= Be ernrecica ES THE AMERICAN. MUSEUM OE. NATURAL HISTORY Vou. ‘XXII, Part Me AN ANCIENT VILLAGE SITE OF THE SHINNECOCK INDIANS poe 2 BY: : “M.R. HARRINGTON Bi Taare NEW YORK — - ties os = : : © ‘PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE RSS Ne Rr or 50 WORLDS ie : “ished when Tequeti Al communications Has ddres “Plates I-IV, and 6 6 text figures. * “1916. € - Il. The History of ee as Re _ lature. ey A L. Kroeber. “Pp. | oe at $ gues, A map. a : theo: Prone Aes pee er ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VoL. XXII, PART V AN ANCIENT VILLAGE SITE OF THE SHINNECOCK INDIANS | BY M. R. HARRINGTON NEW YORK PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES 1924 AN ANCIENT VILLAGE SITE OF THE SHINNECOCK INDIANS By M. R. Harrincton 227 , * a , ! Pe - z a f s - = Bi | } 2 . . j | ‘ 7 » } - ' . INTRODUCTION : THE Sire anp I's SuRROUNDINGS The Site THe EXCAVATIONS . Method of leestive ior Pits : Shell-heap A . Shell-heap B . Shell-heap C . Shell-heap D . Shell-heap E . Wigwam Sites Burial Copper Bead . Shell-heap F . Other Deposits The Spring Knoll . Graves Other Pits 3 Spring Knoll Village ayer Archaic Specimens CONTENTS. RECONSTRUCTION OF SHINNECOCK Canc Site Identified as Shinnecock Dwellings. Means of Taveibood Cookery . Manufactures Use of Wood . Stonework : Bone and Antler . Pottery . Weaving ; Art and Oe eanent Trade : Fate of the hans ecock CULTURAL AND LinauIstic PosITIon 229 PAGE. 231 233 233 235 23D 230 236 237 238 238 238 238 241 241 241 242 242, 242 245 245 245 246 246 246 249 253 207, 257 258 265 268 272 272 274 276 281 CBA IONE CRE eaten LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Text FIGURES. Map of the Sebonae Site Section of Pit 62 Shell-heap A Piece of Aboriginal Textile Implements for making Pottery Piece of Whale’s Jawbone showing Marie of the Stone ie Part of Pottery Vessel showing Coiling and a Piece of a Clay Coil Pebble showing Drawing of an Animal’s Face PAGE. 234 236 237 239 239 240 240 Obverse and Reserve of a Clay Stone Pendant showing Tenens yonainen representing a Bird Head and an Eye, respectively Sketch of Skeleton in Pit 54 Part of Tortoise Shell Bowl Copper or Brass Bead Pottery Vessel Section of Pit 59. — Section of Pit 1 Objects of European Origin Model of Shinnecock Wigwam . Stone Implements Fish Hooks and Barbs Modern Shinnecock Implements Shinnecock Baskets Ancient Wooden Canoe Paddle Chipped Implements and Clay Stone Pendnae Objects of Bone and Antler : : Bone Awls : : . Fragment of Stes ‘ite Vessel showing Handle Stone Mortar Steatite Pipe Part of Engraved Stone Fontan : Worked Beaver Tooth and Restoration of Bone Anon Point Potsherd, Lenapé Type Potsherds showing Decoration . Pipe Fragments and Potsherd bearing Sketch of Bird ; Black and Red Paint Stones Earthen Pipe, Canoe Place Portrait of Wickam Cuffee Portrait of Charles S. Bunn Portrait of Mrs. A. E. Waters . Portrait of John H. Thompson Portrait of Mary Ann Cuffee 230 240 243 243 241 244 244 247 247 248 250 251 255 256 258 259 260 263 264 264 267 267 267 267 269 270 273 274 275 276 276 278 278 INTRODUCTION The investigation described in this paper, carried on under the auspices of the American Museum of Natural History during the summer of 1902, was probably the first attempt to study in detail any of the aboriginal village sites on the eastern end of Long Island, New York, although considerable work of a more general nature had been done before by Tooker! and others. In fact, so far as the writer knows, it is the only study of the sort on record to date, the only other publication dealing with actual explorations in this district being a description of the excavation of a Montauk cemetery of the Colonial period? and not of a village site. Assisting the writer were Mr. Arthur C. Parker, now State Archeologist of New York, and Mr. Alanson Skinner, now Curator of Anthropology at the Milwaukee Public Museum. It is interesting to note that this was Mr. Skinner’s first expedition and Mr. Parker’s second. The expenses of the first part of the expedition were borne by Mrs. Esther Hermann; but after this fund had become exhausted, Mr. Will- iam Weiss of Southampton, New York, assisted us to carry on the work another month; and to both of these patrons the thanks of the Museum are due. A brief résumé of our results was published in the Southern Workman for June, 1903. The work received passing newspaper notice at the time, and in due course a detailed report was made tothe Museum. It was not, however, until more than nineteen years had elapsed since our party folded its tents and closed its notebooks for the last time on Shinnecock Hills that the opportunity arrived for the writer to revise his report for publication. The results of his efforts will be found in the following pages, in which the writer will describe the site, the method of excavation, and the phenomena encountered during the course of the digging. An endeavor will then be made to reconstruct, as nearly as can be done with the scant data which still remain, the material side of the life of the Indians who inhabited this village, and to give a glimpse of their arts and crafts, their dwellings, and the means by which they gained their livelihood. 1Tooker, William Wallaze. ‘‘Some Indian Fishing Stations upon Long Island’”’ (The Algonquian Series, New York, 1901). *Saville, Foster H., ‘‘A Montauk Cemetery at Easthampton, Long Island’’ (Indian Notes and Monographs, Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, Vol. Il, No. 3, New York, 1920). 231 202 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXII, Fortunately, we are not obliged to depend solely upon the specimens found buried in the earth for our information, although these furnish the bulk of it; for we discovered a few articles of native style still in the hands of the mixed-blood descendants of the Shinnecock Indians who inhabited a nearby settlement at the time of our visit. From these and some of the older whites in the neighborhood was secured considerable information of interest. A knowledge of other tribes of similar culture was found helpful in the interpretation of some of our finds, as were the old records of the town of Southampton, and the accounts of early travelers who met the Long Island and neighboring Indians in their pristine state. These last will be employed by reference only, as Skinner has made full use of them in his accounts,' of the Indians about New York City, published by this Museum. Our justification for using the modern Shinnecock artifacts in connection with those exhumed from the ancient village, implying that these also are of Shinnecock origin, will appear later. 1§kinner, Alanson, ‘‘The Lenapé Indians of Staten Island”’ (this series, vol. 3, New York, 1909); “The Indians of Manhattan ialend and Vicinity”’ (Guide Leaflet Series No. 41, ‘American Museum of Natural History, New York, 1915). THE SITE AND ITS SURROUNDINGS Far out, toward the extreme end of Long Island, some eighty miles eastward from New York City, lie the Shinnecock Hills, a rolling sandy tract, almost treeless, but covered with bay and thorn bushes and dotted with little swamps where taller underbrush and even small trees may be seen, rising from a tangle of wild grape vines and wild roses, the blossoms of the former, even more than the latter, filling the air with perfume in late spring and early summer. The Hills occupy the narrow neck of land between Peconic and Shinnecock bays, the former an arm of Long Island Sound, the latter separated from the Atlantic only by a narrow barrier beach of sand. To the east, the country becomes more level and fertile, and on the Peconic side was still heavily wooded at the time of our visit. On the Atlantic side lies the town of Southampton, even then a popular resort in summer. To the west of Shinnecock Hills the isthmus becomes even narrower, until at Canoe Place but a comparatively few yards of sand divided the waters of Peconic Bay from those of the bay to the south, and conse- quently, of the Atlantic. Here the Indians had a portage,! over which they could drag their canoes a short distance overland from the Atlantic into Long Island Sound by way of Peconic Bay, without being obliged to brave the rough waters in rounding Montauk Point, the extreme eastern tip of the Island, and thereby saving some seventy or eighty miles of distance out and back. The whites also were not slow in appreciating the strategic advantage of the spot with the result that the State has constructed a canal on the site of the old Indian portage for the benefit of local fishermen. This short cut must have played a considerable part in making the region attractive to the Indian, supplementing its natural advantages of goodsprings of water, proximity to the ocean and to nearly land-locked bays furnishing the best of fishing and numerous clams and oysters, a nearby forest which must have abounded in game, and convenient fertile tracts suitable for cultivation. In fact, numerous traces of ancient habitation may be seen on every hand, especially on the northern side, where the hills are lower, along the shores and coves of Peconic Bay. The Site. The largest of these sites, the scene of our investigations, lies along the west bank of Sebonac Creek, which, rising in a series of springs in a little swamp about three-quarters of a mile north of the Shinnecock Hills Golf Club, flows northward for some distance as a fresh 1Tooker, op. cit., 41. 233 234 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXII, water brook. Before long, however, it becomes a tidal creek which in turn broadens out into Bull Head Bay, an arm of Peconic Bay. Scat- tered along the entire distance from the springs to the bay might be seen patches of decaying oyster and clam shells of varying area and depth, sometimes but a few yards in diameter, sometimes quite extensive. For the most part, these showed on the surface in the form of small fragments of shell only visible to the practised eye among the thin grass and straggling bushes. To the casual observer such deposits of shells appear to have been laid down on the sea bottom at some time when the present dry land was submerged; in fact, the writer has often been asked if such could not be the case. Upon his reply that the shells were left by the Indians, the questioner almost invariably inquires, ‘‘ What was their object?” and is usually greatly astonished to learn how simple is the answer: that the aborigines, after gathering the oysters and clams, and bringing them to their village, merely ate them and threw the shells away, and that these shells, accumulating through the years, formed the deposits that have endured until this day. Ten of these ‘‘shell-heaps”’ were counted on this site, large enough to warrant the conclusion that each represented not one, but a group of ancient habitations, besides smaller ones which probably marked the site of solitary wigwams. They were lettered consecutively on our map as, A, B, C, ete., beginning at the springs and proceeding northward. This map (Fig. 1) shows only five of the shell deposits, however,—those wholly or partially explored—the others lie to the northward, outside ~ of the area represented. = Ries hy 3 ee . a _ gets i ste ae G oa. S¢ as My, = we ra cr ra LN wee iy ea fae ; ee Cy, Se ena a ee Fig. \ ia Te / hee , 5 / } ; | \ atl ne t X ANY Lo. 7 ¢ ii \ ede See: 5 Bes ww ay “ / cet ae Al e J ' | is ae Nise ." wr ae Wi if Yo NRrOnIIMII, YN ANNSN SONS Do SS Seok me 1 a1 ee t . «l : ANE > Ee Cs ae ny Ce Se ee eee : My Ne aia yy rn il ae at Qt ay Tso sae | ai \, a YU ikiddidddda > , Se ee e = Mh ; ly ~ oj Spe ; gee atta vA Wf Uy MOM TT MM 1, ey by ies nee : ut M ie 2 Springs “dd}y vs = fee ae PB ie : we Moy my = ¢ oe ay rn = oe ee . kh = ; = ag ede = BUY fe = sha Spr ing Hroll ay) "y Shel] Heap oo ee es ae (se fog Sebonac Bi ffs , { F ‘ ¥ 2 * Shell Sleap af FtP Bolton. ae/. Fig. 1, Map of the Sebonac Site. N cr 2 - f } ear . * a ‘ an = uF LIE SARE HORS Le SR Dy seen AN EN rts VS e ‘ ..* ~* . \ 4 . * - 3 7 . THe EXCAVATIONS Method of Investigation. Our first procedure in examining one of these deposits was to dig in various parts of it small excavations called test holes, each some eighteen or twenty inches in diameter, penetrating through the shells and other materials composing the ‘“‘village layer”’ down to the original undisturbed soil of the site. By ‘‘village layer” is meant the accumulated refuse of the Indian village, not only the shells, but the soil blackened by the decay of organic matter, stones shattered and cracked by the heat of ancient campfires, charcoal, ashes, the bones of food animals split for marrow, fragments of broken earthen pots, chips of flint and other refuse from the making of stone implements, and occasional perfect objects of Indian make, lost by accident or hidden for safe-keeping. By these test holes then, we determined the depth and richness of a deposit, and could then decide what part or parts, if any, warranted more thorough excavation. Should such a place be found the next step was to locate the edge of the deposit and there start a trench running down through the village layer, three or four inches into the undisturbed sand below, and wide enough to allow six feet to each worker. A trench of this kind was carried forward by carefully digging down the front with a trowel, searching the soil for relics, then, with a shovel, throwing the loose earth thus accumulated back out of the way into the part already dug over, so as to expose a new front. Test holes two or three feet deep were sunk into the sand here and there and the digging-down process repeated until the opposite side of the deposit was reached and the indica- tions disappeared. Then another trench was run parallel and adjacent to the first on its richest side, and so on, until the investigator was satis- fied that he had covered the entire deposit, or at least as much as his purpose required. | Pits.. The object of digging the trenches not merely to the bottom of the village layer, but several inches below it, and of driving test holes, was to detect disturbances running down into the subsoil from the bottom of the deposit. Such disturbances may be very difficult to follow, show- ing merely slight stains and bits of charcoal running down into the ground; but they indicate that the subsoil at that point had at some distant date been dug out and filled in again. It is incumbent on the archeologist to find out why, if he can, and to this end he must dig them out to the very bottom. This frequently leads him to a skeleton, but still more frequently the disturbance turns out to be merely a pit, a bowl-shaped or cup-shaped 235 236 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXII, hole, dug for one of several purposes, and later used as a repository for ashes and camp refuse that were thus disposed of neatly and easily. One of the purposes for which they were dug was for the storage of corn over the winter. Probably many of the larger pits were thus first em- ployed, but the majority seem to have been ovens or steaming holes, the Indian prototype of the fireless cooker, and direct progenitor of the modern clambake. As nearly as can be discovered, these holes were lined with stones and a fire built in them which was kept up until hole and stones were piping hot. Then the oysters, clams, meat, or whatever food had to be cooked, were put inside and carefully covered so as to retain the heat, and left until done. Some seem to have been used as cookers, without the addition of stones; others, to have been dug purely and simply for the disposal of odoriferous garbage. ‘The examples described on the following pages illustrate typical forms and sizes. fen en a ae pe ae ee =, ~ VILLAGE REFUSE & *. =~ SS —— = a =~ SS Sars. = eS SSS SS See ee SRY SHEL SE === eee 2 AN EE \'s Fig. 2. Section of Pit 62 in Shell-heap A. —s pape \ STs =a SSS SHELLS ec SEES Shell-heap A. The first shell-heap examined, designated on our map (Fig. 1) by the letter A, was situated near the little swamp whose springs constitute the source of Sebonac Creek. Numerous test holes dug in different parts revealed the fact that the village layer was shallow, averaging about a foot in depth, and that its groundplan was oval, with a length of 110 feet and a width of about 30 feet. Our tests, although failing to yield prospects good enough to warrant trenching, disclosed one rather unusual pit, about 4 feet wide and 3 feet deep, filled with alternate layers of shells and sand as shown in the section (Fig. 2) and containing disjointed dog bones at the very bottom. Scattered through the other layers were several arrow points and unfinished implements of quartz, two broken bone awls, a piece of deer antler, and numerous animal bones, for the most part split for the marrow, as usual. ore - . = bee? y 2 Se ee een 1924.] Harrington, An Ancient Village Site of the Shinnecock Indians. 237 Shell-heap B. Shell-heap B was much larger, some 200 feet long by 100 feet wide, although no deeper than Shell-heap A. It proved to be so much richer that we dug no less than twelve trenches, uncovering twenty- eight pits. Among the most interesting of these was Pit 10, which was found to be 53 inches long, 47 inches wide, and 47 inches deep, and con- tained, besides the usual shells, deer and fish bones, broken pottery, and bone awls, two burned layers, one directly upon the bottom, one six inches above, yielding charred hickory nuts, acorns, bits of rushes and wood, and most interesting of all, charred cord and bits of aboriginal fabric, made of some coarse vegetal fiber (Fig. 3). Another notable pit was No. 28 which was 6 feet in diameter and 4% feet deep, with a layer of burned shells and ashes in the center. This pit yielded a number of bone awls and worked pieces of antler, an antler arrow point, many fragments of pottery and an unusual number of bones of various animals, birds, and fish, together with a small deposit of still recognizable fish scales in the very bottom. Pit 40 contained, among other objects, thirteen scrapers of Fig. 3 (20-7472). Piece of quartz and Pit47,alargemortar stone with Aboriginal Textile. two grinding cavities, one on each side. An unexpected find appeared in Pit 43, which, although but 3 feet wide and 22 inches deep, contained, at 16 inches, the dismembered skeleton of a person some twenty years of age, among whose bones, some of them slightly charred, lay a few bones of an infant. Many pot- sherds appeared in this pit, some of them lying directly upon the skull. Beneath the bones were found more broken pottery and a number of the bony plates or scales of a large sturgeon. The charring of toes, ankles, pelvis, and ribs suggest that the poor unfortunate may have met death at the stake. Most instructive of all, however, was Pit 48 which, in spite of its small size (3 feet in diameter and 28 inches deep), yielded an excellent series of specimens illustrating the making of pottery. A lump of un- worked clay and some tempered clay lay in the bottom of the pit, while immediately above, fragments of the major portion of a large jar were found. Among the refuse of the pit, which was largely filled with shells of the soft clam, were found two stone pottery smoothers with the clay still adhering (Fig. 4a), a bone awl that could have been used to draw the incised designs on a vessel while still soft, a stone muller, probably iS IRL 4 / i | YEUNG SS j i 238 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXII, intended to crush the clay or the tempering materials, probably both, and preserved by accidental burning a small vessel in the course of manufacture showing the coiling process distinctly (Fig. 6). Among the many arrow-heads, potsherds, and other specimens turned out in the general digging here, one object holds a peculiar interest. It is the perforated circular ornament of claystone shown in Fig. 8, en- graved on one side with a figure which suggests the head of a bird (a), on the other, with a design which seems to represent an eye, of which the central perforation forms the pupil (6). Shell-heap C. Situated some 100 feet northeast of Shell-heap B lies Shell-heap C, very similar in form to A, but a little larger and a little deeper, averaging 14 inches, as two trenches and a number of test holes showed. A few pits were found here, one of which, a small one, contained a flat pebble, bearing scratched upon it a rude sketch of the face of some animal resembling a lynx (Fig. 7). Much of the ordinary material was found in the general digging, scattered through the whole deposit. Shell-heap D. On a rise of ground some distance north of the preceding was situated Shell-heap D, which, like it, was of rather small dimensions. It was shallower, measuring only 8 inches, and contained but two pits worthy of the name, one of the common form and contents, the other, Pit 64, more cup-shaped than bowl-shaped, with sides nearly perpendicular. This contained, besides the common bones and sherds, a lynx jaw, a raccoon jaw, and a piece of antler showing cutting. Shell-heap E. Just east of D, lay Shell-heap E, large and irregular in outline and variable as to depth. This shell-heap was chiefly remark- able because it contained two wigwam sites distinguishable as such, the first the writer had seen in all his three years’ archeological digging about New York. Wigwam Sites. The first wigwam site was an oval of stained earth about 15 feet wide by 20 feet long, and in the center, where the fireplace seems to have been, reaching a depth of 3 feet. The average depth of the floor, however, was some 27 inches. Here were unearthed two mas- sive pieces of a whale’s lower jaw bone, still showing at the ends the marks of the stone ax with which it had been cut into lengths (Fig. 5), for what purpose was not evident. Scattered about through the deposit were many pieces of a small pottery vessel, bone awls, and pieces of deer antler showing cutting, besides the ordinary animal bones, flint chips, and the like. Shells and charcoal, while present, were by no means abundant. Of considerably smaller size was the second wigwam site, which lay about ten feet southeast from the first, for it measured only 10 feet by Fig. 4 ab (20-7762, 7631). Implements for making Pottery. Fig. 5 (20-7918). Piece of Whale’s Jawbone showing Marks of the Stone Ax. 239 Fig. 8. Fig. 6 a’, a (20-7846, 7774). Part of Pottery Vessel showing Coiling and a Piece of a Clay Coil. Fig. 7 (20-7627). Pebble showing Drawing of an Animal’s Face. Fig. 8 ab (20-7660). Obverse and Reverse of a Clay Stone Pendant show- ing Designs possibly representing a Bird Head and an Eye, respectively. 1924. ] Harrington, An Ancient Village Site of the Shinnecock Indians. 241 15 feet. In the center, where the fireplace had been, was a distinct spot of burned earth, and a deposit of ashes, a little over 2 feet below the present surface. This wigwam site, like the first, was thoroughly ex- cavated, but yielded only the commonest of pottery fragments and split animal bones. Burial. But a few feet east of the first wigwam site, in Pit 54, a typical burial came to light, the first and only one entirely in anatomical order found on the site. It was the skeleton of an aged person lying flexed on its right side with the head to the southwest, face turned toward the east, and hands near the face (Fig. 9). The only unusual feature was the sunken position of the hips, fully two feet deep, while the head was 14 inches and the feet but 12 inches from the surface. Near the pelvis were two worked stones and a large part of a bowl made from the shell of a box tortoise (Fig. 10). Above and a little south of the knees was a small bed of ashes. Throughout the grave were seattered disintegrating oyster shells, while the skeleton itself was badly decayed. Copper Bead. This grave had cut into a pit (No. 55) which contained merely the ordinary animal bones and bits of broken pottery, in which respect it resembled several other pits that were opened in the vicinity. A rare article, however, appeared in the northern part of this shell-heap in the general digging, a cylindrical F Fig. 11 (20- copper bead (Fig. 11), apparently made of the native 8026). Copper metal; but without analysis this cannot be stated as a_ or Brass Bead. positive fact. Shell-heap F. North of Shell-heap E was a small fresh-water pond which became nearly dry in summer. North of the pond Shell-heap F extended down to the swampy ground surrounding the pond and the adjacent salt meadows. The swamp itself was full of shells in a number of places. This was the largest deposit of all, for it extended almost continuously from the little pond in a northerly direction around the western side of what we called the Spring Knoll a distance of five or six hundred feet, and was in places more than a hundred feet wide. The little work we were able to accomplish here in the brief time that re- mained to us was productive of excellent results, however, for the second pit (No. 59) yielded a nearly perfect pottery vessel of the pointed- bottom variety (Fig. 12), a long bone awl, and a beaver tooth, besides the usual material. This pit was oval in groundplan, measuring 4% feet by 6 feet, with a depth of 28 inches. The construction, as may be seen 242 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXTI, in the section (Fig. 13), was rather out of the ordinary, in that the pit had been filled with raw unstained material such as forms the subsoil in the vicinity, thus producing a yellow layer above the shells and blackened earth of the pit. Such pits illustrate the wisdom of digging occasional test holes into the apparently undisturbed subsoil. This was in the first trench; further trenching brought to light many small pit-like depressions, as well as ash-covered beds of fire- broken stones, all in or below a village layer which averaged about 10 inches deep. This yielded some very good bone awls, many potsherds and the ordinary material. At one place two points of deer antler and a bone awl were found in contact, lying on the original subsoil upon which the shell-heap rests. Other Deposits. The shell-heaps to the northward toward Peconic Bay, and there were quite a number, were not touched for lack of time. The Spring Knoll. Between Shell-heap F and Sebonae Creek, at this point expanding into a good-sized salt water cove, is situated the Spring Knoll, one of the most interesting parts of the whole village site. Toward the water, it terminates in a steep cutbank about 10 feet high, extending down to the edge of the creek, where a clear cold spring bubbles forth, while on the land side, beyond the shell-heap, the knoll blends with the brambly, wind-swept Shinnecock Hills. On this knoll, not far from the spring, the explorer’s camp was pitched. Graves. Just south of the crest of the knoll, test holes in one spot revealed dark stains penetrating the yellow sand, with here and there a scattered shell—a likely looking prospect for a grave. We followed these stains, of course, with the result that we soon traced the outline of a pit (No. 11) some five feet in diameter, and shortly afterward, at a depth of 28 inches, encountered the decayed bones of four infants matted together inacompact mass. The pit ran down to a depth of 38 inches and yielded, besides these remains and a few scattered bones of an adult, several fragments of pipes, both earthen and steatite, one of the latter engraved, and the usual sherds, including some fragments of steatite vessels, together with split deer bones and the like. Pit No. 14, another grave, was found about 10 feet southwest of Pit. No. 11. It contained the remains of a child aged about twelve, at a depth of 29 inches to the top of the skull. The skeleton headed east, and lay partly on the stomach with knees northward and feet doubled back to the pelvis. The skull had been displaced and was found facing west near the knees. It was badly cracked and the lower jaw and some of the cervical vertebree were apparently missing, but were afterwards located Fig. 10 (20-7937). Part of Tortoise Shell Bowl. 243 = ~ a I/ 5 ue VILLAGE REFUSE 2 c - pata - = . CoO Re Ay <= SHELLS CE = 2S poe a’ STAINED EARTH 2 SCATTERED SHECE, valk! NS : =e | 4] | Za “ ndians.. : By Robert HL Lowie,. Poa S044