. principal Things, with.ten Levers, ten Lables, and ten Canilefticks. extra~ ordinary, to add to the Solemnity..of their Offerings | to -G-O-D. Cr a tee Of the Courts of the Temple. TT: inward (a) Court was built with three Rows of hew- ed Stones, and a Row of Cedar Beams; {0 that the In- fide. of the Court was of Cedar, as well as the Infide of the Temple. As to the Number of Pillars:round this Cows, they can be only conjectural; however, there is a ftrong Prefumption that there were twenty-cight on. every Side, including the two. Corner (g) 3 Kings. vii, 27. (lb, vii. 58. (4) Ib. vi. 36. ones, ‘Chap. XL. Plagiarifin of the Heathens Detefted. 13% ones,. fet at ten Cubits diftance from the Center of one Pillar, to that of the other ; for as the Temple was inclofed, by. thefe Pillars, the Number we haye mentioned; correfponds with the Number of Cubits in the Length of the firft Curtains, which GOD. direAed to inclofe and cover over the Tabernacle. On this Suppofition, the Outfide. of this Courz fhewed, thirty-four’ Pillars on every Side, in- -cluding. both the Corner ones, .and. extended about three hundred and. forty Cubits, including the Proje@ion of the Bafes of the ex- tream Pillars: By this Mcans.,the. whole Number of Pillars was four, hundred and eighty, anfwering.the Number of Years, from the J/rgelites. coming out, of, Egypt, to the Time of Solomon's be- ginning the Zemple; and to the Number of, Cubits' in the Length of the. forty-eight Boards! of the Tabernacle, which was four hun- dred and eighty, each Board having been ten Cubits in Length. This Number is alfo apparent two feveral Ways in the ten Ba/es upon which the Levers ftood;; as above. -}, buts, treble. Portico muft.of,|\Courfe, have..been: covered over, and all the Pillars. and .Cedar,-Beams.muft have, been {quare, “becaufe the Stones,; made: ufe of in (Selomon’s Works,..(b),»were fawed after the Manner, and Meafures of the hewn) (c) Stones, of ‘which this Portico confifted., And as|Stones. of ten, |\Cubits, were,common. in Solenon’s Buildings, fo, thefe, Rows.of Pillars were iat-jleaft of.:ichat Length, ,exclufive of any Bafe and.Capital they might have had, , Tus Spaces between.the Pillars, we. may conclude. were regular and equal, becaufe the Tenons of the Boards. of the Tabernacle, and the Pillars themfelves of that Stru€ture, fufliciently pointed out. that Manner of Difpofition: Befides, Solomon thewed his great Regard to.Regularity,, by placing the Lavers, Candlefticks, and: Zab) equally LES, OG on) the Right and Left Side of the Temple, both within and without ; and, his dividing thofe facred Utenfils into Fives, thews us, that the five Bodies 4braham prepared, previous to the Sign, and alfo the " Fives alluded to by \the Bars.on each of the three Sides. of the Tix bernacle, were all feverally retained in ithe Zemple. Wuar we have thus far faid of the inner Courz;. tends to prove ./it.to have been of the fame Length and Breadth; on the Eaft Side of which was the Cowst of the -Priefts ; but that had no. Portico’s round about it. /Thefe Courts were farrounded with a low Wall, (Fofephus fays of three Feet in Height) with handfome Doors at its Entrance, covered with Brafs ; at which, two of the fix Levites, appointed for, the Eaftward Part of the Zemple, attended. And, as in the Zabernacle, one half.of the Court was for the Edifice itfelf, and the other for the Purpofe of Sacrificing ; fo we may very reafonably prefume one half of the whole Ground of thefe Cyuris 0) 1 Kivgs vii, 9. (6) Ib. vi. 36. to 132 The Ovigin of Building: Or, The Book Ti. to have been for the Zémple, and the other for the Priefts ; and that they formed together a double Square of three hundred and forty Cubits, conformable to the Court of the Tabernacle, which was a double Square of fifty Cubits. Tuat one Court was before the other, and that the Court of the Priefts was fquare, is evident and demonftrable ; for Solomon having addreffed himfelf to GOD, before the Avtar, in the Prefence of the whole Congregation of J/rael, upon.a Scaffold he ereéted in the Midft of the Cowrt that was before the Hou/2 of the Lorn, he afterwards hallowed the fame Spot, and thereon offered Burnt-Of- ferings, and the Fat of Peace-Offerings, becaufe the Brazen Alta? which he had made, was not big enough for all the Offerings at that Time, ‘Tanse Courts made the middle Part of a large Area, called the great Court, (d) which was likewife encompafied with a treble Por- tico, confifting of three Rows of hew’d Stones, and one of Cedar Beams. On each Side of this Court there was a Gate; that on the Haft (e) was attended by four Levites ; that on the North by four; that on the South by four; and that on the Weft by two. Now if we make the Spaces betwen the Pillars in this great Court, tlie fame with thofe of the inward Court, and augment the Number in its Breadth to fifty, then the whole Breadth of this Court will be five hundred Cubits on the Outfide, the Length will be eight hun- dred and forty Cubits, and the Number of Pillars will come out at one thoufand and eight, anfwering the Number of Years from Solomon’s Beginning the Temple itfelf, to the Birth of Curis‘, Tuis great Court, according to Fo/ephus, (f) was common to dll People, and it was furrounded with a void Space, and a Wall; in -the Nature of a Rampart; at the Weft End of which were the two (g) Gates of Afuppim, and the Gate of ‘the Cau/ey. The Extent of this outward Inclofure we have made fix hundred and forty-four Cubits -in Breadth, and nine hundred and ninety-four Cubits in Length, the Gates included ; which makes up the whole Area of Ground, defcribed by Mr. Maundrell, as above. But whether thefe Meafures were the real Dimenfions of the feveral Cowrts, ér not, it is neverthelefs evident, that the Zemp/e was furrounded, in a very pompous and magnificent Manner, with all the Cours and Portico’s we have defcribed. ; 5 Arter. Solomon had compleated this beautiful and ftupendous Work, with every Thing belonging to it, and had depofited all the confecrated Things therein, as well thofe of the Tabernacle, as thdfe (a) 4 Kings viie 12, (¢) 1 Chrow, xxvii 17. Cf) Al 8. coz (g) * Chron, uxvi. 176 of Chap. XL. Plagiarifm of the Heathens Detefted. ¥3 3 ot his Father David, and what he himfelf had prepared, he, (4) in the moft folemn Manner, brought the 42 of the Teftimony into the moft Holy''Place, and inftantly 2 Cloud filled the Temple. “Then Solomon afcended a Brazen Scaffold, of five Cubits f{quare, and three Cubits high, anfwering the Mar of Burnt-Offerings in the Court of the Tabernacle, which he had ere@ed in the Midft of the Court of the Priefts, and turning to the whole Congregation of I/rael, bleffed them, and blefled GOD; and kneeling down upon his Knees, addreffed himfelf to’ the Lory, in the moft pathetick Prayer (2) that ever was pronounced of uttered by Man; which was no fooner ended, than the Fire came down from Heaven, and confumed the Burnt-Offerings, and the Sacrifices, and the Ghry of the LORD filled the Temple. Then the King, and all the People, offered Sa~ ‘erifice before GOD, which, on this Occafion, confifted of twenty= two thoufand Oxen, and ‘one hundred and twenty thoufand Sheep. CHAP. XIL ; Of the Time So/mon was. erecting the Temple, with an Explanation of the Plan of that Edifice. HE Temple was about feveri Years and a half in Building ql and Finifhing, and the great Labour of it confifted chiefly in Raifing and Working fuch large Stonesas were made. ufe of, in bringing them afterwards to the Top of fuch a large Hill as Mount Moriah was, and then. in fetting them up in the Work ; all which was performed by the Labour of Men, when the mecha- nical Powers, to lefien their Labour, were either in’ their Thfancy, or not known at all. Tue Cafting the Brazen Pillars and Sea, and bringing fingle Weights of above fifty Tun, to the Top of a Hill three (a) or four (2) hundred Cubits in perpendicular Height, is not fo eafily done, as People, unexperienced in- Works’ of Difficulty and great Labour, may imagine, No lefs: than one: hundred and eighty thoufand Meny'*béfides Officers,» were employed on this auguft Edifice, to which fome of (2) 2 Chron. v. 5. (@) Lamy’s Introd. 1. 1. c. i (4) Ub, vi. 14. (2) Ff: Ant. 1.8. ¢, 2. and Prid, Coa. p. 1.1.3. E | Solomon’ s 134 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book UL Solomon’s other Buildings were undoubtedly contiguous, at leaft to the outward Inclofure; but that none of them were fo near the Temple, as to be made a Part of it, is a Fact beyond all Manner of Contra- digtion: For the Temple was facred to GOD only, it was made for His Dwelling, and exempt from every Thing but the Sacrifices that were to be offered before Him, and the Service appointed for the Priefts and Levites. Aut the confecrated Things were depofited in the Chambers round the Temple, and there the Priefts were to put on their Veftments 5 but yet thofe Chambers were fo far judged impious, in Refpe&t of the Zemple, that Solomon would not fufter a Stick or a Stone, that belonged to them, to be refted in the Walls thereof, but raifed Foun- dations en purpofe for them. Therefore, can it be fuppofed that the Dwellings of the Priefts, or any other Dwelling was made, to join to that of GOD, or any Part belonging to it? Or can it be fuppofed that Solomon would fit as a King, or a Judge, in a Build- ing joined on to that of the great GOD, and Judge of Heaven and Earth? Thefe Confiderations, fupported by the Manner in which Mo/es and Aeron, with the Priefts and Levites encamped round the Yabernacle, may convince any one, that the Temple, with its Courts, confifted of no other Parts, but what Holy Writ furnifhes us with an ample Account of; and fuch as brings out.a Stru€ture Sublime, Magnificent, Beautiful, and every Way agreeable to the Ideas we can conceive of all that is Good and Great. GOD fufficiently fhewed us the Dwelling He required here in the Stru@ure of the Tabernacle; and becaufe that was moveable and imperfect, His Divine Pleafure was fuch, that He commanded an im- moveable and. perfect one to be made; and as the ftrongeft and higheft Inftance of His Directions being every Way performed, He was pleafed to fill it with His own Presence, the very Moment So- lomon publickly declared it finifh'd. In this Temple, a Man might have feen all that Art was capable of producing, adorned with the choiceft and richeft Produétions of Nature. No Object a Man could fet his Eyes upon, but what would make fome great and mighty Miracle in his Favour, recent in’ his Mind ; and though he might have been deprived of feeing the Glory and Majefty of what was within, yet from many Points he could not fail to fee the Brazen Pillars. in the Porch, to remind. him, (c) That it is not the Offering that is acceptable to GOD, but the Will of Him that offers: That therefore GOD accepted Abraham’s Will, and. for the Offering itfelf, I/aac was chang’d for a Ram, and that Creature facrificed inftead of him ;, in Confequence of which, Abraham's Seed, after the Space cf four hundred Years, were brought (¢) 1 Sam. xv, 22. out Chap. XI. Plagiarifin of the Heathens Detected. 13§ out of the moft fevere Bondage, which for four Generations they had labour’d under ; and the Signal of their great Delivery imme- diately enfued the Sacrificing Rams of one Year old: GOD fought their Battles, and gave them Vidtory over Pharaoh, and all his Hoft, bringing them triumphant through the Red Sea; and then, when he had conduéed them to the promifed: Land, they enter’d it by ° Conqueft, at the Token given by the Sound of Trumipets made of Rams Horns. A Building having thefe Matters of Speculation is Great, accord- ing to the Greatnefs of the Aions reprefented ; for it may be very juftly faid, that it is not the RichnefS of the Materials, nor the Mag- nitude of the Edifice, tho’ difpofed in the moft perfe&: Manner, that renders the Works of 4rchiteure the moft admirable 3; their ultimate Perfection chiefly confifts in their having, for Objeé, fome great and noble Actions of him, by whom they are ereGted, ot to whom, ot to whofe Memory they are facred ; and as the Parts of this Zénz- ple feem {fo exactly to have coincided with the great Miracles brought to pafs by GOD, whatever have been wrote, or whatever may hereafter be faid, relating to that Stru@ure, can never. fet forth the Glory, and the Majefty of -it; of which, Plate N° 24. 2 5. contains the Plan. AVA. A. A. The great Court. a.a.a.a. The treble Portico round it. B. The Cours of the Priefts. C. The Brazen Scaffold ereéted by Solomon in the Midft of the Court of the Priefts. D. D. The inner Court. d,d.d.d. The treble Portico round it, E. The Temple. F. The Brazen Altar. G. The Molten Sea. A. Hv HA HH. HoH. HH. The ten Ba/es upon which the ten Lavers wete placed. I, The Porch of the Zéemple. K. The Brazen Pillar Fachin, L. The’ Brazen Pillar Boaz. ; yee _M, The Nave of the Temple, forming on the Gtound a double Square of twenty Cubits, and on the Ceiling a treble Square of twenty Cubits. N. The moft Holy Place, a Cube of twenty, Cubits, O. The Ark of the Teftimony. ©’ P. The Arar of Incenfe. Q. The Zable of Shew-Bread. ; q. q. The ten Tables before the imoft Holy Place, R. The Candleftick. rr, The ten Candlefticks before the moft Holy Place. : S. One 136 The Origin of Building, Ge. Book UL S. One of the Chambers between’ the Walls of the Temple, and. that which environ’d i. ‘T. The Door to the Chambers. U. The Winding Stairs to the Rooms above. W. The Wall that furrounded the inward Courts. X. The Wall that furrounded the whole Temple. Y. Y. Y. Y. The void Space round the great Court. Z. The Gate Shallecheth, by the Caufey, at which four Levites were appointed to attend. s.s.. The Gates 4/uppini, at which four Levites, two at each Gate, were appointed to attend. t. The Weft Gate of the great Court, called Pardar, at which two Levites were appointed to attend. u. The North Gate of the fame Court, at which four Levites were appointed to attend, w. The South Gate of the fame Court, at which four Levites were appointed to attend, x. The Eaft Gate of the fame Court, at. which four Levites were appointed to attend, y- The Doors of the Court of the Priefts, at which two Levites were appointed to attend. By this Temple, Architeffure was brought to the higheft Perfec- tion it ever arriv'd to; from this Temple, and the Tabernacle, the choiceft Examples of Building, among the Antients, were copied ; and from the Tabernacle and Temple we hope we fhall be able to prove, undeniably, that the Dorick, Fonick, and Corinthian Orders of Columns were taken. Thefe Orders we thall treat of, after, we have recited fome of the great Works for which Egypt, Affyria, Media, Babylonia, Greece, and Italy, are fo remarkable in Hiftory. Bur before we proceed, it may not be improper to obferve, that the Service and Care of the Temple was vetted in four Orders of Men felected out of the Levites, namely, Priefts, Singers, or Prophets, Porters, and Treafurers ; every one of which had his particular College near the Temple, the fame.as the feveral Families of the Levites were placed near the Tabernacle. The College of Priefts, by King David’s Appointment, were only twenty-four (¢) in Num- ber, but So/ommon encreafed them five-fold, and made them one hun- dred and twenty (e);, however, they were afterwards reduced to eighty, (f) with an High Prieft. (4) x Chron. xxiv. 4. (e) Ib. v. 12. (f) Ib. xxvi. 17. THE Plate.a4. : So aay oe pee ae ee ee ee Pe a ee er eee ee ee ee ee Sa BHER BR eR eee eee eee eee BES REPT Te Re eee eee eee Bee ee RR Te ee eee eee Cio BERS EB eee See eee eee eee eee Bee eee ee eee ee eee PBB eB eae ee eee ee ee a a a 5 a 5 SP eee Pee ee ee ee eee eee eee eee ee So pee ea eee ee ee ee ee oe ee eK ee ee eee ee a BUILDING: PLAGIARISM HEA THENS Der bE -C-TF: D. BOOK the FOURTH. Containing an Account Of the Procress of BUILDING, From the Completion of Solomon’s Tumrue, till it arriv’d to its higheft Perfeftion in Asia, Ecyprt, Gregce, and Iraty. THE Origin of Building: Plagiarifm of the Heathens DETECTED. CHAP. L The Inrrobuction. AY ce: Ofris afcended the Throne of Eeypt, he made Nee \) Choice of a Perfon for his facred Scribe, to whom he committed all his Secrets, and was entirely governed by his Advice. This Scribe, according to Diodorus Siculus, (a) was the firft that taught the Greeks Eloquence, and for that Reafon they called him Hermes, a Speaker, or Interpreter. It was he that firft found out Letters, and inftituted the Worthip of the Gods; it was he that firft obferved the Motions of the Stars; and it was he that invented Mufick, Arithmetick, and Statuary : In Sum, the Lgyption Priefts made him the Inventor of all the Arts and Sciences ; but faid it was their Kings that found out fuch Things as were neceflary for the Support of Mens Lives. Flere is an Age affigned for the Rife of Arts and Sciences among the Ex yprtians: But whether thofe Arts and Sciences were really in- vented by Hermes, ot ftole from other Nations, and publithed by the Egyptian Priefts, as the Inventions of one of their own Country, will not, we think, appear a Doubt to fuch as will confider, with the great and learned Sir Teac Newton, that Ofris, Sefoftris, and Bacchus, is one and the fame Perfon with Sefac, and this the fame with Shi/bak, (6) who invaded Judea, in the sth Year of the Reign of Rehoboam, and took away all the Riches of Selowon’s Temple, and there- with, and with the Captives he carried away, built Temples in divers €a) Lib. is6. x, (b) 2 Chrop. xxii. 2, , Parts 140 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book IV. Parts of Egypr, in fuch a beautiful and correé& Manner, that, by thofe Works, the Arts and Sciences-were allowed, in After-ages, to have had their-Origin in that Country. Tue Dificulty that will arife to prove this, will be in making Sefoftris and Reboboam Contemporaries, but for this we call to our Afiiftance Herodotus, the only Hiftorian of all Antiquity, before Diodorus Siculus, that had his Account from the Egyptian Re- cords. Our Author tells us, (¢) That the Kings who fucceeded Se- Joftris, were Pheron, Proteis, Rampfinitus, Cheops, Cephrenes, My- cerinus, Afychis, Anyfis, and Sethon; Thefe Kings, by his Method of Computation, viz. three Kings to 100 Years, reigned 300 Years; Sezhon was facceeded by P/ammetichus, who reigned 54 Years, and his Son /Vecus, or MVecho, ruled 16 Years, and died in the Year 600, before Curis'r, as the learned Dean Prideaux has very clearly fhewn. Now reckon back 16 Years for the Reign of Mecho, 54 for that of Pfammetichus, and 300 Years for thofe of the nine Kings, as above, and it will make Se/ofris end his Days 970 Years before Curis ty, and 5 Years after the Death of ‘King Solomon: So that Rehoboam and S¢/oftris were Contemporaries ; and by Confequence Se/offris was the King of Egypt who invaded Rehoboam, and {poiled the Temple of Ferufalem, in the 5th Year of his Reign. © No Prince was ever fo ambitious of Glory as our Egyptian. Mo+ narch, no’ Prince ever took fuch Pains, as he did, to publith his A€s and tranfmit them down to Pofterity, and no Prince, but Sefris, ever attempted to civilize Mankind, by teaching them the Arts and Sciences to gain himfelf everlafting Honour; and how ready the Priefts were to do him all Sorts cf Honours, by afcribing every ufeful Invention to him ; and how well they were bribed for fo doing, will appear manifeftly from a remarkable Paflage in the Writings of Diodorus Siculus. Arrer Ifs, fays he, (c) had colle&ed the feveral Parts of her Hutband’s Body, arid cemented them together, fhe fent for the Priefts one by one, and fwore them all, that they fhould not difcover what fhe fhould entruft them. with. Then the Queen told them, after recounting the good Works Ofris had done, That they only fhould have the Burial of the King’s Body, charged them to inter it ina proper Place among themfelves, and to pay unto him all Divine Honour, as toa Gon ; fhe alfo told them, to dedicate to him Country for the Maintenance of the Service of the Gods and their (¢) Herod. 1. 2. (d) Diod, Sie.1. it. c. 2, Attendance Chap.I. Plagiari{m of the Heathens Detefted. + 4t Attenilance at the Altars, The Priefts therefore, in Memory of Ofris’s good Deeds, and in ExpeFation of their own Profit and Ad- vantage, performed every Thing that Jfs injoined them, Tuts Inftance may ferve to convince us, that whatever curious In- ventions the Egyptian Priefts afcribed to Sefoftris, was by the moft flagrant Bribery and Corruption ; and as the Arts and Sciences were allowed to have had their Rife in Egypt, under that Hero, we know on what Score they were attributed to him. CE AGP. 33d. Of King So/omon’s Paiace, and of his other 7 Works. OLOMON, immediately after the Completion of the Temple, S raifed a new Levy of Men, by collecting the (a) Pofterity of thole Amorites, Hittites, Perizxzites, Fiivites, and Febufites, that were not deftroy’d when the I/raclites firft took PofleMion of the Land of Canaan; thefe he condemned -to be Bond-men, and, after “placing 550 ‘ews over them as Officers, fet them to work upon _ Building a moft fumptuous Palace. Then Solomon dire&ted Mille, sand the Walls of Ferufalem, to be built, together with the Cities of Hazor, Megiddo, and Gezer, (given him in Portion with his Wife, the Daughter of Pharash, King of Egypt.) He likewife directed his Bond-men to build Beth-Aoron the Nether, Zadmor, the 20 Ci- ties that Hiram refufed, Berh-horon the Upper, and many other Cities ; all which Works feem to have been compleated in the Space of about 20 Years, Tur Palace which Solomon built was efteemed a moft admirable Structure, as appears by what Fo/ephus (6) relates, in the following Words: There was, fays he, erected, upon feveral Rows of Pillars, a, fair {pacious Pile of Building, in the Nature, and after the Man- ner of a common Hal! for the Hearing of Caufes. It was 100 Cu- bits in Length, 50 in Breadth, and 30 in Depth: Nor cou’d it be well lefs, to receive the vaft Multitudes that came thronging thither from all Parts for Juftice. It was fupported by, 16 {quare Columns, covered with Corinthian Work in Cedar, and fortified with double Doors curioufly wrought, that ferved. both for the Security, and the Ornament of the Place. In the Middle of this Court, or Hall, was another Edifice of 30 Cubits fquare, and under-fet with ftrong (a) 1 Kings ix. 20, and2 Chron. viii.p, (5) tor. 1.8. cas Na Pillars ; 142 . Fhe Origin of Building: Or, The Book IV. I "| Pillars ; in which Quarter was a Throne of State, where the King himfelf ufed to fit perfonally in Judgment. Next adjoining to this Royal Court of Juftice, was the Queen’s Houfe, and other Apart ments thereabouts; for Diverfion and Retreat, after the Fatigue and Cares of Bufinefs: All fitted up with Cedar, and raifed upon huge tones ten Cubits fquare, which were partly plain, and Part over- laid with the moft precious Marble, after the Fafhion of the moft magnificent of Palaces or Temples; To the fame Purport the Author of the firft Book of Kings (c) writes: The Hou/e, fays he, which Solomon built for himfelf, was 100 Cubits in Length, so in Breadth, and 30 in Height; it ftood upon four Rows of Cedar Pillars, which fuftained an Archi- trave made of Cedar Beams, and. thereon was laid the Cedar Tim- ber that formed the Roof. The Pillars were 44 in Number; 15 of which appeared in each Front, including one of the angular Ones, and 7 at each End, including alfo one of the angular Ones. ‘The Spaces between the Pillars were filled up in fuch Manner as to leave a proper Entrance to the Houw/e, as well as proper Windows; thefe were made in 3 Rows; Light was fet againft Light in 3 Ranks ; and all the Apertures and Pillars were made of a -quadran- gular Form. To this How/e Solomon added a Porch of Pillars, the Length thereof’ was 50 Cubits, and the Breadth 30; and though jt ftood before one of the Fronts, it was not detrimental to the Lights in that Part of the Hou/z, the Intercolumnations of the Portico hay- ing been equal to thofe of the Hlow/e, and left open ; and the Archi~ trave, upon which the Roof was refted, having been upon a Level with the Architrave over the Pillars of the Howe... Within this Porch, and in that Part of the Palace where the King tefided, there was a Court, or large Hall, of the fame Work, 7, 2. ‘Pillars of Cedar, and the Interftices of Stone ; anfwerable to which, and at the other End of the Palace, there was an Apartment-which Solomoy. built for the Ufe of his Queen: Between thefe Apartments there was a fpacious Room, which the King called the Porch of Judgment ; this Room was finifhed with Cedar, adorned with 200 Targets, and 300 Shields of Gold; and the Throne was made of Ivory, over-laid with the beft Gold. Over the Hall Solomon erected a ftately Tower, (d) which fronted towards Damafcws, i.e. the North Eaft, and fo compleated this fu- perb Edifice in the Space of 13 Years: Its Furniture was fo rich, that it confifted of nothing lefs valuable than pure Gold ; fo that however mean the King’s Palace in the preceding Age might have been, when the very Center was a common Granary, (¢) and Mar- ket for Corn, in Solomon's Days there was all the Magnificence, which Art and Riches was then capable of, to make that Monarch’s Place of Refidence equal to the Majefty of his Empire. (¢) Chap. viis v. 2. (4) Cant. 7. 4 (e) 2 Sam. iv. 6, ‘ For Chap. IL: Plagiarifia of the Heathens Detebted. 143 For to fuch as approach’d the Palace, that glorious Edifice pre- fented them with a noble O@oftyle Portico of the Corinthian Order, with a lofty Tower behind it; this Portico was afcended to by Steps, its Length was 75 Feet, and Breadth 45, including the Thick- nefs of the Columns ; from this People went into a Corinthian Hall, with Apartments on either Hand ; beyond which was an auguft Ba- filica, or Court of Juftice, likewife of the Corinthian Order, whofe Naye was a Cube of 45 Feet; and the Walls were adorned with 500 Shields and Targets of beaten Gold: The principle Point of At- traGion was the King’s Throne, over-laid with Gold, and elevated upon fix Steps, with two Lions, of exquifite Workmanthip, on every Step. Next to this Bafilica was the Queen’s Apartment, confifting of a noble Salon, of the Corinthian Order, with Apartments on either Hand for the King to retire to, when the Fatigue and Cares of Bufinefs was over. So that the King’s Palace was then adapted to nothing but State, and the Adminiftration of publick Juftice; for the Depofiting of Stores of all Kinds, Solomon built whole Cities throughout his Dominions. . Prats N° 26 exhibits the Plan of Solomon’s Palace, to which he gave the Name of, The Hou/e of the Fore/t of Lebanon, becaufe, both Ynfide and Outfide, the Corinthian Pillars refembled a Fore? of Trees ; (fo Vitruvius, for the fame Reafon, (f) called a Temple of Di- ana, the Grove of Diana) and the fragrant Smell of the Cedar, with the exquifite Whitenefs of the Stone, is implied by the Word Lebanon. A.B.C.D: The Body of Solomon's Palace. €.D.E.F. The Portico C.D.G.H. The King’s Apartment. AB. 1.K. The Queen’s Apartment. L. The King’s Corinthian Hall, equal in Height to two Stories of the Side’ Rooms. M. ‘The Queen’s Salon. N. The Baflica, equal in Height to three Stories of the {mall ‘Rooms. O. The King’s Throne of Ivory, over-laid with Gold. Some of the Cities which Solomon built were fenced with Walls, which fhews that he was experienced in that Part of Building which telates to Defence ; nor was his Skill alone confined to Civil and Military Architefture, for he well underftood the Maval alfo: So that a more univerfal Archite@ the World never produced. And Solomon, by thefe great Works, having been exalted in his full Meri- dian'Glory, all the Kings (g) of the Earth fought his Prefence, to hear his Wifdom, and purchas’d his Favour with rich Prefents, which they brought him yearly. + ¢f) Lib, 4. c. 7. (g) 1 Kings x. 24, : ty 144 The Ovigin of Building: Or, The Book TV: In this high Degree of Magnificence to: which Solomon was arrived, GOD cautioned him not to let his Profperity make him forget the Hand by which he was advanced ; for in a fecond Vifion G OD (4) thus {poke to him: I have heard thy Prayer and thy Supplication that thou baft made before Me: I have hallowed this Houle which thou haft built, to put My Name zhere for ever ; and mine Eyes, and ming Fleart fhall be there perpetually : And if thou wilt walk before Me} as David thy Father walked, in Integrity of Heart, and in Upright- nes, to do according to all that I have commanded thee, and wilt kee My Statutes, and My fudgments: Then I will eftablifh the Throne of thy Kingdom upon Urael for ever, as I promifed zo David thy Fa- ther, fayinz, There fhall not fail thee a Man upon the Throne of If racl.. But if you fball at all turn from Jollowing Me, you or your Children, and will not keep My Commandments, and My Statutes, which I have fet before you, but go and ferve other Gods, and wor frip them: Then will I cut off Urael our of the Land which I have given them; and this Houle which I have hallowed for My Name, will I caft out of My Sight, and Urael fhall be a Proverb, and a Bye-word among all People: And at this Houle, which js high, every one that pafjeth by it foall be aftonifbed, and Joall hifs 5 and they feall Ja, Why bath the LORD done thus unto this Land, and to this Houfe? And they fhall anfwer, Becaufe they forfook the LORD their GOD, who brought forth their Fathers out of the Land of Egypt, and. have taken hold upon other Gods, and have worfipped them, and ferved them: Therefore hath the LORD brought. upon them all this Evil, Arrsr this Warning, one woud think that fo wife a King, as Solomon was, cou’d not have been drawn ftom the Worthip of GOD. But alas! The ftrange Wives which he had, contrary to the exprefs Prohibition (/) of Mo/es, taken from among the Women (4) of the Moabites, Ammonites, Edomites, ZLidonians, and. Hittites, drew him into the Worfhip of the Sum, by the Mediation of Abraham Siofor the Sacred Writers charge the King with going after Afteroth, and Milcom, or, Moloch ; and then with building High Places to Moloch, or the Swa, in his full Meridian; and to Chemos, or the fetting Suz. Turse High Places feem to have been built by fetting quadran- gular Bodies upon one another, leffening by Degrees as they afcend~ ed upwards, upon the Top whereof the Image of the Sw was ex- hibited ; and they were fo luxurioufly finithed, that the Fews dref- ed (/) them with rich Garments -of divers Colours. Thus Solomon ‘was led: to ferve the Gops of his ftrange Wives, though it’s plain he cou'd not bring them over to ferve his GOD! This Jeremiah (m) takes Notice of: Lath a Nation, fays he, chang’d their Gods, which ae i aS (A) 1 Kings xi.t, are |\Vlate 26. la ae Wa ia 8 8 8 B : @ za Za Chap. Hl. Plagianifm of the Heathens Detefled. 145 are, yet no Gods? But My People have changed their Ghry, for that which doth not profit. Be aftonifhed, Oye Heavens, at this! concludes the Prophet. For this Idolatry, GOD, by: the Pro phet Ahijah mott probably, foon gave Solomon to underftand the Punifhment he would infli@ on him: Fora/much as this is, done of thee, faith GOD to Solomon, (2) and thou haft not kept My Covenant, and My Statutes, which I have commanded thee, I will furely rend the Kingdom from thee, and will give té to, thy Servant. Notwithfanding, in thy Days I will not do its, for David thy Farher’s Sake: But IT will rend it out of the Hand of thy Son. Howbeiz, I will not rend away all the Kingdom : But will. give one Tribe to. thy Son, for David My Servant’s Sake, and far, Jevufalem’s Sake which I have chofen ‘This Sentence the Pro- phet declared to. Feroboam, who being a Man in great Authority under the King, took the firft Opportunity to rebel againft him, but) was therefore forced to fly to Egypz, and take Sanatuary with Shifbak, the then reigning King, with whom he continued "till after the Death of Soloman CHA P.. If Of the Progrefs of Building in Cazaay, from the Death of King So/omon, to the sth Year of the Reign of Reboloam, X § foon as Solomon was dead, the People adembled (a) to- gether; at Shechem, to choofe a new King; at which : a Time they fetch’d Yeroboam out of Egypt, from the Court of Shifbak, and then they made a Propofal to Reboboam, as Heir apparent to the Crown, that if he would leffen the Labour which his Father Solomon had afflicted them with, they would ele& him King: And accordingly gave him 3 Days Time to deliberate on the Matter. Rehoboam, in that Interval, confulted the old Men who had been Friends to his Father Solomon, and alfo fuch as were of the fame Age with himfelf, and in whofe Friendthip he confided, what anfwer to make them ; and adhering to the latter, Reboboam gave fuch a rath Reply, at the Time appointed, that ten of the Tribes inftantly revolted, and chofe Feroboam for their King ; the Tribe of JSudab, (a) x Kings xi. 14. (4) Ib, 12. 1 Oo and 146 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book IV. and that of Benjamin, only remaining ftable to Rehoboam, over whom he reigned for 17 Years at) Ferufalem. Unver thefe Circumftances, Rehoboam, upon his Return to Fe- rufalem, from Shechem, thought it advifeable to fortify his Domini- ons with 15 ftrong. Cities, and fo ereéted (6) Bezh-lehem, Etam,. Tekoa, Beth-xur, Shoco, Adullam, Gath, Marefbah, Ziph, Adoraim, Lachifb, Aszekah, Zorah, Aijalon, and Hebron, belides fortifying all the ftrong. Places, which he compleated within the Space of three Years, whillt feroloam was building, (c) Shechem, in Mount Ephraim, for his Capital ; the City of Penuel; and divers (d) Houjes, or Temples, in the feveral Cities of Samaria. Thus the Kingdon of Solomon, was divided, each contending Power fortifing his Dominions againft the other, both foon forfaking the Law of GOD, and rtinning head+ long into the moft flagrant Idolatry, for which they were foon after feverely punifhed ; for their Kingdoms were’ divefted of their Riches, (particularly that of fudab) and the People made ‘Fributaries to Shi- foak, King of Egypt, who invaded them in the (e) sth Year of their Reign, and with the Wealth, and the Artificers he carried away Cap- tive, forthwith began to adorn his own Country with rich and ftately Buildings; and from thence forward Architeffure declined in Canaan. Ir was political Reafons that induced Feroboam to run into Ido- latry, for no fooner had he found himfelf eftablifhed King over ten of the Tribes of J/rge/; than he, to alienate the AffeGtions of the People from the Royal Family of David, contrived Methods to keep them from going to feru/alem to offer their Sacrifices to GOD. For this Purpofe he called (f) a Council, wherein it was determin= ed to make the Images of two Calves, and to fet the one in Berh-el, the other in Daz: It was alfo refolved, that all the Levites in his Do- minions fhould be expell’d ; that the Calves fhou’d be proclaimed the God's that brought the J/raclites out of Egypt ; and that the People fhou’d make their Offerings before thofe Images, in the fame Manner as they had been ufed to make them before the Zemple at Ferufalem. Accorpincty, Feroboam made two Golden Calves, and fet them up in Berb-el and Dan: He inftituted the Worfhip of them, drove all the Levites out of his Dominions, and made Priefts of the loweft of the People, to officiate at the Altars. He alfo raifed High Places in all the Cities of Samaria, and, in the Temples by them, carried on all fuch wicked Praétices as drew the People from the Knowledge of GOD, and made them embrace Idolatry, as well as to adhere to the Illufion and Craft, for which Oracles were invented, Contrivances which ftamped the deepeft Odium on the Reafon of Man ; and will for ever put human Nature to the Bluth. (b) 2 Chron xi. 6. (e) a Chron, xii 2. (¢) 1 Kéugs xii. 25. (f) 1 Kings xii, 28, (4) Ib, zit. 54. and xiii. 32. CHAP, Chap. IV. Plagiarifi of the Heathens Deteéfed. 147 CHAP. IV. Of the Progrefs of Building in Ezypz, from. the Bondage of the Children of Ifrael, to the Rife of the Affrian Em- pire under Put. Nees the J/raelites were employed in making of Bricks, during the Time of their Servitude in Egypt, yet the State of Architeflure was very low in that Coun- try when they left it, the King’s Palace confifting of nothing but what*'was neceflary for the bare Conveniencies of Life, as we be- fore obferved : Nor can we imagine any great Improvements could be made, for many Centuries after, in fo depopulated a Country as this muft have been, after the Departure of the I/raelites, and the great Slaughter of Pharaoh, and all his Hoft. Befides, upon its Encreafe, after that fatal Calamity, it was divided into many {mall Kingdoms, and {o’continued, “till Mi/phragmuthofis, and his Son Aimofis, made War upon the Shepherds, (fuppofed to be the Pofte- rity of thofe Canaanites that fled there in the Days of Yo/hua) and drove them’ out of their Country ; fome of whom, in Procefs of Time, went into Greece, under the Condu@ of Cadmus, and other Captains: Thereupon, Egypt was divided into one Monarchy, and under their next Kings, Amon, the Son of Ammofis, and Se/ac; the Son of Ammon, it was enlarged into a great Empire. AMMOW extended his Conquefts into Phenicia, and_ took. (a) Gezer, Megiddo, and Hazor ; and thus agetandizing himfelf with Sovereign Power, Solomon, upon his coming’ to the Throne of Yrael, thought it advifeable to make Affinity with fo gréat, and fo potent a Neighbour, to prevent his making any further Conquefts upon his Dominions, and therefore married his Daughter, with whom he had thefe three Cities given him. By this Marriage there was an Intercourfe between the Courts of Ifrael and Egypt ; Solomon was fupplied with many Things from that Kingdom ; and his Buildings undoubtedly gave the Egyprians a Tafte for Architefture; for upon Sefac, or Sefoftris’s coming to the Throne of Egypt, he re-edified Thebes ix the moft magnificent Manner, and adorned it with three beautiful Zemples ; one of which he erected in Honour of his Father Ammon. te (a) 1 Kings ix: 6. and Fof. Ast..8.c. 26 § SESOS- 148 The. Origin of Building: Ov, The~ Book LV.) SESOSTRIS was brought up to hard Labour by his Father, the better to enure him to the Fatigues and Hardships attending War: He was the Hercules of Egypt; invaded Lybia ; fought the Africans with Clubs, from whence he was.painted with a Club in his Hand ; and, in all his Conquefls in Ammonia, Ethiopia, and Arabia, raifed Temples in Honour of his Father: He alfo invad- ed the Yews ; for upon the Death of King Solomon, the Egyptian King, finding, the great, Divifion in, I/rael, took the Advantage) of their Difagreement, raifed a mighty Army of Lydians, Troglodites, and Exbiopians, and, in the sth Year of the Reign of Rehaboam over Fudah, and Feroboam over Ifrael, went, inta Canaan, re- duced it into Servitude, carried on ‘his Conqueft to Feru/alem, and there took all the Treafures of the Zeysple, and of the King’s Pa- Jace: ¥luafhed with this Vi@ory, and all this Wealth, Sefoftris went on conquering, firft Eaftward towards India, which. he invaded, and then Weftward, as far as Thrace. In this Expedition he {pent (4) nine Years; and, after fetting up Pillars in all his Conquefts, as Monuments of his Vi@ories, returned. back into Egypz, in the 14th Year of Reboboam’s Reign. As foon as Se/offris was fettled at home, he fet up Oracles in the Temples he had built to Ammon, the Egyptian Name for Jupiter, and the People then worfhipped and confulted mon as a Gop. Sefoftris next divided (c) Egypt, by Meafure, among the Egyptians; he alfo divided the whole Country ito. 36 Nomes, or Counties ; dug a Canal from the Vile, to the Head City of every Nome ; and, with the Earth that came out of. it, caufed the Ground of the City to be raifed higher than the Land about it: He then built a Temple in every Capital City for the Worlhip of the Nome, and, in thofe Zemples, fet up Oracles. ‘The Pillars of fome of the Temples were made fo as to refemble Palm-Trees (d); others were ornamented with the Heads (e) and Figures (f) of Animals, in Imitation of the Pil- lars in the Yewi/h Tabernacle and Temple, fo embellith’d; and every Temple had this Infcription upon it, (g) Mone of the Watives were put to Labour here: For all Sefofrris's Works were performed by the Multitude of Artificers, and other Captives, which that great Hero had colle&ed in Gaxaan, and other Nations, during the Time of his Expedition, So that the State of Architefture, in Egypt, was quite another Thing in the latter Part of Sé/ofris’s Reign, to what it was before he afcended the Throne of that Empire. Ir was Se/ofris who founded the great Temple of Vulcan, for Herodotus (4) tells us, That the Stones with which that Edifice was built were brought to the Place by Sz/ofris’s Captives; and both he @) Did. Sic. 1,1. c. 4. ) Herod.\. 4, (@) Herod. 1. 2. ee Diod. Sie. 1.1. 6 4 (4) Ib.1. 7. (4) Lib, 2, (e) Vide Wheeler and Spon. and Chap.IV. Plagiarifm of the Heathens Detetted. 149 and Diedorus Sicwlus {peak of this Temple, as exifting in the Days of Séfofiris; at the Entrance of which, that Monarch caufed Sta- tues of himfelf and Queen to be fet up, of 30 Cubits high, and each cut out of a fingle Stone. He allo fet tip the Statues of his 4 Sons, each of 20°Cubits high, Sé/ofris then made a Ship (i) of 280 Cubits in Length, which was gilded with Gold on the Outfide, and ‘with Silver‘on the Infide. And laftly, he erected two Obelifks of x20 Cubits high, on which he engraved the Memorials of all his Tranfactions, _ Now if we compare thefe Works of Se/o/fris’s, with thofe recorded in Scripture, the former will appear to have been copied from the latter. “The Ship which the Egyptian Monarch built, was fo near the Size of Woab's 4rk, that it exceeded it but 881, and 1 qr. of fuch Parts asithe Englifh Foot contains 1000, by the Guild-Hall Stan- dard’; for we {hall few hereafter, that Sz/offris’s Cubit was 1732, and t-half, of the fame Parts in Length, and that the Fewifb Cubit was only 1614, and x-16th; of the like Parts. The Temple of Vulcan was built with immentfe Stoneé, like that of Solomon’s; both were adorn- ed with Statues ; and both had two Aiiforical Pillars. Solomon railed a Tower at the Eaft End of his Palace, like that at the Eaft End of the Témple, and this was 120 Cubits high ; of which ‘Altitude (as to Number of Cubits) were Se/offris’s Obelitks, SOLOMOW’s Temple was built to record the Wame of the Supreme GOD, and Se/offris’s Temple was called by a Name, ex- prefling an Attribute of Him, whom the Egyptians held’ to be the Supreme GOD, 7%. ¢. the Sum: “And it is worth obferving, that both Wulean, and Ammon; or Fupiter, fignify Fire, or Heat, and therefore was the fame Epithet for the Sw, tho’ perhaps at differ- ent Times of the Day: Tue Land of Canaan was over-tun with Idolatry when Se/ofris invaded it; fo that he brought into Egyp¢ the idolatrous Cuftoms, inftead of the pure Religion of the Fews. And as we have already obferved, that the Pagans only raifed Temples to deceafed Prophets, as their Gobs Mupiarors, and reprefented their Supreme Gops by an Image: So S¢/o/ris, following the {ame Rule, built Zemples in all his Dominions, and placed his Father in them, as the /4- nifter of the Supreme GOD, and the Oracle that was to deliver the Will of the Deity, to fuch as, at any ‘Time, fhould want to obtain ite In Ammonia, Fupiter was reprefented in the Figure of a Ship, on which ‘the Image of the Sw, with all his Attendants, were placed ; as we have already recited from Quintus Curtius. And in moft other Zemples, Fupiter was reprefented by a Man with the Head (Ay @) Diod. Sid rc.g —— (k) Herod 1.2. Pp and 150 The Origin of Building. Or, The Book IV.) and Coat of a Ram: So that we have here the Berith of the Mo- abites, as well as the 4faroth of the Philiftines 5. and confequently, if the Waters of the /Vz/e exceeded their Bounds, the Prayers of the People were addrefied to Fupiter, as rhe Poffeffor of the Covenant; and if they wanted any Kind of Blefling, they fupplicated Jupiter, as the Mafter of Elocks and Herds, and him that was the Line of the Law. And, in Order to compleat the Syftem, as foon as Sefoftris was dead, his Queen got his Soul tranfpofed into a young Ox, that he might fupply the Place of Dagon, and be the Minifter of the Supreme GOD, to whom the People fhould apply, as often as they tilled the Ground, in View of a plentiful Crop of Corn, Tuus Sefofris became the Gon, Apis, of the Egyptians, and the proper Emblem of Agriculture.: No Creature was fo proper as the Ox to reprefent S¢/offris, as the Hercules and Hero of Egypt ; Since, when the I/raelites attempted to make the Image of Mofés, their. General, the Mould intended for a Man produced a Calf 3 two of which Calves Fereboam {et up jult before Se/ofris invaded him, .and declared them the Gods that brought the I/raelites out’ of Egypt. Mofes and Aaron were, no doubt, fignified by the Calves which Fe- roboam made; and in Imitation of them, the Egyptians had two facred Bulls, whom they named Apis, and Mnyevis ;. but im either Nation only one was principally worthipped, the Calf at Dany, in Canaan, and the Apis in Egypt. Tur Egyptians thus. receiving the, Spirit of Building; by_ their great Hero, Sefofris, fucceeding Monarchs to him left nothing un- attempted, in their publick Works, to render, their Country famous to all Pofterity: For which Purpofe, Rampfinitus, (1) or Ramifes, the third King after Se/ofris, added a Portico.on the Weft Side of the Temple of Vulcan. Cheops, the next King; built the firft great Pyramid, and {pent 10 Years in making a Bridge 5 Stades, or 3000 Feet long, 60 Feet broad, and 40 Feet high, allof polifhed Stone. Ajychis, the 7th Monarch after Se/offris, added a Portico on the Eaft Side of the Temple of Vulcan. And in the Reign of Anyfs, his Succeflor, a Temple was erected in the Center of the City of Bu- baftis, a full Stade, or 600 Feet, in Length, and the fame in Breadth, with a Portico of 10 Fathom, or 60 Feet in Height, adorned. with. Statutes of 6 Cubits each. Tus Temple was dedicated to Bubaftis, i. e. Diana, and appear- ed, above the Buildings of the City, like a great Tower. The Walls were beautified with various Figures wrought in the Stone, and en- clos'd a Grove of lofty Trees, that encompafled a Chapel, in which -an Image was placed: ‘The whole making the moft perfect Repre- fentation of Solomon's Temple; for the Temple of Bubaftis had an (Ll) Herod. 1. 2. Image Chap. V. Plagiarifm of the Heathens Detefled. isi Image in it, anfwerable to the’ Cherubims in the Teimple of Feru- Jalem; this was twice furrounded with a triple Portico ; that‘6f Bu- baftis was encompafied fiift with Trees, and’ then with Pillars # and the Walls of both Temples were beautified with excellent Figures in Sculpture. Arrer the Deceafe of Auyfis, Sethon, oné of the Priefts of Viul- can, was made King of Egypt; and he was fucceeded by 12 con- temporary Monarchs; for the Egyptians, like the Iraclites, divid- ed the Country into 12 Parts, and then conftituted a King over each. Divifion. - Thefe Princes, built a Labyrinth, near the City of Crocodiles, a little above the Lake of Meris, containing 12 vaulted Halls, and 3000 Chambers; 1g06 were in the upper Part of this Edifice, and r500 were under Ground; the Chambers above’ had all thei Walls and Roofs inerufted with Marble; the Walls were, moreover, adorned with Figures of Sculpture; and the Halls were furrounded with Pillars of white Stones, finely polifhed. At-length, the whole Government of Egypt devolving into the Hands of P/am- meticbus, one of the twelve Kings, as above, he added a Portico upon the South Side of the Temple of Vulcan, and fo furrounded that Edifice with a Portico, inythe moft-fuperb-and auguft Manner, like that of the Temple of Ferufalem. Burr notwithftanding this Magnificence in the publick Fabricks of the Egyptians, thofe People: thewed little Regard to their private Habitations, for though Egypt, inthe Time of Amafis, contained 20000 populous Cities, Heredozus, in-defcribing their Houfes, tells us, Men. and Beafts lived together; contrary to the Cuftom of all other Regions; fo that one may very well conclude, that the firft Houfes in this Country were built in as fervile a Manner, as Diodorus Siculus (m) defecribes them, namely, with nothing but Reeds ; and, in their greateft Degree of Magnificence, thé fame Author tells us, they had.little Regard to their Houfes, looking upon them only as Inns, wherein. their Stay was very fhort ; but the Sepulchres of the Dead they: called everlafting Habitations, and therefore they left nothing undone to render them Grand and Beautiful: Tuts pompous Manner of Building in Egypr, did not extend into. the neighbouring Nations ;, for-in Ezhiopia, we find, that the Fch- thyophages (2) gathered the Ribs of Whales, which the Sea’ throws up in Abundance; thefe they bound and tied together at both Ends, and then covering them with Sea-Grafs, thus compleated their Ha- bitations, in which they dwelt, as under the Cover of a fhady Arch; others lived in Caves with a Northern Afpect; while a third Sott made their Cottages with the Boughs and Leaves of Fir-Trees, in- terlacing one with another; But the Chelonophages (0) had a more (m) Lib. 1. c. ge (2); Diod: Sic. \, 3: c. 1 (0) Tb. 3.6, : noble 152 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book IV. noble Manner of Building, for they. covered their Houfes with the Shells of Torzoifes: ‘Whereas the. Hylogones andLybians had no Houfes at all; but,the former flept like Birds perched in Trees; the latter (p) lay in the Fields, in the open Air, and lived like Beats, cloathing themfelves with Goats-Skins, As Solomon's Kingdom was rent for his Idolatry ; and as the Ido- latry of his immediate Succeflors brought the Arms of the Egyyzians againft them, to diveft them of their Riches and Glory; fo the Illufion which S2/ofris eftablifhed in Egypt, and where ever he car- ried (7) his conquering Arms, incurr’d GOD’s Difpleafure and De- termination, to transfer the Wealth of the Egyptians, to the People of ‘another Nation; and accordingly, the Ajfyrians were raifed up as Rods, to fcourge both Egyptians and Fews. The firkt Affyrian King, thus raifed up, was Pw/, and his victorious Exploits we may place 200 Years after thofe of S¢/ofris, about 770 Years before CurisT. CoA Pe Ve Of the Progrefs of Building in Affria, from the Rife of that Empire under Put, to its Deftruction by the Medes and Babylonians. N NEVEH was the firft City erected by Afbur, in Afyria, as above, though afterwards Re/en became the Metropolis of thofe Parts ; and, in the Days of Mo/es, was efteemed a great City. However, as /Vineveb, was fituated in a fpacious Plain, near the River Euphrates, in’ Pocefs of ‘Time it encreafed to fuch a Degree, that, in the Days of ‘Yonah, the Streets were three (a) Days Journey in Length ; it was governed by its own King; and within its Diftri@, Multitudes of Cattle were kept: So that in all Proba= bility there were Fields for Corn, as well as for Pafture, to fupply the Inhabitants with the neceflary Provifions of Life. PUL was the reigning ‘King at Wineveh, when Jonah was fent there to preach Repentance to the People ; and this King finding Lrael, upon the Acceflion of Menahem to that Throne, to be in (p) Diod. Sic.1. 3. ¢. 3. Spain, from whence it probably {pread itfelf into Gaw/ (9) Ofris, or Sesofiris, according to Vafeus, Chron. and Britain. Hifp. c. 10. was the firft who brought Idolatry into (4) Fonab iii, 35 the ee Chap. V. Plagiars{m of the Heathens Detetted. 1% 3 the moft calamitous State; led his Army againft that Land, (for GOD (é) ftirred up the Spitit of Pu/ to do fo) but Menahem {oon appeafed him, and, with (c) 1600 Talents of Silver, not only pur- chafed his Peace with the 4fyrien King, but obtained his Alliance to confirm and ftrengthen him in his Kingdom; By this and other Vi@ories, PuJ foon got Wealth to enable him to enclofe the whole City with a Wall (d), rs0 F urlongs in Length, go in Breadth, and 480 in Circumference: The Height of this Wall was 100 Feet ; it was fo thick, that three Chariots, in a Breaft, might be driven together upon it; and it was fortified with 1 500 Turrets, each of which was 260 Foot high. The King in the next Place built himfelf a fpacious Palace, in the Heart of the City ; and then laid out the reft of the void Ground, which before was for Pafturage and Corn, into Streets of Houfes, which he ordered to be inhabited by the Richeft of the Affyrians, and by the People of any other Nation that were inclined to take up their Refidence in that City. We {hall not pretend to defcribe the particular Buildings with which this City was adorned, fince there were no Temples in it; nor is there any particular Account of the King’s Palace to be met with in Hiftory to enable us to defctibe that Stru@ure. We thall there- fore only add, in general, that by the Works of Nineveh, Archi- zefture receiv’d its higheft Perfe@ion in Affyria; and that the Area of the City was of the fame Proportion, with the Area of the Holy Place of the Tabernacle, the Length in each being equal to the Breadth, and two-thirds. Tux Ereéing of the City of Mineveh is generally attributed to Winus; (¢) Crefias was the Author of that Affertion, who makes the Affyrian Empire about 800 Years older than Herodotus ; and fome of his Followers feem to have had in View, to make this City of the immenfe Size which it at laft arrived to, and to be the Work of Minus; foon after the Confufion of Languages, and at a Time when there was not People enough in the World to perform the roth Part of the Work, much lefs to carry on the Invafion of each other’s Properties, which the whole Tenour of profane Hiftory fup- pofes to have been profecuted with Armies compofed of many Mil- lions of Men. For Diodorus Siculus, from Ctefias, tells us, That Prior to Vinus’s erecting the City of Minus, (or Mineveh) he made a League with Arieus, King of Arabia, and, with a numerous Army, invaded the Babylonians, then next bordering upon him, whofe Province confiftt &) « Chron. v. 26. (c) 2 Kings xv. 19, (4) Diod. Sic. 1.2.0.1 (e) Ib. Le. cr.) Qq ed 154 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book IV. ed of many other Cities, befides that of the original Babylon, the Inhabitants whereof, having been rude and unexpert in Matters of War, he eafily fubdued, impofed on them a yearly Tribute, and carried away the King, with all his Children, Prifoners. Anima= ted by this Succefs, (Vins next entered Armenia, where the King, named Barzanus, foon became his Tributary, made him rich Pre- » fents, and entered into an Agreement to fupply him with Men and Provifions for his War, as he fhould have O¢cafion, NVinus, thus ftrengthened, next invaded Media, whofe King, Pharnus, coming out againft him with a mighty Army, was utterly routed, loft moft of his Men, and was taken Prifoner, with his Wife and 7 Chil- dred. This done, Minus’s Ambition led him to conquer all fa, which lay between Zazais, and Wiles and accordingly, in 17 Years Time, he fubdued moft of the. Provinces; and then, by Way of Recreation, before he invaded the Baétrians, Minus (fays Diedorus) built the City of LVinuws, in the Manner above deferibed. But whe- ther all this could be done by the next Succeffor to Afbur, at Nine= veh, we leave to be examined by the State of the World, as deferibed by Mofes in the roth Chapter of Genefs. PUL was facceeded by his eldeft Son, Tiglath-pilefer, who; with a numerous Army, came into Judea, (for GOD ftirred uv his Spirit alfo) took Ijox, Abel-beth-maachah, Sanoah, Kedefp, Ha- xor, Gilead, Galilee, and all the Land of Waphtali, and carried-the People away Captives into dffyria: After which, bax, King of Fudab, to obtain his Friend{hip, not only fent him a Prefent-of all the Gold that was in the Temple at Ferufalem, and. in his owt Treafuries, but became his Servant, and paid, him Tribute. Wiru thefe repeated Succefles, the King of Affyria was enabled to purfue the Works begun to adorn his Capital City, of Nineveh ; and we need not wonder that the Queen of Pul raifed fach.a Mount of Earth upon his Grave, as Diodorus Siculus (f) tells. us, was throwed up upon that of the firft King of Afpria, whofe Altitude was 9 Furlongs, its Bafe ro Furlongs broad, and from the diftant Plain had the Appearance of a ftately Citadel. TIGLATH-PILESER had for his Succeflor Shalmanefer, after whom Senmacherib. governed Affyria,, at which Time that Empire was in its greateft Glory, and Sennacherib looked upon: himfelf£ to be far fuperior even to the Gons of all the Nations around him : The GOD of Ifrael he held in fuch Contempt, that: he not only fpoke, but wrore (g) Lerzers of Rallery againft hin . Tus haughty Prince having befieged Ferufalem, under the Con= duct of his three Generals, Tarzan, Rabfaris, and Rab-foakeb, and (f) Lib: 2.6% (g) 2 Chron. xxxii, 17, they Chap. V. Plagiarifm of the Heathens Detetted. i¥é they having ufed the moft blafphemous Expreflions to induce thé People to furrender the City to them, were inftantly punifhed for their Infolence and Pride; for GOD {mote the Alfyrians that very Night, fo that the next Morning 185,000 were found dead: Where- upon Sennacherib, with the reft of his Army, returned to LVineveh ; the Medes revolted from him ; and his Empire, from thenceforward, began to decline. SENNACHERIB was facceeded in the Empire of Affyria, by his Son, E/arhaddon, who firft captivated Samaria, then turn- ed his Arms to Fudea, (for the Lop (b) brought upon the Fews the Captains of the Hoft of the King of Afyria) took Manaffeh, the King, and carried him, bound with Fetters, to Babylon: He alfo captivated Egypt, and Ezhiopia, as the Prophet (i) predited, dafhed (£) the young Children to Pieces at. the Top of all the Streets, caft Lots-for their Honourable Men, bound their Great Men in Chains, and. fo. continued to harrafs them for three Years. MANASSE #, in the Time of his Captivity, humbled him- bled before G O D, who releafed him, as the Prophet (/) had fore- told, and then GO D’s Indignation turned towards the Affyri- ans, who, for their extravagant Pride, and blafphemous Exprefhi- ons, were, in a fhort Time, totally deftroyed.; for the Babylonians, upon the Death (7) of Fo/iah, finding the King of Affyria weaken- ed, by the Invafion of Pharaoh, Mechob, King of Egypt, took that Advantage ; and Mebuchadnezzar having married the Sifter of Cy- axares, King of Media, thefe two joined their Forces, and led the Armies of the two Nations againft Vineveh, flew Sarac, deftroyed the City, in the Year 612 before Curisr, fhared the Kingdom of the Affyrians, and fo laid the Foundation of the collateral Empires of the Babylonians and Medes. And thus the Prophecy of Zepha- nigh was fulfilled, (a) And he will fretch out his Hand againft the North, and deftroy Aflyria, and will make Nineveh a Defolation. Tuat Wineveb was the fineft and moft fuperb City in the W. orld, is evident by the Prophets comparing it to a Tree, and faying, (0) That bis Height was exalted above the Height of all the Trees in the Field; that all the Fowls of Heaven made their Nefts in his Boughs ; that under his Branches all the Beafts of the Field brought forth their young ; and that under his Shadow all great Nations had > their Dwelling: And that the Riches of it was beyond thought, is as- evident ; for fays Wahum (p), Take the Spoil of Silver, take the Spoil of Gold, for there is no End of the Store. And indeed, if we confider the long and continued Career of Victories attending thefe People we can’t wonder at it;, nor at the Magnificence of their City, even as Diodorus Siculus, trom Crefias, defcribes it, (D) Ib. xxxiii. rr. (m) 2 Kings xxiii, 29, (i) Ifaiah xix, 4. (8) Zeph. ii. 13. (k) Habak. iii. 10; (0) Ezekiel xxxii. 5, (V) [aiah x. 24% (p) Chap. 2. v. 8 GHAP, 156 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book IV. CHAP. VIL Of the Progrefs of Building in Media, from the Inauguration of Deioces, ‘till it arrived to its higheft Perfetion. HE Medes, upon the great Slaughter of Sexnacherib’s Army, F having revolted from him, chofe Dejoces' for their King, and, about the Year 708 before Curis, etefed the City of Echatana for the Capital of his Kingdom; wherein there was a moft ftately Palace, which they undoubtedly built with a View to exceed all others then in the World. Dezoces himfelf was the Archi- te&, and therefore chofe fuch a Situation for his Work, as fhould moft contribute to thew his Superiority over his Subje@s for this Pur- pofe ; and with this View he (a) fixed upon a Spot of Ground, to which the whole Country round it naturally afcended, the fame as to a Hill throwed up in the Center of a {pacious Plain ; upoti this Eminence he built his Palace and Treafury, which he circum- feribed with feven circular Walls, one without the other, of fuch a prodigious Size, that the laft was 60 Stades in Circumference, equal to that of the whole (4) City of Athens, the Capital of Greece. Turse circular Walls were of the fame Height, but by the na- tural Affent of the Hill, they rofe fo high one above another, as juft the Altitude of their Battlements, and were painted of different Colours, the xft being White, the 2d Black, the 3d Purple, the 4th Blue, the sth a deep Orange, the 6th imitated Silver, and the 7th was gilded with Gold. This being compleated, Deioces ordered the Houfes for the Commonalty of the People to be erected round his ftately Palace, which feemed to triumph over’ them, when built, with greater Majefty than the Monarch himfelf triumphed over the People ; for he was tio fooner eftablithed in the Throne (to which he was advanced, in Recognition of his prudent and mild Adminiftration of publick Juftice, when himfelf a private Perfon,) than he becaitie the moft infolent of Men, the moft fevere Judge, and the moft compleat Tyrant, making himfelf inacceffible to his Subjeéts ; whereby he vainly imagined they would believe him: of a Nature fuperior to them; and, by looking up at the Glory of his ftately and exalted Habitation, adore him as a Gop, and as the Reprefentative of the Sua in the Center of the Planetary World, (a) Herod. x. (0) Arch. Greta. l.1.0. Bs Wurn Chap. VI. Plagiavi{m of the Heathens Detefied. 1 57 Wuewn the private Houfes of this great City were compleated; Deioces, ot one of his Succeffors, furrounded the whole with a Wall, (@) of hewn Stones, 50 Cubits broad; and 70 high, in which there were Gates, of the fame Altitude with the Wall, and 40 Cubits in Breadth, with Towers over them of roo Cubits in Height, upon a Bafe of 60 Cubits broad, all built with Stones 6 Cubits long, and 3 broad, Thus this great and noble City was finifhed: It was 250 (e) Furlongs in Circumference, and about 475745 Feet Di- ameter: The Diameter of the outward Wall of the Palace amount- ed to near 11,461 Feet ; and there was, moft undoubtedly; Suburbs round the Palace and City fo broad, as to make the Diatneter of the Palace, with its Suburbs, a 4th Part of the Diameter of the City, with its Suburbs: If we allow the Suburbs of the City to have been 177 Feet and a half broad, and the Suburbs of the Pa- lace to have been 269 Feet and a half broad, then the Diameter of the City, with its Suburbs, muft have been 80 Furlongs, and the Di- ameter of the Palace, with its Suburbs; muft have been encreafed to 10 Furlongs. Now if we take a Review of this Palace of Detoces, will it not appear evident that he intended it as a Reprefentation of the Plane- tary World? Can any Thing be a more glorious Image of the Sun than a circular Wall, upon the Summit of a Hill, gilded with Gold? And can the Moon be better reprefented, than by the next Wall gilded with Silver? Or can the Planets, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, be better exprefled than by the other 5 circu- lar Walls of different Colours? But from whence had the Median King this noble Defign? Why truly from the Works of the Fews 5 thofe People having built High Places to the Sun, and drefled them with Garments of divers Colours, as above. CHAP. VIL Of the ProgrefS of Building in Babylon, from Nabonaffar, ‘all it arriv'd to its higheft Perfectionunder Nabuchaduezzar. HEN Paul died, he left his Dominions in Affyria to his WW eldeft Son, but the Land which he had conquered in Chaldea, he gave to his youngeft Son MVabonaffar, in which the antient City of Babel, originally founded by Mizrod, as d) Fudithi, a, (e) Diod. Sic. 1. 17... 11, Rr above, 158 Lhe Origin of Building: Or, The Book IV. above, or rather the Ruins of it, was fituated: This Place Nabo- nafjar chofe for the Seat of his Dominions, as may be gathered from the Words of the Prophet I/aiah (a), paraphrafed thus by Sir Fobn Marfham (b): Behold, Babylon, the fplendid Metropolis of the Chal- deans; zhe Inhabitants of that Town, not long fince, wandéred in De» forts, without fixed Abodes, *zill Nabonaflar brought thither Men rhat dwell in Tents, fortified the Town, ereéted Caftles, and built Palaces iM. it. As this new City of Babylon was for the Reception of a Set of rude and uncivilized People, we can’t conceive the Buildings, at firft, to have been any Thing extraordinary, but improved from Time to Time, as the Riches and Poffeffions of that Country encreafed; and therefore when WVineveh was deftroyed by Webuchadnexxar (c), and. Afuerus, or Cyaxares, and all the Wealth divided between the Medes, and Babylonians; and when thefe laft People had taker Jerufalem, deftroyed the Temple, captivated the Jews; and enriched themfelves with the Spoils of this and other Nations, Nebuchadnezzar, about roo Years after Deioces built Ecbatana, began to enlarge Babylon to a very great Degree; which gave him Occafion to fay: (d) Is not this great Babylon, that I have buili for the Houfe of the Kingdom, by the Might of my Power; and for the Honour of my Mujefty ? And confonant with this, bydenus (who had his Hiftory from the antient Monuments of the Chaldeans) writes: .’Tis reported, fays he, that Be/us encompatled Babylon with a Wall, which in Time was abolifhed 5: and that Webuchadnezxzar afterwards built a new Wall, with Brazen Gates, which ftood ’till the Time of the Macedon Empire. ag ‘Tis great and ftupendious City formed a perfec Square, (e) 15 Miles on every Side, and was enclofed with a double Wall, and that fortified with a wide and deep Ditch, lined with Bricks, made with Part of the Earth dug out of it; the firft of thefe Walls was 50 Cubits thick, and 200 Cubits high, wherein there was placed roo Gates of Brafs, with Pillars and Entablatures of the fame Metal : Upon the Edges of this Wall many Rooms, or Towers, were erected, and yet the Space between them was fufficient to turn a Chariot, with four Horfes; and:as the Rivér Euphrates ran through, ‘and di- vided the whole Area of the City into. two equal Parts, the Walls were brought down, on both Sides, to the River, with fome Inflec- tion at the Extremities, from whence. a Rampart of Brick-work was extended along the Edge of the River, on both Sides, Tue fecond, or inward Wall was built little inferior in Strength to the outward Wall, though not altogether { thick < the principal. ) (a) Chap. xxiii, v, 13, (2) Dan. iv. 302 (2) Can. Chron. Secul, 17. () Herod.A, 1. (c) Tobit xiv. 15. Streets Chap. VIL. Plagiavifin of the Heathens Deteled. 199 Streets pafled quite through the City, the reft traverfing thefe in fe- veral Places, led to the River, and little Gates of ‘Brafs, equal in Number to the leffer Streets, were placed in the Ramparts, which border’d the Stream : In each Divifion of the City, by the Streets, the Houfes were ereéted, but not contiguous, fome 3, and fome 4 Stories in Height; and the Center of each Part of the City was walled round, in which the King placed thé Royal Palace, and thé Temple of Fupiter Belus. Tue laft Edifice confifted of an Enclofure of 2 Stades, or Fur- longs, Square, in the Midft of which there was a Tower of a Stade in Length, Breadth; and Height, fupporting the Temple, which leffen- ed by Degrees, with 8 Retraétions, arid on the Top a {pacious Dome was made for the Reception of the Gon; under which a Bed was placed, with a Golden Table by the Side of it: MWebuchadnexxar taking the Defign of this Temple, from that of Solomon, and employ- ing 1000 (f) Smiths and Carpenters about it, which were Natives of Ferufalem, and, in all Probability, the very Workmen which King JFofeb had before employed (g) in Repairing the Fewifh Temple, under the Dire@ion of Shaphan, the Scribe, Maafeiah, the Gover- nour of the City, and Fozbaz, the Recordet. Tus Bafis of Solomon's: Temple, Vike that of Belus, was a Fur- long high; each. Temple covered a Piece of Ground, whofe Area was about 640,000 Square Cubits; and each Temple had the fame Number of Retraétions before it was ctown’d with its lat Orna- ment. For the Rampart round the great Court of Selomon’s Temple made the 1ft Retraction of that Temple: The great Court made the ad: The 3d was made by the Court of the Priefts: The 4th by the inner Court: The. sth by the Temple: The 6th by the fide Chambers of the Zémple: The 7th by the Nave of the Temple : And the 8th by the Tower; whofe Roof anfwered the Dome of the Temple of Belus: , Tue Royal Palace of Babylon (b) was int the Weltward half Part of that City ; and it was firft furrounded with three high and ftately Walls ; the rft of which made a perfect Square of 60 Furlongs in Compafs, equal to the Circumference of the fitft Enclofure of the Pa- lace of Echatana : The 2d Wall formed a Circle, it was 300 Bricks thick, its Circuit was 40 Furlongs, and its Altitude was too Yards : ‘This Wall was adorned with Towers, which rofé 140. Yards above it; fo that every Tower, with its Bafe, was 480 Cubits high; The gd and moft inward Wall, which immediately furrounded thé Pz- Jace, was 30 Furlongs in. Compafs, and far furpafled the middle Wall, both in Height and Thicknefs: And laftly, to this Palace there if) 2 Kings xkiv. 16. and Jer. xxiy. 1. (g) 2 Chron. xxiv. 11, (8) Dida. Sic). 2.6.4. weré 160 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book IV. were three beautiful Gates, with Apartments under them for Enter- tainments, all made of Brafs, Tue City being thus compleated, of the fame Circumference with WVineveh, but in a Figure more capacious, Vebuchadnezzar made an Image of Gold, (i) 60 Cubits,high, and commanded all People to worthip it, under the Forfeiture of their Lives, by being caft into the Midft of a fiery Furnace: Yet in the Civil Government of the various Colonies he had tranfported to Babylon, he did not impofe his own Laws, but left the People of every Nation to be governed by thofe of their own, and to be under the JurifdiGion of their own, Princes, the Fews efpecially ; from whence Jeremiah (k) ad- vifed them to build Houfes, plant Gardens, and enereafe their Fami- lies: For as Quintus Curtius (J) obferves, The City was not wholl taken up with Houfes, but feattered up and down in {everal Places, and the Reit of the Ground was plough’d and fow’d, that, in Cafe of a Siege, the Inhabitants might be fupplied with Corn within themfelves. As this Coloffus was 6 Cubits broad, and of pre Gold, its in- trinfick Value, upon a moderate Computation, could not be lefs than 40 Millions Sterling ; a moft excellent Image for a great Army to fight for, and for Mankind to admire! “A Copy of this Image haying been made by Phidias, to reprefent Jupiter, and fet up in the City of Olyapia, was, for. his enormous Size of 60 Cubits in Height, reckoned one of the Wonders of the World. Ar the Time of this great Degree of Magnificence to which Ba- bylon arrived, Ezekiel had his Vifion of a new Zemple, and a new City for his Brethren, far exceeding Bzdylon, as we thall thew pre- fently ;. and then Mebuchadnexzur was foon made fenfible of the Hand by which he was advanced ; for GOD reduced him fo low as.to make him live with the Beafts of the Field, and to. feed like them on Grafs, taking from him, for a Time, the very Reafon natural to his Species, which, when He was pleafed to return to him, Webuchadnexzar made this Declaration of his Faith and Belief: (a) Now Ff, Nebuchadnezzar, Praife, and Extol the King of Hea- ven, all whofe Works are Truth, and his Ways Fudgiment, and thofé that walk in Pride he is able to abafe. This Declaration, however, did not prevent GO D’s Determination. to transfer the Bounties he had entrufted the Babylonians with, to the People of another Na- tion: And from henceforward we,thall find the Perfians growing formidable till they took Babylon, by the Dire@ion of Cyrus, their Emperor, about 65 Years after Webwchadnexzar had enlarged and beautified: it. (2) Dan, iii. 1. €R) Chap. xxix, v, 5, () Libyge >. (m). Dan. iv. 97: CHAP, Chap. VIL. Plagiarifm of the Heathens Detetted. 161 CHAP. VIL Of Ezekiel’s Vission of a new Temple and City for his Brethren. the Jems. HEN Webuchadnexzar attempted to deftroy the Know- \\ / ledge of GOD, ‘and bring all Mankind over to worfhip his Idol, Exekiel had a Vission (a);' wherein a Temple, a City, and a Country were reprefented to him, to which his Bre- thren fhould be reftored; and that City, for Magnificence, is far to exceed any of the great Works of Antiquity. Titz whole Temple is to be 160 Cubits long, and 50 Cubits broad, which are thus accounted: The Porch is to be 11 Cubits broad, the Holy Part of the Zemple is’to be 40 Cubits long, the Door- Pofts of the moft Holy. Place are to be 2°Cubits inward; the moft Holy Place is to be 20. Cubits, the feveral’Walls of the Porch, and Nave of the Zemplz, are to be fix Cubits each; the fide Chamber is to be 4 Cubits broad, and the Wall of the fide Chamber is to be five Cubits thick ; all which, added together, compleats the whole Length of roo Cubits: Again, the Temple is to be 30 Cubits broad, the fide Walls are to be 6 Cubits each, the fide Chambers are to be 4. Cubits each, and the Walls of the fide. Chambers are to be 5 Cubits‘each'; all which, added together, compleats the whole Breadth of so Cubits. __ Tue Temple is to be approachable firft through a Gate of go Cu- bits, leading into an outward Court of roo Cubits, and then through another Gate of 50 Cubits leading into an inward Court of 100 Cubits ; fo that from the Entrance at the firft Gate, to the Center . of the Temple, will be juft 750 Cubits; and therefore the whole Square of the outward Enclofure will be 700 Cubits on every Side, fuppofing the Center of the Temple to be that of the whole Building. Tue Temple is to make the Center of a large Area, 500 Reeds, or 3000 Cubits in Length, and the fame in Breadth; this is to be furrounded with a Wall, on the Eaft Side of which there is to be a Gate, and the Whole*is to be environed with Suburbs of &o Cubits broad, to encreafe the DiftriG: of the Temple toa Square of 3100 Cubits on every Side. : (4) Bzekiel x1, 1, wm ney ‘Tuts 162 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book IV. Tuts Zemple, with the Ground about it, is to make the Center of a much larger Area, which is to be a Piece of Land for the Priefis and Sanétuary 25,000 Reeds, or 150,000 Cubits long, and 60,000 Cubits broad; next to which there is to be another Piece of Land for a City 36,000 Cubits broad ; and beyond that another Piece for the Levites of 60,000 Cubits broad, and both of the fame Length with the firft, the Whole making a Square of 150,000 Cu- bits; in the Middle of which the City is to make a Square of 27,000 Cubits, with Suburbs round it of 1500 Cubits broad. At each End of thefe 3 Pieces of Land there is to be a Portion for the King, each of which is to be equal to the three Pieces together; fo that the whole Land for the Temple, Prieffs, Levites, City, atid King will be 450,000 Cubits long, and 180,000 Cubits broad ; parallel to which there will be a Piece of Lahd for every Tribe. Szven of the Tribes are to have their Lots next the North, and 5 next the South; by which Means 7 Bodies of People will have their Habitations on each Side of the Temple, and that Edifice will be in the Middle of the whole Land. Tur Difpofition of this Land will better appear by the Draught, Plate N° 27. 28. in which A. A. A. A, may be fuppofed to be the whole Land of Canaan, in Length, from North to South, about 517,800 Cubits. B. The Zemple, with its Suburbs. G. The City, with its Suburbs. D. D. Land for the City. E. Land for the Zemple, and Priefts. F. Land for the Levites. G.G,G.G. The Land for the Zeimple, Priefts, Levites, and City, making a Square of 150,000 Cubits, H.H. Land for the King, each Piece being equal to the Square G. G. G.G. L,I... 1. The Land for the Temple, Priefls, Levites, City, and King, containing in Length 450,000 Cubits; and in Breadth 150,000 Cubits. K. Land for the Tribe of Dan. L. Land for the Tribe of Aber. M. Land for the Tribe of WVaphzali. N. Land for the Tribe of Manaffeb. O. Land for the Tribe of Ephraim. P. Land for the Tribe of Revben. Q. Land for the Tribe of Fudeb. R. Land for the Tribe of Benjamin. S. Land for the Tribe of Simeon. T. Land for the Tribe of Iffachar. V. Land for the Tribe of Zebulun. W. Land for the Tribe of Gad. Tue Mate 27. Kate. Gate A T 7 A H @ G D North K L M N fo} P Q 5 R $ T Vv Jouth> D G G H A 4 i - ‘A West: Chap. VILL. Plagiarifin of the Heathens Detetted. 163 _. Tut Divifion or the Cizy will appear by the Draught, Plate N® 2g. 30. in which A.A. A.A, is the City Wall, 4500 Reeds, or 27,000 Cubits in Length on every Side, and 144 Cubite (a) in Thicknefs, within which we have fuppofed a Street of 156 Cubits broad. fu ts The Gate of Reuben. . The Gate of Fudab. . The Gate of Levi. . The Gate of Fo/eph. The Gate of Benjamin. . The Gate of Dan. . The Gate of Simeon. I. The Gate of Iffachar. K. The Gate of Zebulun. L. The Gate of Gad. M. The Gate of her. N. The Gate of Wapbhiali: TOMO Oe Tue two central Streets leading from the Gate of Judah, North; to the Gate of Iffachar, South ; and from the.Gate of Benjamin; Eaft, to the Gate of /ber, Welt, we have fuppofed 400 Cubits broad ; but the Streets facing the other Gates we have made no more than 200 Cubits broad. Thefe Streets traverfing the whole Ground of the Cizy, from Gate to Gate, divides it into 16 great Squares, of 6400 Cubits in Length on every Side, 12 of which we aflign for Inhabitants, from the twelve Tribes ;. the other four, in the center Part of the City, we allot for the King’s Palace, and the Militaty Force of the Kingdom, to be felected out of every Tribe ; and for this Reafon we have divided thofe 4 Parts, marked with 0.0.0.0. into 16 Squares, by the central Streets of 400 Cubits broad, and fide Streets of 100 Cubits, which leaves the Squares pre- cifely 3100 Cubits in Length, on every Side; equal to the whole Diftri& of the Temple, as above. Twexve of thefe 16 Squares we have allotted for the Refidence of the Military Men of the 12 Tribes, who were to attend, it Courfes every Month, on the King’s Perfon ; and thefe, by David's Appointment, were to. be 24,000 in Number, 2000 from every Tribe: The other 4 Squares we have throwed into a gtand Piazza of 6800 Cubits on every Side, marked with the Letters P. P. P. P; and in the Center of which we have placed the King’s Palace, of 1200 Cubits {quare, and marked with the Letter Q. this is environeéd with the Seats of the Azag’s Counfellers, 36 in Number, extending 4400 Cubits on the Outfide, and marked with the Letters R.R. RR. and extending Within-fide 3600 Cubits, and marked with the Letters S.S.8.8. From R.R.R.R. the Buildings are to be fet back 50 Cu- bits for a Wall and Rampart, and by thefe Means a Space of 1200 Cubits broad will furround the Palace, as well as the whole Court. 2) Rev. xxii, 17. Iw 164 The Ovigin of Building : Or, The - Book IV. In the Center of each Square allotted for the Inhabitants, we have placed the head Magiftrate, in a Square of 500 Cubits; thefe Squares are marked with the Letters a,b. c: d.e. f. gh. ik. 1. and m, and round them the inferior Magiftrates, 28 in Number to every Tribe, have their Habitations allotted them, occupying a Piece of round 350 Cubits broad, at the Diftance of 1000 Cubits from the Ground of the head Magiftrate. In like Manner we have placed the commanding Officer over the Men’ belonging to every Tribe, in the Center of the Ground allotted for that Tribe, and in a Square of 350 Cubits, with a Space round it of 250 Cubits broad; and the Places for thofe Officers are marked’ with the Figures 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.7. 8.9. 10. 11.and 12. We have laftly made central Streets of roo Cubits broad through every Tribe, and central Streets of 50 Cubits broad through the Military Men of every ‘Tribe, thereby di- viding the whole City into Squares ‘of 1550. Cubits. Now if we again divide thefe Squares into 16 Parts, with Streets between, of 50 Cubits broad, the Whole will fall into Squares of 350 Cubits; the Sides of which being added together, and to that Total, the Sides of the Palace, and thofe of the 12 head Magiftrates, and commanding, Officers, it will produce 4,800,000 Cubits, which is equal to 12,000 Furlongs, the Content of this City, according to St. Yobn (c). Or thefe 12,000 Furlongs in Front of Building we have allotted 10,584 Furlongs for the private Edifices of the City; and if we affign a Piece of Ground of 20 Feet in Front, and about 1 53 Feet in Depth for a Houfe, every Square of 350 Cubits will contain 90 Houfes, and all the private Houfes will amount to 272,160, which will make a City, much fuperior to any of the Cities of Antiquity. CH A Ba dX, Of the Temple of Ferufalem, as built by ZLevubbabel, HEN Cyrus took Babylon, and became Emperor of the Perfians, he releafed the Fews from their Captivity, after . \ \ they had been confined 70 Years, and fign’d a Decree to impower them to rebuild their Zemple at Ferufalem ; which De- cree ftands recorded in the Bock aferibed to Ezra, in the follow- ing Words: (c) Rew. xxii 16, Tuus + i< 7 WSOC a Chap. 1X. Plagiarifm of the Heathens Detetted. 16% Tuus faith Gyrus, King of Perfia,.in the rf Year of his Reign, (a) The LORD GOD of Heaven hath given me all the King- doms of the Earth, and he hath charged me to build him an Hou/e at Ferufalem,. which is in Judah. Who is there among you of all his People? His GOD be with him, and let him go up to Ferufa- lem, which is in Yudab, and build the Hou/e of the LORD GOD of frael (he is the GOD) which is in Ferufalem. And whofo- ever remaineth in any Place where he fojourneth, let the Men of his Place help him with Silver, arid with Gold, and with Goods, and with Beafts, befides the Free-Will-Offering for the Aoufe of GOD. that is in Ferwfalem. And (b) let the Foundations thereof be ftrong- ly laid, the Height thereof thréefcore Cubits, and thé Breadth there- of threefcore Cubits; with 3 Rows of gréat Stones, and a Row of new Timber: And let the Expences be given out of the King’s Houfe. And alfo let the Golden and Silver Veffels of the Floufe of GOD, which Webuchadnezzar took forth out of the Temple which is at Ferufalem, and brought unto Badylon, be reftored, and brought again unto the Zemple which is at Ferufalem, every oné to his Place, and. place them in the Houfe of GOD. . Norwirusranpina this Decree, what by the Obftruétion of the Samaritans, and what by the Prohibition of Cambyfes, the Son and Succeflor of Cyrus, the Temple was not compleated “till the 6th Year (c) of the Reign of Darius, the Son of Eyfta/pis, and then it was finifhed and dedicated, about 21 Years after Cyrus releafed the Sews. Tuis Temple was furrounded with a treble Portico, which feems to have been comprifed within the Limits of the inward Court, of that which was built by Solomox. The Body of the Temple was built on new and fttong Foundations, laid with great Solemnity sanat which fome old Men, who had feen that of Solomon's, wept aloud, becaufe it was fo like to fall fhort of that (d) for Beauty and Magnificence ; atid others fhouted for Joy that they fhould have any Temple at all. Tus explains what Tobit fays, in Regard to Canaan, when he di- teéted his Son to leave Wineveb, and go into Media: (e) Our Bre- ihren, {ays he, fhall be feattered in the Earth from that good Land, and Jerufalem Joall be defolate Sor a Time ; telling them at the fame Time, That GOD would have Mercy on them, and bring them again into the Land where they foould build a Temple, but not like to the jirfts until the Time of that Age be fulfilled. uCyY RU'S’s Decree concerning the Temple, Caimbyfes’s Prohibi- tion of the Work, and Darius’s Confirmation of Cyrus's Decree, a), Baraics, (d) Haggai ii. 5, B Ib. vi. 3. (¢) Tobit xiv. 4. (cy Ib. vi. x5, , ant were 165 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book IV. were Events fufficient to make this Stru€ture known throughout the whole Earth ; and therefore we may come to this Conclufion, that Zerubbabel’s Temple was the Pattern which moft Nations of the Earth followed in their Temples, during the Splendour and Magnificence of the Perfian Empire, which fubfifted about 200 Years; from the Reign of Cyrus, to that of Mlexander the Great. Cra Of the Progrefs of Building in Perfia, from Cyrus, ‘till the Reign of Alexan: der the Great. HE Idolatry inftituted in Media by ‘Derocei, and in Ba- : bylon by Nebuchadnezzar, with the extravagant Pride of thofe Monarchs, incur’d GOD’s Determination to trans- fer their Dominions and Wealth to another People; and Cyrus, long before his Birth, was called by Name, by the Prophet I/aiah (a), for that Purpofe. Tue Perfians having tevolted from the Medes, and, under the Condué& of Cyrus, become Mafters of all Media, they next inyad- ed Babylon, took it, and fo became the greateft Empire, *till then, the World had produced. CYRUS, from his moft tender Yeats, fhewed an Inclination to ApchiteGlure, as we have already obferved ; and, upon his Acceffion to the Throne of Perfia, he not only releafed the Fews from their Captivity, but directed them to rebuild their Zemp/e at Ferufalem, as above. As Gyrus was the Founder of the Perfan Empire, and as Per- Jepolis was built by the firft King of Perfa, and as no one was more proper for that great Work than Cyrus, we {hall give the Ori- gin of that City to him. Some fay it was 12 Parafangs long, and. 10 broad; that is, 45 Miles in Length; and 37 and a half in Breadth ; which is not improbable, fince the City of Gelonus was 37 Miles and a half fquare; and the whole Land defcribed by Eze- kiel for the City, for the Temple, for the Prieffs, and for the Le- vites, amounts to 46 Miles, and 7-8ths of a Mile fquare. (a) Chap. xliv. v, 28 Tus Chap. X. Plagiarifin of the Heathens Detetied. 163 Tux Palace (6) of Perfepolis was farrounded with a treble Wall } the rft was 16 Cubits high, adorned with many fumptuous Build- ings, and afpiring Turrets; the 2d was like the rft, but 32 Cubits high ; and the gd was a perfeét Square 62 Cubits high, all of the hardeft Marble: On the four Sides thete were Brazen Gates to ftrengthen and fortify the Place; near to which there were Gallows’s of Brafs, 20 Cubits high, raifed to terrify the Beholders: The In- fide was difpofed into ftately Lodgings, and Treafury Chambers ; and the Whole was finifhed with the moft excellent Workmanthip. CYRUS was fucceeded in the Perfian Empire by his Son, Cam- byfes, who invaded Egypr, burnt all the Temples in that Country, killed the Gop Apis, and drove away all their Priefts, who undoubt- edly fled for Refuge to all the Corners of the Earth. Among the Captives which he took was the famous Pyhagoras, then upon his Travels in Eg ype; Him he carried to Babylon, where he became a Difciple to Zoroaftres, and got inftructed in all his Magick; info- much, that at his Return to Greece, he held it as a Divine Myftery, highly praifed it, and publifhed (c) it abroad, He alfo taught that Syftem of the Planetary World, which fucceeding Philofophers called the Pythagorean. Uron the Death of Camby/fes, the Magians, ot Perfian Priefts, feized the Government of that Empire, but were foon flain for their Prefumption ; and for the fame Reafon, their Religion was brought into Contempt : For as foon as Darius, the Son of Hy/ta/~ pes, afcended the Throne, he, and his whole Court, embraced Sa- bianifim, but the common People were ftill prone to their old Re- ligion; which gave Zorcaffres an Opportunity of introducing into the World his own Impoftors ; for upon the Plan of the Magian Religion, he taught thofe Doétrines he pretended to have received from the Mouth of GOD, which he perform’d fo effectually, that, in a few Years, his Tenets were eftablifhed all over Perfid, anid the greateft Empire of the World received a new Religion. Turse People, tho’ they made it a Precept to erect no Temples, had, neverthelefs, Edifices over their Altars, confifting of feveral Pillars, fuftaining a Roof; and thefe were introduced by Zorca/tres, under Pretence of preferving their confecrated Fires, and prevent their being extinguifhed by the Rains, or any other Effe& of the Weather. Wits the Ruins of the Egyptian Temples, Darius, the Son of Hyftafpis, built the City of Su/a, that City having been founded by him, as we learn from Plimy; and there it was that the Son of Aerxes (proved by Dean Prideaux to be the Aha/werus mentioned in (2) Diod. Sic.1. 170. 3, (¢) Pliny 1, 30, 6. 1. : ; Scripture) 168 Tbe Origin of Building: Or, The Book IV: Scripture) erected (d} a ftately Apartment, for the Entertainment of all the Princes under his Dominion, which was enclofed with curi< ous Curtains, of divers Colours, hung on Marble Pillars, and faften- ed to them by Rings of Silver, and Cords made of fine Linnen, and Purple; the Whole the moft perfect Copy of Mo/es’s Taberna- cle, with the Court about it. And, in Imitation of the Fewifh Works, the Sabeans, (e) a People inhabiting a Country Southward of Ge- naan, over-laid the Portico’s of their Houfes with Gold, and em- bellifhed their Rooms with Gold, Ivory, and Precious Stones; tak~ ing their Pattern from Solemon’s Buildings, when the Queen of Sheba (f) went to Ferufalem to view them. Tus Eaftern Part of Arabia abounded with Villages and confider- able Towns, fituated upon high Hills, and rifing Grounds, among which the great Cities had ftately Royal Palaces, and the Inhabi- tants were very numerous and rich. And if we pafs into the very Iflands in the Arabian Ocean, we may find Architeure in its fineft Drefs; for the Temple (g) of Fupiter Triphylius, in Pan- chea, was built with white Marble, like that of Solomon's; it was a perfect Square, of 600 Feet in Length and Breadth; the Columns - were curioufly carved, and of a prodigious Size ; round the Temple there were divers Apartments erected for the Priefts ; and the Avenue to the Front was 4 Furlongs, or 2400 Feet in Length, 300 Feet in Breadth, and was adorned on either Side with large Statues of Brafs, placed upon f{quare Pedeftals. Tut Zyrians, (b) a People inhabiting a Country North of Ca- naan, were in great Glory, as to their Works in Architefture 3 for Zyre confifted of the moft elegant and fubftantial Edifices, and abounded with Workmen, (7) that affifted to build the 2d. Temple at Ferufalem; thefe People then retaining the Form of Solomon's Works, in which their Anceftors had been employed ; for the Tem- ple of Hercules, (k) at Tyre, had two Columns like thofe of Yachin, and Boaz, in the Porch of the Temple at Serufalem. Bur notwithftanding this Magnificence in fome Parts of Afia, if we crofs over the Land,: from Canaan to the Eusxine Sea, we fhall find that the Phafians, at that Time, inhabited the very Marthes ; and lived in Huts, built in the Water, of Wood and, Reeds, and went from Place to Place in Boats cut out of one Piece of Timber: And if we examine the whole Country above Zyre, nothing very Curious - in Architefture is to be found ; for notwithftanding the Lydians, (1) with Stones of extraordinary Dimenfions, erected: a Sepulchre to Alyattes, the Father of Cre/us, of fuch vatt Magnitude, that it con- (4) Efther i. 6: ) Iaiah xxiii, and Bzekie} xxvi, 273 (e) Diod. Sic. bi 33a, 3s (i) Ezra. iii. 7, (f) Matthew xii. 42. (k) Herod. 1. x. (g) Diod, Sic, 1.5. c. 3 (}) Ib. x, tained Chap. X. Plagiavifin of the Heathens Deteed. 16 9 tained in Breadth 1300 Grecian Feet, and was in Circumference 3800 Feet, with 5 ftupendious Monuments upon the Top, fet for Boundaries ; the Stru@tures of Sardis, their capital City, both pub- lick and private, were built with no better Materials than Canes, for the moft Part ; and thofe that wete built with Brick, were, ne- verthelefs, covered with Cane; Sticu was the peneral State of Architeffure, in Afia, in the Time of the Perfian Empire; but all this Magnificence was to have its Period, as it had in other Countries, which was foretold, long be~ fore it happened, by the Prophet Daniel (mm). The Grecians, having beeri the next People, whofe Humility and Obedience to GOD in Timés of Profperity were tried, we will now confider how the Powet and the Wealth of the Per/fians devolved upon them. Coit Aca; Sas Of the State of Building in Greece, from Cyrus, till the Reign of Alexander the Great. WwISISTRATUS did not become more remarkable for hig 17 Pp Years Tyrany at Athens, which commenced in the Year 550 (a) before Curist; than for his Founding the Temple of Fu- piter Olympius in that City: A Work fo ftupendious, that the Foundation alone exhaufted all the Money the Grecians could poffi- bly raife, before they were involved in the Perfian War. Ar the fame Time that Pif/frarus formed his Defign of Building a Temple at Athens, the Grecians in Afid, came to a Refolution to erect a Temple at Ephefus, in Honour of Diana; which they began about the Year 54:2 before Curisr: For Pliny (4) tells us it was 220 Years about ; and from the Time of his Writing ot Dedicating, his Book, to Titus Ve/pafian, made Emperor A. D. 78, to the Time in which this Temple was laft finifhed, was about 400 (c) Years ; which, being added to the 220 Years the Work was about, carries the Period of its 1ff Foundation to the Year ¢42, before Currs Ts as above. (m) Chap. 8. @) Lib. 36. ¢. 14. (2) See Newton's Chon. (¢) Plia.l. 16... go, Uu CTESL 170 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book IV: CTESIPHOW was the Archite& of the Temple of Diana; he was a Contemporary with Callimachus, to whom Vitruvius afcribes the Invention of the Coriuthian Order ; Callimachus flourithed about the 60th Olympiad, or 537 Years before Curist ; and the Zem- ple of Diana was prior to the Introduétion of the Corinthian Order into Greece. Tue Temple of Apollo, at Delphi; having been burnt about the Year 548 before Curis, the Grecigns determined to rebuild it, much more magnificent than before; and for that Purpofe affef- ed themfelves, to the Amount of 300 Talents, (d) to defray the Ex- pence of the Work ; of which, 75 Talents were to be raifed by De/- phians, and 225 by the Amphyéions, or general Council of Greece. CYRUS becoming Emperor of all 4fa, about the Year 536 before Curis, began his Reign with releafing the ews from their Captivity, fign’d a Decree to impower them to rebuild their Temple at Ferufalem, and ordered the Expences to be defrayed out of his own Treafuries, as above: An Aé fo remarkable, that every Na- tion of that vaft Empire muft have inftantly known it. To that A& we may therefore very juftly attribute the Founding of the Zém- ple of Diana, at Epbe/us, as well as the Zemple of Fupiter, at Athens ; and to that Act we may alfo afcribe the Introdu@ion of Lonick and Corinthian Orders among the Grecians; who had fuch firi& Regard to the Fewi/h Works, that they made the Length of their Bricks, for their private Buildings, 2 Spans, or 18 Inches long, to anfwer one Side of the Altar of Incenfe, in the Tabernacle: 'To thefe Bricks they gave the Name of Didoron, (e) others they called Ze- tradoron, and a third Sort Pentadorim. The Tetradoron was 4, Spans long, equal to the Length of the Tad/e in the Tabernacle; the Pentadoron was § Spans long, which was the precife Length of the Ark of the Covenant; and thefe two Kind of Bricks were only afed in the facred Stru€tures of the Grecians ; with whom the Progrefs of Architetwre was foom ftopped, by the War that broke out between them and the Perfians: That War took its Rife on the following Occafion : Tur Jonians, in Afa, did not long continue fubject to the Per fians, before they revolted ; and thefe People, with the Affiftance of the Arbenians, having taken Sadis, they inftantly burnt (f) that City, together with the Zemple of Cybele. Darius was then Em- peror of Perfia, who refented thefe hoftile Aéts to fuch a high De- gree, that he forthwith waged War againft the Grecians, and madé a Vow never to lay down his Arms till he had burnt all the Cizfes and Temples in Greece. ‘The War thus begun, was purfued with fo much Vigour and Refolution, that Darivs’s Vow was, in a great (4) Herod.\. 2. (e) Plia Ns 35.6 14. Cf) Herod. 1. 5. Meafure, Chap. XI. Plagiari{m of the Heathens Detetted 171 Meafure, fulfilled by himfelf ; and fully accomplifhed by Xerxes, his Son and Succeffor, Tus King, upon his Invafion of Greece, having taken and burnt Athens, \eft 300,000 chofen Men in Greece, under the Condué of his General Mardonius, to fubdue the Reft of the Country, who foon after fent an Embaflador to the Athenians, to treat of Peace ; but they defpifing the Perfian Power, returned in Part this Anfwer : (g) Go then, and téll Mardoniis, that the Athenians declare, they will never make Peace with Xerxes, Jo long as the Sun Jball continue to perform his Courfe; and that, trufting to the Affiftance of the Gods and Heroes, whofe Temples and Images he has burnt in Contempt, we refolve to refift him to the laft Extremity. MARDONIUS was {con after entirely defeated by the Gre- cians, in the 2d Year of the 75th Olympiad ; by which they got immenfe Wealth, and were thereby enabled to rebuild their Tem ples and Cities in the moft fumptuous Manner ; which was never- thelefs, in a great Meafure, prevented by the Peloponnefian Wat. And fuch Cities and Temples as were rebuilt, were performed in {6 mean a Manner, that Plato wou’d not allow but few Architeés in Greece; for, fays he, You may get the Afiftance of a common Builder for 5 or 6 Draris, but that of an Architect you cant pur- chafe for 10,000 Drams. Tue Lemple of Diana, at Ephefus, was ruined and rebuilt no lefs than 7 ‘Times, (4) in the Compafs of 220 Years, that is, be- tween the Time of Ctefiphon, and Alexander the Great ; on whofe Birth-Day it was burnt by Heroffratus ; after which it lay about 25 Years in its Ruins, and then it was rebuilt with Columns, whofe Shafts were fingle Stones, of 60 Feet high, and the Temple cover- ed a Piece of Ground 425 Feet in Length, and 220 Feet in Breadth. DINOCRATES is faid, with great Probability, to have been the Architeé of this gigantick Edifice, which Alexander offered to re- build at his own Expence, provided he might have had the fole Honour of it; and that no other Name fhould be added to his, in the In- fcription upon it: But the Ephefians, by anfwering, (¢) That it was not confiftent for one God to ereé# a Monument to,another, fatistied Allexander’s Vanity, preferved his Friendthip, obtained his. Bounties; and fo faved to themfélves the Honour of the Work. , To Alexander the Great we may very juftly attribute. all the Grecian Magnificence in Works of Architeure ; for that Prince (g) Herod. 1. 8, (4) Pliny. 16, c. 42, (4) Rollig on the Arts and Sciences. Vol. 1. p. 2 having 172 Lhe Origin of Building: Or, The Book IV. having poffefled himfelf of all the Riches of Sw/a, and Perfepolis ; together with the Riches of all the Countries where ever he carried his conquering Arms, the King employed them chiefly in Building ; and made fo great a Progrefs therein, that tho’ his Reign was fo fhort, his Works far exceeded thofe of any former Monarch. Anp fince we have mention’d Per/epolis, we can’t omit relating a Reprizal of a very extraordinary Nature, for that City having been the Metropolis of Perfia, the moft Luxurious of any under the Sun, in its Structures, the Wealthieft for its Riches, and, of Confe- quence, the Pride and Glory of that great Empire, founded upon the Ruins of thofe of the Egyptians, Allyrians, Babylonians, and Medes, as well as upon the Ruins of moft of the Nations in Afia, and bordering Part of 4frica, including in the whole 127 Provinces. Alexander the Great, (k) after taking it, made a fumptuous Feaft for the Entertainment of his Friends, in Commemoration of his Vigtory ; at which, there was prefent an Athenian Woman, named Thais, who perceiving the Company to grow warm with Wine, took the Opportunity to fay, Alexander would perform the moft glorious AG of any that ever he did, if, while he was feafting with them, he would burn the Palace, that the Glory and Renown of Perfa might be {aid to be brought to nothing ina Moment. This had no fooner reached the Ears of the young Men, but one cried out, Come on, bring us Firebrands, and fo excited the Reft to fire the Cita- del, to revenge the Impiety the Perfans had committed, in deftroy- ing the Temples of the Grecians: At this, others with Joy fet up a Shout ; but faid, That fo brave an Exploit belonged only to Alex- ander himfelf to perform: The King, ftirred up at thefe Words, and all the Women having been called that played on Mufical Inftruments, and Firebrands having been inftantly got, He bravely led the Way to this Expedition, with Songs, Pipes, and Flutes; and throwing his Firebrand into the Palace, was feconded by Thais, and followed by all the Reft of the Company ; fo that in a very fhort Time, the whole Fabrick, by the Violence of the Fire, was confumed to Afhes. And thus the Sacrilege and Impiety of Xerwes, exercifed in his burning the Citadel of Athens, was revenged in the fame Kind by one Woman of that City. E Soon after Alewander had pafled his Army over into 4a, Dina- crates, (f) the Archite@, followed him with recommendatory Letters, to divers of his Court, to introduce him to the King, which they neglecting to do, Dinocrates, who was of an extraordinary Stature, and had a fine Prefence, laid afide his common Drefs, oiled his Body over, crowned himfelf with a Branch of Poplar, covered ‘his Left Shoulder with a Lion’s Skin, took a Club in his Hand, and, in this Equipage, drew near the King’s Throne: Alewander foon (k) Diod. Sic. 1. 17. ¢. 8, () Vit. Pref. to Lib. 2. perceived Chap. XI. Plagiari{m of the Heathens Dete€ted. 173 perceived him, and afked him, Who he was? To which he repli- ed: I am Dinocrates, the Macedonian Architeét, who brings to Alex- ander Defigns worthy of bis Grandeur. I made, continues he, Mount Athos, iz the Form of a Man, holding a great City in his Left Hand, and in his Right a Cup, which receives the Waters of all the Rivers that.run down this Mountain, in Order to pour them into the Sea. Alexander, pleafed with the Greatnefs of the Invention, re- tained Dinocrates in his Service; and, when he went into Egypt, employed him in Building a moft magnificent City, to which he gave the Name of Alexandria. Tus Ground for this City, as well as the feveral Streets, the King marked (m) ‘out with his own Hand. The Form of the Cizy re- fembled that of a Soldiers Coat; it was furrounded with a ftrong and ftately Wall; and one large Street, of 100 Feet broad, traverfed the City from Gate to Gate, between which, the Length was 40 Furlongs. This Street was adorned with an infinite Number of ftately Strudtures, both of Yemples, and private Houfes; but the grandeft Building, in all M/exandria, was the King’s Palace, which every fucceeding Monarch took Pleafure td improve. ALEXANDER built another capital City (n), at, the Foot of Mount Cayca/us, called it after his own Name, and ereéted feveral other Cities, each a Days Journey diftant from that Capital: He alfo built 2 large Cities, (0) after his Victory over Porus: And when he had put an End to his Expedition in India, he erected, by the River Hyphafis, 12 flupendious Altars, of 50 Cubits high, each Altar, therein imitating the Fews; for Mo/es, when he had brought the [/raelites out of Egypt, fet up 12 Pillars at. the Foot of Mount Sinai; and Fofbua fet up 12 Stones, when he had pafs'd the River Jordan. _ ALEXANDER alfo built, by the River Acifines, 2 great ‘Cities; and, in another, Part of India; he eréGed a 3d City of Alexandria. But of all his Works, the greateft was the Funeral Pile of Hepheftion (p), in which the Bricks in 10 Furlongs in Length, of the Walls of Babylon were ufed; andcthat Part of the Walls was taken down for this Purpofe. This Pile was 4 {quare, each Side of which was a Furlong in Length, and the whole Altitude was more than 130 Cubits. The Platform was diyided into 30 Apartments, anfweting the Number of Councilling Gops in the Chaldean Theogony ; and the Superftru@ture was divided into 7 Ran- ges, anfwering the 7 Planets, and then roofed with. the Trunks of Palm-Trees. All the Divifions were vailed with Hangings of Purple, in Imitation of the High Places of the Fews, and 12,000 Talents were (m) Diod. Sic.1. 17.6. 5. (0) Ib. 17. c. 10, (4) Ib. L1j.c.9. (p) Ube}, 17. 6, 12, Xx expended 174 The Originof Building: Or, The Book IV: expended on the Work, which was 40 Times the Sum affeffed to rebuild the, Zemple of Apollo, at Delphi ; and even that {mall Sum could not be raifed, without begging (g) of Foreign Courts, and recalling Exiles, in Confideration of their contributing towards the Expence of the Work, which, on this Account, was feyeral Years about 5 whereas the Funeral Pile of. Hepheftion was compleated in fo thort a ‘Time as while his Corps lay in. State. Suen was the Poverty of Greece, in the Reign of Cyrus, King of Perfia; and fuch was its Wealth in the Reign of Alexander the Great, who intended to build 1000 large Ships, with Ar/enals and Ports for fo great a Navy ; alfo to erect 6 magnificent Temples, and to expend 1500 ‘Talents, in the Coft of each of them; and, laftly, to raife a Monument over his Father's Sepulchre, equal to the biggeft Pyramid in Egypt: But his Death put an End to thefe Defigns. However, Building flourifhed in Greece, “till Athens and Corinth be- came the moft beautiful Cities, for Works of Architecfure, the World ever produced ; and the Greeians affumed, or the Romans attributed to them, the Invention of the Orders of Columns, with fuch Proportions, as were. obferved by the Antients in their moft perfect Buildings. Aut this Magnificence was to have its Period in Greece, the fame as it had in other Countries ; and this was foretold by the Prophet Daniel, according to whofe Visston, the Power.and collected Wealth of the World was next to be vefted in the Romans. Ca Ae Of the Progrefs of Building in /ra/y, from the Burning of Rome, by the Gauls, to the Reign of Aucustus Casar. Bp EFORE Rome was burnt by the Gauls, it did not, as Mr. Fook, in his Romtn Hiffory (a), obferves, deferve the Name of a City; but the Re-edifying of it gave the Romans fo much Experience in Architecture, that Epiphanes, about the Year before Curist 170, made Choice of Coffurius (6) a Roman Citizen, to finith the Temple of Fupiter Olympius, at Athens, which was be- (q) Herod.}. 2: (a) Page 20, (7) Died. Sic \. 18.6. 1% (2) Vit. Pref. to Libs’. gun nin aie en eae ee es Chap. XIL Plagiarifm of the Efeathens Deteeed. 1 75 gun by Pifffratus, as above. . And the Romans thereupon groiving impatient (c) of Competitors in Works of Architeture, and refled= ing on the Beauty of the City of Corinth, they took Occafion of denouncing War againft the Corinthians, fo as the Confal Lucius Mummius going thither with a numerous Army, reduced their City to Afhes, in the Year 146 before Cukist ; and 59) Years after that Sylla deftroyed the City of Arhens, and brought the Columns (d) of the Temple of Fupiter Olympius to Rome, and there fet them up in his own Houfe, and Palace, in the Capitol.', And this the. two Cities that made the Flower of all Greece, for fine Works in -4-chi- veéiure, were erafed, and no Foot-fteps left of the fuperh Edifices, which render’d thofe Cities the Admiration of the World. Bur in order to preferve the Knowledge. of this noble Mariner of Building, and to give the Romans a juft Idea of it, Ruzilius (e) publifh’d his Orations on Architecture, which had this Effed, that tho’ in the Year 78 before Curist, and g Years after the Deftruc- tion of Athens, the Houle (f) in which M. Lepidus lived at Rome, was efteemed the fineft in the whole City; yet before 35 Years were éxpired, 100 Houfes were ereéted that far exceeded. it, Tue Romans. thus inflamed with the nobleft Ideas of Building, M. Scaurus fhewed a Specimen. inferior, to nothing in. Hifory,’ for he built a Theatre (g), capable to contain 80,000 People ; and not- withftanding it was fearcely to be ufed a Month to an End, he adorned it with 360 Columns, in 3 Teer, and with 3000 Brazen Statues: The rft Teer of Columns were of Marble, and 38 Feet high; the 2d were of Chryftal; and the 3d were of gilt. Brafs : Part of which Columns he removed to the Court of his Houfe in Mount Palatine ; where, fays Pliny, he fet them up. under the Nof of the Gons, whofe Images were but of Earth, and hard by , their Temples, built and covered with no better Materials than Potteis Clay. So that however profufe the Romans had been in their pro- fane Buildings, in their /acred they don’t appear to have had the leaft Regard to Beauty and Magnificence. In this State we may look upon Architefure to have been, when Fulius Cefar began to air at univerfal Empire; who, to encourage the growing Tafte of the People in Building, and to make himfelf Popular, mot only adorned (4) the principal Cities of Izaly, but thofe of Gaul, Spain, Greece, and Afia, with fplendid Edifices. , For the fame Reafon, Auguffus Cefar was made to ftudy (2) the Liberal Arts from his Childhood, fo that he gavé all Manner of Encou- tagément to the ingenious Men of his Age; and was fo paflionately (c) Paral. c. 26. (g) Phin... 36, c. 23 (4) Plin,\. 36.¢. 6. (4) Suez. in F Cafar, c. 28 (¢) Suet.in Aug.¢. 89: (4) Suet. in Aug, ¢. 84. Cf) Phiant, 36.6. 15. fond 176 = The Origin of Building: Or, The Book IV. fond of Architeéture, that he almoft rebuilt (4) the City of Rome with Marble, which, at his coming to the Throne, confifted of nothing but Brick Edifices. Burr that which gave 4ugupus the greateft 'Tafte for ArchiteEure, feems to have been the Vifit which Herod the Great made him, after that Prince began to rebuild the Temple at. Ferufalem; for Herod being no Prieft, was not permitted to touch the Body of the Temple, which was carried on by 1000 (1) Priefts, who compleated it in 18 Months ; and in that Time, Alerod went to Rome, to fetch his Sons, then educating in that City, under the Care of Augufius Ceafar. Soon after this Interview, the Roman Emperor took upon himéelf the Office of High Prie/f ; he then began to examine‘all the Pro- PHETICK Booxs ; and, in the next Place taifed Temples to the Honour of the Govs, in fuch Manner, that every Zemple bore its Form-and Si~ tuation, agreeable to the Deity to whom ‘it’ was built: And by this Means, all thofe beautiful Parts, “of which the Jewifh facred Edi- fices were compofed, atid which were imanifeftly intended as Em-= blems of the great Occurrences contained in Holy Writ, were yari= oufly applied by the Heathens, and ‘produced thofe fine Examples which have gained them fo much Honour ; and gave them Occafion at daft, as Fo/ephus (m) obferves, to traduce’ the Fews as Blafphe- mers and Deriders of the Divinity, when thofe People negle@ting the real Part of the Law, had alfo forgot the Jymbolical in the Parts of their Zemple, which they only held as a moft facred Stru@ure, without confidering to what the various Parts referred, - To the duguffine Age we may attribute the Building the Pan- theon, a Temple facred to Apollo, who reprefented the S#7, and. there- fore this Edifice was made round, and in all other Refpeéts it was a perfeét Emblem of the Gop, enthroned in all his Glory.. ‘The Sun is exalted in his highefE Meridian, when he approaches. the South ; for which Reafon the Entrance to the Temple is full North, and the Image of Apollo was placed oppofite to it, in the principal Niche. The Door, or Entrance to the Temple, imaged the Earzh, as the proper Place for Men. The Moon, Mercury; Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, were placed in the 6 great Recefles on each Side the Temple, between the Door and principal Niche. Between every one of the Places affign’d for the Sux, Moon, Earth, and 5 Planets, there was a Tabernacle; over which, and alfo over the great Recefles, there were other ‘Tabernacles, making together 24 in Number ; and therein we may fuppofe the Images of thofe 24. Stars to have been plac’d, which the Antients looked upon as Judges (R) Suet. in Aug. c: 285 @) Fofephus Aut... 15. co 14. (mY Aad. 5. ere over — q ; Chap. XIL Plagiari{im of the Heathens Detefted. 173 over all Things ; 12 of which they aflign’d to the Living, and 12 to the Dead. F Tux Pantheon (notwithftanding what Pliny fays to the contrary) feems to be the Temple, which, according to Swetonius, Augufius built to pollo: For to the Temple of Apollo there were Additions made afterwards, as a Portico, and a Library ; and the fame Addi- tions, or the Addition of a Portico in the Front, anda Building in the Rear, were made to the Pantheon, after the Body of that Zemple was finifhed. - VITRUVIUS, at the very Time that Avguflus became High Prieft, and examinep into the Proruericx Books, compofed his Works on Architedture, for Czfar’s Inftru@ion in it; and as the Emperor burnt (7) above 2000 Volumes of thofe Booxs, preferving only fome of the Sibyllime, can there remain the leaft Doubt, but that Vitruvius attributed to the Grecians whatever was found re- corded, concerning 4rchiteéfure, in the Fewifh Hiftory ? Here was a fuficient Cloak for his divefting the Yews, and giving to ‘the Heathens the Invention of every Thing curious in Architeéture : And this PLaciarism will more ftrongly appear, when we come to explain the proper Orders of Columns, with the Forms and Propor- tions of the Heathen Zemples. AUGUSTUS CH SAR bore the Office of High Prief about 28 Years; during which Time, Idolatry encreafed at Rome, in the fame Proportion with the Buildings ; “till at laft, fays Varo, no le& than 30,000 Deities were adored ; and Pliny makes them infinitely more, For fays he, (0) mortal Men, remembering their own Infirmities, each one chofe 0 worfbip and honour that whereof he flood in moft Need ; and thus, every one being at Liberty to make as many Gods as he pleafed, we may, continues he, conceive there are a greater Number of Gods in Heaven above, than of Men upon Earth. This Plurality, or any Shape or Image peculiar to the Deity, however, Pliny him- felf moft exprefly denies ; and, on the Contrary, affirms his Unity : GOD! whoever he be, fays this learned Heathen, and in what Part Joever refient, all Senfe he is, all Sight, all Hearing, he is all Life, all Soul, all of Himfelf. Now as the Romans made all their Zem- ples conformable to the Attributes of their Gops, there muft have been fuch a Variety of Invention contained in thofe Edifices, as muft have exhaufted the Genius of the whole World: And if we confider the great Number of Zemples, Bafilica’s, Halls, Theatres, Amphi- theatres, Circus's, Baths, Aqueduds, Bridges, Gates, Triumpbhal Arches, Portico's, Monumental Pillars, and other publick Works, with the 48,000 infulate Houfes which formed this City, we need not wonder at Vegetius’s faying, there were 700 Architeéts at one (a) Sef. in Aug. c. 31, (0) Pligl. 2.009. Yy Time 178 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book IV. Time in Rome ; or at their claiming the Sovereignty of the whole World, and placing the 12 Signs of the Zediack on their Coins, as the Cymbol thereof. Tuts Soveteignty; however, foon had its Period, as was foretold by the Prophet Daniel; then this vaft Empire was divided among many Kings, and, by the coming of Cuarsr, all the Earth were made Partakers of thofe Bounties, which GOD had before, in their Turns, entrufted fo many potent Nations with. C-HiA: Ps XT Of the Temple at Ferufalem, as built by Herod the Great. FTER the Zemple ere&ed by Zerubbabel had fubfifted A about 500 Years, Hered the Great undertook to rebuild it, having been well qualified for fo large a Work, by the Cizies, Temples, and Palaces he had been erecting in his Domi- nions. He was 2 Years in making Preparations for the Building, though he had provided (a) 100 Carriages for the Conveyance of Stone, and had employed 10,000 of the beft Workmen to hew them, by the Directions of roco Priefts, Tue Materials having been prepared and brought to the Place, the Body of the old Temple was pulled down, and the new one began in the Year 17 before Curist. This Part of the Work was performed by the Priefts, and finifhed by them in 18 Months ; but the feveral Courts were built by Herod’s Workmen, on which 18000 (6) were employed, during the Space of eight Years 5. nor cou’d thefe Men have been lefs Time about it, fince the Stones made ufe of, in this ftupendious Building, were 25 Cubits long, x2 broad, and 8 thick; each Stone, thus containing 8100 cubical Feet, amounted to 675 Tun, at 12 Feet to a Tun; and exceeds, by 13 ‘Tun and a half, the great Stone (c) brought from Elephantis to Sais, by the Order of Amafis, King of Egypt. Tuts Stone was brought to Sais by Water ; and though it was but 20 Days fail from oné Place to the other, yet the Tranfporta~ tion of it took 3 Years Time, notwithftanding 2000 Men, profefled (4)*Faf. Ant... ws. c. 14. (4) Ib, L. 20. c 8. {c) Herod. line Pilots, ee Chap. XIII. Piagiarifm of the Heathens Detetted, 1 719 Pilots, were employ’d: And when it was brought to Swis, the La- bour of moving it upon Rowlers was fo great, that it was left 4 fmall Matter fhort of the Place where it was defign’d to be fixed. Turs Inftance may convince us how much better the Jews, in FHlerod’s ‘Time, underftood the mechanical Arts, than the Eg yprians did, in the Reign of Amafis, about s00 Years before, And Herod’é Works, duly confider’d, will abate our Wonder, how fuch great Stones, as the Obelifks at Rome, cou’d be brought there ! Tue Work of the Zemple having been committed to the Priefts, as above, they made that Edifice 100 Cubits long ; built a Tower to it of 120 Cubits high ; and ufed their utmoft Skill to make this Temple of the fame Form and Size, with that ereGed by King So- lomon : While Herod, on his Part, fpared no Pains nor Expence to enlarge the Portico’s about it, and make the Whole as magnificent, as it was in the Days of Solomon. For this Purpofe, the Kirig en- clofed, with a treble Portico, twice (d) the Quantity of Ground en- clofed by Zerubbabel ; every Side of the new Portico was a F urlong in Length, and therefore the Side of the old Portico cou’d not have exceeded 283 Cubits, fince the Area of a Square of 283 Cubits, is a Trifle more than half the Area of a Square of a Furlong, or 400 Cubits. Tur Portico round the inner Court of Solomon's Temple we havé made 330 Cubits in Length, in the Clear, within the outward Pil- » lars, and each Pottico we have made 35 Cubits broad, including the Pillars ; from whence it feerns evident, that the inward Row of Pillars of . the Portico which furrounded Herod's Temple, ftood on the fame Foundation as the outward Row of Pillats of the Portico round the inner Court of Solvmon’s Temple ; and, by Confequence, the Portico of Herod’s Temple mut have ftood on Part of the void Ground of the great Court; and the Portico of Zerubbabel’s Temple mut have likewife ftood on Part of the void Ground of thé inner Court of Solomon's Temple. Instzap of the 3 Gates which King Solomon made in thé Wet Side of the Wall that environed the whole Temple, Flerod made s, one in the Middle, and two on eachSidé. This Wall made the 1ft En- clofure of Herod's Temple ; the Portico, of a Furlong, made the 2d ; the 3 was made by a Wall, infcribed within the Portico 3 and with- in that there was another Wall, or 4th Enclofure, which immedi- ately furrounded the Temple: So that Flerod’s, as well as Solomon's Temple, was approachable through 4 Courts. Ovur the Valley that lay between the City and Temple, Herod erected a moft magnificent Gallery, after the Manner of an Eg yp- (4) Fof. Wats of the Fews 1.x. ¢. 16, ; $10 180 The Ovigin of Building, Gc. — Book IV. vian Hall; it wasa Furlong, or 600/Feet in Length, in the Clear, and 117 Feet broad. The middle Part was 45 Feet broad, and more than 100 Feet high ;, each Side was 30 Feet broad, and up- wards of 50 Feet high ; and the Whole was fupported by 162 Co- rinthian. Columns, of 6 Fect Diameter.- At the Weft End of this Gallery there. was a fpacious Court, to anfwer the void Ground at the Eaft End of the Zemple;, and on that void Ground Herod pro- pofed to raife fome beautiful Struéture ; but Agrippa not agreeing thereto, the King employed the 18,000 Men, who had worked upon the Temple, in paving the Streets of Feru/falem. HE RO D’s Buildings were antecedent to thofe of Auguftus 5 the Yewifh Monarch, full of Gratitude to the Roman Emperor, de- dicated: moft of his Works to him; and. the Fewifb: Buildings fur- nifhed the Romans with Examples, as their Hiftory did with Pre- cepts, to bring architeffure. to. its: higheft Perfection in Italy. Ex- amples and Precepts were accordingly, in this glorious Age, colleéed by Vitruvius, for Cefar’s. Inftrudtion; but whether from the Gre- cian Works and Writers, or fiom, the Fewif, let the Defcription of the Orders of Columns, as.well as of the Forms: and Proportions of Temples, declare. We thall now conclude our Hiftorical Account of the Rife and Progrefs of Building, with only adding, that the Fewifb facred Struc- tures were the Forerunners of the moft confiderable Works the World ever produced, in 4 different Periods of Time, of about 500 Years in each Period. The Tabernacle was, the Sample for the aft Period ; Solomon's Temple for the ad; Exekiel’s Visston, and! Ze rubbabel’s Temple for the gd; and. Herod's Temple. for the ath This laft StruG@ture was no fooner finifhed than Myftery ceafed, the Vai between GOD and) his People was rent, his Mew (e) and (f) Everlafting Covenant immediately took place, and alloMankind be- came Partakers of it, by the Interceffion of that Mepraror, who was promifed at the Time of the Fall, who was always expected, often miftook, and as often reprefented by Impoftures, the main Pillars and Supporters of Paganifm, in the feveral Ages of the World. (e) Ferem. xxxi. 31. to. 33. Cf) Tb, xxxii. 40. Vate 3. & Ee tHe ORIGIN BUILDING: PLAGIARISM HEATHENS DE 1 CT ED. BOOK the FIFTH. CONTAINING A Descrivrion of the Orders of Columns; of the Forms and Proportions of Temples, Bafilica’s, and other celebrated Edifices of Antiquity ; and of the Standard Meafures of the Antients. THE Origin of Building: Plagiarifin of the Heathens DETECTED. CHA PL. ‘The Intropuction. ITRUVIUS calls thofe Pillars that are round Colunne (a), ; J and fuch as are {quare Ante (6), Paraffate (c), and Pile (2), according to the Places where they were applied ; the firft we tranflate Column, and the laft Pilafer; fo that for the future we fhall call the round Pillars by the common Englifo Name of Column, and the fquare Ones by that of Pilafer. Tue proper Orders of Columns, are thofe éalled by the Names of the Dorick, Ionick, and Corinthian; to all thefe Orders the fame Things are common, that is, Bafe, Shaft, and Capital ; and the Co- lumns of every Order fapport a Set of Ornaments, divided into 3 different Species, arid called the Architrave, the Freeze, and the Cor- nifh: But thefe Ornaments, as well as the Bales and Capitals, are made different, in the different Orders. The ift Order, A. Plate N® 6, has every Thing plain and fimple; the 2d Order, B. Plate N®& 6, has fome Ornaments added to the Simplicity of the rft; and the 3d Order, C, Plate N° 6, has the Addition of thofe natural Ornaments, which renders it pleafant and delightful to the Eye. Tue wooder Pillars of the Tabernacle having been imitated in the Zemple of Solomon; ina more lafting and ponderous Material, other Edifices' were daily ereéted after that Example ; and as great and noble Strudtures: were raifed’ on lef firm Foundations, the Peo-~ (0) Vit acct. (2) Ib. Lb. 3, 5 12 (c) Ib. L 5. c. 23 (@ Ib). 75 cs 4. , Pp ¢ 184 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book V. ple found it neceflary, as the Magnitude of the Building encreafed, and the imbecillity of the Ground happened, to enlarge the Bafe, fometimes concealing it, and fometimes making it apparent to the Eye ; when this fell out, as in the firft Orders Plate N° is the inferior Bafe was called a Pedeftal, became at laft a Part of every Order, and was diftinguifhed by three different Parts, namely, Bafe, Body, and Cornice. Thus the whole Order was made up of 3 principal Parts, to wit, the Pedeftal, the Column, and the Ornaments, or Entablature, each being divided into 3 others, and thefe general Rules were inviolably obferved by the Antients in all the Orders. Ir was alfo a Rule, in the moft celebrated Works of Antiquity, to fet the Columns of every Order upon a large fquare Bafement, as in Plate N° 9, to have the Appearance of an entire Stone, under the whole Front of a Building, after the Example of the {quare Bafes, under the Lavers, in the Court of Selomon’s Temple; which Bafement, the Romans particularly adapted to thofe Columns, on which they impofed the Name of the Tucan Order, as the proper Pedeftal to that Order. Tue Moderns have made the inferior Bafe quite different to the Manner generally practiced by the Antients, as above, efpecially in their private Houfes ; which, however, confifts of 3 Parts, asa Plinth, a plain Wall, anda Coping, to which. they gave the Name of Fafcia, as it fwathes and binds the Head of the whole Bafement to- gether. In the plain Wall, the Apertures for Light, ‘as well-as’ the Door for Entrance into the Fabrick, are placed ;.. which Manner of Bafement has divers Prefidents among the Antient. Works, where Convenience required it to be praéticed ; whereas the Moderns choofe it as a great Ornament, fome of them diverfifying it. without any Regard to thefe fundamental Precepts. ‘Tue Proportion of the Pedeftals, proper to the Orders, are regu-. lated by the Bodies of them ; this Part, in every Order, being'a per= fe& Cube, the Side of fuch Cube muft be equal’ to’ the Length of the Plinth of the Bafe of the Column ; and being divided ‘into 5 Parts, two of thofe Parts are given to the Bafe of the Pedeftal, and one to the Cornice. Tue Bafe of the Pedeftal is divided into 3 Parts, of which the {quare Plinth, A. Plate N° 31, takes two, and the moulded Part one ; this laft is again divided into three Parts, one of which is given to the Torus, B; the other two are fubdivided into fix, the Liftells, C. C. each taking one of thofe Parts, and the Cima, D. the remaining four. The Projection of this Bafe is the one-third Part of its Height, and the Projection of the Cornice is equal to that of the Bafe, Tue Chap. Plagiarifim of the Heathens Detefted. 185 Tur Cornice of the Pedeftal is divided into two Parts, one is given to the Cima E. with its Liftells F. F. and the Corona G. with its Cima H. and Liftell I. takes the other ; the firft of thefe Parts is fubdivided into feven, of which each Liftell takes one, and the Cima E. the other five ; the Cima of the Corona, with its Liftell, are 1-5th of the Height of the whole Cornice, and is divided into three Parts, one of which is given to the Liftell I, arid the other to the Cima H. The Plinth of the Column is marked with the Letter K. by the Length of which the Body of the Pedeftal is de- termined, as above. COA Peak Of the DortcKx Orper. HE Dorick Order, according to Vitruvius (a) takes its i Original from a Temple built in the famous City of Argos, to the Goddefs Fun0, by Dorus, the Son of Hellen, and the Nymph Opzice, King of Achaia, and of all the Peloponne/us ; after which Sample feveral other Temples were erected in all the other Cities of Achaia, tho’ at that Time there were no eftablith’d Rules for the Proportions, and the Manner of this Order was wholly the Refult of Cancer; and as it were by a Miracle of Providence, it happened to bear the Imprefs of that which was afterwards called Dorick. Ar that Time the Ardenians, after having confulted the Delphick Oracle, by a common Confent of all Greece, fent into Afa 13 Colonies, each having their own Captain, under the. general Con= duct of Jon, Son of Xuthus and Creufa, whom Apollo, by his Oracle, had acknowledged to be his Son; Jon having enter’d Afia,, con- quered all Caria, and founded 13 great Cities, to wit, Ephefus, Miletus, Myus, which were {wallowed wp in the Sea, and the Rights thereof transferred to the Miletians,. Priene, Samos, Teos, Co- lophon, Chios, Erythre, Phocea, Clazomena, Lebedus, and Melite, but this laft City was deftroyed by the others, which had all leagued themfelves againft it, on Account of the Arrogance of its Inhabi- tants ; and the City of Siayrna was fome Time after admitted in itg Place, by the {pecial Favour of King 4¢talus, and Queen Arfinoe. Tue People of thefe 13 Cities having entirely driven the Carians out of the Country, gave it the Name of Ionia, from Jon, their (a) Lib. g. c. Aaa Leader, 126 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book V. Leader, in which they. built feveral Temples in Honour of the Gops ; the firft, which was dedicated to Apollo Panionius, was made after the Manner of thofe which the Achaians had before ereéted in Greece; and was for that Reafon called Dorick ; and they having been at a Lofs what Proportions to give the Colwmms of this Temple, to make them fufficiently ftrong, to, fuftain the Burthen ‘of the Edifice, and, at the fame Time, appear agreeable to the Eye; they at laft examined the Length of a Man’s Foot, in Refpec to his Height, and finding the former to be the 1-6th Part of the latter, they formed the Co- lumns {o, as that their Height, including the Capital, was jult fix Times their Thicknefs. Thus the Dorick Column, fays Vitruvius, was firft introduced in Edifices, having the Proportion, Strength, and Beauty of the Human Body: Tuts Proportion, however, did not long continue; for the Ionians foon added to the Length of the Columns oie Diameter, making : é ae 5 “ o them feven Times their Thicknefs in Height. Tuus far Vitruvius on the Origin of the Dorick Order; the Form of which he gives us to underftand was owing to the Example fet by Cuance, by Dorus, at Argos, in the Peleponnefus, in a Temple erected to Func, the Wife of Fupiter, who thus had the firft Pro- du& of Order offered at her Shrine, carrying therewith the Refém- blance of her Hufband ;) but the Proportions were firft adjufted by the Tonians, in Caria: HELLEN, according to Strabo (b), and Paufanias (c), was thé Son’ of Deucalion, fucceeded him in Theffaly, and had three Sons, Molus, Xuthis, and Dorus. Asolus married Procris, the Daughtet of Ereétheus, King of Athens; and he, with his Brother Dorus, ex- pelled Xuthus out of Theffaly, who fled to Athens, to Ereétheus, and there married Creuw/a, another of his Daughters, by whom he had two Sons, Acheus and Ton: Ereéthews having ‘been flain between (d) the roth and rth Year of Solomon, in thé Battle between the Athenians, andthe Elifinians, the Command cf the Army of the Adhenians was afterwards given to Ion; therefore the Expedition into Afia was after the finifhing of Solomon’s Temple ; confequently thé Temple of Apollo Panionius was fubfequent to that of Solomon > and the Temple of Jupiter cou’d not be much earlicr, Tue firt Building mention’d in facred Hiftory, ia which Pillars were made ufe of, was the Tabernacle ; and thofe of the Wail were the firft directed by GOD, who did not give any Proportion fot them, as he did for moft other Things in the fame Edifice: But when Solomon erected his Temple, he made the Porch fix Times its Length, in Height, and he caufed two Brazen Pillars to be caft, and (2) Lib. 8. p. 388, (bY Lib. 7. p. 396. (d) Newton's Chron. p. 136, fet Chap. IL Plagiari{m of the Heathens DéteMed. 189 fet up in the fame Porch, each of which, inchidiig the Capital, was 23 Cubits high, and 12 Cubits in Circumference ; by which the Diameter of thofe Pillars was very near the 1-6th Part of theit Height : So that by comparing this with what Vitrevins relates, it appears to be the very fame; and therefore the Truth of the origi- nal Proportion of Columns comes from the Temple of Solomon, and not from that of Apollo Panionius, which the Ionians built in Caria, fuppofing Sir I/aac Mewton’s Chronology to be right. Bur if we follow the other Accounts; and place the Death of Erettheus 264. Years after the D/raelites left Evypt, then we mutt have Recourfe to the Tabernacle; and prior Works of GOD, to fee whether the fame Proportion Vitruvius gives to the Columns of the Dorick Order, is not to be found in them: Tur firft Proportion revealed by the Almighty Archite@ of the World to Man, was that of the Length and Breadth of JWoah’s Ark, the latter being 1-6th of the former; and the firft Dimen- fion given for the Tabernacle was for the Curtains that were to cover it, which had for their Length feven Times their Breadth ; exactly correfponding with the Text of Vizruvius, who mof e%- prefly tells us, That the Colwims at firlt were fix Diameters high ; then the Jonians encreafed them to feven; of which Length he (e) himfelf makes them: And fuppofing them to have Bafes, it will anfwer the very next Dirhenfion given by GOD, for the Curtains that made the fecond Covering for the Tabernacle, which had for their Length juft feven Times and one half of their Breath; Tuers is no doubt but Witruvins well confider’d. that notable Adtion of Samp/on’s tailing the Pillars themfelves, with all the Bur. then they bore, when he made Choice of a ftrong Man to found the Proportions of the Dorich Column upon ;. and indeed; if wé confider that noble Figure as the Principal of GOD’s Creation; we can’t doubt of the excellent Proportions by which it is framed. AMberti (f) tells us, the Antients found the Breadth.of a Man to be. the z-6th, and the Thicknefs, from the Navel to the Reins; to be the i-roth of his Height ;- of which Proportion WMebuchadnezzar (g) made his Golden Image, which he fet up in the Plain of Dura, by Babylon; but. the Hercules of Farnefe is about the 1-8th of his Height in Thicknefs; which is alfo the Proportion of his medium Breadth, when viewed in Front, and meafured at both Ancles, both Knees, at the Waift, and at the Head: However, diftegarding this Example of exceflive Strength, this certain Proportion there is in the whole Man, when we compare his folid Content either. to 4 {quare, or to a round Pillar, of equal Altitude with him@lf ; for the firft will produce for the Length of its Side the 1-oth,. and the €e) Vitel. qc. 3 CF) Lib. 9. ¢. 7. (g) Dan, iii. +. , fecond 188 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book V. fecond wilh alfo produce for its Diameter the 1-8th of the Length of fuch Pillars, as we have often experimentally proved, by filling a Veflel with Water, immerfing a ftrong and well-grown Man therein, then by meafuring the Water forced away, and reducing it to a {quare and round. Pillar, of equal Altitude with the Man, as above. Norwirusranpine what Vitruvivs hath written of this Order, it is neverthelefs true, that before and after the Time in which he lived, the Antients had this determinate Rule for the Columns, to wit, their Shafts were feven Diameters in Length, to. which the} added Bafe and Capital, each half a Diameter high; thus the whole Column was eight Diameters of its Body in Altitude, and fix Times the Length of its Bafe, grounding thefe Proportions on the Figure of a Man, as above; the Length of whofe Foot was the 1-6th of his Height, and the Diameter of his folid Content the 1-8th of the fame Height. CHAP. Tik Of the Ionick Orper. ie HIS Order is defcribed by Vitruvius (a i to have been invented foon after that of the Dorick ;. for the Athenians under Jon, after taking that Part of 4fa called Caria, began to think of raifing Temples, after a more delicate and. orna- mental Mode than thofe of the Dorick Order ; and reflecting that they had adjufted that Order on the Proportion of the Figure ofa Man, they: therefore made Choice of that of a. Woman for their new Pattern, and with it built the Temple of Diana, making the Diameter of the Columns the 1-8th Part of their Height ; to thefe Columns they added Bafes, made in the Manner of a coiled Rope, to refemble, in fome Meafure, the Drefs of the Feet ; they alfo cut Volutes on the Capitals, in Imitation of the Head Tire and Trefles of Women’s Hair ; and they made fome . Flutings along the Shaft, to imitate the Plaits of a Matron’s Robe: Thus they invented two Kinds of Columns, the one refembling the naked, neglected Simpli- city of Man’s Body, and the other the Delicacy and Ornaments of a Woman's. And to render this Order ftill more delicate, fucceed- ing Architeéts, adds Vitruvius, made the Coluins eight Diameters and a half in Length, and gave them the Name of Lonich, as the Lonians were the Inventors of the Order. (a) Lib. 4.¢, 1 THERE ae Oe ee ee ee Chap. 1. Plagiarifnrof the Heathens Detefed. 189 Tuer is fomething very particular in the Account Vitruvius (6) gives of the Manner of getting Stone to erect the Temple of Diana, which the Ephefans had Thoughts of fetching from Puros, Pro- connefus, and other Places ; but the Importation of it put them under great Difficulties: However, in the Midft of their Diftrefs, it hap= pened, that as a Shepherd, named Pyxodorus, was one Day. feeding his Flocks in the Country about Ephe/us, two Rams fell to fighting, but miffing each other in their Career, one of them hit his Horns fo violently againft a Rock, that he ftruck off a Piece of it, which feem’d fo exquifitely White to the Shepherd, that, leaving his Flocks upon the Mountain, he immediately ran with that Splinter to Ephe- Jus; on which Account, great Honours were inftantly deemed him ; his Name was changed into Evangelus, (which fignities the Meffen- ger of good News;) and the Magiftrate of the City, to this Day, (adds Vitruvius) goes every Month to facrifice upon the Spot ; and in cafe he fails fo to do, is fubjeét to a fevere Penalty. As the Ionick Column is founded on the Proportions and Drefs of a Woman’s Body, the only Example we can have Recourfe to, to find out that Proportion, is by the Grecian Venus, which, if meafured at the fame Places that we before mentioned for the Her- cules, it will produce a Thicknefs of the 1-gth Part of the Height of the whole Statue, the Thicknefs of her Wafte, when viewed Side-ways, differs little fromi it, and is the fame univerfal Proportion between the Length of the Column, and its Diameter, as that of eight Diameters is for the Height of the Dorick Column, fuppofing it to have a vifible Bafe of half a Diameter high, which was the Proportion given to this Part, by the Antients, in all the Orders. Norwitustanpine Vitruvius has mentioned the StruGture of a Woman to found the Proportion of the Columns of this Order upon, we are of Opinion the Antients only varied the Proportions of a Man in every Order, as they were more or lefs mafculine; and as the Dorick Column reprefented an Hercules, fo they made the. Tonick to imitate an Apollo, whofe Thicknefs, when meafured, like the Hercules, as above, is the 1-gth Part of his Height. Tuts Order is no lefs vifible in the Tabernacle, than that of the Dorick, and may be perceived in moft of its Parts, in the Pillars at the Door of that Stru€ture, which had Sockets, Fillets, and Chapi- ters; to which, if we add the Cords that furrounded the Pillars of the Court to faften the Curtains to the Bottom of them, the com- pleat Bafe’ will appear, as we fhall thew hereafter in the Draughts of the Order. Tur Capital that Vitruvius defcribes for this Order, feems ‘to be of Reman Invention, becaufe, in his Defcription of it, he makes ufe (2) Lib. 10. » 76 Bbb of i90 «The Origin of Building: Or, The Book V. of this remarkable Expreflion, If they fhould be Pillowed (c). On the other Hand, the Romans feem to have made ufe of the Grecian Capital for their Compofite Order. However, both of them are ap- parent in the Zabernacle: For in that which Vitruvius has deferib- ed for the Tonick Order, what he calls the Pillow, is the perfect Re- femblance of the Ornaments in the Candleftick, which confifted of a Knop, and a Flower, the fame as the Pillow of the Capital confifted of a Knop between two Flowers, or rather the Shells of the Pomegranate, an Ornament ufed in the Robe of the Ephod. Tux Roman Compofite Capital, fhews at each of the four Corners the compleat hinder Part of a Rams Head, with the Horns on it; fo that by viewing the four Fronts of the Colwmn, you fee two Volutes: In the fame Manner the Corinthian Capitals have their Volutes difpofed ; but the firft being fuppofed to terminate in the Head of the Ram, the other is produced into Stalks, and feem to fpring from thence: And Dioclefian, to thew his great Veneration for the Truth of the Origin of this beautiful Ornament, made the Volutes of the Corinthian Capitals of fome of his Columns, after the Manner and Form of Rams Horns, as may be feen in the Profile taken from his Baths, inferted in the Parallel (d) of the Antient ArchiteEture, compared with the Modern. PALLADIO highly extolls the Invention of the angular Vo- lutes in the Temple of Fortuna Virilis, at Rome ; and moft Authors, that have wrote of the Roman Order, fay it is compofed of. the Jonick and Corinthian, by taking the Capital of the firft, and fetting it upon. Part of that of the laft; and yet the Volutes no way refem- ble thofe belonging to the Ionick Order, as defcribed by Vitruvius, and copied by themfelves. SCAMOZZI hath made the Lonick Capital according to our Conjeéture, that is, for the Volutes to advance from the four Cor- ners of the Capital ; and Inigo ‘fones hath teftified, his Opinion in. the fame ‘Thing, in the Front of the Banqueting-Houfe of White- Hall, in London; fo that the Compofite Order defcribed by Scamoxzi, really anfwers the Truth of that Invention, the Capital tharing thofe of the Ionick and Corinthian too. Anp though what we have already advanced touching the Chapi- ters of the Pillars at the Door of the Tabernacle, is only conjectural, yet it is very certain, that the “YZews ornamented their Works with the Heads of Animals, of which the Brazen Sea before Solomon’s Temple, is an illuftrious Example, that having been enriched with 30° Knops, in two Rows, in the Similitude of the Heads of Oxen ; from whence the Grecians introduced the fame Ornaments into the Freezes, not only of the Derick, but of the other. Orders alfoy. un- (¢) Vit Lsec. 3. (d) Chap. 39. der ee Chap. UL. Plagiari{m of the Heathens Detetled. 1gi der Colour of their being Emblems of Labour ; the greateft labour- ing Work being performed by thofe Animals, and therefore the Medal ftruck for Hercules, had the Skeleton of an Ox’s Head for the Reverfe. And it feems evident; that the Volutés in the Capitals of the Zemple of Diana, which was the Example cited by Vizrw- vis, hereby the Ionick Order was conftituted, were itot there in- troduced to imitate the Curls of the Hair, as he fuggefts, but as Emblems to perpetuate the Memory of that Thing, which was the Occafion of removing the Difficulties the Ephefians lay under, on Account of the Stone for the Work, as well as the high Pitch of Glory thofe People were arrived to, to be capable of accomplithing fuch a ftupendious Piece of Building ; a Horn among the Jews, and other People in the Eaftern Part of the World, fignifying every Thing that contributes to a Sovefcign, Sovereignty, and Power. For. when Mo/es fet forth the Strength and Power of ¥o/ephj his Expreflions were, The Horns of Jofeph are like the Horns of an Unicorn (e). Hannah (f) after the Birth of Samuel, defcribes her Glory and Honour; in faying, Mine Horn is exalted in the LORD : He fhall give Strength unto his King; and exalt the Horn of bis Anointed. ‘Fob (g) wlio was once the greateft of all the Men in the Eaft, fheweth the Lownefs to which he was reduced, by faying; L have defiled my Horn in the Duft (bh): Habakkuk (i) gave this Defcription of the Majefty of GOD, His Glory, fays he, covered the. Heavens; and the Earth was full of bis Praife. His Bright- nefs was as the Light, he had Horns ( or Beams, and Rays of Light) coming out of bis Hand, and there was the Hiding of bis Power. The ten Horns of the fourth Beaft in Danief’s (4) Vifion, ‘alludes to ten Kings that thould arife out of the Kingdom that Beaft denoted. Feremiab fhews the Power of Z/rael to be debafed}; and that of her Adverfaries to be advanced, by faying, GOD hath cut off all the Horn of Mrael; and hath fet up the Horn of ber Adverfaries (1). And Zacharias, in his Prophecy (m) of cur Lorp and Saviour, thus expreffes himfelf, Bleffed be the LORD GOD of Meacl, for be hath vifited and redecmed his People, and hath raifed up an Horn of Salvation for us, in the Houfe of bis Servant David ; the Horn here, fignifying a King of Kings, and the Supreme of all Sovereign - Power: HERODOTUS writes, that when Hercules deGred to fee his Father Fupiter, after Death, Ammon prefented himfelf to him; in the Skin of a Ram; from whence the Lg yptians reprefented Fu- piter by an Image, wearing the Skin of a Ram’ and this proved the Rife of adorning the Statues, and Medals; of the Antients, with Rams Horns, or fomething relating to that Creature. (¢) Deu. xxxiii. 17. (k) Chap. vii. v. 24. (f) 4 Sam. ii. 1. and io: (+) Lamen. ii. 3. and 17. (g) Chap. i. v. 3, (m) Luke i. 68, (A) Fob. xvi. 15. (a) Lib, 2, (@Y Chap. iii. vy. 3. and 43 192 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book V. Mr. HAY M (0), as an Introduction to his Explanation of Arhe- niait Medals, deferibes two as ftruck for Cecrops, the Founder of Athens, one of which has a Horn arifing from the Bottom of the Hair of the Head which turns up by the Side of the Face. And the fame Author has defcribed feveral other Medals, which have Horns proceeding out of the Head, above the Ear; this Practice becoming very common in Greece, after the Time of Alexander the Great, who thus bore the Horn, that it might make the People be- lieve that he was the third Son of Fupiter Ammon; and thofe that followed him, had in View to prove themfelves, by the Horn, the true Defcendants of Alexander. Mr. HAY M (p) has given us a Draught of a very curious Medal, in the ColleGtion of the Earl of Winchelfea, which he fappofes to be of Alexander the Great, becaufe the Head has a Diadem, and the Horn of Fupiter Ammon, in the Manner above deferibed ; and the Reverfe has a Lion, agreeing with a remarkable Circumftance relat- ing to that Prince: For Plutarch tells us, when Olympia, the Mother of Alexander, was big with him, his Father dream’d that he had fealed her Belly with a Seal, on which was engraven the Figure of a Lion. He (g) has alfo given us Draughts of three other Medals, in the Manner of this Monarch, one is in the Colle&ion of the Earl of Pembroke (r), and was ftruck by the People of Aphyre, in Thrace ; the other two belonged to the Duke of Devon/bire; they have for their Reverfes a Palm-Tree, and were {truck by the People of Cyrene. Tur Ram, or the Horn of that Animal having been thus a.Cym- bol of the higheft Pitch of Divinity with the Antients, {o it -was of their earthly Power and Valour. Ly/imachus (s) King of Thrace, having incurr’d the Difpleafure of Alexander the Great, by giving Califthenes, the Philofopher, (whom Alexander had condemned) to. be tortur’d to Death) a Dofe of Poifon, to haftem his End, -he was inftantly thrown into a Lion’s Den, to be devoured by one of thofe Beafts, for his Prefumption » But Ly/imachus defended: himfelf with fuch Bravery, that he foon overcame, and. flew that fierce and) ra- venous Beaft, Alexander, from thenceforward, conceived fo great an Admiration for his Courage, that he diftinguifhed him for one of the bravelt Macedonians in his Troops, and he was the firft of his Commanders that obtained the Title of King, after his Death. Lvfimachus therefore, to fhew:himfelf worthy to. fucceed\ his Mafter, caufed,,a Horn to be put in, his Medals, juft above the Ear; a Draught of one of thofe Medals Mr.. Haym (z) has. inferted: in his Book, copied from an Original belonging to the Earl of Winchelfea. The People (a) of Egina put a Rams Head on their Medals, toifhew (0) Teforo Brit. vol. 1. p. 161. (5) Lib. 1. ¢. 9, (p) Ib, v. 2. p. 9. (t) Lef. Briz. v. x. p. 140. (q) Th. v. 2. p. 95. (#) Ib. ve 1. p, 2185 (+) Ib. v.2" p. 124, their SS ee Chap. Ill. Plagiarifm of the Heathens Detefed. 193 their Dominion by Sea, in which Element they contefted for So- vereignty with the Avhenians; and Caraufius (w), when he affumed the Purple in Britain, put, for the Reverfe of his Medal, the Fi- gure of a Ram, TueRerore as fpiral Figures were reprefented in the Lonick Capital, the Idea of them cannot be afcribed to the Curling of a Woman’s Hair, as Vitruvius would make us believe, when Nature furnifhes us with an infinite Number of other Examples of that beautiful Ornament ; and when it is recorded that the Altars of GOD had Horns at the four Corners of them; when Horns were Emblems of every Thing that contributed to Sovereignty, and Power, as above; when J/sac was exchanged for a Ram; miraculoutly caught by the Horns ; when the J/raclites were brought out of Egypt, inftantly after Sacrificing yong Rams; when the Dwelling of GOD was covered with Rams Skins ; and when the Walls of Fericho fell down at the Sound of Trumpets made of Rams Horns, The Heathens muft have known this Hiftory; and they were fure there was fome hidden Virtue in that Creature, to caufe them to make it a Cymbol of Divinity and Power ; and therefore the antient Archi- tects applied the Head of it to the moft effectual Machine of War they had to batter down Walls, that were irrefiftible to every other Thing ; befides which, Phryxws, when he (with his Sifter Hel/e) fled from Ino, the Daughter of Cadmus, put a Golden Ram for the Enfign of his Ship: And fuch Veneration had the Antients for the Ram, that they made him the firft of the twelve Sighs of the Zo- diack ; and, confequently, to be Mafter of the one-1ath Part of the whole Circle of the Heavens. Ir the Zadernacle had never furnifhed the Heathens with any Forms at all for the Orders of Columns, and if they never had heard of the great Miracles in Favour of the I/raelites, nor of the emblematical Meaning of the Horn among the Yews; the battering Ramis, perhaps, may appear Antecedent to the People (x) of Ionia erecting Structures after the Order called by that Name; for the Greeks (y) taking Epeus with them to the Siege of Troy; it is laid that he invented a Kind of Ram, with which they battered the Walls of that City ; and was the Foundation of the Fable of the Trojan Horfe (x), fo much celebrated by the Poets ; for the Body of this Machine had a Houfe over it, to cover the Men that worked it from the Befieged. The Flight of Phryxus is ftill older than the Siege of Troy; and the Story of Fupiter and Hercules mutt ftill be older. Tur Carthigenians, according to Tertullian and Vitruvius, were the Inventors of battering Rams, but we are inclined to think they (w) Tef: Brir. v. 1. p. 289. (x) See Paul Pezron’s Def. of the Ant. of the Times. Paris Edit. (y) Filebien’s Lives of the Architeéts. p. 12. (2) Pliny (1. 7. ¢. 52.) fays this Engine was at firlt called a Horns Cece were 194 | Lhe Origin of Building: Or, The Book V. were only the firft People, after the Trojans, that put thefe Machines into Practice in their Wars; and the -more becaufe they were a Colony of Phenicians, in whofe Part of the World batte.‘ag Rams became very common in the Days of Exekiel (a), who prophefyed of the Deftrudtion of Ferufalem, and the Babylonian Captivity of the Jews: And in the Explanation of Daniel's Vifion of the Ram and He-Goat, (which is reprefented in the Freeze of the Profile taken from Discelifian's Baths, as above) the two (4) Horns of the Ram fignify the Kings of Media and Perfia; and that of the Goat, ex- ander, the firft King of the Grecian Empire, which thews that they were typical, as well as emblematical Reprefentations of great Things among the Fews. Crt Ar Ay Of the Cor1nTHIAN OrpDER. HE Corinthian Order {oon followed the Tonick, and is ; attributed, by Vizruvius (a), to the Invention of Callima- chus; an Inhabitant of Corinth, a moft opulent and flourifh- ing City of Greece, and happened on this Occafion: A Virgin of that City having been upon the Point of Marriage, fell Sick, and died: After her Funeral, her Nurfe put into a Bafket fome {mall Vafes, which fhe had valued in her Life-Time, and then fet the Bafket upon her Tomb ; and leaft the Air and Weather fhould do the Vafes an Injury, fhe covered the Bafket with a Tile: The Bafket having been accidentally placed upon the Root of an Acanthus, or great Dock, in the Spring of the Year; when the Herb began to {prout, and put) forth Leaves, the: Stalks thereof crept up along. the Sides of ‘the Bafket, and meeting with the Edge of the Tile, were forced down again at their Extremities, by which they form- ed the Sweeps of the Volute. Tue Sculptor Callimachus, who, for the Delicateneh of his Work- manfhip upon Marble, and for the Genteelnef of his Invention, was, by the Athenians, furnamed Catatechnos, pafling near this Monument, began to caft an Eye upon the Bafket, and to confider the pretty Ten dernefs of that ornamental Foliage which encompafied it; the Man- ner and Form whereof fo much pleafed him for the Novelty, that he fhortly after made Columns at Corinth, vefembling this Model, and ordained its Proportions agreeable to this Corinthian Mode. (4a) Chap. xxi- y, 22. (6) Dan. viii. 20. (4) Lib. 4. ¢. 1, Tug Chap. 1V. Plagiavifm of the Heathens Detétted. i095 Tus is Vitruvius’s Relation of the Original of this beautiful Part of Architefture, on which we’ muft obferve, that it was about the 6oth Olympiad, or 537 Years before Curts?, that Callimachus flourifhed ; fo that it may well be prefumed that it was in the fame Age the other Orders received their Being among the Grecians, fince Crefiphon, who was the firft Archite@ of the Temple of Diana at Ephe/us, was Contemporary with Callimachus ; and this Temple, according to Vitruvius (6), was the firft Example of the Ionick Or- der, before which Time, the Grecians might have only imitated the general Form of the Pillars in the Zemple of Solomon, without Jooking into the Proportions of them, or adapting fuch others as were of fufficient Authority, to render thetn Rules to Pofterity. Tue Columns of this Order are generally ten Diameters in Length, which: continues the fame Gradation of Proportion, as accrued in the other-Orders, by the Proportion of thofe Figures Vitruvius names to found them upon ; and this arifes from the moft flender and elegant Thicknefs in the Man, namely, from his Navel to his Reins, Tue Length of eight Diameters for the Dorick Column, fuppofing it to have a Bafe of half a Diameter ; nine Diameters for the Tonick ; and ten for the Corinthian, are more univerfally approved, and are oftener found in antierit Works than any other Lengths, neatly ap- proaching to them ; for thefé were the Lengths always in View, rarely exceeded, and not often found deficient in approved Buildings. o Tuar the Corinthian Coluina is apparent in the Court of the Tz- bernacle, is in effe& proved by what we have before cited, in ‘Treat- ing of that Structure; and if any Infufficiency fhould be thought in- our Conjectures on, that Work, the Brazen Capitals of four Cu- bitsin Height, in Lilly-Work, (nearly equal to the Diameter of the Pillars, to which they belonged) in the Porch of Solomon’s Temple : the Pillars of Almug-wood carved in the Figure of Palm-Trees, in the fame Temple, and the fquare’ Pillars in Solomion’s Houfe, mentioned by Fofephus (c) to have been covered with Corinthian Work in Cedar, (that is, they were otmamented in that Manner, which waé after- wards practiced by the Corinthians) ave Evidences too ftrong in our Favour ; and inconteftably fhews that Vizruvins’s Account is neat 500 Years too late, for the Original of that which was delivered from the Mouth of G OD to gratify Mankind with more Oppor- tunity of Adoting and Honouring him. VITRUVIUS's Account feems, neverthelefs, to have fome Truth for its Foundation, and to be founded on that Law enaéed by Mojes (d), whereby the I/raelites weré to make an Offering to GOD of a Bafket of the Fruits of the Land of Canaan, after they fhould () Lib. 4. 6. 1. (0) Aut. 1,8. doa. () Deut. xxvi. x be 196 The Origin of Building: Or, Tbe Book V. be fixed in the Poffeffion of that Land ; which Bafket every Man was to bring to the Place of the Altar of the Lorp, there to deliver it to the Prieft, (who was to fet it down before the Altar,) and then to make an open Confeflion of the Bounties he had received, Tue Grecians finding that three different Sorts of Things confti- tuted the moft perfect Work, they attempted: no other Order of Columns, but the Dorick, Ionick, and Corinthian, thofe being fufh- cient to anfwer all Purpofes in Architefture. Tus Dorick Order was the firft faid to have been invented, the Columns of which were plain, and without a vifible Bafe ; the Ionick Order was the fecond, and more enriched, the Columns of which: were higher than the former, and had Bafe and Capital ; and the Corinthian Order was the third, the. Columns of which were ftill higher and richer ; all which Properties are manifeftly apparent in the Pillars of the Tabernacle, for thofe of the Court were low, to which add the Plainefs and Want of a projecting Bafe in thofe of the Vail, and their being the firft Pillars direéted by GOD), the Compound produces all the Properties peculiar to. the Derick Column. Acain, the Pillars of the Vail were higher than’ thof of the . Court ; to which if we add the Bafes and Chapiters of ‘the Pillars of the Door, the Compound produces all the Properties peculiar to the Tonick Column. Anp laftly, the Pillars of the Door were ftill higher than thofe of the Vail, having both Bafe and Chapiter ;.to which add the Exeek of Ornaments in the Pillars of the Court, from their moré free and open Situation, where the Trees would naturally {pring and bud forth more than even at the Door of the Tabernacle, and the Compound produces all the Properties peculiar to the Corinthian Order. Wuen we were fpeaking, among our Remarks on the Pillars of the Tabernacle, of their different Kinds, we took Notice that the Chapiters of thofe in the open Air were a Reprefentation of natural Productions, but that the Contrary happened to thofe within, there is no doubt but that the Grecians well confider’d this, when they invented that acceflary Ornament called by the Name of the tick Pillar, which, in Effect is no more than a diminutive Dorich Pil- lar; and this, in the moft elegant Structures, was fet upon the Co- rinthian Order, to crown the Innocence of _ that charming Com~- pofition. However, we are by no Means for advifing, or even infinuating, that it is an Impropriety, to. fet the Dorick firft, and in its Place fubftitute the Corinthian Order, fetting upon that the Jonick, and giving the Dorick the higheft Place, as the fame is, in: fome Mea- fure, Chap.1V. Plagiarifm of the Heathens Detetted. 197 fure, praéiced (e) in the Caftle of Madrid, in France, built by Francis the Fitft, in Imitation of that in Spain, in which He was detain’d Prifoner by Charles the Fifth ; for in thofe Buildings the Corinthian Order fupports the Dorick, which ctowns the Struc- tures, and over that is the Jonich, forming feveral Turrets: On the Contrary, we would ever aflign the Dorick the loweft Place, but the Intercolumnations we would quite reverfe, and make the Dor ick Columns very near to ore anothet, the Zonick wider, and the Co- rinthian fall wider. Our Reafons for this Inverfion we ground upon thefe Autho- tities, that Satyrus (f) and Phytus placed the Dorick Coluinns, in the Mau/folewm, at a Diameter and a half from one another; that Ciefiphon placed the Ionick Columns, of the Temple of Diana, at Ephefus, at three Diameters, or thereabouts, from one another ; that in the Works of the greateft Antiquity, it was ufual to fet Columns upon Colvmns, and even three Degrees over one another ; that Vi- trivius (g) teaches; when Order is fet upon Order, the Columns above fhould be a fourth Part lefs than the next below, grounding his Reafon on the Diminution natural to the Cyprefs, Pine, and other Trees, which neceflarily widens the Intercolumnations the higher you afcend; and that the moft ornamented Columns of the Tadber- nacle were the wideft fromm each other, and the fhorteft employed in the fame Work: To all which we fhall add, that Strength in Fad, and Appearance too, is in fetting the Colimns nearer to one another ; and, on the other Hand, the Beauty refulting from the tender Ornaments, and airy Shape of the Column, is no ways fo confpicuous as when they are removed fiom each other, fo as to give the Eye a little Intermiffion to view them feparately. CHAP. V: Of the general Proportion of the Accef- fary Ornaments of all the Kinds of Cohimns. “PO EAHE Dorick Order being the Pattern of the greateft Strength : in a perfect Piece of Building, muft therefore prefcribe Proportions, in that Refpeét,.to the other Orders; and as it hath been hitherto compared to the Body of a ftrong Man, we believe we fhall not err much (if at all) by afferting, that the . (¢) Vide. City and Country Palaces in the French King’s Cabinet. Of) Vit Pref. to Lib. 7. (2) Lib. 5. ¢. 2, - z Ddd greateft 198 Lhe Origin of Building: Or, The Book V. greateft Breadth of a Man’s Foot, is one half of the greateft Length, therefore his two Feet together is equal in Length and Breadth, and one of thefe Dimenfions anfwers to the one-fixth Part of the Height of the whole Man, as above: This, however, is not the Cafe with the antique Statues, which are fuppofed to confift of all the Excellencies of the Human Body collected together ; and therefore thofe Parts moft liable to Alteration, by Drefs or Action, appear to have been made according to the Ideas of the Sculptors, from the Examples of corrupted Nature; fince the Feet of a Man becomes more or lefs in Breadth, as they are more or lefs confined by Shoes, Sandals, or whatever the various Countries, or Times, afforded for their Defence. Tus Changes the Parts of the Human Body are fubje& to, are every where to be feen, fo that it will be needlefs to colle a Num- ber of Proofs under this Head. Hippocrates tells us, the Macroce~ phali (People living near the City Cera/us, in Cappadocia) are a Na- tion different from the Reft of the World, by their long Heads, which he fays was owing to a Law or Cuftom among them, to fathion the Heads of their young Children with their Hands, and, by the Ufe of Bondages and proper Arts, forced them to grow long- wife: And Heredotus (a), upon the Examination of the Skulls of dead People, after 2 Battle between the Perfians and Egyptians, found thofe of the latter much ftronger and thicker than thofe of the former, from the Heypian Cuftom of Shaving the Heads of their Children early, .by which Means the Bone was rendered thicker and ftronger through the Heat of the Sun, whereas. the Heads of the Perfians were foftened by the contrary Cuftom, Tue Feet of a Man forming a {quare Bafe under his Body, equal in Length and Breadth to the one-fixth Part ‘of his whole Height, and the Diameter of his folid Content, when reduced to a round Cylinder of equal Altitude to himfelf, being the one-eighth Part of his Height, as above, produces, for the Projection of the Bafe, the one-fixth Part of the Diameter of ‘the Body fuftained by it, which is the very fame that is given to the Bafe of the Avtic Pil- lars, applied.te this Order, and anfwers the very Projection ‘the Sockets in the Tabernacle are reafonably prefumed to have had, be- fore the Boards of that StruGure ; which, having been quite plain, had, in Effect, the fame Proportion between Length and Breadth, as the plain Part of the Dorick Columns have between the moulded Parts of their Bafes and Capitals, or rather between the Iron Rings, or that which imitates them, at each End of the Shaft. Tue Entablature ‘of ‘the Derick Order is the one-fourth Part of Height of the Colw, or two if its Diameters; of which the Archi- (a) Lib. 3. trave Chap. V. Plagiarifin of the Heathens Detetted. 199 trave is half a Diameter, and the Freeze and Cornice three Quar- ters of a Diameter each, As the following Orders naturally become more feeble and weak, the Columns thould have lefs Weight affigned for them to fupport, or, ‘however, an equal Quantity ; and this muft be proportioned in Refpe& to the Diameter, in which alone the Strength of the Co- umn confilts. ‘The Dorick therefore giving Laws to the other Or- ders, as in this, the Ornaments together are two of its Diameters high; fo likewife in the Jomick and Corinthian Orders two Diame- ters of the refpective Columns, at moft, fhould determine the Height of the Entablature ; for there is no Reafon why the Entablature thould encreafe, as the Colwmns become more tall and flender, as if it was intended that this ornamental Part, which is defigned to crown the Colzins fo beautifully, fhould, at the fame Time, over- whelm them with Weight, Bur the Wider the Colvmms are from each other, the bigger the Architrave ought to be, and the lefs the Freeze: The Architrave reprefents, and often is, the firft and chief Beam over any Sort of Pillars, and on which the Floor, or Roof, of a Building is refted ; but the Proportion that it ought to have, in Refpect to the Length of its. bearing, is one of thofe Points called Arbitrary, and at the Difcretion of the Architeé&t, as may be gathered from the Meafure of this Part, in antient Edifices, where we generally find the Do- rick Architrave lefs than the Jonick, and the Ionick lefs than the Corinthian ; fo likewife we find the Cornice of the Dorick to have lefs Altitude than that of the Jonick, and the Jonick lefs than that of the Corinthian. ‘Dur Diameter of the Dorick Column, A. Plate N° 6, being diz vided into 60 Parts, the Bafe has a Projection of 10 of thofe Parts on a Side, or 20 in the Whole: The Column, with its Entablature, being ten Diameters high, the Co/wmn takes eight of them,’ the Architrave half a Diameter, or 30 Parts, the Freeze three Quarters of a Diameter, or 45 Parts, and the Cornice three Quarters of a Diameter, or 45 Parts. Tun Lonick Column, B. Plate N° 6, with its Ehtablature, being xz Diameters high, the Bafe proje@s 11 Parts on each Side, or ‘22 Parts of 60, contained in the Diameter of the Colwimn, the Archi- trave is 33 of the like Parts, the Freeze 40, and one-third, and the Cornice 46, and two-thirds: i : Anso in the Corinthian Order, the Column C.-Plate N° 6, with its Entablature, being 12 Diameters high, the Bafe projects 12 Parts on each Side, or 24 in the Whole, the Architrave is 36 of the like Parts, the Freeze 36, and the Cornice 48, Now Pe The Origin of Building: Or, The Book V. Now the Reafon why the Architrave of the Dorick Order is fo low, and at the fame ‘Time called the chief Beam, and the Freeze, which is made by the Thicknefs of other Beams laid reverfe upon it, fo high, is eafily anfwered, for the Beams which make the Archi- trave having fhorter Bearings than thofe which make the Freeze, are laid Flat-ways; but thofe of the Freeze, whofe Bearings are fup- pofed much more than the other, are laid Edge-ways: Befides, the chief Beam is really the Biggelt, for the Colwmn teduires it to be as wide as its Diameter above, which is lefs than that below by an eighth Part, and therefore becomes 52 Parts and a half broad; by 30 deep; whereas the crofs Beams are only 45 deep, arid 30 wide: _ Tue Rule that was obferved in the other Orders for determining the Diameter at Top, was by producing the Diminution allowed in the Derick; ’till it came to the Length given to the naked Shafts; which gives for the Diameter of the Ionick Colinin about fifty-one Parts, or Minutes, and a half at Top; and for the Corinthian 51; but this is on the Suppofition that in eveiy Orde the Dimi- nution be two-thirds of the Length of the naked Shaft of the Co. lumn, and that it begins after the other one-third is brought up of the full Size of the Diameter at Bottom, as was fometimés practiced by the Antients, and generally followed by the Moderns ; tho’ the moft natural Manner of Diminution of Colzmns,; was to begin from the very Bafe, as in the Colwmys of the Porch of Septimius Severus, at Rome; a Work of the moft aftonifhing Beauty ! Tus Romans commonly made the Diameter of tlie Columns of thefe three Orders the fame at Top, keeping it to 52 Minutes, on Account of the optick Appearance leflening all Objects, the further they are removed from the Eye, in the fame Situation ; and there- fore, for that Reafon; they introduced, in their Works, many Things no Way confiftent with Reafon, or Proportion: Not did they con= fider, that a Building is not to be looked at from any particular Point or Diftance, as thofe Things are, which in the Eyey at one View, fhould appear perfec in all their Parts, In many of the famous Buildings ereéted at Rome after the Gorin thian Order, the Entablature was made the one-fourth Part of the Height of the Columns, which being generally ten Diameters in Length, thereby made the Ornaments two Diameters and a half high, which was commonly divided into ten Parts, three of which were given to the Architrave, three to the Freeze, and the remaining four to the Cornice: ‘Thus the Entablatare of the Carinthian Order became much more mafly, than that of the Dorick Order; the Cornice being the full Diameter of the Cohunn 3 whereas; in the Dorick Order, it was only three-fourths of the Diameter of thé Cy: lumn: But to remedy this Encreafe of Weight in the Entablature, “fi Chap. V. Plagiarifin of ihe Heathens Detefled. 201 as the Columns advanced. in Height, they brought them nearer to one another, and fo eftablifhed it as a Rule in their Zermples, that the Intercolumnation of the Dorick Order thould be very wide, that of the Lonick lefs, and~that of the Corinthian ftill lefs. Tuus the Entablature over the Corinthian Column became full one-third more in cubical Content than it would be, had it been made only fimilar, withthe Dorick, in Proportion to ithe Diameter; and not to-the Length of: the Column; which, in Point of Oceco- nomiy is very confiderable. ’ But this, though taught by 7% Vitruvius, isa Thing that the Ramans‘feem to ‘have had no Regard to ih their Buildings : For, as Monfieur Perrault, in his Bierce bis’ Peanilas tion of Vitruvius, obferves, among all the Roman Laws that were made to put a, Stop to Excefs and Extravagance, there were never any. to. regulate the Expence. of Building. So that if we confider the Nature of thofe great People, and the Fondnefs they fhewed in being defirous to Tec to Polterity Buildings of fuch Magnificence, and their ftripping the Dorick Order of fome of its Ornaments, and adding to, the: Corinzbian more, thereby to amufe the World: with their being the Inventors of two new Orders of Architeture, we.can’t depend upon the Models they have ‘left us of the Grecia#, Orders, to be after the real Grecian Manner or Proportions, but alter’d and diverfifyed, the better to colour their own Inventions’ ; Examples of which were raifed in their triumphal Arches, with tic Spoils of the rich Buildings they brought from Afa, Egypt, and Greece, after a total Devaftation of all that was Rich and Beautiful. i in-thofe Countries, Tus Licentioufnels Vitruvius well forefaw would, in Time, prove the entire Subverfion of the real Orders themfelves ; wads in his Days he tells us, That the Corinthian Order was not fo ftridtly. followed, but it often partook of the Ornaments peculiar to the Dorick ai Yonick, and rarely differed from the one or the other in any Thing but the Capital; for which Reafon he will not admit it to be pro- petly an Order: And indeed if we turn to the Tabernacle, we thall find but two Orders in the Stru@ure itfelf, the other ferving for the Ornaments of the Court of that Edifice. But notwithftanding this Dogtrine of Vitruvius, the Caprice of the Romans ftill prevailed in the fucceeding Ages, and led them fo far as to divetfify the Columns, even in the fame Edifice, though they ftood upon the fame Bafe, in the fame Line, and fupported the fame Entablature ; for Proor whereof, there is a remarkable Inftance in the great Hall (4) of Dioclefian’s Bath, at Rome, where four of the Columns are Corin- thian, and the aed four are Compofite. (2) Defgoderz’s Meafures of the antient Buildings, p. 306. Eee CHAP. 29 bo The Origin of Building: Or, The Book V. Sas oe ee Ae 6 Of the particular Meafures of the three Orders of Columns, and of the Names of the feveral Parts of thofe Orders. Forked Trees; which, in the original Dwellings, was ftuck up in the Ground; and fuch Tree had only three Things remarkable in it; the firft is that juft under the Branching out. of the Limbs, it ericreafed by Degrees till thofe Limbs made a Fork : Secondly, thofe Trees, from their natufal Manner of growing, in- fenfibly diminifhed from the Contraétion above the Root, to, the Head, or Branching out of the Limbs: And, Thirdly, thofé Trees, by being fet up in the Ground, their lower Part, which from the Root, to the natural Body of the Trée, decreafed by Degrees, was buried. A Tree fo {et up arid imitated in Wood or Stone, the Re- prefentation is ‘called a Column, as above, froth Columne, a Prop. TT Dorick Column is fuppofed to reptefent one of the Wuen thefe Columns were to be imitated in Stone, the Contrac- tion of the Root was called a Bafe, fromi Bafis, a Reft, ot Support, and was divided into many leffer Parts; the Encreafe of the Fork was called the Capital, from Capitellum, the Head or Top of any Thing, and was hewitt divided into many leffer Parts, Tue firft Part of the Bafe is called the Plinth, froni Plinthus, a fquare Tile, and this takes its Original from the Sockets of the Tabernacle, which GOD dire&ed to be made of a more lafting Ma-~ terial than what was fet upon them, as being next the Earth, whofe Moifture would foon have rotted the Wood, had not the Pillars and Boards been thus fortified ; this Plinth is the one-thitd Part of the Height of the Bafe, or the one-fixth Part of the Diameter of the Colum. Tue Remainder of the Bafe is circular, becaufe the Members are the Imitation of the Cords that twice furrounded the Pillars of the Zabernacle: This Part of the Bafe is the one-third Part of ‘the Di- ameter of the Column, and confifts of three Parts in the Formation of it; the firft Part is the lowet Cord, called the Torus Inferior, ‘from Toros, a Cable; and is in Height the one-eight Part of the Diameter of the Coluznn ; the fecond Part is the Space between the two Cords, called: the Cavetto, from Cavus, a°Hollow, and is equal in Height with Chap. VI. Plagiavifin of the FTeathens Detected. 263 with the Torus Inferior, which, to make it the mote obvious, has 4 f{quare Fillet, both above and below, each of which is the one-fixtli of the whole Cavetto ; and the third Part is the upper Cord, called the Torus Superior, equal in Height to the one-twelfth Part of the Diameter of the Column: The Torufes are made one bigger than the other, notwithftanding they are the Imitation of the fame Cord; and this Variation from Nature produces an agreeable Harmony to the Eye, as it is founded on that Diminution fo commonly giveri to the Works of GOD, as they afcend upwards, Tur plain Part of the Column is the Refeinblance of the plain Body of the ‘Tree, and was diftinguifhed below from the Bafe, by a {quare Ferril, in Imitation of the Fillets which were put round the Pillars of the Tabernacle, and is called the Apophyge, from the Iron Rings antiently made ufe of to keep wooden Columns from fplitting : Above, it was diftinguifhed from the Capital by another fquare Fer= ril, and an Aftragal, from Aftragalos, the Bone of the Heel, but it was no more than the Imitation of the Cords that tied the Cur- tains to the Tops of the Pillars of the Court of the Tabernacle 3 and being thus diverfifyed, produces that Encreafe, peculiar to thofe Works of GOD which he hath ‘given a Head unto; and therefore it gives us all the Beauty, in this Part, the Imagination is capable of con- ceiving. The Fillet next the Bafe is the one-thirtieth Part of the Diameter of the Column below; andthe Fillet and Aftragal next the Capital is the one-twelfth Part of the fame Diameter ; and. be- ing divided into three Parts, one is given to the Fillet, and two to the Aftragal. Tas Capital is equal in Height to the one-half of the Diameter of the Column, and is divided into three principal and equal Parts ; the firft of which is called the Gorge, .Gule, or Neck, and is equal, in its Diameter, to the Top of the naked Part of the. Column ; the fecond Part is divided into feveral lefler Members, arid reprefents the Tree, juft under the Fork ; and the third Part is the Corona, from Coronis, the Crowning, and was.a fquare Tile, or Piece of Wood, laid on the Capital, to defend the Vop of the Colwmn from the Weather. Tus Members of the fecond Part of the Capital are called Anni- lets, and Echinus, denoting Degrees of Projection, and recéiving. their Names from the Rings, or Ferrils, the Annulets reprefent, ahd from the Roughnefs of the Carving, the Echinus is ufually enriched with; three of thefe Annulets ate under, and one is abové the Echinus ; every Annulet is a 60th Part of the Diameter of the Colwmp, and the Echinus is the one-tenth Part of the fame Diameter, |. Tue Corona, or third Part of the Capital, is divided into other Members, as a Cima, from Kymation, a Wave ; this is bound with a Lift, 204 \\TheOnigin of Building:\ Or, The ‘Book V. Lift, from Liftello, a Girdle 5 and it was an invariable Rule among the Antients, to finifh the Top. of every’ Thing expofed to the’ Wea- then. with a) Member, reprefenting a Wave of Water, the one half of which was Convex, and the other half Goricave’; when the upper- noft Part of the» Cima is Convex, and the lower Part Concave,’ it is called Cima Reéta; and when the upper Part is Coneave; and the lower Part Convex, it is called Cima Reverfa ; though fome have told us the firft isthe Reverfe, ‘and the laft the’Right Cima; which is a Point not very Material, Nature producing Inftances’ of both Soits, when the Water is put into Agitation by the Wind, or by the En- creafeof its own Velocity, from off the Roof of a Building, or any other declining Surface; and for this Reafon we. find thofe Cinia’s were fometimes formed by the Quadrant, and fometimes by the one- fixth: Part of a Gircle. The Cima, with its Liftel, is the one-fifteenth Part of the Diameter of the Colwmp ;’ and being divided into ‘three Parts, ‘one is:given to the Liftel, and two’te the Cima, ‘Tr was alfo’a’ Rule among the Antients, “as often as any principal Part: was bound -with a Fillet, to unite it to the Part to which it belong’d, by a‘ Cavetto, or Hollow ; fromP'whence it alfo became a Rule to finith, in this Manner, all fuch Parts as made the Crdwn, or Cover, of a ‘Thing, provided always it was not the laft and upper+ moft Part of the whole Order ; for in this Cafe, the Cima; with its‘Liftel, and not the Cavetto, with its Fillet, made the finithing Member ; "the Fillet, with its Cavetto, isthe onefifteenth 'Part ‘of the Diameter-of the Coluwwn; and, being equally’ divided, one half is given to the Fillet, and the other half to the Cavetto: Upon the’ Columns of the Dorick Order is placed the Archittave, ot chief Beam, which not only ferves'to keep ‘the Cohimns together, but-makes' the ‘Foundation of the Floor and Roof, fupported by thofe Golumnss- This Architrave is divided itito three principal ‘and equal Parts; ‘the firft of thofe Parts continues plain, and is called thé firft Fafcia;, the laft is equally divided into two Parts, and the upper- moft of thofe two Parts is called the Tznia, but the undermoft-is added to the middle principal Part; thereby making it one half ‘of the Architrave, and this is called the fecond Fafcia, which is in- terrupted for half the Diameter of the Cohn in Length, over the Middle of every Column, and likewife, at the Space of three Quar- ters of a Diameter in Length upon the whole! Extent of the Archi- trave, by an ‘Ornament reprefenting ‘fix Drops, hung to a String, and’called the Gutte’s, and thefe are of ‘the Depth of the under- moft Divifion of the two, into which the upper principal Part ‘of the Architrave is divided'into ; and being divided into three Parts, one is given tothe! String, and the other two'to the Drops. Turse Fafcia’s, inthe Architravée, are thus ‘named from~ the Swathes the Antients made‘ufe of ‘to cover their Legs and ‘Phighs with; Chap. VI. Plagiarifm of the Heathens Detefed. 208 with, inftead of Breeches ; ard the oftener they revolve, the larger they grow: The Tenia is alfo thus named, from a Ribband, or Headband, to tie up the Hair with: And the Gutte fignifies a Diop of Water; which Names have all the Afhinity we can con- ceive with the Members they denote. Uron the Architiave is plated the Freeze, whofe Height is de- termined by the reverfe Pieces, or Beams which make the Floor ; the Ends of thefe are reprefented direétly over the Gutte’s in the Archi- travé, are Called Triglyph’s, from their hollow Graving, refembling three Furrows, or Gutters, andthe Spaces ‘between are called Me topes. . The Word Freeze, in the general Senfe, fignifying a Thing congealed ; and, in Architeure, a Piece of Bmbroidery, it is ma- nifeftly derived from the embroider’d Curtains of the Tabernacle, when they were drawn up. Tun Cornice is the next and laft Oriament of this Order, and tonfifts of four Parts, namely, the Bed Moulding, the Mutules, the Corona, and the Cima. The firft is fuppofed to be a Piece laid upon the Extremity of the reverfe Beams, parallel with the Archi- trave, to bear the Ends of the Rafters that make the Roof; the fecond is the Ends of the Rafter’; the third is a Piece laid upon the Rafters to beat the Tile; or other Covering ; and the fourth dif- covers the End of the Materials the Roof is covered with, and there- fore tho’ included in the Name of the Cornice; yet it's of a dif- ferent Species to the other Parts that compofe it ; fo that the Cor- nice with, or without this Cima, ftill retains the fame Name: The whole Cornice is divided into four equal Parts, of which, the Bed Moulding takes one; the Mutules one, the Cororia one, and the Cima one} each of them being again fubdivided into lefler Parts, to form the fmaller Members. The Bed Moulding confifts of three Members, the Mutules of two; the Corona of three;'and the Cor- nice of two. The Bed Moulding is divided ‘into nine Parts, four of which are given to the Capital of the Triglyph’s, four to the Ca- vetto; and one to the Liftel: The Mutules is divided into four Parts, three of which are given to the clear Miitules, and the Cima, that crowns thein, takes the other Part. The Corona is divided into three equal Parts; of which, the Corona takes two Parts, and its Cima and Liftel one; which laft Patt is again fubdivided into four others, of which the Cima has three, and the Liftel one: ~The Cima, ot laft principal Part of the Cornice, is divided into-four Parts, three of thofe Parts are given to the Cima, ‘and one to the Liftel, which ferves as the laft Member, and is a Band’ to the whole Cornice. Tue Mautules, for their greater Ornament in Stone-Work, are made horizontal underneath, inftead of anfwering the Inclination of the Roof, by which Means the Water’is miore lable to ‘run along Pfr the 206 | the Origin of Buildings Or, The . Book V. the Bottom of them, till it comes to the. 'T tiglyph’s, then to. run down them, and fo drop over the Architrave ; for which ~Reafon Indentures, or Gutters, were made. in the Faces of the T tiglyph’s, the better to bring the Water together, that it might drop off ; the Drops are reprefented by the little Bells whitch lie on the Architrave ; and becaufe, when the Rain ceafes, it’s natural for the Tunning down of the Water to contrac itfelf, by Degrées, into Drops, from this Ob- fervation, or from the Pendants of. Ice in the Winter, from. fucli Places where. the Water falls, is the moft reafonable Conjecture of the Original of the Drops in the Sofits of the Mutules. Plate N° 32: contains a. Draught of the Derick Order ; and the Diameter of the Column being divided into 60 Parts, all the other Divifions are figur= ed with the fame Parts, . The Plinth: Torus Inferior. > Liftel. . Cavetto. Liftel. Torus Superior: . Apophyge. . Diameter. of the Colwnn below. I. Diameter above. K...Liftel. L. Aftragal. _, M. Gorge, Gule; or Neck, N Tah oo > O. SAnnulets, 2 Q. Ovolo, or Echinus, R. Annulet. S.' Corona. T. Cima of the Corona. V. -Liftel of the Gorona. U. Firft Fafcia. W. Second Fafcia. X.. Tenia. Y. Gutte. Z. String. x. ‘Triglyph. 2.-Metope. 3. Capital of the Triglyph. 4. Cavetto. 5. Fillet. 6 7, 8 9 . Mutules.’ . Cima of Mutules, - Corona. . Cima of the Corona, xo. Liftel Or @ 2 Rate 32. RY a { = = Ti he | 2 88 g DN é a Se 7 a as S 6 | (RS omer oe = By | > ATi ania eS T ae Lu \ | | | & | | | 45 ge | § bk = ee | Salen x en EZ T | REAL ‘ct 3) | St GOR oe a cs 77 a <3 a 7” T ‘ z a 9 b 59. 8 BE 60 PE La 60 | Sa Lae % 2 = 3s a a 634 | =f es eo me bo 60 EEE Chap. VI. Plagiavifia of the Heathens Detetted. 207 to; Liftel of the Corona; 11. Cima Reverfa, x2. Liftel of the Cima. ; 13. Gutte’s in the Sofit of the Mutules. A. to F. The whole Bafe of the Column. G. to L, The whole Shaft of the Column, fuppofirig it con- tinued. M, to U, The whole Capital of the Column. U. to X. The Architrave. 2. The Freeze. 3. to 12. The whole Cornice: A. to V. The compleat Column, comprehending Bafe and Ca- pital, fuppofing the Shaft continued. G. to L. The whole Colwmmn, without Bafe and Capital. VU. to 12. ‘The whole Entablature: We Hiavealfo added a Draught of this Order, void of all Oina- ments, as in Plate N° 33. For as thefe Parts are only as the Drefs to a Man; fo we find the Antients embellithed the Dorick Order, accord- ang to the Circumftances of ithe Builder, and to the Nature of the Materials the Place produced : This Simplicity was practiced at Rome, that Pofterity might think the Romans the Inventors of a new Order; and therefore they gave this plain Sample of Dorick Work, the Name of JZu/can Order. -» Tue, donick Order is made by omitting the Neck of the Dorick Capital, and, inftead of the Ovolo and the Annulets in‘that Ortler, by putting in four Rams Heads, with their Mouths meeting toge- ther, in the Center of the Top of the Column, to form the Capital ; and thefe Heads being placed on their Jaw Bones, with the back Part of them where the Corner of the Corona fhould be,*4n Ovold -arifes, in Imitation of the Skull of the Head; andthe Cima, with its Liftel, in this Order, is called: the Abacus, from “Abax, a f{quare Trencher. ‘The other Alterations in this Order, are only the Addi- tion of an Aftragal to the Apophyge of the Colin, in leaving out -the Triglyph’s in the Freeze, adding another Fafcia aid a Cima to the Architrave, making the Mutules lefs, and without Drops in the Soft, and in adding a Liftel to the Cima of the Mutules, by which they receive a new Name, and are called Modillions, from the I/@- lian; Modighioni. -Ag this Order becomes more flender than the Dofick, the Pro- portions of fome of the Members are altered, {0 as to correfpond with the Softnefs of the other Part of the Compofition of it: and -the fame Rule we have taken to give the Dimenfiohs of the Do- "rick Order by, we have likewife followed in this, fo near as we well could come; without large Fraétions, as above: ‘The Members retain the fame Names in this Order, they had in the former, fave only thofe 208 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book V. thofe that make the Alteration in the two Orders; and the Capital of the Triglyph’s, by being placed above the Cavetto in this Order, is called the Ovolo. Tue Circumvolving of the Raths Horns in this Order, is called the Volute, front Volvo, to fold, and each’ of the four Sides of the Column thews two Volutes, between which there is always placed a Flower, to fill up the Cavity that would otherwifé appear, as is feen in Plate, N® 34. A. The Aftragal added to the Apophyge: B. B., The Abacus. C. The Flower. D. D. The Volute, the Eye of which is equal, in Diameter, ta the Aftragal of the Co/wmm, and its Center is the one-fourth of the Diameter of the Column frorn the Abacus, which being di- vided into nine Parts, feven of thofe Parts is the Depth of the Volute below the Center of the Eye; {0 that the whole Height being fixteen Parts, the Eye takes two of them: The Breadth of the Volute is fourteen of the fame Parts, and the Center of the Eye is diftant from the outward Side of the Volute eight of thofe Parts, and. from the inward Side fix. EB, The third Fafcia, F. The Cima. G. The Ovolo. = H. The. Modillioris, fo divided to anfwer that’ Manner of Tn- tercolumnations, called the Euftyle. I. The Liftel. Sometimes this Order was executed without Modillions, for the fame Reafon we gave in Treating of the Dorick, as above; and there- fore we have given a Draught of the Entablature, marked with the Letter A. Plate N° 36. to explain its Tua Corinthian Order is made by adding an Aftragal to the Torus of the Derick Bafe, another to the Apophyge, by altering the two firft Divifions of the Capital, and, inftead of the plain Neck, the Annulets and Echinus, by putting two Rows of Leaves, eight in each Row, anfwering the Number of Volutes in the Zonich Capital. One of the Leaves of the fecond Row is in the Middle of every Front of the Column; and on each Side of thofe Leaves there is a Stalk, with a Flower, out of which -there fprings not only the an- gular Volutes, in Imitation of thofe in the Zonich Order, bat other Volutes which meet over every central Leaf of the fecond Row. Above thefe laft Volutes there is a Flower, or Piece of Fruit, fup- ported by a Stalk, iffuing from Hufks, refted on the central Leaf of the fecond Row of Leaves; and thus every Thing in this Order is fuppofed to rife up againft the Encreafe at the upper End of the Forked ee eT ee eel Kt Hate 39. litle 34 464 40$ 6. oo A 14 Ze o2 Chap. VI. Plagiarifim of the Heathens Detected. 289 Forked Stick ; whereas in the other Order it is placed upon the Top of it. This Swelling is called the Bell of the Capital, as it very much refembles that Inftrument. Tue Architrave and Cornice of this Order, have more Members than the Architrave and Cornice of the Tonick Order, viz. the Faf- cia’s are divided by Aftragals, imitating the Hem of the Swathe the Fafcia’s reprefent; the Cavetto of the Cornice, is altered and made a Cima} over which is a fquare Member, which, from the Manner of its Carving, is called the Dentils, from Denticulus, Teeth; and the Modillions are enriched : By which Additions, this Order receives all that cati render it Beautiful and Elegant. In Plate No 35. we have given 4 Draught of this Order with the Meafures, which are all fet down by the fame Rule that was obferved in the other Orders. A. The Aftragal in the Bafe, B. Bell of the Capital. i LA ftragals E. Cima. F. Dentils; Tur Cornice of this Order is made by firft dividing it into three Parts, of which the Bed Moulding takes one, and the other two are again divided into three, one of which is given té the Modillions, one to the Corona, and one to the Cornice. The Modillions ate {fo difpofed as to anfwer that Manner of Intercolumnation called Syfty- los; but the Proportion of thefe Parts are arbitrary ; neverthelefs, the Modillidns muft always be one half of the Space between them; and the Pannels in the Sofit of the Corona ought to be fquare. Tus Modillions are fometimes omitted in this, as well as in the other Orders ; and notwithftanding the Materials the Place afforded, and the Circumftances of the Builder commonly determined their Drefs, yet the Antients had extraordinary Regard to Nature, for they generally took Care, in {uch Edifices as were two Story’s high, of more, to make the Order fuppofed to bear the Floor, without Mo- dillions in the Cornice, but rather made Ufe of Dentils, as they bear a greater Refemblance to the Ends of Joifts; whereas they made the upper Order with Modillions, fince it fupported the Roof where the Ends of the Rafters, and not of the Joifts, fhould be feen. In this plain Manner we have given a Draught of the Entablature; marked with the Letter B. Plate N° 36. Monsieur Perrault, and others, have greatly perplexed themfelves with the Myftery of the Antients, in making the Colwmms of the Por- tico of the Pantheon about ten Minutes, or the one-fixth Part of the Diameter lefs than ten Diameters, and the Colwinns of Campo V accino Ggg ten aio Yhe Origin of Building: Or, The Book V: cen Minutes more than teri Diameters high; but thefe Variations arife from the Doétrine of Vitruvius, and thofe he copied after, who fays, The Corinthian Order differs; from the Ionich in nothing but its Capital; and therefore, as the Tonick Column was eight Di- ameters. and two-thirds high, without the Capital; and the Capital above K. (Plate 34.) was one-third of a Diameter, to make the com- pleat Colwmn nine Diameters; the Archite& of the Pantheon. took this Shaft of eight Diameters and two-thirds, and added the Corin- thian Capital of one Diameter and one-fixth to it, which made the whole Colwmn nine Diameters and fifty Minutes high ; Whereas the Architect of the Columns of Campo Vaccind added to the whole Tonick Column of nine Diameters, the Corinthian Capital of one Diameter and one-fixth, and fo made his Colwmns ten Minutes more than teri Diameters high. Other antient Architects have deviated, in the fe- veral Orders, from the general Proportions of eight, nine, and ten Diameters, for the Height of the Doritk, Ionick, and Cortathian Columns ; but their Reafons for fuch Variations feem to have been grounded on one particular Proportion they fixed to themfelves, the fame as above: And therefore what they have left us may be fafely rejeGted to embrace the perfe& Proportions of eight, nine, and ten, founded on the Human Body; as above. Tuus we have given a full Account of the Orders s and though every minute Part of them is net proved in the Tabernacle and Teni- ple, yet thofe Structures are manifeftly the Source, from whence Pofterity have taken the Parts which conftitute them. The Appli- cation of thefe Orders, in the Pagan Temples and other Edifices, we fhall next confider. Col Beare at. Of the Siiation of the Pagan Temples, and of the Orders peculiar to them. © ITRUVLUS, after fhewing how a City fhould be laid out into \V Streets; tells us, a Place muft be pitched upon for Buildings common to the whole Town, fuch as Temples, and a Forum ; If the Town fhou’d be near the Sea, the Place for the Forum mutt be near the Harbour ; if diftant from the Sea, this Place muft be in the Middle of the City. The Zemples of the Tutelar Goons, as well as thofe of Fupirer, Juno, and Minerva, mutt be fituate on the moft eminent Place, that from thence one may have a View of the Vlatess. 24 ad bof Plate26. % -- 96 -- A Chap. VIL Plagiarifm of the Heathens Detetled. aif the greateft Part of the Walls of the Town: the Temples of Mer- cury, dis, and Serapis, mut be in the Market $ thofe of Apollo and Bacchus near the Theatre ; that of Hercules in the Circus, if there fhou’d not be a Place particularly appointed for Exercifes, nor an Amphitheatre; and thofe of Mars, Vulcan, and Venus in a Field without the Town, Tus Reafon of this, fays Vitruvius, is feen in the Writings of the Ti/can Soothfayers ; for the Temple of Venus was fituate without the City, in order to remove from young Perfons, as well as Mo- thers of Families, by the Diftance of it; feveral Occafions of De- bauchery ; the Temple of Vulcan was placed alfo without the City, in order to fecure Houfes from the Danger of Fire, drawing with- out the Town, by Sacrifices to him, all the bad Effects of this Gon, who prefides over Firé: and the Temple of Mars was fixed with- out the Walls, to hinder Murders and Quarrels among the Citi- zens, and proteé& them from the Defigns of Enemies 3 the Zemple of Ceres ought alfo to be built without the Town, in a retired Place, and where People might not be‘obliged to go, but ‘to Sacrifice, bée- caufe this Place fhould be treated with great Refpect, and with great Sandtity of Behaviour ; and the Zémples of the other Gos ought to have convenient Places for their Sacrifices, . Tuese are the Rules which Vizrwoius hath given us relating to the Sizwation of Temples ; but they were not ftriGly obferved at Rome, as. Monfieur Perrault, in his firft Note on this Chapter, ° obferves, where he takes Notice, That the Temple of Mars, the Revenger, was in Auguflus's Square, that of Venus in Fulius Gefar’s, and that {e- veral Temples, even of the hurtful Divinities, were in the City, - as thofe of the Fever, Vulcan, Bad Fortune, and Slothfullne/s + But this might happen by the great Encreafe of Rome, after thofe Toni. ples -were originally founded, or at leaft fome of them; neverthelefg we find that {tri@: Regard was always had to the Sttwation for the Temples of the Supreme Gops, and thofe that were Proteétors of the City, which were placed in the moft high and ¢onfpicuous Parts thereof, in Imitation of the Place on which Solomon’ s Temple ftood; but the Entrance to them was generally at.the Weft End, (as Herodotus (a) obferves, when he {peaks of the Zemple of Diana in Delos) in direét Oppofition to the Entrance to the. Fewi/h Taber- nacle and Temple, which was at the Haft End of thofe Edifices, and facing the rifing Sun, _ Tue Situation having been thus fixed, the Pagans appropriated the Dorick Order to fuch Temples as were built in Honour of M- nerva,, Mars, and Hercules, becaufe Fabricks without Softnefs, were fuitable, they faid, to fuch Deities as prefided over War ; but (a) Lib. 4, | they 212 The Ovigin of Building: Or, The Book V. they maintained, that to Venus, Flora, the Mufes, the Nymphs, and the moft delicate Goddefles, Zémples ought to be reared, that agreed beft to the bloomy, tender, and virginal Age, wherefore to thefe they confecrated the Corinthian Order; on the other Hand, to Funo, Diana, Bacchus, and fuch other Gons, they affigned the Ionick Or- der, which holds a Medium between the Dorick and Corinthian, ee = ior we cae TS Of the Forms, Profpects, Kinds, and Com: partment of the Pagan Temples. : “SM EMPLES were at firft but of two generdl Forins, qua= E drangular and round, and of thefe Wizravius only treats ; but other Fafhions were afterwards introduced in the Fi- gure of feveral Sorts of Polygons: And as the Antients adapted the Situation of Temples to what was fuitable to each of their Gons, fo they did their Forms; for which Reafon, becaufe the Sun and Mao are perpetually defcribing their Orbits about the World, they made the Zemples to them round, or at leaft in fuch Sort, that they ap- proached to roundnefs; of this Form they built the Temple of Vefta, whom they held to be the Goddefs of the Earth, which Element we know is round; and to Fupiter (a), a8 Governour of the Air and Sky, they made Tesples uncovered in the Middle, with. Portico’s round them. : Tue firft Shew, or Appearance, that a Temple makes to fuch as approach it, is called the Pro/peé# ; of which the Antients had feven Sorts, namely, Antis, Proflylos, Amphiproftyles, Peripteros, Dipteros, Pfeudodipteros, and Monopreros: Vhe firlt is a Front in Pilafters, becaufe Ante is the Name of the Pilaffers that are made at the An- gles or Corners of Buildings 3 the fecond Profpe is a Front in Co- fumns ; and the third hath the fame Difpofition both in Front and ‘Rear, Amphiproftylos, fignifying both Fronts in Colwinns. The Prof~ pelts Antis, and Amphiproftylos were fo rare, that Palladio (b) fays there were no Examples of them left in his Days. Tue fourth Pro/peé?, is a Building furrounded with @olwnns, fometimes joined to the Wall of the Temple, fometimes detached from it; the fifth Pro/pe#, or the Dipteros, was a Building twice fur- (4) Vit\s 1, 2 (8) Lib, 4: . 36 rounded Chap. VIIL Plagiarifn of the Heathens Deteéted, 213 rounded with Colwmni, which formed 4 double Portico; aid the Pfeudodipteros, or fixth Pro/pe, was made by leaving the outward Row of Golwmns, in the Dipteros, and taking away the tiext inward Row, fo as to make the Poitico’s as large as two Intercolumna- tions, and the Thicknefs of a Column: This Profpeé was the In- vention (d) of HHermogenes, oh which Vitruvius makes this Enco- mium: It /hews, fays he, with what Subtility of Contrivance Her- mogenes condutted his Work, which deferves to be confidered as the Spring from whence Pofterity has taken the beft and moft elegant Pre- cepts of Archite@ture. The feventh and laft Pro/peé? was a Build- ing wholly of Columns, fapporting a Dome; and feems to have been the Invention of Zorcaftres, who contrived fuch Kind of Stru@ures to keep the confecrated Fires on the Alzars from being extinguifh- ed by Rain, or any other Effect of the Weather. In direct Oppofition to thefe Monopterick Temples, the Antients uncovered the middle Part, or Adytum, of their Dipterick Temples, and. fo conftituted 4 new Kind of Temple, which, from its being uncovered, was called Hypetbros ; round the Infide of which there was two Portico’s, one above the other: Tue Temple whofe Profpef# was Antis, had, in the Front thereof, two Pilaffers, one at each Corner, and two Columns in the Middle, which advanced forward, and fupported the Fronton over the Entry. The Temple whofe Profpeé was Proftylo:, had, in the Front thereof, two Pila/fers, one at each Corner, and four detached Columns, which - formed a Portico. The Temple whofe Profpel was Amphiproftylos, had four Pr/afers, one at every Corner, and four detached Columns in the Front; four in the Rear. The Temple whofe Profpef# was Pe- ripteros, had fix Colwmns in each Front, and 11 on each Side, compre- hending the angular Ones, of which one Ihtercolumnation was, fome- times, taken all round the Temple for a Portico, leaving the Body no larger than four Colwmns in Front, and nine in Flank. The Tem- ple whole Pro/peé was Dipteros, had eight Columns in each Front, and fifteen on each Side; and as the Body of the Temple contain’d no more than four Coldmns in Front, and nine in Flank, the Por- tico round it was double. The Temple whofe Profpeét was Pfeudo- dipteros, was the fame with the Temple whofe Pro/peff was Difteres, with this Difference, that the fecond Row of Columns that furround- ed the Body was taken away, to make the Portico’s as latge as two Intercolumnations, and the Diameter of a Column: Befides, the Pfeudodiptéeros contained, fometimes, ten Columns in Front, and nine- teen in Flank. And laftly, the Temple, whofe Profpeét was Monop- zeros, had twelve Columns in the Outfide, and as many within, forming a fingle Portico ; and were fet upon Lines, anfwering thofe of a perfed Circle, (4) Vit. 1.5. 2, : ; ; Hhh THE 214 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book V; ‘Tur Manner of fetting thefeCo/wans, diftinguithed the Pagan Tem- ples into five different Kinds, to wit, Pycpo/ylos, Syftylos, Diaftylos, Areoftylos, and Exftylos, The firtt fignifies.a Building, thick-fet with Columns ; the fecond an Edifice, with greater Intervals between. the Columns ; the third is a Stru@ure, with yet wider Spaces between the Columns; the fourth a Fabrick, with larger Openings: between the Columns than is convenient; and the fifth a Building, with reafonable and convenient Intervals between the Colwmns. Tue firlt four Kinds of Temples, according to Palladio, are de- fective; the Pycnoftylos, and Syftylas ate fo, becaufe their Intercolum- nations, by being of one Diameter and a half of the Colwmm for the firft, and two Diameters for the fecond, are fo very narrow, that two Perfons can’t go Hand in Hand, or a Breaft, into the Portico’s, but will be obliged to walk in a Line after each other 3 neither can the Ornaments of the Doors be {een from any Diftance ; and, from the Narrownef§ of the Space, the Walk round the Temple will be much embarrafed: But yet thefe two Kinds of Temples ate toler- able, when the Colwmns are made large, as they were in almoft all the antient Temples. The Diaflyls is defective, becaufe the Intercolum- nations, by being of three Diameteis of a Colum, are too large, and the Architraves, by Reafon of the greatnefs of the Space, are liable to break. And the Areoftylos is defe&tive, becaufe the Inter- columnations, by being four Diameters of the Column, or more, are low, wide, and mean; but not fubjeé to the Defee of the Diaftylos, becaufe the Architraves are made of Wood, From all this, fays Palladio, it follows, that the moft beautiful and elegant Kind of Temples, is that called Euftylos, whofe Inter- columnations confift of two Diameters of a Colwmn, and a fourth Part ; for it ferves perfe@ly well for Usz, for Srrencru, and for BEAury. Now this Kind of Temple was abfolutely founded .on the Front of the Zabernacle ; for that Struéure having been twelye Cubits broad, in the Clear, and about ten Cubits and a third high ; if we divide the Height ‘into eleven Parts, and take one of thofe Parts for the Diameter of the Pil/ars, as in the Ionick Order, and two and a Quarter for the Spaces between them; and if we fuppofe the Boards which made the Side of the Zabernacle a Quarter of a Cubit thick; and that the Middle of each extream Pil/ar anfwered the Middle of the Boards, as is fhewed by the prick’d Lines, S. S, Plate N° 3. 4. then four Pillars, and four Intervals, will occupy, within an Inch, the whole Space of twelve Cubits and a Quarter, and form that Manner of Intercolumnation called the Euftylos, or that. which is deemed the moft perfect Manner of fetting Columns at a proper Diftance from one another. Tu Chap. VIIL Plagiarifin of the Heathens Detetted. 5% 5 Tue Portico of the Temple of Cybele, at Rome, confifting of five Columns in Front, isan evident Demonftration that the Romans were acquainted with the Form of the Tabernacle, and therefore we fhall endeavour for no further Proof ‘of that Fa@ at this Time. In the Compartment (b) of the Pagan Temples, three Things were common to them, to wit, the Portico, the Anti-Temple, and the Nave: The whole Breadth of the Temple was divided into four Parts, and of eight fuch coiififted the whole Length ; five of thefe were given to the /Vave, and the other three to the Anti-Temple. Now if we turn to the Fewifh Tabernacle and Temple, the fame Compartment will appear to have been in thofe Edifices, and the Pro- portions of five by four, and four by three, in the Anti-Temple, and JVave of the Pagan Temples, are anfwered in the Side of the Ark, with the Mercy Seat upon it, in the moft Holy Place of the Tabernacle, the firft having been five half Cubits long, and four high ; and the laft having had for its Breadth three Parts in four of its Length. The Proportion of three by four is apparent in many other Inftances in the Yewi/b Struatures, as in the End of the 4d alone, and in the Sides of the Holy Part of Solomon's Temple. Finally, the Whole of this Divifioti feetns to have been grounded on the Proportion of the Ark, with the Mercy Seat upon it, whofe Front, or Side, was five by four, and the End three by four, making a double Square, and are the Numbers on which Pythagoras formed his moft excellent Propo- fition, the 47th of the firft Book of Evclid, as above. Tus Invention of Hermosenes, fo much celebrated by Vitruvius, is pointed out in the Tabernacle; for there’ the Pillars which fhould have form’d feveral Portico’s round the Edifice, preferved only their outward Pro/peé?, and the Infide’ was clear and {pacious: for Ufe. Moreover, the Pro/pec? Antis, and the outward View of the LTypa- thros, ate pointed out in the fame Strudhite ; for the Tadornacle itfelf is the firft, and the Court the fecond; at leaf fo near it, that we can't defire more perfect Ideas to form them by : And all the wing- ed Temples, are only the Tabernacle and its Court, varioufly applied under the fame external Proportion, or very near it; for the great Ephéfian Temple anfwers the Proportion of the Court, each having been, a double Square within ‘the Colwmns. The Mau/folewm was of the fame’ Proportion with the Tadernacle itfelf, each having been two Squares and a half in Length, at leaft the Maufoleum was {fo neat it as to differ but two Foot three Inches from it; which Variation may arife from Caufes common to all Works, fince Negligence in Architeéts, and Ignorance and Careleffie in Workmen, have been too notorious in all Ages’; and therefore when Works appear to be {o near {uch perfect Proportions, by their Meafures. after compleated, (2) Palladio leg, c. 53 as 216 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book V; as thefe we are {peaking of, it’s a Demonftration they were the very Proportions intended: So that Buildings founded on them, as they were taken from fuch Authorities as the Fewifh Tabernacle and Ten} ple, muft of Confequence become fo exquifite, as to raife the Admiz ration of People to the higheft Degree, as we are told by Pliny, &c. thefe Edifices of Diana’s Temple; and the Mau/oleum did, fo as to make them two of the feven Wonders of the World ! Tue Temple of Diana was 220 Feet in Front, and 44 5 Feet in Flank; the Columns were 60 Feet high, and. feven Feet fix Inches thick ; and the Temple was of the Diprerick Figure, which thewed eight Columns in Front, and fifteen in Flank, as above: So that this Temple was of the Diaffyle Kind, fince the Intercolumnations were near three Diameters of the Columns; and the middle Intercolumna< tion at each End was half a Diameter more, which fo encreafed the Labour in fetting the Architrave over that Void, that, fays Pliny, it was feigned the Goddefs placed it herfelf in its right Pofition, upon the Architeéts defpairing of being able to do it. ‘Tuts leads us to obferve, that all the winged Letnples will exa@ily anfwer the Proportion of the Court of the Tabernacle, if the middle Intercolumnation at each End be half a Diameter of the Column wider than the other Intercolumnations, whether the Temple be of the Euflyle, Pycnoftyle, Syftyle, Diaftyle, or Areoftyle Kind. Norwirustanpine Vitruvius has laboured to adjuft the Inter columnations, in Refpect to the Diameter of the Columns, it is never- thelefs true, that the Antients determined them according to the Height, and fo made the Intervals between the Colwmns of DOT ay 5, 6, ot 7 Squares high, as their Works, upon a ftri@ Examination, will abundantly teftify : And thefe, Intervals were applied in thofe Works, according to the Magnitude of them, without any Regard to the Order fuch Works was built after. So that the Areoftylos, as well as Pycnoftylos, was applied to Buildings of the Corinthian Order. We fhall only add, in this Place, that fince the Sitwation of the Temples ereCted by the Pagans, in Honour of their Supreme Gops, anfwered the Situation of Solomon's Temple ; that fince the quadran gular Temples of the Pagans were of the fame Figure and Propor- tion with the Fewi/h Tabernacle and Temple; that fince the moft perfe&t Manner of Intercolumnation obferved by the Pagans in their Works, had its Foundation in the Front of the Tabernacle 3. that fince the Compartment of the Pagan Temples appears fo clearly, in the Works of the Yews, there can’t remain the leaft Doubt but that the Pagans copied their moft celebrated Works of ArchiteCure from the Works of the Fews ; and here we fhall reft our Proof of that Fa, “ull it can be inconteftably ‘proved, that Dorws, the Son of fiellen, flourithed before Mofes. CHAP, Chap. 1X. Plagiarifm of the Heathens Detetted. 317 CoH ACP. 1X Of the Form and Proportion of the antient Bafihca'’s, Halls, Squares, and Places for publick Exercife. \HE Antient, Baflica’s were made of a quadrangular Form; H with; a Semi-circular| ProjeG@tion at the End, over-again{t the Entrance to them. . Thefé Courts. of Fuftice had dou- ble Portico’s, one) above. the other, on each Side of them, as well as the End next the, Entrance.; \and the Colwnns with which thofe Portico’s weré. made, enclofed..an Aréa, which. formed a double Square; beyond which was’ the Semi-circular ProjeGion for the Seat of the Judges, which, encreafed the Nave toba Figure of near two Squares and a half: From whence Pa//adio lays it down as ‘a’Rule, that Ba/filica’s fhou’d _neverexcced thrée Squares, nor:be deficient of two. SOLOMON ’s Throne was of a Semi-circular Form; ‘and there- fore from that T4rone, and his Temple, the antient Bafilica’ s were un- doubtedly taken, fiance the common Part of:.each Stru@ure was 4 double Square, and three Sides thereof had Ifles, feparated iti the one with infulate Golwmus, in the other with.a continued Wall. Mucu of the fame Defign with thefe Bajfilica’s were the Egyptian Falls, which were of a quadrangular Form, infcribed with a Por- tico that reduced the middle Part to a double Square. Thefe Por- tico’s were only fingle, but the Nave had two Orders of Columns, one above the other; and between thofe of the upper Order the Aper- tures for Light were placed, the fame as in the Temple of Solomon. To the Seats of the Antients, a Portico, an Atrium, or Fall, a Second oom and a Court beyond that, furrounded. with Columns, were common. ‘That Kind of Ha//, which was called by the Name of the Zufcan Atrium, had for its Breadth two-thirds of its Length ; the Room next: it was a perfect Square; and the Court beyond that Second Room had for its Breadth juft three-fourths of its Léngth : So that the Parts which made’ the Entranté to one of thofe Houfes formed: a Gradation of Proportions, as a ‘Square, a Square and a third, and.a Square and a half. And: as the Proportion of the Atriums\and Courts were varied in different. Houfes, fo the Grada- tion was: continued ‘on; in the fame’ Seties, to a double Square. (aie Now 218 «© The Origin of Building: Or, The Book V} Now that a Gradation of Proportions, from a Square to a double Square, and even to a triple Square, is apparent in the Fewi/b Ta- bernacle and Temple, needs no further Explanation ; and therefore it is more than probable, that» thofe Structures were the Source from whence the Pagans had thofe éxcellent Proportions, which they applied to the various Parts of their Houfes; efpecially fince their Tetraftyle Hall was the Pattern of the Tabernacle. ; each of thofé Rooms having had four Columns in it, and-thofe Columns having had the fame Effe@, in reducing the Rooms, ‘in which they were placed, to a much better Proportion, than they were of without them. Tue Places of publick Exercife among the Greeks were called Palefire, and Xifti, and feem to’ have: been’ governed in ‘theit Compartments, by the two ‘principal Parts, namely, the Square, and the Large Hall, in which the Scholars’ were taught: The firft was precifely Square, and the laft: was a Square’ and’a half, conformable to. the like Proportions: in: Solomon’s Temple; from which Sttu@ure the Greeks and Romans, no. doubt, took the Pattern for their Squares, fince the fitft People made thofe ‘open ‘Areas perfealy Square, “the fecond of a Square and a ‘half, and furrounded them with double Portico’sy:in the fame Manner as°the »Courts of Solomon's Temple were. environed with Portico’s, tho’ of a‘triple Kind. : As the ewifh Works feem fo apparently to have given Rife to the Orders. of Columns, the Forms and Proportions of Syuares, Temples, Bafilica’s, and other celebrated Edifices of Antiquity among the Greeks and Romans, why may not the fame Works have given Rife to the Buildings in Britain, and even in the! moft early Ages ? This therefore’ leads’ us. to confider the State’ of Building’ in ‘this Country. Ces BE aA Prod Of the State of Building in Britain. N_ Opinion has for fome Time prevailed, that the Romans A taught the Britons how to build Temples, and other mag- : nificent Stru@tures. This feems to have been grounded: on what Cz/ar writes, in the fifth Book of his Commentaries ; and on what Tacitus relates in the Life of Agricola : The Britons, fays Cx- far, call a chick Wood, Surrounded with a Ditch, and fortified with & Rampier, a Town, which they retire to when they are apprehenfive of ee ChapX. Plagiarifnvof the Heathens Detetted, i165 of Tncurfions: from their Meighbours. And Tacitus; That the Bri- tons, might, by a Tafte of Pleafure, be reconciled to Tnathivity and Repofe, Agricola firft exhorted: them, then publickly affifted them, to build Temples, Eloufes, and Places of affembling. Tacitus adds, That Agricola zook Care to have the Sons of their Chiefs taught the Liberal Sciences. Tus Cuftoni of calling a thick Wood) a Town, and 4gricola’s Policy, .wou’d be: apt to make one join ‘in the common Opinion, was -it:not for what Cafar writes a little before, in the fame Book of his Commentaries : Britain, fays he, is well peopled, and bas Plenty of Buildings, much after rhe fame Fafbion with the Buildings in Gaul.» The fame Author adds, in the preceding-Book of his Commentaries, That he, himfelf, durneothe Britith Towns and Build: ings for many Miles about. . From hence it is moft manifeft, that the Britons, before Cefar’s Invafion, had Buildings for Convenience, and that tod in great Abundance: From whence it is natural to conclude, that they mutt alfo have had Edifices as remarkable for Art and Magnificence, fincé the Veftigia’s of fuch Buildings are ftill remaining, and befpeak a Parent of more Antiquity than the Romans. We will therefore ex- amine fome of thofe Veftigia’s: Ir wou'd be endlefs to enumerate all the remarkable gréat Stones which lie fat on the Ground, as well as the Heaps made of {everal {mall Stones; or the fingle Pillars, Lines, Circles; Triangles, and Squares, compofed of erect Stones, which the Briti/h Dominions abundantly produces: It muit fuffice to fay in general, that there are fuch Monuments, of the remoteft Antiquity, now remaining, wherein Art and infinite Labour are the moft predominant Cha- raéterefticks. Mr: TO LAN D, in his Hiftory of the Drwids, takes Notice of a Stone in Hoy, one of the Orkney Mlands, of 36 Feet long, 18 Feet broad, and 9 Feet high, which lies flat on the Ground on a Bar- ren Heath, ina Walley between two moderate Hills. This Stone is worked hollow within; has a Door of two Feet {quare, facing the Eaft, and a Hole at the Top. At the North and Sotith End of this Room there are the Forms of Beds cut out of the Stone; that on the South End is capable of holding two People, and has a Pillow. The folid Content of this Stone, before it was {cooped, or hollowed, was 3832 cubical Feet, which, at 12 Feet to a Tun; amoutits to 486 Tun ; and it is not eafy to determine which was the gréateft, the Laszour of raifing and bringing fo large a Block of Stone to the Place where it now lies, or the Arr in Working it into the Form we have been defcribing. jusr 220 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book V. Just fuch another Edifice as this in Hay, Amafis, King of Egypr, intended to place in the Adytum of the Temple of Minerva, in Sais; for the Habitation of the Goddefs.. It-was, according to Herodotus, 31 Feet 6 Inches long, 21 Feet broad, and 12 Feet high, and brought from E/ephantis, to Sais, by. Water. Now, if we confider the Situation of the Stone-Houfe in Hoy, the Scotti/b, and not the Egyptian Work muft have been the greater. One appears to. have been a Copy of the other ; both muft have been near of the fame Antiquity, and the:lateft long before the Ro- mans came into Britain. ‘ Mr, TOLAWND alfo takes Notice, that on the Tops of Moun= tains, and other Eminences in Ireland, in Wales; in Scotland, in the Scottifb Ulands, and the Ifle of Man,.there are great Heaps of Stones, (like the Mercurial Heaps of the Greeks) round in Form, diminifhing upwards, and are covered: on the Summit with a flat Stone: They, ate of .all Sizes, fome containing at leaft roo Cart Load of Stones, from 1 to 1¢0 Pound Weight; thefe Heaps; in the antient Ce/tic Language, are called Carns; and every Cara is fo placed) as to be in Sight of fome other. i Tue moft eminent Example now remaining, is a Carn ealled Crig-y-dyrn, in the Parith of Tre’lech, in Carmarthenfbirey being about 60.Yards in Circumference at Bottom, 18 Feet high, and is covered with a flat Stone of g Feet long, 5 Feet broad, and from 10 to 12 Inches thick. ‘Tue Carns were originally defigned for Fires, to be kindled upon, at the half-yearly Feftivals of the Druids... The firft of thofe Fe tivals was on May Eve, in Honour of Braz, or Buanan, the Sumy when two of thefe Fires were made in every Village, one on the the Carn, the other on the Ground ; between which the Men and the Beafts to be Sacrificed were to pafs: And when the Flames were extinguifhed, the Lord of the Place, or'his Son, or fome other Per- fon of Diftinétion, took. the Entrails of the facrificed Animal in his Hand, and walking three Times bare-foot over the Coals, carried them to the Dri#id at the Altar. “The fecond Feftival was on’ the Eve of the firft of Movember, when every Body was to put out his Fire at home, and take a Portion of the confecrated Fire, to: kin- dle it anew, | which, for the enfuing Year was to be Jucky and_prof- perous ; and for this the Drusds receiv’d a certain Sum of Money from the Mafter of every Family. Thefe Carns, in Procefs of Time, adds Toland, ferved. every! where for Bacons. Now if we compare. this Account with the whole Tranfacion: of Laban’s Covenant with Facod, no greater. Refemblance: cam: appear between any two Things, than there is between them: And if we were - o Chap. X. Plasiarifm of the Heathens Detetied. 43% were to {crutinize all the Works of the Druids, we fhou’d find theni to have been copied from the Works of the Fews ; for as the Lich Places in Scripture reprefented the Sun, with all his Attendants, fo the Remains of the Druidical Works now at Stanton-Drew, near Bath and Briftol, point out the moft antient Syftem of the Planetary World ; there we fee a Circle of Stones, on the Summit of a Hill; which images the Sz; near which there were other Circles and Stones, reprefenting the Moon, the Earth, and the Planets, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Fupiter, and Saturn. One of thefe Circles anfwers the very Defcription of the Temple of Ferufalem, as it was directed to be built by Gyrus, for it was furrounded with four Rows of Pillars; it is 60: Cubits Diameter; and fome of the Pi//ars are fix Feet thick. Acarny if we turn to Stone-Henge, won't Cyrus’s Decree appear to have been the Guide to the Builders of that Work, to fuch as will confider that it is 60 Cubits Diameter, and made of four Rows of Pillars ? This Building was, moft undoubtedly, a Work’ of the Druids, fince it is expreflive of their Learning, which they wou'd never commit to Writing. The 30 Stones that made the Architrave over the outward Row of Pillars, anfwered that compleat Revolu- tion of Time, deemed by them an Age; the 30 Pil//ars in that out- ward Row, and 29 in the next, anfwered their alternate Months of 30 and 29 Days: And if we were to collate every other Part of the Building, (of which the Plans hitherto’ publifh’d are Fictitious,) with what Cefar, Pliny, Diodorus Siculus, and other antient Authors, write, concerning the Drwids, we fhall find the like Conformity. Tuese and the like Works wete the firft with which Briiain was adorned ; then Agricola inftrudéted the Britons to build Temples, and other magnificent Struétures in the Roman Tafte; and thefe Temples, as well as others of the Pagax World, were converted into Churches, when’ Chriftianity began to prevail: Temples and Churches were therefore founded on one and the fame Plan, and both had their Origin from the fewi/b Works. And indeed, if we were to exa- mine into all our Churches, we fhou’d not only find them to con- tain the very Form and Dimenfions of thofe Works, but whatever hath been thought excellent in the Grecian and Roman Buildings. This we fhall illuftrate by an Example. Tue Cathedral of Landaff, in Glamorganjbire, is, beyond doubt; the moft antient Church in Britain; the Eaft Part whereof was built to imitate Salemon’s Temple; and when it was repaired,-about the Year 1120, the Nave was enlarged, fo as to formi a Figure fimilar to that, of WVoak’s Ark, it being 186 Feet 6 Inches and half in, Length, and. 3x\Feet in Breadth. The Side Arches of this Church were fi- nifhed by a Torus, 31 Feet above the Floor, and: 15° Feet 6 Inches above that Torus, there were Corbets, which determined the Height? of the; old Church ; but when it was enlarged the Roof was raifed Kkk 5 Feet 222 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book V: 5 Feet 6 Inches higher ; fo that the whole Altitude of the Nave, before it was repaired in the Year 1734, was 51 Feet 8 Inches; by which it’s plain, the End of that’ Part of the Church, formed a Fi- gure, like the End of Moat’s Ark, of three by five, and the Floor of the Church was in Length, juft ix Times its Breadth, as the Floor of the Ark was. ‘ Morzover, Solomon's Temple was 30 Feet broad, and 45 Feet high ; and the Nave of Landaff Church was 31 Feet broad, and 46 Feet 6 Inches high. The Entrance to the Yemple was at the Eaft End of that Structure, fo was the Entrance to the Church 3 and both Entrances were about half the Breadth of the Nave of each Building: The Yemple was go Feet long in the Clear, it was envi- roned with a Chamber and Porch, and the exterior Dimenfions was 150 Feet, by 75 Feet. Now the Church, with the Ifles, is 75 Feet broad, go Feet from the Eaft End there are Pillars, and if we ftill go Welt, to the next Pi//ars, and meafure from them to the Eaft End of the Side Iles, which extends beyond the Eaft End of the Nave of the Church, the Length will beabout 150 Feet: Acain, the Pillars on each Side the Nave are in Breadth the one-fixth, and one Part of them is in Depth the one-eighth Part of the Height of the Arches, and the Arches are two Diameters high 5 fo that here we have the very. Proportions of the Déorick Order; and the Intercolumnation generally applied to that Order: Thefe Pro- portions, as well as the Figures of the facred Edifices of the, Sewsy we have found difguifed under Gorhick Dre/s, in many other Churches 5 and therefore, were thofe Churches ftripped of their licentious Or- maments, the Beauty of the Proportions obferved by the Antients woud appear, in the ftrongeft Manner, in them, To enable us to judge of the Beauty of thofe. Proportions, the Knowledge of the Standard Meaofures of the Antients, will be con= ducive. GeHA Pr Xf Of the Standard Meafures of the Antients, \HE greateft fimple Number being ten, every Nation’ pro- ceeded by that Number, in Encreafing their Mea/ures of Length and Capacity, whether the Integer was the Foo, the Cubit, or the Fathom, is Wun Chap. XI. Plagiavi{in of the Heathens Deteéied. 2% 3 Wuen the Integer with the Egyprians was the Cubit, they made their Reed ten of thofe Cubits in Length, and 100 of thofe {quare Reeds, or 10 it Length, and ro in Breadth, formed an Aroura of Land, of 100 Cubits, or 150 Feet {quare, 36 of which made a Piece of Land of g00 Feet fquare, which. was the Portion (a) af- figned to every Military Man in the Kingdom. Wuen the Integer with the Greeks was the Foot, their Reed was 10 of thofe Feet in Length, the Square of which made their Clima; and 10 Climata’s in Length; and 16 in Breadth, formed. their Plethrum of Land, of 100 Feer {quare; _ Wuen the Integer with the Romans was the Foot, they made their Calamus, or Persica, 10 of thofe Feet in Length, the Square whereof formed their Scrupulum, 10 of which in Length, and ro in Breadth made their Yer/us of Land, of 100 Feet {quare: But when their Integer was the Orgyia, or Fathom, 10 of thofe Fathoms in Length, and ten in Breadth, made a Piece of fquare Land of 60 Feet on every Side; which they called a Clima; two of thele Climata’s in Length, and two in Breadth, made a {quate Aus; 160 AGtus’s in Length, and ro in Breadth, formed a Decumanus 5; 10 Decumari in Length, and ro in Breadth, made a Centuria; and 16 Centuria in Length, and ro in Breadth; conftituted a Salus: Tus Englifh Perch, when the Intéger was a Foot, was antiently 10. Feet in Length, and 10 in Breadth;. 10 of which Perches in Length, and ro-in Breadth; formed the Rood of 100 Feet f{quare ; and. four of thofe Reads made an Acre of Land, of 200 Feet {quare : But when the Integer was a Cubit, 10 of thofe Cubits made a Pole; 40 Pole a Furlong, and 1600 fquare Pole one {quare Furlong. A Stadiuin, or Furlong, in. every Nation of old, was a Meafure of 100 Orgyia in Length, or 600 Feet; eight of which Stades, ot Furlongs, made a Mile: And therefore; as the fquare Srade of the Britons contained 9. Acres; or 36 Roods of Land, that of the Ré- mans 36 Verfus’s, that of the Greeks 36 Plethrums, and that of the Egyptians 16 Aroura’s ; it Leems evident that all thefé Meafures were at firft taken from one another, whatever the Variations may have been. by the Encreafe, or Decreafe of the Integer. To afcertain the Integers of thefe Nations; we mit previoufly obferye, that. the firft Mea/ures made ufe of by Man, were taken from .the Parts of the Human Body. This is a FaG@ that remains uncontroverted ; and therefore it will be neceflaty to fhew’the Pro- portion the Parts, of that noble. Stru€ure bear to one another, bé= fore they are reduced to any determinate Lengths. (4) Herod... 2. isl & Man 204 The Orizinof Building: Or, The Book V. Man, of a perfeé and unconfined Growth, when neither indulg- ed with Eafe, nor oppreffed by Labour, ftanding in an ere& Pofture, with his Arms extended horizontally, forms a perfeé Square, that is, his whole Height is equal to the Length between the Ends of his middle Fingers ; and this laft Length is called a Fathom: His Foot, from whence the Mea/ure of the Foor is taken, is equal to the one-fixth Part of his whole Height: His Arm, from the El- bow Joint, to the End of the middle Finger, from whence the Mea- fure of the Cubit takes its Rife, anfwers to the one-fourth Part of his Height: The whole Arm, to the middle of his Back, being the Origin of the Yard, anfwers to the one-half, the Span to the one- eighth, and the Breadth of his Hand, or the Pal, to the one- twenty-fourth Part of his whole Altitude. Thus the Length of the Foot is equal to four ‘Times the Breadth of the Hand; the Cudit is double the Span, and equal to fix Times the Breadth of the Hand ; the Yard is double the Length of the Cuéit, three Times the Length of the Foot, and one-half of the Height of the Man. Tuese Proportions were univerfally received by the Antients 3}. and as all Nations foon grew emulous of Glory, one of their Maxims was to encreafe whatever Figures were eftablithed on them, fo as to make Pofterity, believe the Succefs of their great Exploits was from their People being of a larger Stature than ordinary. Vexander the Great carried this Point fo far, that, upon putting an End to his Con- quefts in India, he (¢) erected, at the River Hyphafes, 12 Altars to the 12 Gops, every one 50 Cubits high; he then threw up an En- treachment round his Camp, thrice as large as the former, making it.50 Feet broad, and 40 Feet deep; and with the Earth that came out, he raifed.a\ Mud Wall on the inner Side ; he next commanded every Soldier to provide two Beds in his Tent, of five Cydits high, and the Horfemen to make Mangers twice as big as any other, and that every Thing they left behind fhould be enlarged in the fame Proportion; to the End, fays Diodorus Siculus, that thefe Monu- ments might make the World believe, that thofe with him were Men of mighty Stature, and ftronger than any other. , Tur Cubit was, beyond difpute, the firft eftablith’d Meafure in the: World, fixed to a Standard when°GOD direéted the 4A to be built, and mofttikely by the Length of /Voah’s own Arm; and it’s very probable, this Mea/wre was given to Mo/es to make the Za- bernacle by; that the fame might be preferved in that Sacred Edi- fice, as well as the true Weight of the Fewifh Talent ; after which, when People began every where to work by ftated Dimenfions, and they knowing by what Rule the Length of the Cudit was originally fixed, every Man therefore judged of it by his own Arm; but as all Men differ in Size and Proportion, there feems foon‘to have been (6) Diod. Sic. 17, o 22% a De- Chap. XI. Plagiarifin of the Heathens Deteéted. 225 a Deviation from the Standard by thefe Means; fo that when Mofes defcribes the extraordinary Dimenfions of the Bedftead (c} of Og, King of Ba/ban, the laft of the Race of the Giants, (which was nine Cydits long, and four broad) he fays, The Meafures were after the Cubit of a Man ; that is, they were taken by the Standard, and People were to judge of them by that Meg/ure, and not by the Length of their own Arms, nor by the Arms of Men of extraor- dinary Stature. Tue firt People that begah to enlarge the Standard Meafures were the Egyptians, from whom the firft Hercules was defcended ; and he haying been the original Divider of their Country, into pri+ vate Property, puts it beyond all doubt, that the Fathom, or Royal Cubit of Egypt, was eftablifhed on the Length he could em- brace, the fame as our Englifh Yard was fixed by King Henry the Firft, from the Length of his own Arm. This Yard is fomething longer than the Standard Yard in Guildhall; for the latter being di- vided into 3000 Parts, the former contains 3022 of thofe Parts, and 19-27ths of another Part: We {hall therefore, for the future, defcribe all our Standard Meafures, by fach Parts, as thofe contain- ed in the Guildhall Yard, as above. Tris Length of the antient Royal Cubit of Egypt, appears exactly by the Dimenfions of the greateft Pyramid, which Ibn Abd Alboki, an Arabian Writer, quoted by Mr. Greaves (d), tells us was 100 of thofe Cudizs on every Side, and that they were equal to 500 4ra~ bian Cubits ; this anfwering to 693 Feet, by the Guildhall Standard, every Arabian Foot was 924 Parts long, and every Royal Gubit of Egypt was 6930 of the fame Parts in Length. DIODORUS SIGULUS (¢) tells us, that Sefoffris was four Cubits and four Spans high, and that the great Pyramid was 700 Feet long on every Side; his Foot was therefore gg90 Parts long, which makes his Cubit 1485 of the fame Parts; now four of thofe Cubits, and four Spans, make 6930 Parts in Length, equal to the 4ooth Part of the Length of the Side of the Pyramid, and to the Height of S¢/ofris; a fourth of which makes the common Gybit of Egypt 1732 Parts and a half in Length; and by this Guézt Sir Laac Newton proves this Pyramid to have been built, Tue antient Eeyptidns were Men of fine Stature, owing to their going naked (f) from their Infancy, to the Time of Manhood: But yet their general Height could not exceed that of the People of the prefent Age, becaufe Mr. Greaves faw many of their Mum- mies no higher than the People in thefe Days ; and the Monument (c) Deus." iti, 11, (4) Mifcell. p. 10. (e) Lib.t. c. 4. f) Diod. Silt. 6. 6. Ll] f oT 22 The Origin of Building: Or, The — Book V. of Cheops, in the great Pyramid, don’t exceed 6488 Parts in Length, in the Clear, which was probably defigned to preferve their Standard Cubit, amounting thus to 1622 Parts, fince the Czdit it was erected by was of a much larger Size, as above. To attain therefore the true Standard Meafure of the Antients, in the Length of their Cudit, their Foot, and their Fathom we mutt entirely lay afide the Works of their Heroes, and take fuch Accounté as facred Hiftory, confirmed by profane, furnifhes us with. Tus Tabernacle remaining entire ’till Solomon’s Temple was built, is an evident Demonftration that the Original Weights and Meafures could be preferved ; arid that they were preferved, there is not the leaft Reafon to doubt of. The Brazen Pillars /, g) in the Porch of this Temple, were 3 Fathoms, or 12 Cubits in Circumference, and 48 Cubits high: The Pillars (4) in the Court of Herod's Temple were fo large, that three Men could but juft fathom them, and their Height was 27 Feet: Thé Columns (i) in the Temple of Peace, at Rome, built after the Deftru@ion of the Temple at Ferufalem, and probably: fome of. the very P/l/ars of that Stru@ure, are pre- cifely 6074 Parts and a Quarter in Diameter; and Mr, Maundrelf (k) found, in the under-ground Work of the Ruins of the Temple at Ferufalem, Pillars of two Yards Diameter: Now fuppofing So- lonon's. Pillars were exa&ly copied by Herod, though differently de- feribed in, their Meafures by Fofephus, 12 Cubits, as well ‘asthe Fathom of three Men, was equal to 18 Feet, and thefe Feer to pro- duee a Diameter, equal to 6074 Parts and a Quarter, muft have contained 10660 Parts in each Foor. Tus Fewifh Standard of the Cubit, from hence, muft have con- taincd 590 Parts; fuppofing the Columns in the Temple of Peace, at Rome, were Part of the Ruins of the Temple at Ferufalem ; and fuppofing alfo, that thefe PHars, at the Time’ Mohfieur De lzo~ detz meafured them, retained their genuine Size,’and were not lef fened, which we can’t well fuppofe, after their ftanding fo: many Ages as they have done. Tus National Standards’ that comes neareft to the above Foot of 1060 Parts, are thofe of Naples, Conftantinople, Perfia, and Paris: For the Braccio at Maples, being a Meafure of two Feet, contains 2100 Parts, or roso0 in a Foot; the leffer Turkifb Pike, likewife a Mea/ure of two Feet, contains 2131 Parts and I-qr. or fo65 and 5+8ths in a Foor; the Perfian Arifh, or Yard, contains 3197. Parts, or 1065 and 2+3ds. in a Foot; and the Paris Foot is in, Leneth 1068 of the fame Parts. (g), 1 Kings vii. 15. ()'Defgodetz’s Meaf. of the antient Buildings at Rome, p. 1072 A) fof, Att. 1.15.0. 14, (&) Journey to Aleppo. p. 100, Wa Chap. XI. Plagiari[m of the Heathens Detefed. 227 We may from hence conclude; that the Standard, from whence all thefe Nations took theirs, was a larger one than appears at pre- fent, from the remaining Parts of the Temple at Ferufalem, as above. SNELLIUS maintains the Rhinland Foot, containing 1033 Parts, to be the Size of the Roman Foot, grounding his Opinion upon the Meafures of a Fort near Leyden, fappofed by Ortelius to have been built by Glaudius Cefar, in his intended Voyage to Britains for that Fort was a perfect Square, in Length and Breadth 240 of thefe Fer, and therefore equal to four 4fus’s; a certain Mea/fure of Land among the Roimans of 140 Feet fquare, as above. Tur Romans having introduced Architedlure, foon after the Time of Claudius, into England ; and it having been an univerfal Cuftom, as well among the Heathens as Chriftians, to make the Nave of their Temples and Churches 20 Cubits, or 30 (i) Feet broad; the Breadth of our Cathedral Churches, generally running to about 31 of our prefent Feet, demonftrates that our Standard Foot was anti- ently longer than at prefent, by about a 30th Part; and probably it was once equal in Length to the Réimland Foot, and even longer when our ere of Land was adjufted to the Quantity it now con- tains: In Pliny’s Time, the Standard Foor at Rome was in a great State of Uncertainty ; and though the modern Writers have contefted, that the Foot on Coffutius’s Monument was the true Standard, as well as that on the Monument cf Statilius, while fome maintained the Cox- gius of Vefpafian to be the Size of the genuine Foot; yet it’s evident Pliny followed a Standard different from any of them, when he re- duced the Pyramids in Egypt to the Roman Meafure theri made ufe of ; becaufe Herodotus makes the longeft of them eight Plerbrons, or 800 Grecian Feet in Front, at the Bafe, which Pliny calls 883: Now Plizy’s Calculation arifes on the Suppofition the Rhinland Foot was the true antient Roman Foot, and that the Grecian Foot was fo much longet, as that 600 of thein fhould make up 625 Roman Feet ; 625 of the antient Roman Feet, at 1033 Parts in a Foot, being there- fore reduced to 600 Grecian Feet, each Foot muft have contained: 1076 Parts and 5-120ths of another Part; and 800 of thefe Peer to produce 883 of the Roman Feet made ufe of in, Pliny’s Time, will give to each Foot 974 Parts, and 2374 Parts in 2649 of ano ther, ‘which is about 8 Parts more than what are contained in Cof Jutius’s Standard, and is a mean: Proportion between thofe’ of Coffu~ tins, Statilius, and the Congius of Vefpafian; the firft being 967 Parts, the fecond 972, and the third 986 ; which being added toge- ther, the one-third Part of the Produ@& is 975 Parts: From which Foot, or a Foot of 976 Parts, the Romans adjufted their Palm at 732 0f the fame Parts. By 228 = The Oviginof Building: Or, The Book V. By what has been faid, it is clear, that the Greek and Roman Stade was of the fame Length, tho’ they contained a different Num+ ber of Meer; and there is no doubt but the Englijh Furlong was at firft equal to the Grecian and Roman Stades, but adjufted to 660 Feet, about the Time when Pliny wrote, or when the Foot, from whence the Roman Palm of 732 Parts was adjufted, was made ufe of here, or a Foot, a trifle longer; for 600 Grecian Feet, at 1076 Parts, and 5-r120ths toa Foor, are equal to 660 Feet, at 978 Parts, and 145-66oths to a Foot. ‘Fun Portico of Septimius Severus, at Romé, (fo named from his Repairing it after it was burnt) was built by the Rbialand Foot ; for Monfieur De/goderz having found the Colwmns in that Portico to be 3 Foot 4 Inches and a half in Diameter ; the Length of the Area of the Portico to be 29 Semi-Diameters, 18 Parts, and one-third of the Colwanns; the Breadth to be 20 Semi-Diameters, 4 Parts, and a qr; and the Entrance at each End to be g Semi-Diameters, and 13 Parts, it produces juft one-half of Exckiel’s Vifionary Temple, fince one of thefe Semi-Diameters reduced to Englifh Mea/ure, makes 1803 Parts, and 1-9th; fo confequently it is within a Trifle of x Foot and a half, and a Hand’s Breadth, by the Rhinland Standard; which amounts to 1807 Parts and 3-4ths, Tus Rbinland Foot having been thus univerfally followed by the Romans and Britains, and the Nave of the Temple of Peace contain- ing 80 of them in Width, and the whole Edifice being compre- hended in a Figure 300 Feet long, and 200 Feet broad, exclufive of the circular Projections, it eftablithes the true antient Roman Foot at 1033 Parts, and the Grecian Foot at 1076 Parts, and 5-1 20ths ; and 6 of thele Grecian Feet amounts, within about a Quarter of an Inch, to the Length of the Monument of Cheops, as above. ‘Thus the Egyptian and Grecian Standards are brought, in Effe@, to an Equa- lity, as they ought to be, according to the Teftimony of Heredotis. Tut Grecian Mea/ures were manifeftly taken from the Tabernacle, for thefe People fixed the Lengths of their Bricks for their Build- ings, both publick and private, by the Parts of that Edifice, as the Didoron, of two Spans, or 18 Inches long, for their common Edi- fices, by the Alar of Incenfe of a Cubit, or 18 Eaches over; the Tetradoron, of 4 Spans, or 36 Inches long, and the Pentadoron of 5 Spans, or 3 Feet, 9 Inches long, both for their facred Stru@ures, by the Length of the 44 and Tadle, the firft being 2 Cubizs and a half, and the laft two Cuéits long ; their Orgyia was equal to the Fathom, and their Stade confifted of 100 Orgyia, or 600. Feet : From hence the Fewi/h Cubit in the Tabernacle was 1614 Parts, and 15-240ths of another Part, or x Foot and a half of the Grecian Meafure. Wuein Chap. XI. Plagiavifim of the Heathens Deteéted 229 Wuen the fevetal Eaftern Nations fell into a State of Depravity, and the Princes oppreffed the People, it began by a Corruption of Weights and Meafures, and an Advanéement in the Value of their Money ; therefore when the Yews were in Captivity at Babylon, Ezekiel was for reftoring td his Brethren their true Standard of the Cubiz, leflened a 6th Part: The Cubit, {ays he, is a Cubit and a Hand's Breadth ; which he diftinguifhed from the Babylonian, and all other. Cudizs then known to ‘the Jews, by calling it the great Cubit, and that by which the Tabernacle was made. And con{onant with this, Herodotus tells us, the common Cuéit at Babylon was three Digits lefs in Length than the true Standard, ot Royal Cubit of that City: Now that a Cudit fo fmall-as the one-fxth le& than the Fewilh Standard, or about 1383 Parts and 2-3ds, was made ufe of in _4 hit, hath been already fhewn ; that of 4-abid containing 7386 of the like Parts. his Arabian Standard was not barely confined to that Country, for it may be traced through marty others, and now con- tinues the Standard in Spain, with vety little Deficiency : the Spa- nifo half Vara éontaitiing 1380 Parts, and the Foor 920. By this Foot the Pantheon {eens to lave been built, fince it contains 200 of them in Diameter; and a Pal from the fame Foot, or orie a {mall Matter longer, Mr. Greaves found engraven on a white Marble Stone, in the Capitol at Rome; an evident Demonftration of its be: ing a Standard once followed in that City. Norwirnsranpine; the Arabian Foot, by the exa@ Length of the Pyramid, comes out at 924 Parts, yet it might . have been lefs by a Part or two; and then Ezekiel’s Cubit of a Hand’s Breadth more than the common Arabian Cubit, aprees with the Grecian Mea- Sure, and fo fixes the Fewifb Standard of the Cubit at 1614 fuch Parts, and 15-240ths of another Part, whereof the Standard Yard in Guildhall, London, contains 3000, the Paris Foot 1068, and the Rhinland Foot 1033: The fewifh Fathom thus amounting to 6456 Parts, arid a Quarter, falls within the Limits of the clear Length of the Monument of Cheops, iti the great Pyramid, that Monument be- ing $488 Parts in Length, as above: The Difference between 6488, and 6456, is not above a. Quarter of an Tach, which might have happened by a Decay of thé Stone, or by its Swelling in fuch a con- fined Place ; and therefore this Monument was, in ‘all Probability, defigned, by the Egyprians, to tranfmit to Pofterity, the tiie Sta7- dard of the Fewifh Fathom, as well as of their own Cubit. Tus Sewifh Standard this fixed, feems to have been the Stan- dard the Builders of Stone-Henge made Ufe of in that Work ; which, from the moft exact Survey on the Spot, we found to be 97 Feet Diameter in the Clear, by the Standard in the Exchequer ; and with the outward Row of Pillars 104 Feet Diameter: $6 that the clear Mmm Diameter 230 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book V. Diameter of this Work, as it now ftands, is 97 Feet, 733 Parts, and 20-27ths, by the Guildhall Standard, which exceeds 60 Cubits, by the Fewi/h Standard, no more than about 890 Parts; and this Excefs may be owing to the Wafte of the Stone, and to the leaning Pofition of the Pi//ars, outwards, fince they were fet up. As the Certainty of all thefe Calculations depend upon the exact Meafures taken by Mr. Greaves, as well as' upon the Truth’ of his comparing and adjufting the Standards of other Nations to that of England, it may not be improper to examine one of thofe Dimen- fions he is defirous to. perpetuate, with the fame Dimenfiot taken by another Hand, namely, the Door of the Pantheon: This Door Mr.Greaves tells us is 19 Feet and 602 Parts in Breadth ; and Monf, Defgodetz makes it nineteen Feet, 609 Patts, arid one-third; (or 18 Feet, 4, Inches and one-third by the French Mea/ure) a Difference fo inconfiderable, that we can’t tell to which to give the greateft Accuracy, fince Monfieur De/godera’s Exatnefs may be proved from a Meafure taken by Serlio, in the fame Temple, to wit, in the greateft Diameter, which the former, from Pilafer to Pilaffer, has taken at 133 Feet 7 Inches, the latter at 193 Palas: Now the French Meafure at 1068 Parts to a Foor, falls fhort of the Raman Meafure, at 732 Parts to a Pal, no more than. 73 of fuch Parts whereof the Exgli/b Foot contains 090, as above, We fhall only add, under this Head, that every {quare Fuor of the Grecian Meafure was above a third Part more than a {quare Foot by the Arabian, ot Babylonian Standard therefore before we can form a juft Idea of the Effect of the Works of the Antients, by their Magnitudes, it will be neceflary for us to be well aflured of the Length of the Standards, by which thofe Works were made, tmea- fured, or defcribed in Hiftory ; for without fuch Knowledge; how will Hiftory miflead us? Pliny, as a learned Writer, makes the great Pyramid a Square of 883 Feet; Greaves, as a learned Mathe- matician, found it to be no more than a Square of 693 Feet, by a Standard les than the Englifh Foot ; and by the Paris Foor a Squate of about 649 Fee. Now the Square of 883 is 779,689, but the Square of 649 is no more than 421,201: So that if we were to conceive the Magnitude of that Pyramid, by Pliny’s Number of Feet, and the French Standard, it rautt cover almoft double. the Ground to what it ftands upon ;, and the Magnitude of the Whole muft be above double. to. what it really is. In like Manner, if the Stone-Houfe at Sais, in Egypt, was mea- Jured by the fame Foot, Herodotus, or thofe he had his Account from, meafured the great Pyramid, it was not much above’ half the Magnitude of what it muft have been by the Grecian Standard Foot, as above; and therefore that Houfe was, in all Probability, far deficient in Magnitude, ; to the Stone-Houfe in Hoy. CHAP. eal Chap. XII. Plagiarifim of the Heathens Detected. 23% CHAP. XIL ‘The Summary, and Conctusion. for us to fum up the Evidence which hath been given to prove the Oricin of Buying, and Derecr the Plagiari/m of the Heathens : For notwithftanding a Cloud of further Evidence may be produced. in Favour of our Hypozhefis, yet what we have al- ready collected will, we hope, be a fufhcient Conviétion of the Truth of it, to fuch as are inclined to admit of Fats, after a fair and candid Hearing. B=: we conclude this Treatife, it may not be improper Tur Dezars is between facred and profane Hiftory ; and they are both unanimous in this, that Mankind had no fuch Thing, .as Houfes to dwell in for fome Generations after the .Creation : . But Shame for the Forfeituré of Parapice, and Fear for the horrid- A& of Murder, having fuggefted to Man a Place for the Shelter, as well as Security of his Perfon, he very ingenioufly imitated the Birds, ‘and fo began to’ build Huts to dwell in: After which, Mankind, by dwelling together, began to invent many Arts, and fuch Things. as were further ufeful and beneficial to them. However, thefe Arts were only a Prelude to that, Mark. of GOD’s Difpleafure, which he executed in Deftroying the World ; and thofe Men, whofe utmoft Skill in Building amounted. to! no ‘more than erecting ‘Tents, were enabled, by thofe Arts, to perform a Timber Struéture, furpaffing the Art of all fucceeding Genera- tions; for that Structure was not only built, but it performed the ‘Office it was intended for; it bravely braved that which. nothing ‘elfe coud withftand ; and, for near four Months Time, furmounted both Earth ‘and Sea. Bur fuppofe there was no fuch Thing as the Deluge, (which in Fac wou’d be admitting nothing beyond our Knowledge). How beau- tiful the Metaphor! Mo/es tells us there were. two Sets of People in the Antediluvian World, ze Sons of GOD, and: the Sons of Men: Thofe who by their Piety obtained the firft. Name,.were at. Length ovéer-whelmed. by Luft; and. joined themfelves with thofe, who, by their Diffolutencfs, had incurr’d the Name of she Sons of Men, and fo corrupted the whole Earth. Then GOD interpofed, and re- duced the whole Race of the Human Species to a fingle Family, ‘thie Principal of which was the only righteous Perfon in bis Genera- tion; 232 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book V- tion; and with hin GOD made @ Covenant, that he would never proceed to the like Extremity again. Tie Heads of this Family were Eye-Witdeffes of the Buildings common in the Antediluvian World, confequently they knew how to erect proper Habitations, and as fuch they made themfelves Tents to dwell in, “till ooh fent the Ifue of his Sons abroad, to reple- nifh the Earth, who,. in their’Travels, had inteftine Quarrels, which pervertéd their Ideas of the Religion of their Anceftors ; and when they got into a fruitful Plain, one of the F amily of Ham turned Le- giflator, inftituted a new Religion, and the People, as a Mark of their Piety, raifed a Tower, which they dedicated to the heavenly Bodies, but primary to the Sv#, as the Chief of that Order, and the Body . from whom ‘they received the moft Benefit. After this, one of the Defeendants of Shem turned Legiflator alfo; and finding that the Moon was of great Ufe to this lower World, adopted that Luminary as the Chief of the heavenly Bodies, and inftituted a new Religion, wherein the Moon was to be addrefled, inftead of the Sun, as the Mediator between GOD and Man. Hereupon fuch Difputes and Contentions arofe among the People, that they feparated from. one another, their Works of Piety became Works of Confufion, and the Worfhip of GOD, by the Sua and Moon, was propagated Wwhere- ever thofe People went. Tuts Depravity continued for many Generations; at length, when Abram was born, his Father began to change his Ideas, and gave his Son fuch an Education, that 4éram becarhe an Oppofer of the Religions inftituted, as above, and undertook to reftore the Primitive Religion, taught by (Voah ; for which he was perfecuted and drove away from his Native Place. Then GOD REVEALED Himéelf to him, gave him a Land for the future Abode of him@lf and Family, and promifed, Tar in wuts Sexp ALL THE FAMILIES oF THE EartH SHOULD BE: BLEsseD: And in Token thereof ram built an Altar. This Promife GOD renewed to Yaac, the youngeft Son of Abraham, who, following the Example of his Father, ere@ed a Pillar, poured a Libation of Oil thereon, and thefe named the Place where that Pillar was erected, The Housz of GO D: And thus Places feparated for the Adoration of GOD took their Rife, and were as Marks of the Gratitude of the Founder. Tuse were fucceeded by other Monuments, and. fuch as affected the Fidelity of Man; Abraham planted a Tree, when he made his Covenant with Abimelech ; and Taac raifed a Pillar, and a Heap of Stones, when he entered into a League with his Father-in-Law Laban; and fo Mofes, when he made the Covenant between GOD and the [/raclites, fet up 12 Pillars as Monuments thereof, As re ~ Sine hey Chap. XII. Plagiarifim of the Eleathens Detetted. 2.33 » As Idolatry -took its Rife by a Regard paid to the heavenly Bo- dies, on Account of the Benefits they yield to the Earth, upon the fame Principle the Pagans paid Divine Honours, to. whatever they received any Advantage from. Prophets and ezinent. Men were par- ticularly adored; and after Death, like the Sun and Moon, repre- fented by their Images : But of this Clafs, Hiftory points out but three in the moft early Ages, Moah, the Poffefor of the Covenant ; Abra- bam, the Line of the Law; and Fofeph, the Collector of Wheat : All thefe having been reprefented by Image, thofe Images had In- telligences, faid to have been drawn down from Heaven, to animate them, and they declared the Will of the Derry to fuch;as wanted to obtain it. But alas! what were thofe Intelligences ? Why, truly, human Creatures, like ourfelves, concealed in thofe Images, or in the Pedeftals on which they were fet. ABRAHAM and his Family having been feparated from the Reft of Mankind, to put an End to this Craft, and Illufion, GOD, in order to try their Faith, and engraft Humility in. them, deftin’d them toa State of Pilgrimage and Slavery for.400 Years, and then releafed them by the Hand of his Servant Mo/es ; who, in his con- duéting them. toe the promifed Land of Canaan, the Land. given: to their Father Abram, took Care to explode the Worfhip of /en/fible Beings, as well as all the Aparatus of Oracles ; for, upon his croffing the Red Sea he made a Vow, That he wou'd build an Warrrarion for GOD, and thereby Exaur Him, Accorpinciy, to make good this pious Refolution, GOD not only gave Mo/es the Pattern of a proper Hasiration, but directed it fo as that every Part thereof fhou’d be expreffive of his Ads to- wards Men. He alfo pave Mo/es full Inftru€@tions how he was to be worsuipreD, fpeaking to him as one Friend wou'd fpeak to ano- ther, and not in dark and obfcure Sentences ; while Mo/es, on his Part, took Gare to convince the People, that no other Prophet wou’d have the fame Accefs to GOD, ’till one fhou’d arife, endowed, like himfelf, with the Divine Light and Perfettiow: °Till then, the Seat of GOD was to be feparated by a Vail, from the Place that was made acceflible to Man. King David, moved by the fame Pious Intention that ftirred up Mofes, determin’d to build the Hazrrarion of GOD in a more ftately Manner than Mo/es had done. But notwithftanding his De- fign was approv'd of, and GOD direéted how the Work fhou’d be done, yet the Execution thereof was referved for his Son Solomon ; who was no fooner eftablifhed.in Peace on the Throne of Jfaci, than he began a Temple of fuch a ftupendious Size, and finifhed it in: fuch a beautiful, correct, and coftly Manner, that it far exceed- ed any, Structure the World ever produced. And indeed, no Prince, befides Salomon, was ever qualified for fo large an Undertaking ; for ee Nano as 234 » The Origin of Building: Or, The — Book’V: asthe D/faelites' were Bondmen themfelves in the Building Art, and had juftly afflicted the Inhabitants of four large Cities, and their Pofte- rity, for 400 Years, in the fame Art, he was able to colle& above 183,300 Men, -all compleat Artificers, to carty oft his Works with: Works which raifed the Admiration of the whole World, and all the Princes of the Earth thought it their Intereft to purchafe King Solomon’s Favour with rich Prefents, which they brought him yearly ; fo that Silver’ was reckoned as nothing in his Days, and ‘was as “Plenty as the very Stones'at Yeru/alem !: SOLOMOWN was not content with all thefe Riches and Mag- nificence, he wanted to carry on an Intercourfe with GOD, but the Vail prevented it, and the King was foon led to confult the Goons of the Pagan World: For which open Violation of the Law, GOD determin'd to rend the greateft Part of the Kingdom out of the Hands of his Son, and the Fews, after Solomon's Death, plunging themfelves further into Idolatry, GOD alfo refilved to transfer their immenfe Wealth to the Egyptians, and to make them tributary to the People of that Nation . Tus was put into immediate’ Fxecutioh, for Reboboam, the Son of Solomon, had not teigned five Years before Shifhak, or Sefoftris, King of Egypt, came into Fudea with a numerous Army, difpof fefsd the I/raelites of their Riches, and therewith, and with the Captives he carried away, began to adorn his own Country with ftately Buildings, particularly with Temples to his Father Ammon ; in which Temples he fet up Oracles, ‘and caufed Amon to be wor- fhipped and confulted as a Gop. For this Arrogance a final Period was foon put to the Lg yprian Magnificence, GOD raifing up the Affyrians to diveft the People of that Nation of their Power and Riches; which they liad no fooner done, than they themfelves abandon’d all Thoughts of Hu- mility, and their Pride grew fo great, that they openly bid Defiance to the GOD of Fudab. Tuis Vanity and Impicty proved the Deftruion of the Affyrians, and the Advancement of the Babylonians, GOD making Nebuchad- nezzar chief Monarch, as well as Proprietor, of the colletted Wealth of the World; but this Prince, puff’d up with Pride and Arré- gance, foon forgot the Hand by which he was rais’d, and affumed his Profperity, with the Works he had accomplith’d in the great City of Babylon, to his own Merit ; for which Prefumption, GOD firft debafed him, then deprived him of his natural Reafon, and after- wards tran/mitted the Power and Riches he had vefted in him to the Medes, from rhefe to the Perfians, next to the Grecians, and laf? of all to the Romans; who had not long enjoyed them, before the Prorurt defcribed by Mo/es arofe: Then the Vail in the Fewi/b Tent ip le Chap. XII. Plagiarifm of the Heathens Detected. 238 Temple was Rent, the Seat of GOD was made acceflible to all Mankind, and the Bounties he had, in their Turns, intrufted fo many potent Princes with, were divided into many Branches, and given to as many Kings, alluded to by the Horns of the fourth Beaft mentioned in Damiel’s Vifion. To the Supreme Power and colleéted Riches of the Earth, Archi- tecture became a fure Acceflary ; for every Monarch employ’d his Captives, confifting chiefly of the beft Artificets of every vanquifh’d Country, upon fome ftupendious Building, as the principal Object of his Ambition, to perpetuate his Name, the Power of his People, and the Wealth of his Kingdom. But this Monument of Pride, inftead of anfwering its defir’d End, became the Deftruction of him for whom it was erected; for the Riches exhibited in it, animated the People of other Natidns to endeavour for them, who foon obtained their Prey ; becaufe thofe inured to Fatigues and Poverty could not fail of beirig too powerful for thofe that wantoned in Eafe and Wealth. And thus, in a continual Succeflion, Architefture has been the chief Caufe of the Glory and Envy, as well as of the Ruin of Kings and Kingdoms, Emperors and Empires, each Potentate endeavouring to outdo the other in Works that wou’d render him imoft remarkable to Pofterity. Our ConcLUSION THEREFORE IS: Tat the Pagans, finding how the Parts of the Fewi/b Struc- tures coincided with the Matters contained in the Hiftory of the J/- yaelites,; they foon copied thofe very Parts, and applied them to their own Idols in the Temples they ereéted to them; which, on this Account, they held {6 Sacred; that a Profanation of them was punif'd with prefent Death: That thofe Pagans, not fatisfied with this Application, in Procefs of Time, assumED THESE THINGS TO ugk Own InveNTIon, and then traduced the Yews with being Blafphemers and Deriders of the Divinity ; thofe People, by ne- plecting the Real Part of the Law, having alfo forgot the Symbolical, nor could they tell to what divine Matters the various Parts of their Sacred Edifices referr’d ! Tis we have fufliciently made appeat in the preceding Sheets 5 in which we had no other Hypothefis in View, nor have we any other now, but that of RENDERING UNTO CASAR, THE THINGS WHICH ARE CAESARS; AND, UNTO GOD, THE THINGS WHICH ARE GODS. Poe NTS, Pageos Line 20 re} 6 35 o7 36 08 34 16 14 17 32 29 26 ib. 2 21 4 ib. 22 23 2 26 9 39 ou 41 4 5° 13 75 14 93 37 99 5 132 3 156 8 170 11 ib. 22 185 29 ig2 27 395 20 207 26 209 I 224 16 ERRATA for Ion being entered Afa, read Jon having entered Afa. for as wel: on the Rife, read, as well as on the Rife, ‘ for to reign 20 Years, and Dorus to build, read to have reigned 20 Years, and Dorus to have built for who being entered Canaan, read who having enter’d Canaan for muft-be of Burden, read muft have been of a Burden. for being afcertained read having been af{certained, and 33 for Town, read Tower. for approved, read approved of. The Note (4) is Gen X. 8 for Gomer, read’ Faph for Attributes, read Attendants. for the Firft Colony, read the Colony. for advanced himfelf, read advanced him for will the fubjeé, read for will be the fubjeét. for Lanp read Lorp for more exprefly, read moft exprefly for built, read cuty for hundred, read thoufand; and line 6 for thoufand, read hundred for 40 Cubits, read 30 Cubits in the clear. and 9, read thus; over his fubjects ; for this purpofe, and with this View, he &e, for by Delphians, read by the Delphians. for Fonick, read the Jonick. for which were fwallowed €'c. to Me/efians, in the next line, read, in a Parenthesis, which was fwallowed &e. Note (s) refers to Paufanias. for approved, read approved of for putting in four Rams Heads, read putting four Rams Heads. for Forked Stick, read Forked Tree, for the Yard, read and the Yard, 2 a ® RARE Bb 13 |