“ THE UHLE POTTERY COLLECTIONS 
 | _ FROM ICA ‘ 
 
 > BY 
 A. L. KROEBER AND WILLIAM DUNCAN. STRONG 
 
 WITH THREE APPENDICES 
 BY 
 MAX UHLE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALTPORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN AMERICAN. AROHAEOLOGY | 
 ee AND. ETHNOLOGY 
 ~ Vol, 21, No, 3, pp. 95-133, plates 25-40, 17 figures in text 
 
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THE UHLE POTTERY COLLECTIONS 
 FROM ICA 
 
 BY 
 A. L. KROEBER anp WILLIAM DUNCAN STRONG 
 
 WITH THREE APPENDICES BY MAX UHLE 
 
%.~ " _* oe ; x i ated ; 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN AMERICAN A 
 AND ETHNOLOGY 
 
 Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 95-133, plates 25-40, 17 figu 
 
 Issued December 31, 1924 
 
 1 + 
 
 
 
 THe UNIVERSITY OF CALIVORNIA PRESS 
 BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 
 THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS 
 Lonpon, ENGLAND 7 « 
 \ 
 
THE UHLE POTTERY COLLECTIONS FROM ICA 
 
 BY 
 A. L. KROEBER anp WILLIAM DUNCAN STRONG 
 
 WITH THREE’ APPENDICES 
 
 BY 
 MAX UHLE 
 CONTENTS 
 PAGE 
 ES al od URE WR ag eg NE ora A Re ee ne a ee 96 
 Oo TEE REET PoC A ef a ee, RR ey a rene A ae ea RR 98 
 Smee CM OL POL LOCV tralia: DY cGbY Le. cess, .iatavscapsvhesenin Accencaevievin wi covanqveacs vive ces 102 
 PIPE CL COLT PELOLY SOF BUY TCS Geo ecsc.iapon ise she assdan tacos sds nadednopaeentecadadeiadetenentsosbaaceons avvtare 108 
 Duration, distinctness, and succession of styles...........0.cccccccccssesestsseseeteseetesteesteseeees 116 
 RENN Ro Oe El Nt Je A wgh ct a beitaae da ov ehastegh arpa ceaeeebeguas ORS 119 
 Appendix A. Notes on Ica valley, from field reports of Max Uhle........................ PAL 
 Appendix B. Notes on sites and graves, from catalogue of Max Uhle.............. nee ee 
 Appendix C. Ancient civilizations of Ica valley, by Max Uhle...........0.00...0 128 
 Catalogue numbers of specimens ilustrated...............cccserecessssuetarssenseeseaaeuennssesnseone 132 
 PLATES 
 Following page 133 
 25-28. Proto-Nazca pottery 
 29. Proto-Nazca and Proto-Nazcoid pottery 
 30. Epigonal (Early Ica) pottery 
 31. Middle Ica I pottery 
 32-35. Middle Ica II pottery 
 36-37. Late Ica I pottery 
 38. Late Ica II pottery 
 39-40. Inca pottery 
 FIGURES IN TEXT 
 
 ieenioorutvalley of lea.) By Max, Uble i025. ces ee ee ea eS 99 
 
 ponecch man ol site 1, After Max Ublew. i. in bic. Giiersassccocek ncneonseds schon eveenes 100 
 
 oearoy.or Oeucajée valley. By Max Uble.207..))is 3 fais enteral eas 100 
 
 as ilonster design on Proto-Nazca, DOW! iv, <icccstecceas-cteacst/ectonncouedpactuten tetveenbieascrsain 109 
 
 5. Bird desion on Proto-Nazca jar. ......ssisaccasadssnceeorees cena aA ali peor ih tae 109 
 
 BumburONad BUY le jal ac MLS al OL ei Ree RL ee eect ee se, 
 
 7-10. Conventional head designs from Epigonal vessels...................00:.:000 111, 112 
 mente deste irom Lpigonal DO Wk naisieesc)pclgeoneh oat tee es eet ne eee eee 112 
 too bird design from. Middle -Jca. 1 vessel. aici: sscste-ocaces somes velecndeea warmest tale 113 
 13-16. Animal designs from Middle Ica IT bowls................0. cece 113, 114, 115 
 
 17eancayessels of polished black wares. 2a vi51.6) wosesclaons aston Roe ees eee ae ER 116 
 
96 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 In a previous study? we have described and discussed the collee- 
 tions made for the University of California by Dr. Max Uhle at 
 Chincha on the coast of southern Peru. The present paper is a record 
 and interpretation of the discoveries of pottery made by him in the 
 vicinity of Ica or Yea, the second coastal valley south of that of 
 Chincha. The Ica collection is three times as large as the Chincha one. 
 There are some 1300 entries in the original field catalogue,” aggregating 
 about 2000 separate specimens, including 600 pottery vessels, besides 
 some lots of sherds. The collection is also more important in variety 
 and range. At Chincha we recognized three types of pottery and in 
 part of other artifacts—Inea, Late Chincha IJ, Late Chincha I; 
 besides a few scant indications of a much more ancient or Proto- 
 Chincha period. The Ica collection shows seven pottery styles, each 
 established by a considerable number of vessels taken from particular 
 sites or graves. In no ease do the contents of one grave include 
 objects of more than one style.* The seven styles therefore represent 
 more or less successive culture phases. They are, in our terminology, 
 and in probable order backward from the most recent: Inca; Late 
 Iea II; Late Ica I (these three phases correspond closely with the 
 three determined at Chincha) ; Middle Ica II; Middle Iea I; Early 
 Tea, or to use Dr. Uhle’s term, Epigonal, the appropriateness of which 
 will be discussed later; and Nazea, or Proto-Nazea, as it has become 
 customary to designate a very striking ware. The Late and Middle 
 Iea subdivisions into II and I represent somewhat less marked differ- 
 ences of phase than the other groupings. But they were made impera- 
 tive by a detailed objective classification of the specimens and then 
 proved to conform so neatly with the provenience of pieces according 
 to cemetery and grave, as well as with passing comments scattered 
 through Dr. Uhle’s field catalogue, that we feel no hesitation in going 
 beyond his pioneer recognition of five periods by subdividing two of 
 them. Each of the seven phases shows approximation of style to two 
 
 1 This series, XxI, 00-00, 1924. See also the following paper, Explorations at 
 Chincha, by Max Uhle, pp. 00-00. e 
 
 2 Nos. 4-4205 to 4-5520. 
 
 3 A number of graves, and small sites like G and Y, yielding few vessels of 
 indistinetive type, have not heen assigned to styles and their contents have 
 been excluded from the tabulations and formulations given below. 
 
1924 | ’ Kroeber-Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 97 
 
 others.* They must therefore be construed as parts of a continuous 
 development. In the absence of stratification, this continuity is of 
 course of importance. 
 
 The method has been the same as that followed in the Chincha 
 study ; namely, to classify and infer solely on the basis of the specimens 
 themselves and the documentary data relating to their excavation— 
 their provenience and association as given in Dr. Uhle’s field catalogue 
 and his accompanying reports, letters, and plans. The interpretations 
 made by him in the field were disregarded until our own were formu- 
 lated; not out of disrespect for his opinion, but because the aim was 
 to attain conclusions definitely enough attested by evidence to put them 
 beyond the reach of being designable as opinion. It is thoroughly 
 gratifying that when the conclusions are matched against Dr. Uhle’s 
 as expressed in parts of his reports from the field to the University, 
 and subsequently in various publications,® they conform in essentials.°® 
 
 We take this occasion to express our conviction of the fundamental 
 importance of Dr. Uhle’s work on the development of native culture 
 in the Andean region. He was the first student to see a definite 
 scientific problem in the chaos of fact presented by Peruvian antiqui- 
 ties—the problem of the historical development of their culture; and 
 he has at least blocked out the main outlines of an interpretation 
 which, so far as we have checked it against the data, seems both 
 penetrating and valid. Before his studies, there had been some waver- 
 ing discrimination between Inca and pre-Inca or Tiahuanaco, but 
 
 4The resemblances are least marked between Proto-Nazca, Epigonal, and 
 Middle Ica, I, but are never wholly lacking. 
 
 5 Uhle, Bericht tiber die Ergebnisse meiner stidamerikanischen Reisen; and 
 Aus meinem Bericht tiber die Ergebnisse meiner Reise nach Siidamerika 1899-— 
 1901, in Intern. Congress Americanists, XIV, Stuttgart, 1904, 567-579 and 581-— 
 592, 1906; Zur Chronologie der alten Culturen von Ica, Jour. Soc. Américanistes 
 de Paris, n.s. X, 341-367, 1913; The Nazca Pottery of Ancient Peru, Proc. Daven- 
 port Acad. Sciences, xi, 1-16, 1914. 
 
 6 The chief interpretative difference is in regard to the ‘Epigonal’ period. 
 This term was coined twenty or more years ago by Dr. Uhle, and has been used 
 by him since, to designate certain phases of culture, widely spread in Peru, 
 regarded by him as ‘epigonal’ or succeeding upon and derived from the phase 
 of culture exemplified by the monuments of Tiahuanaco. As to this relation, the 
 present authors are not ready to commit themselves. They find the character- 
 istic design forms of Tiahuanaco as definitely represented in Middle Ica I and 
 II pottery as in the apparently earlier Epigonal pottery from Ica. This suggests 
 that the ‘Epigonal’ style may possibly be pre-Tiahuanaco rather than decadent 
 from Tiahuanaco. The answer to this possibility involves the relative placing in 
 time not only of the Tiahuanaco monuments themselves, but of the potteries of 
 the Tiahuanaco and the ‘ Epigonal’ styles found at Trujillo, Ancon, Pachacamae, 
 and elsewhere in Peru, which is beyond the scope of the present study. Dr. 
 Uhle in his latest publications continues to make the Epigonal period of the 
 coast several centuries later than the Tiahuanaco monuments: 650-900 A.D. as 
 against 350-500 a.p. (Los Principios de las Antiguas Civilizaciones Peruanas, 
 Bol. Soe. Ecuat. Estud. Hist. Am., Iv, pp. 448-458, 1920). 
 
98 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 
 
 nothing more. In the definite characterization of the Tiahuanaco — 
 type, Dr. Uhle had a large share. While others rested on that attain- 
 ment, he pushed on, and at Pachacamace, at Trujillo, at Chincha and 
 Iea and Nazca, at Ancon, in the valley of Lima, and elsewhere, accumu- 
 lated evidence that allowed him to distinguish not only local types and 
 local time sequences, but to correlate these into a broad scheme into 
 which most of the known culture developments of the Andean area 
 could be fitted. Concepts like Proto-Nazea and Proto-Chimu, which 
 are beginning to be dealt with as current coin in the field of South 
 American prehistory, owe their establishment and definition to him; 
 and even those who remain most skeptical of a thoroughgoing un- 
 raveling of Andean civilization are gradually beginning to follow 
 partially where he led the way. Certain peculiarities of presentation, 
 perhaps, the non-publication of any monumental work since the volume 
 on Pachacamac,’ an absence of many years from Europe and North 
 America, and lack of opportunity to prosecute larger systematic 
 excavations, seem to have combined to prevent full recognition of the 
 quite unique value and significance of Dr. UWhle’s labors. To those 
 who are still in doubt whether to look upon him as one of the leaders of 
 authentic anthropological science or as a speculator who operates with 
 confused or insufficient evidence, the following fact may be of interest. 
 The authors have now worked over the fruits of two of Dr. Uhle’s 
 explorations, those at Chincha and at Ica. In both instances analysis 
 of the data has forced upon them not only the acceptance of all the 
 culture phases and periods announced by him, but the establishment 
 of finer subdivisions. In other words, intensive, first-hand reéxami- 
 nation of his evidence both corroborates and extends his conclusions. 
 
 LOCALITIES AND GRAVES 
 
 In the absence of detailed published maps of Ica valley, the sites of 
 most of Dr. Uhle’s excavating can be indicated only approximately, 
 as per a Sketch map filed by him (fig. 1). All the sites lie downstream 
 from the city of Ica. Chulpaea (site M) is east of the river, five or six 
 miles below Ica. Not much farther from Ica, but evidently farther from 
 the river, is Pueblo Nuevo de Galagarza, or the Hacienda Galagarza 
 near Pueblo Nuevo (sites X, Y, Z). On the road from Chulpaea to 
 Tate, which latter appears to be about seven miles from Ica, Dr. Uhle 
 
 7 Philadelphia, 1903. 
 
1924] * Kroeber-Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 99 
 
 discovered much valuable material at a spot (site T) of part of which 
 he furnishes a sketch (fig. 2). Below Tate is Santiago, about eight 
 miles from Ica. Opposite the town is site 8. So far, all sites lie east 
 of the stream. Considerably farther south or downstream than the 
 foregoing, in a separate basin about twenty-five miles from Iea city, 
 
 VALLEY OF ICA 
 
 Cultivation 
 Algarrobales 
 L] Desert 
 
 5 Inca 
 
 4 Lafe lca 
 
 53 Mddle ka 
 
 So 2 Epigonal 
 eS. 
 
 Sy Spee! 
 (OIE 
 
 — 
 
 ai sya” 
 
 
 
 Fig. 1. Map of valley of Ica. By Max Uhle 
 
 is the Hacienda Ocucaje. Here Dr. Uhle excavated west of the river at 
 a number of spots (sites A-H). The general topography of these is 
 clear from a map in his field notes, here represented as figure 3. 
 Seattering pieces or sherds were obtained by him also at Aguada de 
 Palos and La Venta, upstream from Ocucaje; at Oyujaya, six leagues 
 below Ocucaje; and at some sambaquis or shellmounds at the mouth 
 of the river. 
 
\ 
 
 ‘ 
 ae 
 NS 
 
 aN 
 
 7/111) 1 \\\ 
 
 
 
 Fig. 2. Sketch map of tombs at site T. A-—h from sketches by Max Uhle; 
 i-n from notes by him, directions being certain but distances unmentioned. 
 
 % 
 
 ‘ Ary ow’ 
 
 = 
 
 \ 
 = OP 
 > y lanco 
 Sa Z Al My, Serre b: 
 oe MWMifi py Wo / ally ts WN YY Min “04, 
 6 . PIL a 
 4 "ZB eee 4 
 
 al! i 
 
 nls suhaly was 
 
 Bw ‘ ah 
 iY pe A 
 
 aS. wy 
 
 RIN 
 
 0 Zena 
 
 - 
 
 = 
 
 Z 
 Mie WW 
 
 7 
 
 MN \n ee 
 
 LEGEND 
 ( Coltvation orAgarrobales 
 OCUCAJE VALLEY a Desee 
 5 Inca. 3 Middle lea 
 4 Late ka 2 Epigonal 
 |. Proto- Nazca 
 
 
 
 Fig. 3. Map of valley of Ocucaje, 8 leagues below Ica. By Max Uhle. 
 
1924 | ’ Kroeber—-Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 101 
 
 Further data as to localities will be found in Appendix A, extracted 
 from Dr. Uhle’s field reports; and as to cemeteries and interments, in 
 Appendix B, extracted from his field specimen catalogue. The follow- 
 
 ing list condenses the information on sites, graves, specimens, and 
 
 period. 
 
 LIST OF SITES AND GRAVES 
 
 Grave 
 or Tomb 
 Original Designa- 
 Site Description Locality Catalogue Numbers tions Styles Represented by Pottery 
 A A Ocucaje 4489-4502 Proto-Nazcoid 
 B B Ocucaje 4624-4649 1-5 Proto-Nazca 
 C Ae! Ocucaje 4568-4622 1-10 2, 3, 5, 6, 8: Middle Ica I 
 1, 4: Middle Ica IT 
 7: Late Ica I 
 4650-4660 a-b Proto-Nazca 
 D D Ocucaje 4503-4533 Late Ica I 
 E E Ocucaje 4463-4488 1-9 Epigonal 
 4534-4555 10-15 Epigonal 
 F F Ocucaje 4675-4788 1-23 Proto-Nazca 
 G (E?) Ocucaje 4556-4566 
 H (A2) Ocucaje 4790-4807 1-4 1: Proto-Nazcoid 
 M Chulpaca 4276-4462 Middle Ica II 
 ) Santiago 4894-4902 a-d a, el, e3: Proto-Nazca 
 ce: Late Ica I 
 5481-5520 e-f e2, f: Middle Ica II 
 ak Tate-Chul- 
 paca road 4904-5475 a—n f, h1—2, il-4: Late Ica I 
 a, d10, n: Late Ica II 
 dl, d8, i5, k, 1: Inca 
 x A Galagarza 4205-4228 Late Ica I 
 Y, B Galagarza 4229-4275 
 Z Galagarza 4827-4873 1-4 1-6: Middle Ica II 
 4878-4893 5-7 
 
 Grouped by Styles 
 
 Proto-Nazca B 1-5, Ca-b, F 1-23, Sa, el, e3 
 
 Proto-Nazcoid AG ELT, 
 
 Epigonal E 1-15 
 
 Middle Ica I C 2, 3, 5, 6, 8. 
 
 Middle Ica II C1, 4, M, S e2, f, Z 1-6 
 
 Late Ica I C7, D, Sc, Tf, h1-2, i1-4, X. 
 Late Ica II T a, d10, n. 
 
 Inca dl dstoskK els 
 
 Other graves contain no pottery or pottery whose type cquld not 
 be determined with certainty. 
 
102 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF POTTERY TRAITS BY STYLES 
 
 The method of classification by style according to unbroken grave 
 lots on which this study rests is the same as that followed in the study 
 of the Chincha collection previously reported on in this volume. It is 
 therefore unnecessary to proceed by the step-by-step demonstration 
 observed in that paper, and the results can be presented at once. The 
 most notable findings that are quantitatively expressible have been 
 brought together in the subjoined table. 
 
 POTTERY TYPES ACCORDING TO STYLES 
 
 fe. 8 oe Be 
 Ze 42 3S GA 32 eae 
 64. 9-1 ma So =a 
 sf 325 35 38 28 2536 
 8S eee 
 Total number of pottery vessels............0..0.ccccccec cee 150 26 19 150! 1738 28 75 
 Form 
 Globular or bell-shaped jars with pair of linked 
 
 small mouths" ie ees ule a ere eee eee It; 05.4 QO! a: OS aaa) 
 Open bowls, sides somewhat flaring, concave in 
 
 profile csv ck oss ees teste accents canoe ee ee 35 Ote O 0 Ol SOR 
 Shallow bowls (or plates), sides straight or convex, 
 
 base round or pointed— 
 
 Patterned <).ce a cuttoas ea eee ee ee (S)9FS oom 3 0 O 
 
 Without. pattern ::: <a, eee 0. 30) pad oes LOD 
 Handleless jars, short spout cylindrical...................... ie OW 0 Os OREO 
 Handleless jars, short spout with slight flare, 
 
 mouth exceeding neck by less than 14................ Le Ossees 3 iy 0. 
 Handleless jars, short spout with considerable 
 
 flare, mouth exceeding neck by 1% to 24............ 0°50.) 1 were 6:5) Oe 
 Handled jars; lonotspouter.. ene eee O02 550 QO. Lissa 
 Very low bowls, flat bottomed, sidesslopinginward.. 0 0O 1 418 He the 
 Low bowls, base and mouth equal in diameter, 
 
 Sides CONCAVE s:,.0045.kcot a ee 0 0 (0 “Tae e 22 eee eee 
 Black yarn bowls, sides constricting upward, in- : 
 
 Cised a, Soa ee ee Oia ORanO 1 QO = 2ae2 
 Barrel shaped canteens oo. ae ee eee oY © @ 1 2a owe 
 Fiat canteens. 05. 204., oisiau-n hoc ee ee Om Ome 0 1 220 teO 
 Bevel-lip bowls, cone frustum shape.......................... 0.0 O. 14 03Geiaee 
 Bevel-lip bowls, other shapes, usually flattened 
 
 spheroid): .ic..c.ii. tassel eee = L) S125, 080 
 Jars with ribbon handles less than 2.5 em. wide...... Vin SONS 18) 6 tS 
 Jars with ribbon handles more than 2.5 em. wide... 0 0 O 0 9 - O71 
 Handles m horizontal planes; ne ee Oh. 0 0 4 #5 
 Aryballoid jars, .o cade. ee OOO 0 0 0 6 
 Vessels ‘with:a. foots pcos cee ore ee OR OcaeO 0 0 O 5 
 Double jars with long spouts, one bearing a modeled : 
 
 Pore AE FB ee A ie as See ee eae ' 0 0 0.0) 3 
 
 1 Excluding a solitary Proto-Nazca vessel found among the purely Middle Ica II remains 
 of site Z. 
 
1924] ' Kroeber—Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 103 
 
 ae Heh apse oS 
 
 nt OB hteieee ae aod 
 
 ORNAMENT ZN 28 4% ‘9m 88. 88 & 
 
 23 36 52 35 35 3B ed 
 
 Color > Bp Sime iors hee 
 
 ear eed ODREK CDTICCDETO) oo..2:2.sevssnvaccetvesasossatontsavesdentees Or —@ Oe BS ail 
 UR IAN LOTSA eR Fi Se yoo coh ava Ronadys. lacs teed aslo OF O° 3 7 OF tO. 0 
 eR ES 0 Ses syiuucack aus eu svestiaddes alcbwuonnataedios fA BN anh i 9 2 es 
 MCL ear, chee oo de canis ie cue ss Ninal Uae eanetwraoonesied 40 is TL GE TL 
 CDMS? TDAH EATS SR oR Ri le A eR ADEE S55 30 (On Oe 0) 
 parE REREG CET oe asin au spats rsaisepaombcan ccaasaniosteinads Buh 1) Be Ofn00 0 
 BYURPEE OOR) DE EECTDL. 4.60.5 nc .y ccosice dansevowssdssicsneavintessaurt acess oOUO 0 Os OmO 
 Pe teECRD IRC WATE) 20 <2ncialsiatlbicapeecscttactennslacvaddustdnoniss 0 O O 2 Le 2 4. 
 RE RTOS LON OL 50h osc cay tag aise cas secs so ecida- ahd apiaecss 4 0 O 0 0 oO O 
 
 ? Single color applied on what appears to be the unslipped paste of the vessel. 
 
 ® Two color pattern applied on the paste, or one color in slip and another in pattern. 
 
 * The slip is counted as a pattern color. 
 
 5 It is difficult to decide whether there are four or five colors on these two vessels. 
 
 Pattern 
 Human headed demon, with insect, serpent, or 
 
 REE RED ONLY Nett)? ha ads incl oe chs hc cealtenunvoade 16m Oper 0 1 On 02 0 
 AB EEO ibe UTM ATIC NNCELCS eee aac eSeessededcorecsctucpactacaevacteesetcorees OR ee Ome Ce) OOF O 
 Hummingbird or condor, naturalistic.......................- Oe 0 0 O (2) 
 Nee P PC AIIATITALISUIC 0, c.dopeecscsdcacensvuccésedoescaserissoseeses (a aan) 0 pe TAS SAW 
 ET OT LOUISE ec goes va cice devine cde nun veevicl es avavinesvedee 300 0 1 One © 
 RTE NOE AR io acy ednpiSes fos vasa bso pcxvosb~ Loxnvadovre oro 16-0, <0 0 OFS 01.0 
 Symmetrical animal head (eye and nose con- 
 
 TET! 756 0 ea ee a a a OR Ors? 0 Or 10 
 Ares or angles pointed inward from edge of vessel. 1 7 2 2 ee eC 
 Zone of dots, circles, or rectangles in lower half of 
 
 CEOS dl ENE Se oe: Aa gy aly Or AW 
 Zone of dots, circles, or rectangles in upper half of 
 
 eT vtec ea ee ee Os Oat) SIA 20 
 NOC ora od uA ceo civ it kein cdc soe SuviaseGSansnaosvles ie Oss we a aL 
 RAPPTORel tO LExtile CHECE. «cc. cc...seciesswesevecostereeseesecesveres OOF aed a & & 
 Maar Ce CACOTALE OUCLS 2 eis ae. cokcuchideacdncasiathiaeadevanevs One Ome 0 fe Ee ey 
 RA POCPIAD PICS, 117 BELIOS. co occedecveccsesv-siveveceseberconsasdeduees OM Oma Ome 0 ee 4 
 Conventionalized but recognizable bird.................... OF Ores malt 4 56 4 
 Conventionalized but recognizable fish...................... OF RO SO 0 ce eee 
 BE REMAIN eh i Brac jedian Gon Saadeh vied onnaiieos’ OR Os 0 0 ORO 
 
 Modeling 
 Vessel in shape:of animal or bird....................0..00000 re Ae 1 me 1 a 
 Vessel in shape of human figure or head.................... a a 2 A ee 
 Modeled animal attached io... .60.0....0i0..c00csccsceeveeeeers Oar Oem 1 ay ees 
 Modeled peanut, corn ear, CtC.......:..::cccccceeecereeeneeees ish) va 0 OT O wee 
 Py eseeU a BRANES: OF SQUABI:, oo cuscceceossoenogsesvednnesencantee OF Oe 20 0 2a Lae 
 Plates with handle in form of bird.......................00 Om Ome 0 ) 05 
 Flageolet in shape of univalve shell....................00004 O20 50 0 2a Omen 
 
 It will be observed that each style shares certain traits with those 
 assumed to precede or succeed it, and differs from them in other traits. 
 As the number of traits is considerable, and the number of vessels 
 ranges from 19 to 173 for the various styles, averaging 85, the 
 differentiation of the seven phases is indubitable and their assumed 
 succession highly probable. 
 
104 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 
 
 So far as the frequencies make it worth while, the absolute figures 
 of the large table have been converted into percentages of the total 
 numbers of vessels, in order to correct a possible appearance of irregu- 
 larities of occurrence due to the available series of specimens from 
 some styles being larger than from others. These percentage figures, 
 which follow, are particularly impressive. 
 
 PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION BY STYLES 
 
 82 2. @8 Sees 
 Sib gS So oy one eee 
 An gm 2 oo oo oo gS 
 S& SB 35 35 25 95 35 
 i a 2 02) OS 
 6 or: 7-color pathert: ciuc.c ee oe ee 5-070 0 0 = 04580 
 Besdlor Pa ther wis icic ceils ss weussask Oe cee cee 23, O. 10% 00 O20 
 4-colon pattern cect ce ee eee 33. ol 169238 0) 0 aks 
 3-color patberti..c cds: Oras ce eee ene 28 58 5) | Si, ea aeoes 
 2-Color Da thee Mois .5e.cu/a wth eet yeas See eee eee ac) 7 8 uid aes 
 1-color pattern.2Ascguieis ret ee ae OP 20.16 5 0) 0350 
 Uncolored j:...efir ccd cee eee rue ee ene eee 7 § 538 26 4654255. 
 Biechero, £4: sso-tisc, es assed ieee ee ee OF Se OmeaO 6. 14 18...28 
 Bevel-lip: bowlee Geri i...stieee ee ee ee eee 0 0° 0° 10) Is 30a 
 Textile effect pattern............... se FRG  doseh Soe eee 0 0 5) 10) gate ee 
 Pattern of diamonds or triangles in series.................. 0 0 O 10 40 254 
 
 * Should perhaps be counted as 4-color. 
 
 Form.—Two of the typical shapes of Proto-Nazeca are wholly 
 confined to it: a more or less spherical jar with two small mouths 
 connected by a ribbon-like handle (pls. 25, 29), and a deepish bowl, 
 of inverted bell shape, the bottom being round and the upper part 
 coneave in profile (pls. 26-29). The ‘‘shallow bowls or plates’’ are 
 of the latter form in Proto-Nazeca (pl. 289, h, 0, q) while from 
 Epigonal to Late Iea I they are uniformly shaped rather like porridge 
 bowls except that the bottom is more or less pointed (pls. 30, 31, 35). 
 
 Single mouthed jars suddenly appear in Epigonal (pl. 30) where 
 they are abundant, and continue (pls. 31, 32, 33, 36) through to Late 
 Iea II (pl. 88) with increasing flare of mouth. Late Ica I and II add 
 a very long spouted handled jar (pls. 37-39). In Inca appear the 
 familiar aryballoid jars (pls. 39, 40) and double vessels with long 
 spouts, one of them false and bearing a modeled animal (pl. 39). 
 Wholly Inea are also vessels with foot or lid; whereas the placing of 
 the handle more or less horizontally while its ribbon is set on edge is a 
 trait shared with Inea by Late Ica II (pls. 39 a, c; 40 m). 
 
 Middle Ica, especially in its full or II form, brings the bevel-lip 
 bowl, at first in the shape of a cone frustum (pl. 32 c¢, d), then, in 
 
1924 } ’ Kroeber-Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 105 
 
 Late Ica I, prevailingly as a flattened sphere (pls. 36 d, g; 37 a), as 
 in Late Chincha I. Also as at Chincha, the form goes out completely 
 in Late IT and Inea. 
 
 Also Middle Ica in origin are bowls that rise sharply from a flat 
 base. At first these are prevailingly quite low, with sides tending to 
 slope inward (pls. 32, 35); later they are somewhat higher and the 
 sides constrict somewhat (pl. 36 h, i). By Inca time the latter form 
 has wholly supplanted the earlier. 
 
 Canteen shaped vessels, both flat and barrel-like, also come in, 
 hesitatingly, in Middle Ica II (pl. 33 e) and continue to the end 
 (pl. 39), perhaps being most in favor in Late Iea IT (pl. 38). 
 
 Incised black yarn bowls (pl. 38 j), which at Chincha were found 
 . typical of Late II with some persistence into Inca, have the same 
 range at Ica, plus however one occurrence in Middle Ica II, which, if 
 there has been no error, carries the type back as far as any form of 
 blackware. 
 
 Color frequencies.—As to color, statistics are particularly impres- 
 sive. Patterns of six or even seven® colors occur in eight Proto-Nazca 
 vessels, and in not a single one from any other period. Five-colored 
 vessels are abundant in Proto-Nazea, constituting nearly a quarter of 
 the total. They disappear in Epigonal, reappear somewhat doubtfully 
 and rarely, respectively, in Middle Ica I and II, and then go out for 
 good. Quadruple polychrome has its highest frequeney in Proto- 
 Nazea and is also the most frequent style of any in that period ; becomes 
 secondary to three-color in Epigonal; is probably® more frequent than 
 three-color in Middle Ica I although the percentage falls as against 
 Epigonal four-color because of the sudden frequency of uncolored 
 ware; again becomes secondary to three-color in Middle Ica II; snuffs 
 out totally through both Late Ica phases; and finally reappears again, 
 with rather low frequency and in new tints, but unmistakably, in Inca. 
 Three-color ware occurs in every style, but is specially typical of 
 Epigonal, and virtually the only color scheme of Late Ica. A single 
 color pattern applied apparently without slip is confined to Middle Tea. 
 
 Smoked blackware or bucchero, lacking from the first three styles, 
 appears in Middle Ica IT (pl. 35) and becomes increasingly frequent 
 in every succeeding phase. Facts lke this one are of interest as 
 indicating that, however locally the perfecting of the classic Inca 
 2 he counts are based on careful examination to preclude the counting of a 
 
 single pigment as two when it happens to be unequally fired in different parts 
 of a vessel. 
 
 9 The series are too small for certainty. 
 
106 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 
 
 style was carried on, this style was by no means a pure local one that 
 was suddenly carried over Peru by the Incas as something radically 
 new, but that it had some of its roots in aesthetic and industrial 
 tendencies originating long before and perhaps often at a distance 
 from Cuzco. Conversely, the relationship of the Cuzco style to other 
 local styles may have predisposed some of the latter to acceptance 
 of certain traits emanating from Cuzco before the full dominion of the 
 empire was asserted, and may subsequently have led to the acceptance 
 of pure Inca forms to the degree that they were locally manufactured 
 in abundance. On the other hand, these pure Inca forms, like the 
 aryballoid, footed bowl with one loop handle, and handled plate (pl. 
 40), come in so late that they must be regarded as specific develop- 
 ments of the pottery style of the nearer environs of Cuzco. 
 
 Less positive inferences can be drawn from unpainted and un- 
 smoked ware, whose frequency is conspicuously low in the first two 
 styles and then rises sharply and remains approximately constant, 
 because of a possible interpretation alternative to the obvious one: 
 namely, that the Proto-Nazea and Epigonal people indeed made 
 colorless kitchenware but did not set it into their graves. In other 
 words, mortuary practices rather than manufacturing ones may have 
 altered in this point. At that, however, mortuary pottery was finer 
 and household ware eruder in Proto-Nazea than in the five last styles, 
 whose wares throughout are more on one level. Epigonal in this 
 matter of relative uniformity goes with the later phases, on account 
 of its best ware being technically poor. 
 
 Incised ware is never of much frequency, but it is noteworthy that 
 all uncolored pieces found are Proto-Nazea (pls. 28 f; 29 d) ; and that 
 bucchero ones are represented as far back as unincised buechero goes, 
 that is to say Middle Ica II (pl. 35 f) ; and persist with the unincised. 
 
 Colors employed.—Assuming the five-color combination to be most 
 representative of the Proto-Nazca style, we can call the typical scheme 
 white, yellow, red, slate, black. The white ranges in some specimens 
 to cream and dapple gray; the yellow to flesh, buff, burnt orange, and 
 pinkish; the red to maroon and purplish; the slate to olive, light 
 brown, gray, violet, and red violet; and the black to brown. If the 
 colors are six or seven, there is an extra yellow, red, or slate pigment. 
 Thus the two seven-color specimens’? in the collection show respec- 
 tively white, dark yellow, red, dark red, light gray, dark gray, black; 
 and white, pale flesh, dark flesh, violet red, slate gray, olive brown, 
 
 10 B5-4645 and F15-4755. 
 
1924 | Kroeber-Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 107 
 
 black. The four-color scheme—the most frequent—generally omits 
 slate, but sometimes red or yellow. If the colors are only three, they 
 are usually black, white, and red—as in later periods. The normal 
 Proto-Nazca slip, as shown by insides, rims, and undecorated portions, 
 is a hard red, and well polished. It has body and firmness, like all 
 the colors, but tends to scale off the paste in rather large flakes. 
 Nearly as often as not, the ground color for the design area is white. 
 
 Epigonal shows an almost invariably buff slip, rather thinly washed 
 on, and possibly nothing but a coating of the same clay as the paste. 
 Only three colors are applied, black, white, and red; and more fre- 
 quently black and white, or black and red, than all three together. 
 All the colors are weak and lusterless. 
 
 Middle Ica I patterns are firmer than Epigonal ones, but the colors 
 mostly still lack vigor. Slate and yellow reappear, sometimes to the 
 exclusion of white, alongside red and black. Two pieces may be 
 somewhat doubtfully described as showing flesh, red, maroon, gray, 
 and perhaps white. . 
 
 Middle Iea II keeps the four-color polychrome, but tends to a 
 preponderance of three-color: black, red, and white, the latter rang- 
 ing to yellow or buff. If there is a fourth color, it is a shade of the 
 slate or violet of Middle Ica I and Proto-Nazea. White and yellow as 
 such do not seem to be used on the same vessel. The ground color or 
 slip tends to red, somewhat lighter or softer than the Proto-Nazea, and 
 containing more yellow and less blue. It is generally pretty well 
 polished. 
 
 Late Ica I settles down rigorously to a three-color limitation, which 
 is black, red, and white, the latter rarely chalky, if used in masses, 
 but verging toward light tints of buff. The slip is most commonly red, 
 and less frequently white than in the Late I of Chincha. Late Ica II 
 follows the same scheme exclusively, and Inca prevailingly. When 
 there is a fourth Inea color, it is the old slate or gray, reappearing for 
 the third time. It has a violet tinge about as often as not, just as the 
 Inea ‘white’ is a definite yellow about half the time. 
 
 It is evident that just as Proto-Nazca uses most colors, it employs 
 them with the greatest technical skill and precision, being possibly 
 rivaled in this regard by Inca alone. Epigonal represents a sharp 
 falling off technically and aesthetically, as it does in form. Middle 
 Ica I wavers somewhat hesitatingly upward again, and II settles into 
 a definite stylicizing of color as of figure. Late Ica I carries this 
 tendency farther through a voluntary limiting to a three-color scheme, 
 
108 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 
 
 just as it textilizes pattern. It is a period of restraint rather than 
 of decay or ineptness, of hardening convention, with innovation in 
 forms rather than in ornament. Late II shows no change; but Inca 
 reveals a perceptible final re-widening of color horizon alongside 
 thoroughly new pattern motives and forms. 
 
 Patterning.—As regards patterns, the statistics are clear enough, 
 but of course convey an inadequate idea of the full stylistic differ- 
 ences. The semi-naturalistic tendencies of Proto-Nazea are only partly 
 indicated by the 40 per cent frequency of demon, head, bird, quad- 
 ruped, or fruit patterns (pls. 25-29) as compared with a seattering 
 1 to 2 per cent frequency of the same motives through the later 
 ‘periods—with a quite different handling at that. Epigonal patterning 
 is far simpler and more sparing than Proto-Nazca and concentrates 
 on two motives (pl. 30)—-a conventionalized bird or animal head, 
 usually double-ended, and ares or angles along rims—which make up 
 about half of its figures.1! Both of these are found as well in Middle 
 Tea I (pl. 31 c¢), in which a band of circles around the lower part of 
 vessels (pl. 31a) also comes into use, to persist, with some tendenev 
 to shift upward (pl. 32a, c, d), nearly to Inca time. Middle Iea II 
 (pls. 32, 83) introduces the first textile patterns, which overwhelmingly 
 dominate Late Ica I (pl. 36) to become less frequent in II (pl. 38 ¢, g) 
 and almost die out in Inca. The specific Inca patterns, such as those 
 characteristic of aryballoids, and the swarming insect or worm 
 patterns (pls. 39, 40), are rigorously confined to the Inca style. 
 
 SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF STYLES 
 
 -It may be of value to sum up the salient characteristics of each 
 style, in order to convey a feeling for and clearer visualization of the 
 succession of culture types represented at Ica. 
 
 The Proto-Nazca ware is unique and distinctive in color, design, 
 and shape. The average number of colors used is four on a vessel... 
 Dark red is the commonest ground color; white, varying to cream, 
 light gray, or pale buff, next frequent. Designs, basically in these 
 two colors, plus black, yellow, and slate or an additional red, vary to 
 brown, gray, violet, flesh and to almost pure orange, pink, and blue in — 
 extreme cases of pigment application or firing. Designs are in large 
 part anthropomorphic, human or ecat-headed monsters encircling the 
 
 11 The rim are or angle appears in Proto-Nazcoid: pl. 29 c. 
 
1924 } Kroeber-Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 109 
 
 vessel (fig. 4) or holding human heads.?2. Rows of human heads more 
 or less conventionalized, as well as fruits and seed pods, furnish 
 motives for decoration. Birds portrayed fairly realistically, especi- 
 
 
 
 Fig. 4. Tracing of monster design on Proto-Nazeca bowl B2-4625. 
 White; violet (cross hatching); brown (hatching); black. (PI. 27s.) 
 
 o, cS S529 
 e SOR 
 ‘es res 
 ih ese” RE 
 
 "Oe 
 
 
 
 Fig. 5. Bird design on Proto-Nazea two-mouthed jar S a-4894. White; 
 violet (cross-hatching); yellow (hatching); black. (Pl. 28d.) 
 
 ally the condor, hummingbird, and sea birds, are common as designs. 
 Quadrupeds delineated in similar manner also occur, especially the 
 mouse or rat, the llama, and felines. Fish are also naturalistically 
 
 12 See the ornament analyses of this style by E. K. Putnam, Proc. Davenport 
 Acad. Sei., x1, 17-46, 1914, and E. Seler, Gesammelte Abhandlungen, Iv, 1923. 
 
110 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 
 
 portrayed, the shark and a tuna-like species being characteristic. 
 On the whole it is coastal fauna that is depicted. Nonpictorial 
 designs are less striking. They include squares, bars, circles, and 
 spirals, but the prevalence of curvilinear over straight or angular 
 elements is conspicuous. Among shapes, globular jars with a pair of 
 bridged tubular spouts are distinctive of this period, and on these 
 most often appear the human-headed demons with centipede or 
 serpent-like bodies. A bell-shaped bowl, rounded at the base and 
 flaring slightly toward the brim, is also characteristic; and round 
 bottomed, wide-mouthed bowls are frequent. Modeling appears only 
 
 
 
 Fig. 6. Top of modeled Epigonal jar E2-3-+4—4471. White; buff 
 (stippling); red (hatching); black. (Pl. 30d.) 
 
 in a few instances: two vessels in shape of human figures, one holding 
 a human head, the other a fruit, and two rather erude bird figures 
 verging on the Epigonal style, represent this technique. Only rude 
 cooking ware is unpainted and incised. All of the ware save the 
 cooking pots, and a few pieces suggesting the Epigonal, is highly 
 polished. The great majority of pieces may have been made as 
 mortuary pottery. 
 
 Early Ica or Epigonal shows marked technological inferiority to 
 Proto-Nazea. There are fewer colors used, a reddish buff serving as 
 ground color, and isolated, simple designs in dull white, red, and black 
 being superimposed. The colors are much less clear and striking than 
 are those of the Proto-Nazea pottery, the naturalistic portrayal of the 
 latter is almost wanting, but the designs show some resemblance to 
 the Proto-Nazca non-pictorial ones, although their execution is 
 
1924 | Kroeber—Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica ital 
 
 rougher. A new design element enters: a double-snouted animal head, 
 perhaps condor or puma, with an eye in the center (figs. 7-10). 
 Flattened globular bowls narrowing toward the top, flattish conical 
 bowls, and jars with short necks but no flare at the lip, are the 
 characteristic shapes represented in about equal proportions. 
 
 ORIEN 
 i) 
 RUS 
 
 
 
 Fig. 7. Conventional head design from Epigonal jar E13-4544. 
 White, red, black. (Pl. 300.) 
 
 we. 
 
 te 
 eo ey YY 
 
 eS 
 yy eS 
 7 % wy 
 
 | ie 
 =s 
 
 Fig. 8. Conventional head design from Epigonal bowl E14—4549. 
 Buff, red, black. (PI. 30 7.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Middle Ica I gives the impression of a transition between the 
 rather pauperized Epigonal and the more elaborate decoration of 
 Middle Iea II. Much the same shapes appear here as in Epigonal. 
 The short necked jar has more flare at the mouth; the roundish and 
 conical bowls are represented ; and added to these are pots with round 
 bosses around their sides, and a flat dish with vertical sides but 
 
112 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 
 
 rounded bottom. The same buff or hght red coloring predominates, 
 with patterns in dark red and black. The double-snouted head 
 reappears, and two bird motives (fig. 12), angular and geometric in 
 execution, anticipate the conventionalization of later styles. A large 
 flaring-mouthed jar and in some degree two pots with bosses show a 
 more elaborate scheme of geometric decoration with encircling black 
 
 
 
 Fig. 9. Conventional head design from Epigonal jar E1-4464. 
 Buff, red, black. (Pl. 30c.) 
 
 MM 
 
 Fig. 10. Conventional head design from Epigonal bowl E5-4474. 
 Buff, red, black. (Pl. 30k.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fig. 11. Are design from Epigonal bowl E11-4538. Buff, red, black. 
 
 and red bands and an upper zone in three-color pattern, while a row 
 of conventionalized birds encircles the neck. 
 
 Geometric conventionalization of decoration marks the pottery of 
 Middle Ica II. The design area is large and tends to cover the entire 
 vessel instead of being confined to free standing figures. This surface 
 is very often marked off into panels of rectangles or triangles, each 
 decorated. Bands cirele the larger vessels and between these, or on 
 
1924 | _Kroeber-Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 113 
 
 them, are rows of simple geometric figures. Occasionally conven- 
 tionalized birds are used in this form of decoration. In many eases 
 the figures are close, approaching the textile pattern effect so char- 
 acteristic of the following period. Interesting is the appearance of a 
 somewhat exotic fauna, including probably the jaguar, monkey, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SS QS ESS OI = 
 SSaSeses fay Sa te SSeS Ee =a 
 Sees =O == 2 \ See = sl 
 i QRS a Ry) 
 CO SS —— A 
 QO \SS =i), 
 “100 ) iS ee AV 
 AWN YES Sin 
 OS = ii) 
 = NES Sy 
 SNES FW 
 NS +— 490909, 
 NF XAAXX} 
 == a 
 > = XXX) 
 = WX 
 _— XX) 
 
 
 
 a —— 
 T= Wo ee 
 
 —&—_—-@—__@--__-@—_® 
 EE 
 
 Fig. 12. Bird design on Middle Ica I jar C2-4592. Whitish (buff) ; 
 red (hatching); violet (cross hatching); black. (Pl. 31g.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fig. 13. Design on Middle Ica II bowl C1-4578. Background, red; 
 stippling, white (buff); hatching, violet red; black. (Pl. 35d.) 
 
 parrot, and alligator or a large lizard, done in a partly curvilinear 
 but definitely geometric style (figs. 13-16), yet with the forms rather 
 well suggested. In a modeled vessel (pl. 33 b) the jaguar appears 
 unmistakably. Among shapes, three types are common: jars with 
 flaring mouth; a dish with practically flat bottom and low vertical or 
 in-sloping sides; and a small bowl constricting conically toward the 
 
114 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 
 
 mouth which bears a gunwaled or beveled lip—a type now appearing 
 for the first time. Black smoked bucchero also first appears in Middle 
 Tea II, and in a variety of the shapes found in the colored ware. The 
 proportion of black to colored ware, however, remains small. There 
 is an unmistakable although not close resemblance in decorative treat- 
 ment to the style of the carvings on the ruins of Tiahuanaco. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 QTE 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fig. 14. Design on Middle Ica II bowl M-4333. Background, red; stippling, 
 white (buff); hatching, violet; cross hatching, light red; black. (Pl. 35c) 
 
 
 
 Fig 15. Design on Middle Ica II bow] M-4303. Background, red; stippling, 
 white; hatching, violet; cross hatching, buff; black. (Pl. 32.) 
 
 The pottery of Late Ica I is characterized by the predominance of 
 the textile-like patterns. The coloring is wholly red, white, and black. 
 Two forms stand out: the bevel-lipped bowl, either as in Middle Ica IT 
 or rounded; and a flat dish with nearly vertical or inward sloping 
 sides, usually somewhat concave. <A series of diamonds, either white 
 rimmed with black or vice versa, meet point to point in rows on a red 
 background, giving a distinct ‘woven’ look. Or, a series of conven- 
 
1924] ._ Kroeber—Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 115 
 
 tionalized birds or fish, their ends touching to form rows, is done in 
 black and white on a red field. The textile effect is evident in many 
 other ways than these. There is a larger proportion of blackware 
 in this style than in the preceding. Small decanter-like jars with 
 long necks appear. There is occasional modeling: human faces on 
 the long necked jars, pots in human form, reclining llamas, a few 
 - birds, and some vegetable forms, mostly in miniature specimens, 
 
 Late Ica II is clearly transitional between the Late Ica I textile 
 pattern style and the Inca style which follows. There is a breaking up 
 of the rigorous stylicization of Late Ica I and various approaches to the 
 
 
 
 Fig. 16. Design on Middle Ica IT jar M-4302. eee red; stippling, 
 white (buff); hatching, light red; black. (Pl. 324.) 
 
 Inca manner without however the appearance of some of the most 
 characteristic Inca forms, such as the aryballoid jar and goblet with 
 foot, or the four-color scheme. 
 
 The Inca culture is well represented at Ica. Four colors begin to 
 appear instead of the invariable white-red-black of Late Iea I and IJ, 
 with considerable tendency toward yellowish buffs, browns, and olives. 
 Blackware is more frequent than in any previous style. A whole 
 series of new forms comes in, including some with plastic representa- 
 tion. A series of these is shown in figure 17. The vessels there out- 
 lined are all in polished blackware, but several of the shapes occur 
 in the collection in colors also. On the other hand, black aryballoids 
 are unrepresented. The Inca style is too well known to need further 
 description. 
 
116 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 
 
 & 
 
 DURATION, DISTINCTNESS, AND SUCCESSION OF STYLES 
 
 It should be remembered that the phases distinguished rest not on 
 stratification of pottery types but on empirical classification. Hach 
 lot designated as of one provenience —which in some cases was a grave 
 or tomb, in others a site or cemetery —was examined as a unit, and then 
 classed with other lots showing the same characteristics. When a lot 
 proved to contain material of two kinds which elsewhere occurred in 
 separate lots, supplementary data in Dr. Uhle’s catalogue almost 
 
 =a aS 
 
 
 
 Fig. 17. Inca vessels of polished blackware. From left to right, top, 
 T d8—5061, T d1-4998, T k-5388, T 15-5342; bottom, Tk—5379, T k—5372, T' 15-5340. 
 
 always indicated several interments within one ‘grave,’ or some 
 within it and some adjacent. Thus Se included S el to S e4; simi- 
 larly, T dl to Td10, Th1 to Th2, Til to Ti5. When thereupon a 
 heterogeneous lot from such a ‘grave’ or environs of a grave was 
 subdivided according to interments, the resulting smaller groups were 
 regularly homogeneous in character.** 
 
 This suggests, first of all, that the phases, or at least those from 
 which vessels are found in relatively close association, were probably 
 of no very great duration. This applies to Middle I and II, asso- 
 ciated at site C; to Middle II and Late I, associated at C and §; to 
 48'The only striking exception is a quite isolated two-mouthed jar in full 
 Proto-Nazcea style found at site Z among material which otherwise is wholly 
 Middle Ica II (Z 4-4851). The authors agree with the excavator that this piece 
 
 must represent a vessel found by the Middle Ica II people in a Proto-Nazea 
 interment and reinterred by them in a burial of their own day. 
 
1924 ] _Kroeber-Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica ay 
 
 Late I and II, associated at T; and to Late II and Inea, also asso- 
 ciated at T. It probably does not apply to the association of Proto- 
 Nazea with Middle II and Late I at 8, both on account of the thorough 
 stylistic distinctness of Proto-Nazea; and because Proto-Nazea in all 
 other cases: is found separate (A, B, C a—b, F, H), whereas the only 
 pure sites of the other periods are M (Middle Iea II), D (Late Ica I), 
 X (Late Iea I). The occurrence of Proto-Nazca ware in the same 
 cemetery with Middle and Late Ica ware at S can therefore probably 
 be attributed to accident. In general, then, Proto-Nazca artifacts le 
 segregated, as do the Epigonal ones discovered (site E.) Graves of 
 two or more of the five other styles, however, mostly occur in several 
 parts of one site, indicating that these styles probably succeeded each 
 other more closely or overlapped. 
 
 This is also indicated by the fact that transitions between them are 
 more numerous. The two Middle Ica phases do not diverge markedly. 
 Middle II and Late I, both represented by full series, connect in their 
 use of bevel-lips, textile patterns, and the like. And Late Ica II, like 
 Late Chincha IT, is clearly a transition from Late Iea I to Inca. It 
 might in fact be described as a phase of Late Ica I in which the pure 
 style of the era had begun to be modified under Inea influences, but 
 certain of the most typical Inca forms—aryballoids, goblets with foot, 
 insect pattern—had not yet been introduced. Dr. Uhle goes so far 
 as to say of these last three periods—which he recognizes as two, 
 ‘‘Later Chincha’’ and Inca—‘‘No certain distinction can be made 
 within the Later Chincha period between what was pre-Inca and 
 what had already fallen under Inea dominion ;’’ and again: ‘‘the point 
 is simply this, that indigenous Chincha civilization and imported Inca 
 civilization were contemporaneous in the valley.’’ 
 
 Substantiation of this view is furnished by glass beads discovered 
 by Dr. Uhle in Late Ica I graves Tf and Til, nos 5110 and 5468b. 
 Both of these graves contain abundant pottery of clearly marked type. 
 The only conclusion possible is that the Late I style may well have 
 begun to flourish some centuries before the Inca conquest, but that it 
 continued through the brief Inca period and until after the Spanish 
 conquest. With the end of Late I and the Inca phase at Ica thus 
 contemporaneous, Late II must also have been contemporaneous with 
 Inca—perhaps wholly so. Of these three styles, then, Late I is the 
 only one which may have had separate existence at Ica for a time; 
 and all three were being practiced at the time the Spaniard came. 
 Since, however, they are distinguishable, and occur each in its own 
 
118 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 
 
 graves, they must be regarded as phases characteristic of separate 
 classes of the local population.’* 
 
 As to the sequence of the phases, once this qualification has been’ 
 recognized, there can be no serious doubt about the last five. They 
 evince a continuity of stylistic development which leaves no choice as 
 to their order, once the Inca forms are accepted as on the whole the 
 latest. It is also significant that the proportion of perishable artifacts 
 to pottery is lowest for Proto-Nazea and Epigonal, and highest for 
 hate Iea and Inea. 
 
 As regards Proto-Nazea and Epigonal, while the case is not quite so 
 certain, the plates and table will probably seem sufficiently convincing 
 of the greater distinctness of Proto-Nazea than of Epigonal from the 
 five later styles. In fact both forms and ornaments of Epigonal—for 
 instance the shallow, unslipped bowls, and the are designs along their 
 edge as well as the animal head-—recur in Middle Iea. 
 
 Further, the few pieces designated as Proto-Nazcoid (pl. 29 c-g) 
 ean fairly be described as simplified Proto-Nazca with leanings toward 
 Epigonal,** This fact indicates the sequence: Proto-Nazea, Proto- 
 Nazeoid, Epigonal, followed by the five later phases, without such 
 utter gaps anywhere in the sequence as to necessitate the assumption 
 of a complete break in culture in the valley. 
 
 This point of view clashes with Dr. Uhle’s interpretation of 
 Epigonal as a decadent successor of the Tiahuanaco culture, especially 
 in view of the obvious stylistic leaning—-admitted by him—of Middle 
 Ica on Tiahuanaco. <A suggestion in his notes that Middle Ica might 
 represent a local and Epigonal a general Peruvian outgrowth from the 
 Tiahuanaco style, and that the two cultures might conceivably have 
 coexisted in the same valley, is unconvincing. 
 
 A much simpler interpretation would be that Epigonal came first 
 of the three, and that Tiahuanaco and Middle Ica represented local 
 developments—perhaps synchronous ones—out of the widespread and 
 simple Epigonal style in an era of upward swing of culture. In this 
 ease Ica Epigonal would still be truly ‘epigonal’; but to Proto-Nazea 
 and other pre-Tiahuanaco cultures instead of to Tiahuanaco. This 
 interpretation certainly fits fairly well all the data available from Iea. 
 Whether it would equally well account for the data from elsewhere in 
 Peru, the authors are not yet prepared to say. 
 
 14 Compare the discussion of the analogous relation of Late Chincha II and 
 Inea at Chincha, this volume, p. 49. 
 
 15 Dr. Uhle in fact seems to have classed the Proto-Nazcoid material from 
 site A as Epigonal. Compare pl. 29d with Jour. Soe. Américanistes, x, 1913, 
 pl. 11, b, 4. Hence also his statement, ibid., 347, and again in ie C below, 
 as to ‘two separate Epigonal cemeteries—evidently sites A and E 
 
1924 | _ Kroeber-Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 119 
 
 As to the alleged stylistic resemblance between Proto-Nazca ware 
 and the incised sherds from the earliest shell heaps of Ancon,'* the 
 authors reserve judgment beyond remarking that the resemblance is 
 not so close as to be obtrusive. 
 
 The history of pottery development at Ica may then be summarized 
 as follows. The earliest ware yet discovered is Proto-Nazca, whose 
 antecedents are unknown, but which took shape locally, about Ica and 
 Nazca, and was never, in its pure form, made at a distance. This art 
 probably decayed to give rise to Proto-Nazcoid,™ which in turn may 
 have been influenced by, and finally submerged in, the widespread 
 Peruvian culture known as Epigonal, whose local variety can also be 
 designated as Early Ica. Out of this, rather possibly, developed the 
 Middle Ica style in its two phases, perhaps somewhat influenced by 
 the Tiahuanaco style. Late Ica I is clearly a continuous development 
 out of Middle Ica II, and has close analogues or mere local variants 
 from Chincha to Atacama, but the style seems to have reached its 
 culmination at Ica. With the coming of Inca influences, Late Ica I 
 modified to Late Iea II, and at the time of the Spanish conquest had 
 partially begun to be replaced by pure Inea culture. 
 
 CONCLUSIONS 
 
 Seven types and in part periods of pottery can be distinguished 
 at Ica, or, more exactly, five types and two sub-types. 
 
 The succession of the last five of these, Middle Ica I and II, Late 
 Ica I and II, and Inca, is beyond question, although the last three 
 were also in part contemporaneous. The stylistic development of the 
 five is so continuous that once Inea is accepted as latest, the others 
 cannot be put in any other sequence. The last three types have close 
 parallels at Chincha. The cultures of these two south Peruvian valleys 
 during the last pre-Spanish centuries must be regarded as nothing 
 more than slightly variant local forms of the same native culture, to 
 -which there became added the Inca culture and a third strain hybrid 
 of the two. | 
 
 The two remaining types, Proto-Nazea and Epigonal (Karly Ica) 
 stand farther apart from the other five than these differ among one 
 another. They are therefore probably earlier; and of them, Proto- 
 Nazea, as the more distinctive, is probably to be put in first place. 
 
 16 Uhle, Intern. Congr. Am., xiv (Stuttgart, 1904), 576, 1906; xvi (London, 
 1912), 30-31, 1913. 
 
 17 Also conceivable as incipient Proto-Nazca. See pl. 29 ¢, g. 
 
120 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 
 
 Moreover, certain Epigonal shapes and designs are traceable in Middle 
 Iea. On the other hand, there are no such connections between Proto- 
 Nazea and Middle Ica. There is therefore rather strong indication 
 that the historic sequence of types was Proto-Nazea, Epigonal, Middle 
 Tea, Late Ica. 
 
 The Iea Epigonal differs from all other Ica styles except the Inca 
 in possessing fairly close analogues at a distance from Ica. A certain 
 degree of similarity is shown by the Epigonal ware of Pachacamac in 
 central Peru.’* A little farther north, at Ancon, whose potteries are 
 being studied by one of the authors, the resemblances are vaguer. 
 Still farther, about Trujillo, whose ware is being described by the 
 other author, there is a ware of Tiahuanaco style but no separate 
 Epigonal like that of Iea. The concept of Epigonal as a generic 
 Peruvian style must therefore be used with caution. It probably has 
 an objective foundation but as yet seems partly subjective. 
 
 Both the Ica Epigonal and Middle Ica are undoubtedly related to 
 the Tiahuanaco style. In certain ways Middle Ica seems to show more 
 of the crisp character of the style of Tiahuanaco. Iea Epigonal is 
 more slovenly, rounded, and hasty than either. It is difficult to see 
 how Ica Epigonal could represent a decadence of pure Tiahuanaco, as 
 Uhle supposes, out of which there then grew Middle Ica with a revival 
 or persistence of Tiahuanaco traits that had been lost during 
 Epigonal. The Ica Epigonal may therefore prove to be ‘epigonal’ to 
 Proto-Nazea as much as to Tiahuanaco. 
 
 There is some indication—a half-dozen vessels from two small 
 sites—of a Proto-Nazcoid style showing the Proto-Nazea traits in 
 reduced intensity. This eighth kind of Ica ware may be conceived 
 as incipient Proto-Nazea or as decadent Proto-Nazca. In the latter 
 case, it ought to show leanings toward Ica Epigonal; as in fact it’ seems 
 to. This question is probably also answerable only through evidence 
 contributed by tracts outside Ica valley, such as the Nazca area. 
 
 There is nothing in the data here discussed to afford much clue as 
 to the duration or absolute age of the periods dealt with. The latest 
 estimate by Uhle—Proto-Nazea, 50-650 A.p.; Epigonal, 650-900; 
 Middle Ica, 900-1100; Late Ica, 1100-1400; Inea, 1400-1550—seems 
 moderate and reasonable. 
 
 The collections of metal work, textiles, and all objects other than 
 pottery made for the University of California at Ica by Dr. Uhle, will 
 be described and interpreted subsequently. 
 
 18 Uhle, Pachacamac, pl. 5, 1903. 
 
1924 | ’ Kroeber-Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 121 
 
 APPENDIX A 
 NOTES ON ICA VALLEY 
 Extracted from field reports by Max UHLE 
 
 Ica is reached by 80 or 90 km. of railroad from the port of Pisco. 
 This town is 20 to 25 km. south of Tambo de Mora, the harbor of 
 Chincha valley, only some 5 km. of the intervening distance being 
 desert. The valley of Pisco is longer and narrower than Chincha 
 valley and lies along the Chunchanga river, whose name reminds one 
 of Chincha. Nine leagues up the valley from the coast are the ruins 
 of Tambo Colorado, probably the most extensive in the provinces of 
 Pisco and Iea and possessing the repute, probably unfounded, of 
 fabulous antiquity. Upstream from Tambo Colorado at an elevation 
 of 2900 m. lie the ruins of Huaitara, also notable. Tambo Colorado 
 is about 9 leagues from Ica (eight of them desert), but the Chunchanga 
 and Ica rivers on which the two places lie flow respectively nearly 
 west and south, so that their mouths are much farther apart. 
 
 Tea is about 400 m. above sea level. Its valley, like those of Palpa 
 and Nazea, is an interior one, with a continental, hot, almost rainless 
 climate. The city of Ica lies about 20 leagues (100 km.) upstream 
 from the mouth of Ica river. The stream carries water at all times 
 to the point where it debouches from the mountains into the head of 
 Tea valley, 6 leagues above Ica. From there on it runs, during the 
 January and February rains in the mountains, as far as Ocucaje, 
 8 leagues below Ica, elevation 310 m. Below Ocucaje the river rarely 
 if ever carries water, this being taken up by irrigation above. There 
 is a steady subterranean flow or infiltration which makes agriculture 
 possible as far down as Ocucaje even if surface water fails to arrive 
 more than once a year. In Ica valley, which is an open stretch 13 
 leagues long by about a league and a half in breadth, algarrobas 
 (mesquite like trees) grow where the eround level of water is not 
 more than 6 m. below the surface, and tillage is possible where it 
 comes within 4 m. Below Ica valley the river course alternates 
 between rocky canyons and flat basins, the uppermost of which is 
 Ocucaje, beyond which follow Chiquesillos, Callanga, Oyujaya, 
 Samaca, Villacuri, Santa Rosa, and Monte Grande, the last being one 
 league from the sea. Ocucaje produces cotton and vines, but in the 
 
122 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 
 
 lower basins only enough water can be got for the needs of life by 
 digging, and some of the basins do not even yield wells. 
 
 It is clear that the lower courses of the river were once better 
 watered. Not that the climate has changed, but more and more water 
 has been drawn off upstream. At Aguada de Palos, a league upstream 
 from Ocucaje, there are ancient cultivations that are now unirrigable ; 
 and at Oyujaya, 6 leagues below, where at present only algarrobas 
 grow, there are old ditches (azequias) and adobe ruins of considerable 
 size. There seem to be no laws preventing the unlimited appropriation 
 of water upstream, so that the cultivated and inhabited area is shifting 
 in that direction. This drift began in pre-Spanish times. In Ica 
 valley, beginning several leagues above the city and extending 2 
 leagues below, the Chirana extends through the eastern side of the 
 valley, and, although an artificial channel attributed to the Incas, 
 now carries more water than the river proper, often being full while 
 the stream bed is dry, as in the season of 1900-1901. Tradition has it 
 that an Inea fell in love with the daughter of the chief of Tate, some 
 2 or 3 leagues below Ica, and was not accepted until he constructed 
 the Chirana. 
 
 Two leagues downstream from Ica and 30 m. lower is Pueblo 
 Nuevo, near which, at Galagarza and Chulpaca, excavations were 
 conducted. Pueblo Nuevo is said to have been the first site of Ica, 
 founded by Valverde, and removed on account of earthquakes. Not 
 far distant is Tate; also in the vicinity is said to have been Tajaraca, 
 an ancient native town. As there is also a Luja-raca and a Taja-gnana, 
 Taja- perhaps meant high or great. While tradition makes Tate a 
 flourishing town in Inca times (and excavations in its environs 
 corroborate), Tajaraca is much older, as shown by excavations at 
 Chulpaca, which forms part of what was Tajaraca. The uppermost 
 1.5 m. here carry layers of leaves from thatch, and in these levels 
 objects of Inca period may be encountered. The tombs, however, lie 
 4 to 5m. deep, contain objects of quite a different sort,!® and in Inca 
 times had evidently been forgotten since centuries. 
 
 Ica valley contains no important ruins, but ancient remains are 
 extraordinarily abundant. Potsherds occur in numbers of places. 
 Cemeteries usually le deep. There are mounds of abobes, formless 
 hillocks up to 5 m. high, representing ancient buildings whose details 
 have been lost. These occur at Ocucaje, in the upper valley about Ica, 
 and especially on the haciendas San Ramon and Galagarza where 
 
 19 Middle Iea II. 
 
1924] Kroeber-Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 123 
 
 ancient Tajaraca may have stood. All these mounds seem to belong 
 to the last pre-Inca period.?® Some of them have yielded pottery and 
 gold. Artifacts are also found in large, irregular platforms, 2 to 4m. 
 above the irrigated plain, which apparently are natural formations, 
 bear only scattered algarrobas, seem never to have been cultivated, but 
 have served for habitation and burial, although the dry slopes of hills 
 abutting on cultivable land were also used for interment. Ancient 
 fields and ditches have already been mentioned. 
 
 Near the mouth of Ica river, five minutes’ walk from the sea, there 
 are two splendid sambaquis or shellmounds, each about 180 m. long 
 from east to west, 100 m. wide, 50 m. high. These appear to be the 
 first discovered on the Peruvian coast, and to resemble those of the 
 southern Brazilian coast. Their bases may be low natural elevations, 
 but probably 40 m. or more of their depth is almost pure shell kitchen- 
 midden, only slightly mixed with sand. About a dozen varieties of 
 marine mollusks are distinguishable. On these mounds I found erect 
 house posts, insignificant adobe wall remains, fragments of textiles 
 and wooden slings, a stone ax fragment, chips of stones, llama bones, 
 whale vertebrae, and seaweeds, all well preserved on the surface. Also 
 there were strewn about broken human leg bones, suggesting that they 
 had been cracked for marrow. Potsherds indicated the civilization of 
 the surface as the last pre-Inca one.** On account of the expense of 
 diggirig mounds as large as these, dynamiting to their interior was 
 considered but given up as unfeasible. 
 
 APPENDIX B 
 NOTES ON SITES AND GRAVES EXCAVATED 
 
 Extracted from Catalogue of MAx UHLE?22 
 
 Site A, Ocucaje. Excavations on a rock near the ruins of D [see map, fig. 3]. 
 The site lies about 20m. higher than the ruins, in a depression between twe 
 small summits rising about 10m. above it. The remains are of the Proto-Nazca 
 style.23 The skulls are strangely elongated by deformation. 
 
 Site B, Ocucaje. Excavations in the western part of El Tambo, where this 
 falls to the river bed. The Tambo is a bare elevation, about 3m. higher than 
 
 20 Sic, but cf. the statement as to the age of Tajaraca in the preceding para- 
 graph. 
 
 21 There are about a dozen sherds in the Museum (4—4671, 4673). Some of 
 these are Late Ica; some almost certainly Middle Ica; and one or two suggest 
 Proto-Nazca influence. One is incised. 
 
 22 Condensed from comments in the excavator’s specimen catalogue. Com- 
 ments by the authors in square brackets. 
 
 23 ‘¢Proto-Nazca’’ has been substituted throughout for Dr. Uhle’s ‘‘New- 
 found style of Ica’’ as he then called it. 
 
124 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 
 
 the plain, about 500m. long and from 60 to 250m. wide. Proto-Nazea style. 
 Originally there may have been about a dozen graves close together. Most of 
 them had been opened by the natives who have their huts on the Tambo and 
 are accustomed to make excavations on the day of San Lorenzo in August... I 
 found about four [sic] graves unopened. 
 
 B1: About 0.5m. deep. Nearly all the bones decayed. 
 
 B2: 2m. deep. 
 
 B3: A wide grave, 4m. deep. It seems that a little gold had been found in 
 this grave, which had been entirely cleared. Some broken vessels seem nearly 
 complete and worth reconstructing. 
 
 B 4, 5, without comment. 
 
 Site C, Ocucaje. Excavations at the eastern end of the Tambo. The graves 
 met with represent various civilizations. At least the contents of the, Proto- 
 Nazea graves were free from admixture with objects of other periods, and were 
 apparently older. 
 
 C1: Large grave, 3m. deep, 1.7m. long, 1.2 wide. 
 
 C2: Another large grave, 4.5m. deep; 4592, jar with bird pattern tran- 
 sitional [i.e., Middle Ica I] from Epigonal to older Chincha [Middle Ica II]. 
 
 C3: 4597, later Chincha [Late Ica I]; 4598-4600, older Chincha [Middle 
 Tea IT]. 
 
 C4: Later Chincha [Late Ica I]. 
 
 C 5-10, no comment. 
 
 Ca: Small grave containing Proto-Nazca remains. A similar grave or two 
 may have been previously excavated here. 
 
 Cb: Larger grave. 
 
 Site D, Ocucaje. Excavations at the foot of the rock site A, in an extensive 
 cemetery half surrounding the before- mentioned ruins. Later Chincha style 
 [Late Ica I]. 
 
 Site E, Ocucaje. Excavations in the west of the valley, beyond the culti- 
 vated fields and algarroba groves, close to the hills of sedimentary formation. 
 Epigones of Tiahuanaco. The same civilization occurs at Pachacamac between 
 older layers below and later ones above. 
 
 E 1-15, no comment, except that E 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9 are mentioned as previously 
 dug into and E 5 as intact. 
 
 Site F, Ocucaje. Excavations in a cemetery at the foot of the Cerro Blanco, 
 between this and the cultivated part of the hacienda. Style, Proto-Nazea. 
 
 Fd, 2, 3, 5, 6, 12, 17, 21, 22, 23, no comments. 
 
 4; 4.6m. deep. 
 
 F7: About 3.7m. deep. 
 
 F 8: Superficial finds [apparently not definitely a grave]. 
 
 F'9: About 2m. deep. 
 
 F10: About 3.5m. deep. 
 
 F'11: Not very deep. 
 
 F138: Grave formed by a big pot, by the side of which stood 4750-52. 
 
 F'14: 1.4m. deep. 
 
 F15: Grave in shape of big pot 1m. below the surface. 
 
 F'16: Not very deep, the body decayed. 
 
 F18; 2.8m. deep. 
 
 F19: 2.4m. deep. 
 
 F 20:About 1.2 m. deep. 
 
 [Site G], Ocucaje. 300m. northeast from the cemetery of the Epigones 
 [Site E] is another cemetary showing remains of older or later Chincha periods 
 
1924 | Kroeber—Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 125 
 
 [Middle Ica II, Late Ica I]. Small excavations were made here, but many 
 pottery fragments were strewn on the soil. 
 
 [Site H], Ocucaje. At the southern foot of the rock, site A, between it and 
 the ruins near site D, there were discovered some intact grave chambers, one of 
 them well built up of alternate layers of clay and of chamico straw (a kind of 
 thistle growing at Ocucaje and much used in the construction of halls and plat- 
 forms at the time of the Proto-Nazea style); two others built up of quarried 
 stones. The manner of wall construction and certain objects (a small painted 
 vessel, a frame of rods from a fan-like plume, etc.) leave no doubt that these 
 grave chambers belonged to the Proto-Nazea period, even though the ruins just 
 below are of the time of the later Chincha style [Late Ica I], and although no 
 finely painted vessels of the Proto-Nazea style were found here [at site H.—This 
 site is classed by the present authors as Proto-Nazcoid. It is the site of the 
 ‘three cave burials’’ referred to by Dr. Uhle in his Davenport Academy 
 report.24] 
 
 H1: Chamber of a chief’s grave. 
 
 H 2; Chamber of a woman’s grave. Similar to the last but narrower and 
 the walls of stone. 
 
 H3: Grave chamber of a baby, built up of. stones, roofed with wooden 
 beams, 0.6m. high, 0.6m. wide, 0.8m. long. The baby had been interred on its 
 cradle, and apparently suspended from straw ropes. The skull was extremely 
 fragile and may have been broken in packing [true]. With its woven bands 
 still on it, it is of extreme interest because it shows, as has never before been 
 observed, the exact manner in which the long deformed heads were produced 
 during childhood. The long deformed heads common in the tombs of Bolivia 
 are quite as typical of the race of the Proto-Nazea style. 
 
 H4: Near these mummies a pot containing the remains of a mummy was 
 found in the same soil without a chamber being distinctly observable, although 
 the soil showed alternate layers of clay and chamico straw similar to the walls 
 of chamber H 1. 
 
 Site M, Chulpaca. 
 
 Site 8, Santiago. 
 
 Sa: Acquired from Sr. Delgado, on whose property is a Proto-Nazca cemetery. 
 
 Sb: At the bottom of an azequia, pieces washed from graves. 
 
 Se: Acquired in the hut of a neighbor of Delgado, from excavations in a 
 huaca on the property of Lorenzini. Last Chincha period [Late Ica I or IT]. 
 
 Sd: From the surface of another huaca on the hacienda of Sr. Olaechea. 
 Older Chincha [Middle Ica]. 
 
 Sel: Excavations on the hacienda Santiago of the Olaechea family, south- 
 west of the main building [of the hacienda] at the foot of the southern hills. 
 Proto-Nazca. 
 
 S e2: From the same spot: grave of older Chincha period [Middle Ica]. 
 
 Se3: Excavations at the same spot as Sel. 
 
 Se4: From the same spot as § el and S e3 and from places in the plain about 
 70m. and 200m. distant, these latter having been only superficially settled and 
 being recognizable by pottery, chipped stones, and adobe on the surface. No 
 such remains were found elsewhere in the plain. 
 
 Sf: Excavation of a cemetery of the same period as S e2, about a mile to 
 the north. 
 
 Site T, on the road between Chulpaca and Tate. [See map, fig. 2.] 
 
 24 Op. cit., p. 7. 
 
126 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [ Vol. 21 
 
 Ta: A large grave. When a grave post and the vessel 4877 were found, the 
 soil below them was found to be loose, which indicated further graves deeper. 
 ... After my return from Lima, I resumed, with splendid results. ... It was 
 one of the most curious tombs and one of the richest in silver I ever opened, 
 though many objects are partly decomposed. ... This grave was about 5m. 
 deep and wide at the top. 
 
 Tb: A small grave, only 1.2m. deep, of a child of the better class. So 
 contiguous to Ta that it can be dated as surely from the same period, which 
 is confirmed by the stylistic identity of the contents. 
 
 Te: Grave 4.6m. deep, 1.5m. long and broad at bottom, considerably less 
 at top, like Ta. Grave post 5008 lay 1.5m. below the surface. Besides the 
 large burial pot, there was only one pottery vessel and that little ornamented. 
 There were two wooden implements beside the burial pot, uncarved and inferior 
 to those in Ta. Nevertheless the grave was the richest I ever opened, seven 
 objects of gold in it aggregating a weight of 500 grams. Curiously enough, 
 T a, so much richer in other contents, held only silver, though much of that. 
 Besides the gold, there was so little in Te that it is difficult to decide its 
 attribution to the end of the pre-Inca Chincha period (Late Ica I or II] or to 
 the time when the Incas occupied Iea. 
 
 Td: Less important graves, near the surface [apparently near Tc]. 
 
 T dl, d2: About 2m. deep. 
 
 T d3-6: Four shallow graves, each containing one object, the bodies being 
 decayed. 
 
 Td7: Shallow grave of a child, near the preceding. Interment after the 
 Spanish conquest, because with the mummy were beads of blue glass (5007). 
 
 Td8: The main grave chamber lay below the drifted sand, was 2.4 deep, 
 4.6m. long from NNW to SSE, 2.95m. wide. Apparently robbed anciently.... 
 The bones, most of which are gone, seem to represent about a dozen individuals. 
 The pottery lay mostly in the SE corner, lower than the bones of the principal 
 individuals interred. ... The grave was that of one of the leading persons in 
 the valley during the Inca dominion. 
 
 Td9: The soil above Td8 contained mummies, which however represented 
 not Inca but the original and older Chincha civilization [Middle Ica (?) or if 
 ‘older’ in the sense of ‘older than Inca,’ then Late Ica]. There is no doubt 
 that these mummies were buried after the burial of the individuals of high 
 rank below them. The situation is simply that the indigenous Chincha civiliza- 
 tion and imported Inca civilization were contemporaneous in the valley. 
 
 Td10: Another mummy near the upper surface of the high eastern border 
 of the great tomb d [viz., T d8]. 
 
 T dll: Another mummy. 
 
 Tf: Southeast of Te. Grave 4-4.5m. deep, not very wide. Found empty 
 after three days of excavation. 
 
 Tg: Grave, near Tf, SSW [from Tf or Tec ?]. Previously excavated, 
 although a ceiling of adobes was found at a depth varying from 2.2m. on the 
 west to 3m. on the east. 
 
 Thi: About 30m. southeast of Td. Intact, and the richest grave dis- 
 covered. It is curious that no two of the rich graves opened in the past few 
 weeks agree in kind of objects contained, although the style and type of 
 civilization represented are uniform. 
 
 Th2: Upper layers of the grave [Thl] but below mummy 5122 [which 
 represents the uppermost of three levels of burial at Th]. 
 
1924 | . Kroeber—Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 127 
 
 Ti: Beyond Th to the southwest; 6m. deep... . In the upper levels lay 
 the burials T il-4. 
 
 T 15: In the lower parts there were evidences of the grave having been used 
 repeatedly, probably for members of one family. The main funeral pot gener- 
 ally found in graves of this character was replaced by three nested ones, but 
 these had been overturned and most of the contents removed, so that they 
 yielded only nos. 5330-5334. Other objects found in this grave [i.e., in the 
 same chamber but not associated with the mummy in the triple pot] are 
 nos. 5335-5367 and 5424-5428, These are peculiar not as to their time but as 
 regards their eclectic nature. They were evidently in use simultaneously: 
 objects of the indigenous civilization of the valley; objects of Inca art in the 
 style of Cuzco; and objects of the common coast civilization of the time. In 
 this grave there were principally objects of the common coast civilization— 
 which are uncommon in Ica valley—mixed with a few objects in the style of 
 Cuzco. A few pieces belonged to the indigenous art of the valley. It appears 
 possible that some of the chiefs governing the valley under Inca dominion had 
 been called in from northerly provinces, such as the coast from Cafete to Lima. 
 
 T1i6: Separate, unimportant burial. 
 
 Tk: South of Ti. Nearly pure Inca civilization. Surprisingly shallow for 
 the uncommonly good workmanship and importance of the contents. The oar- 
 like implement, 2.2m. long, had its top only 0.8m. below the surface, making 
 the grave only 2.5m. deep. 
 
 Tl: At the north corner of the gravefield, that is about 20m. north of Tb. — 
 Several additional mummies lay near the surface. 
 
 Tm: Shallow grave, the mummy decayed. 
 
 Tn: Southwest of Tk. Promised to be deep, but went down only 2.5m. 
 and the mummy had been removed. The pottery was of Inca time and style of 
 the valley [viz., Late Ica II contemporary with Inca]. 
 
 Site X. Galagarza del Pueblo Nuevo, about 9 km. south of Ica. 
 
 Site Y. Also at Galagarza, about 100m. from X, but on the property of 
 Leandro Mendoza. 
 
 Site Z. Later excavations at Galagarza, 2 leagues below Ica. Older Chincha 
 epoch [Middle Ica]. 
 
 41-3. Separate graves. 
 
 Z4: Fine two-mouthed bottle with design of mythical monster in Proto- 
 Nazea style. Otherwise the grave contents represent the ancient Chincha style 
 [ Middle Ica]. 
 
 Z5, 6: Separate graves. 
 
128 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn.. [Vol. 21 
 
 APPENDIX C 
 
 ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS OF ICA VALLEY 
 By Max UHLE25 
 
 I discovered at Ica five civilizations, three of which may be 
 considered new. 
 
 1, an ancient civilization whose remains alone would have deserved a visit 
 [Proto-Nazea]. 
 2, fading epigones of the civilization of Tiahuanaco [Epigonal]. 
 , an older local civilization of Ica and adjacent valleys [Middle Ica]. 
 a later local civilization of the same valley [Late Ica]. 
 , traces of Inca civilization. 
 
 OV He oo 
 
 The first civilization [Proto-Nazca] I shall discuss further below. 
 I found it first at Ocucaje at three or four spots [sites A, B, D, F, H] 
 but represented to very different extent, sometimes only one or two 
 graves. There is no doubt that it will also be found higher up in the 
 valley of Ica. This civilization seems to be of no great extent over 
 Peru, though it is improbable that it is of purely local character. 
 Among about three vessels of this kind in the Museum in Berlin, one 
 bears the indication of being from Chala in the south of the Depart- 
 ment of Ica. I am determined to follow the traces of this interesting 
 civilization wherever I find it. 
 
 I found the second civilization [Epigonal] in two [sic] cemeteries 
 close to each other at the foot of the dry slopes of the hills southwest 
 of the cultivated part of the hacienda of Ocucaje [sites A(?), KE], 
 which I excavated for a week. I found it again, though I made no 
 special excavations, at the upper end of the dry river basin of 
 Oyujaya, which now contains only dry groves of algarroba trees, six 
 leagues below Ocucaje. 
 
 This civilization is quite [sic] the same as the Epigonal which I 
 found at Pachacamac in 1896, proving that it was a civilization of no 
 local character, but general south Peruvian at a certain period. 
 
 OMe thin ar oeudix is the summary concluding a lengthy field letter dated at 
 Ocucaje February 26, 1901. Stylistic changes have been made as in Dr. Uhle’s 
 report on Chincha valley published in this volume; additions by the authors are 
 in square brackets; and the order of certain passages has been interchanged 
 to conform with a renumbering of his cultures in chronological order. The 
 manuscript proceeds from Epigonal to Inca and then leaps back to Proto-Nazca, 
 perhaps for climactic effect—This section is added, first, to convey the degree 
 
 of agreement and diversity of conclusion between the authors and the explorer; 
 and second, to avow and record his priority in most of the conclusions formulated. 
 
1924 ] Kroeber-Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 129 
 
 The third civilization [Middle Ica] was best represented at Chul- 
 paca [site M] near Galagarza. I found the same civilization at several 
 spots at Ocucaje [sites C, G] and in a part of Oyujaya below, but not 
 so well represented as at Chulpaca. It is a neat culture, exuberant in 
 the development of its ornamentation. The technic and painting of 
 its vessels are good, the style not elevated and somewhat geometrical. 
 In the painting of the vessels can be discerned several traces of 
 dependence on the style of Tiahuanaco. But the development from 
 the Tiahuanaco style has been of quite another kind than that of 
 civilization 2. The style of civilization 8 is local, that of 2 was general 
 south Peruvian. This will explain how it was possible that the develop- 
 ments of their styles took quite different paths. 
 
 The fourth civilization [Late Ica] is only a development from the 
 third. The ornamentation is less rich. That is to say, it impoverished 
 a little, certain interesting types of vessels no longer occurring. The 
 ornamentation differs in some details from that of pottery of the valley 
 of Chincha, but the similarity is so strict in several respects that I do 
 not hesitate to believe that the general civilization of the two valleys 
 was the same in this period, and that the population of the valley of 
 Ica in the last pre-Inca time probably consisted of Chinchas similar 
 to the Chinchas of the valley of Chincha. The similarity extends also 
 to certain implements, as, for instance, large shovels or spades of hard 
 wood, probably used for work in the azequias. I found this civilization 
 in every part of the valley of Ica [sites 8S, T, X; see also map, fig. 1], 
 in all parts of the hacienda Ocucaje [sites C, D; see also map, fig. 3], 
 at Oyujaya, at Monte Grande, and near the mouth of the river of Ica. 
 
 Inea remains [fifth civilization] are rare in this valley as far as I 
 have knowledge.*®° I know of Inca plates-excavated at Galagarza, I 
 excavated an Inca bottle at Chulpaca now in the collection,?’ and I 
 saw another that had been excavated near the river. 
 
 It must be observed that cemeteries of the syles 1, 2, 3, and 4 are 
 nearly without exception quite separate. There is no doubt that their 
 representatives were different populations from the others. It is 
 possible that representatives of styles 2 and 8 (Epigonal and Middle 
 Ica) lived simultaneously as neighbors in one valley. But in that 
 ease they were peoples of different nation, different origin, different 
 
 26 Site T had not yet been excavated at this writing. 
 
 27 Dr. Uhle’s excavations at Galagarza (sites X, Y, Z) produced only Middle 
 and Late Ica material (his periods 3 and 4). He evidently refers to Inca plates 
 seen but not secured by him. The Inca jar or ‘bottle’ from Chulpaca has not 
 been identified in his collection. 
 
130 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 
 
 civilization and customs, and probably different language too, since 
 their cemeteries are generally clearly separate. But if they were 
 contemporaneous, this situation would be only the more interesting. 
 
 The shape of the graves is different in various periods. 
 
 Common types of the graves of civilization 1 are: square in the 
 upper part and round below; or nearly round above and square below. 
 The lower part is sometimes covered with poles and sometimes with 
 broken, hard sedimentary stones. 
 
 The graves of period 2 are many times cut out in the white 
 argillaceous sedimentary rock of the valley, sometimes as large 
 parallelepipedons, sometimes as small ones. 
 
 The graves of periods 3 and 4 are generally parallelepipedal or 
 room-like. There can often be observed roofs of reed supported on 
 poles above the mummy, as if it were sitting in a hut. 
 
 The manner of preservation of the dead is different. 
 
 In period 2 the body was enveloped in much cotton and bound with 
 ropes to form a big cylindrical bale. I am sorry that I could not 
 preserve a bale of this kind. 
 
 In period 4 the bundles are less deformed. The dead appear to 
 have been wrapped in leaves and a skin, or in cotton, and bound with 
 ropes; but the bundle is of a different shape and size from that of 
 period 2. 
 
 Skulls are often deformed. But the deformation in periods 2, 3, 
 4 made the skulls flat on the occiput, and broad, as was the general 
 custom on the coast. The skulls of period 1 are quite different, being 
 much elongated, some to an interesting degree. They rather resemble, 
 therefore, the skulls of the mountaineers, as, for instance, in Bolivia. 
 This indicates that civilization 1 is more different from 2, 3, 4 than 
 these differ among themselves. On the other hand the similarity of 
 the skulls with those of the Bolivian mountaineers does not prove that 
 the people of civilization 1 came from there. 
 
 There is another important difference between the several civiliza- 
 tions in the manner of using adobes. The people of civilization 1 did 
 not use square and parallelepipedal adobes, but only irregular balls of 
 clay, in volume from about one to six fists, the shape sometimes more 
 or less hemispherical. In other periods the use of square adobes was 
 preferred. 
 
 The older geographical names in the valley of Ica and lower down 
 on the river belong, so far as I can see, to at least two different 
 languages. One of these is Quechua, the other older. I count among 
 
1924 | Kroeber—Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 131 
 
 geographical terms of Quechua provenience the following: Chirana, 
 Huacachina, Chulpaca, Tinguina (?), Comatrana (?), Callanga (?). 
 Among those of an older origin would be: Ica, Lujaraca, Tajaraca, 
 Ocucaje, Oyujaya, Cachiche, Tate. 
 
 The style of the vessels of civilization 1 (little is met with besides 
 objects of clay, probably in consequence of great antiquity) is quite 
 exceptional. For the first, it is a great style. Everything shows a 
 great conception. It is further quite different from other Peruvian 
 styles (with the exception of the older style of Trujillo and Chimbote) 
 in the skill and adroitness of the drawing, the liveliness of the attitudes 
 ’ of the represented figures. All this gives the impression of provenience 
 from a foreign country rather than of south Peruvian origin. The 
 painting is excellent. It may be that the technic and the colors used 
 in painting show some similarity with the pottery of the style of 
 Tiahuanaco. But this similarity would not appear to conclude the 
 question of origin. The general difference, in liveliness and subjects 
 represented, between the style of Tiahuanaco and style 1 of Ica being 
 granted, it would still appear quite as possible that the style of 
 Tiahuanaco was derived from this, as the reverse. It is true that the 
 Tiahuanaco style is archaic, and the other has all the characteristics 
 of a classical epoch, so far as classicity may be spoken of in American 
 Indian styles. But it would be quite as possible that the influence of 
 a classical style of foreign provenience roused an archaic style among 
 a new nationality, as that the classical style was developed out of the 
 archaic. At least, I do not see enough similarity for the latter 
 conclusion. 
 
 One similarity cannot be overlooked, that is between style 1 of Ica 
 and the ancient style of Chimbote and Trujillo in the objects repre- 
 sented. In both we have some preference for bird figures; in both we 
 have long necked birds like herons represented similarly ; in both we 
 have above all myriapods with human heads and legs, wound around 
 the vessel in a similar way. The University has a large plate of this 
 kind in my collection from Trujillo, an excellent piece, found scattered 
 through the soil in many pieces. In both we find lizards painted 
 hanging in rows around the body of the vessel. 
 
 I compare these observations with the linguistic observations first 
 made by the late Dr. Brinton, that it appears from small vocabularies 
 that the language of Trujillo must have been spoken also in the terri- 
 tory of the Chinchas. And I must say that the similarity of these 
 old styles with one another is much closer than any similarity that 
 
132 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 
 
 might be construed between the art of the late Chimus and the later 
 Chincha art. 
 
 But the similarity with the style of Trujillo, however real it is and 
 however indicative of some original connection, does not exhaust the 
 problem of the national character of style 1 of Ica. There is something 
 in the latter which reminds one more of Mexico or Central America 
 than of Peru. The general type of drawing seems to show more 
 Central American character. Figures are sometimes full of significant 
 details, as is not customary in styles of native Peruvian origin. There 
 are pots with large ornaments a la grec, which remind one much more 
 of the art of Mitla, in the shape of the pot, the type of the ornament, — 
 and the coloring, than of Peruvian art. I may call attention to the 
 existence of an ancient tradition (as reproduced by J. J. von Tschudi) 
 that immigrants from a Central American region (or thereabouts) 
 came along the Peruvian coast and settled in Ica, following their way 
 to Huaitara. And it is curious, too, though it seems accidental, that 
 I have now in my possession small pieces of jadeite, a mineral common 
 in Central America, but never yet found in Peru. However, this was 
 discovered in a grave of period 3. 
 
 CATALOGUE NUMBERS OF SPECIMENS ILLUSTRATED” 
 
 Plate 25, Proto-Nazca: a, F6-4708; b, F10-4730; c, B5-4645; d, F11-4737; 
 e, F4-4691; f, B4-4635; g, F11-4735; h, B5-4644. 
 
 Plate 26, Proto-Nazca: a, F11-4738; b, B5-4646; c, F2-4679; d, B4—4639; 
 , F7-4716; f, B5-4648; g, F19-4769; h, F6-4707; i, B4-4637; j, F19-4768. 
 
 Plate 27, Proto-Nazea: a, F13-4750; b, F3-4685; c, F22-4779; d, 21-4776; 
 , Cb-4657; f, F23-4782; g, F11-4742; h, F3-4681; i, Cb-4652; j, F7-4715; 
 k, B4-4636; 1, F17-4761; m, F21-4775; n, F9-4726; 0, F18-4767; p, F7-4714; 
 q, F12-4747; r, F12-4746; s, B2-4625; t, F17-4759; u, F4-4698; v, C b—-4655; 
 w, F18-4765; x2, F9-4728. 
 
 Plate 28, Proto-Nazea: a, S e8-5498; b, F15-4755; c, F21-4774; d, S a—4894; 
 e, F-3-4683; f, F10-4732; g, F4-4694; h, B3-4630; 1, Cb—-4656; j, F2-4680; 
 ‘k, S e1-5483; 1, S el1—-5482; m, F1-4675; n, F20-4771; 0, F3-4687; p, (near F6)— 
 4711; q, F11-4741. 
 
 Plate 29, Proto-Nazea: a (Pan’s pipe), B4-4642; b, B4-4641; Proto-Nazcoid: 
 c, A-4490; d, A-4496; e, A-4495; f, A-4493; g, A-4789. 
 
 Plate 30, Epigonal (Early Ica): a, E5-4475; b, E10-4534; c, E1—4464; d, 
 (E2-E4)-4471; e, E8—4484; f, E6-4479; g, (E2—-E4)-4470; h, E13-4547; 4, . 
 E15-4451; j, E14-4549; k, E5-4474; 1, H12-4545; m, E6-4478; n, E15—-4555; 0, 
 E12-4544; p, E5-4477; q, E6-4480. 
 
 d 
 
 is) 
 
 28 The museum numbers of specimens actually all bear the prefix 4-, but this 
 has been replaced, throughout the present paper, by a prefix indicating the site 
 (capital letter) and grave (number or small letter). Thus F6-4708 instead of 
 44708. 
 
1924 | Kroeber-Strong: The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ica 133 
 
 Plate 31, Middle Iea: I: a, C3-4598; b, 02-4595; c, C5-4603a; d, C2-4594; 
 e, C3-4600; f, C3-4597; g, C2-4592. 
 
 Plate 32, Middle Ica II: a, M-4302; b, M-4343; c, M-4303; d, M-4304; 
 e, C1-4571; f, M-4341; g, M-4329; h, M-4291; i, C1-4575; j, M4292. 
 
 Plate 33, Middle Ica II: a, M4285; b, M-4312; c, M-4299; d, M-4348; 
 e, M-4347; f, S f-5494; g, M-4283. 
 
 Plate 34, Middle Ica II: a, M-4569; b, C1-4284; c, S e2-4897; d, C1-4568; 
 e, S e2-4898. 
 
 Plate 35, Middle Iea II: a, Z2-4836; b, C1-4581; c, M-4333; d, C1-4578; 
 e, M-4305; f, M4296; g, M-4286; h, M-4314; 1, Z4-4847; j, M-4344; k, M-4461; 
 I, M-4316; m, C1-+584; n, C1-4574; 0, M-4289; p, C10-4609; q, C10-4613; 
 r, C10-4611; s, C10-4612. 
 
 Plate 36, Late Ica I: a, Til1—5281; b, Til—5293; c, T h1—5168; d, T h1—5179; 
 é, Til—5290; f, T i8—5302; g, T h1—5178; h, T i-5470; 4, Th1—5205; j, T h1—5194; 
 k, T h1—5196; 1, S e-4900; m, T h1--5154; n, T h1—5141; 0, T h1-5142; p, T i1-5279; 
 q, T £5114; r, T h2-5123. 
 
 Plate 37, Late Ica I: a, T i1—5286; b, T h1—5164; c, Til—5290; d, T h1—5151; 
 e, T i1—5283; f, Th1—-5170; g, T h1—5160; h, T h1—5162; 1, T i1—-5182; 7, T £-5100; 
 k, T h1—5213; 1, T h1-5165. 
 
 Plate 38, Late Ica II: a, T a—-4959; b, T a—4957; c, T a—4960; d, T n—5450; 
 e, Tn—5451; f, T n—5449; g, T d10—5079; h, T a-4961; i, T d10—5083; j, T a4965. 
 
 Plate 39, Inca: a, T a8—5025; 6b, T k-5394; c, Ti5-5338; d, T k—5369; e, 
 T d8—5027; f, T k—-5386; g, T d8-5019. 
 
 Plate 40, Inca: a, Ti—5424 (probably Inca); b, T k-5399; c, T d8—-5035; d. 
 T d8—5041; e, T d8—5033; f, T d1-4997; g, T k-5370; h, T k—5392; 1, T d8—5027; 
 j, T d8-5021; k, T1-5439; 1, T d8-5028; m, T k-5387; n, T d—5306 (probably 
 
 Inea). 
 Text figure 4, Proto-Nazea: B2-4625. 
 Text figure 5, Proto-Nazca: S a—4894. 
 Text figure 6, Epigonal: E2-3-4—4471. 
 Text figure 7, Epigonal: H12—4544. 
 Text figure 8, Epigonal: E14—4549. 
 Text figure 9, Epigonal: E1—-4464. 
 
 Text figure 10, Epigonal: E5-4474. 
 
 Text figure 11, Epigonal: E11-4538. 
 
 Text figure 12, Middle Ica I: C2-4592. 
 
 Text figure 13, Middle Ica IJ: C1-4578. 
 
 Text figure 14, Middle Ica IT: M-4333. 
 
 Text figure 15, Middle Ica II: M-4303. 
 
 Text figure 16, Middle Ica II: M-4302. 
 
 Text figure 17, Inca: from left to right, top, T d8—5061, T d1-4998, T k—5388, 
 
 T 15-5342; bottom, T k—5379, T k-5372, T 15-5340. 
 
UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH, & ETHN. VOL. 21 [KROEBER-STRONG] PLATE 25 
 
 
 
 
 
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 Vol. 9. 
 
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 Vol. 11, 
 
 De ee pext. neures,, December, 1908 ee eo ee ee cm i Ng 1.76 
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 : plates: 6-20; November, 1912.7 sa ie Se ae eS 65 
 4. The Ethnology of the Salinan Indians, by J. Alden Mason. Pp. 97-240, 
 mt oe DIAtes..2i-O7. December 1 O12: a a Ye nae a ee 1.75 - 
 . 5. Papago Verb Stems, by Juan Dolores. Pp, 241-263. August, 1913 222.0... 25 
 ' 6. Notes on the. Chilula Indians of Northwestern California, by Pliny -Harle 
 ‘Goddard. Pp. 265-288, plates 38-41. April, 1914 o0.co.e cece ecnees 30 
 WI, Chilula Texts, by Pliny. Earle Goddard. Pp. 289-379. November, 1914... 1.00 
 Index, pp. 381-385... 
 1; Elements of the Kato Language, by. Pliny Earle Goddard, Pp. 1-176, plates. 
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 4, Serian, Tequistlatecan, and Hokan, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 279-290. Febru- 
 rp ary, "1915 CD GEE ot STS aS SAM Cn RORY by es ik SNR EE a st oalee SLORY EDS Ps eae PY 10 
 _ 6. Dichotomous Social Organization in South Central California, by Edward 
 DKA Winslow Gifford. Pp: 291-296. February, 1916 _oo.s oo. cect elie eee ~~ 05 
 6. ‘The Delineation of the Day-Signs in the Aztec Manuscripts, by T. T.. Water- 
 fe eal. SPP, 297-898; Maren SOT er eae Pn met Nett long 1.00 
 7. The Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan Based on the Vocabulary of De la Cuesta, 
 by J. Alden Mason.° Pp. 399-472. March, PONG eect te et ee oe -70 
 Index, pp. 473-479, 
 = Composition of California Shellmounds, by Edward Winslow Gifford. Pp. 
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 “<Q. California Place Names of Indian Origin, by A. TL. Kroeber. Pp. $1- 69. i 
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 8. Arapaho Dialects, by A. I. Kroeber. Pp. 71-138. Une, VOEG. cae oo, 210 
 - 4, Miwok Moieties, by Edward Winslow Gifford. Pp, 139-194. Fare, 1916....> -.55 
 Be On Plotting the. Infiections of the Voice, by Cornelius B. Bradley. Py {95- 
 Nd bot Sonlakese1-bs. “October, P16. 0 id MS ng eae ue 25 
 6. Tiibatulabal and Kawaiisu. Kinship Terms, by> Edward Winslow Gifford. : 
 ED. SbO-CA8— FePTUse yy 1 OL 0 ieee tc ete A AS A tee a BR . .80 
 7, Bandelier’s Contribution to the Study of Ancien’ @revicar Social Organiza- 
 tion, by T. T. Waterman. Pp. 249-282. February, 1917 2.0.2. 130. 
 8, Miwok Myths, by. Edward Winslow Gifford, Pp. 283-338, plate: 6. May, a 
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 a California Kinship Scans. A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 339-396. May, 1917 22... « .60 
 10. Ceremonies of the she Indians, by S. A. Barrett. Pp. 397-441, 8 text 
 AUTOS. 0 WY cA Terk eee eer Peg ers ee ee Se eae " (46 
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 Mol. 12. 
 
 : UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS— (Continued) 
 8. Pomo Indian Basketry, by S. A. Barrett. Pp. 133- 306, plates 15-30, 231 
 
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 ~@ The Yana Indians, by . “Waterman, “Bp. “35-108, plates: 1-20. “pobraaey, vee : 
 ; A918 oe ee a a a es ee ee eee a 
 “8. Yahi Archery, by Saxton T. Pope. Pp. 103-152, plates 21-37, .March, 1918 
 4,.Yana Terms of Relationship, by Edward Sapir. “Pp. 153-173, March, 1918 
 5. The Medical History of Ishi, by Saxton. T. Pope. Pp. 175-213, plates S844 Ae a 
 8 figures “in text. May, 1920 so niece shane Spades seaeeee, ~ Ae ee 
 
 
 
 6. The Fundamental Elements of Northern Yana, by Edward Sapir. . Pp, 215- ; ee ee ee 
 
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 7. Functional Families of the Patwin, by W. C. McKern. Pp. 235-258. “April, sis Adenia Fe 
 
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 8. Elements of Culture in Native California, by. A, L. Kroeber, © Pp. 259-828, - Sa x eee 
 
 with 4 maps... November 1922 ee a an eae “4.00 Ri IN 
 
 9. A Study-of Bows and PIEOWS; by Saxton T. Pope, Bp. 29-414, plates 45. BOE gates ke 
 
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 Vol.14, 1. The Language of the Salinan Indians, by J. ‘Alden Mase= sy (Pp. 1-154, Ri | cen gee 
 Jantiary, 1918408 oc ee ee ne erie MN eareeesicie RA 
 
 2. Clans ard moieties in Souvnem California, by Edward Winslow ‘Gifford. — A ae 
 Pp. 155-219, 1 figure in text. March, 1918 00 ese 
 3. Ethnogeography and Archaeology of the Wiyct rritory, by: Liewellyn ye pe RM 
 
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 Sfiguresin text: “March, 1919. 2 Sa Se ste om ek 
 5.'The Genetic Relationship of the North American. Indian a Eanguasts, | MR ORS 
 
 Paul Radin. Pp. 489-502. May, 1919 sno ccn. ch coc ccnceLsccenecseccteberowensee,-ueee ser | ae 
 
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 VoL 16, 1. Ifugao Law, by BR. F. Barton. Pp. 1- 186, plates 1-33. Febreack: 1919 see ROD SS im R58 
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 TOT ee a a ae eh gem eee eee 
 
 2. The Matrilineal Complex, by Robert H. Lowle. Pp. 29-45. March, 1919... 
 
 8. The Linguistic. Families of California, by Roland B. Dixon and A; 
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 4, Calendars of the Indians North of Mexico, by Leona Cope. Pp. 119-176 
 with )3 maps. November, 1919 22.2. se. Nie ac ee r 
 . 6, Yurok Geography, by T. T. Waterman. Pp. 17-814, Plates. 1-16, 14 “text ee 
 figure, S34 maps: May; A920 ye co eee 2. 
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 Paul Radin. Pp. 1-150, 17 plates: June, 1920’ _.._.. Sete Rots eS tH L.75 | 
 
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 4, Habitat of the Pitch Indians, a Wailaki- Division, by Pliny Earle Goddard. 
 Pp. 217-225,.3 figures in text. February, 1924 = 
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