Re nee odeaabdinah aisha ietanea alee at Det Mae neta wer nae tree > Sows mens ree eens a wen etaenek eae SS Ades SES PRN LT REE Dat erm eet kenaero mn we tar sPOe erat and eaharais Digs 02 rn ee erie cee a Piece wena Danian NO ar nee ARG aetna pene ene ora an per Oh weber oa Nat veins ane PaO Neen P mamepe etn a een nee SS $s0BNRCES BESTT Cee ee as Wore eee ee ee nN ES Beet WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS BY HERBERT P. PEARSON, M.Sc. FORMERLY: RESEARCH CHEMIST; BRADFORD DYERS ASSN., LTD., GENERAL MANAGER; CRAVENETTE COMPANY, U.S.A. Containing the formule of the principal processes in use in the United States and many employed in other countries. | Written especially for the information of Textile Manufacturers, Dyers and Merchants. WITH An index of United States, British, French and German Patents. BOOK DEPARTMENT The CHEMICAL CATALOG COMPANY, Ine. 19 EAST 24TH STREET, NEW YORK, U. S. A. 1924 —__— All Rights Bat PREFACE The two years’ work entailed in the preparation of the manuscript of this book was undertaken at the invitation of the publishers, who observed the need of an authorita- tive textbook on the subject of fabric waterproofing— a little-understood art having a very meagre literature. Most of the information regarding formule and proc- esses given herein has never before been published. It is, however, derived from absolutely trustworthy sources in the industry itself; but the nature of this information has made it necessary to avoid connecting the various processes with the names of the concerns who use them, in order to protect those workers in the industry from whom the information has been derived. The work has been written more for the information of the user of waterproofing than for those experienced in the art; but I believe it is written with sufficient con- ciseness to act as a technical guide to anyone, having experience as a dyer or finisher of piece goods and there- fore knowledge of the handling of the material to be proc- essed, who may wish to go into the waterproofing in- dustry. Most of the machinery used in waterproofing fabrics being the same as that employed in dyeing and finishing plants, I have dwelt more fully on formule and processes rather than on apparatus. I have only used sketches and photographs where necessary to illustrate the text. The sketch of the cuprammonium plant is used in connection with the first authentic description of that process ever published. 3 pice yh 4 PREFACE The thirty years’ patent index is based upon special searches made at the Patent Offices of Washington, Lon- don, Paris and Berlin respectively. It only includes fabric-coating patents when the coating is specifically for a waterproofing purpose or where the formula of a coating is suitable for waterproofing. My thanks are due, and hereby tendered, to Dr. F. P. Veitch of the Leather and Paper Laboratory of the United States Department of Agriculture for permission to use portions of his publications on open-air waterproof- ing, testing methods and the effect of sunlight on water- proofed cotton goods and to the publishers’ President, Mr. F. W. Robinson, for his many helpful suggestions. HERBERT P. PEARSON. New York, May, 1924. CONTENTS CHAPTER I 10 INTRODUCTORY Definition of ene Basic PRINCIPLES . . pee tis are SER eres E Surface ets oie Pevinanence: THE VALUE OF WATER-RESISTING PROCESSES ON FABRICS Heavy eatin Clothing Processes UNpER CONSIDERATION Processes FOR Heavy Corton Goops Coating Processes—English Black Oil Coatings French Tarpaulins—American Oil Coating—Im- pregnation Processes—Asphaltic Base; Molten State—Asphaltic Base; Solutions—Aluminum Acetate Process— Copper Processes — Copper Aluminum Formate Process—The Cuprammo- nium Process. PROCESSES FOR CLOTHING FABRICS Spreading — Rubbing — Spraying — a roralsion —Sundry Processes—An Emulsion Process for Woolens—The Soap and Alum Process. POSMULA FOR THE FARMER . . . « « « » « Mixing the Materials—Application. TESTING WATER-RESISTANCE Modified Funnel Test—Modified cae Method— Effect of Sunlight on Treated Canvas. New DEVELOPMENTS BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PROCESSES AND FoRMUL2 FOR Wa- TERPROOFING TEXTILES PATENTED IN THE UNITED States, GREAT BriTAIN, FRANCE AND GERMANY SINCE THE YEAR 1900 5 PAGE 16 18 34 46 58 63 WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS CHAPTER 1. Introductory. Definition of Terms. A suitable text for a treatise on Waterproofing Textile Fabrics may well be the emphatic and oft-reiterated dec- laration of the president of a nationally known water- proofing concern that: “you can’t waterproof a hole,” for it will be shown that the imperviousness of a fabric to water varies more or less directly with the closeness of its pores, that is to say, the smallness of the “holes” in it. It is obvious that water can penetrate anywhere where air can, provided the pressure is great enough. A logical definition of the adjective waterproof is: “impervious to water under the conditions obtaining dur- ing use.” The dictionary definition is “impervious to water” and the dictionary definition of impervious is “not to be passed through or penetrated.” Manifestly then, no fabric is waterproof in the strict sense of the term unless it is free from holes large enough to permit water to penetrate at the maximum pressure to which the fabric may be subjected under the conditions of its exposure. Hence no fabric which is exposed to the considerable pressure of falling rain, driven by wind, can be said to be genuinely waterproof unless its pores or air holes 7 8 WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS are permanently stopped up, or sufficiently reduced by an impervious filling or coating. Unfortunately the term “waterproofing” is used very loosely to describe fabrics which have been treated so as to become merely water-repellent or water-resistant, by processes which reduce the absorptive power of the fibers for water—often alluded to in the textile trade as “cravenetted.”’? A much better generic adjective to de- scribe such fabrics is: “water-resistant,” though for the purpose of this work the general title “waterproofing” will be taken to include the consideration of merely water- resisting processes. In the interests of clarity, however, waterproof will only be used where filling or coating is used, producing fabrics that become air-resistant also. Processes, on the other hand, which make no attempt to close or materially reduce the pores, leaving them more or less free to the passage of air will be referred to by the term water-resisting and the resulting fabrics will be described as water-resistant. Note, therefore, that in the following pages WATERPROOF means: IMPERVIOUS TO WATER, AND AIR-RESISTANT WATER-RESISTANT means: RESISTANT TO WATER AND POROUS TO AIR *The word “Cravenette” is registered as a trade mark in most of the countries of the world; but in the clothing industry of the United States it is used erroneously in a generic sense to describe rain- coatings treated by a water-resisting process, to distinguish them from rubberized cloths. CHAPTER a2. Basic Principles. Surface Tension. How does a fabric that is porous to air resist the penetration of water? The answer is: by the presence of substances in or on the fiber which have the property of properly changing the surface tension between the water and the substance of the fiber. To explain this reference is made to the following sketches Figures 1, 2, and 3. Fic. 1. Figure 1 shows the vertical section of a glass cylinder with a hole A, about one millimeter in diameter, bored through the glass close to the bottom. B is a quantity of water which does not flow through the hole A. That 9 IO WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS is because the walls of hole A have been covered with a fine layer of paraffin wax by moistening them with a solution of the wax in ether and allowing the ether to evaporate. Without the wax, the water would, of course, run away through the hole A. What holds the water back? The change in the surface tension between the water and the solid surface with which it is in contact. The surface tensions between water and glass on the one hand and water and wax on the other are so different that in the latter case the water is held back by the tension in the manner shown in Figure 2, which is an enlarged Fic, 2. vertical cross section of the hole A. The convex forma- tion of the water at c is similar to that produced when a glass of water is filled to the brim as in Figure 3. The surface of the water rises above the level of the edge of the glass and the tension of the surface D is so strong that a small needle thoroughly oiled can with care be floated on its surface. By sprinkling the surface of the water with zinc stearate, or some other powder capable of vary- ing the surface tension in the same direction, quite heavy objects such as a safety pin, for instance, can be floated on the surface. The same object smeared with soap, how- ever, thus varying the surface tension in the opposite di- BASICCPRINCIPLES II rection, could not be so floated because the surface would be broken. To return to the cylinder ; the height to which the water can be raised in B depends on three influences: (1) The length of the hole from a to b. The higher the level of the water is raised, the further towards a is the sur- face c of the water pushed. (2) The diameter of the hole A. The Jess the diameter the mea the water can NIU i) Fig. 3. be raised. (3) The efficacy of the substance used for coating the walls of the hole A in changing the surface tension. Similarly the resistance to penetration of a water-resist- ant rain coating, for instance, depends on: (1) The thickness of the fabric, i.e., the length of the pores or holes in the fabric. (2) The diameter of the pores or holes. (3) The pressure of the water to which the fabric is subjected. (4) The efficacy of the treatment given to the fabric. The thicker and closer the weave of the fabric, the 12 WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS greater will be its resistance to the penetration of water. The greater the pressure of the water due to wind, to the momentum of the rain drops or to other physical pres- sure, the less will be the water resistance of the fabric. That is why a light weight raincoat, the cloth of which has been treated with a water-resisting process, withstands the penetration of a light shower or gentle rain, but per- mits part of a heavy rain or shower driven by a stiff squall to seep through the shoulders. Permanence. The undoubted deterioration with age in the resistance of water-resistant fabrics is often attributed by the un- initiated to the “evaporation of the waterproofing sub- stances away from the fabric.” It is, of course, due to the fact that common dirts all have the opposite effect on the surface tension to that of the water-resisting agents and, consequently, the dirtier a fabric gets, the less it resists penetration. The author has exposed a piece of raincoat fabric, treated so as to have a brisk water resist- ance, for three weeks on a factory roof in winter and found at the end of that time that the water resistance had disappeared. That is to say, the exposed fabric, on testing, resisted no better than a sample of the same fabric which had not been water-resisted. It was, of course, very much soiled by the effects of the soft coal smoke. It is nevertheless quite certain that some of the for- mulz used for the purpose of water resistance do undergo physical or chemical changes on continued exposure to clean air which cause deterioration in the water resist- ance. Thus, anyone wishing to find out which of a number of formulz are best for water resistance under practical conditions of wear and tear, should expose com- parative samples to clean, country air before testing them. CHAPTER 3. The Value of Water-Resisting Processes on Fabrics. Heavy Cottons. Ducks and canvas goods should never be used as paulins or covers without a treatment of some kind. A thorough impregnation with a heavy water-resisting mix- ture containing mildew-resisting substances is highly de- sirable, not only to resist penetration of water but to resist the added weight caused by absorption of water and to prevent the formation of mildew after absorption of water. The quantity and quality of these treatments is unfortunately largely determined by the method of buying waterproofing pursued by manufacturers, who in general buy price rather than value. Waterproofing treatments can be purchased by the trade today which will prevent the penetration of water under the severest possible con- ditions to which the article can be subjected and which will resist mildew under the worst of adverse influences. But such a treatment costs more money than most manu- facturers are willing to pay. The result is that water- proofing, like paint, can be purchased at a wide range of prices and there is just as much “bunk” used in the sell- ing of the one as the other. There is a great need of a trade association of cotton waterproofers to standardize processes and tests and to banish from the trade, formulz and treatments which do not give results that can be shown to be of dollars-and- 13 14 WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS cents value to the ultimate user of the goods. If such an association were formed, waterproofings could be graded according to cost and the manufacturer educated to the fact that all duck and canvas should be waterproofed and that the treatment should be selected in accordance with the severity of exposure to which the manufactured articles are liable to be subjected. As it is, there is no attempt whatever at cooperation amongst waterproofers, who are consequently forced to cut profits down to the limit of insignificance and resort to all kinds of tricks to obtain business. One waterproofer A has been using the same processes without change for forty years, during which time no manufacturer has ever troubled to find out whether the goods treated by him really were waterproof or mildew- proof.. These processes continue to be sold because, in the words of the waterproofer, ‘“‘they have stood the test of time.” The “test of time’ fell down very badly under observation of army authorities during the World War! Another waterproofer B—more careful and conscien- tious in the matter of testing—after developing a process which really was calculated to give satisfactory results to the ultimate consumer, was “forced” by price com- petition to cut down important ingredients and to deliver to the manufacturer a treatment which he knew was neither sufficiently water-resisting nor mildew-proof. The only comfort he could have had was probably the knowl- edge that the process, the price of which he had to meet, was, if anything, more deficient than his. Each of these types of waterproofer, A or B, guards his secret processes most jealously and believes them to be valuable, although they earn little profit for him. If they would all get together in a national association, the manufacturer could be educated to buy values, A would improve his processes, B would supply better treat- WATER-RESISTING PROCESSES 15 ments, both would make much more money and the ulti- mate consumer would be better protected from water and mildew. Clothing. It seems extraordinary that in this day and age of scientific development, manufacturers, dyers, and finishers turn out the fabrics, which go to make the clothing we wear, in such a state that they are well-nigh as absorbent as blotting paper to one of the most prevalent natural elements: water. During the war, millions of soldiers tramped through the drizzle carrying two to four pounds of quite unneces- sary weight in the form of water absorbed by their woolen overcoats. Hundreds of tons of water were carried about in this way and a corresponding quantity of human energy was wasted. ‘This could have been reduced 70 per cent by proper treatment of the woolens at a cost of less than a dollar per man. In peace time millions of dollars’ worth of women’s fabrics are soiled and spoiled by absorption through acci- dental contact in the course of ordinary wear with water or aqueous liquids. It is not necessary to point out the desirability and value of water-resisting treatments on such fabrics. It is in this field that scientific research and cooperative endeavor are most required. Under present conditions, more or less heavy woolens are being treated for coats and sports’ wear, while silks and light dress goods can be successfully water-resisted— without change in either porosity or appearance where the previous processes of finishing allow. But all the treat- ments are either removed entirely or greatly deteriorated by the process of dry-cleaning, which is growing so rap- idly in popular favor. Further consideration of this im- portant subject will be found in Chapter 9. CHAPTER 4. Processes under Consideration. Only processes that are or have been in practical use on the large scale in the United States, Great Britain, Austria and France will be mentioned in succeeding chap- ters. Most of the patents that have been taken out on the subject of this work are ignored, except in Chapter 10, for the very good reasons that they are either infringe- ments of previously known processes that were never patented or else that the processes they describe have never reached practical employment on the large scale. The reader will doubtless agree that laboratory or small- scale processes or emergency war formule which have never been tested for cost and practicability as large-scale operations are of no present practical use to him. Apart from the brief expounding in Chapter 2, of the scientific principles underlying the arts of waterproofing and water- resisting, the reader, it is presumed, is not likely to gather much) useful information from mere theory. Comnse- quently, an effort has been made to constitute this work as practical a guide to those arts as is possible through the medium of printers’ ink. The successful waterproofing of fabrics is as much an art as the dyeing, though the technique of the former is less difficult of acquirement and requires less natural apti- tude. It is believed that the information in this book is sufficient to enable any practical textile mill man or dyer to start waterproofing or water-resisting by one of the simpler processes, if he has the assistance of someone who 16 Proc hosLS UNDER CONSIDERATION — 17 has had practical experience in the art of handling any large-scale textile piece-goods processes. No trade-marks, trade names or names of waterproof- ing concerns will be used in connection with processes described for the reason that trade secrets will be dis- closed without damage to the owners. These secrets generally consist more in specific technique than in the general principles underlying formule and application. The processes will be considered under the two broad classifications of the articles into which waterproof and water-resistant fabrics are made, namely: Heavy Cottons and Clothing. Under Heavy Cottons are included all the cotton fabrics out of which paulins, tarpaulins, wagon covers, dunnage, etc., are made. Clothing will include garments and sporting goods, but not goods made of rub- berized fabrics. The subject of applying rubber to fabrics is an art by itself not generally included in the consideration of water- proofing, yet, paradoxical as it may appear, properly rub- berized fabrics make the only genuinely waterproof cloth- ing, outside of oil-skins and garments made of oil-coated fabrics. The size of this work necessarily limits the treat- ment of the art of coating fabrics. Although a coating of some kind is the only means of making Heavy Cottons genuinely waterproof, the large bulk of the fabrics in- cluded under that heading are not coated, but merely strongly impregnated by water-resisting processes. The processes described as for Heavy Cottons will therefore be found to be mainly water-resisting impregnations in which mildew resistance is if anything more important to the manufacturer than water-resistance. Those de- scribed under Clothing will be all water-resisting. CHAPTER «. Processes for Heavy Cotton Goods. Table 1 shows a complete analysis of the main proc- esses in use in America, Great Britain and France on heavy cotton ducks for the purpose of providing water and mildew (rot) resistance on tarpaulins, wagon covers and similar covers used for protecting goods and machin- ery from the weather. Table 2 describes briefly the processes which stood up best under the United States Government tests for water and mildew resistance. In each case the machinery required is indicated as well as the number of operations and the cost. The last column shows the behavior of the treated duck towards the sew- ing operations necessary in making covers and in trim- ming the edges of tarpaulins. In the following pages some of the more important formulz and processes are given in detail. Coating Processes. English Black Oil Coating. The goods are given one impregnation in a bath and three coats are brushed on by hand, the following formula being used throughout : Double boiled baltic linseed oil..... 40 gal. Vegetable black (very light)....... 94 lbs. The oil is prepared as follows: 18 PROCESSES FOR. HEAVY ‘COTTON GOODS 19 ‘soxem pue deos JO juoW}eII}-Ja}Je YWM Aq ‘yuu -JeoI}-Jo}Je [eIouIWI YyYWM ‘fq ‘spunod -wod ulyAxo1Ad YUM 43e09 ‘spunodwioy Jaqqny YIM 7e07 THO Sulsiq & YM 30+ ‘ayeuIOy Jaddoy ‘mniuoweIdns) ‘uoT}eUsIIGWyT Jey ‘uoleussidwy [IQ surAIq ‘uoljeusaidwy esegq dIeYdsy ‘xem pue deos 3%} -0yY wnulUN[y jo uorsnwy ‘Aeids xem JO uorynjos xem Aq PeMOTOF Bepoy wWhurwny *SUOI}CUIqUIOD oAp [einjeu JeyjO pue yojn> “Aaja duI09 ‘z | Sotod aso]D 0} Sassad0i1d = 3ut}e07 ‘% I *€ I *sassa003g Jaddoy ‘suUsUInyIg YIM pojeusoid -UWI SI Y}OJD sIaYM sasssd01g zt = fo "O19 ‘SOXxeM <= = ‘sasso001g xXeAA Uyjeleg yo ‘sasse00ig ojejoy whurwnyy a3 2] “Y}OTD JO souUeIvSd -de pue J0j09 yI0q esueyd}ey}sessa01g g 4 "Y}O]D JO JOO. ssueyd jou ‘eJ}Op ey} sassso0lg PY S004) NOLLOD AAVAL] NO 3S) NI SaSsa0ug JO SISATVNY 2 eT sossad0Ig juR\sIsol SAOpIUN pue -19je WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS 20 ae[q 0H deog saddoy pue youg ume Te £ ‘aIUy pue yyeg |-O10g qreydsy JO Y}eq Uds}OW UI UoT}euseIdWT . eyyydeNn Ul UOT}NjOS xeAA pue deog YUM us} ‘og poor AIDA v Pspueyy yw |S oe}I0e WNUIWN{Y YWM ys1g Uorl}eUussIdWyT SdATJLAIISIIG pue saseain ‘saxe AA poor) AI9A uMOUY JON THA Suyjeoy |jerouryy ‘suewnyg Jo uorsjnwa yWM 8urje07 S][9D 8ur eyyydenN ur 9}0soaIz) puke [ID ‘xem uyjeleg Mey snonurjuoy | -A1q :jeipueyy |4jeydsy Joqiegq jo uornjos yyM uoneusoidwy safp pue sjuswsig ‘uyjeleg Ie J z IA Suneop |‘ueumpg ‘syeydsy jo oin}xiw yyWM B8ur}e07 QI6I 403X bumas yng suoynsagQ Aveo uo uourIP |9 ‘ON UO pavx| fo saqunn pase Sad 32 eae) a4ondS 42g 1807 “ISH, INN NYAAO SHLVLG GHLINGQ) YAGNN MACTIY ONV WALVAA HLOG OL DNVISISAY AAOLOVASILVS GHMOHS HOIHM sSassa0ug % ATAVL PROCESSES FOR HEAVY COTTON GOODS 21 Jeipueyy XWM Ulgeleg WOS 491 pue a}eJ0V poor) yyeq VAQs [WNUIUN]Yy puke d}eWIOIYD polip pue pep yojnz SJUSUISIG pue SIO poor) p07 Jopus]e) suikiq peopel jo ainjxn yyO[D OWI BuIssoig JUIATOS sulysem uo $6 yyeg JO pueyjeyjyden ul Juowsig pue suswnig ‘soxe\y Me puey Aq g0z poyefes A][NJored JO UOI}NJOS WM UOT}eUssIdwT deog pue yoie}g ‘spunod suey) Sut |-wi0d isddop IO uyjeieg ‘xem uyjereg YUM }U9] [POX pI -Aiq :yjegq Stf{|uoreussidun Aq pamoyjoy eAq YojnND 410 pooMm ey eyiydeN Ul [IQ POOM puke 2}0S00I17) poor snonurjuoy | Surtiq :yyeg |‘soxeny ‘s}ypeydsy jo uornjos 4M uoTeUsoIdwT que BULIDAOIII -eluowl yy pue siafiq [ereds eluowury IJaddoy 22 WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS For every 100 gallons of the baltic linseed oil, use 7% Ibs. of red lead. Heat in an iron kettle over a coke or gas fire to about 555° F. and maintain at that temper- ature for one to two hours depending on the grade and character of the oil. In some cases where a quicker drying is desired about 2 lbs. of cobalt linoleate is also added. The application is in the following order: 1. The gray duck is run through the impregnation bath and squeeze rollers. 2. The impregnated duck is hung up in a room open to the air. Artificial high temperatures would give surface drying and must not be used. The drying requires from one to four days depending on the oil, the temperature and the humidity of the atmos- phere. ) The goods are cut up into the sizes desired. 4. Each length is pulled across a table forty feet long and four feet wide and the mixture brushed on by men standing on both sides of the table. The lengths are then hung up to dry. 5. The same as (4) but on the back of the goods. 6. An extra coat the same as (4) and (5) is applied to the face of the goods. oa The total weight added to the square yard by this process is about one and one-half pounds. This process cannot be hurried. Speeding up the drying would result in crackiness and increase the liability to spontaneous combustion. Applied to a flax duck, it forms the high- grade covers used in Great Britain for railroad cars and commercial trucks. The results are genuinely water- proof. PROCESSES FOR HEAVY COTTON GOODS 23 French Tarpaulins. The lengths of duck are suspended vertically over a large trough and a soft boiling hot creosote tar run on to them through a hose. The tar is brushed in with large brushes and the paulins are spread on the ground in the open air and left for several days to oxidize. They are finally sprinkled and brushed with fine sand, after which they are ready for use. The appearance of these paulins is very crude, but the French Army authorities claim that they have good wearing qualities and long life. American Oil Coating. This is applied by machinery and, therefore, costs much less than either the English or the French. A good formula is: 2 SALW OST 6) 7 Se 50 lbs LE 1 2g eS ee gee re a a 10 lbs cope 4 Tee MG Re roca eae 10 lbs eR eat foo! Leh ecg Ss Ge sile, 9 6) «8 5 lbs. EEA SS aa ce t lb Pecrorenini SOIVENt .. sc cs nese ees os 24 lbs The ingredients are agitated to form a thick emulsion which is applied in four coats on a coating mill—two coats on each side of the duck. The coating mill con- sists of a roller covered with wire carding which pulls the fabric under a steel doctor knife, behind which the emulsion is poured. After leaving the knife the fabric is guided on to an automatic hanging rack which fes- toons it in a long room heated and ventilated to dry and oxidize the coating. The three processes above described are real water- proofing processes which close all the pores of the cloth. 24: WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS The following are heavy water-resisting processes that impregnate the fibers and partially close the pores. Impregnation Processes. Asphaltic Base—Molten State. This is the most economical way of heavily impregnat- ing, as no solvents have to be used. It is also a thor- oughly good asphalt base process and has been highly recommended. The following materials are melted together in a kettle over a gas fire: Gilsonite 4... kor eee ee 40 lbs. Pitch 6, :5.03 sve ae 30 Ibs. scale wax M.-P Tio. a eee 15 Ibs Paraitin oil). oo. a ee 5 Ibs. Creosote oil 0. - te 5 lbs. Copper linoleate... 5 eee eee 5 lbs. Ineredients “for each. ..\.. eee 100 Ibs. The molten mass is run into a spreading machine con- sisting of a heated tank holding 300 gallons, kept at a temperature of 250 to 300° F. by gas burners under- neath, in which a steel drum revolves with about one- fifth of its periphery above the level of the liquid. Against the periphery of the drum revolves a spreading roller which applies the molten liquid to the fabric stretched against it, the excess being scraped off by a doctor knife. The fabric is passed twice over the spread- ing roller—once on each side—at a speed of 55 yards to the minute, being folded on to a truck after each pas- sage. After the two coats, the goods are pulled over PROCESSES FOR HEAVY COTTON GOODS 25 a semi-circular plate heated underneath with gas flames to cause the compound to penetrate into the fibers of the cloth. This machine is a hollow half cylinder about 5 feet high, 12 feet long and 65 inches wide. The sur- face on which the cloth is run is heated to 400 to 500° F. by two large gas burners, the excess heat going up a ventilating stack. The goods run at a speed of 25 yards per minute, the contact with the plate lasting about 20 seconds. The goods leave the machine at about 225° F. and their temperature is about 140° F. when folded on the receiving truck. Asphaltic Base—Solutions. The following formule have been applied with suc- cess and for a cheap grade of treatment are recommended. They are applied on a mangle, the goods being squeezed between rollers at a pressure which leaves solution in the cloth to the extent of about 50 per cent of the weight of the cloth. The asphalt or pitch must be free from clay (or any colloids) to produce the best water-resist- ance. The best kinds of asphalt are Bermudez and Gil- sonite; but the residues from asphaltic petroleum crudes were largely used during the World War and gave excel- lent results. Stearine pitch is the residue obtained in the distillation of cotton-seed oil. The addition of copper oleate increases the mildew resistance, but, except for ducks intended for ground sheets, the formule give a fair degree of mildew resistance. The following gives a nice olive drab shade and a soft finish very suitable for sewing. Mpemmidez asphalt ........2)5 664% 210 Ibs. meron wax M,.P. 1308) 23) 3.3 3: go lbs. OO UG) | aR Om ao eNO, go lbs. Reser silid. SOLVENT 035.505 pices asides as 400 Ibs. 26 WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS A good olive drab color and a high degree of mildew resistance are obtained by the following. The castor oil is used for the sake of producing a soft fimsh. Stearine pitch (non-saponifiable)... 100 Ibs. BeeS Wa x0 i cases oie: stress ene cee nea 30 Ibs. Gépper: oleateie oc wee ae 15 lbs. Castor oily) ct eee eee 25 \bs. Naphtha’ ‘solvent. 25. Sues ae 50 lbs. A somewhat cheaper formula producing a good brown shade: Gilsonite: soos. 0 ese eae ok eee 100 lbs Yellow scale wax..ci/t ieee ae 42 Ibs Spindle oil). 502055 hae 15 lbs. Naphtha’ solvent). )020so 5 4. 180 lbs. The following formula was largely used on cotton duck purchased by the American Army for paulins dur- ing the early months of America’s participation in the World War. Trinidad asphalttm V5.0 ..5- ee 50 lbs. Neutral wood tar... Sie eee 200 lbs. Parafiinwax-. 3s 3 cas ee eee 100 lbs Naphtha ‘solvent, i... nee 500 lbs The gray duck was run through this bath, squeezed between rollers and dried in an automatic hanging drier. The American Army’s own formula applied to paulins by hand with sprinkling cans and stiff brushes: Neutral wood ‘tar. .) 2382 eee 300 lbs. Paraffin’ wax vi. V7 ooh ee ee 100 lbs. Dried: green pigmentiiain see 25 lbs. Naphtha or other available solvent.. 350 lbs. PROCESSES FOR HEAVY COTTON GOODS 27 The tar and wax were melted together in a large caul- dron and the solvent added. Wood tar is the residue left in the stills in preparing wood alcohol. Neither of these formule were sufficiently mildew re- sistant, but in practice, the resistance to water was satis- factory. There are many variations of these formulz on the market, many of which are decidedly deficient in both water and mildew resistance. It is most desirable that the waterproofers cooperate with a view to adopting a standard asphaltum base treatment of proved resistance to water and mildew. The following points should be carefully observed: 1. The composition applied must be chemically neutral and free from any acid which could tend to weaken the fabric. 2. The threads of the fabric must be thoroughly satur- ated with the compound. 3. The compound must not be in the least soluble in water. 4. The process should not stiffen the cloth, but rather have a softening effect to assist the subsequent sew- ing operations. 5. All solvents should be completely evaporated in order to avoid an unpleasant odor. 6. Drying oils, linoleates, or other materials liable to cause spontaneous combustion, must not be used. Aluminum Acetate Process. This is very largely used in France and requires a great deal of labor to secure satisfactory results with- out any additional treatment. The dyed fabric, either cotton or flax, is run through a bath of basic aluminum acetate solution and rolled up wet without squeezing. 28 WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS This operation is repeated four times, the fabric being cuttled flat on a cloth truck after the fourth immersion and there allowed to drain off. The goods are then dried by hanging in festoons in a chamber provided with a gentle steam heat. During drying, direct exposure to sunlight should be avoided and high temperature should only be applied after the water has evaporated. The bath is prepared by mixing the following two solutions and allowing the precipitate of lead sulphate to settle down, the clear solution being applied to the cloth: Aluminum sulphate ......... 45 kilograms Water 7 5. tf on-.ct ereren 500 litres Lead acetate (brown)....... 70 kilograms Wester 50 oe ee eee 500 litres The precipitated sludge should not be thrown away. It can either be run into lead acetate barrels and allowed to dry out hard or it can be run through a filter press to recover the solution which it contains. The resulting cake in either case can be sold to lead smelters or to paint manufacturers. The quantities vary with the chemical concentration of the materials, but a very good guide as to the right proportion is the film produced by evaporating a sample of the finished solution in a watch glass. The film should be transparent and somewhat tough. If it is chalky and very brittle then too much aluminum sulphate has been used. For treating finer goods use an iron-free alumi- num sulphate and a white lead acetate in the proportion of 55 parts of aluminum sulphate to each 100 parts of lead acetate. PROCESSES FOR HEAVY COTTON GOODS 29 Copper Processes. Under this heading, the two processes specially de- vised to load the fabric with copper salts are described. They are primarily intended for mildew resistance, but their water resistance is considerable. They are the only processes, apart from oil coatings and the one de- scribed in Chapter 9, which render the cotton or flax mildew-proof under all conditions of use. Copper Aluminum Formate Process. This is an English process which the British Govern- ment tests during the war showed to be as good as the copper-ammonia process and to give better wearing re- sults. It has the advantage over the latter of being applied on ordinary dye-house machinery and not need- ing any ammonia-recovery apparatus. It is devised to add six to eight grains of copper to the square foot of cloth. Three standard solutions are used and made up as follows: A—Copper Formate. MmcerSUIPHALE) be. ois 6 HA eS 64 Ibs. prepeee Crystals 394). 2s))70f To diekin oe 71 Ibs. Rp mneiCtya s U2 78 6). owiehe ort 28 Ibs. Water (as required)....... 200 to 500 gal. The copper sulphate and soda are dissolved separately and mixed. The precipitate is allowed to settle and the clear liquid is drawn off. The precipitate is dis- solved in the formic acid and diluted with water accord- ing to the quantity of copper desired per square foot of the cloth. 30 WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS B—Aluminum Formate. Aluminum ‘sulphate [ere ee 66 lbs. soda crystals 8a. ee eee 88 Ibs. Formiciacid ani. a aoa eene, eee 40 lbs. Precipitate the alumina with the soda and dissolve the precipitate in the formic acid. Dilute with water to a gravity of 2° Tw. C—Waxing Emulsion. Paraffin Swaxiur 3.48 acne 22 |bs. Com starch asic bau Semen eee 6 lbs. Soap (castile.or maphtha joy eee 3 Ibs. Watetac2hes alee (ih aids radia aa As required These ingredients are boiled together with agitation to form an emulsion. The following is the application in the dye house for 8 grains copper per square yard of paulin duck, the goods being taken after dyeing. 1. Impregnation thoroughly with a mixture of A and B as follows: 44 gals. A (200 gals. strength) 4 gals. B (2° Tw.) 2. Dry over steam cans. 3. Impregnate with: I gal. ammonia 0.829 spec. grav. 8 gals. water 4. Dry thoroughly over 36 steam cans in a box pro- vided with an exhaust fan to take away the ammonia fumes. PROCESSES FOR HEAVY COTTON GOODS 31 5. Run through a steam-heated bath of C provided with steam-heated rollers. 6. Dry over the steam cans. A solution of wax in naphtha, if practicable, can be sub- stituted for bath C with advantage. An asphaltic base can then be added as a substitute for the preliminary dyeing operation. This coloring effect can also be ob- tained by using the following emulsion instead of C. MOR i. « . s19M suorI0d Joq}0 24} SB OWT} JO YWuUI] oMeS JY} JOJZ *ZYSI[ Wot} pszd9}0Id [Jom ‘ATOJeIDGe[ DY} UL yday SeAULD pd}¥21} JO SUOI}Iod UO apeUI sjsaz, | *pesn sem ‘[es Jod ‘q[ So jo 93e1 oY} 7e JUaWsId YoOIyM ur ‘Si-y 3deoxe ‘ased AOA Ul ‘Tes Jod ‘q[ I JO JBI 94} Ye IN}XIM ZUYOOIdI9}eM 3Y} 0} Poppe sem }I ‘pasn sem JusWsId s19qM , S nie lovelel ele!) oe le eiela-6/e) ei elute s1ekwietste) “SoLIqey pazeod Ssuorzysodw0s suyooidisjye "SOLIQe} JOOIdIo}eEM fsd1Iqey} po}e07) *suol}yIsodmos suyooidisyem ‘so1iqey poje07 ‘suol}isodwios suyooidisyem { 3ur -yoo1ds27eM -Sd1Igey JOOIdIayeM {so1iqey po}e07 *soLiqey JOOIdsayeM fsuorsoduios Suyooidisze 4014Gt49SaCT 40 37407 zOL‘E1 og6‘z1 cZL6‘Z 622'S L6z‘¢ 1£¢ ‘cz ozS‘gI gSS‘z1 g10'S g9z'v got bz 691‘ LLS‘¥ Lye ozo‘ bz L£9Z‘tz SZ1r'rz 49QUen Ny goér ‘6z aunt 4061 ‘Zr ounf goér ‘or pudy g061 6 ‘“s1eV go6r “VI ‘qoy £061 ‘ol ‘~O Zo61 ‘gr Ajnf Zo61 ‘of Ae Zo6r ‘I ‘1eyV Zo61 ‘oz ‘qoy go6r ‘1£ "390 go61 ‘ ‘sie go6r ‘vz ‘qoq go6r ‘1£ ‘uel So61 ‘gz “AON vobr ‘61 ‘AON So61 ‘gl ‘pO quajog {0 ajpq WATERPROOFING TEXTILE FABRICS 72 uewdeyy) “5 Jouyonig “MM sI9}9g “H PiesOeter 1 ganeqed *D “H ‘f sepa VA beh eM 2 wossypyy “HH ‘f ospemel ‘Wf WL OV anbnog ‘vy r3) V YOMe) * Wey CW" Jass3iq °*5 ‘c) pue uueuneg “y ‘OD ayouA'T FL 4 ‘yosorof ‘A ‘Aueduioy 2 sudo 4OJUIQUT *sSUIyIeg "suOT} -isodwiod suleusoidu ‘fsuonisoduiod surye07 *SUOI}ISOdWIOD BUI}e07 "SUOI}ISOdWIOD BUI}e07) *ssulyoeq ‘suoisodwios 3surye07 ‘O¥I] 94} pue UsUT] peze[s ‘suolsodu0d surye0; “suyOOId19}e *suol} -isodwod +9Suljyeudoiduit ‘suomisodwod sulje07 ‘SUOI}ISOdWIOD SuljeusoIdWwy "suol} -isodwioo Surjeusoiduir ‘fsuorisoduod suryeod "sqom SuI}eOD ‘suOTyIsOduI0D sulye0D *SuOT} -isodwiod suljeuseidwi ‘suorsodwos sulje0*) "SoLIqey JOOIdII}e A SUOT}ISOMWIOD SUYOOIdII}EM fSoIIqe} poyeoD UOUNGI4ISICT 4O 7407, (panuyuoy))—Ez6I-O0O61 ‘“SINALVg HSILlug £6S‘F 6621 048 9£9 o1S‘oz goo‘vz I11‘7 96961 C1261 66-‘Z1 66191 oPe‘Ir Zza‘SS €6r‘gt 4IQUN AT O161 ‘bz ‘qoq 6061 ‘Sz ‘uel O161 ‘cI ‘uel O161 ‘or ‘uel 6061 ‘of ‘s0q 6061 ‘61 190 6061 ‘gz ‘ydas 6061 ‘Zz ‘sny 6061 ‘Zz “sny 6061 ‘Zz Ajnf go6r ‘oz ‘any 6061 ‘fr Ae Zo61 ‘Iz ‘d0q goér ‘€ 3das 1uajog {0 a30q 73 BIBLIOGRAPHY JOATO “H put “LD didd Cod Codie taal, Ben @ sdusey “MM epreuy,P *D ssopusyy “f UI9}SUIOPT ‘N pue oudeyy “g zowmaeEM [LL ‘aA eS eld reiadaad bd 4 E ‘f ‘vy pue efoy “f 2}227.0 “d dusy “HM PlayueyTy] “T ‘PYT ‘aynyysqng =: Joqqny pue weyYsNnW “V “A u0}[IWIe TT °S ‘5 pue uosuaaays “yy HeH WV 40{UIQUT *suol} -isoduiod 9=Suryeusoidwi ‘suorsoduos surje0d "‘Suljuoureuso {suorjisodwio0d sulj}e07 “SUOI}ISOdWIOD SuI}e07) *“SUOT}ISOdUIOD SuI}e07) "SUOI}ISOdWIOD SuI}VOD Sssulyoeg *sTeliozeW Sul}eO7) ‘suolpisoduiod Zurjeusoidwy “sugooid -Jayem fsormqey jooidisyem ‘soriqe} punodwoy ‘suoI}Isodwos suljeuseidwy "suorjIsoduiod surye07) *SUOI}ISOdUIOD Sul -yeusoidut ‘suorsodwos pue s[eitayeur surjye0+ *"SUOI}ISOGUIOD SUI}eO7 *"SUOT}ISOdWIOD SsuI}e07) “SUOT}ISOdUIOD suI}eO7 uoudisIsaq 40 Iq £69‘1z oS 1‘oI S96‘St S99‘F2 Qz ‘el SSS‘Z vI1g‘9 L6z‘oz 19h‘Z1 0169 9z6‘9z 632‘9z £66 ‘vz £09‘g1 42QUN NT z161 ‘ve "ydas z161 ‘or ... 27.02. Serene a Oe 70 Chotin, French ..ccc.0sis bse dos cee 82 Cleghorn, C. A.,’ British® 6.3250). S4.0.)e eee 75 Cochrane, F., British ..... 2... «55 eee 75 Cohen, E. S.,: British: . 2. -. 22. 2» +> oti aeenn cee | Collet, French 05.000. c00e fee 96 dee se 83 Colm, ‘French. :. «064 sc0sssis be 6 oy sy ri Collier, French 2... ...0. 25.0 besle eae s ape eee 85 Corat, French ... 6550.50 00 oss 6 ele oe 85 Cottin, French «26. 6s6e 0 od snts « 0p 78 Cross, ‘C. F., British: 2.0). ss +4 «ccna 71 Cuthbertson, E. I.,,American:..2.. 720739 eee 67 PATENTEES’ INDEX IOI tr Cer EITILISH 552 vce a act ce winevieveccas cece ga RC SELINAT Foca c pcs ciaia' song siviay ee siag's sie s go SNEED aN 0 ge Ge ea 68 EMS OTIC IGS ololy isa 5°4'y 1c se vais oe ele'w since 6 sis 9 058s 79 CY a A ee 80 MMM gaes5 g's 5 a '4 64 ne 6 59 kiwig ek eigiaie sey s 80 SEIT TU EICCENICE oo ianciy. 4 t's eis 'eime einige a ais ¥ cas 0's s 76 OE LEDC oi. vk wage cus ences aveseess tees 84 Mpeutscne Lyroxit Ges:, German .........0.escecees 95 OE CEME S167 0y 0007/5 4 = vis nls sp disp eis dees e306 one 83 MNRAS RV OESTILISEL 1 ae o)bls ec a sie o we e005 0 0's! e'dcea 69 Mea TILISN 1st ee bse ce sae cbeacnceees 72 Ge i soe g in ay cele es bse s alga e's e's a ees 79, 80 PETA SCPINAN oc sac ssw ewlkcescasceveces 93 Re SIN ISI Ck ec dns s Cac c esc cess eessieeass 72 MME IE COC rr 57. o's ss 5 4 4+ x ajo dvs ie die'o eo 79 RUMORED PEPSTANISIN eg 5s cc nae ss e's ceed noes se sicie's yhI er meine Cr ATVICTICAN 4 6. cis cose ccs eces eres 66 Serre ENG RM TONG o's 65 Gav os coe selec nese we 88 2 0S a an 69 2 RE eREe deere ey oe chs areca WER GLa etx ole ate Fe 77 ER OC IEISIN aoa. 5 val varn/ so oetele de le v0 's aieiyse le 71 RP ORS TICISEN 0. 9.556 5G '5/. o/s Wiereld g Voc cla’e ws ow else bles 71 Re tee eree eC PTItIShh coo: 0:5 aleral ghar tro el alae tia aie’ 74 Bre eT ETON CIT Os oo. olia (kin /aie vies oles vn Da le eivie cele 79 MRE ee AINICTICAT f. W/o 4) oe: cleolv a de ea slecie a eas 68 Farbenfabriken F., Bayer & Co., German ..... 93, 94, 95 RMR Oe PAV BESTIPISI 8 oye od cera ie sinter e twee + Fale age! BRST ICISIY tsigicis 01% ogy eis wees e aislewtes eapisio os ohe 68 Peernemantiiacturer, German .. ..... 01 « sbgssues sce ce 93 BeperetT SAVY :, 0 PMITIGTICATT 52s Che's ace ace leis cla’ eh dae acer eate 66 BE COIN 21555. cial") oie alain ss sacei-e! wiv. 4 Stata wa paguttnca, sre Me Lany 78 Pepeeroe rt Or Cie’ PTONG 04:.'). slnteuleasnieecgue aa ae 86 Ret PL AITIOPICATL 55.4 chy 4.5, vie e009. $a sheeted eareit 67 BOTS CAINCLICALY OA! ful dt ads Snst ashe ao alele Brattle 67 102 PATENTEES’ INDEX Gardner, H, A., American ..~32..u. 00 oye en 68 Gaudier, French ....° 2.2.33. 7.. 00 0=: 6 een 88 Gauthier, French: 0.00030. 2250 SVs ose ee 85 Gawlich, G., British’... 22.200... 0.05 oe 72 Gebauer, J.'H. C.; British -..1...-422. 0.50 i Geisenberger, French ..............2 +n ee 78 Gekoulin, N: British’ 0... 0.00. 65.6 5 wo wate 74 Gérmain, French .......5 2055500 0 pe 82 Gheise de’ St. Pierre, French |<<. ..% 1000 86 Gilbert; French) 200.020... {5425 6660 76 Girzik, E: German’ i. 0...) 1% 2 «sie ye ee 92 Glynn, G. C,, American ....°250., 5.5 ee 67 Golby; F. W., British .. 2.0/0...) 68 Golombek, W., German’ ..........7 2.2 Q2 Gonon, French’... 0250. 6.05.35 6s ees er 80 Grenet, P.; British .. 2... 5.34.05 sa 69 = French ..5.....3 2.3 05). a "79 Grimoin-Sanson, French’ .:.. 5... 2.0). 9 ee 78 Groult;. French 3... 2... he wea 5 2 een 82 Hamilton, G. S., British .>..... 0...) se eee 72 Hansel, B:, British’ ......22 2.0%. 050 eee 74 Hansel, Gebr., German ......:. «© «> isis see 89 Harrison,. A..B., American ..:.......... deen 67 Hart, Frenchy i... .ic0c06.05 009 a0 «lee ae en 81 Hart, A. M:, American ..:......00-... 2 66 "S British i.c.5.6 60 looses 4 2 ete 72 Hauvette, French ... 05... ..:s0.5 0 6 soe 82 Heather, French . 20. ..i.5.4.. 0s «os «ue 76 Hepbum, G. G., British ............ .. se 68 . French 9.0.07... 02 ee 76 7 German. ..¢....... 220 ee 89 Herchelbout, French .. 0.0. .04..0. 204 oc ee 88 fermann, S., American ............ 7 oe 65 fernandez, French’). ..5.... 2.25. 2: ent) 79 Hilton, J. W., American ....)..... <2 2) pee 66 Hirsehler, French». .5...65.0455 210s oye 89 Flockcher, J. H.; American .....'.... 720i 65 PATENTEES’ INDEX 103 mer eee ee ASCTINAN |, is sc w nse fey cis cps ewlewde's esis QI SpeoteeAMICTICAN <2: 50... ¢htanssdea cd cates 68 RM eESTICISI 5 oo cis os oie od ose 3AM ASS oo 048 73 as REPO torts ss nun we ek fine 80 MUMS CISH DT ints ck ay coh RoW ERS 46M Pb ween er 73 Me Cr eAMICLICAN (6). acc sees oe cen eens ceee 65 REE SIS! Yo. sc oc sis doe osc peigne es we 4e 71 MONCH 5 cc Sok nae cle eesick s vmgwas 87 RR RIS rts a lata’ e nS sie 's oieow 0s Sap sda ne 85 oe a ec sic iow oho edo ale lale'olls Gu « 88 MMC OMEISTIUISH 5s bg 215s 6 oo ss os 0 6 0b ee wee RK oe Per, | SAME C I hos os 55s 4s avs c's claws Whee nape 86 aneremoulnds, German ...... 0... ecdieed dete one 92 NN eR ATTEISID soy. 5s gains oi leew senile e'cise sss 73 = TOTO ER Sato Miocene reinle Miy.< ox tied a aus 82 ae ASCTINIAN | ie. <0 ys Oe + ne 72 Merete (SOTINAN 4.4.5 5 3's « vilencaw sid pie'ohh « dh oom 93 i, Ae LES Fe ar eer eee Ban Teen Mmmaeree PITICTICAN: 5 5 sin /s «a ol nls hs be pee ete 65 ci PSU URLSLY SA. 2c 0s shia wield hia ae ak a cae 70 PrerEerrtee aVV et STItiSh 4's cc x caeesoaw ee emcee aaenl 74. IRE GA: AMTICTICAN 55, . 2. isis ccs een evhencenenedey 65 ff BSR oe eo tan et 69 UR EMPMLE FO TICIN sy etre arsiciy o's «cco ee petals Bettekae 88 MVS) TENCE cic ces oe wie ve con ee eotene sls oer 79 Beue- Verte & Cie, French oe sumiayetes sttaueeieees 88 104 PATENTEES” INDEX Larco; French 33.) 232.00. wi. 0 ae 83 Laureau, ‘J.:H., British... 025.2. -2 5 2 pee 71 Lavergne, “French? (.)0.).'sc0)s's'n os ose ate ee 79 Leclereq, French >.3 iy ei Siglciaw wis ote pee 76 Ledru Heitz: & Cie, French’ 2.030 eae ae 81, 83 Lemaitre, French’). ....).)... 0... soa 89 Lestorte; ‘French (3... cis'cte oe oie ie a ate eee ane 86 Lichtenauer, French 3 2.0/5... /. Jets oe ee 84 Lichtenstadt, C.,; British ......... 3). seas ee 70 Lilienfeld, L., «British. i022 0.0..5 2 eae ye Linke, M.,: German ./..)s as die «ew 0 ele shell teiaie nn 04 . Lon, * French’ \...)0uos cis. wo hls lales > gushes Seine 78 Lormier, French *.'....'. 0.200. 8. 80 Luthringer, French 20°50 2. 3 isin ores nee oy. Lynch, French) 2... .003 05 Joceee sehen 86 LCyncke, H., British 02 ....0.. is pe ote 71 McGiehan, I. S., American’... 0.0... 2h Gee 67 Mackintosh, H., British’ .....0.00...) 22 eee 71 | ee French. 5.0.25. +0ek 6 nee 78 Mackintosh, W. M., British <......0 \ eee 69, 70 Macwalter & Brifco, British’... .: .....y2u eee 75 Maffei, French §) 20 5: ois 0s 00s ey Pera 77 Maltman, A.) British oo nino AP 74 Mapnin, French is 8). sae ose ‘a Sie) bia teas ee 85 Marchi, French is... 200... See 3 oo eee 80 Marcuse, A., (German ©. ..... 6s)5 ss/-1-p ote leeene ne 93 Marr, R. A., American .. 20. 0.0. dese 66 Marsia,: French 0 ce50hs 6s eee PR et 79 Martin, French, 2.03.0 000. ass cbis scp ele are eee 88 Martini & Huneke, French . 3. .....9 0) see 89 Mehler A-G, “British 0.0. 70... .0 4c slem eee een eee 75 Meinel, French’ 0...) elec eo a eae 79 Mendess, J.,’ British. ..05).000.00 cee tetas clenein ee 73 ‘Menzies, J., American °, 2... 4's). veg cen 65 tg British we. 20s 3 ee 69 Meron, E.;American .0 0060.00 0.0 s nlp eae 65 ‘Meron, French®.} 0.0.0... 0. 050 eo rete 78 PATENTEES INDEX 105 eC SOTINATT Soci) viscacole sale ce ods Seb wb cde «eit go RE MET ERENC LPP She f4) a sink! ren Die aleve es a ak 406% 77 ee aT L TIT oo, io, io! cinjalesece.o.o\0's a's wee Ewe 4 Sole eis 95 Perea VidSSON Pench ou. sve a eee icele wees se SI RM ERSE ETON LOTION roo irre gah co: alais saved 'si¢ ine /digiesa se bos bi aes o7 EME Ee eirvst ac 7 x osu tw A ale's Ue Sio Whe wfale ww aly ¥se'a ola. 76 SR EAN A ESTITISID 8 ooo es gave vi0!s. ove dale, ule ga acelld's 75 MRM SEULISIE ro. wel cin, s.5:s\ eel oialdl snd boa oa pe 75 OMNI D A PLINCTICAD fog sy co leivie we sem vires dk ae 66 Mra ee CO) CO LINAN 0 sie a ois nies tany'o ¥'5 oO vin 9 0 go RRR NCR I8 Br 7 ha 20a ky MA 4 25 Combustion—spontaneous ..............eee enone 22, 27 Copper ammonia process ............. 0 see 19, 21, 31 Copper : formate- 0.50.00. alsiete ai seat alee 19, 29 Copper “hydrate -..0i si 2t553 5353050 00s 2 0a 31 Copper linoleate .. 2... .c605 + es e4se se oer 24 Copper. pleate F002... ce ee od ales Ge 26, 57 Copper processes .....2s.¢s2 00+ 0.0) 6a re 29, 31 Copper SOAP <6 ious es «ses Gein ence eke ee 20 Copper sulphate... i: a5... S20 se 29 Cotton—tensile strength of ...........s00.se cen 55 Creosote sie i sau elscileS be eicn eee ere 20, 21, 24 Cuprammonium process ...........+++asihaes IQ, 21, 31 Deterioration of water-resistance .............ceeee 12 Dirt—influence of 2. 05.5.0. 5 cee ss eis 12 Dry cleamirige ii... .. 5 ose iii eg oc 5 ets ga 59 Drying oils) oe ng aioe oe cles oe 21,27 Electric process... 0.05 sae000 00+ «5 0 cc sn 40 Emulsion process... Fs... 0.4.5... «2s 37, 39 Fabric pores)... eee ose se ones oe II Pormic acid... ..ccnus cannsccudeww pone eee 29 Cot SOMIHE ovina gic a cce ioe vole aloes da 5 oh 24, 26 Japan wax 44 csi te 'e "es fo'a tae "00's oot ei 39, 53 Lead acetate 2.2.0 .6.0000 cae 28 Lead oleate. .....05556.5006 dongs es pe 43 Linseed ‘oth: 0... 24.4.2) eae ues Se 22, as Mildew resistance “:..32:°.071.:.2. fe 13 Mineral® ofl 6. oo. . oie. sw ss vee so + «on 34 Mineral wax’ ...3.0. cies clecec dann Oe 42 SUBJECT INDEX I1l PO sissies a |S Se Ri ee eT 20, 21, 25, 26 EN VES ore 6138 Sale cee: Cate arsd isla rs ace wetoiale 8 26 (0 ESS a seve ace, Cn teay eee 18, 23 EL 1A seas s 5k GA See 0 he Saws career e,t 21 es ar on ar ae a ae 22, 23, 57 Mie wPMMOTAL (66. ccc ese e's s atte sara eee Oe Cea 34 MOMMA ee SN ile Wud aks ose! sles sie alee gece satel wa 26 Oil—turkey-red ..... ICR AER fess See Sete eae Le 23 Maropt 4.0.5.5... 16; 20, AY, <24° 25,26; 30,°33; 34; 53 Neel ahs Sia ais oles vg vo oa oes nes oa 13 Ee NR gO le ora ne ae aa 34, 43, 55 DE EMUIEASONAIE cs. aed cea ce okt ae see een ee 43, 57 EE EOE Fe ele ala 's ainlele aac eiuin'e p40 ed's 23 Mee OM OCE OL. ia o's oleate oe date vs olele va 55 RM ore gs ee ss was ale o's ew bo oes 0 8c 20, 24 eo) aoa, Sag arn. G. 0 asain @ 0:8 6 mt Coote ei 14 7 ar ER gi ee SB Ma 19 EE re Ns << il. woe kn dw 2 ow a sloherovleha also Ok 12 I er OA yg Bs wp s36 5.4 0 4,8 ERE AS 22 oe ee eS ar er gees 53 MEE OSS 0 Ses. Sina. aie Fe via ce n'a bis 0j ule bios A ee oo 35 BIE RIU Os. ase. vin vie oie RRA ae cee. ee Se 24, 26 Ne Swag Su al v's, f'n: 5) 0 discal 8's Wao alee OM 20, 25, 27 Ne 2a oe sini s eis 'n isi e'yie'n «tue, fas 19, 20, 21, 30, 39 UEC GCIs yn bg 0) Seo win: dows, wins a oraveiwle a ieutonees 20 enema TTT Ate to ois etfs os wid viata eid ae bes eee 39 ALICE LO oes seins case nip 016) ghaid.0 0 aheledest Manan de 39 Be TE TIA CIUITIO (68). «uci a SyetpelQuele oop: ce akan o: POMPOUS 24 Spindle oil ..... aGdecy ss avesece aig gears e reducer ith bel eee 25 Pmentaneets combustion 2.6.20 6.0/c< 0s a o0 tele ve dee ane 7 MAMA DIOCESE i fa. s.a.o-s's 0 win’) 51k wie teh ia trairere aa 35 MEER PTOCESS - 5'p sia'i/e ieee Unies W nls wei ax ee 34 SURE CES CALS pi Us cca haca-c Noles realy Uakele a oecktal ant ea 30 112 SUBJECT INDEX Stearine pitch 2305S. ae day ee ee ene eee sete 26 Sunlight—effect of 00.0.5.) 64 sce see ee 53, 55 Surface tension... vissies wis esse 6s si « 3 tein ee 9 Tarareodliy ois cb is ec ie ne ale 19, 31 Tar—wood ......... “ess & ple elaie'a oid ple SieR Cente Een 26 Tarpaulins—American 3)... 0.) .4 sass st ae Tarpaulins—English . ..6...)....i05.0s eis aioe ea 18 Tarpatlins—French .....3.<.,...:% 5 os 0 eee 23 Tensile strength—effect of weather on ............. 55 Tents). 5,5: sia eis «ee helo ooh epe-e ia) ek enn 45 Testing water-resistance /./.... 0) 24.5 soe eee 18, 46 Tests—U. S.. Government. ........0s ose eee 20, 21 Trinidad asphalt)... .\v <5 s)s!s + os sas eee 26 Trade, association (2 0s vpn ee Fab abl eho tie 13 Trade-marks ©... 6.0 sis'uisv's 00 «10 als 00s oi alpen BEES Turkey-red oil... 0). 06. 5s ae oo oe tlp ih eaten 23 Waterproof—definition ............. eee ee 7 Water-resistant ....2.5 005.40 css 6 chs ieee 8 Water-resistance—deterioration of .............+.-- 12 Wool) grease’ cis elec ss sale bie are eet 43 Zine ‘stearate... ss eek vdwesie ee. eyh elo a ener II — 4 \