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Pp The. ines 1 of. be Cahuilla india: 3 1 : ieguefio Indians 6 at vy. ubois. . 69-188, | slates ; come Pel at of ‘the’ inleeo tadians, by Philip Stet ce eee Bite 20 reais 1908. eats eee pve ', Notes on Shosonean Dislects of Southam’ G Ney 8 isan Romseran tae the Diggs ‘ns, 1-358, ‘plates. 21-28, March, 2 ie “Index, bik aes “| Boland B. Dixon.’ Pp. ‘2. The ‘Chamash. and ostanoa: Ae lesser ‘ore Se beat ai ed te nar en Oe i Mat er i eee ee a a cal THE EMERYVILLE SHELLMOUND FINAL REPORT BY W. EGBERT SCHENCK UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY Volume 23, No. 3, pp. 147-282, plates 35-54, 8 figures in text, 1 map Issued November 24, 1926 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON, ENGLAND THE EMERYVILLE SHELLMOUND FINAL REPORT BY W. EGBERT SCHENCK CONTENTS PAGE 1 ESHER PES co occ onpint SEaicce eS Or RE eee tat CO Ic Ae UN Ee a 150 Mm PERT eas me ert CLO CTLOUITY CL cm eter co egictuintcuei Bea iacn. dred cearrel es sal Coa dheicyue dusviawidhaavcebeatqorpelins 153 Sune I ER EEO NE EA cS i Rear iY i IPD DOG cal eet ae Wy shied cas soln ove hes MOne es 153 Sern Os TEIN Se rete anit CR me RAR Ses oY one Re SiN EL ate cin cata ste lua cunt aspeaes 153 era Pe URL TL LHe a ON tanh he ete Le Es ne oy 8g iok co Niaea ala iv Bemba se come eben 157 Ri RR TAY VC VCE UTC TTRCUALL a co ph ga Se coca verse vapcmschonesf eno of exhasbs dlo'lsd sardeotane sad¥eniavankie uated vice 159 Ie REMCT MER CMR NS TRH ets Oe Fee earns 1 cS a eanh ees oe asta HAGE ws iah cas pore ee Leer eR 160 HN MS ech tarred ge Mo wie Be ERA Bites tia by RAR 161 RY MEATY ee een Pee ses ck Se AES ue. osctnSgs ces CSUN tabdina Rottoeh mesic ae daa Stee Nadecseat Ase 161 IONE ISTE CMEC LG VOL ae Sait eee odo cag shoo siegides tech hat taal ah i OI Sean 163 SMe MSTE POLEES CETL, C5 CW OE Kcr ote tek hss EU oe in can Wile acme a Eel ceugs ase aad Maewers 165 Bey eG TEGEIV Gs Of GLC TO OUIC acral es oes dieecuctvsiiseeacovs vias sabeutecvvesasaevseeat devedmunddeaeconeenceeoees 168 MTT UPA GSC EaE. (1G. LMCI G ia re vd, Ascii xd wide escent Doers Sebdvpwileae bea iSl sadn taceeaiauld sntecn dk 170 Bere ree CLE DOTTED SU OL ORS coe sc iets Seu sche yhvnac ihe eles colog ovehancefasgud slacneuudpnelavabiere emacs 170 Bee er MRT rT Si sce PAP ca og. hatte d Fydal adeu desl naspesdin vunin cut, he cuuleg Siaslvee an Me AMR 173 Fe el REDEEM es Meer S, TRS reek ok ck Tre Oe eos OR a Mads 2 ad at Ab meat cieramaa melt 174 eee TEee TING mens EA Pola. Ses hate LRA Ao). cassie cuaisde Srcakbageeeaee aca e es 174 Pa err eee CLIl SITS ote oe eo eee als ce. satan cee See eaten um ata See 176 Ba ETL em ec eR Fc LN wal nl cape Rs luoad, Cosas aadanesmucd Match Ollie SoM tak 181 1 CEU OESN TEARS GA eg oneal is ae OF en OR RC, Aer tn ta 182 PORTING tn NA TAR Se ee hae ta eco PE aNd eset Pe sce ch 0h oy 4A Rad Nannon Rea desea eae 183 1H OSIRIS Ran et oot ee EIR SUD REE RR PERE AP eat eye eet Ss 183 “ORTHOTIC! Lacy Se theta On deg ne ne Ee, OO ne RN RMR nC Ae OCR Ee ns ie 185 RUPEE EMU LISEE EEC ITO COL. ohn csc h ac Roan akeie eal pechtias ates actly eee Nec Ane are 185 rere CTU LMC IS EL LIU TONG a50icc cls. canst sock ca panau caves ee Goons Ge ties bo See ae bce ce, Co eee 186 rae Wa ES Hig Te bs) POSE oe ee ne i aie SBE Onis FRE AA er nS Trg Ree Nien Seale 194 LS TW ERE Cea 2a as OS aac A gee pe Jen BI nrg Fak PSR Pate eis Ma terbr tn © PER, AE ie Be 195 TINS EYED kos cate nek te a od a oe a er DIAC Metra yn ac eet Wee ea ee? 197 SLE E URTEVOL LOC ice 5 ces ca eles aes oe oS er eee eed 199 BME ee UCL TE CE Soo accessed ua oe ene PLES Soe a ey SRA oe ee te 203 PPT 8 LECT ett eek oe ecu asta eh et ne ee 203 CCST Ya CTS Seat ae ROM sete nM PCE ME) Mar Ah WeeRr ARE eM i ete Pe 203 TES GIT oo ey Re ete tate Use CO eT AE Ric AS nee We AS 204 Pathological data...............c::ccce Pe RR OY CRN ORE Fn cy ed tn liae rare 205 Re ETOE SUC POS GIONS seat u:clee ie5s etsy Mr. Gifford informs me that the cranial type is the typical California type and that there is nothing about them 54 Op. cit., 382. 55 Californian Anthropometry, present series, XXII, 370-373, 1926. 1926 }- Schenck: The Emeryville Shellmound 205 to indicate a change between the higher and lower portions of the mound. It seems possible that a prolonged study might indicate physical similarities with inhabitants of adjacent territories. The present author cannot conceive a ‘‘shellmound people’’ and physical affiliations might help to explain the seeming variations in material culture. Pathological Data Very few unusual or diseased bones were noted. Body 12-3801 had the left tibia and fibula pathologically united at the ankle, prob- ably the result of a break. A body in the northwest perimeter had a pathological elbow. Number 12-3604 had an unusually large jaw apparently due to the teeth not having been properly cut. Number 12-3640 had indentations in the forehead suggestive of fractured bones’ healing and leaving pits. A skull with a rare, diamond- shaped suture formation was also seen. STATISTICAL SUGGESTIONS Varying Rate of Accumulation Whether or not specialists produce illuminating data from the examination of these human remains, their mere number and location is one of the most definite forms of evidence the shellmound yields. It has been assumed that the shellmounds are accumulations of human refuse and that the population responsible for the accumulating is buried therein. To be exact the current population would have to be added. The data on vertical distribution have shown that half of the population of the cone was concentrated in some six feet of the cone. How then could the other half of the population pile up the fifteen feet or so of the balance of the cone? A similar varying rate of accumulation per burial is seen when different mounds are considered. Data secured by three investigators may be tabulated as follows: TABLE 8 MATERIAL PER BURIAL IN VARIOUS MouNDS Quantity of mound Total burials Cubic feet material note per burial SUAS SVS sea. Se ne eae ee er 7,000 10 700 Nelson, Ellis landing, graded portion.............. 67,500 140 482 Nelson, Ellis landing, trench.............0.0.0.00000... 5,500 16 343 Nelson, Ellis landing, shaft...........0.00.0000006 560 4 140 Schenck, Emeryville, cone.................000c0ccce 715,500 ° 651 1,100 Schenck, Emeryville, trenches.......................... 7,038 41 174 206 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 23 For the closer work the figures require correction. It has been seen that entire areas in the cone yielded no burials but must have been accumulated by those buried nearer the center. Hence comparisons can be made only with data which include perimeter areas as well as central areas of the mound, in other words, Nelson’s scraper work and our steam-shovel work. In both these cases infant burials are prac- tically eliminated. It seems fair to conclude that the same errors of observation would have existed in both cases. With these reservations, a comparison shows that Ellis landing accumulated at the rate of 482 cubic feet per burial and Emeryville at the rate of 1100 cubic feet per burial. Three explanations suggest themselves for this varying rate of accumulation: cremation, change of food habits, and non-continuous residence. Cremation If some of those who accumulated, lived, and died on the mounds “were cremated the present problem would break down. But neither Nelson nor the author found sufficient evidences of cremation to justify the conclusion that cremation existed to any appreciable extent. Change of Food Habits Shellmound constituents have been used by investigators as indices of the diet of shellmound residents. Because of the difficulty of accurately determining these constituents such evidence cannot be leaned upon too heavily, but its general indications seem strong enough to support the limited conclusions arrived at under this heading. Suppose one group of shellmound dwellers were to subsist upon a diet of 90 per cent acorns and 10 per cent shellfish and an equal group on 30 per cent acorns and 70 per cent shellfish. Suppose, further, that the non-shellfish diet leaves little or no trace. It has been suggested that in such a case two similar mounds might result, but this does not seem possible. If shells are being cast aside in one place, say, seven times as fast as in another, heaps of different types must be formed. The layers or lenses of shell produced should differ since the same amount of natural and human wear and tear would each day impress itself upon vastly different masses. More important, the proportions of the constituents of the mounds would differ. In other words, the ash from daily fires, wind-blown dust, mud tracked in, and all other natural or human non-dietary accumulations would be roughly the same in both mounds each day although in one case they would be 1926 | ° Schenck: The Emeryville Shellmound 207 associated with seven times as much shell as in the other. Finally, human skeletons are an essential feature of these mounds. If a man lived upon a 90 per cent acorn—10 per cent shellfish diet he would leave behind him when he died a smaller accumulation than if his diet had been 30 per cent acorns and 70 per cent shellfish. These considerations lead us to the following generalizations: The greater the proportion of Shell the more rapidly was the mound accumulated, and the larger should be the mass of material accumulated for each body buried therein. Turning to two cases for which data are in hand we note from Gifford’s analyses that the average shell content at Ellis landing was 69.43 per cent, while at Emeryville it was 59.86 per cent. Since, then, shellfish made up a larger part of the diet at Ellis landing than at Emeryville, the former mound should show a greater volume of mound accumulation per capita, whereas the contrary is true. The mere existence of the mounds predicates that we are dealing with a diet largely of shellfish and the shell-content figures show that at Ellis landing a greater proportion of shellfish was eaten than at Emeryville. It would require then the assumption of an impossible reduction in the daily shellfish consumption at Emeryville in order to harmonize the per capita accumulation. | Non-continuous Residence In the above discussion we have followed our predecessors who have assumed that a given mound was a place of continuous residence. If we drop this assumption it is easier to explain the varying rates of accumulation for, if a group lived on a mound only part of the year, it might live on that mound a longer time each year than some other group upon another mound, and varying ideas as to burial in the shell- mound site or the residential site for the balance of the year would make it unreasonable to assume that all those responsible for the accumulation of a mound were buried therein. This would explain not only why different mounds showed different rates of accumulation per burial but also the variations noted in the different levels of the same mound. If residence on the mounds is established as non-continuous or seasonal, as seems probable, not only are we assisted in considering the habits of the aborigines, but we also have an important factor in deter- mining the age of the mounds themselves. The skeletal evidence is as concrete as anything we have bearing on the subject and so the question is pursued farther. 208 Uniwersity of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 23 Thus far no notice has been taken of three unknown factors which must be assumed, 1e., the current population of a given mound, the average human life, and the daily rate of accumulation of mound material. Current Population From house pits discernible, Nelson supposes the current population at Ellis landing was 100.°° Gifford assumed that the same population inhabited Emeryville.** This figure seems as reasonable as any which it is possible to obtain. Average Infe Nelson estimates the average life at 33 years.°* Since we are leaving infants out of consideration and few children are found among the burials it is possible that this is too low. It is howecer essentially correct. If the figures given by us on page 203 are more nearly cor- rect, the reasonableness of the views advanced below is enhanced. Rate of Accumulation Nelson decides that a person will accumulate 0.01 cubic feet of mound material per day,°® in which Gifford aequiesces. The skeletal data and accepted assumptions may be applied to this figure. If one person accumulates at the rate of 3.65 cubic feet per year and lives continuously on the mound to be 33 years old, then the 140 lives represented at Ellis landing would accumulate 16,863 cubic feet ; and the 651 lives represented at Emeryville would accumulate 78,412 eubie feet. But at Ellis landing the portion of the mound actually containing the bodies amounted to 67,500 cubic feet, and at Emeryville to 715,000 cubic feet. This leaves some three-quarters of the Ellis landing mound and nine-tenths of the Emeryville mound to be, accounted for. From another angle, if a person accumulates 3.65 cubie feet per year, then the average life of the 140 accumulating the 67,500 cubic feet at Ellis landing would have to be 151 years; and of the 651 accu- mulating the 715,500 cubie feet at Emeryville it would have to be 309 years. 56 Op. cit., 346. 58 Op. cit., 381. 57 Op. cit., 13. 59 Op. cit., 346. 1926] . Schenck: The Emeryville Shellmound 209 The rate of accumulation seems much too low. Further, it is obvious that an adjustment which would fit one case would not fit the other so long as continuous residence is assumed. With an adult population, an annual death rate of 3 per cent would appear to be a maximum. The Emeryville cone with 1100 cubic feet of material to each body is again a maximum. Now, with continuous residence and a 3 per cent death rate, the 651 Emeryville bodies would indicate an ultimate population of 21,700 persons. Since the bulk of the cone is 715,500 cubie feet, each man each year must have accumulated 32.9 cubie feet. ; Or, if residence on the mound was continuous then the bodies in the mound plus the current population must account for its accumula- tion. The current population on account of its smallness and the probable term of years involved may be ignored without essential error. Then at Emeryville, since one body represents a mass of 1100 cubie feet and its average life is 33 years, the rate of accumulation would be 33.3 eubie feet; which checks closely enough with the estimate from different factors (32.9). The corresponding figures for Ellis landing are 14.4 and 14.6 cubic feet, about four times Nelson’s estimate. Is a rate of 33.3 cubic feet per year possible? Gifford established the specific gravity of shellmound material as 1.8, or 81 pounds per eubie foot.®° His percentage of shell content varied from 69.43 per cent at Ellis landing to 59.86 per cent at Emeryville with 55.59 per cent as an average for San Francisco bay mounds. Again, to be on the maxi- mum side, let us allow 65 per cent. Then each cubic foot of mound material contains 52.65 pounds of shell; and the 33.3 cubic feet accu- mulated per year means that one adult would accumulate 1753 pounds of shell per year or 4.8 pounds per diem. According to the present weight of the shells of similar oysters and clams this would mean a daily ration of 75 clams or 250 oysters. These oysters are tiny and a modern man would think nothing of consuming 30 or so of them a day as cocktails in addition to his regular meals. The clams also are small. To the author there seems nothing improbable in an aborigine’s eating the requisite number. From the point of view of food values 75 of these clams or 250 of the oysters (uncooked) would have a food value of from 600-1000 calories*t whereas a reasonably active man requires from 3000 to 4000 calories daily.®* Nelson treats clams and oysters as equivalent, but this does not seem to be the case. No matter how 60 Op. cit., 12. 61 M.S. Rose, Feeding the Family, 343, 1918. 62 Tbid., 54. 210 Unwersity of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 23 under-nourished the shellmound population may have been, 50 tiny oysters daily per man would not have been nearly enough to support life, | In judging how many shellfish might be eaten, it is:well to consider how they were prepared. Abbott in writing of the shellmounds of the Atlantic coast says that oysters and mussels were prepared in large quantities for winter use, ‘‘probably being dried and ground in mortars.’’®* Strong, an educated observer long resident on the lower Columbia river, states ‘‘the Indians near the Coast made trips to the ocean for clams. These later were dried and smoked and so cured.’”** Such citations seem to indicate a widespread custom of drying shell- fish, and, when considered with well-known similar aboriginal practices with other food-stuffs, suggest the reasonable possibility that shellfish were so treated on San Francisco bay. When dried and pulverized the inadequacy of 50 tiny oysters as a daily ration becomes more striking. Summarizing, our conclusion is that a daily ration may be assumed which will check with the burials seen in the mound material handled, and with the maximum rate of accumulation necessitated by them. The point may be advanced that if residence on the mounds was non-continuous, a greater daily rate of accumulation would be required. This does not seem necessary, for if residence was non- continuous a‘population would be engaged in eating which would not be reflected entirely by the burials in the mound. Further, if shell- fish gathering was of a seasonal nature, it may be presumed that during the visits to the mound this work was intensive and that the shells resulting from a visit represented not only consumption but food prepared and carried away to be eaten later. | Time of Accumulation Having assumed a current population of 100 and a possible maxi- mum accumulation at the rate of 33.3 cubic feet per year per person, a simple calculation determines that it would have taken but 215 years for the mass of the cone (715,500 cubic feet) to be accumulated. But under this cone was an additional volume of perhaps 400,000 cubic feet, and there was shell to the north and on the perimeter, say 315,500 cubic feet. Thus the volume is doubled to 1,431,000 cubic feet, and, other conditions remaining unchanged, the time of accumu- lation would be increased to 430 years. 63 C. OC. Abbott, Primitive Industry, 149, 1881. 64 Thomas Nelson Strong, Cathlamet on the Columbia (1906). 1926] Schenck: The Emeryville Shellmound 211 Now in the earlier part of this paper the opinion was expressed that this cone was simply part of a mound covering a much larger area and containing perhaps 150,000 cubic yards in its base. On this base were at least two cones, so that as a maximum highly speculative figure it might be said that the total shellmound mass at Emeryville was as much as 6,000,000 cubic feet. It would take about 1800 years for a population of 100 to accumulate this. However, since the size of such a site is more than double that considered as the cone and since at least two cones are present, a larger population, say at least 200, seems more than probable. In short, 1000 years would appear to be the greatest possible period allowable for the time of accumulation of all shellmound material on the Emeryville site. From 245,000 cubic feet in sight, Nelson estimates the entire Ellis Landing mound at 1,260,000 cubic feet. Proportioning the 160 observed burials in the 72,000 cubic feet of material handled, he decided that there should be 3000 bodies in the mound. Then dividing this estimated mass (1,260,000) by the assumed current population (100) multiplied by the estimate rate of accumula- tion (3.65 per person for year) he determines the time of accumulation of the mound as 3500 years.65 However, other of his factors may be applied. With a current population of 100, an annual death rate of 3 per cent, and 3000 bodies in the mound, it would have taken but 1000 years for these bodies and the mass enclosing them to be accumulated. Or, since each life represented accounts for 482 cubic feet, and the average life was 23 years, the annual rate of accu- mulation would have been 14.6 cubic feet per person. This increase of the rate by four would cut the time of accumulation down to 875 years. Gifford estimated the time for accumulation at Emeryville as 3300 years. But he assumes the same current population and rate of accumulation as at Ellis landing. Then, since he uses Uhle’s estimate of the mass of Emeryville (39,000 cubic meters), he is bound to arrive at a result nearly the same as Nelson’s for Ellis landing where nearly the same mass was used (35,650 cubic meters). In other words, this estimate introduces no new evidence and is simply a mathematical corroboration of previous ones. Gifford estimates the time of accumulation in another way. By analyzing nineteen samples he determines an arithmetical average of 13.47 per cent which he takes as the ash content of the Emeryville mound. Then, on the basis of Uhle’s estimate of 39,000 cubic meters as the mass of the mound, he finds that 7528 tons of ash would be present in the mound. Averaging the percentage of ash present in trees likely to be accessible to the mound-dwellers, he decides that the ash would represent 0.9 per cent of the wood burned. It was assumed that the current population was about fifteen families of seven persons each, and it followed that each family would have to consume about 88 pounds of firewood daily if it took 3700 years for the mound to accumulate. He judges this daily consumption of 88 pounds to be reasonable and hence 3700 years is also taken as reasonable. Several objections to this method appear. In the field the samples were selected, and in the laboratory those that showed no ash were not used. Five grams each of those used were tested chemically. It is very difficult to deter- 65 Op. cit., 381. 212 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 23 mine accurately the ash in a shellmound because of the identity of elements involved. Also, one sample of no ash included instead of being selectively eliminated would make a difference of 0.71 per cent in the«result. The ash content once determined is not necessarily equivalent to the residue of wood fires. Hence the 13.47 per cent cannot be taken too exactly. (The samples ranged from 0 to 28.11 per cent; the tests from 3.37 per cent to 28.11 per cent.) Yet a change of 1 per cent in this figure, with other factors remaining unchanged, results in a change of about 285 years in the time of accumulation. Since the wood burned is not known the 0.9 per cent ash yield from fires must be regarded as approximate, especially since chemical analysis and current practice differ. Yet here again a small variation produces a great difference in the ‘‘age.’’ -One-tenth of 1 per cent variation might change the time of accumulation 410 years. Finally, the estimate assumes continued residence on the site. If residence were for part-time only, the ‘‘age of the mound’’ would be increased proportionally. In illustration: Suppose two of the samples analyzed are replaced by two samples taken from the same strata in the mound. The average percentage of ash would then become about 10 per cent and the ‘‘age’’ would be decreased 855 years. Or if instead of a mixed lot of wood, only willow and cottonwood, such as grew nearby, were burned the ash residue percentage would be reduced to 0.6 per cent. Bone and other burnt material not the residue of wood fires may also be eliminated, reducing this figure, say, another 0.1 per cent to 0.5 per cent, and increasing the ‘‘age’’ 1640 years. Finally, if residence on the mound was for only six months each year, the ‘‘age’’ would be doubled. MATERIAL CULTURE ARTICLES OF ASPHALTUM We use the term ‘‘asphaltum’’ to designate an adhesive material used as a binder or glue, such as asphalt, bitumen, and other viscous tar-like matter. All specimens of adhesive material were not tested. In one case pine pitch was used (1—25550). Fish glue might also have been employed, but generally it would seem that asphaltum would be favored because other materials would be more difficult to procure than asphaltum, which occurred on the eastern side of San Francisco bay and in many other places in California.® ? This asphaltum was used for sticking beads to various articles, for covering wrapping (e.g., the cords on charmstones), possibly for pro- ducing decorative designs (e.g., whistles). One may infer a number of other uses. But as far as actual evidence goes the usage was more for aesthetic than practical purposes. It was used throughout the mound’s history and the knowledge of it manifested in the earlier stages suggests a comparatively developed people. 66 Andrew C. Lawson, San Francisco Folio, Geological Atlas of the U. Bus 23, 1914. California State Mining Bureau, Minerals of California, 285, 1923. 1926 | Schenck: The Emeryville Shellmound 213 ARTICLES OF BONE Articles of bone constitute the largest and most remarkable class in the material culture of the shellmound, but as a class are not so frequently associated with burials. They offer a variety of suggestive utilitarian forms and afford probably the most pronounced evidences ot aesthetic traits. The bones most often used were those of deer and elk and the wing and leg bones of birds. Traces of probable whale bone artifacts were recovered and it seems likely that fish bones may have been used but not preserved. Exceptional bones are noted as the different artifacts are discussed. Practically all bones of size were broken. So many of these show absolutely no traces of use that it has been presumed that the bones were split for their marrow. In this study we leaned to the conserva- tive side and unless a fragment showed indisputable signs of having been worked or used, it was not counted as an artifact. Uhle consid- ered a number of such fragments as the ‘‘most primitive ethnological implements of which we have knowledge.’’®’ This seems aside from the point for evidence is available which shows that these primitive forms, if such they are, existed alongside much more developed forms which in the author’s view must characterize the cultural horizon. In other words, Uhle believed that these primitive forms fitted in with the conception of a more primitive culture in the lower levels whereas our evidence shows that primitiveness and lower levels cannot be correlated. Bone artifacts were found in all parts of the mound, but so fre- quently not in association with burials that most of our specimens from the cone were not found in situ. The careful work in the trenches produced proportionally more specimens. Does this indicate that in the lower portion of the mound we have the manifestation of a difference of culture? Probably not. From the cone, 175 bone arti- facts were listed, of which only 55 (81 per cent) were found with burials. In the trenches 138 were recovered, of which 7 (5 per cent) were with burials. The inference is that without the conspicuous markers furnished by burials we missed a great many bone artifacts in the cone and that this accounts for the difference in relative abun- dance seen in our collection. The bone artifacts generally suggest utilitarian uses, which may help to account for their exclusion from burials. Some of the forms 67 Op. cit., 71. 214 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 23 are readily identified but others, particularly those which we have brought together under Type IV of awls, cannot be determined. 7 A few pieces show incised decorative attempts, others show traces of bead work or string adornment. The whistles may be considered musical instruments. No other class shows so much attempt at aesthetic expression. } Astragalt From the cone there were recovered two astragali or knuckle-bones from the ankles of deer each of which had had a hole drilled through it (pl. 48, mb, 1-26457). It seems probable that a number of other astragali were not distinguished by us as artifacts. The use of astragali as dice or as part of a game has a remote antiquity and a wide distribution not only in the old world but apparently also in the new, although it is not entirely clear that its presence in the new world is not due to Spanish influence.*® It is by no means certain that the drilled astragali from the Emeryville mound were implements for games. They might have been used as catches on the ends of cords or for other practical purposes. The depth of one of the pieces, 23 feet, seems to preclude Spanish influence. Astragalus bones are known to have been used by the Pomo Indians some fifty miles north of the bay and also by the Piman tribes in Arizona and Sonora. Awls The most common type of bone artifact is a pointed implement. Pins, needles, bodkins, punches, weapons, flakers, shell-openers, ete., might all be included. These articles merge into one another and into true awls so gradually, and actual indication of their use is so generally lacking, that our awl class is quite arbitrary. It is subdivided into eight types on the basis of the bone used. To some extent the bone employed and the use to which the awl was put were probably related. Compare, for example, the typical deer ulnae awls (pl. 38 a—e) with the cannon bone awls (pl. 38 A-l), or with an awl such as shown in plate 38q (1-25749). Many awls recovered are too fragmentary to be classi- fied. For distributional consideration these have been thrown into a miscellaneous group. Type IV invites particular attention. Many articles quite different from the ordinary awls are found here, e.g., possible knives, scrapers, marrow spoons. 68 Stewart Culin, Chess and Playing-cards, Rept. U. S. Nat. Museum 1896, 826-30, 1898. 1926 ] Schenck: The Emeryville Shellmound 215 A vertical cross-section of the trenches shows that all the different types had practically the same distribution, that this distribution was quite even, and that artifacts of this awl type extended from top to bottom of the mound. Type I. Of ulnae——Thirteen pieces in the trenches. These are blunt, strong awls usually made of the ulnae bones of deer (pl. 38c, 1—25737), although elk is also used (pl. 38a 1—-25735), and one speci- men of probably coyote ulna (pl. 38d 1-25739) was found. The elk specimen illustrated was one of the largest found (200 mm. long) and the deer specimen illustrated, one of the smallest (120 mm. long). Other specimens are shown in plates 38e and 38 b (1—26079, 1-26081). These tools have an excellent natural handle and are so sturdy that they must have been used for the heaviest work.®® They might even have served as daggers. Type II. Of cannon bones (metacarpals and metatarsals ).—This formed the most numerous type of awls. They were generally long (ca. 115 to 185 mm.), well jointed, and highly polished. Four subtypes were recognized determined by the way in which the bone was used. (a) Sometimes the bone was split so as to divide the knuckle. These where the knuckle end was the handle make up this subtype. Plate 38h (1-25756) shows a finished awl and plate 38g (1—25780) a bone used for this purpose. Five pieces classified. (b) Sometimes the non-knuckle end of the cannon bone was preserved as a handle, the bone being split as in (a). Plate 38k (1-25760), and plate 38m (1-25781) show a bone in process. Fifteen pieces classified. (¢) In one case, from Area 10 at 10 feet, the entire knuckle was left for a handle; see plate 38f (1-25764). (d) Lastly, small fragments of the bone would be used with little or no preparation; see plate 381 (1—25762) ; two pieces classified. In addition to the classified pieces 13 specimens were indeter- minate, making a total of 36 for this type. These were horizontally distributed as follows: Subtype a 5 Areas 2, 3, 8, 10, 14 Subtype 6 15 Areas 3, 3, 5, 14, 17, 18, 19, 32, 36; trench 1, 2; trench 2, 4 Subtype c 1 Area 10 Subtype d 2 Area 8, 9 Indeterminate 13 All the trench specimens that could be identified were of subtype b. A very sturdy awl was found 28 feet 9 inches deep (pl. 387 1-26092). Type III. Of tibiae.—Identification of these bones is more doubtful. Practically all awls in this class are made of deer tibiae. Specimens range in length from 95 to 195 mm. There is considerable variation of 69 Compare Heye, fig. 12, op. cit., 87. 216 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 23 form. Plate 38p (1—25748) shows what might perhaps be ealled a typical piece. Plate 38n (1-25745) is curved, very sturdy, and very highly polished. Plate 38q (1-25749) is interesting because of the very short point on such a large fragment of bone. In plate 380 (1-25752) we have shown one of the abundant fragments out of which awls of this type might have been made. Type IV. Of deer rib.Artifacts of this type are usually made of deer rib though this is not always the case. These articles are propor- tionally plentiful and are hard to classify. It seems certain that the extremes which we have included must have been used for very different purposes. Yet the interchange of characteristic features is so uncertain that no line can well be drawn. Knives, skin-scrapers, and smoothers are probably included. Some may have been hair orna- ments.7° Some features are common to all. There is a definite polished point although this point may vary from straight to curved or flat to round. All are relatively thin. This thinness has been obtained in a number of cases by grinding down the inner surface of a deer or elk rib (1-25788). They generally have a definitely finished base (pl. 397, 1-25789). Plate 39 ir shows a number of these artifacts which were probably actual awls; 0 (1-25785) has a round point and a rather gouge-like cross-section. It also has the curve of the rib; j (1-25789) has been mentioned as illustrating the finished base, in this case rounded. It is quite flat and thin and it was associated with a burial and a number of other artifacts in Area 10 at 15 feet; i (1-25790) suggests the same type as 1-25789 with which it was associated. However it is much larger, having a width of 30 mm. It is sturdy enough to have been an effective weapon; r (1—25799) shows some of the abundant raw material. Whether such pieces had or had not been worked or used it seems impossible to state; k (1-26101) displays how the rib has been cut to a taper. This piece has a high polish on the outside and the inside has been ground down; 1 (1-26105) is part of an awl from 30 feet 6 inches deep; m (1—26106) illustrates a curving point; n (1-26112) has a squared somewhat concave-convex base; p (1-26113) has a rounded base and certain scratches on one side which seem entirely meaningless. The other side is ground down. Sixteen pieces like these came from the cone and 15 from the trenches. Twenty-one articles intimately connected with the above and obtained from the trenches are illustrated in part in plate 39a-g; g (1-26116) shows a shaped base rather faintly suggesting a spoon. Note the reduction in the width of the specimen toward the middle; f (1—26123) also shows the reduction in width near the middle as though from wear; d (1—26122) is only the base of an interesting piece. The corners are shaped, the end square, and the whole piece only about 1mm. thick. This is probably not rib bone. There is a hole in it about 5 mm. diameter, 60 mm. from the base. One of the truck-drivers recovered a piece which this may have resembled. It possessed the hole, was thin, curved, very 70 Heye, op. cit., pl. 61. 1926 | Schenck: The Emeryville Shellmound 217 long, and pointed. Nelson secured a similar piece at Ellis landing (1-11214); e (1—26129) is unusual both on account of its base and the indication of decora- tion. At the base the piece has been beveled off for some 50 mm. and made somewhat concave. These bases may have been used for extracting marrow. Four incised lines appear at the broken end (reverse of plate). This specimen was 25 feet 6 inches deep; c (1-26131) suggests a scraper. The base is quite sharp and somewhat concave-convex. The bone is 2 mm. thick and has been ground down on the convex side at the base apparently to give the base an edge; a (1-26134) suggests a knife; b (1-26135) suggests a spoon. Type V. Of sea-otter pems bones.—These bones were frequent and two from the trenches had unquestionably been used as awls (pl. 38s, 38r, 1-261387-38). The last piece is much worn down as though it had been sharpened many times. These may have been used as flakers, as was done in the Aleutian islands. Type VI. Of bird bones.—Bird bones presented many doubtful cases. In very few cases did a detailed examination of the bone result in a conviction that it had been intentionally sharpened or polished by use as an awl. The fragile character of the bone itself makes it difficult to imagine what type of work they could have been used in. Plate 39h (1-25820) made from a radius bone and 190 mm. long seems almost certainly to be an awl. It is possible that such an artifact was used in extracting marrow. From Area 19. No awls of this type were found in the trenches. Type VII. Of fish bones.—Awls of this class were scarce. One reasonably certain specimen is shown in plate 43d (1-25819). This may have been a needle. It came from Area 33 at 15 feet. Fragments of polished sting-ray bone suggest the same use. Type VIII. Of uncertain bones.—Most of these bones were mammal and probably 95 per cent were deer. In the cone we secured 15 specimens. Plate 48, @ and b (1-25806 and 1—25814), show rough splinters which have had a point polished by use; 43c¢ (1—25807) shows a very thick, blunt specimen that ,suggests a special use. Another heavy specimen is plate 42a (1-25818) from Area 5. This was prob- ably made of deer humerus. It is 105 mm. long. From the trenches 21 specimens of this type were secured. Plate 42c (1-26141) is a calcined basal fragment which shows considerable trimming of the bone. 218 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 23 Beads A number of the bird bone pieces described later as tubes may have been used as beads. We have taken length as the distinguishing characteristic. All tubes are beads if less than 25 mm. long. In the trenches were five such pieces; in the cone, two. All these are shown in plate 48, j—n. Trench Depth 437, (1-26182) 1 94! 3" 43k, (1-26183) 2 25 431, (1-26184) 3 26’ 9! 43m, (1-26185) 3 297 100 43n, (1-26186) 3 30’ 9” Specimen 1—26184 is 20 by 8 mm. and there is a second shorter bead thrust into it. Specimen 1—26185 has two olivella dise beads still stuck to it with asphaltum. These are apparently the remains of more elaborate decoration. The presence of these beads, particularly the comparatively complex ones just described, in the lower depths of the mound should be emphasized as they are important in determining its cultural level. Plate 43, a and p, show the two pieces from the cone, while gq and r are so long as to rank as tubes but are shown here to illustrate the arbitrary line between these and beads. A portion of what was apparently a large bone bead was seen. It consisted of half a ring, 30 mm. diameter with a wide groove in its edge. This piece seemed to have been cut out of deer bone and is evidence of considerable skill. Club or Sword Plate 42g (1-26194) presents a very remarkable fragment. It seems to be the handle end of a club or sword fashioned from bone. The grip is well made for the purpose and the edge is much battered from use. This interesting piece came from the bottom of the mound—29 feet 10 inches deep in trench 3. Fuishhooks See this caption under ‘‘articles of Horn,’’ page 226. 1926 | Schenck: The Emeryville Shellmound 219 Fleshers or Saw-like Implements A common implement of which 27 identifiable specimens were found was made by notching the scapulae of deer and elk (pl. 40 a—m). The blade is too thin and too brittle to have served as a saw for wood or hard materials; also the teeth are spaced too far apart, are too irregularly placed, and frequently extend over too limited an area. The teeth are not worn on the ridges but on one side. At times when teeth were broken out or worn away the pieces were renotched and the resulting edge was much too wavy to permit sawing; see plate 40g (1—25727). In some eases more than one edge was notched ; 1 (1—25730) shows two edges notched; a (1—26069) shows a piece where the other two ridged edges have been trimmed down to give the piece a better finish (see also b and c). The variation in the size of the notches is indicated by h (1-25731) and f (1-25723). A single article similar to the above is here included. It is also notched bone and the teeth are very fine (pl. 6e 1-25734), the piece is made of deer rib instead of a scapula. These pieces were scattered throughout the mound and were never associated with burials. The 11 pieces found in the trenches make us believe that the 16 from the cone are only a small part of those present. These articles are very fragile and must have been easily broken. Many scapulae were seen which were too fragmentary to indicate whether or not they had ever been notched. It must have been an implement in common use throughout the history of the mound since a piece (1-26066) was found as deep as 29 feet in trench 1. If any- thing, the lower specimens (pl. 40a—c) indicate more care in prepara- tion as shown by the trimming of the ridges above mentioned. Twenty- three of the pieces were of deer scapulae (pl. 40 j-m), the balance of elk (pl. 40 d and g). Mr. Henry Schumacher (brother of Dr. Paul Schumacher) has stated to the author that some years ago at Pleasant valley; Nevada county, California, he saw an Indian who had notched the edge of a steel knife blade and was using it for fleshing hides. This Indian informed him that formerly such implements had been made of bone. For heavy skins the notched shoulder blades of deer were used; rabbit shoulder blades were used for mole and other light skins. Such implements are used on the inside of the skins. Mr. Schumacher identifies our specimens as similar fleshers. This use seems probable as the teeth adapt it for catching the particles of meat and fat. The wear on the sides of the teeth suggests the rubbing which would result from the fleshing operation. This seems to the writer a more probable use than the use in connection with weaving, which Uhle suggests. 220 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 23 Pieces of this type have a high antiquity. The Palaeolithic pieces shown by Wilson’! appear to be very similar. So also do pieces found by Mr. A. C. Parker at the Ripley Erie site in New York.72 Similar specimens were secured by previous San Francisco bay shellmound investigators and Uhle73 notes them as being reported from Bavaria, Alaska, and Massachusetts. Our point in citing these distributional references is simply to show that both temporal and spatial distribution point to a fundamental use, such as preparing hides, rather than to a specialized or localized development. Knives, Scrapers, Marrow Extractors, Hair Ornaments See Awls, Type IV, page 216. Miscellaneous From the cone we obtained four artifacts, and from the trenches one, made from entire cannon bones of deer. These pieces were highly polished and had lightly incised upon them, without apparent arrange- ment, a number of lines or marks (pl. 42b, 1-25886). Similar pieces are used by the Yurok Indians of northwestern California in sifting acorn meal. The meal is placed upon a flat tray which is tapped with these bones, effecting a separation of the fine and coarse material. An elk’s cannon bone (1—25890) split in half suggests an implement for dressing skins, or perhaps an awl in course of manufacture (pl. 42d). Plate 42f (1-26195) presents another unique object recovered from the dump. This is 165 by 52 mm., has a very high polish, and looks much like a modern shoe-horn. Plate 42. Bone and horn artifacts. a. b. Gs 1—25818 1—25886 1-26141 d. 1-25890 e. 1-26220 f. 1-26195 Sh), ehigie Dera Re sees . 1-26106 . 1-26112 1—25785 . 1-26113 1-25788 1-25799 1-25730 1-25726 1—25729 1-25720 . 1-25724 . 1-25849 1—25846 1-25845 1—25836 1-25837 1—25861 1—25835 . 1-25855 1—26194 1-25897 1—26208 1-25891 1926 | Schenck: The Emeryville Shellmound 281 Plate 43. Bone and horn artifacts; a-c, awls of uncertain bone—type VIII; d, awl of fish bone—type VII; e-g, bone needles; h-i, bone pins; j-p, bone beads; g-r, bone tubes; s-hp, fishhook parts; pd, horn pendant; bt, beaver’s tooth; mb, drilled astragalus bone. a. 1-25806 k. 1-26183 u. 1-26172 b. 1-25814 1. 1-26184 v. 1+26173 c. 1-25807 m. 1-26185 w. 1-26175 d. 1-25819 n. 1-26186 a. 1-26177 e. 1-26165 0. 1-25874 y. 1-25909 f. 1-26166 p. 1-25878 z. 1-+25907 g. 1-25826 g. 1-25877 fh. 1-26527 h. 1-26162 r. 1-25879 hp. 1-25908 i. 1-26163 s. 1-26170 pd. 1-26196 j. 1-26182 t. 1-26171 bt. 1-25895 mb. 1-26457 Plate 44. Horn artifacts; a-g, wedges; h, doubtful; 7, cup; j-l, antler tip pendants; m, doubtful. a. 1-25898 e. 1-26206 i. 1-26219 b. 1-26200 fon 26218 j. 1-25906 c. 1-26201 g. 1-26216 k. 1-26528 d. 1-26207 h. 1-26210 1. 1-25905 m. 1-26470 Plate 45. Shell beads and discs; a—b, abalone shell beads; c, mussel shell bead; d-e, olivella whole shell bead; f-g, olivella disc bead; h-i, olivella inlay or bushing; j-k, olivella bead, ring type; l—m, olivella rectangular bead, broad type; n-o, olivella rectangular bead, barrow type; p-q, miscellaneous ornaments; r-t, abalone discs. a. 1-25616 g. 1-25654 n. 1-25699 b. 1-25616 h. 1-25659 o. 1-25699 c. 1-26053 1. 1-25659 p. 1-25619 d. 1-25628 7. 1-25682 qg. 1-25619 e. 1-25628 k. 1-25682 r. 1-25618 f. 1-25654 l. 1-25688 s. 1-25598 m. 1-25688 t. 1-25610 Plate 46. Abalone shell pendants. a. 1-25557 h. ,1-25571 o. 1-25587 b. 1-26036 i. 1-25576 p. 1-25592 c. 1-25568 FA yar q. 1-26044 d. 1-25563 k. 1-25579 r. 1-25595 e. 1-25570 I. 1-25579 s. 1-25595 f. 1-25570 m. 1-25587 t. 1-26038 g. 1-25571 n. 1-25587 u. 1-26051 Plate 47. Pendants, crystals, basketry; a-g, mica pendants; h-j, quartz crystals; k-o, abalone shell pendants; p, ‘‘snake’s head’’; g-s, basketry evidence. a. 1-25539 g. 1-25538 m. 1-25585 b. 1-25539 h. 1-25449 n. 1-25585 c. 1-25539 a. 1-25553 0. 1-25584 d. 1-25540 j. 1-25553 p. 1-25439 e. 1-25540 k. 1-25580 g. 1-25958* f. 1-25538 l. 1-25596 r. 1-25958* s. 1-25958 * Wax impression of. 282 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 23 Plate 48. Chipped stone points. All are of obsidian except k, which is of mottled flint; p, which is gray chalcedony; and g, which is greenish chert. a. 1-25505 f. 1-25456 1. 1-26004 b. 1-26006 . g. 1-25457 m. 1-26001 c. 1-26010 h. 1-25451 n. 1-26007 d, 1-25452 7. 1-25460 o. 1-260i1 e. 1-25455 j. 1-26000 p. 1-25450 k. 1-25997 q. 1-25998 Plate 49. Stone mortars; a, type V; b, type I. a. 125349 b. 1-25323 Plate 50. Stone mortars; a, type II; b, type III; c, type IV. a. 1-25531 b. 1-25337 c. 1-25343 Plate 51. Pestles. a. 1-25412. Type III. c. 1-25380. Type II. b. 1-25376. Type I. d. 1-25420. Type IV. Plate 52. Pipes and plugs; a—c, pipes; d, g, plugs; e, f, pipes. a. 1-25503 d. 1-25497 f. 1-25498 b. 1-25501 e. 1-25499 g. 1-25496 c. 1-25500 Plate 53. Plummet-like stones and (or) charmstones. a, 1-26012 f. 1-25473b k. 1-25485 b. 1-26013 g. 1-25473¢ I. 1-25481 c. 1-26015 h. 1-25487 m. 1-25464 d. 1-25482 i. 1-25474 n. 1-25465 e. 1-25476 j. 1-25488 . 0. 1-25466 p. 1-25463 Plate 54. Miscellaneous mineral pieces. a, sinker; b-c, sharpening stones; d-f, baked clay; g, chalcedony concretion; h, ‘“‘red paint’’; 7, obsidian pebble; j, round pebble; k, whetstone; /, doubtful; m, paint mortar; n, greenstone schist pestle. a. 1-25495 e. 1-25959 j. 1-26541 b. 1-25955 f. 1-25960 k. 1-26532 c. 1-25953 g. 1-25447 l. 1-25436 d. 1-25543 h. 1-25506 m. 1-25914 7. 1-25461 n. 1-26534 4 + F cal 4 , j 7 i i + ’ i . i / . ‘ Z + f 7 . ’ . y~ , . _ ' a 7 I . é " oF b: A : - ee iv) Dee fe iy ia me UNIV. -GAEBIP? PUBES AMARC EI Ei NG VO) ess [SCHENCK] PLATE 35 a. THE EMERYVILLE MOUND IN OCTOBER, 1924 b. SOUTHERLY WALL OF AREAS 28, 29, AND 30 + UNIVMGALIES PUBLS AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 23 [SCHENCK] PLATE 36 a. CALCINED LAYERS ON NORTHWESTERN SLOPE b. CROSS-SECTION IN AREAS 8 AND 9 & _ ce UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 23 [SCHENCK] PLATE 37 ad. HEAVY ASH DEPOSIT IN AREAS 21], 22, 29, AND 30 b. CLAMSHELL LENSES IN AREA 20 wy W ‘ . UNIV CAP Ee PUBL AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 23 [SCHENCK] PLATE 38 BONE AWLS Sy UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. WAGY EE. (275) [SCHENCK] PLATE 39 BONE AWLS Was oy UNIV. CALIF. FUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 23 [SCHENCK] PLATE 40 BONE FLESHERS UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 23 [SCHENCK] PLATE 41 BONE TUBES AND* WHISTLES By UNIV. CALIF. FUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 23 [SCHENCK] PLATE 42 BONE AND HORN ARTIFACTS Nive eAtlir a eUBE AM. ARCH. @ ETHN VOL.~23 [SCHENCK] PLATE 43 a j PD HP BT BONE AND HORN ARTIFACTS ws Univ. CALIF PUBL. AM. ARCH, & ETHN. VOL. 23 [SCHENCK] PLATE 44 HORN ARTIFACTS . ¢ UNiVeGAltE: PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ERHN: VOL. 23 [SCHENCK] PLATE 45 SHELL BEADS AND DISCS % 7 » “<5 , ~ co . ‘ by - ca ’ UINIVS CAEP PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 23 [SCHENCK] PLATE 46 S ABALONE SHELL PENDANTS Siva - & i ae, ’ oo + UNI Venti bea UBL. AM. ARGH. & ETHN: VOL. 23 [SCHENCK] PLATE 47 Q PENDANTS, CRYSTALS, BASKERTY aN WIN Vee Aline OBL AM. ARGH: -& ELMAN: VOL. 23 [SCHENCK] PLATE 48 CHIPPED STONE POINTS wh BNIVeIGCALIES PUBIED AM. ARGH & EQRHN. VOL. 23 [SCHENCK] PLATE 49 STONE MORTARS * ay WIN GALT. PUBL AM. ARGH. -& ETHN. VOL. 23 [SCHENCK] PLATE 50 STONE MORTARS va DiI Vee AloUrweeUB i AM: ARCH. @& ETHN. VOL: 23 [SCHENCK] PLATE 51 PESTLES “ 5 BS UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 23 [SGHENCK] PLATE 52 e PIPES AND PLUGS Poa UNV GALE. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & EITHN: VOL? 23 [SCHENCK] PLATE 53 PLUMMET-LIKE STONES 1 : s 7 ® - j 1‘ , P Af ( ” * ! = i « 7 4 4 4 a ‘ : es , 7 ; ay i oe ‘ 4 a ‘ 4 t ' t . * * i , ae - ‘ \ x a = s WINIVese lel seUBL. AM. ARGH. & EFHIN. VOL. 2'3 [SCHENCK] PLATE 54 MISCELLANEOUS MINERAL PIECES “UNIVERSITY ¢ oF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS s— _(Gontinved). 1 Composition of California Shellmounds, by Bdward: Winslow Gifford, : Bp 1-29,” “February,, 1916 cine sere inne Vhomstiwatns dota ictinnhnddne ditions ehcatansiastieteobis srcvetanseeisbcneus! a California Place: Names of Indian Origin, by A. ‘AL. Kroeber, . “Pp. 31-69, , hy od ine, UE ee eh ie CA Me NGS a Seas nniseeeenswerecenetennenenacenstetmennnes : 40.” . Arapaho Dialects, by A.G, Kroeber. Pp, 71-188, June, 1916 ri A eae é a Miwok Moieties, by Edward’ Winslow Gifford. ‘Pp. 199-194, June, 1916. | Bo us | ee 5. On Plotting the Infections of the Voice, by Cornélius B, Bradley. Py (95-— Pr te ae Pics BIB, ‘plated bby October 191e, ce ee nee en Cig (8 MeN 4 ‘Titbatulabal: and Kawaiisu Kinship Terms, by Edward: ‘Winslow CONF ores eh Phin Pp. 219-248, | ‘February, 1917 Pe wh oP ERE Rese 2 MERIDA eee RON TEE LIRA 6 80) Wy ete. : te Bandelier’ 8 Contribution to the Study of Ancient Mexican Social Organiza. Be PATI /) tion, by T.-L. Waterman. Pp. 249-282. ;Penrearyy Rt Tce he Oe) eB 7 Miwok Myths, ‘by, Edward Winslow Gifford. Pp. 285-938, (pase Nae rel ¥ os eh “g Calttoria: ‘Kinship ‘Systems, A, ti, ‘roebee : Pp ‘389-806, “May. 4917 | be tick Sea, OO gts Pat: ' Ceremonies of the Pomo: ‘Indians, by. 8. A. Barrett, . Pp. 897-441, ry text co bse a see SERGE ope yale atta aE Se aN Inline alge TRalea Ca CRAG. na ‘11, Potio Bear Doctors, by 8. A, Barrett, Pp. B40, Diate: 1. aay 1917, need re 7) 2 Thdex, pp. 467-478.) 991 a, sin Ee Ohne ay Bint URC Sih eae Vol..18,, bi The. ‘Position of Yana in the ‘Hokan Stock, by z. Sapir. Pp. 184. duly, : a 1917, - Sac LGhS PSEA Der ayemIpce sgn aly ERE oe POY arg geen RMT a oe 4 raat as Paced REA lore ea AN 5 AG "ke :. re y 8. Patt ae ay ising oy Boon oe tnciaa™ anton 21-87, ‘March, 1918.78 8 4, Yana Terms of Relationship, by Edward Sapir. Pp. 153-173,;. March, 1918: 88 a -§. The: ‘Medical History of Ishi, by, Saxton’ Ty, Pope. . Pp. 175-213, plates’ 33-44, he > 8 figures in text...May, 1920 0 LRA UE. BEES MGS INN MRS AB 6. The’ Fundamental Elements of ‘Northern: ‘Vana, by Edward Sapir. “Pp. 21b- pe fg i tale Coste phere | a ‘ 7. : unctional Families of the, ‘Patwin, iby. Ww. G. McKern, ie 85-258, April, EEC ONE AMR Sai Mt RSA RNA TOL ea 8, Elements of Culture in Native, California, by re ue He vwith 4: maps. November, pein sathshsngnccheteneiams inte ve i Study: of Bows. and Arrows ; BA. ev apeiron es ae Ind lex, DD. ereen «The. Lang Al ; /, January, ye coke ans and ‘Moteties va nas Baw ward Wilastow ‘Gitord, pr Tent, ae Pp. 155-219, ak figure in’ text. March, 1919: Rau oe hy oy Si yea BE eaten teed and Archaeology of the Wiyot Territory, by. ‘Tewellyn a VAG Aenea a. Lond, Pp, 221-436, plates 1-21,16 text figures. December, 1919 sapnigaern 250 Vi Nek ie Wintun Hest. Ceremony, by B.A. Barrett. ‘Pp, 437-488, Plated MO END aah Pe “ 4 ig jeunes intext, Marcy 1919 ieee eats nian Genetic: Relationship’ of the North American, Andian Languages, oy raul Radin. Pp. 489-502. May, 1919", Ee ies ode gi 5 eee _ Index, pp: 5 603-506." ene na: ETS ih VoL.15, 1. Tigao Law, by 5, > “Barton.. Pp. 1-186, sasha 1-33., at ne / 2, Nabalol Songs, by C. B. Moss and A, i. ‘Kroeber, Py. 187-206. ‘May, 1018 “3. ty srapecniantvanaronnves : Kankanay Gpremonion,. by. , Bi “Mos Bp. $is-g04 ‘October, 1920.) 1.65 a Ifugao. Economics, py: BY F. Barton. Pp (385-446, ine 8-45 iprniicoas 22 Wp S ¢ Indem, pp. 447-4530 80 Gn! ; Hae 6. 1. Myth of the Southern Sierra. Miwok, by 8. A. Barrett, "Pp. LBB, ye “March, - X, GAGs Bi U8 8 Sop ah a DBO NEN, START UREN © ee ree is RSENS AISLE IT 2, The Matrilineal Complex, by Robert H. | sowie. ‘Pp. 29-45, ‘March; 1919... 8, The Idnguistic Families of California, by Roland B, Dixon and A, 1. ‘Kroeber. Pp, 47-118; map 1, 1. figure. ie text... bok ianiige 1919 penvukerovery | See aby. “4, Calendars of the Indians ‘North. of bee a by aan hp ss ene ea 3 i \MwitheS maps, ° ‘November,’ A918 7 f. avok (Nuaiees ey AA iy ‘Wat erm maps. I iY 4 ; alee A aa Be Ne eae Sg 6 er cate. Indians, by: Lucile, eiuoner 1, “Pp, 315-380... eu 1920. PS ree Te oid Sige igatal of a Winnebago: Indian, by. Paul ‘Radin Pp, 8 81-473. ° 1920 PIES BLE Bee iatonene ot 8s , Taman ‘Tribes of the. seat Siena wae er, Bp. 475 485, Rgedtnrot epmananenee leg ett steanenwtannbaannntnesannsnameden ations mula : by. Nabalot Law and Ritual, by fers B. Moss. Pp, 207-842, plates 34-87. October, A y * S55 oe RR GETTY RESEARCH I INSTITUTE ii ll; eee 4 ep se f ak somerset he ey ay Pie ay et i x ae reed y B dadewe 01755 7923 PA MIN? Cap et Pae TT ete ache OS ee wat aS somes Shea eee eons: oon ee in Zul id in 1 i0is, 1 iy Baio | Clews P: s 6 ‘the ‘Stege Mounds at Richmo a. Oalifornia, welly 2, plates’ 18, 19, 1 figure in text, mber, 1924... 7. Archaic Qulttre Horizons in. the Valley: of, Mexico, by, | : Pp. 373-408, plate 20, 182. oN , 192 Index in’ ‘preparation. < Mares. "1926 bier eee Roe ane & ae oy Baward Winslow Gifford