ite ules An uit re y ui Boe: if iz i; 4 te ighe ESSE Eas3. th aerate SSS =— imine — e minty [ “> wet meme eee ee eR, * Goode M. es Jam THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK : BOSTON - CHICAGO + DALLAS ATLANTA - SAN FRANCISCO MACMILLAN & CO., Liutrep LONDON - BOMBAY - CALCUTTA MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Em. TORONTO THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM By CHARLES R. RICHARDS New York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1925 CoryricuT, 1925, : By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. Set up and electrotyped. Published November, 1925. ca i ‘ 4 ’ ( ; - ora ae Printed in the United States of America by — J. J. LITTLE AND IVES COMPANY, — NEW YORK PREFACE IN 1919 the National Society of Vocational Education obtained from the General Education Board a grant which enabled the society to make a survey of art in in- dustry. An extensive report dealing in detail with the situation in respect to the application of art to the various industries was brought out in the year 1922. After the publication of this report it was suggested that the next step to be taken involved a study of muse- ums of industrial art abroad. This study the writer un- dertook in behalf of the American Association of Muse- ums in the year 1923-24, visiting museums in the following countries: England, Sweden, Denmark, Ger- many, Austria, Hungary, Czecho-Slovakia, Switzerland, France, Belgium and Holland. In general, two types of museums were studied—industrial museums and museums of industrial art. The results of the survey will be pub- lished in the form of two complementary volumes, the first of which is now offered to the public. AW ne i kD, \y, ‘ ta Tren sy EST A ck a4) vy ha’ oat Le We } Sete Y sane Vig ae hi ‘ | e 1 Taha E | a ey ‘ ay ae a : esi 7 ¥ ‘ ; a . Uy = 1 « i ~ * ' . . ' ( ‘ ‘ , ; r kul : ’ - . ’ ‘ . ‘ ¢ 7 ‘ ‘ CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE BDPREOSHMAND SCOPE Fc 6 wk kc ll I II. CoNsERVATOIRE DES ARTS ET METIERS, Paris . . 7 tit) LHe SCIENCE Museum, LonpON .... . 12 IV. Tur Deutscues Musrum—MunicH. .. .. 20 V. Tue TrecunicaL MusEuUM—VIENNA . . . . 33 VI. InpustriAL MusSEUMS IN THE UNITED StTaTES .— 46 I a cg ee we le 57 I. SpecIAL Muszums . . Her Os Pe a. Museum of Oceanography, Berlin FUR eve th asd ee b. Marine Museums . . a Tt ea Sy GEST National Technical and N autical Museum, Rotterdam . . . Pee it eM AOL ele k 4 Musée de Marine, enue Peas Ok ROCs ee Marine Museum, Rotterdam . .. . 63 Netherlands Historical Nautical Museum, Amsterdam ae Salton Oia ee Rts c. Trafic Museums at Berlin, Daaden, and Nuremberg soa? oe ee Od d. Agricultural Museum, Budapest ihe” 4,6 stameite 2. ‘TRANSCRIPT FROM CATALOG OF DISPLAYS IN THE Op BUILDING OF THE DEUTSCHES MusEUM 70 3. STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT FOR OPERATION OF THE DrEuUTSCHES MUSEUM FOR THE YEAR I9QI3. ._ +102 4. ORGANIZATION OF THE MUSEUM COLLECTIONS PrRo- POSED BY THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE OF THE TECHNICAL MusEeuM, VIENNA, IN JUNE, 1914 II] 5. STaTuTes MapgE sy THE FEDERAL MINISTRY FOR TRADE, INDUSTRY AND BUILDING FOR THE CoNDUCT OF THE TECHNICAL MUSEUM OF UAT OS) Cn a bee eee ge MEAL AL LAS i _ s + a ~ 3 . . ™ * - SP et oe > j g % f . + - — , io « 2 : | ; 7 ILLUSTRATIONS Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers . Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers. Transportation Hall Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers. Motor vehicle of Cug- not, 1770 . RENE aa a Science Museum. Facade of new wing . Science Museum. View in central hall of new building . Science Museum. Locomotive hall of new building . Science Museum. Arkwright’s first spinning frame Deutsches Museum. View of new building . Deutsches Museum. Plan of new building . Deutsches Museum. Sectional view of the new building . Deutsches Museum. Model of first Bessemer plant in Germany Deutsches Museum. Hall of Aeronautics . Deutsches Museum. Hall devoted to methods of soil cul- tivation Technical Museum, Vienna. Elevation and section of building Technical Museum, Vienna. Plan of first floor . Technical Museum, Vienna. Vestibule . Technical Museum, Vienna. Lecture hall . Technical Museum, Vienna. Railway Hall Technical Museum, Vienna. Figure of miner undercutting coal Technical Museum, Vienna. Model of Bessemer converter Science Museum. Watt’s first sun and planet engine . Science Museum. Reproduction of Stephenson’s Rocket . ix PAGE x ILLUSTRATIONS Science Museum. Mandslay’s original saw and cutting lathe Science Museum. Planing machine of Roberts Museum of Oceanography, Berlin. Hall of warship model Musée de Marine. Room containing models of early French ships of war . . 6 ) rr Marine Museum, Amsterdam. View of first floor . Agricultural Museum, Budapest . Agricultural Museum, Budapest. Hall containing models of farm buildings 2 eh Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers. Model of engine and paddle wheels of river steamboat . Science Museum. Railway carriage of 1825 . Science Museum. Model of H.M.S. Prince of 1670 . Science Museum. Model and sectional drawing of the Great Eastern Deutsches Museum. Schematic representation of coal mine and plant . Rpt Mune sae Bd FF Deutsches Museum. Model of gas a Proeuae plant at Nuremberpoyie sae : Ne Nie Deutsches Museum. Fire tube boiler of Alban, 1859 . Deutsches Museum. Model of Watt’s single mis pump- ing engine of 1813 . MATE Deutsches Museum. Scenic groups illustrating the devel- opment of aeroplane construction . » aes Deutsches Museum. Hall of Music . Deutsches Museum. Development of the plough . Deutsches Museum. Laboratory of an alchemist . Deutsches Museum. Ptolemaic planetarium Technical Museum, Vienna. Model of pressed glass factory Technical Museum, Vienna. Styrian refinery . Technical Museum, Vienna. Model of the “Viribus Unitis” Technical Museum, Vienna. Development of lighting ap- paratus so (tet We Miss ote shee Oy Sane er PAGE 52 54 60 62 64 67 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84. 86 88 93 96 100 II! 112 114 116 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM Cear LER I PURPOSE AND SCOPE IN the Far East, particularly in India, the processes of production that underlie the daily life are revealed to every passerby. In the open booths of the bazaar are to be seen the brass and copper metal workers shaping pots and pans, the tailor working on his garments, the jeweler and silversmith at his tiny forge. At the end of the street is the weaver with his loom, and women working at the spinning wheel or reeling thread. The dye pots, where the finished cloth is dipped, are in a house close by and long strips of freshly colored cloth are borne down the street at frequent intervals on the way to the owner’s house where they will be hung up for drying. At the edge of the village near a convenient clay bed the potter throws the common water jars or other earthenware vessels on his wheel. Nothing is hidden from common observation that enters into the material life of the community. With us in the West all this is different. The processes of production that underlie the civilization of today are hidden behind factory walls where only the specialized factory worker enters. Little is known about these oper- ations by the growing boy and girl. ‘To attempt to pre- sent these things through books is unsatisfactory and tame. ‘The processes must be revealed to the eye and set forth in the simplest and clearest possible fashion if the foundations of our present-day life are not only to I 2 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM be understood, but to become an element in the culture of today. The industrial museum in its highest development en- deavors to accomplish this purpose by displays of ma- terials that clearly and succinctly illustrate industrial processes in ways that may be readily understood by both young and old. If it be granted that this educational aim is the para- mount purpose of an industrial museum and its theme the industrial basis of our present-day life, it is important to define the scope appropriate to the collections of such a museum, to set up standards for its displays, and to specify its secondary activities. Regarding the scope of the collections, we may well begin with the methods by which food, clothing, and shelter have been obtained. Food getting implies first of all primitive methods of hunting and fishing, the care of flocks and the tilling of the ground. The preparation of food leads shortly to the simple beginnings of pottery and the fabrication of metal pots and pans; later glass appears. Shelter involves the evolution of primitive dwellings from the cave and the brush lean-to to the use of tents, then of houses constructed of clay, brick, wood, thatch, and stone. Heating, lighting and water supply develop in this connection. To furnish clothing we have first of all the dressing of skins, leather and furs, leading to the beginnings of the textile arts founded upon the spinning and weaving of plant and animal fibers. The need for communication appears early and hiero- glyphic forms are followed by writing. ‘Transportation by animal power on land and by crude forms of rafts and boats on the water were developed in prehistoric times. Very early in this effort to meet growing needs appears the working of metals—copper and bronze, and finally iron. Primitive industry had developed into the various PURPOSE AND SCOPE 3 practical forms just noted by the beginning of the Chris- tian era. Tilling of the soil employed the same methods as are in use today. Thread was spun not only from the wool of sheep and goats but also from cotton, flax and silk. Dyeing and printing of fabrics were practiced. Tanning of leather was universal. The potter’s wheel was used for throwing earthenware vessels, and lead glazes had been applied to render vessels water-tight. Iron was dug from the earth and smelted, and crude steel was manufactured. For the next sixteen centuries these primitive craft processes continued to be employed with but little varia- tion. By the time of the High Renaissance a few other important inventions and improvements had been added. The wool and the flax spinning wheels had been intro- duced into Europe, bringing with them greater speed and facility in the production of yarn. The manufacture of paper had been developed and printing with movable types invented. A method of producing cast iron from ore in large quantities had been discovered, and iron cast- ing brought into general use. These simple industrial methods supplied the needs of the world until the end of the eighteenth century when the industrial revolution was brought into being by a number of notable inventions in the form of labor saving machines driven by mechanical power. In a brief time the steam engine was developed into a practical prime mover; quantity production and the division of labor be- came the ruling policies of industrial manufacture. For the new machines metals were in increased demand and improvements in the processes of mining and smelting were thus forced. Coke was successfully used as fuel in the blast furnace. The puddling furnace was invented. Rolling mills were introduced and the process of making crucible steel evolved. The modern era thus ushered in has witnessed a re- markable extension of scientific knowledge through the 4 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM application of which industrial progress has been greatly accelerated. During this period extraordinary develop- ments have taken place in the efficiency of prime movers, in the manufacture of steel, in specialized automatic ma- chines, in land and sea transportation, in chemical indus- tries, in manifold applications of electricity, and, most recently of all, in the art of aeronautics. Thus the world of industry has changed from a crafts- man’s world to a factory world. The extent of pro- duction is no longer gauged by muscular strength, but by the almost unlimited power of physical and chemical forces. Man, instead of being himself a motor, has become more and more the controller and director of energy. | On the other hand, while production has been enor- mously stimulated in respect to both quantity and speed, the basic operations involved in a large proportion of the industrial processes of today are much the same as in the simple primitive methods. The human hand has been replaced by cams, gears, levers, belts, and pulleys, and human energy has been supplanted by mechanical power, but at the heart of the machine still appears the operation that in one form or another has been practiced through the centuries. It would seem clear that it is to the exposition of the basic industries in their simple forms, together with the elementary processes of agriculture, mining, and early methods of transportation and communication that the industrial museum should first address itself. Such dis- plays should constitute its first purpose. Upon these as a basis should be built the amazing story of the inven- tions, devices, machines, and methods that the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have brought to bear upon our daily life. There is little question that a comprehension of mod- ern highly developed processes and apparatus can best be gained by displays that first set forth the primitive PURPOSE AND SCOPE 5 method, or at least the simplest embodiment of an idea, followed by the important progressive steps in their historic order. In addition to such a presentation through full-sized specimens or models, every resource of descriptive labels, diagrams, plans, colored representa- tions, and statistics should be utilized to bring out the fundamental ideas involved with the maximum of clearness. Inasmuch as the central idea can be readily confused by multiplicity of material, group exhibits should be re- duced to the simplest terms. Only significant steps should be selected for illustration. Apparatus dealing with ideas of only secondary importance should be ex- cluded and the library relied upon to complete the story. Apparatus should be so arranged as to reveal construc- tion and operation in the clearest manner. ‘This is often best accomplished by sectioning certain portions. Where this is impracticable, sectional drawings or diagrams should be used. Wherever motion is essential to com- prehension of the operation, apparatus should be so arranged that it can be actuated, either by hand or me- chanical power. The industrial museum should make further provisions to forward its educational program. First among these are arrangements for the explanation and illustration of the exhibits by trained custodians. In addition, a lecture theater equipped with projection apparatus for still and motion pictures should be provided, and frequent public lectures given at stated times, dealing not only with vari- ous aspects of industrial development, but with industrial topics of special contemporary interest, with new inven- tions and scientific discoveries. Provision should also be made for temporary exhibitions of material relating to industrial or technical subjects brought specially into prominence by events of the day. The principles and policies just outlined would seem to be the inevitable outcome of the purpose and problem 6 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM of the industrial museum. From these points of view it will be well to examine the organization and practice of existing industrial museums. While logically it might well have originated in the United States, the industrial museum, as a matter of fact, first found embodiment in Europe. Four compre- hensive industrial museums exist: the Deutsches Museum in Munich, the Technisches Museum in Vienna, the Science Museum in London, and the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers in Paris. There are also the beginnings of an industrial museum in the Palais Schwarzenburg at Prague called the Bohemian Technical Museum. Besides these comprehensive museums, there exist a number of special museums devoted to particular sub- jects or divisions. In Germany there are three railway or trafic museums; there is also one in Budapest. There is a museum of oceanography in Berlin, and a museum of | similar type in Monaco. ‘There are marine museums in Paris, Amsterdam, and Rotterdam, and a very impor- tant museum of agriculture in Budapest. The museums just enumerated were established with various aims in view; they therefore naturally differ as to the degree in which their collections and methods of display fulfill the educational purpose set forth above. a= laialalaa i a semsere 5 200 Tipe TUN pr aay 4 Be OL et 1 ui ae Wy. = A bi. oN ge. ee fh aT | = B e=5e Zine Oz Bon —-— es A aN . mi beterh Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers. CHAPTER II CONSERVATOIRE DES ARTS ET METIERS, PARIS First of the museums of industry to be established was the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers in Paris, in the year 1799. [he conception was first outlined by Des- cartes who proposed a museum containing scientifie in- struments and the tools of the several mechanical trades. His project provided that a skilled artisan or mechanic be attached to each trade group to answer questions re- garding processes and the use of tools. The plan, however, was not realized until a century later when, during the period of the Directory, the fol- lowing decree was passed by the Convention in 1794. Article 1—There shall be formed at Paris, under the name of the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers, and un- der the instruction of the Commission of Agriculture and the Arts, a public depository of machines, models, tools, drawings, descriptions, and books of all the arts and trades; originals of instruments and machines invented and perfected shall be deposited at the Conservatoire. Article 2—The construction and use of tools and ma- chines employed in the arts and trades shall be explained there. The decree was not at once put into effect, but later on, in 1798, under pressure of public sentiment, the Coun- cil of Five Hundred adopted a resolution establishing the Conservatoire in the buildings of the old priory of Saint-Martin-des-Champs. The following year the Con- servatoire took possession of these buildings and trans- ferred there the collections of scientific apparatus and models of machines previously made by Vaucanson and by the Academy of Sciences during the old régime. 7 8 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM The ancient church of the priory, of which the choir was built in the eleventh century, is still used as an exhibition hall, and the refectory, dating from the twelfth century, now houses the library. ‘The priory buildings, added to at various times, now represent a series of rather narrow exhibition halls comprising about 86,000 square feet of floor area. ‘The lighting of many of the rooms is extremely poor. This is true to such an extent that the contents of wall cases are often invisible. The scope of the museum collections may be indicated by the following divisions: physics, electrical industries; geometry, weights and measures; mechanics and ma- chines, transportation; chemical industries; mining and metallurgy; graphic arts; textile arts; arts of construc- tion; agriculture; industrial accident prevention, and in- dustrial hygiene. The collections represented at first the whole scope of the Conservatoire. In 1819 a new step was taken through the creation of public courses on science applied to the arts and industries. ‘Testing laboratories were added to the Conservatoire in 1901. They comprehend the following sections: 1. Physics dealing with tests of thermometers, indica- tors, optical and photographic apparatus, and weights and measures. 2. Materials testing as applied to metals, wood, cord- age, textiles, rubber, etc. 3. Materials testing as applied to limestone, cement, sand, plaster, ceramic products, glass, slate, etc. 4. Machine testing as applied to generators, hydraulic motors, pumps, internal combustion engines, and machine appliances. 5. This section is limited to the study of vegetable substances and to chemical tests of material dealt with in the other sections. A museum of safety and of industrial hygiene was ‘2H wonejodsuely, ‘sIOIJI 19 S}IY Sap 3110}BAIaSUOD CONSERVATOIRE DES ARTS ET METIERS, PARIS 9 organized in 1904. In this department there are a con- siderable number of metal working and wood working tools and examples of textile apparatus provided with safety appliances which are shown in operation. The Conservatoire is administered by a Board of Managers numbering twenty-six, which exercises consid- erable autonomy in administering the affairs of the in- stitution. The Board is constituted of senators, deputies, educational officers of the government, municipal coun- selors, industrialists, representatives of engineering and learned societies, and professors from scientific, industrial and technical schools. The director is appointed by and is responsible to the Under-Secretary of State for Tech- nical Education, who is an official of the Ministry of Public Instruction and Fine Arts. The internal organiza- tion is as follows: conservateur, assistant conservateur, chief guardian, brigadier, guardians, laborers. ‘The Conservatoire is mainly supported by government sub- ventions, but fees are also obtained from the testing laboratories that form part of the institution. Among the noteworthy elements in the collection are ornamental turning lathes, some of them the gift of the Czar Peter the Great to the Academy of Science; a col- lection of calculating machines and examples of the aba- cus; an extensive collection of early spinning and weav- ing machinery, especially the Jacquard loom; physical apparatus from the laboratory of Lavoisier; the work of Daguerre and other early photographic inventors; objects illustrating the history of time measurement embracing an extensive collection of clocks. Only repairs to models are made in the museum work- shops. All models are constructed either by industrial- ists, in which case they are often presented to the museum, or by specialists outside the museum, in which case they are paid for. The library of the museum contains some 53,000 vol- 10 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM umes relating to science, art, agriculture and industry. It is open each week day from 10 a. m. to 3 p. m., and from 7 p. m. to 10 p. m. Between the years 1905 and 1910, six official cata- logues of the collections were published. These are still available and although not brought up to date, contain a fairly comprehensive inventory of the models existing in the collection. The first volume deals with mechanics and machines, locomotion and transportation; the sec- ond with physics, heat, acoustics, optics, magnetism and electricity, telegraphy and telephony and meteorology; the third with descriptive geometry, geodesy, cosmog- raphy, astronomy, nautical science, chronometry, meas- uring instruments and weights and measures; the fourth with chemical industries, dyeing and printing of textiles, ceramics and glass; the fifth with graphic arts, photog- raphy, spinning and weaving, mining, metallurgy and the working of metals; the sixth with the arts of construc- tion and civil engineering, industrial art, domestic econ- omy, hygiene, agriculture, and rural engineering. From a museum standpoint the value of the Conser- vatoire rests entirely upon its very extensive collection of models of tools, machines, apparatus, and industrial buildings. ‘These models are in most cases beautifully made, but no educational principle seems to have guided their selection. The significant invention or for- ward step is lost in the mass of material. Again, no attempt has been made to bring out the nature of basic industries by the illustration of primitive or early methods followed by progressive steps arranged in series. Scarcely any explanatory matter in the form of repre- sentations, drawings, diagrams, or labels has been used to make clear the processes or principles involved. A few of the models can be operated electrically, but the proportion is very small. In short, the educational possibilities of the collections ‘oLL1 Yousng JO aforYdA IOJOPY ‘“SAINIPA 39 SITY Sap 9110}BATISUOS) ada> a Pi St KR Rials, ‘ ‘ . . ag > ta . ‘ os n “ « ket # ¥ > <2 - , * * a . CONSERVATOIRE DES ARTS ET METIERS, PARIS 11 have not been developed. The Conservatoire is today merely a great storehouse of material, valuable to the technical student and the engineer, but undeveloped in the educational sense. CHAPTER III THE SCIENCE MUSEUM—LONDON REALIZATION of the need of diffusing more widely knowledge respecting vital national industries led to the creation in 1853 of a Museum of Science as an integral part of the Science and Art Department of the Privy Council. The collections, largely based on a nucleus left from the Crystal Palace Exposition of 1851, were ar- ranged for public inspection for the first time in 1857 in temporary buildings at South Kensington. At first they consisted only of foods and animal products; to these were subsequently added educational apparatus gathered by the Society of Art and presented by that body to the government in 1857. Collections comprising structures and building materials were formed later. Concurrently with the organization of the Science Museum a patent museum was opened in 1857 in an iron building at South Kensington. This museum lan- guished and eventually the contents were handed over by the Patents Law Amendments Act of 1883 to the Science and Art Department. A naval and marine engineering collection was com- menced in 1864 when the Royal School of Naval Archi- tecture was founded at South Kensington. The collec- tion, consisting very largely of objects brought together by the Admiralty at Somerset House, was transferred in 1873 to the Naval Museum at Greenwich; in the interval, however, it had been largely extended, not only by loans and gifts from private shipbuilding and engineering firms, but also by purchase,—a condition that has since con- tinued with the result that this division has grown to very large proportions. I2 : Vaaeoeng sr apes niet Aimibannrrnnn { * Te ogaia Facade of new wing. Science Museum. he *~ THE SCIENCE MUSEUM—LONDON 13 An International Loan Collection of Scientific Appara- tus was held in London in 1876. The residue left at its close formed the nucleus of a collection illustrating the application of physics, chemistry, astronomy, and other pure sciences which has since been augmented to a notable extent. In 1899 the Board of Education, constituted as a De- partment of State, took over, among other activities, the work voi the Science and Art Department. In 1908 the Science Museum began its independent existence. In this year the science collections were removed from the Victoria and Albert Museum and separately housed in galleries to the west of Exhibition Road. These gal- leries are not as a whole well suited for display purposes, inasmuch as they are lacking in rooms of sufficient size and height to accommodate large specimens. From the early years of its existence, Royal Commis- sions, Treasury, Departmental, and Select Committees had examined the collections of the Science Museum and had reported thereon. ‘The consensus of the recommen- dations made by these bodies was that the museum should be developed in definite directions, that the temporary buildings should be replaced by permanent ones, that funds should be found for purchases, and that an ade- quate staff should be employed. Little, however, resulted until a deputation of eminent men of science urged upon the president of the Board of Education the need for action. A Departmental Committee, created in IgI0, presented in 1912 a report of such convincing and author- itative character that the Government authorized the erection of a new building on the existing site. The shell of this structure, finished before the outbreak of the World War, was then handed over to other de- partments. In 1923 the work of completion was begun, and at the end of 1924 the ground floor was finished and objects were installed. The completion of this entire building will add floor 14 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM space approximating 135,000 square feet to the 45,000 square feet formerly available. The new building will, for the first time, provide the museum with large exhibi- tion halls which will accommodate suitably its many ex- amples of large machines and engines. The Science Museum is now administered by the Board of Education. ‘There is an advisory committee of twelve members who report annually to the president of the Board on the conduct of the museum and its needs. The museum is headed by a director; its technical and directing staff is as follows: I director at a salary of £1,200. 3 keepers at salaries ranging from £750 to £900 2 deputy keepers at salaries ranging from £600 to £750. 2 assistant keepers at salaries ranging from £400 to £600. : 4 assistants at salaries ranging from £200 to £250. 4 assistants at salaries ranging from £150 to £180, 1 guide lecturer at £240. 8 technical assistants at salaries ranging from £1 50 to £250. For administrative purposes the museum is divided into four divisions: I. Industrial Machinery and Manufactures. II. Mechanical Engineering, Land Transport and Construction. III. Water Transport, Marine Engineering. and Aeronautics. IV. Science Collections. In detail the scope of the museum is as follows: Stationary engines and boilers Land transport: roads; railways Sead 8 i is : ing. 1 hall of new build lew in centra V Science Museum. THE SCIENCE MUSEUM—LONDON 15 Lifting appliances Power transmission Pumps Fire protection Structures and building construction Water supply; sewage; sanitation Textile machinery; sewing machines Agricultural implements and farm machinery Mining, ore dressing and metallurgy Paper making; printing; writing; copying Electrical engineering Telegraphy, telephony, wireless Lighting appliances Machine tools Marine engines Ship models; naval architecture Harbor and docks; lighthouses Aeronautics; aero engines Horology Astronomy Geology; geography; geophysics; oceanography Mineralogy; crystallography Optical instruments Photography; kinematography Mathematics Meteorology Thermal instruments Properties of matter; physical phenomena Acoustical instruments Geodesy; surveying; cartography Chemistry Biology The Science Museum is extremely rich in original ma- terial and models associated directly with great inventors and pioneers, such as Watt, Arkwright, Stephenson, Maudslay, Bessemer, and with men of science, among 16 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM whom may be mentioned Babbage, Herschel and Kelvin. Models and drawings of early engines of Newcomen and Watt, a locomotive of 1813, Stephenson’s Rocket, and other locomotives of 1829, Arkwright’s first spinning frame, a replica of Hargreaves’ spinning jenny, Mauds- lay’s first screw cutting lathe, and other mile-stones of the industrial revolution are numbered among its technical treasures. The museum is particularly comprehensive in the divi- sions of textiles, land and air transportation, steam en- gines and early machine tools. The section devoted to water transportation is also very complete and contains models of merchant and war vessels from the fifteenth century to the sectioned models of great steamships of the present time. Of late years much attention has been paid to the eluci- dation of the exhibits from the educational standpoint. A large number of the technical models have been ar- ranged to operate mechanically, and diagrams and other explanatory matter have been effectively introduced. Much care has been taken with the labels attached to the exhibits. These labels present not only the historic facts regarding the exhibits, but describe their construction and operation. The historical material in the museum is mainly the property of the institution, while the objects illustrating modern developments are generally secured through the courtesy of manufacturers and private persons, and are almost always on loan. As a result the basic collection is in the main permanent while the modern material is subject to continued withdrawal and weeding out to make room for more recent objects. | Up to the present time, the museum has not conducted lectures and has had no special arrangements for guid- ing parties through the collections. A guide lecturer will, however, be employed after the completion of the new installations. Lecture tours will be given twice daily ‘SUIP[INg Mau ‘[[BY aAT}OWIOIOY ‘wWiNasNyAY 2dUaTIG THE SCIENCE MUSEUM—LONDON 17 except Sunday so as to compass the entire scope of the museum in about two weeks. In the same group of buildings is a science library, the only library of its kind in England, containing books and periodicals relating to pure and applied science, transac- tions of learned societies, journals, and a complete collec- tion of British patent specifications. The support of the museum is derived entirely from Government appropriations under the Board of Educa- tion. The appropriations for the fiscal year 1924-25 were as follows: eIMrIGR AN WAGES... ccc ee ees £40,538 Packing, mounting, and repairs and setting up objects for exhibition. . 2,500 Traveling and incidental expenses. . 1,414 Telegrams and telephone......... 2,500 REIRRERPTANG oo. i cn eacc es ce cs’ 2,500 STEN ps osc. s'0s'e 6 «3,9 0a. £47,201 The cost of accessions to the collections and additions to the Science library is met from a so-called grant-in-aid or purchase grant. Unexpended balances of this grant are not returned to the Treasury; accumulations are thus available to meet abnormal expenditures. ‘The aver- age sum now spent is £1,400 a year. The expenditures of late years on additions to the Science library have been from £800 to £1,000 a year. The museum publishes an annual report and has either in print or in process of publication the following de- scriptive and illustrated catalogues which, by reason of the clarity and comprehensiveness of their historical notes, form an extremely valuable compendium of me- chanical inventions and industrial progress: Mining and ore-dressing Metallurgy (in the press) Textile machinery 18 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM Machine tools Aeronautics; do. supplement Meteorology Stationary engines and boilers Land transport 1. Roads and road vehicles (in the press) 2. Mechanical road vehicles (in the press) 3. Locomotives and rolling stock Water transport 1. Sailing ships 2. Steamships of war (in the press) 3. Marine engines and boilers (in the press) Biology (in the press) Mathematics 1. Calculating instruments (in the press) 2. Geodesy and surveying (in the press) Electrical communication 1. Wireless telegraphy (in the press) The Science Museum contains extensive collections with many original examples of great interest in the his- tory of mechanical progress dating from the beginnings of the industrial revolution, particularly in the field of the steam engine and the railway, machine tools, and tex- tile machinery. Some steps have been taken towards depicting the more elementary phases of industrial methods, but as yet the arrangement of material in pro- gressive series to illustrate industrial evolution is. not a conspicuous feature of the museum. The policies of the museum, however, are steadily tending to emphasize historic development, and the displays reflect more and more clearly the educational ideal. The arrangement in the older buildings is sometimes rather miscellaneous and crowded. ‘This condition will [GEEeeeemeecer ene OS De IROS ” * % Science Museum. Arkwright’s first spinning frame. THE SCIENCE MUSEUM—LONDON 19 be greatly relieved when the entire extent of the new building is available and the displays in these admirably planned, well lighted spaces allow at least the major portions of the collections to be seen to full advantage. CHAPTER IV THE DEUTSCHES MUSEUM—MUNICH ! In 1903 Dr. Oskar von Miller presented a plan for a museum of master works of natural science and tech- nology to a group of government and city representatives, scholars and technologists in the city of Munich. The purpose of the museum as then outlined was to illustrate the development of natural science and technology and to present a vivid history of the influence of invention and mechanical progress upon social life. With the hearty co- operation of leading industrialists and men of science and with assistance from both the national government and the city of Munich, the museum project was soon brought to realization. The collections were housed for many years in the old building of the Bavarian National Museum, but in 1911 the Insel in the River Isar was granted to the museum by the city. and carefully prepared plans for a large and comprehensive set of buildings were finally developed in a scale model. The cost of the new building before its erection was estimated to be about 14,000,000 marks, to which sum the city of Munich expected to contribute 1,000,000, the Bavarian government 2,000,000, the German Empire 2,000,000, and German industry more than 2,000,000. In addition German industry had expressed its readiness to promote the building of the museum by donating vari- ous building materials and by undertaking extensive build- ing and installation works either without compensation *The Deutsches Museum is referred to in these pages by the untrans- lated title by which it is universally known. 20 ‘SuIpjIng Mau FO MaIA “WnasnjJy Sayos ne] THE DEUTSCHES MUSEUM—MUNICH 21 or for a part of the net cost. The German railroad ad- ministration granted free transportation for all supplies for the museum building. The buildings, which are of reinforced concrete, were virtually completed in 1913, but owing to the World War the actual task of removing and installing the col- lections was not begun until 1922. With the limited re- sources at hand, the task of moving the collections is a slow one, but it is expected that they will be entirely installed in the course of the year 1925.1 The new building, as shown on the plan, consists of a series of separate halls, each of which is devoted to a particular division of industry. Each section has been designed with reference to the type of collections to be accommodated and every effort has been made in the architecture of each hall to create an atmosphere appro- priate to the exhibits to be installed. The floor space of the exhibition halls will total over 250,000 square feet. The administration of the museum is under the hon- orary presidency of the German Chancellor, the German Minister of the Interior, the Bavarian Minister-Presi- dent, and the Bavarian Minister of Education. There is a Board of Directors which might better be called an advisory council, consisting in 1923 of 102 members, of whom 63 were appointed by the German and Bavarian governments and by technical and scientific societies, and 39 by a so-called General Committee for a period of three years. The General Committee numbers 575 members, among whom are the foremost representatives of Ger- man science, technology, and industry. “The members of this committee assist in all important questions and problems with their counsel and cooperation. The Board of Directors or Advisory Council meets once a year. The 1The formal opening of the museum in its new home occurred on May 6, 1925, the eightieth birthday of its founder, Oskar von Miller, 22 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM General Committee functions through consultation with individuals. The Executive Committee, upon which falls the actual business of administering the affairs of the museum, con- sists of Dr. Oskar von Miller, the founder, Privy Coun- cillor Dr. W. von Dyck, and Dr. Georg Kerschensteiner, professor at the University of Munich. The museum organization is divided into the following departments: administration, business office, new build- ing, science, technology, industry, library and workshop. The number of officers and employees in 1923 was 105. Among these were ten heads of departments and technical divisions; twenty-five engineers, architects, tech- nicians, and draftsmen who assist in the development of the collections as well as in the completion of the new building and its arrangements, also nine business em- ployees who attend to the current bookkeeping, accounts, etc., and fifty-nine guards who, with two supervisors, care for the museum and visitors. The collections are classified in the following divisions and groups: 1. Mining, Smelting and Metal Working Geology, mining construction, ore, salt and coal mining Mining machinery Metallurgy Iron production (cast iron, mild steel, crucible steel) Metal working (casting, forging, pressing, rolling, machining ) 2. Prime Movers and Transportation Man power motors Wind motors Hydraulic motors Steam engines Gas and oil motors Sleighs and wagons F DeutscBee More Sidgerhoff M2 1-200 e@seae - if -_———-_ = - - i RBaltenuese ra le I ee Oss mr <3 +, <> i Se. quest t { : VerRe Arawese rn 4 € H j . x Bel - a t Ls a ~ VerhRéRrowese ra. ay ; ‘ UCTEHCG F275 WSS C fa ere ere wus ee Sunnelbau vt —_—— | a Bis Deutsches Museum. Plan of new building. Se - La . Pi, THE DEUTSCHES MUSEUM—MUNICH Bicycles and automobiles Steam and electric railroads Road and railway construction Tunnel construction Bridge building Canal and harbor construction Ship building Aeronautics 3. Science Time, Space and Weight Measurement Mathematics Physics, telegraphy and telephony Musical instruments History and theory of chemistry Geodesy Meteorology 4. Engineering and Building Construction Building materials Private and municipal buildings Water supply and canalization Heating and refrigeration Lighting Gas technology Electric technology 5. Textile Industry, Paper Industry, Agriculture Spinning Weaving Needle work Paper mills and paper machinery Writing and writing technique Printing Reproductive processes Soil culture and harvesting methods Flour mill construction Dairies Brewing and distilling 24 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM The heads of the scientific and technical depart- ments are men of high scientific and technical standing. This is true also of the engineers and architects who have charge of the special technical groups. ‘The divisional or sectional chiefs are responsible directly to the presi- dent. It is their duty to study all available literature on their special subject from the earliest time to the present, and to make out lists of objects desired, together with models, originals or pictures required to illustrate the subject in so far as the space at their disposal permits. This list, after discussion with Dr. von Miller, is sent to the referee expert who is the representative of the special subject on the General Committee. The repre- sentative in question either interests himself in obtain- ing the objects or indicates where they can be obtained. If the objects desired do not exist, sketches and drawings are prepared, or the objects are made either in the museum or outside. | The group engineer sees to the installation and ar- rangement of exhibits falling within his field. He pur- chases objects on his own responsibility up to the sum of $25. An assistant group engineer is in charge of the receipt and dispatch of objects. One of the features of the Deutsches Museum is a Hall of Fame which occupies a prominent place at the entrance of the new building. Here is perpetuated the memory of the most eminent German scientists and tech- nicians. Bas relief portraits of Fraunhofer, Gauss, Leib-: nitz, Otto v. Guerike, Siemens, Krupp, Robert Mayer, Helmholtz, Bunsen, Liebig, Kepler, Gutenberg, Reichen- back and Borsig now adorn the hall. On the walls are a collection of letters, drawings, and manuscripts of famous scientists and technicians of all times and countries. Included in the museum is a reference library contain- ing about 100,000 scientific and technical works. Some 12,000 books are presented to the library each year. Throughout every effort has been made to display “SUIP[INg Mau 9Y} JO MATA [BUOTIIagG ‘“WNasnyy sayos}neq - om s PEGS Nee ES & “npgstumypissny up ‘pimp TMPSET, i . ‘lots AON 6! ph abs wen. SURSIRG >| = eat tha Ui laztsick cy : a THE DEUTSCHES MUSEUM—MUNICH 25 material to the best advantage. The composition of walls, floors, cases, etc., is made subservient to the main object of drawing attention to the objects exhibited. A large percentage of apparatus in the collections is in working condition. Many of the models are connected with electric motors, and may be actuated by visitors or guides. All the processes of industry and methods of min- ing and transportation have been studied so as to find their important and significant features and to make these clear to the visitor. The typical method that is pursued is to illustrate the development of every art by first showing its primitive beginnings, either through ac- tual apparatus, models or representations. The simple ideas thus embodied can be easily grasped. From this starting point the museum shows in sequence the impor- tant progressive steps that have taken place. These advances have sometimes been very slowly made,—per- haps with a lapse of centuries between. The different stages are illustrated and the principles and facts in- volved are further made clear by every resource of dia- grams, plans, colored representations, statistics, and descriptive labels. A characteristic instance that well illustrates this method is the case of the textile processes. First of all is shown a figure of a woman spinning thread with a simple top spindle from crude wool or flax held on a distaff under her left arm. Following this come the hand spinning wheels, one of which is the high wheel used for wool. This wheel requires a forward-turning of the wheel in order to twist and pull out the fibre run- ning from the spindle to the hand, then a stop and a further movement to wind up the twisted thread on the spindle. The next step is shown by the spinning jenny of Hargreaves who first arranged a machine for multiple spinning which evolved into the mule spinning frame of today operating exactly as did the old high wheel with 26 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM one motion to pull out and twist the thread, then a stop, and a further motion to wind up the thread on the spindles. | The low or flax spinning wheel, developed in Europe in the early part of the sixteenth century, was an ingenious device which allowed the twisting of the thread and the winding up of the same on the spindle or bobbin through one continuous rotating movement. ‘The evolution of this wheel, first into Arkwright’s water frame, next into the power flyer spinning frame, and finally into the ring spinning frame of today is shown in a progressive series. The physical and chemical sciences that underlie mod- ern technical and industrial methods receive considerable attention in the Deutsches Museum. ‘The fundamental conceptions in these sciences are presented objectively either through models, diagrams, or charts, but, always in close relation, are found the practical applications of the sciences as embodied in modern invention and tech- nical methods. Geology is a case in point. Sections and geologic maps that bring out clearly the nature of the earth’s crust are followed by the group on mining. There the simple ap- pliances and methods of early times in the search for use- ful minerals are exhibited. Paintings and models show the construction of mines from which different ores, coal, and salt are obtained. Primitive methods of gold wash- ing are also shown. The development of drills, con- veying plants, ventilating and pumping apparatus are illustrated from the oldest machines to the modern ap- paratus of today worked by steam or electricity. In addition three different kinds of mines—coal, salt, and metal—are shown by full-sized actual shafts, drifts, and galleries excavated and built in the basement of the museum building. Following mining comes a section on the metallurgy of iron. This section is introduced by a large wall paint- ‘ li a “as - fS ro aby te Deutsches Museum. Model of first Bessemer plant in Germany. THE DEUTSCHES MUSEUM—MUNICH 27 ing giving a schematic survey of the entire field of iron and steel production. The evolution of the blast furnace for the production of pig iron with its auxiliary equipment, such as coke ovens, hot blast stoves, etc., is indicated by models and pictures. In the same way the old and the modern proc- esses in the manufacture of wrought iron, both directly from the iron ore and indirectly from pig iron, are pre- sented. An old-fashioned German bloomery dating back to the early nineteenth century is installed in this section together with models of old and new puddling furnaces. Next come models of the first Bessemer and Siemens- Martin plants in Germany. ‘These are followed by an exposition of the manufacturing of crucible steel, by means of a sectional model of a crucible furnace from the year 1811 and a model of a modern crucible furnace. Converting and annealing furnaces are also illustrated by models and drawings as well as the new electric furnaces. In the next section the working and machining of iron is dealt with. ‘The processes of rolling are shown by a model and drawings of an old rolling mill and by models of the various later types, including mills for rolling sheet metal and for armor plate. In the group devoted to forging, an old forge with implements and forged products is shown in a full- sized reproduction. Water driven and steam hammers are represented by a series of models which include a scale model of the great Krupp hammer of 50,000 kilo- gram power. A model of a forging press to operate under pressure of 3,000,000 kilograms also finds a place in this section. The Division of Transportation is a very important feature of the museum. In the old building both land and water transportation were very fully developed. Land transportation was illustrated from primitive ve- hicles drawn by men and animals to the most modern 28 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM types of motor cars. The technical evolution of rail- ways was shown at much length. A full-sized working reproduction of the “Puffing Billy,” a locomotive of 1813, in the Science Museum, and Stephenson’s Rocket are a few examples of the many that tell the story of develop- ment in this field. The history of electric railways was also fully told. ‘This group contains the original of the first electric locomotive by Werner-Siemens of the year 1879, followed by models and actual examples exemplify- ing the growth of electric railways since that time. Water transportation is illustrated by means of models of the most primitive types of log boats and canoes, Pheenician ships, Greek triremes, and medieval galleys up to elaborate sectional models of great steamships of today. The walls are adorned with copies of Egyptian and Assyrian paintings showing types of early craft. The evolution of the screw propeller is depicted in a series of thirteen full-sized specimens. Models of docks and river shipping follow, together with a relief plan showing the layout of a harbor with buoys and lighthouse. In the late fall of 1923, the installation of the aero- nautical section in the upper portion of the transportation hall of the new building had been practically completed. The exhibit has been developed in an exceedingly interest- ing fashion, and is admirably displayed. It starts with examples of skeletons and stuffed specimens of great flying birds and close at hand is a cyclorama showing bird flight. ‘The first alcove is to be devoted to models and data bearing upon the science of flying. Then come models and illustrations showing the early gas-filled bal- loons of Mongolfier and others. Along the gallery rail are sloping cases which con- tain engravings and wood cuts bearing upon the his- tory of aeronautics. Several of the alcoves are built with recessed spaces with glass fronts in which are placed scenic panorama made to scale illustrating various im- portant episodes in the history of flying. l - 7 - eB er Sd THE DEUTSCHES MUSEUM—MUNICH 29 Paper manufacture is explained both as to processes and materials, in all its details. To the evolution of writing and printing, considerable space is devoted. A monk’s cell of the medieval period as well as Guten- berg’s printing room are both reproduced. Special atten- tion is given to the most modern methods of color printing. Agriculture is considered from the side of processes and implements. The evolution of the plow and other agricultural implements is vividly depicted, both by full- sized examples and by many models arranged in scenic groups. A small cinema room is provided for develop- ing pictures showing plant growth. One large hall of much architectural beauty is devoted to the development of musical instruments. Wind instru- ments are shown here in historic forms, and their method of action brought out by demonstration. Here the sim- ple clavichord and spinnet evolve before one’s eyes into the grand piano of today. A description of the Deutsches Museum cannot close without reference to the extremely interesting plan- etarium showing the movements of the sun, moon, plan- ets and fixed stars as viewed by an observer on the earth. The planetarium consists of a white surfaced concrete dome ten meters in diameter upon which the heavenly bodies are projected as spots of light by a remarkable apparatus made by Zeiss of Jena. By means of this ap- paratus the fixed stars of the heavens up to the number of 4,500. are represented in varying intensity. Even the milky way is indicated. The whole apparatus revolves about an axis corres- ponding to the polar axis which is approximately 42 de- grees for the latitude of Munich. The chief purpose of the planetarium is, of course, the representation of the movements of the sun, moon and planets. The relations of these bodies are repro- duced in all their seasonal phases and regulated as to 30 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM rate of movement through a motor drive system to al- most any extent. To illustrate the daily cycle the whole system is turned about the polar axis. Speeds can be so regulated that a day may be made equivalent to 4% or 2 minutes or even only 50 seconds. —The movements of the sun, moon and planets can be controlled separately from that of the fixed star heaven. By these means the celes- tial events of a whole year may be reviewed in 4% min- utes or 50 seconds, or even 7 seconds, and the movements | of the planets traced in an extremely vivid fashion.* The attendance at the Deutsches Museum is very large and before the war was increasing yearly. About 1910 it exceeded 300,000 a year. All pupils in the public schools of Munich over 10 years of age are required by the educational authorities to visit the museum once a year under guidance. Visits of two kinds are arranged by the museum: 1. Visits personally conducted by the engineers of the respective groups. These visits extend over some one section of the museum, embracing one to three halls, and take place daily except on Sundays and holidays at 8:15 p.m. 2. Special personally conducted visits for single visi- tors or groups. The duration of the conducted visit is about 2 hours. ‘These visits may be applied for at any time between 9 a.m. and 1 p.m. and between 2:30 and 6 p.m. Public lectures on special subjects, often given by a member of the General Committee, were formerly con- ducted. Frequent evening lectures, aimed at the work- ing man type, were also given by group engineers on a particular subject in their own group. | Before the war these lectures were widely advertised and posted throughout the schools and the headquarters of the trade and technical societies of the city. * A summarized list of the material included in each division and group of the collection as arranged in the old buildings is given in Appendix 2. ‘UOTJBATZ[NI [IOS JO SpoOyJoIU O} p2y0AIp I®H “WUNISNYJAY SIYOSINIC] t~7 } aie © ‘ rah A i A i Y 4 - i a * 4 ' . ‘ ' . - - THE DEUTSCHES MUSEUM—MUNICH — 31° A fund contributed by individuals has been established to facilitate the bringing of students and workers from schools and industrial establishments in different parts of Germany to the museum. They come from Real- schulen, Gymnasien and factories. Some 300 students thus yearly spend four days at the museum. The money is given to the schools which select the individuals, two or three from each institution. Each student makes a report to the school on the results of his study of the museum, a copy of which is sent to the museum. For unusually excellent reports diplomas to the number of six or eight are awarded. The museum is also used as a center by scientific, tech- nical, and industrial societies for conferences or con- gresses. Before the war the cost of maintenance was about 400,000 marks ($100,000) a year. ‘To defray these costs the Bavarian government and the German Empire each contributed 50,000 marks, and the remainder was covered by admission fees and interest. The city of Munich supplied heating and light free of charge. Membership in the museum may be acquired by cor- porations, societies, firms, and individuals: 1. By subscribing a fixed sum of at least 200 marks 2. By paying a yearly subscription of at least 6 marks The number of members in 1923 was about 6,100. The price of admission before the war was 20 pfennige for each person. Tickets good for one year cost 3 marks. Students’ tickets for scholars accompanied by teachers good for the usual hours of admission, with the excep- tion of Sundays and holidays, were sold at the price of 1 mark for 15 tickets. For the year 1913 the total receipts were 611,888.88 marks. The ordinary expenditures, including salaries and wages for operation, maintenance charges, and pur- chases of objects to supplement the collections, were 256,516.13 marks. The extraordinary expenditures, in- 32 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM cluding salaries and wages for initial arrangement of displays, expenditures for structural arrangements, and purchase of objects in the groups were 84,094.60 marks, making a total of expenditures for the year of 340,610.73 marks.* To sum up: The Deutsches Museum has had, from its inception, a purely educational aim and an educational policy. Its organization, collections, and methods of display have all been so developed as to forward this educational purpose. Material has not been collected and installed to make a storehouse of industrial apparatus and models, but to illustrate significant inventions and important phases of scientific and industrial progress. The only question that arises when the museum is viewed from this angle is as to whether it has not somewhat over-reached itself in the matter of size and complexity. On the other hand, the displays have been most effectively developed to reach popular comprehension and to impart vivid impressions of the high spots in the history of science and inventions. All the secondary activities of the museum are admirably adapted to further the main edu- cational purpose. * The financial reports for the year 1913 are presented in Appendix 3. OPTEOETED FAO) ORTHO OFFEED itis B) = 7] iio aan AA hi ie q — =! i Elevation and section of building. Technical Museum, Vienna. CHAPTER. V THE TECHNICAL MUSEUM—VIENNA (Technisches Museum fir Industrie und Gewerbe in Wien) THE technical museum in Vienna, though long ago conceived, has only recently come to realization. An im- portant step was taken after the International Exposition of 1873 in an attempt to bring together material ex- hibited there illustrating Austrian industry and inven- tions. While it was found impossible to retain all this material, a certain amount became the basis of the Tech- nologisches Gewerbe Museum. Subsequently there developed independently a Post and Telegraph Museum, a Historical Museum of Austrian Railways, and an In- dustrial Hygiene Museum. The movement took final form in 1908 on the occasion of the sixty-year jubilee of the Emperor Franz Joseph. The large trades ex- hibition, first planned, became on second thought a per- manent museum for the education of the people. In 1909 an imperial decree was issued dealing with the organization and purposes of this national technical museum. A report made in 1914, shows that an organ- ization of technical advisors called a Kollegium had been developed consisting of 875 members divided into seventeen technical groups comprising agriculture, min- ing and smelting, iron and metal industries, machine construction, electrotechnics, transportation and com- munication, the scientific foundations of technology, chemical industries, industries dealing with food and table luxuries, graphic arts, fiber industries, clothing 33 34 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM industry, stone and earth industries, building construc- tion, sanitary science, safety appliances, fire protection, and life saving methods.* These groups had, after frequent conferences, developed a comprehensive scheme as to scope and plan. Agreement had also been arrived at assuring the combination of the collections above described into a technical museum, and building plans had been made. The building was erected in the years 1909 to 1913. ‘The collections were installed between 1913 and 1917, and the opening of the museum occurred in May, 1918. Both plan and construction of the building are note- worthy. They are in sharp contrast to the building of the Deutsches Museum in that the ground plan represents one large space including the entire building area and no closed exhibition rooms are involved in the structure of the building. ‘The plan divides into a central and two side halls, lighted by dome-shaped glazed roofs. Surrounding these bays are three stories of galleries lighted from the outside excepting only the inside portion of the first gallery about the central hall. The outer walls are constructed of brick with an ornamental facing. The roof and floors are reinforced concrete. ‘The sky- lights in the roofs cover an area of 2,100 square meters (22,470 sq. ft.). The floor area for the exhibition rooms is 15,570 square meters (167,000 sq. ft.), of which 2,570 square meters are contained in the floor area of the three main halls. The main passages in the exhibition rooms make a total of more than four kilo- meters in length (about two and a half miles). Great attention has been paid to the problem of natural lighting and in the design eventually developed sufficient daylight was secured throughout all points in the building. The museum is provided with a moderaté amount of artificial lighting but is not planned for evening display. * The complete organization of these groups is given in Appendix 4. | ame soot ah TNH Plan of first floor. Technical Museum, Vienna. THE TECHNICAL MUSEUM—VIENNA 35 The building cost about four million kronen ($840,- 000) and the grounds have a value of about one million kronen ($210,000). From the above figures it is cal- culated that the capital value of one square meter of floor area in the exhibition rooms represents 322 kronen ba07.62').. The effect of the museum building is exceedingly agreeable to the visitor, giving him, during his stay upon the first floor, a constant impression of the sweep and extent of the collections. ‘The spaciousness of the large halls is highly impressive; the general scheme of arrangement is easily grasped; lines of travel are sim- ple; and all portions of the building are convenient of access. The structural elasticity of the building is an im- portant advantage. The absence of closed halls facili- tates future modifications and changes in the displays. Statutes governing the organization of the museum were issued by the Federal Ministry for Trade and Commerce on December 30, 1921. The purpose and arrangement of the museum were therein set forth as follows: A. The museum is to represent the development of industry, to promote technical progress, and to be a place of education for the entire people. This purpose is served by the following arrangement: 1. The exhibit collections of the museum. 2. A technical library and archives, together with a collection of photographs and films. 3. Conducted tours and lectures. 4. Scientific papers and publications of a technical kind. . Technical department exhibits. . Other measures and arrangements which are cal- culated to serve the purpose of the museum. NV 36 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM The organization was indicated as follows: B. The Technical Museum is a Federal institution and is under the Federal Ministry for Trade and Com- merce. C. The museum management consists of a Kura- torium (Board of Managers), a Board of Directors, and a Director of the Museum. The Kuratorium consists of the president and thirty members who are named by the Federal Ministry for Trade and Commerce. The chief functions of the Kuratorium are to render opinions to the Federal Ministry regarding the organ- ization of the Technical Museum and its arrangement and the approval of the annual financial estimates of the museum. ‘They are summoned to meet when needed, but in any event at least once a year. The Board of Directors consists of the president, the three vice-presidents, and five members who are ap- pointed by the Federal Ministry for Trade and Com- merce on nomination by the Kuratorium from among its members. The Board of Directors submits pro- posals to the Kuratorium regarding the operation of the museum and its arrangement, and may make sug- gestions to the Kuratorium concerning matters which fall within the sphere of activity of the latter body. The Board of Directors reports to the Federal Min- istry in regard to museum matters so far as they are not reserved to the Kuratorium, especially in regard to proposals relating to the staff. Under the super- vision of the Federal Ministry they conduct the business of the museum in its administrative and financial aspects and supervise the business administration of the director. The Federal Ministry for Trade and Commerce ap- points an expert of technical qualifications as director of the museum, on nomination of the Kuratorium. The Vestibule. Technical Museum, Vienna. THE TECHNICAL MUSEUM—VIENNA 37 director, who has charge of the immediate management of the museum, is provided by the Ministry with a suitably qualified staff; he attends to the current tasks of administration and, subject to the supervision of the Board of Directors, directs the operation of the museum. * There is also a large body of technical advisors called a Fachkonsulenten who select objects for the museum collections and prepare for their acquirement either as gifts, loans, or by purchase. The instructions issued to ‘ this body emphasize the necessity of selecting only typi- cal and significant material. The library is relied upon to furnish documentary records that will fill out the history of technology, beyond the scope of the collections. The total staff of the museum formerly numbered 107, but by 1923, because of economic stringency, had been reduced to 37. Among these were included the director, three departmental engineers, three draftsmen, one super- intendent of buildings, one assistant superintendent of buildings, one accountant dealing with museum contracts, two clerks, two keepers, one night keeper, five cleaning women, twelve workmen and guards. The normal staff includes heads for each of the following departments: mechanics, electricity, building, hydraulics, mining, chemical industries, science, and transportation. The arrangement of the material in the Technical Museum is extremely effective. As in the Munich mu- seum, every effort has been made to bring out the im- portant factors entering into the industrial life of to- day; and, as at Munich, the historic evolution of processes and machines has been largely relied upon to develop this comprehension. Vivification of the displays of the museum has been a dominant aim. Thus through carefully developed methods of presentation it is believed that even a lay- man may be enabled to grasp the construction, the mode * The Statutes are given in full in Appendix 5. 38 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM of operation, and the purpose of technical apparatus. Much importance is attached to actuation of the models. Reference to this method is made at some length in the directions to the technical advisors as follows: “The interest which, as has been discovered by ex- perience, proceeds from observation of processes, must have great attention paid to it from the point of view of museum technique. The presentation of actuated mechanical machines and models must therefore be striven toward with all possible emphasis as the edu- cator’s most effective means. The actuation of smaller pieces of apparatus is best effected by means of manual operation. For power operation of larger objects there is available in the museum building electric current, namely direct current of 220 and 440 volts as well as alternating current of 220 volts and 48 cycles and also illuminating gas and water under pressure.” “The wiring system was installed in the museum building in such a way that the possibility of connection for objects capable of operation is afforded at every point of the collection rooms. Abundant provision has also been made for the electric illumination of panoramas, transparencies, microscopes, and similar arrangements.”’ Special stress has also been laid upon the explanation of objects difficult to understand by means of sectional drawings and legends which, omitting all secondary matter, bring out prominently the essential features of the objects. In these drawings structural materials are indicated by identical colors. Inscriptions and legends are made extremely concise and care is taken to make them distinctly legible. For this purpose a simplified, clear script in block character with good rhythmic quali- ties is employed. In the vestibule is displayed a plan of the building upon which is indicated the distribution of the collec- tions. At one side of the vestibule is a pictorial chart ‘Tey einjoayT ‘euuarA ‘winasnyy [eoruyIaT, ?. :' . THE TECHNICAL MUSEUM—VIENNA 39 in water colors setting forth the development of water transportation, bridges, buildings, and arms in the primi- tive, medieval, and modern stages. Along with this, in sloping cases, are shown synoptic displays of grinding, cutting and boring tools, and knives and files in these three stages. On the other side is a similar pictorial chart indicating the application of energy as represented in these three eras in regard to pumps, saws, hammers, and prime movers. Accompanying this are synoptic displays illus- trating fire-making, drilling tools, hammers, axes, pierc- ing tools, and saws. In the central hall are displayed historic prime movers, often accompanied by models. These include a very early original wooden turbine wheel from the Balkans and a model of an Egyptian windmill. Many of the models are operated by hand and others by compressed air. ‘The prime movers culminate in a Diesel engine of 80 h.p. operated by an electric motor. The development of bicycles, road vehicles and automobiles is also exhibited in this hall. The action of typical automobile engines, sectioned both as regards cylinders and valves, may be studied. In the wide hall at the left is the railroad museum showing the development of Austrian railroads by actual examples of locomotives, railway carriages, signal sys- tems, and other railroad apparatus from the period of 1840 up to our own day. At the end are placed working models of early electric tramways, together with modern examples. In this space are also found some examples of historic machine tools. In the basement at this end of the building are types of early rails and road beds. Models, drawings, photo- graphs and diagrams are shown illustrating tunneling and drilling. Excellent scenic panoramas of Austrian Alpine railroads are also here displayed. 40 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM The front aisles contain models of railroad bridges and stations as well as relief models of the Alpine regions crossed by the Austrian railways. The original drawings of the screw propeller by the Austrian claimant for the invention of this device, Joseph Ressel, are exhibited here. ‘This section also contains models of marine en- gines arranged to be actuated, and models of docks. In the front aisle to the right are models of warships and torpedoes, among which is a sectioned Whitehead tor- pedo. Here, too, one may inspect models of steamships and one most remarkable sectioned model about 15 feet long of the former Austrian warship “Viribus Unitis.” This model required the work of several men for a period of three years. Further on is found a section on metal working which includes a very fine historic collection of locks and keys presented by the Locksmith Guild; beyond, the beginning of a section on mining and smelting which includes a re- production of a country smithy including water wheel and helve hammer. In this corner of the building a large wall painting portrays the prehistoric flora from which coal has been made. Directly below are stairs lead- ing to the basement where a coal mine with shafts and galleries and figures and apparatus illustrate the processes of coal mining, in much the same way as in the Deutsches Museum. Returning to the first floor, we find the division of agriculture in which small and full-sized models of agri- cultural implements are shown, arranged, wherever possible, so as to be capable of operation. Complete reproductions of an old brewery and corn mill are here installed. A model of a cable mountain conveyor is exhibited and, close at hand, a model of a lumber mill with seven saws and an engine that can be set in motion. A full-sized example of the latest type of gang saw for ‘T]@H AeMiIey ‘euusTA ‘uInasnyy [eoTUYyIaT, THE TECHNICAL MUSEUM—VIENNA 41 a lumber mill is arranged to operate in actual cutting of logs. In the domed hall on the right, the smelting and work- ing of metals are illustrated. Here an old Styrian refinery has been installed with original water wheel and helve hammer. In the same section is to be found a full-sized Bessemer converter with the lower part sectioned and sealed with glass. The lower portion contains water and a very realistic impression of the operation and changes in the action of the converter is obtained when air is forced through the inlets and the changing temperature colors are reproduced automatically by electric light manipula- tion. There is also a sectioned model of a blast furnace in which the operation is illustrated in the same fashion as in the case of the Bessemer converter. The story of iron working begins with an old forge for making scythes which has been rebuilt in the museum. Models of rolling mills, helve hammers, and the great hammers of Krupp are shown with operating attachments. Another section of this hall is devoted to electric tech- nology in which examples of dynamos, motors, accumu- lators and electric lighting apparatus are displayed. Gas technique also has a space, in which the evolution of lighting apparatus and the use of gas in homes and in industries is set forth. A fine lecture room on the second floor equipped with a demonstration table with appurtenances for physical and technical demonstrations as well as with projec- tion apparatus for still and motion pictures accommo- dates an audience of three hundred. The gallery floors afford admirable opportunities for well-lighted alcoves which, though varying in size, are usually about 15 x 12 feet in dimension. On this floor is the section called ‘The Scientific Foundations of Technology.” ‘This contains first of all a collection of a historic physical apparatus which is fol- 42 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM lowed by apparatus to illustrate physical laws. Many of the demonstrations can be operated by visitors. The booklet, however, advises those who are interested to apply to the keeper, who will make the demonstration. There are many diagrams presenting electrical and electro-chemical phenomena. One room contains a Roentgen-ray apparatus and a room with Geissler tubes; further on are chemical laboratory tables available for demonstrations. At the end is a reproduction of an alchemist’s room of the middle ages. The chemical industries are well represented by models, diagrams and descriptive posters. In the section devoted to food production a very large model of a sugar mill shows the machinery in opera- tion. The processes of brewing are embodied in an elaborate model. In connection with the former an old stone brewery from Carinthia, operated until the be- ginning of the present century, is used to show the very ancient method of brewing “‘stone beer.” An old grind- ing mill from a Benedictine abbey in Styria built in the late eighteenth century is found close by. Paper making is depicted, first by means of a model of an old paper mill, and then by a very complete model of a modern paper mill about 16 feet long constructed to one-tenth scale. The various uses of paper are also indicated. The exhibits devoted to printing and the reproductive processes are very extensive. ‘Typical examples of print- ing and color processes are shown in the windows as transparencies. The textile industries are presented in their historic development. ‘The hand spinning wheel is shown in its evolution into the full-sized operating mule spinning machine and the hand loom as the germ of the modern machine loom. Shoe making, the making of costumes, and the produc- tion of hats, are also illustrated. In this latter section ‘jeod Surjno1apun i9uIuI Jo 3InSr *puudrA ‘uImasn Boruyoea I I Pp I I I W [P9ray99 7 fi ca Y NS Pr THE TECHNICAL MUSEUM—VIENNA 43 is a very attractive reproduction of an old Viennese hat maker’s shop of the beginning of the nineteenth century. In this gallery are models and diagrams of building construction, hydraulic works, and canal construction. Water supply and sewage is also represented here. The display contains a section of a modern city street showing. all the various underground conduits devoted to water supply, sewage, gas and electric supply. The cement industry, ceramics, and glass also have a place here as well as weights and measures. In this last connection is shown the uniform standard weights and measures in- troduced in the Austrian monarchy in the year 1756 dur- ing the reign of Maria Theresa. In the upper part of the central domed hall and in the adjoining gallery full-sized examples and models show the development of aeronautics. The second range of galleries includes displays illus- trating water supply and conservation, organization of technical plants, industrial hygiene, fire protection and life saving, theater and music technique, postal museums, surveying, and bridge building. The third range of galleries is devoted to the executive offices, working laboratories, studio, and workshops. In the studios displays are arranged and developed in con- sultation with the technical advisors. In the laboratory, experimental projects in natural science and technology are prepared and tested. The workshops include plaster casting facilities, a joinery shop, and a book bindery. The cases used in the Technical Museum deserve spe- cial notice. They are built of a skeleton frame of metal with panels filled with a composition of asbestos and cement called ‘“‘eternite.” This construction has proven cheaper than wood and is fire-proof. The attendance at the museum has of course been greatly prejudiced by the severe economic conditions prevailing in Vienna since the war. It has, however, amounted to over 2,500 visitors per week. A4 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM Every child from 8 to 14 years of age in the public schools must visit the museum once a year under the regulations of the school authorities. Wednesday is set aside as their special day. Lectures are given every Sunday in the lecture room on the history of technical developments. Motion pic- tures are made frequent use of to illustrate technical and industrial processes. Such presentations at times precede conducted tours to special departments of the museum. Once a month a lecture is devoted to new inventions. A hall is provided in the building for temporary tech- nical exhibitions. It is the hope that later on this hall will be replaced by a special exhibition building. The support of the museum is derived from the Aus- trian Government and from the city of Vienna. The receipts for 1923 were 708,000,000 kronen ($1,114.30) when the kronen were reckoned at 70,000 to the dollar. This amount included 10,000,000 from the city of Vienna and also 120,000,000 kronen from entrance fees which, under the regulations, it was necessary to turn back to the government. ‘These figures are of course not in- dicative of the real cost of operating the museum. They are given only to suggest the remarkable conditions under which the Technical Museum and other museums in Austria have been obliged to maintain their existence since the World War. If we consider this museum from the standpoint of an educational institution, it is difficult to criticize. The building itself possesses many admirable features. The collections have been developed with the greatest care to secure such examples as will best illustrate significant steps in the progress of industry. ‘The principle of se- lection has prevailed throughout and the danger of too great quantity or complexity has been avoided. On the other hand the art of display has been most carefully Technical Museum, Vienna. Model of Bessemer converter. i THE TECHNICAL MUSEUM—VIENNA 45 studied and the utmost effectiveness in exposition has been attained. The staff activities of the museum as regards lectures and guides have been admirably organ- ized. CHAPTER VI INDUSTRIAL MUSEUMS IN THE UNITED STATES SINCE the beginnings of human existence, time and space have set bounds to man’s attainments. At first with only his slow-moving brain and feeble muscles, the world was that within reach of his arms and his legs. The Greeks recognized these limitations. In their myths the gods abolished time and space. Man has struggled unceasingly towards these gods of his imagination that he, too, might wield thunder bolts and accomplish miracles. When the first bow was bent, the conquest of space began. When man harnessed the horse or bullock to draw his burdens, he began his age-long effort to utilize other forces to supplement his own. When the first sail was set the world expanded a hundred-fold. But progress was slow. Up to the last century man had little but his own puny strength with which to rend ore from the earth, to erect his buildings, and to shape stubborn materials into tools and weapons. During this period his achievements were mainly in the way of de- vices to assist in the performance of his various tasks. Such were the potter’s wheel, the high and the low spin- ning wheels, the hand loom, the printing press, and mechanical powers like the block and pulley, and the wheel and axle. | When he evolved the steam engine, he became a Titan. From that day he has been able to exert the strength of a thousand men to tear into the heart of the earth, to shape and rear great structures of steel, and to draw armies across a continent. He set this new strength to 46 INDUSTRIAL MUSEUMS IN UNITED STATES 47 drive his array of devices and primitive tools, some simply with greater power, others in multiple and at greater speed. Where once all the women in the world save a favored few must needs spin and spin to feed the greedy looms, now a small fraction with the power spin- ning frame furnish all the thread required for the still more greedy power looms. Then man found a new force—electricity—that travels with the speed of light; through its aid his dream has well-nigh been realized. He has almost conquered time and space. He has now learned that added power must come either from new agencies or through the better utilization of the old; hence on the one hand, he pries into nature’s secrets to find new forms of energy which may be har- nessed into service, and on the other, he devises and invents means of improving the old methods better to serve his ends. The history of industrial progress is the history of the successes that have been won in the ceaseless strug- gle to conquer time and space. It is at the same time the history of the achievements by means of which human energy, at first consumed entirely by the struggle for mere existence, has been increasingly liberated for other less material aims. Upon these achievements rest not only the physical comforts and facilities that we enjoy today but in a large sense our spiritual well-being and intellectual development. The story is one of great cultural significance. It is a record of the victories that human intelligence has won in harnessing material forces to the service of society. Unless the elements of this history are made a part of our common culture, the individual can hardly obtain any true understanding of the social order in which he lives or comprehend even in a limited way the phenomena by which he is surrounded. Furthermore, unless the great mass of our people have some knowledge of the 48 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM inventions and methods upon which our industrial order is based, we will lack the maximum stimulation toward further conquests in this field. We are today one of the foremost indasenile countries of the world. Can we afford to omit from our educa- tional program the story of what has made us? We have developed a high type of industrial organization and as a people we are the first to utilize the fruits of new inven- tions. Shall we leave other nations to grow wise through the study of our achievements and ourselves neglect their meaning and their inspiration? To tell the story adequately we need the industrial museum. With its great area and numbers of people, the United States requires several such museums in different large centers of population. Great cities like New York and Chicago with varied industries and extensive merchan- dising interests call for museums of a comprehensive type. Cities like Pittsburgh and Detroit of more spe- cialized industrial character might well develop museums that would first of all reflect the particular industries characteristic of these cities. The main fields which might naturally receive first emphasis in an American industrial museum of the com- prehensive type would seem to be railway and road transportation, iron and steel production, steam and oil engine design, electric inventions, the development of machine tools, various lines of manufacture illustrating quantity production and the use of specialized machines, and agricultural machinery. Among the departments that would naturally find representation in such a museum would be the following: I. Agriculture 1. Agricultural implements and machinery. 2. Methods of lumbering, saw mills, wood working machinery, forestry conservation. ‘quisua jouvjd pure uns ysiy sHMeAA ‘“WNasnyy a9uUaTIg PWD - WN — INDUSTRIAL MUSEUMS IN UNITED STATES 49 II. Mining and Smelting . Methods of coal and metal mining. . Production of iron and steel. . Production of petroleum; methods of refining. Ill. Jron and Metal Working . Casting of iron and other metals. . Forging, pressing, rolling and drawing. . Machine tools. . Stamping, spinning and enameling. IV. Prime Movers and Machines . Wind, water, steam, gas, and oil prime movers. . Pumps, compressors, and refrigerating machines. . Lifting and transporting equipment. V. Electro Technology . Sources of current. Action and measurement of cur: rent. . Generation and distribution of current. . Electric lighting and heating. . Electric motors. VI. Transportation and Communication . Postal, telegraph and telephone systems. . Railways and road vehicles. . Marine transportation. . Aeronautics. VII. Chemical Industries . Inorganic. 2. Organic. VIII. Agricultural Industries 1. Sugar manufacture. . Flour milling and baking. . Tobacco industry. 50 Wm AWN & mB WN THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM IX. Fiber Industries . Braiding and knitting. . Spinning, weaving. . Dyeing and printing. . Leather industry; shoe manufacturing. . Paper industry; wall papers. X. Stone and Earth Industries . Manufacture of cement. . Ceramics. . Glass industry. XI. Building Construction . Construction methods; heating and _ ventilation; lighting. . Municipal service: water supply, sewage disposal, gas and electric systems. . City and district planning. XII. Graphic Arts . Writing and printing. . Type casting and type setting machines. . Printing processes. . Photography and cinematography. . Photo mechanical reproductive processes. XIII. Safety and Sanitation 1. Protective methods applicable in industry and mining. . Fire protection. . Industrial hygiene. In the matter of a building for such a museum, a study of the European museums indicates many important merits in the building of the Technical Museum of Vienna. The agreeable quality of the open vistas, the admirable lighting, the elasticity of arrangement con- Science Museum. Reproduction of Stephenson’s Rocket. ra INDUSTRIAL MUSEUMS IN UNITED STATES 51 sequent on the absence of fixed internal structural walls are all advantages of great importance. ‘The cost of duplicating in New York City a building similar to that of the Technical Museum of Vienna, exclusive of the heating plant, is estimated at approximately $4,500,000. The administration of such a museum would prob- ably be most effectively accomplished by following the usual American museum practice, namely, that of a lay board of trustees which is responsible for financial and general policies to be carried out by a professional staff appointed by the board. From the economic and social standpoints, it is highly desirable that such museums be recognized as semi-public undertakings, that they be lo- cated upon public land and housed in buildings erected by municipalities which contribute toward the expense of maintenance. An industrial museum, however, needs a multitude of contacts with science, industry and engineering. ‘To se- cure these it would seem wise to follow the plan of the German and Austrian museums, by associating with the administration of the museum a large body of experts in the various fields represented by its collections. ‘This could be accomplished by the formation of a body con- sisting either of recognized leaders in the various tech- nical and scientific fields or of representatives named by the various scientific, engineering and technical asso- ciations of the country. A thoroughly competent professional staff must head the various divisions or sections of the museum. The full plan of the Deutsches Museum calls for five heads of technical and scientific departments and a number of assistant engineers or technicians. The complete scheme of organization of the Technical Museum in Vienna re- quires seven technical department heads. ‘The nature of the collections and their educational presentation must depend largely upon the quality of the staff. For an American museum of the scope indicated above, it would 52 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM probably be necessary to provide a staff organization of department heads or assistant section chiefs as fol- lows: | 1. Agricultural machinery, forestry, and wood work- ing machinery. 2. Mining and smelting. 3. Metal working and tooling, prime movers and machine construction. 4. Electrical engineering. 5. Transportation and communication. 6. Chemical industries. 7. Fiber industries. 8. Stone and earth industries. g. Building construction and municipal supply. o. Graphic arts. It would undoubtedly be possible to group these divi- sions so that only five, six, or seven department heads would be required who, in certain cases, might be as- sisted by section chiefs. In the matter of displays, the danger of over-weight should be kept in mind from the outset; no collection should aim to comprehend all elements in its field. Such an attempt would defeat its own ends. A collection even approaching completeness would be at once too large to allow of study by the layman, too great in mass of ma- terial to allow the assimilation of the comparatively few significant ideas which can be absorbed, and at the same time too expensive to house and maintain. The only way in which a museum can be prevented from becom- ing an unwieldy storehouse of steadily accumulating ma- terial is by constant emphasis from the beginning on the educational aim as controlling both the amount and nature of its collections and their display. Moreover, the educational purpose must be in mind not only in planning, but in developing the museum. Constant ‘aye, Burjn | Sunjnd pue Mes [eUISIIO S.Ae[spney “WiNesN|A, 9UaTNgG el wel HRHEHEREREHE v Eee INDUSTRIAL MUSEUMS IN UNITED STATES 53 modifications, constant elimination, constant substitution, working in the direction of ever-increasing educational eficiency, are the only means by which a museum can ensure live, active service to its community in the educa- tion of both young persons and adults,—the only way in which it can avoid becoming either static or over- weighted. To the author it seems that the Deutsches Museum ts in some danger on this score. It is so large that even superficial inspection of its contents requires six or eight extended visits. Furthermore, some of its departmental collections are becoming too highly complex and special- ized for the appreciation of the layman. In some groups the amount of material of a closely related character is out of proportion to the ideas represented or at least to the ideas capable of being grasped by the average visitor. It would appear as if the highly specialized staff working with intense enthusiasm over a period of years has ap- proached the danger line in accumulating material. In other words they have reached the point where the sig- nificant is in danger of being overwhelmed by quantity and complexity and the psychology of the visitor with his limited powers of observation and absorption lost sight of. In these respects the policies of the Vienna museum merit close attention. ‘There the greatest care has been taken in selecting only material of the highest significance, in rigidly holding down the collections to the objects that tell an important story, and in eliminating all others. A museum should be provided with a lecture room seating about 300 equipped with demonstration tables and apparatus for the projection of still and motion pictures. For its educational work a comprehensive sup- ply of industrial films will be needed. It should seek throughout the world for examples of basic primitive in- dustries in order that motion picture records may be 54 THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM obtained before these craft processes have entirely vanished. A well developed workshop will be required, the main function of which would be the construction of models for the collections. One of the very practical benefits that might be realized from the establishment of the first industrial museum in America would be the economi- cal production of duplicate models for later museums. It is difficult to estimate the expense of maintaining in our country a museum of the kind described in any ac- curate fashion because of the lack of precedents. Some approximate estimates may, however, be made. If we assume a building of the size of the Technical Museum in Vienna, that is, with an exhibition space of 166,600 square feet, and collections and activities similar in ex- tent to that institution, there would be needed for the maintenance of such a museum when fully developed a budget of at least $500,000 a year. Of such an amount $300,000 would probably be required for salaries and wages, and the remaining $200,000 for materials and supplies, fuel, light and power, printing and publications, workshops, and miscellaneous purposes. It would probably require something like five years after a building and funds became available to develop an industrial museum of the scope above described. During this period of growth an increasing budget, start- ing perhaps at $100,000 a year and advancing by steps to the above amount by the close of the fifth year, would probably be sufficient to insure normal development. If the museum were recognized as a public institution by the municipality in which it is established and received from the latter assistance toward its maintenance, the burden upon endowment or other sources of income would of course be lessened. Could such a museum be once established on a basis that would enlist public confidence, it is certain that wide cooperation from manufacturers and corporations would ‘syiaqoy fo auryseu SuluUR[q “Winasnyy eUETS ey SLOEL end ie RY — at c t ear. ‘se « a = ot - € f F 3 ‘ x 4 ’ 3 . % “ ¥ ‘ ‘ . ‘ ‘ . Hh é * eo . . INDUSTRIAL MUSEUMS IN UNITED STATES 55 readily be obtained. In all probability its problem would not be that of obtaining material, but rather that of se- lecting material most appropriate to its purposes. The attitude of industry and transportation toward the mu- seum idea is already clearly indicated by numerous special collections that have been organized. Notable among these is the Industrial Museum of the American Steel and Wire Company at Worcester, Mass., the museum of the Bethlehem Steel Company and the Bethlehem Ship Building Corporation, and the exhibits of the New York Central Railroad and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. These collections indicate an interest that is rapidly growing and suggest in part the extent of cooperation that an American industrial museum could count upon from the industrial interest of the country. io a Nae 0S aria ee ie 7 4 7 y ' he c APPENDICES 7 tp : en ll a a . a ee: ional ev : SS eeae er APPENDIX 1a THE MUSEUM OF OCEANOGRAPHY—BERLIN (Museum fiir Meereskunde) The Museum of Oceanography in Berlin is a remarkably inter- esting and well developed institution. The museum is a department of the University of Berlin but is intended to serve for the general education of the people as well as for specific instruction. The museum collections aim to stimulate and disseminate “By means of its collections, in the widest circles of our people, an appreciation and understanding of the ocean and its phenomena, the means of inves- tigation, the wealth of its life and its economic value, as well as of the economic and national significance of navigation, shipping, and sea power.” Because of this broad aim, the collections set forth both the scientific aspects of the ocean and practical phases of the trades and industries that center thereon. In the words of the printed guide “it therefore illustrates by means of an oceanological collection the size, the chemical and physical conditions, as well as the movements of the ocean; it shelters in an instrument collection the instruments that serve for marine research and for shipping; it presents in a biological collection the life of the ocean, and shows in a fisheries group how the treasures of the sea are obtained and how particularly the sea animals are rendered serviceable. A historico-economic col- lection is devoted to shipbuilding, navigation, shipping, the harbor system and the rescue system. To these three divisions there is added, as a component part of the museum, the national navy col- lection which is devoted to the history and development of the German Navy.” The exhibits are accompanied by detailed labels presenting descrip- tive matter. In each room there is a tablet giving a brief indication of the contents of the room. Three rooms contain finely constructed and effectively displayed models of German warships beginning with the wooden vessels that formed the early types of the German navy. ‘These are in many cases about six feet long and a case is devoted to each model. Other rooms contain models of ships of the merchant marine including a 59 60 APPENDIX sectional model of the Deutschland about 30 feet long with engines, steering gear, and other apparatus arranged to operate electrically by the attendant. Many of the models are arranged in this manner. There are many models showing details of ship construction, both wood and iron, and a room devoted to naval artillery, torpedoes and mines. Other rooms contain models of engines, marine boilers, steer- ing gear, windlasses, control devices and signalling apparatus. The apparatus and methods employed by: the life-saving service are extremely well illustrated. The room containing models of fishing and off-shore boats is particularly interesting. Models from 15 to 30 inches long depict the types of boat employed on every section of the European coast. Yachts are also given considerable space. Methods of laying up and repairing of ships on beaches are shown by scenic groups. Another room is devoted to the fisheries. Well developed case displays show the different methods in which nets and trawls are operated in the North Sea fisheries. Docks and loading machinery and the function of buoys and light- houses are represented and deep sea dredging is illustrated. One room is devoted to a collection of nautical instruments. The scientific side of oceanography is presented in its physical, chemical and biological aspects. Well developed habitat groups show fish and marine plant life. Color transparencies of marine plant and animal life are much used in the windows. Other rooms contain products of the sea which possess commer- cial value either as food or through manufacture. As a whole the art of display has been most carefully considered throughout the museum. The examples selected are always signifi- cant and well placed. Much attention has been paid to developing an appropriate atmosphere through large paintings on the walls and by the grouping of material. Frequent public lectures by specialists have been given in past years at the museum intended to develop a popular understanding of oceanography and to awaken an interest in the national and economic importance of the sea interests of the German people. These lectures have been printed, supplied with illustrations, maps, and sketches and made available at a very low price. ‘sjapow diysieM jo [[eyY ‘uljiag ‘Aydeisouers0Q fo unasnyy a aneallll APPENDIX 61 APPENDIX 1) MARINE MUSEUMS Outside of the maritime collection in the Rijks Museum in Am- sterdam and the collections of like character in museums already referred to, there exist in different cities of Europe several distinc- tive marine museums. Among these there are the Musée de Marine at the Louvre in Paris, two marine museums in Rotterdam, and one in Amsterdam. NATIONAL TECHNICAL AND NavuticaL MusztEuM—RotTrTrerDAM The marine museums are all of a historical character with the ex- ception of the National Technical and Nautical Museum in Rotter- dam (Nationaal Technisch Scheepvaartkundig Museum). ‘This museum, which was founded in 1916 and is maintained by the Dutch shipping interests, serves as a bureau of information upon shipping affairs and also as an educational institution for the instruction of young men in the merchant marine. Its collections are devoted to models, drawings, and specimens illustrating ship construction and operation and marine methods designed principally for the information of those engaged in shipping. Of equal importance for the purposes of the institution is its library and reading room containing works on navigation, ship construction and operation, and maritime periodicals of all countries. The staff of the museum endeavors to give assistance in regard to all inquiries related to the merchant marine. The museum gives the names of firms or individuals that are in position to supply the necessary information, but does not itself give technical advice. ‘This service covers the fields of ship construction, engine practice, naviga- tion, and meteorology. In the latter field the museum gives both lectures and advice. In its collections the museum endeavors to show the latest details of ship construction for the information of builders and operators. These collections include many details of marine engine apparatus given by the makers comprising a model of a vertical six cylinder modern marine engine electrically actuated, a model of a Parson’s turbine, and other examples of engines and of marine boilers. There are a number of ship models, one showing a cross section and one a longitudinal section about 12 feet long. Instruments for naviga- tion and bridge apparatus are comprehensively illustrated. A wire- less room and a chart room are reproduced in full size. Methods for 62 APPENDIX the handling of cargo, particularly as to the loading of grain and coal, are shown in much detail. The different methods of deep sea fishing are shown in a very effective fashion by models. The museum provides lectures for workers on the ships, general lectures for the public, and some technical lectures for shipping people. In 1923 there were about 20,000 visitors to the museum. Including those using the library the number was 31,255. The budget for 1923 was 55,000 gulden. ($22,550.) MusEE DE Marine, LouvRE First among the historical museums is the Musée de Marine in the Louvre at Paris which was officially created by a royal ordinance of December 27, 1827. Various efforts to develop naval collections had been made in France in much earlier times. A French naval museum was installed in the Louvre with the approval of the Min- ister of Marine in 1752, and placed under the authority of the Aca- demy of Sciences. Later on, under the Directory, the authorities determined that the “paintings, drawings, engravings, models, charts, and other objects relating to the navy which are to be found in the national depots and conservatoires, shall be reunited in one place to serve for the advancement of nautical science.” ‘This attempt re- sulted in the development of a naval collection in the grand gallery of the Garde-meuble in 1801. Both of these collections, however, seem to have been dispersed in later years. For a number of years during the last century the budget of the Minister of Marine included an item providing for the construction of models for the museum in various government naval establish- ments. Due to this provision, many fine models, executed to a uni- form scale of one-fortieth, were constructed in different French naval arsenals between 1830 and 1848 and sent to the museum. A work- shop, established in the Louvre itself, produced some beautiful models of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The collection has been added to by purchases and gifts and today includes many attractive and interesting models of early ships of the French navy. The museum also contains many paintings, draw- ings and engravings of historic interest, prominent among which are the series illustrating the Ports of France by Joseph Vernet. The main divisions of the collections are as follows: harbors and arsenals, naval construction, naval armament, navigation, ships of war, merchant marine, objects of art relating to naval history including paintings, busts, and ornaments. The collection, as a whole, is not arranged in a particularly attrac- ‘rem Jo sdiys youary Ajiva FO sjapoul Surureju0D WOOY ‘sUlIRYY ep e9Sn|W 5 APPENDIX 63 tive manner or in a way calculated to develop a pronounced educa- tional effect. In a number of cases the material exposed in wall cases is much too crowded and the lower portions are almost impos- sible to inspect. Some of the rooms have very poor light. There is no exposition of the industries or activities of the sea, no material relating to sea trade, and very few exhibits showing ship construc- tion. The value of the museum rests almost wholly upon the his- toric and esthetic appeal of many fine models of French ships of war and off-shore boats of various countries which, unfortunately, are not always displayed to the best advantage as regards light and opportunities for observation. MarinE Museum, RoTTeRDAM Another historical marine collection is located in the Ethnographical and Marine Museum in Rotterdam (Museum voor Land-en Volken- kunde en Maritiem). ‘This museum is, to a large extent, an eth- nographical museum with collections gathered principally from the Dutch colonies. It includes, however, a marine section which con- tains beautiful models of early Dutch sailing craft and fishing ves- sels. There are also a number of models of Oriental sailing craft, models of modern Dutch steam vessels, and models of marine engines. NETHERLANDS HisToricAL NAuticAL Museum, AMSTERDAM The Netherlands Historical Nautical Museum (Nederlandisch Historisch Sheepvaart Museum) in Amsterdam was founded in 1916 and is supported by private funds largely from shipping companies and individuals. ‘The direct incentive that led to the organization of the museum was, as in the case of the Nautical and Technical Mu- seum at Rotterdam, the Netherlands Nautical Exposition held in the year 1913 on the occasion of the centenary of Dutch independence. It was found at this time that much of the material in the historical section of the exposition was liable to go to England or America and an association was formed to keep this material in Holland. The museum is purely historical but it is thoroughly educative in the sense that it not only contains a collection of models and docu- ments of the highest value, but displays them in a manner that al- lows their significance to be readily comprehended and their zsthe- tic quality thoroughly enjoyed. The building, which was finished in 1922, is not large and consists of only two floors, each with a central hall and wide alcoves. There is abundance of light at all points and the arrangement is such as 64 APPENDIX to give an impression of spaciousness and of freedom from crowding. In the halls and alcoves are models of historic Dutch ships ranging from picturesque examples of the fifteenth century to those of today. Each model stands alone in a glass case. At the sides of the alcoves are generally arranged counter cases containing elaborately printed old Dutch works on voyages, naviga- tion, and astronomy, and on the walls above are charming speci- mens of old charts, engravings of Dutch admirals and old Dutch marine paintings sometimes by great masters like Van der Velde the elder. The display as a whole is of the highest order, both from the tech- nical and artisti¢ standpoint. The discrimination and taste that have presided over the arrangements have resulted in one of the most attractive small museums in Europe, one that in point of esthe- tic appeal vies with that of any art museum. A library consisting of old and new works relating to the history of the sea is maintained by the museum. The museum publishes each year a volume of fine typographic appearance on some topic concerning the history of Dutch naval affairs. APPENDIX tc TRAFFIC MUSEUMS The Traffic Museum at Berlin is one of three traffic museums developed in Germany by the Imperial Railway Directory. These museums were originally intended for the instruction of railway employees in regard to methods and technique but of late years they have been conducted as public museums with the education of the public concerning railways as an important if not their chief aim. Museum AT BERLIN The museum in Berlin (Verkehrs-und Baumuseum), which was opened on December 14, 1906, is housed in the former Berlin-Ham- burg passenger station to which in 1911 and 1916 were added two side wings. The large central hall of the old passenger station is devoted to examples of full-sized locomotives and cars of various types as well as a large number of models in cases. In this hall are also a num- ber of full-sized car trucks showing air-brake systems in full detail. Behind the great hall and connected with it is a switch house or View of first floor. Marine Museum, Amsterdam. s® APPENDIX 65 tower connected with a railway yard located in a court in which appurtenances, switches and signal installations are operated from the tower. Other rooms contain models of various types of bridges and turn tables, models of switches and signals, coal loading machinery, train dispatching and telegraph and telephone systems, tools used in rail- Way construction, printed matter and charts relating to railways. One of the long side wings is devoted to the Haarmann rail museum. ‘This collection presents in an exhaustive way the historic development of road bed and rails. Rails, fish plates, saddles, sleep- ers, and ballast are all shown by full-sized specimens in two tooms each approximating 200 feet in length. In the corresponding wing on the opposite side, models of canals, locks, dams, docks, bridges and relief. maps of harbors illustrate the field of water transportation. The models which figure in the collections in such large numbers were in part made in government or private shops from government funds and in part presented by private firms and represent con- structions in actual or in small scale. Some of the models of locomo- tives, brakes, and safety installations can be actuated by means of compressed air or electricity. The museum contains a very large collection of material much of which is very similar in character. The extent and repetitive nature of the collection are such as to induce fatigue in the lay visitor rather than to favor the assimilation of ideas. No attempt has been made to limit the displays to type and significant material but rather every effort has been put forth to make the collections comprehensive. The museum is in consequence not an effective institution for pub- lic education. For this purpose much of the full size material could be better shown by photographs, drawings or models and the entire display greatly condensed. The number of visitors at present is stated to be 125,000 a year. Museum At DreEsDEN The museum at Dresden has been only recently established. It represents a very interesting museum on a small scale developed very intelligently through effective use of drawings, charts, and models. The collections are at present located in several rooms in the Neu- stadt Bahnhof that are not very suitable for display purposes, but which have been made use of to the best advantage. In the entrance room are historic documents and drawings relat- ing to the first German railway opened in 1837 which ran between Dresden and Leipzig. 66 APPENDIX The first exhibition hall contains excellent models of bridges with accompanying detail drawings. Each model is provided with a case and has been made in such a manner as to show the construction. The large room of the museum is devoted to various models, draw- ings, photographs, and constructive details. The development of rails and a road bed is shown by short sections and by wash draw- ings. A case about 4 feet long contains 24 nickel plated sections of rails and fish plates. This and other instances among the displays are models of condensation. A working section of a locomotive valve and a link motion is exhibited together with drawings of a loco- motive of which it forms a part. Specimens of locomotive parts broken in accidents resulting from lack of care on the part of opera- tives are exhibited in such manner as to bring out the cause of the accident. A small study room has been provided in which books and reports can be consulted. The museum is maintained by the Railroad Directory of the State of Saxony. Museum at NUREMBERG The Bavarian Trafic Museum was founded in Munich in 1885 but in 1889 was transferred to Nuremberg. At first, as in the case of the Berlin museum, it was intended only for the instruction of rail- road employees, but now aims largely at the education of the public. A new building, which was begun in 1914 and finished in 1925, was planned largely with this end in view and now presents a fine example of a specialized museum building. The outer walls are built of brick with sand stone facing. ‘The floors are constructed of rein- forced concrete. "The museum building, which is connected by a bridge with the administration building of the Nuremberg Railroad Directory, consists of four wings about a central court that is developed in attractive architectural fashion. ‘The walls of the different rooms are treated in various colors, both for the sake of variety and for easy identification. The displays of the museum are marked by an entire absence of full-sized locomotives and coaches. Reliance has been laid solely upon finely constructed models together with drawings, diagrams, photographs and constructive details. The models of locomotives and coaches are constructed to one-tenth scale and are arranged in units of a locomotive and two coaches, each of which is displayed in a glass case about 12 feet long, 20 inches wide, and 24 inches high. One large room contains 32 of these cases. Other rooms con- tain displays showing the construction of bridges and the permanent ysadepng ‘wnasn| jeanjpNIIs Vy APPENDIX 67 way, railroad buildings, electric railways, brakes and other examples of railway mechanism, and scenic panorama illustrating river trans- portation and railroad building. There is a complete model of a block signal system constructed at a scale of one to twenty. This and other models are actuated only by keepers or guardians, The museum devotes considerable space to the postal service, Models of post wagons, both of old and new types, are exhibited. Railway and postal telegraph instruments are shown and diagrams bring out the operation of both telegraph and telephone apparatus. A fire-proof room or vault is devoted to a very extensive and valu- able collection of stamps of all countries. A fine room about 30 feet by 50 feet is provided in the museum building for staff conferences of railway officials and another of the same size for festivals. There is a well arranged lecture room provided with motion pic- ture apparatus in which it is proposed to give public lectures with the hope that some revenue may be obtained from this source to assist in the upkeep of the museum. In the basement are rooms for holding the archives of the rail- way administration and workshops for model making. A refreshment room of attractive character has been incorporated in the building. ‘This room allows for expansion during the summer into a delightful outside loggia. APPENDIX 1d AGRICULTURAL MUSEUM—BUDAPEST The Agricultural Museum in Budapest, which was described in an admirable paper on agricultural museums by F. Lamson- Scribner presented at the meeting of the American Association of Museums May 26, 1921, was founded as a state museum in 1896. The museum was organized to conserve the extensive agricultural collections brought together at the time of the Hungarian Millennial Exposition. The three very picturesque buildings that were erected for the agricultural collections at that time were built in three dif- ferent styles typical of Hungarian architecture—Romanesque, Gothic, ard Renaissance. These buildings were first erected as tem- porary structures for the purpose of the exposition, but were after- 68 APPENDIX wards rebuilt in permanent and substantial fashion at a cost of 2,400,000 kronen (about $480,000) in 1903, and in 1907 were opened to the public. . The aim of the museum is to illustrate the development of Hun- garian agriculture on the one hand and to serve as a bureau of infor- mation upon agricultural matters on the other. ‘The scope of the collections is extremely comprehensive, embracing the entire field of agriculture, horticulture, forestry, animal husbandry, fish culture, game, and agricultural industries. In the agricultural section the culture of cereals, vegetables, and tobacco is illustrated by specimens showing the result of proper and improper methods. One entire room is devoted to wheat culture. Chemical analyses of the various qualities of wheat collected from the 53 counties of Hungary are displayed together with samples of the upper and lower strata of the soil in which the respective qualities of wheat are grown. In this room is also a collection of prehistoric seeds dating from the stone and bronze ages. The work of the agricultural schools is fully illustrated by models, photographs, and records. In this section is an extensive collection of models of Hungarian farm buildings which illustrate the older types as well as the new. The relation of insect life to agriculture receives detailed exposi-— tion in which the functions of harmful and helpful insects are clearly brought out. Methods of soil culture are illustrated and the history of the plow is set forth at considerable length by means of small models illustrating types used in different countries as well as of full size specimens of modern plows and harvesting machinery. Horti- culture receives the same thorough attention. Methods of forestry conservation are illustrated by photographs and models and by comprehensive collections of Hungarian woods displayed in the log and in sections. The work of the forestry schools is also explained. The dependence of Hungary upon the regulation of her river sys- tems is brought out by maps both in the flat and in relief, and methods of conservation and regulation of river supply are illustrated. The department of animal husbandry comprehends horses, cattle, sheep, poultry, and rabbits. The results of breeding are set forth and economic considerations regarding marketing are dealt with. A distinctive feature of the museum is two halls, one of which is devoted to portrait models about 20 inches in length of some of the most famous stallions and brood mares of Hungary, and the other to similar portrait models of noted specimens of horned cattle illus- trating standard breeds. In this connection are models and photo- ‘SSUIP[INg WiIeF FO S[apoul SururejuOD [[eyY “jsedepng ‘wnasnyy [eIN[NISy e ee eT eT APPENDIX 69 graphs showing the active equipment of the state breeding estab- lishments. Bee culture is illustrated at length. Dairy farming, the milling industries, the spirit industries, brewing, beet sugar production, the vegetable oil industries, the starch industry, vinegar production, and the flax and hemp industries are illustrated by models, photographs, specimens of raw and finished materials, and by statistics. Hungarian river and lake fish are illustrated by photographs and habitat groups and methods of fish culture are set forth. Methods of fishing by weirs and nets are illustrated. Several large rooms are devoted to the wild game of Hungary. The finely mounted specimens are shown both in their winter and in their summer coats. A feature of this exhibit is the inclusion in each case of the footprints of the animal. Colored game maps show the distribution of wild animals. As a whole the museum displays are of a very high order. Every effort has been made to make the collections thoroughly informative and at the same time attractive. Diagrams, relief maps, models and photographs have been employed most intelligently and effectively throughout the collections. Photographic transparencies in the win- dows have been largely used. The museum possesses a fine public library relating to agriculture and allied fields and has an excellent lecture room. Courses of pub- lic lectures upon agricultural topics are held and scientific publica- tions are issued by the museum. Active contacts are maintained with the agrarian life of Hungary and the museum authorities are con- stantly supplying data and advice on agricultural matters. The museum shows clearly the influence of an intelligent and active ad- ministration working for the benefit of the agricultural interests of Hungary as well as toward the development of a museum for the education of the public. APPENDIX 2 DEUTSCHES MUSEUM—MUNICH Transcript from the catalog of the displays in the old building GEOLOGY > Development of views concerning volcanic phenomena. (Pic- tures, models, and diagrams.) Apparatus for determination of earthquakes. Causes of the formation of mountains. (Models and pictures.) Action of wind and water upon the surface of the earth. (Dia- grams and pictures.) Examples of typical petrifactions. (Specimens and casts.) Development of views regarding the formation of the most im- portant rocks, coal seams, etc. (Pictures and specimens.) Picture of a landscape from the Devonian age. Picture of a landscape from the Carboniferous age. Picture of the region of Steinheim in the Tertiary period. Reconstruction of the region around Munich in the Glacial Epoch. (Picture and map.) Glacial rubble-stones from the Glacial Epoch. (Specimens, maps, pictures. ) Development of geological maps. (Maps and globe.) Development of geological reliefs. (Topographic reliefs.) Development of methods for the investigation of rocks. (Ap- paratus for analyzing and determining of rocks and minerals; historically important instruments in this field; polariscope and microscope.) Se ee San O 2S Geena ee MINING Development of deep drilling tools and machines. (Pictures and models.) Shaft drilling plant according to Kind-Chaudron. (Operating model. ) Lined shaft with Thompson water suction system. (Model.) Freezing shaft plant. (Model.) 70 che ‘}BOqUIBAIS IIATI JO sjaayM a[pped pue aurlsuad jo [apoyy ‘Saal 39 SJIY Sop a110}BALISUOD ess : - eo , = ; - ° eo f : : ‘ : P : ~ i. . e ; \ s \ APPENDIX 71 Pictures regarding the development of the salt mining industry. (Diagrammatic drawing, pictures, and plan.) Methods for the extraction of salt from brine. (Models, pic- tures and samples of the most important salts.) Pictures relating to the development of ore mining. Ore mine of the period of about 1830. (Scale model.) Development of the dressing of coarse- and fine-grained ore. (Pictures and models.) em FF FF K. Development of electro-magnetic dressing of ore. (Original machines. ) L. Picture of a lignite mining plant. M. Pictures regarding the development of hard coal mining. (Pic- tures and plants.) N. Self-acting inclined plane installation of the coal mine at Han- sau. (Operating model.) O. Typical plants for the dressing of coal. (Model.) P. Plants for making briquettes. (Operating model.) Q. Earlier conveyor installations for shafts. (Pictures and models. ) R. Electric conveyor plant. (Operating model.) S. Methods for the removal of noxious gases. (Pictures and models. ) T. Development of water control plants. (Models.) MINING PLANTS I. SuHart INSTALLATIONS A. The various forms of lining of shafts and drifts. (Models.) B. Early shaft with wooden lining, elevator basket, and cars. (Model.) C. Shaft with masonry lining, iron elevator basket with earlier safety catch. (Model.) D. Shaft with iron lining, elevator basket with more recent safety catch. (Model.) E. Pictures relating to the development of shaft conveyance, F. Model of a miner’s cage of the eighteenth century. G. Historic water control arrangements. (Model.) II. Sarety anp RescuE DEvIcEs H. Miners’ lamps and rescue devices. (Specimens. ) III. Toots anp Dritis I. Earlier and more recent mining implements, (Speci- mens. ) 72 APPENDIX Obtaining of coal by means of long-way work. Ladders for communication between levels. (Representations. ) Hand drilling. (Representations. ) , Machine drilling with operation by hand. (Machines.) Hydraulic and pneumatic drilling and _ long-drilling machines. (Specimens.) Compressor plant. (Machine.) First electric drills of Siemens, 1879. Earlier and more recent mine ventilators for removal of noxious gases from isolated places. (Machines; old specimens. ) R. Means for blasting. (Cartridges, fuses, etc.) OO Seen IV. Horstinc Devices S. Old self-acting inclined plane installation with cable drum. T. Conveyor reel for operation by steam and water. (Specimens. ) U. Conveyor support for self-acting inclined plane. (Speci- men and two cars.) V. CONVEYANCE IN DRIFTS Wooden car of the 16th century. Guide-rail barrow of the 17th century. Shaft elevator basket with iron car arranged for tip- ping. (Specimen.) Picture of a stable arrangement for horses. Operating model of a chain conveyor system. Earliest electric mine locomotive of Siemens. Gasoline mine locomotive. Pictures relating to the development of drift con- veyors. Development of the lining of drifts with stone, wood, and iron. (Representations. ) N Kine <<< METALLURGY AND METAL WCRKING PropucTIon oF Pic IRon A. Diagrammatic representation of the production of iron and steel. B. Ores and substances that are added for various kinds of iron. ‘Segr Jo aderiied AvMIeYy “WinasnyAy 99UaTIG SSVTIOISUII j ——— *S28t NI G3Ssih Ws 30vINNVO we. py 40 7300W ¥ APPENDIX 73 Arrangements for the preparation of charcoal and coke. (Models. ) Earlier and more recent blowers. (Models and drawings.) Pictures relating to the development of air heaters. Pictures relating to the development of blast furnaces. (Pic- tures and drawings.) G. Details of blast furnaces. H. Iron-sheathed blast furnace in cross-section. (Model.) I. Blast furnace plant at Baruth from the eighteenth century. (Model.) K. Earliest blast furnace with air heater. L. Blast furnace plant from the period of about 1875. (Model made to scale.) M. Blast furnace puddling tools. (Specimens.) N. Earliest pig iron mixer. (Operating model.) aa PRoDUCTION OF WroucHT IRon, Sort STEEL, AND REFINED STEEL I. Production of wrought iron. A. Old bloomery fire, with an original iron bloom. Also original of a refinery hearth of the middle of the nineteenth century. B. Earlier and more recent puddling furnaces. (Sectional models and specimens of iron and steel.) II. Production of soft steel. C. Cross-section of a Bessemer converter of 1867. Beside it is an operating sectional model of the first Besse- mer plant known in Germany (1863). D. Earliest Siemens-Martin plant in Germany (1868). (Model. ) III. Production of refined steel. E. Cementation furnaces. (Sectional model and photo- graphs and specimens. ) F. Development of crucible steel furnaces. (Sectional model of the year 1811. Also a model of a modern crucible steel furnace. Specimens of crucibles and picture of casting of steel. Various specimens of steel fractures. First cast steel bell.) G. Electric steel furnaces. (Models. Representation of methods of testing iron and steel.) 74 APPENDIX WorkKING oF [Ron I. Rolling. A. Diagram of the rolling processes. An old rolling mill. (Diagrammatic drawing and model.) B. Rail rolling mill. (Operating model of the Krupp type of about 1880; also specimens and pictures.) C. Rolling of a piece of strip iron, a rail, and a chain. (Specimens showing stages of development.) D. Blooming mill. (Operating model.) E. Three-high mill. (Original of the Erdmann system.) F. Stages of development of rolled sheet metal. (Speci- mens of materials.) G. Development of armor plate. (Specimens of Krupp armor plate of wrought iron, composite plate, un- hardened nickel steel, hardened nickel steel; pic- ture. Specimens of armor plate that had been sub- jected to fire.) H. Tube rolling mill. (Model and samples.) II. Forging. I. Old forge with old implements and forged products. (Forge shop reconstructed by Prof. Klieber.) K. Development of water and steam hammers. (Series of models and drawings.) L. Krupp forging hall with model of the “Fritz” hammer of 50,000 kilograms pressure. (Model to scale.) M. Model of a forging press with a pressure of 3,000,000 kilograms. (Model and specimen.) Ill. Welding. N. Welding processes. (Pictures, specimens, and dia- grams.) IV. Casting. O. Molding machines. (Models and originals.) P. Development of cupola furnaces and molding machines. (Models. ) ; : Q. Special casting processes for special requirements. (Models and specimens. ) 4) ioe a rs + Science Museum. Model of H.M.S. Prince of 1670. FP Il. Ill. QO b> QMS APPENDIX 45 Hyprautic Morors WatTER WHEELS A. Overshot, middle shot, and undershot water wheels. (Operating models, original wheel, drawings.) Water PressurE ENGINES B. Water pressure engine of Reichenbach. (Original and models.) C. Typical water motors. (Originals and drawings.) ‘TURBINES D. Old Rumanian tangential water wheel. (Specimen, pictures. ) E. First turbine in Germany by Fourneyron. (Original.) F. Model of a Nagel turbine. (Model.) G. Sectional model of a Schwamkrug turbine by Ganz. H. Zuppinger tangential turbine by Escher-Wyss. (Orig- inal.) I. Original Pelton wheel. (Original and operating model.) K. First Francis turbine with Fink rotary-blade regulation, by Voith. L. Original of the first Henschel turbine. M. Adjustable Knop turbine of Briegleb & Hansen. (Original and pictures.) N. “Ontario” turbine plant. (Model and sectional draw- ings. ) Oxtpest STEAM ENGINES Pictures relating to the development of the steam engine. Oldest steam engine existing in Germany. (1813.) For com- parison, high-speed Westinghouse steam engine. Model of the oldest steam engine plant. (Model, original beam. ) Model of a Watt engine with planetary wheel. Beam engine with frame. (Original and operating model.) Half-beam engine. (Original and operating model.) Alban steam engine. (Original and operating sectional model.) 76 APPENDIX STEAM ENGINES AND STEAM BOILERS I. STEAM ENGINES A. Ae Pre Ges Historic types of vertical steam engines. (Originals, and cast models of steam engine frames.) Historic types of horizontal steam engines. (Original engine and parts.) Development of steam engine valve gears. (Original models, section. of a cylinder.) Side-beam marine engine of Coquerill. (Original.) First torpedo-boat engine of Schichau. Historically important multiple-expansion engines. (Drawings and models.) Section of a cylinder of a more recent Sulzer valve engine. II. Stream TurRBINES H. Steam turbines of Laval and Parsons. (Original, model, drawings.) III. STEAM Boilers Ae Old copper boiler of Watt. Development of boilers with large water space. (Mod- els, sectional model, original of a large marine boiler bottom. ) Original tubular boiler of Alban. Original of the first Steinmiller boiler. More recent tubular boilers. (Sectional models, pic- tures. ) Representation of steam boiler explosions. (Pictures, components of exploding boilers. ) Preheating of the boiler feed water. (Model.) Models of water re-cooling plants. Also model of the first water purifier built in Germany. Older and more recent fittings. (Originals.) IV. Stream AUTOMOBILE ENGINES First German locomobile of Wolf. Model of a modern superheated steam locomobile of Wolf. (Model, drawings, photographs.) Direct-current superheated-steam locomobile of the Maschinenfabrik Badenia. “WIDISLT TWIID sy) Jo Surmesp [euonsas pue fapoy] “wiNasnJAy AUIS APPENDIX 77 V. Stream PLants _V. Locomobile central plant of Lanz. (Reduced-scale model.) Comparison of various steam engines and steam boilers for an_ electric power _ station. (Models. ) LAND TRANSPORTATION CARRYING OF LoADS AND PERSONS, SLEDS AND Wacons, BICYCLES A. Carrying of loads and persons by human beings. (Objects and pictures. ) B. Carrying of loads and persons by animals. (Model and pic- tures.) Development of drags and sleds. (Originals and pictures.) Development of wagons. (Models and pictures.) Traveling coach of the Biedermeier period. (Original.) Mechanical wagons. (Pictures, typical mechanical tricycles.) Development of bicycles. (Originals.) QmAmOO AUTOMOBILES AND RAILROADS I. -Automobiles. A. Development of automobiles and motorcycles. (Orig- inals, models, pictures.) Il. Locomotives. Development of locomotives. (Models and pictures.) Reproduction of the first locomotive, “Puffing Billy.” First locomotive of Krauss. Express locomotive of the year 1874. (Sectional loco- motive; can be operated by means of an electric motor. ) MOOR III. Mountain Railways. F. Rigi railway, the first cog railway in Europe. (Models of locomotives and roadbed.) G. Pilatus railway, cog railway with greatest inclination. (Model of motor car and of a viaduct.) H. Railway from Blankenburg to Tanne, first combined cog and adhesion railway of Abt. (Models of loco- motive truck and roadbed.) Development of cable roads. (Models, drawings, and pictures. ) — 78 APPENDIX IV. Railway Cars. K. Development of railway cars. (Originals and models.) L. Statistical tables relating to the development of rail- ways. (Tables on the walls.) M. Model of a typical ship-canal lift. (Operating model. ) V. Roadbed. A. Originals of historically important railway tracks. B. Development of roadbeds and tracks from the seven- teenth century to modern times. (Sections of road- bed, etc.) C. Grooved tracks. (Short sections.) D. Roadbeds of cog railways. (Sections.) E. Safety devices for the open stretch. (Original devices.) F. Safety devices at the railway station. (Switches, sig- nals, etc.) ELEcTRIC RAILWAYS A. First electric locomotive of Werner Siemens. (Orig- inal.) B. Models of historically important electric cars and loco- motives. Electric street car with trucks. (Sectional model.) Car of the speed trials from Berlin to Zossen. (Sec- tional model.) ; Electric street railway car. (Machinery exposed.) Suspended railway from Barmen to Elberfeld. (Model; also pictures of elevated and subway lines; statistics. ) Jungfrau railway, the highest mountain railway in Europe. (Model and painting.) oe iakeh, iehe Hot Am ENncings, GAs ENGINES, ENGINES FoR Liguip FUELS AND WIND ENGINES I. Hor Air ENGINES A. Hot air engine of Ericsson. (Original.) B. Hot air engine of Lehmann. (Original.) II. Gas ENGINES C. Gas engine of Lenoir. D. Gas engine of Otto and Langen. E. Atmospheric gas engine of Bischop. ‘yuejd pue dur [vO JO UOTIeJUaSaIdaI DBVUIaYIG ‘UINaSNyA, saydsjnaq DUALS Sera ees powcr “ey ——9 LYS _-. Sy Gusy yoy DUN] PEUE, apsyemapgy ee ee end s APPENDIX 79 Gas engine of Otto; four-cycle. (Reproduction. ) Gas engine of Raichmann; four-cycle. Suction gas engine plant of Deutz. (Sectional model and diagrammatic drawing.) I, First blast-furnace gas engine of Ochelhauser. (Oper- ating model, partly sectional.) K. Blast-furnace of Deutz. (Model.) . Two-cycle engines. (Original, and diagrammatic sec- tional model.) OQ) 3 III. ENcIngs ror Liguip FUELS M. Historically important petroleum engines. (Orig- inals. ) N. Gasoline engine of Banki. (Original, partly sec- tional.) O. First Diesel engine. (Original, diagrams, pictures.) IV. Winp ENGINES STHOAh UO wp . m M. A. Presentation of the history of wind engines. (Pictures and models.) Historic windmill of Sans Souci. (Model.) Typical German windmill. (Model.) Operating models of more recent wind engines with regulating devices. (Also pictures.) Details of old windmills. (Originals and model.) Po One ASTRONOMY Celestial globes and star maps. (Originals.) Large planetarium from the beginning of the nineteenth cen- tury. Two other planetariums, which are movable, etc. Astronomical “world and art clock.” Development of the calendar and of the division of time. (Plaster cast, original calendars, tables.) Development of sun dials. (Models and original.) Astronomical pendulum clocks. (Originals.) Astronomical clock by S. Riefler. Armillary spheres and astrolabes. (Pictures and originals.) Development of instruments for the determination of the position of the heavenly bodies in the celestial sphere. (Originals, models, pictures.) Older telescopes for observation of the heavenly bodies. (Originals, reproduction, drawings, and sectional models.) Parallactically mounted telescopes. (Original and models.) Refractor of G. and S. Merz. co e) < GHYrONOZ HmOs HOO > VO 4S be Lams APPENDIX Model of a cupola. Fraunhofer’s heliometer. (Original and drawing.) Constitution of the sun. (Drawings and photographs.) Constitution of the moon. (Drawings and photographs.) Constitution of the planets. (Drawings and photographs.) Constitution of comets. (Drawings and a meteorograph.) The world of the fixed stars. (Tables and photographs.) Large tellurium for exemplification of the movement of the éarth and the moon. Original instruments of Tycho Brahe. GEODESY Measures of length. (Survey of units of length, collection of standard measures, copy of the meter prototype.) Measures of capacity. (Survey, and collection of originals.) Telescopic graphometers and apomecometers. (Originals.) Experimental arrangement for apomecometers. Gradual improvement of goniometers. (Collection of in- struments. ) Progressive improvement of the theodolite. (Originals.) Experimental arrangement for goniometry. Optical squares. (Instruments and explanations.) Development of leveling instruments. (Originals, reproduc- tions, drawings; also altitude barometers.) Altitude charts. (Maps, comparative data, plans in relief.) Base instruments. (Instruments, pictorial representation of a measurement. ) Maps. (Comparison of maps; methods for the preparation of cadaster charts.) Linear dividing machine of Repsold. Circular dividing machine of Reichenbach. Circular dividing machine of Oertling. MATHEMATICS, CINEMATICS, BALANCES MATHEMATICS A. The development of practical calculation and calculat- ing machines. (Machines, logarithmic calculating devices, tables.) B. Exemplification of the most important geometric forms. (Models, tables, demonstration arrangements. ) C. The development of perspective and its application. (Drawings and models.) : D. Development of the planimeter. (Originals.) Model of gas producing plant at Nuremberg. Deutsches Museum. II. III. II. APPENDIX 81 CINEMATICS E. Cinematic demonstrations. (Models and tables.) Cinematics in the animal kingdom. (Preparations and models. ) BALANCES F. Collection of units of weight and of sets of weights. (Originals and reproductions. ) G. Large two-armed balance of the year 1800. (Also a lever balance.) H. Ordinary scales. (Originals, models, drawings, re- constructions. ) I. Bridge scales and spring scales. (Originals and models. ) J. Precision balances. (Originals.) K. Development of densimeters for liquids. (Hydro- meters. Instruments.) L. Ascent to the astronomical observatory. (Instruments, transparent glass star chart.) MECHANICS EQUILIBRIUM OF SoLID BopiEs A. The lever principle and its application. (Models.) B. Recognition of the principle of the inclined plane and its application. (Models and apparatus.) C. The principle of the parallelogram of forces and its application. (Demonstrations.) MovEMENT oF SoLip Bopiks D. Galileo’s investigations of falling motion. (Apparatus, reconstruction of apparatus, and machines.) Development of the laws of the pendulum. (Demon- stration of the Foucault experiment; instrument.) Reproduction of the centrifugal machine of ’sGrave- sande. Experiments with centrifugal machines. The law of the attraction of masses and the three laws of motion of Newton. (Explanation, drawings, in- strument. ) I. Turn-stool for demonstration of reaction movements. K. Experiments with tops. mO 7 mF 82 APPENDIX L. Marine gyroscope and gyroscopic compass. (Operat- ing models.) M. Demonstration of ship vibrations. (Model.) N. Development of the laws of the impact of elastic bodies. (Reproductions of experiments, models.) III. MercHANICcS oF GASES IV. Sele. O. Development of the barometer since the time of Tor- ricelli. (Torricelli experiment, reproductions, orig- inal instruments. ) Original air pump of Otto von Guericke. (Also pic- tures and explanations.) Development of piston air pumps. (Original pumps.) Development of mercury air pumps since 1858. (Orig- inals. ) Demonstration in a vacuum. The fundamental laws of the mechanics of gases and their application. (Reproductions, drawings, ex- periments.) (6s Oe a =r MeEcHANICcS oF Liguip BopIEs U. The law of hydrostatic pressure and its application. (Demonstrations, reproduction of apparatus.) V. Hydraulic presses. (Model and picture.) W. Presentation of the principle of Archimedes. X. Development of hydrodynamics and application there- of. (Demonstrations and water wheel.) Optics oF FoRMER TIMES Flat mirrors and their employment. (Drawing, collection of mirrors, model.) The laws of curved mirrors. (Collection of mirrors, experi- mental arrangements, diagrammatic drawings.) Rectilinear transmission of light. (Model, demonstration, diagrammatic pin-hold camera.) Projection instruments. (Instruments and pictures.) Development of the law of refraction. (Instruments and demonstrations. ) The laws of lenses. (Figures to be observed through vari- ous lenses; demonstrations and diagrammatic explanations. ) Progressive improvement of the microscope. (Original microscopes. ) eS: Deutsches Museum. Fire tube boiler of Alban, 1859. ee Bll gs > APPENDIX 83 Perfection of the microscope since the invention of the achro- matic objective. (Instruments and microscopic pictures.) Development of telescopes. (Originals and reproductions.) Experimental telescopes for comparison. Double telescopes. (Instruments, partly sectional.) Forms of lenses and prisms. (Specimens.) Optics oF More REcENT TIMES Velocity of light and brightness of light. (Pictures, models, instruments. ) The eye and its defects. (Diagrammatic drawings, reproduc- tions of models of the eye, new models, instruments.) Demonstration of spectacles. (Also models of the eye, pic- tures, and a collection of spectacles.) Stereoscopic vision, permanence of the light impression, after- images and contrast phenomena. (Instruments, demonstra- tion and arrangement.) Original instruments of Helmholtz. Original instruments of Fraunhofer. Spectrum apparatus of Kirchhoff and Bunsen. Development of the theory of colors. (Historical survey, reproduction of experimental arrangement, demonstra- tions. ) Development of spectrum analysis. (Instruments and demon- strations. ) Interference diffraction, polarization, and the wave theory of light. (Historical survey, drawings, instruments, models, demonstrations. ) Manufacture of optical instruments. (Drawings and speci- mens; machines.) HEAT AND METEOROLOGY The various kinds of temperature measurement. (Demon- strations. ) Development of the thermometer. (Instruments.) Expansion of solid, liquid, and gaseous bodies. (Drawings and reproductions of instruments. ) Measurement of heat quantities. Melting and vaporizing. (Instruments, drawings, experimental arrangements, tables, models. ) Heat of combustion of various bodies. (Instruments and quantitative specimens of fuels.) 84 See peer ee Gh o> MmOas Of fe a reach ae Sey) APPENDIX Radiation and conduction of heat. (Drawings, instruments, demonstration.) Experiment of Rumford on the conversion of work into heat. (Model of experiment.) Original apparatus of Robert Mayer. Determination of the mechanical equivalent of heat. (Draw- ings and instruments.) Apparatus and method for the liquefaction of gases. (In- struments and drawings.) Original machine of Linde for liquefaction of air. (Original drawing and plant capable of operation.) Demonstrations of liquid air. Development of meteorological instruments. (Tables, pic- tures, instruments. ) Modern meteorological station. (Group of instruments ca- pable of operation; charts.) Wave THEORY Illustration of waves. (Demonstrations; wave machines.) Stationary waves in solid bodies, liquids, and gases. (Demon- strating instruments. ) Lissajour figures. (Demonstration.) Resonance phenomena. (Instruments and experimental ar- rangements. ) Reflection of waves. (Experimental arrangements.) Refraction of waves. (Demonstrations.) Interference of waves. (Demonstration apparatus.) Polarization of waves. (Demonstrations, drawing.) Absorption of waves. (Drawing.) ACOUSTICS Pitch and intensity of sound. (Instruments, explanations, drawings, models.) Tones of strings. (Historical survey, monochords.) Tones of bars and plates. (Illustrative tuning forks and plates.) Pipes. (Illustrative and experimental pipes.) Dissociation of a sound into simple tones. (Instruments for demonstration.) Development of the scale. (Simple presentation with pianino for playing of melodies.) Knowledge about speech. (Sectional model and instruments.) i ee eS kb ing pumping engine o . le act ing Model of Watt’s Deutsches Museum. i e . ad So oh a3 x ~> H. I. K. PONOZEM A dys On sO m7 Q Ke mOANO ANS APPENDIX 85 Knowledge about hearing. (Drawings and models.) Testing of hearing. (Tuning-fork series, etc.) Reproduction of tones by means of the phonograph, gramo- phone, and telegraphone. (Instruments and records.) FRICTIONAL AND CONTACT ELECTRICITY Fundamental experiments. Older electrostatic machines. (Machines and pictures.) — Electrostatic machine with battery of Leyden jars, used by Ohm. Leyden or Kleist jars. (Specimens.) Electrophoruses. (Specimens. ) Influence machines. (Specimens.) Steam electrostatic machine. Influence machine of Voss. Demonstrations of static electricity. Electroscope and electrometer. (Instruments.) Investigation of aerial electricity. (Pictures and models.) Frog’s leg experiment of Galvani. (Demonstration.) Voltaic pile. (Reproduction.) Galvanic cell. (Collection of cells.) Thermoelectric instruments. (Specimens. ) Original instruments of Ohm. Fundamental laws of Ohm and Kirchhoff. (Pictures and instruments. ) Current branching in liquids. (Pictures.) Resistance standards. (Specimens.) Instruments for measuring resistance. MAGNETISM AND ELECTRIC CURRENT Natural magnets and steel magnets. (Specimens and pic- tures.) Magnetic lines of force. ( Pictures.) Compasses. (Pictures and instruments.) Instruments for the measurement of terrestial magnetism. (Instruments and charts.) Earth inductor of Weber, 1853. (Demonstration instru- ment; inductor of Weber, partly original.) Instruments for the investigation of magnetic variations. (3 instruments. ) Electromagnets. (Magnets, diagrams, measuring instru- ments. ) Demonstration electromagnet. 86 APPENDIX H. Solenoids. (Demonstration arrangement, original instru- ments. ) Original instruments of Ampére. K. Application of the electromagnetic and electrodynamic laws. (Instruments. ) L. Galvanometers. (Series of instruments showing develop- ment. ) M. Development of induction instruments. (Demonstration, re- productions, instruments. ) N. Demonstration of the spark phenomenon in an inductor. (Ap- paratus. ) O. Demonstration of the Thomson effect. (Demonstration ar- rangement. ) P. Demonstration of eddy currents. Q. Demonstration of Tesla currents. if 1 Il. Evectric RADIATIONS AND WAVES PRODUCTION OF ELEcTRIC RADIATIONS tok B. C. o G. Development of vacuum tubes. (Original tubes and reproductions of tubes.) Demonstration of the appearance of light in vacuum tubes. (Demonstrations in dark cabinets.) Demonstrations in a variable vacuum. (Demonstra- tion of the effect of a gradually produced vacuum.) Demonstrations with R6ontgen rays. (Screen and X-ray apparatus in dark room.) Original tubes and original photograms of R6ntgen. Ionization of the air. (Instruments.) Investigation of radium. (Experimental arrangements, instruments, specimens of radio-active substances.) INVESTIGATION AND APPLICATION OF ELECTRIC WAVES H. I. K. L. Original oscillation apparatus of Feddersen. Original apparatus of Bezold. (Also a number of dust figures on hard rubber plates.) Original apparatus of Lecher, 1891. . Original pieces of apparatus of Hertz. (Also pictures of other apparatus of Hertz.) M. Historical pieces of apparatus for the investigation and utilization of electric waves. (Also wiring diagrams. ) ‘uononaysu0d suejdor1se fo JuauidojaAap ayy Bunesisnir sdnoi3 sruacg ‘unasnyAy sayosinaq . ee cA I a mo 4 _ A Sez ee APPENDIX 87 N. The transmitting instruments of wireless telegraphy. (Pictures, originals, and auxiliary apparatus. Possible operation of an instrument that acts on the receiving apparatus under “O”.) O. The receiving instruments of wireless telegraphy. (Instruments and tuning devices, etc.) P. Instruments for wireless telephony. (Originals, and complete transmitting and receiving sets, etc.) ‘TELEGRAPH Y Development of optical telegraphy. (Drawings and models.) First electrical telegraph of S6mmerring, 1809. (Original.) Electrical needle telegraphs. (Reproductions and an original instrument. ) Electrical needle telegraphs. (Original instruments; draw- ing by Siemens.) Earliest writing telegraph of Steinheil, 1836. (Original.) Historic development of the Morse recording instruments. (Reproduction and originals; also automatic sending instru- ments.) Development of cable telegraphy. (Two. instruments.) Type printing instruments. (Instruments and demonstra- tion model.) Copying telegraph of Casselli. (Reproduction of instrument; original telegram. ) Development of copying telegraphs and of automatic high- speed telegraphs. (Instruments, photographs, explanatory model.) Calling contrivances. (Specimens.) Auxiliary equipment for telegraph construction. (Objects.) Materials and designs for the construction of lines. (Cross- sections of cables, etc.; model of a cable twisting machine.) Abolition of the charge phenomena in telephone lines by Pupin coils. (Demonstration by operating telephone line.) TELEPHONY Development of the telephone and microphone. (Diagram- matic drawings, original instruments, reproductions, tele- phone connection with the Royal Opera.) Telephone stations. (Specimens.) 88 C. G. APPENDIX Switchboards and multiple switchboards for telephone central offices. (Originals and demonstration multiple switch- board.) ; | Automatic switching system of Strowger. (Demonstration arrangement for 4 stations.) Semi-automatic switching system of Dr. Steidle. Original telegraphones of Poulsen, 1898. Talking arc lamp, at the same time transmitter of light telephony. (Demonstration installation, operating in con- junction with receiving antenna.) PAINTING Material and technique of painting in antiquity. (Originals and reproductions of paintings; implements for encaustic painting; reconstruction attempts shown next to originals.) Material and technique of painting in the Middle Ages. (Original paintings and reproductions; Oriental paintings; miniatures on ivory and copper; samples of pigments.) Material and technique of painting of more recent times. (Sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; fresco, oil, pastel, tem- pera technique; stereochromy and mineral painting; speci- mens of restorations.) Material and technique of modern painting. (Colors shown in the form of powder as well as rubbed in oil; binders and their raw materials; implements; methods of testing for quality and permanence.) Representation of porcelain painting. (Originals and repro- ductions of partially and wholly completed objects.) Representation of glass painting. (Specimens of colored glass; combination picture; names of the most famous glass painters on the frame of the “tableau”.) Examination of paintings. (Charts showing results of micro- scopic and microchemical investigations.) WRITING AND PRINTING WRITING A. How one writes. (Series of pictures of people writ- ing; specimens of writing; charts of characters.) B. Technique of writing. (Implements and writings of many nations and ages, of various materials; devel- opment of the steel pen and the pencil.) C, Development of typewriters. (Series of operable models. ) ‘DISH, JO [[BEY ‘winasnyy sayosinaq APPENDIX 89 II. PrintTING D. Casting of type by hand and by means of machines. (Machines and specimens.) E. Hand composition. (Stands, cases, implements, speci- mens of composition, proofsheets, etc.) F. Development of the typesetting machine. (Original machines, pictures; specimens of machine composi- tion. ) G. Stereotyping. (Earlier and more recent apparatus.) H. Typical printed matter. (Originals and facsimiles of printed matter from the fifteenth century down to the present. Pictures of printing plants from the fifteenth century on.) I. Earliest wooden hand presses. (Original, reproduction, photograph. ) K. Development of iron hand presses. (Pictures, orig- inal.) L. Earliest high-speed press of Kénig. (Reproduction, with a picture, drawings, and letters of the in- ventor.) M. More recent high-speed presses. (Model; movable model.) PRINTING OF ILLUSTRATIONS, AND PHOTOGRAPHY I. Drawinc A. Development of mechanical drawing. (Instruments, drawings.) II. PRINTING OF ILLUSTRATIONS B. Old and new methods of making woodcuts, (Prints and woodcut plates.) C. Metal etching. (Original cuts and prints; also pro- duction of halftones with gratings.) D. Old and new copperplate printing methods. (Drawings showing various methods; hand-presses, implements, materials; stages of development of a heliogravure.) E. Technique of lithography. (Presses, implements, orig- inal lithographs; representation of the most impor- tant processes.) F. Phototypy. (Original prints; presentation of the process in its stages of development.) G. Color printing. (Specimens of older productions; modern light filters, partial negatives, grating copies, printing scales, finished specimens. ) 90 ITI. H. APPENDIX PHOTOGRAPHY H. Development of the photographic camera. (Original cameras of various types; demonstration of processes by automatic camera with visible interior.) I. Photographic objectives. (Specimens, sectional draw- ings, specimen pictures, and text. Also wide-angle and telephoto lenses, automatic shutters, models of focal plane and diaphragm shutters.) K. Photographic negative processes. (Originals of old negatives; comparative photographs; series of nega- tives and diapositives showing the effect of varying exposure, development, intensification, and reduc- tion. ) LL. Photographic positive processes. (Series of daguerreo- types, ferrotypes; copies and originals in various processes; enlargements and _ reductions; micro- photographs; etc.) M. Cinematography. (Series of examples of apparatus; films. ) N. Color photography. (Photographs, charts.) ‘TIMEPIECES Sun, water, oil, and sand clocks. (Typical originals; demonstration model.) Development of wheel clocks. (Models of various types of escapement; clocks, special clocks, chronoscope.) Tower clocks. (Clockworks and tower clock.) Modern tower clock of the year 1905. (Specimen.) Historical development of watches with fuse escapement. (Specimens. ) Further development of watches with cylinder, duplex, anchor, and chronometer escapement. (Large-scale operating models of various escapements; original watches; special watches; drawing of watch parts.) Development of pneumatic and electrical clocks. (Speci- mens. ) An old Schwarzwald clockmaker’s workshop. (Working tools; collection of parts and clocks.) Timepiece manufacture with machine operation. (Originals capable of operation; tableau with the separate parts of an alarm clock, showing total time of manufacture.) APPENDIX gI SPINNING — . SPINNING FIBERS AND THEIR TREATMENT A. Vegetable fibers. (Specimens of flax, hemp, jute, ramie, Egyptian and American cotton—unprepared and prepared.) B. Animal fibers. (Specimens of long-fiber sheep’s wool, short-fiber sheep’s wool, Mongolian camel’s hair, raw silk, all in various stages; also stages of develop- ment of silkworms; silk unrolled from a cocoon; re- suls of tests of food for silkworms.) C. Mineral fibers and artificial fibers. (Specimens of as- bestos, Cyprian gold threads, spun gold for brocade, artificial silk, spun material made from paper, cocoa- nut fibers, peat, and maize; also sample of a dress made of cocoanut fibers.) II. PREPARATORY MACHINES AND PREPARATORY IMPLEMENTS D. Preparatory machines for wool and cotton of Ark- wright, Heilmann, Gessner, etc. (Reproductions of machines. ) E. Preparatory implements for flax. (Implements; also model of an Upper Bavarian flax-breaking room, as well as pictures of machines to replace implements.) III. Hanp SPINNING F. Spindles and hand spinning wheels. (Originals, repro- ductions, pictures.) G. Spinning wheels for continuous process. (Originals and reproduction. ) H. Yarn winding apparatus. (Specimens.) SPINNING, TWISTING, AND SEWING I. INTERMITTENT SPINNING MACHINES I. Earliest spinning jenny for manual operation, 1764. (Reproduction.) K. Mule spinning jennys for manual and machine opera- tion. (Reproduction and original.) L. Original of a modern self-acting mule of the Elsas- sische Maschinenbaugesellschaft, Mulhausen. (Ma- chine. ) 92 APPENDIX II. Constant SPINNING MACHINES M. Water spinning frame. (Reproduction of original.) N. Ring spinning frame. (Machine and collection of ring spindle forms.) III. Braiwinc AND ‘TWISTING O. ‘Twisting machines. (Machines; among them certain originals. ) IV. SEwING P. Historic sewing machines, with a collection of pre- historic needles. (Originals and pictures of sewing machines. ) Q. More recent sewing machines. (Machines; large model; enlarged models for explanation of stitch formations, with the same parts in original size.) WEAVING I. Hanp WEAVING A. Looms of various ages and peoples. (Originals and pictures. ) B. Old hand looms. C. Old weaving room with hand Dobby loom and all auxiliary implements, for the preparation of the fabric threads, longitudinal and transverse threads. (Warp and woof threads. ) D. Experimental model for explanation of Jacquard weaving. E. Reproduction of the first hand loom of Jacquard, 1808. (Also Jacquard picture fabrics of silk.) II. MECHANICAL WEAVING F. Reproduction of the first mechanical cloth loom of Schénherr, 1836. (Also model, capable of opera- tion, of an older mechanical cotton loom.) G. Original of a modern silk loom with Dobby loom. III. Specimens oF Faprics H. ‘Typical fabrics of various ages and countries. (Speci- mens. ) I. Diagrammatic representation and specimens of the prin- cipal kinds of fabric interweavings, from the simplest linen interweaving to velvet. (Patterns on an en- larged scale; drawings and models of inter-weay- ings; cross-sections of fabrics; specimen fabrics.) ‘ydnojd ay} J0 yUaWIdojaAaq ‘“wINasnyA, sayos}naq APPENDIX 93 FARMING TREATMENT OF THE SoIL, NourISHING OF PLANTS, AND FERTILIZING A. Development of plows and harrows. (Models on an arable field, showing attachment of motive power and mode of operation.) B. The development of agriculture. (Shows steps from unsystematic agriculture to rotation of crops and in- tensive cultivation. ) Potato harvesting machines. (Machines and models.) An arable field with models of sowing machines. Seed scattering devices. (In original size and capable of operation.) F. Plant nourishment. (Drawings and experimental ar- rangements; collection of profiles of German arable fields.) G. Discovery and utilization of artificial fertilizers. (Pic- tures, fertilizer products.) H. Intensive cultivation of grain. (Specimens of grain.) I. Charts relating to the utilization of artificial fertilizers. HOO HARVESTING AND STOCK-RAISING A. Development of mowing machines for grass and grain. (Machines, pictures, movable models on a field of grain.) B. Hand implements for mowing and threshing from vari- ous ages and various peoples. (Reproductions and pictures. ) Threshing machines. (Pictures, models, machines.) Model of the earliest straw press of Klinger. Cleaning and sorting machines for grain. (Models and pictures.) Feed appliances. (Models and pictures.) Stable appliances of older and more recent times. (Showing development and resulting improvement in stock-raising. ) H. Stable arrangements. (Models and drawings, show- ing gradual improvement.) I. Stock-raising. (Pictures and models showing higher yields from improvement.) OQ moo 94 APPENDIX THe Dairy INDUSTRY A. B. C. Pt Model of an old dairy. Dairy implements of various ages and countries. (Models, reproductions, modern originals; pictures.) Milk separators with their appurtenances, from the earliest primitive devices down to the present. (Ma- chines, etc.) Model of a modern dairy and creamery. Creamery products. (Products, drawings, models, re- productions of cheese varieties. ) Constituents of milk. (Charts and drawings; exhibits of substances.) Examination of milk. (Experimental arrangements; instruments. ) FERMENTATION INDUSTRY I. BREWING FOO > AS Om Brewing materials and beer analyses. (Specimens.) Diagrammatic picture of a brewery. Malting apparatus. (Pictures and models.) Brewing-house apparatus. (Pictures and models.) Investigation of yeast with apparatus of Hansen for the pure culture of yeast. (Development forms of yeast, magnified 500 times; instruments.) Cellar arrangements. (Pictures and models.) Instruments and apparatus for examination of raw materials and beers. (Specimens.) Model of the old “Spaten” Brewery of the year 1812. Model of a brewery with machine operation. Picture of a modern brewery, with statistical data. Model of a modern brewing-house. II. DistTiLLiInc A. B. C. Originals of old spirits-distilling apparatus. Experimental apparatus for explanation of distillation. (Operating model; diagrammatic model.) Raw products of the manufacture of alcohol and spir- its, and diagrammatic representation of their treat- ment. (Specimens; diagrammatic representation; pictures and models.) APPENDIX 95 D. Models of distilling apparatus for grain and potato distilleries, first half of nineteenth century. (Models and pictures.) E. Model of a steam potato distillery with a Pistorius apparatus, 1846. F. Modern columnar distilling apparatus of Avenarius, for continuous operation. (Apparatus; pictures.) G. Model of an automatic distilling and rectifying ap- paratus of Ilges, 1906. H. Model of a modern distillery. I. Pieces of apparatus for examination of the raw mate- rials and of the alcohol. (Specimens.) CHEMICAL INDUSTRY I. Dye INpDusTRY A. Natural organic dyes. (Specimens.) B. Indigo factory. (Model of plant for artificial indigo.) C. Production of coal tar dyes. (Diagrammatic repre- sentation of manufacture of fuchsin and banzopur- purin, with sectional models and specimens of mate- rial at each stage.) D. Coal tar oils. (Specimens; pictures of apparatus.) E. Genealogical table of coal tar dyes. (Specimens in glass, arranged in “family-tree’ style to show derivation; also dyed samples in cotton or wool. II. Sopa INpustry F. Natural soda. (Pictures and preparations.) G. Manufacture of soda according to Leblanc, 1791. (Model of a modern factory.) H. Manufacture of soda according to Solvay. (Series of models. ) I. Caustic soda by means of electrolysis. (Model of plant.) III. Acmw INbDustTRY K. Production of nitric acid from Chile saltpeter. (Pic- tures, and model of a modern factory.) Process of Airect combination of the nitrogen and oxygen of the air by means of the electric arc. (To be shown by models and_ experimental arrange-— ments. ) 96 APPENDIX L. Earliest production of sulfuric acid. (Pictures, models, original retorts.) M. Manufacture of sulfuric acid according to the lead chamber process. (Model.) N. Manufacture of sulfuric acid according to the contact process. (Model.) IV. DrIaAGRAMMATICAL REPRESENTATIONS OF A MorE GENERAL NATURE O. Important elements and their compounds. (Collection of specimens in glass, arranged so that the com- pounds are located at the intersection of the hori- zontal and vertical lines leading from the constituent elements. ) P. Production of chemical products from the raw mate- rials. (Specimens of products in glass, with inter- mediate products, connected with colored cords to show derivation—see Fig. 42.) Q. Manufacture of cellulose. (Model of sulphite plant, complete.) ALCHEMIST’S LABORATORY A. Substances known in antiquity. (Collection of substances; reproduction of a Roman balance; charts with pictures of distilling implements; original glass vessels.) B. Ancient metallurgy. (Reproductions: furnace, bellows, imple- ments. ) C. Discoveries of the Middle Ages. (Specimens of substances.) D. Distilling apparatus. (Specimens.) E. Sand-bath hearth with an old pelican, etc. (Specimens, with an original “pelican.’’) F. Paracelsus and Basilius Valentinus. (Exhibit of substances mentioned by them for the first time, shown above an old water-bath.) : Agricola and Ercker. (Table with testing implements.) Iatrochemical discoveries. (Preparations; reproductions of pieces of apparatus.) =O CHEMICAL LABORATORY OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY A. Pieces of apparatus from the phlogistio period. (Reproduc- tions of characteristio experimental arrangements.) B. Chimney according to Lavoisier. (Reproduction.) Laboratory of an alchemist. Deutsches Museum. } { i Sine & APPENDIX 97 Analytical reagents. (Collection of specimens.) Decomposition of water according to Lavoisier. (Reproduc- tion of Lavoisier’s apparatus.) Pieces of apparatus according to Lavoisier. (Reproduc- tions. ) Chimney according to Priestley. (Reproduction.) Reverberating furnace. (After Lavoisier.) Important substances discovered in the phlogistic age. (Spec- imens in cabinet; also original specimens and an old “Kun- kelglas.” ) Liepic LABORATORY Reproduction of laboratory which Liebig caused to be fitted up at DAs > ie ee ae S Giessen in 1839. Sand bath according to Liebig. Liebig coolers for condensation. (Large originals.) Pieces of apparatus of Bunsen, Hofmann, etc. (Originals.) Hood hearths according to Liebig. (Exact reproductions; one is sectioned in two directions; a number of original objects of Liebig’s on the hearths.) Pieces of apparatus and experimental arrangements accord- ing to Liebig. (Originals and reproductions.) Apparatus for organic analysis. (Several pieces, one orig- inal.) Original pieces of apparatus of Mitscherlich, etc. Preparations from the first half of the nineteenth century. (Specimens with names of discoverers; original gas lamps and burners of Bunsen.) MoprErn LABORATORY Collection of the elements. (Nearly complete series in his- torical sequence.) Rare earths. (Specimens of these and their compounds; some valuable original preparations; also collection of syn- thetic jewels.) Important preparations of more recent times. (Original preparations; other specimens.) Precision balances. (Specimens.) Work table with analytical apparatus and reagents. Hoods of a more recent type, with a series of pieces of ap- paratus for production of gases. 98 APPENDIX G. Apparatus for organic analysis. (Under an open hood.) H. Apparatus for physical chemistry. (Specimens, partly orig- inals.) Atom models. (Originals.) I. Testing apparatus for demonstration. (Demonstration of qualitative analysis; pulling handles causes mixture of 2 solutions and precipitation, showing presence of iron. Also diagrammatic representation.) ELECTROCHEMISTRY A. Galvanig baths. (Specimens.) B. Galvanoplastics. (Specimens of galvanic art; series showing production stages.) C. Bust of Bunsen. D. Scientific apparatus. (Pieces of apparatus and models; de- composition of water by means of electricity can be demon- strated by the visitor’s turning a switch.) Electrie furnaces. (Specimens of important types.) Electrochemical metallurgy. (Apparatus and models of fur- naces. ) Kiliani furnace. . Production of calcium carbide. (Model of a furnace and an original anode carbon.) aS iO) HyprRAvULic ENGINEERING I. HypDROTECHNICAL OBSERVATION A. Measuring instruments. (Instruments and models.) B. Hydrographic maps. (Reproduction of an old map; other river maps; plastic representation of water speeds. ) II. REGULATION OF WATERCOURSES C. Flood catastrophes and damming of torrents. (Pic- tures and photographs showing damage from floods; drawings and models and a picture of control dams.) D. River control systems. (Drawings and models.) III. Dam Structures E. Development of fixed weirs and dams across valleys. ( Pictures.) F. Movable weirs. (Drawings and models; pictures.) G. Earliest cylinder weir. (Model capable of operation.) APPENDIX 99 IV. Entire Construction UNDERTAKINGS H. Regulation of the Vienna River. (Model.) I. Water constructions at Schweinfurt. (Model with ex- planatory drawings.) K. Site at the correction of the Lower Weser. (Model of machines and arrangements.) V. Construction MaAcHINES L. The development of dredgers. (Models and pictures.) INTERNAL NAVIGATION Development of river boats. (Models.) Towboats. (Pictures.) Towboat of Maréchal de Saxe, 1732. (Model.) Model of a Danube barge. (Model of normal type.) Model of a petroleum tanker. Cable and chain navigation. (Pictures and models.) Maps of German waterways. (Two maps.) 3h OO p CANAL CONSTRUCTION I. Sure Locks A. Retaining lock of the Stecknitz Canal, 15th century. (Plans and pictures; also drawings and pictures of others. ) B. Chamber locks. (Model.) C. Conservation lock of the Dortmund-Ems Canal. (Model.) D. Model, capable of operation, of the Hotopp lock near Libeck. II. Sure Hotsts E. Development of inclined planes. Model of the inclined plane of the Elbing-Oberlandischer Kanal. (Pic- tures, models, drawings. ) F. Plans of vertical ship hoists. (Pictures, drawings, model capable of operation.) III. Canat Prans G. Plans and pictures of inland canals. (Pictures, plans, maps.) H. Sea canals: the Suez Canal. (Plan.) H. Sea canals: Kaiser Wilhelm Canal at Kiel. (Repre- sentation. ) H. Sea canals: Panama Canal. (Two maps; relief.) 100 = EEE OTS = tee soa) HOMO Pp 42 5 F ASRTOAACOD APPENDIX SHIPPING Models of sea marks. (Models; original lamp for gas buoys. ) | Siemens searchlight. Development of beacons. (Pictures, models, drawing.) The various beacons for a watercourse. (Model.) Building-slip plants.. (Models.) New dry dock of the Wilhelmshaven shipyard. (Model.) Old wooden floating dock. (Model.) Iron floating dock of Blohm & Voss. (Model.) MERCHANT SHIPS Rowboats and sailboats of primitive peoples. (Models and originals. ) Exotic ships. (Models of junks, etc.) Mixed rowing and sailing vessels. (Models.) Galley Bucentaur. (Reconstruction model.) Sail yachts. (Models.) Old sailing vessels. (Models.) More recent sailing vessels. (Models.) The earliest steamships. (Models.) More recent express steamships. (Models.) Sectional painting of the express steamship “Kaiser Wilhelm Ti Development of paddle wheels. (Drawings and models; demonstration arrangements.) Development of the propeller. (Models; 1 original pro- peller.) Special ships. (Half-model of a tanker; models of ice- breakers, fishing vessels, cable ships, ferryboats, etc.) WakrsHIPs Old warships, broadside battleships, frigates, and corvettes. (Pictures and models.) Small cruisers. (Models.) Armored cruisers. (Models.) Older battleships. (Models.) More recent battleships. (Models.) Sectional model of a battleship. (Details disclosed by sec- tional presentation. ) Modern huge battleship. (Model.) Development of sea mines and torpedoes. (Drawings.) Ptolemaic planetarium. Deutsches Museum. APPENDIX 101 I. Sectioned torpedo missile and torpedo discharge tube with missile. (Originals.) Older and more recent types of torpedo boats. (Models and sectional drawing.) L. Old and new submarines. (Models and sectional model.) M. Periscope for submarines. (Original.) N. Gunboats, ocean-going gunboats, and coast armored vessels. (Models. ) O. Instruments for the determination of location and time. (In- = Q. R. S. struments. ) Instruments for measurement of depth and speed. (Instru- ments and models.) Mechanical and electrical command signals. (Instruments, partly capable of operation.) Charts relating to ships. (About naval strength.) Cycle of paintings. (Development of ship construction.) LIBRARY AND COLLECTION OF PLANS LIBRARY Contains particularly :— The most important original works of former times on natural science and technics; Modern scientific and technical literature, foreign and domestic; Domestic and foreign periodicals and society publications; Patents; Dictionaries, legal and economic works, etc. COLLECTION OF PLANS Contains :— Portraits of eminent scholars and technicians; Historically interesting hand sketches of scientists and tech- nicians; Original plans of old machines, plants, and instruments; Pictures disclosing development of science and technology; Plans of arrangement and execution of machines, instru- ments, structures, and entire plants; Diagrammatic drawings, etc., for explanation of machines and structures; A systematic collection of catalogues and prints; A collection of photographs and diapositives of the objects exhibited in the museum. Hat oF Honor: Busts, etc. APPENDIX 3 DEUTSCHES MUSEUM—MUNICH STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT FOR OPERATION OF THE MUSEUM FOR THE YEAR 1913 Receipts : : Actual Excess or Classification Budget Receiae Deficiency I. Ordinary Receipts Marks Marks Marks A. Annual subventions Subvention of the German Empire.| 50,000.— §0,000.-— || “ay ueeneae Subvention of the Kingdom of BAVArIOl Coe ne chine ee 50,000.— 50,000.— | ..... mS Subvention of the City of Munich} 15,000.— 15,000.——' 1 y 5 pestenes . Subvention of the District of Up- per: Bavaria. oe ee eee 6,000,— 6,000.— 2 ante ehateiers Subvention of the Senate of Ham- burg ..... sic nie PR ea ISAT stetras OR 5,000.— 5000-04 nen sees : Subvention of the City of Berlin 3 ,000.— 3,000.— | ......00- Subvention of the Verein . Deutscher Ingenieure ........ 5,000.— §,000.—— 12 Gee os , Subvention of the Zeppelin foun- dation . icc. Yee oe eee 5,000.— 5 ,000——) |. eee Subvention of the Union of Ba- warian Metal Manufacturers. . 3,000.— 3,000.— pati eek Sena Subvention of the Jubilee Founda- €ion of German Industry ..... 2,000.— 2000. "1s cate Subvention of the Central Union of German Manufacturers .... 1,000.— 1,000.— | ......20. Subvention of the Augsburg In- dustrial Society ............-. 1,000.— ¥,000.—. | oy. eae : Subvention of other authorities, corporations, etc. ..........+- 15 ,000.— 14,416.05 — 583.95 161,000.— 160,416.05 — 583.95 B. Membership dues ...... 60,000.— 63,043.71 + 3,043.71 60,000.— | 63,043.71 | +3,043.71 C. Admission fees and re- ceipts from _ printed matter, ClO. °. 2 2 ss ateins 50,000.— 49,155.40 — 844.60 Period tickets o.40 20.00 een an ee 2,000.— 2,121.— + 121.— Student cards, lecture and guid- ance tickets: 2.4600 aes wees 3,000.— 4,884.90 +1,884.90 Sale of guides, post cards, etc. ... 9,000.— 9,911.68 +911.68 64,000.— 66,072.98 | + 2,072.98 Total of ordinary receipts ..| 285,000.— | 289,532.74 + 4,532-74 Il. Extraordinary Receipts A. Surpluses from preced- ini VOAFS hin: fiociaat 374,606.51 | 374,606.51 | J...ese5e B. Single contributions for museum objects or oth- er special purposes, etc.| 26,000— | 61,272.63 | + 35,272.63 C. Interest from endowment fonda. Sea es 130,000.— | 176,009.74 | + 46,009.74 Total of extraordinary receipts..| 530,606.51 | 611,888.88 | + 81,282.37 102 STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT FOR OPERATION OF THE MUSEUM FOR THE YEAR 1913 Expenditures Classification Budget I. Ordinary expenditures Marks A. Personal expenditures Shares of salaries and wages, in so far as they were expended for operation of the Museum: For scientifically trained officials: engineers, physicists, mathema- cians, chemists ............. 36,000.— For librarians and assistants ....| 10,000.— For administrative officials, busi- ness employees, clerks ........ 18,000.— For painters, sculptors, draftsmen 7 ,000,— For mechanicians, furnace-men, lighting attendants ........... 9,000.— For office and library attendants, custodians, superintendent, night ne 82,000.— For cleaning and polishing serv- BOBS sue iss <.vace es tee 6,000.— 168 ,000.— B. Material expenditures Maintenance of the buildings ... 5,000.— Maintenance and repair of the museum objects and equipment. 7,000.— Heating and lighting ........... 3 5,000.— NCO IIIB as wie enn esse ny 10,000.— Materials, implements, miscel- vip fe acis ofan cs can 6,000.— Postage, telegrams, telephone .. 3,000.— Traveling expenses ............ 3,000.— Expenditures for meetings of the Vorstandsrat and the Com- mittee, as well as for special RUS eis ek Sine ce a 4.5 sso, 5,000.— Public duties, taxes, tax stamps, Sara aie oy cio cvs 8 ke 5s 16,000.— Miscellaneous and_ unforeseen US a Se ee 8,000.— 98,000.— C. Current supplementing of the collections Purchase of museum objects..... 10,000.— Production of models and pictures in the museum’s own shop .... 3,000.— Books, drawings, including book- LO UOT DY BAe Se ea 3,000.— Exhibition cases, shelves, operat- Ine €GUIPMENE 4... ..026+--0 90% 3,000.— 19,000.— Total of ordinary expendi- SUPER reas cies sic eas ok ale 285,000.— Actual Expenditures Marks 31,808.— 9,306.— 16,908.70 7,000.— 9,924.85 78,230.65 4,568.70 157,746.90 2,636.62 4,122.17 28,920.04. 8,212.20 5,931.37 3,271.63 2,307.61 4,148.27 12,113.89 8,105.43 79,769.23 10,000.— 3,000.— 3,000.— 3,000.— 19,000.— 256,516.13 Excess or Deficiency Marks eoeereeeweeve — 3,769.35 — 1,431.30 — 10,253.10 — 2,363.38 — 2,877.83 — 6,079.96 — 1,787.80 — 68.63 + 371.63 — 692.39 — 851.73 — 3,886.11 + 105.43 — 18,230.77 eeeeeeeees — 28,483.87 Classification II. Extraordinary expenditures A. Personal expenditures Shares of salaries and wages for the initial arrangement of the va- rious divisions of the Museum: For engineers, physicists, etc. ... For administrative officials, busi- ness employees, clerks ..... nee For painters, sculptors, drafts- men, painters of lettering ..... B. Subventions Transfer to the relief fund ... l Transfer to employees C. Material expenditures Structural arrangements in the Old National Museum and in the: Isarkaserne 7 funn neces Transportation of museum objects and pieces of equipment Rent of the Isarkaserne eeeeee eeereereee D. Movables and exhibition objects Shelves, exhibition cases ....... Purchase of museum objects and books Production of models and pictures in the Museum’s own shop .... eceeee eee ee ose eee ese ee eee E. Publications eeoeeveeveeee F. Expenses for administra- tion of the Traveling Foundation Total of extraordinary ex- penditures ceereeree eee eee eee Total of ordinary expendi- tures Total of extraordinary ex- penditures eecereeceoer eee eee ee wee eee one eeee eee ee ewe Grand total of expenditures. Carried forward to new ac- count Grand total of expenditures and accounts carried for- ward eeeeeeeereeoerese eee eee Budget Marks eovreeeeeve 411,606.51 815,606.51 Actual Expenditures Marks 3,142.24 2455-70 7,767.93 13,365.87 5,436.07 1,755.26 13,459.28 20,660.61 3,010.08 24,416.— 10,921.28 38,347.36 2,870.— 2,870.— 3,850.76 3,850.76 84,094.60 256,516.13 84,094.60 340,610.73 901,421.62 Excess or Deficiency Marks — 6,857.76 . — 3,544.30 — 2,232.07 — 12,634.13 — 4,563.93 — 3,234.74 — 540.72 — 8,339.39 — 10,989.92 — 2,584.— — 3,078.72 — 16,652.64 + 2,870.— + 2,870.— — 149.24 — 149.24 — 34,905.40 — 28,483.87 — 34,905.40 — 63,389.27 560,810.89 |+ 149,204.38 + 85,815.11 104 APPENDIX 105 STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT FOR THE NEW BUILDING OF THE MUSEUM FOR TH®, YEAR 1913 Receipts : : Actual Excess or Classification Budget Receipts Deficiency Marks Mark Marks Balance carried over from the DGECEUING VERT 2... ..0. reas 2,030,246.43 | 2,030,24.6.43 Building Councillors of the Ger- TRUE EOE low iosa's oes ea's'e's 350,000.— | 350,000.— Building Councillors of the King- ETERS eal coal as cna eue vl Beeusesiees Building Councillors of the City RCM ils is nig es fie hse o » 100,000.—| 100,000.—= Withdrawal from the endow- TOME eee ais ty vk al “see ne ecvne | 2 ¥a'e wv es ee Saving in consequence of presen- tation, or sale at a lower price, of building materials, the free- dom from freight and paving taxes being taken into account.. 99,753.57 91,103.11 | — 8,650.46 Total Receipts ............- 2,580,000.— | 2,571,349-54|] — 8,650.46 ce 106 APPENDIX STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT FOR THE NEW BUILDING OF THE MUSEUM FOR THE YEAR 1913 Expenditures Classification Budget A. Construction Office Marks 1. Salaries for director of con- struction, architects, engi- neers, draftsmen, and the like 2. Wages for foremen, supervis- OFS, etC oc Veena Rent for construction office ... 4. General expenses for heating, lighting, office supplies, post- age, as well as unforeseen items Ww eeoeeererece eee eee eee eee B. Equipment of the Site Construction planking, construc- tion sheds, storage sheds Track installation, roller paths, and means of transportation Construction engines, provi- sienal light and power plants C. Building Materials and Wages Earth-work, street construction, leveling Wide’, niece hs tena Foundation work Concrete and reinforced concrete WOLK 6 sy aenttotaan nts wihale Mater, Masonry \work ici wince. sae Stone-mason work .............. Asphalt work and insulating work Carpentry work Iron construction work ......... Roofers’ and tinsmiths’ work .... Miscellaneous finishing opera- tions, joiners’, locksmiths’, and glaziers’ work, €tC.005 (75.04. eeoeseeeeeee ee eee 70,000.— 10,000.— 4,000.— 10,000.— 5,000.— 99,000.— 10,000.— 10,000.— 1 5,000.— 3 5,000.— 230,000.— 50,000.— 30,000.— 20,000.— 40,000.— 40,000.— 100,000.— 100,000.— 660,c00— Actual Expenditures Marks 59:372.11 9,012.05 4,000.— 6,935-44 15,837.17 95,156.77 eecesceevecve 4,767.37 28,690.69 145,177-50 586.31 3 52,254-54 Excess or Deficiency Marks — 10,627.89 — 3,064.56 + 10,837.17 — 3,843.23 — 9,634.62 — 9,634.62 — 15,000.— — 34,521.87 — 57:445-46 —50,000.— — 30,000.— — 20,000.— — 35,232.63 — 11,309.31 + 45,177-50 — 99,413.69 — 307,745.46 APPENDIX 107 Classification D. Installations and Ma- chine Plants Water piping and sewer pipes... Heating ventilation ............ Operating equipment for gas, compressed air, air suction, etc. Rilormmating BiRNt 2... cece sas PBI IUDIB dea c es cessercse E. Internal Equipment .... F. General Expenses, Mis- cellaneous and Unfore- seen Items General expenses .............. ON ee 2 Total expenditures ......... Carried forward to new ac- SNE ctae dds win'dit's 4a 4a Total of expenditures and amount carried forward .. Actual Excess or Budget Expenditures} Deficiency Marks Marks Marks SOC tl ka aoe soe a le — 50,000.— 80,000.— | .......6.. — 80,000.— SCOD00 eT ocias nasad — 60,000.— §O,000— 1s. cas actens — 50,000.— BGOOGHe 1s ne ve ees — 80,000.— 320,000.— |] ......005. — 320,000.— 60,000.— 1,289.23 | — 58,710.77 1,289.23 | — 58,710.77 60,000.— 2,655.52 5 1,000.— 4,580.05 | — 43,764.43 5 1,000.— 7:235-57 | — 43,764.43 1,200,000.— | 456,301.49 |— 743,698.51 1,380,000.— | 2,115,048.05 |— 735,048.05 2,580,000.— | 2,571,349-54| — 8,650.46 108 APPENDIX BUDGET FOR THE NEW BUILDING OF THE MUSEUM FOR THE YEARS 1914 AND 1915 Receipts rate 1914 Classification RO aed New 1915 Proposal eee Marks Marks Marks Balance carried over from the preceding year sss ecsaee oee 1,380,000.— | 2,115,048.05 | 1,550,000.— Building Councillors of the Ger- -man Empire—the 2,000,000 marks originally granted have already been paid out ........1 --<0- ss s0> 4 aise pieene ata ge Building Councillors of the King- dom of Bavaria—the 2,000,000 marks originally granted have already been paid out ,.......[ ¢.5..-005s | ss cumiewigleinn) aes Building Councillors of the City of Munich 32:0 Olek Sees 100,000.— IOO,000.— | ...... eee Withdrawal from the endow- ments paid IM... ccc eee cee ens] eee nas cece |) selenite cnn rns 4 Saving in consequence of presen- tation, or sale at a lower price, of building materials, the free- dom from freight and paving taxes being taken into account.| 120,000.— 34,951.95 50,000.— 1,600,000.— | 2,250,000.— | 1,600,000.— APPENDIX 109 BUDGET FOR THE NEW BUILDING OF THE MUSEUM FOR THE YEARS 1914 AND 1915 Expenditures 1914 Classification A ec d New 1915 Lie ae Proposal A. Construction Office Marks Marks Marks 1. Salaries for director of con- struction, architects, engi- neers, draftsmen, and the I a ABN. wie anes 70,000.— 70,000.— g0,000.— 2. Wages for foreman, super- AMR ROHS, ck se