RO 2) 205 Wetailtan .) set ee ae et ee eR Sacer se | 206: 4. Streetiot:Columnse, (ane eee CEP See es ree ss | 208 Nichestes. =. (co ee ee eer a eomtaes rar 3. 6209 Ree CivicxC entree at Tenet Pee Cee PU CLG ss ss BLT Sad OLUTION IO RC AD ke. | ZL b. Basilica 213 Tribunal . 214 Columns . 215 Cornices . 217 Roofing 218 Restoration . , 218 6. Miscellaneous Buildings 219 a. Hippodrome Mase? 219 baMinowexcavationsi ane ee ees etre A. 219 ce. Mausoleum. . 220 PART IV. INSCRIPTIONS .. . Fer ee ee ee ee ae te, ee es... 2IT2D 1 A. Israelite recone one Pe ey are ee ene tee. ss 2246 I. General Account of Dees & 2a Rh Bley MS onahes Lae 3S eae aa teland eH OCS ren i are ee err A. , i 227 Debince Naiged? er tee oe eee eer aes Sen. 5. 228 GC; Personal ames wear alge. nae en oe ee fs ., .200 d. Significance of Ostraca . . . 231 Il. Detailed Account with Transeription into “Hebrew square ‘Characters 232 III. Ostracain Facsimile. .... . . 239 Alphabet of Ostraca, two incised aconphious pad Osorkcon Vas anes). 248 iV eeWveristen om WiOldsineOstracamen esl ner O44) Viens indextof lsracliterinccenptionce a errr . | 4G IB, (Comair Jbnstouryoteme: 5 on & Bon be a eo wo fe ef ey eo Ce rneroglyphicin scriptions san a ne res 6 10 01)7 Di Aramaicdinscnptionsang a tar ine a ees 004 i7 E. Greek Inscriptions .. . ite Diet a gs Sy ed be 2 eee) I. Written on Bouter, Fated eee er emer are . DAO Diee Scratched ony Pottery ams ater arn ene ew 8510 Tes One Stoney anclilien diaieae tiara en ae ee ey 8 nO () 1s ABN UMNO, oe aes sp ee oy 6 As no au belle ne ueOeoa GOWNS) oe Rao s green) cet eS nt RS. D9 RS Jorg dA GreekiC ons cesar ei Ord US -Harlier:@oinss 3 i8 a -& ee eon Oe tos or Oe tie Ptolemaic! Coins = acces enn .. 254 US Seleucidan' Cousens long IV. Autonomous City Coins . . . OER Se. 868 V. Maccabean and other Jewish Coins... . . , . tC, eet Noi a, . Mogg Index to the Catalogue of Greek Coins. . . . . . Weeds 2-268 Chapter. III. IV. DETAILED CONTENTS XV Page B.. Rotaan: Const. to isosi atk See Rie Gales Ieee ere ee, ee ee C. Byzantine Coins . sy ima-din Gar ES AGRI Re RIL AP Be et ae oe? QU D. Anabie Coins: 29 camer. a ee ce eG ce, re POTTHRY, . . - sath te he aoe Oe 6 aati aad cbaert eee Beacon A. Israelite Pein ae a Seater uk 5 ples Mag hate: Cock eee eee alk arcu I. Ordinary Pottery Leo ELE x ie conte ca MR On pea eR eC TD II. Finer Pottery... Slee choise lan ud, coeanen: egemb NSIC: Les aR an 20) III. Early decorated Pottery saves GOR aks ie tae aves ce Pay OL IV. Basilica Group .. . ey Re i oh ii Bens 5 B. Babylonio-Grecian Period, 700- 300 8 BiCin dadect ie Pe GC ee oe I. Ordinary Pottery) tg jac eee he, ae cae Tee eee II. Finer Pottery... . ANG Pee (i Me aes Ce ROM aE ye 101 III. Decorated Wares, peludine iplqclen eared: red-figured, and white- SrOUNC pone eae ut Piette etiaes ET es kobe Eure te ene e200 TVeeuGroup trom, SLCisterna dann irae aeeiees fie ne e ie e ee Reen m e20) V. Black-glazed Pottery ... atk Cuecie od eee ecak, CS wets coe . Red paste, lustrous black g allen thal Lede Se ee ASE iss SOS e Gray paste, black glaze, dullorlustrous ............ 294 y. Decorated black-glazed .... . . 294 6. Poor black-glazed, varying to brown or fed (in part "Hotlanisiiey 297 Gi eeHellenisticubottery,1;300—50 nei Grese alia iee nn teen err ee eee LO) Te Ordmary Pottery 2) « Gon. eee eee ee ie WRed=plazed’Pottery:< 4 .- 4 moen S022 sce Oe ee fe a a Ne One SGD) XIII. Weights ... Ee. Ly Se TORS ie Ree ee Fe ae BBD XIV. Vessels and iewalles (ee, eee Re ne eee BAe We RR eo 2 eve (Miiscellaneousts ern cote ce ses) Mee pees Ieee ee ame eee eee ete Eh OG GONG: ce alts a eed ee ae * eee eC OS OG Beal so ce jean eee ieee: Lace a ot a ee eae Ps 7) ONDSAND VOR Yiga oh Wes nu 09 tn SOP eat a ee eee SOS 15 Barlyslvoryi@b cots ete neuen alc ate eee ee ie ar a a ce OOS Dressed Bones. cersen ote oo Caw re ak a cr ae ae eG BONE SPOONS. tse Ae Sud. cn St ence Se ee ee ee ee S68 Decorated Shellispoons: 5). 4 na. 6 ee ee eee ST Box-lids. . . . Ans fet nd ecg are Re a CA See ne arte ie Sake eee) Kohl-pots and Toilet- poxes Noah 2 ics es Be poten: Ae eee ee Bone Handles . . Pr acne arty ghee eas ogo yl Bone Styli or Spatuls, eas Ket, EPS tweed heating Seeerce Gane Mote Bone Points, Kohl-sticks, and RNiesiltes, Se S2dge Po SoA ee ety Sm iE OTD Disce; Buttons, Whorls, Beads. eee out eee eee a ore: Xs FAMULNTS SSRATS, pAND AEH ADS) a) cient colin mn neuen: men me ee ne S73 SD A. Amulets and Scarabs .. . 1: Sephlcens, Me oma aes Cue Rea ee 376 I. Egyptian faience Amulets- Were oh a) cs a Ga ee eH (5) iis Beyptian and other Searabs, - sar. = cen eee rr ee) ott Wg Cylinder: Seals =. sah eyecteirn acct ne ae at ae eae Mae eo er S377) lie @onelSealsia une Reet Be RR tae ware te Merge tates gies OT] III. Finger Rings and Ring- zeal ae ee eo ee ee Tua TV. Seal Impressions on Letter-sealings 2 si Relate AN rlaeniey, 6 Be RMI ns OTS. Vine oesllmpressionsion- Pottery. va ia mentee een ee nS 7.0 Ciss Pendantsrand (B6adse 2-155 ne eee Rene he see ae ee NO J. Pendants). . . eC ae PR SR hoc at cy Caran ty eee ae AR At] II. Variegated Glass Beads Nie teria ve ve enigma re perms pak ee G21] Plain GlassiBeads=-. a ncuece s.r eal ee eee eee SS) TVs Parence Beads: "4a cal ts oe) 3 eee eee eas een OSL Ver ‘Stone: Beads 4.95.02 3) eass hice ose ca er ee ST Vi ae Bone Beads ata, ys. sates. ene em er Mere te ED WITS S@oralBeadst an co. gceicl Meuse eaipk ck cae Rn alee a ISS XII. Scuprure, Ficurtnes, anp MiscELLANEOUS OBsEcTS OF PoTTERY. . . . 383-387 A. Sculpture... Signed GS* sapiens tel ARS ERS ee LD OM Rae cy CREPE OSS I. Early Reveal Pao PLT ei Ee te ee eee 83 i iElellenistic yee. cate ee Sareea dst a een eC ee ORS chee) RQ = g On > wy ee TEE xviii HARVARD EXCAVATIONS AT SAMARIA Chapter. Page. B. Figurines ; ee ee oy het: ba Bs 5 ee age wotet! I. Israelite and other crude Figurines ....... - hs a ere eer Greck-Hicurines eta amen ee ee ren Rea 1 t 38D) Go Barisiotivicaselan: tea, oe net ee eer ok gD Tat tacm a esac et 4 S86 I. Unglazed Wa II. Black-glazed W INU ARecbabyecl NEES Bh oie 2 p 6 ¢ 6 oo acoem SSS Goo mee D. Pottery Discs with Reliefs. . ee ke a | BET LIST OF FIGURES PART I (1908) Pace 13, POTTERY No. Page. No. Page. 1-5, Bottles ..... TI A1-5! 22 20. Handle in form of j S animal head . . HIF 6 23 6. Neck with stamp . IIIT G1 23 21. Fragment of com- 7. Jar, well preserved III E 1 23 plex handle . . HI F7 PR 8. N of jar, Israel- 22-32, Fragments ie ey EG 2 23 22. Glazed fragment, 9. Arabic jar, whole . III E < 23 Egyptian . . . WIK1 10-21, Handles and han- 23. Mycenzan frag- dle stamps ment . . Ke, 25 10. Fragment of ribbed 24. Fragment of Israel- handle: S73 ee LURera 23 ite jane ee Le GeLo 24 11. Stamp or potter’s 25. Late Israelite dish III C 18 23 Math oo... eel ado 19 26. Terra cotta stamp, 12. Soldier’s figure on raised figures . III K8 Stamp Se eBid) 19 27. Bottom of vessel 13. Jar handle, nearly with stamp . . HIH9 24 circular... 78, EEE 2¢ 28. Bottom of vessel 14. Handle with head with rosette . . IIIT C3 22 inrelief . . B10 23 29. Dish fragment with 15. Handle twisted like stamp sates MD Gals 22 rope ne Tee URE 23 30. Plate with Greek 16. Seeunder Stone . IV 4 25 inscription . eSNG) 24 17. Handle with 31. Pot or bowl with grooves.) sey = eUUl Ey ial 23 erainti ... oo: Mas 24 18. Ear-shaped handle III F 5 23 32, Amphora neck with 19. Pot handle, deco- Greek graffiti . IIG3 2483 rated: =) ueamee eee lul En: 23 Page 14, POTTERY (continued) 1. White fragment, 9. Arabic fragment, Greek letters in brown stripes . III C2 22 brown . oe) ING a2 24. 0. Painted fragment 2. Jar fragment with with punctures . III H 10 24 part of Greek 1. Bowl. Egg and mame .. Pe LEG Ale) 24 dart ornaments. ITI 1 24 3. Amphora neck, 2. Bowl with dancing with name [Hip]- higures! 1 see mie lee? 24 pocrates .. UIG4 23. 3. Egg and 4. Greek or Myce- rt ornaments . IIT I 14 24 nean fragment. III K 3 25 4, sel with perpen- 5. Decorated frag- dicular ribs. . IILI7 24 ment o2 . . . LUGS 23 5. Dish with incised 6. Bird painted in perpendicular sepia and sienna G7 p [Fists cour, wee emp HUI, Bhpe iE 22 7. See under Stone . IV7 16. Pot with incised 8. Base for statuette K7 ornamentation. Byzantine? . I A 12 24 The right hand column shows the page, and the reference preceding indicates the part of the page on which may be found the description of the respective objects. Thus, III A 1-5 22 means that on p. 22, in subdivision A (Bottles), Nos. 1 are given descriptions of the bottles figured on page 13. Th (see Editorial Note), to id confusion with references in Parts II-IV, where th apter III, note that I= Inscriptions, p. 17-21; II = Coins, p. 21 f.; II Glass and Paste, p. 27; VI[=Bone, Horn, ete., p. 28. None of the Coins (II) are reproduced among xix i=18) 19-22, Pace 16, METALS (1-17); BON] HARVARD EXCAVATIONS AT SAMARIA . Fragment of fine Page. 24 22 24 24 No. 26. Greek vessel painted in sepia III I 11 27. Dish fragment with painted rosette . III C 12 28. Two painted heads. Egyptian? . 7 SDL i16 29. Greek cantharus . III I 15 30. Bottom of dish with Greek let- ters. . ee EOI 31. Greek dish, striated patten .... HWIC5 32. Bottom of Greek vessel with stamps ,. cw 33. Dish, ribbed hori- zontally . . a LUECIG 34. Ivy designs painted white . " Pelible CAG) Pace 15, POTTERY (1-18); GLASS (19-22); STONE (23-39) Greek bowl 5 JME 0) . Decorated bottom of dish or plate . III C 13 . Fragment of bowl, raised ornaments III I 13 Fragment with leaf ornamentation . III B 4 . Vessel with acan- thus leaf and ro- Bette. eee SLRS . Vessel richly orna- mented . STE bt . Bowl with columns and architrave . IIL13 . From same bowl as DSU, ie bec onog oer UDCA . Arabic bowl, painted stripes and lines Til19 . Plate. Concentric circles. Crabs? III H 4 . Plate with stamp . II] H 5 . Truncated pyra- mid. Weaver’s weight Pee a . Weaver’s weight similar to 3 : LEIS . Weaver’s weight, circular . . WidI4 . Crude head of horse . 5 WUD} . Head and neck of horse . coy JUNI IB)et . Woman’s head, from a statuette III D 1 . Body of quadruped III D 6 seated holding FOUL 1b) 2 IB d (1-8) Figure of woman vase pies Potters’ marks . Glass . Glass fragment with ribs VIA 17 . Glass fragment with ribs, deco- rated . VIA 18 . Glass amulet in shape of human bust VIA1 24 24 Bronze 1-15 . Bronze bracelet VAbI1 2. Bronze bracelet VAb2 . Pigment stick of uv yg ee OW Aa) . Part of buckle or brooch oe fo Ne AG . Fragment of brooch V A c¢6 . Bronze arrow tip. VAa4 26 26 26 26 26 26 22. Glass ear-ring VIA 15 23-39, Stone 23. Brazier? . oe IV3 24. Support for jar . IV 5 25. Asimilar support . IV 6 26. Mortar or jar IV9 27. Jar for ointment . IV 11 28. Marble mortar with pestle IV 10 29. Pestle. . cee SN gt 30. Man’s head, two views . weet, CLV Ly 31. Head of Jupiter IV 18 32. Fragment of mar- blelege .. IV 19 33. Cylindrical red stone . IV 27 34. Stone object in form of sun-dial IV 20 35. Mold for casting molten metal . IV 8 36. Weight in shape of olive ees 37. Stone whorl . IV 29 38. Broken amulet, cy- lindrical . sie SEW -28. 39. Cut stone of uncer- tain use . IV 32 E AND IVORY (18-21); INSCRIPTIONS (22-50) , Leap 16-17 7. Bronze spoon VAc14 8. Bronze bell : VAcl 9. Small bronze dish. VA c¢ 12 10. Seal stamp of bronze .... VAc13 11. Small bronze dish with handles. . VAc3 LIST OF FIGURES No. Page. No. 2. Dise with teeth like 15. Bronze tablet, circular saw VAci1 26 probably weight V Ac 17 3. Two small bronze 16. Leaden weight, ir- objects, hat- regular shape VC3 shaped : VAcl8 26 17. Leaden weight with 4. Small bronze dish pointed ends . VC4 or shield VAc4 26 Bonz anv Ivory 18-21 8. Cylindrical sheep’s 20. Ivory button . VIIC 2 (2?) bone, ends 21. Ivory amulet, Is- cut off . VILA 1 28 raelite or Phoeni- 9. Handle of bone, in- cian = \auereml cised decoration VII A 4 28 Inscriptions 22-50 22-50, Fragments of Latin 36. Part of one letter IC 15 Inscriptions . . 19-20 37. Parts of four let- 22. \ONIS|TICIL We) en 19 ters. . ee AMONG 23. 00H oF Dew 19 38. Right leg of A?. | IC 17 24. VST (T of larger 39. Parts of four? let- size) ad teas C83 20 ters . IC18 25. Parts of four let- 40. Parts of two let- ters . IC4 20 ters. % IC 19 26. TRIB . C5 20 | 41, Parts of two let- OT ME: IC6 20 | ters. . IC 20 280 eT ee IC7 20 42, XII or IX WOE 29. PASI . : IC8 20 43 AC Ag ars es 2 hel On 20, 30. Part of one letter IC 9 20 AA. AINto in bas ohare MOS ole Vi C 10 20 45. V or A IC 24 Bp, ANC Tet 20 AG SAXONY 8 hace IC 25 33. Parts of ‘three let- | Ale Wb, haltiot Cause 26 ters. . C 12 20 48. Parts of three let- 34. Parts of two let- ters. . IC 27 tersh gs 2 C 13 20 49. Part of one letter IC 28 35. Part of one letter IC 14 20 50. Part of one letter I C 29 PARTS II-IV (1909-1910) Pig. Title. Page. Fig. Title. 1 Quarries AA 37 0 E-W section of debris, showing 2 Longitudinal Becton ‘of dumped ___ floors in L. T. 3, looking north. Gtanae 38 1 Older SW bastion in $5, built 3 Cross-section of a flat edged, irond around Israelite tower . a dump ae 38 12 Reconstructed SW bastion in 85 4 Longitudinal section of seonneniedl 18 apes ° different periods in S2 “dump coe 39 see fe Peers Soy ie 2 4 E-W section through $4 E, show- 5 Longitudinal gettin ae eonaned ing deposits from Ahab to Se- “dump ... . 39 ani 6 Cross-section of ronan ana . 39 | 5 Plan of Ostraca and Osorkon 7 Section of debris in cistern SI, Houses Rea Sa tiy Sie No.7 ee 39 6 Rock-cuts 12 to 14 in JK 12 8 Section Gonatrictines trench of 7 Rock-cut press, No. 17, in J 8, Greek Fort Wall between $3 excavated in 1908 and S4, looking west 41 | 8 Small quarry in H 15 9 Construction hole, m, of cistern 9 Small quarry in HJ 18 : 2, No. 14. H = Herodian; 20 Rock trenches for Israelite founda- s Severan; y = Israelite tions . debris; bk = black debris; a. Onasloping surface e. e= Preherodian floor 41 b. On a level surface. Page. 56 Or Or NN HARVARD EXCAVATIONS AT SAMARIA Title. Scratchings on block from Omri foundations Section through rock- -scarp and walls east “of Room 13 (G 12) Omri masonry . a. Bonding. b. Simple corner. ec. Complex corner. Sketch of NW corner of Room 11, showing door-jamb with mor- tise for threshold, footings of wall and superstructure. Also walled-up doorway Section through Ahab enclosing wall 5 m. east of SW corner Detail of masonry at SW corner of Ahab wing (CD 15) Masonry in cross walls (EK 14) Masonry in outer face of south wing (GH 16) Detail of Bonding: W: ing . Masonry at NW corner of Sha tower (E 15) F Masonry in east face of Ahab hier er (G 15) : Masonry in west face of x main Ahab building, south end : Masonry in west face of main Ahab building, north end Exterior west wall of Ahab Room hae south North wall of Ahab Room 11 Isometric diagram of north jamb of door to Room 11 South face of Ahab Room 12 Ahab Room 13. Plan Room 13. Section A-B Plan of pool (in north wing of Ahab palace) Sections A-B and C-D iivoten pool Plan of Ostraca Teme, sae Tate reconstructions : Section A-B_ through House, and strata Plan of the Masonry, Room Osttaod superimposed ower of Jeroboam II south wall of Jeroboam 322 (G11) : Fragment of Jeroboam w: ail, N of west bastion in B 8 Israelite masons’ marks 4 Section and elevation of south city wall ee Greek Fort Wall, a, at NW corner, showing repaired breach, b, and wall cut through by con- struction trench, c, for Roman tower, d eae re Page. 97 97 98 101 03 103 105 06 07 07 108 109 109 110 110 110 ala 11 lil 112 113 114 115 118 118 119 119 121 124 Fig. 50 or Or 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 Title. Masonry of second tower inside west bastion . Be a,b. Walls of bastion. c. Foundation for Roman wall. Wall of Greek Fort built around Israelite tower First per iod. New SW bastion built over site of Israelite tower Second period. Construction plan of Greek Fort Wall, on west, showing head- ers, stretchers, etCAy a. Edgeof Jeroboam rock trench. h. Headers and ties. s. Stretchers. r. Rubble core. Half-section through Greek Fort Wall, in Fig. 53, showing coursing and mud layers (m) Section through south wall at broken east end, showing the construction trench, a, sunk through older strata, b ando . Masonry in SE corner of Room 81 Masonry of long chambers inside west wall... . Plan of Osorkon House, with ear- lier walls . 5 Plan of House A, Tacaiae IV, restored Section through sill a main en- trance Detail plan of Cour 31 Hate en- trances to porticos 26 and 30 Elevation of portico 26. . . Elevation of south anta of por aes Details of iicldicga ar in Fetes A an : a. Base of column in ‘portico A 31. b. Base of anta in portico A 31. c. Base of west anta in portico B 40. d. Base of east anta in portico B 40. e. Base of anta found in upper debris. Section through portico 26 Smaller entrance, House A : Section through Cistern 14, in Room 45 Stone mills, from. depree over House A 5 Section through Street Lambda Plan of House C, Insula VIII (restored) . Curb of cistern in Boom 62 Section through Room 53, with street wall avae eat atl re Page. 142 143 143 144 Fig. 104 105 LIST OF FIGURES Title. Elevation of steps in court 61 Section through strata in lower terrace, showing rubble pave- ment, cemented room and sub- sequent levels (F—H 18) Doric capitals of Preherodian pe- riod ind Doric capitals and AEAM, herodian period ae Capitals and bases of ante, and capitals of piers, Preherodian period s Tonic capitals and Three proheres dian period Cornices Miscellaneous details rei Breer dian (?) period Transverse section through Simbios west of court S11. “Be of west Masonry at NE corner Roman tower ane? Cross-section through subterra- nean corridor As evation of east wall of sulin. nean corridor 5 evation of west wall of gulbicaex nean corridor Plan of Temple vault (EF 8) Section A-B through Temple vault Elevation of north wall of Temple vault, showing three lowest courses of Herodian masonry Altar: north elevation and trans- verse section Votive altar No. 2 Votive altar No. 5, found in deb pris above staircase near great Al- tar, in 1908 . : Characteristic foundation masonry of Herodian period . ; Corner of Herodian foundations (sketch) Characteristic masonry dian superstructures Details of staircase . Ridge tiles from Temple Plan of Atrium House ; Detail of mosaic in Room 366 . Section A-B through Atrium House ; Elev vation of door to path- -room 369 Detail of pier in peristyle court Stucco fragments from debris Characteristic masonry of the Temple of Severus (part of west wall of staircase) Section through east window of Temple v vault N-S section through calidarium Nor bath 50 on lower terrace I & E in Hero- Page. 158 Fig. 106 07 08 109 110 11 12 13 14 115 Title. Flue from calidarium . Detail of door to Room 501 : N-S section through L. T. E., showing tunnel to cave . Detail of entrance to tunnel . Sockets in rubble wall The order of the Temple Contour of Attic base Sections through volutes of Tone capitals . Group IV. Corinthian eaiiale Group V. Friezes Group VI.. Coricesy;... «+ ..4 Group VI. Contours of cornices . Group VII. Miscellaneous details Group VIII. Ceilings Ornamental pilaster of fine snarble Inscribed pedestal Altar, with bracket Altar with reliefs : Detail of masonry in the Bites tower Plan of central feature of Gateway Pilaster at Gateway By Base and plinth. . Contour of base molding. Go: ornices from Gateway . Contours of cornices from eae ay Fragment of Corinthian capital “from Gateway . Bases of antze from Gatien ay Contours of bases 6-7. Fragments of door-jambs . : Plan of part of Colonnade, south side of Roadway . Section through Fig. 133 Plan of Roadway Trench . Section of Roadway Trench . Masonry in outer face of north re- taining wall of Forum terrace Moldings from tribunal and from debris near it 7 One intercolumniation of w ei sinlle of Basilica Contours of pedestals aval cota bases, showing variations . Contours of column base, e, and of pedestal moldings, f, g The order of the Basilica Detail of capital . Contours of cornices ; Miscellaneous fragments enn as bris. Roofing tiles a-b. Herodian period. c-d. Later Roman period. Sections showing arches and roof- ing of cellars bo 9 HARVARD EXCAVATIONS AT SAMARIA Title. Page. Fig. Title. Page Plan of mausoleum . 220 181 Small Hellenistic vessels, types 17- Contours of moldings 221 19. Dobe Ove 302 a. Interior arches. 182 Hellenistic two-handled boitles, b. Architrave of door. type 20 . : 302 : oe oh pee 183 Hellenistic jugs, i pes 21-30 . 303 Lena CoE ET 184 Hellenistic pottery, types 31-33 . 303 Front (west) elevation of mauso- AY ore ze = eee Moot 185 Late Hellenistic vessels of fine Longitudinal Pechion Tee B) and t redeglazed Baste: 205 ransverse section (CD) 186 Hellenistic decorated cups 307 hrough mausoleum » 222 187 Saucer lamps 318 Diagram of dome 222 188 Greek lamps, types I avd Il, a 318 Israelite pottery, ordinary ware 276 189 Greek lamps, types II, 1-5 319 Israelite pottery, bowls, ordinary 190 Greek lamps, types III and V . 319 EO Bai ait ; 278 191 Hellenistic lamps, types I, 1-5 b 320 Israelite pottery, innate! ware . 279 : ne p I 192 Hellenistic lamps, types I, 5 c-9 320 sraelite pottery, bowls, burnished E Sra 2 Se at. 280 193 Hellenistic lamps, types I, 10-12 320 Early decorated pottery “Tavactily 194 Hellenistic lamps, types II, 1-2 321 Greek ; 282 195 Hellenistic lamps, types II, 3-6 321 Early decorated antiiaee , Fach 196 Lamps, types C II, 1, and D I Greek : 283 to DIV 322 Israelite pottery iti Frill dla 197 Roman lamps, ty} pes TL, L 3 3238 ration 284 198 Roman lamps, types I, 4-6 323 Pottery from the ofall apne 199 Late Roman and Byzantine lamps, and from Cistern 3 at the Bas- types II-V and VIL. . a 324 ilica : 285 200 Late Roman and Byzantine lanes, 161 Pottery from the corals aleyonstlic types VI, 1f, VIII, 1a, X, 1 and from Cistern 3 at the Bas- and 3 : 324 ilica wry 286 201 Late Roman and By moniine ine, 162 Babylonio-Grecian parton, eras types X, 4-10 rats es) O20: ; nary ware . 287 202 Blue or green faience . 327 163 Babylonio-Grecian pottery, fine 203 Glass vessels of all types 330 Ww are and decorated ware . 288 204 Alabaster jars, types 1-5 333 164 Greek white-ground lekythi . 289 205 Alabaster jar, type 6 ieee ki 165 Water jars from $1, Cistern 7 289 jar) ee coos 334 ee ee a pa “ ee a 290 206 Alabaster dishes, typ pes 7- 9 334 ee 7 jugs trom is- one . Hard stone vessels, types 1-7 335 ‘ é 208 Limestone v s, types 1- 336 68 Cooking pots rar ‘SI, (cite 7 291 209 Thee, he eee y Re ; a8 169 Bowls from $1, Cistern 7 292 210 Serpen st cael a F; 1 eae 70 Bases of jugs from $1, Cistem 7 293 basalt vessel, io Wo its, ay 337 1 i : eee ior ieee : 293 a Basalt vessels, types 2 and 3 337 a -£ er oSSe18 5 ste 12 B al ata A (Nos. 1-6), or gray paste (Nos. 213 ee window, ee a 7-9) oh 293 sa 173 Decorated black-glazed a ouner tee Stone implements 339 pottery . 295 215 Rubbing stones, pounders, and 74 Dishes of red arstier ikeleplaned 7 sharpening stones - . 340 (1-7), poor black-glazed (8-16 216 Whorls or buttons . 342 and 44), red or brown glazed 217 Stone weights . 344 (29-43, 45-50), red wash 218 Iron arrow-heads and spear- eens 347 ria interior deco- 219 Iron knives, types III, 1-2, and = ration (17-28) . 296 sword blades types IV, 1-2 348 175 Hellenistic water jars . 298 220 Iron nails ok: ‘ 349 176 Hellenistic cooking pots 299 221 Iron tools 350 ey sRipe oe ed 3 me . 2) tay Hellenistic pitchers 300 222 Miscellaneous Obiests oie iron 351 178 Hellenistic bottles ; 301 223 Bronze arrow-heads 352 179 Hellenistic bottles, type 15 302 224 Bronze nails 353 Sine ox ae aoe sant: De 180 Hellenistic bottles, type 16 302 | 225 Bronze implements . 354 LIST OF FIGURES XXV Fig. Title. Page. | Fig. Title. Page. 226 Bronzescabbard........ 850 237 Bronze vessels and handles . . . 364 3ronze pins and needles . . . . 355 238 Bronze vessels and ornamental Bronze brooches!) 4 2 S00 parts of vessels . ..... 365 Bronze and iron buckles . . ete 239 Miscellaneous objects of bronze . 366 230 Bronze rings and bracelets 358 240 Bone objects, typesC 1ltoG8 . 369 231 Bronze styli, cosmetic spoons and 241 Bone objects, typesG9tol17 . 371 Sticke? Satu aati hen ee aeor 200 242 Bone objects, typesJ 1toJ13 . 374 2390— BronzelbOssesieal-iennane mes . ehofl) OAR)» Pendants: «sae ee te 233 Bronzetrappings ....... 3861 244 Variegated glassbeads .... . 380 234 Bronzechams.... . ... 862 | 245 Plain glassbeads ....... 380 PES TOAD |e, Ana o pn Gelso 362 | 246 Faiencebeads......... 381 236 Bronze weights ....... .- 863 | 247 Stonebeads.......:. ~. 382 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS REFERRED TO BisiicaL Rererences: Numbers 26, 28 ff. (p. 228); Joshua 17, 2 ff. (p. 228); II Kings 17, 24 (p. 60). ErnEst BaBEon, Les rois de Syrie, d’Arménie, et de Comagéne. Catalogue des Monnaies Grecques de la Bibliothéque Nationale. Paris, 1890. Freperick J. Briss and R. A. Srewart Macauistar, Excavations in Palestine during the years 1898-1900. London, 1902. In this work sometimes cited as Bliss-Macalister. British Musnum: Catalogue of Greek Coins. London, 1873 ff. (vil) The Ptolemies, Kings of Egypt (Poole). 1883. (xiv) Mysia (Wroth). 1892. (xx) Galatia, Cappadocia, and Syria (Wroth). 1899. (xxvi) Phoenicia (Hill). 1910. (xxvii) Palestine (Hill). 1914. Henry Couen, Description historique des monnaies frappées sous l’empire romain communé- ment appelées médailles impériales, 2d edition, 8 vols. Paris, 1880-92. Hermann Dessau, Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, vol. i. Berlin, 1892. WitHeLtm Doérprexp, Troja und Ilion. Athens, 1902. Hans Dracenvorrr, Terra Sigillata. Hin Beitrag zur Geschichte der griechischen und romischen Keramik. Bonner Jahrbiicher, vol. xevi, p. 18 ff. 1895. Barcutay V. Huan, Historia Nummorum, 2d edition. Oxford, 1911. Tue Jewish Encycitopepia. New York, 1901-6. Josppruus, Antiquitates Judaicae; Bellum Judaicum. Marx Lipzparsxi, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik. 2 vols. Weimar, 1898. A. Lucas, Preservative materials used by the ancient Egyptians in embalming. Egyptian Survey Department, Paper No. 12. Cairo, 1911. Davin G. Lyon, The Harvard Expedition to Samaria. Harvard Theological Review, vol. ii, p. 102 ff. 1909. R. A. Stewart Macatister, Excavation of Gezer. 3 vols. London, 1912. Freperic W. Mappen, The Coins of the Jews. London, 1881. Epmonp Porrrer, Etude sur les lécythes blanes attiques 4 représentations funéraires. Biblio- théque des Ecoles Frangaises, No. 30. Paris, 1883. Gorriies ScHuMAcHER, Tell el-Mutesellim. 2 vols. Leipsic, 1908. Ernst Sexuin, Tell Ta‘annek. Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, vol. 50. Vienna, 1904. Grorce A. Smitu, The Historical Geography of the Holy Land. New York and London, 1894. Ioannes N. Svoronos, TA NOMIZMATA TOY KPATOYS TQN TITOAEMAIQN, 4 vols. Athens, 1904-8. Henry B. Watters, History of ancient Pottery. New York, 1905. Warwick Wrotu, Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum. 2 vols. London, 1908. xxvii ABBREVIATIONS A. 8.—Seleucidan Era, beginning 312 B.c. Bab.-Grec. Pott.—Babylonio-Grecian pottery. Bas.—Basilica (BAS on Plan 1). B. F.—black-figured (ware). bk.—black (debris, Pl. 53 b). B. M. Cat.—British Museum Catalogue (of coins). ¢.—cistern; construction trench (Pl. 53 a, b). cist.— cistern. cm.—centimetre. C. T. or Cl. T.—Cliff Trench. d. or diam.—diameter (D=upper, d=lower diameter of shaft, p. 161, note 1). Dis. No.—Discard Number (see p. 45). E.—Hast. E-W—running East and West. exergue. f.—femina (woman); filling in (Pl. 53 a). frag.—fragment. h.—height. H-H-—H—courses of headers (in masonry). H. S.—Southern extension of trench H (1908). Isr. Pott.—Israelite Pottery. 1.—left; length. L. T.—Lower Terrace. L. T. E.—Lower Terrace East. m.—metre; mason’s debris (Pl. 53 a). mm.—millimetre. Maus.—Mausoleum, Plan 1. N.—North. N-S—tunning North and South. N. G. T.—North Gate Terrace. No.—number, occasionally used for Reg. No. n.pr.f.—personal name of a woman. n.pr.l.—proper name of a place. n.pr.p.—proper name of a person. obv.—obverse. p.—page (pp. = pages) ; pavement (p. 111); pit, cup-mark (Pls. 1-54); projection (p. 191, note 1). Pl. (Pls.)—Plate (Plates). r.—right; rock. Reg. No.—Registration Number (see p. 44). rev.—teverse. R. F.—+red-figured (ware). R. M.—red mark. R. T.—Roadway Trench. §.—South. S-S-S—courses of stretchers (in masonry). $1, $2, ete.— Strips 1, 2, etc. (see p. 35, note). §. C.—Subterranean Corridor. 8. G. T.—South Gate Terrace. subt. corr.—Subterranean Corridor. th.—thickness. w.—width; weight. W.— West. y.—yellow (Israelite) debris (Pl. 53 b). ADDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, Letters A, B, C, etc., indicate trenches (1908). See page 7. Letters a, b, c, ete., after strip numbers (as S85 a) indicate working sections (q. 2.). In the labels of Plates 1-54 small capitals are used, to agree with the rest of the text. Arabic numerals 1-11 on the face of photo- graphs on Plates 1-54 indicate periods of time from Omri (1) to the Arabs (11). See page 93, note 2, On the photographs of Plates 55-90 Arabic numerals indicate objects, with- out reference to periods. Arabic numerals after strip numbers (as 87-772) indicate rooms, streets, etc. Roman numerals I-IV after strip numbers 1 and 2 indicate periods of time, as explained on page xxii, Vol. II. In lists of objects enumerated by letters or numerals the occasional break in the se- quence (as at page 287 7 a,c; 329 5,7) indicates no omission of subject-matter. A plus sign (+) after a registration number indicates that two objects belong together. On the face of a photograph this sign is em- ployed as a means of reference. A cross (x) or an arrow is used in the same way. AND EXPLANATIONS The term Babylonio-Grecian is employed to denote the period extending, in round numbers, from 700 to 300 B.c. Jeroboam II is tentatively held to be the king who enlarged the palace of Ahab. Occasionally the uncertainty is expressed by a question-mark, and is to be borne in mind even when not so expressed. See pages 220, 393, 394. See pages 220-223, 394. The new name given to Samaria Kaid’s Land. Samarra’s Land. Sebaste. in honor of Augustus, when Herod rebuilt The present village (name locally pronounced Se-btist-ye) oc- and adorned the city. cupies part of the eastern half of Sebaste. Sub. See page 44. Working Sections. The sub-divisions of the strips into which the summit was divided for excavation. Hach section was excavated by its own gang of workers. Plate 15 d: For Oct. 1 read Oct. 21. Plate 45 a: For Nov. 18 read Nov. 13. Plate 46 d: For 1910 read 1909. Plate 49 d: For 1910 read 1909. Plate 54 b: For 747 read 741. Plate 85 d: For an d read and. PART I EXCAVATIONS IN ‘1908 BY DAVID GORDON LYON CHAPTER I INCEPTION AND CONDITIONS OF THE WORK In January, 1905, Mr. Jacob Henry Schiff, of New York, offered to provide the sum of fifty thousand dollars for the purpose of undertaking excavations in Palestine under the auspices of the Semitic Museum of Harvard University. This offer was coupled with the condition that permission to dig should be secured within six months from the Turkish authorities. The limit of time was later extended to October, 1906. To meet the initial expenses involved in our application Mr. Schiff provided an additional sum of five thousand dollars. A committee on exploration in the Orient, consisting of Professors David G. Lyon, George F. Moore, and Crawford H. Toy, was appointed by the University to superintend the enterprise. On the recommendation of this committee Doctor (later Professor) George A. Reisner, who had had long experience as explorer in Egypt, was appointed field director of the expedition. The next step was to select a site and apply for a permit. Such permits were granted by the Sultan on the recommendation of the Director of the Imperial Otto- man Museum at Constantinople. The choice of the committee was Samaria; but this choice was provisional, because of a rumor that certain German explorers were applying for that site. The rumor was unfounded, and the application was made. Ordinarily tedious delays attended the granting of permits to explore in Turkey, due in part, it was said, to the frequent non-observance of the laws relating to antiquities. It was our hope that by convincing the authorities at Constantinople of our intention to observe the law scrupulously we might escape the usual long delay. Early in November, 1905, Dr. Reisner reached Constantinople, bearing let- ters to the Sultan from Charles W. Eliot, President of Harvard University, and from Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States, in support of our appli- cation. The Hon. John G. A. Leishman, American Minister (later Ambassador) to Turkey, and the other members of the Embassy, took a lively interest in our enterprise, and on this and subsequent occasions aided us to the extent of their ability. His Excellency Hamdy Bey, director of the Imperial Museum, received our petition in a cordial manner, and gave verbal assurance that we should be allowed to excavate Samaria. It was understood however that the actual permit could not be expected before the promulgation of the new form of the laws relating to antiquities, at that time undergoing revision. Notwithstanding this assurance, the permit was not actually granted till the autumn of 1907. The long interval was occupied with much irksome and costly work and waiting on the part of Dr. Reisner and members of the Orient Commit- tee, the tedious details of which need not here be recited. The causes of delay were 4 HARVARD EXCAVATIONS AT SAMARIA obscure, but the attitude of the officials at Nablus, seat of the local govern- ment to which Samaria belonged, was obviously in part responsible. In October, 1906, the period named by Mr. Schiff for getting the permit expired. Accordingly, further expenditure in the matter was stopped. But our application was allowed to stand, because we hoped that, if it should ever be granted, Mr. Schiff might renew his offer, or some other patron might be found to provide the necessary means. In view of the uncertainty regarding Samaria, Dr. Reisner, with the approval of President Eliot and the Orient Committee, accepted an invitation to engage for three years in archzological work for the Egyptian government. When a year later, in November, 1907, news came to Cambridge that the permit had been granted, we had neither money nor explorer. But Mr. Schiff generously renewed his offer, though not without misgiving, and Dr. Reisner reported that he could make it possible to spend at Samaria part of April and May in 1908. Climatic conditions in Palestine make excavations at an earlier date impracticable. Dr. Gottlieb Schumacher, of Haifa, long a resident of Pales- tine, who had had considerable experience as an excavator, was engaged as field director, with the understanding that he and Dr. Reisner should together plan and begin the excavation in April. In order that a member of the Harvard staff might be present after Dr. Reisner’s departure from Palestine, the University, through the generosity of the Hon. Isidor Straus, of New York, in April sent Professor Lyon to Samaria. With him went Mr. Clarence §. Fisher, of Philadelphia, as architect to the expe- dition. Mr. Fisher had seen service of this character in Babylonia as member of the Philadelphia Expedition to Nippur. He showed himself so efficient at Samaria that he was engaged for the two subsequent years, 1909 and 1910. Three weeks preceding the first period of digging were devoted by Dr. Schumacher to work of a preparatory nature, surveying the site, engaging living quarters, and communi- cating with the authorities at Nablus, Haifa, and Beirut. In this work he was assisted by Mr. Oric Bates, a graduate of Harvard, who was associated with Dr. Reisner in exploration in Egypt. On Friday, April 24th, 1908, Drs. Schumacher and Reisner discussed and agreed on methods of work, reports, and accounts, and digging began at the site of some standing columns beside the village threshing-floor. A second site was chosen on the western side of the summit, at which work began on Monday, April 27th. Rain stopped the work on the afternoon of the 28th and all of the next day. On the 30th serious trouble began with a communication from the Nablus authorities, demanding of the explorers: (1) A plan of the Sebaste fields, showing what lands our work would render unfit for cultivation, ostensibly with a view to the equitable adjustment of the taxes. (2) The receipts for payments already made to the villagers for land. (3) The decision of the Commission and the Administrative Council of Nablus, given in September, 1906, fixing the prices to be paid by the expedition for land and trees. With these demands came a threat to stop the work. The explorers replied that they could not INCEPTION AND CONDITIONS OF THE WORK 5 surrender the only copy they had of the decision of the Commission and the Administrative Council. On May 1st the commissioner, who was too young and inexperienced for his post, brought orders from Nablus to allow no further work. There had been five and a half days of actual digging with a small force, and the work was for the time at anend. Several days were devoted to communications between the explorers and the authorities at Beirut and Nablus, but all to no avail. Dr. Reisner and his Egyptian workmen returned to Egypt, whither Mr. Bates followed not long after. A second period, May 22 to June 3, was devoted to further digging in the trenches laid out in the first period, but interferences by the local officials were soon renewed in an aggravated form. The demand now was that payments should be made at Nablus in the presence of the authorities. To this the villagers were, for obvious reasons, unalterably opposed. It now became clear that continuation of the work was impossible, unless relief could be found at Constantinople. A journey thither by Dr. Schumacher and Professor Lyon was accordingly under- taken. Before closing the work for this trip it seemed desirable to carry a shaft down to rock at some point in trench G, which had been started across the summit, in order to discover the nature of the successive strata. On June 3d was made in this shaft our first noteworthy discovery, a section of a well-preserved stairway, the uppermost step at a depth of some two and a half to three metres below the surface. (Plate 85 g and h.) The stairway ascended from the north, and supposedly led up to some important building on the south. Our third period of digging proved this conjecture to be correct. Portions of fourteen of the steps were brought to view. The work closed on June 3d. It was most tantalizing to leave the spot, as we did on June 5th, before seeing top or bottom or either end of this imposing stairway. While awaiting in Beirut a steamer for Constantinople, Professor Lyon, in order to explain our situation at Samaria, called with the American Consul- General, Mr. G. Bie Ravndal, and the consular dragoman, Mr. Constantine Chouri, both of whom were always most obliging, on the governor of Beirut, in whose territory the district of Nablus and the village Sebaste lie. As a result of this visit the governor promised to instruct the authorities at Nablus to molest us no more. In regard to a commissioner he said that he had no power, since this official was an appointee of Hamdy Bey. At Constantinople on June 18th Dr. Schumacher and Professor Lyon had a brief interview with Hamdy Bey, who asked for a written statement of their com- plaint. This was presented two days later. When Hamdy Bey had finished reading it, he said: “I promise you complete satisfaction. I have labored in this place twenty-five years in the interest of science, and no one shall cast a stone in your way.” Our later experiences proved the genuineness of this promise. Further details were arranged with Khalil Bey, Hamdy Bey’s brother, and later his successor as director of the Museum. From him we had the promise of a commissioner of more maturity and experience, a promise which was also fulfilled. 6 HARVARD EXCAVATIONS AT SAMARIA On July 6th we were at Nablus again, and were not a little amused on our formal visit to the local governor to be informed that his reason for insisting that we should make payments to the natives not at Sebaste but at Nablus had been to save us from subsequent trouble. Such payments would certainly have involved us hopelessly with the natives. Returning to Samaria, we spent two days in setting up tents and moving into them on the second terrace to the west of the summit, where we escaped the unsanitary conditions of the village, and could enjoy the pure air, refresh- ing western winds, and fine views toward the Mediterranean. In this new loca- tion the nights were particularly agreeable. On the 10th our new commissioner arrived. His interest and loyalty did much to ease our pathway. The revolution in July, which overthrew the exist- ing political order in Turkey and transferred the power to the party of the Young Turks, was also of advantage to us. The change was profoundly felt in Palestine, and the new interest turned attention to other affairs than our work at Samaria. The commissioner was of the Young Turk party, and by his frequent visits to Nablus kept himself and us informed as to the course of events. In the third and last period of excavation in 1908, extending from July 11 to August 21, we began with one hundred and thirty workers. The number increased rapidly, and arose to nearly four hundred and fifty by August 3d. Toward the close the number averaged about two hundred. The reduction was partly due to the lack of a sufficient number of trained foremen. Our workers came from Sebaste and the neighboring villages, in many cases walking both ways daily, a distance of several miles. They consisted of men, women, and children, the men for digging, all others for bearing the rubbish in baskets on their heads and dumping it at the places designated. The tools were primitive, and labor-saving devices unpopular. Some wheelbarrows were provided, but no skill in the use of them was developed. CHAPTER II SUMMARY ACCOUNT OF THE EXCAVATIONS OF 1908 See Volume II, Plans 14-16 During the first period, April 24 to May 1, work was begun at three points, the threshing-floor, which is just west of the village, the summit, and the first two terraces west of the summit. At the ruins near the threshing-floor, where the standing columns were supposed to indicate the four sides of a building, four trenches were started, named respectively A, B, C, and D. Trench A ran east and west on the descending slope north of the building; trench B was just north of a standing column which seemed to belong to the southern side of the building; trench C, which, like B, was little more than a shaft or pit, was east of B and outside the line of the eastern, lower row of columns; trench D ran from the northern slope south on the line of the eastern row of columns. In B, at a depth of two metres, a pavement was found, and the column within the pit stood askew on its socle, as if its position had been shifted by an earth- quake. (Plate 85 c.) In D the bases of four columns were found in line with the eastern row of columns. (Plate 85 d.) On the summit and to the west three trenches were started running almost in a line east and west for a distance of 140 metres. Trench E ran from about the middle of the second terrace to the embankment supporting the first terrace (Plate 88 b); trench F, from this point to the embankment supporting the summit plateau (Plate 87 f); trench G, thence to a point about half way across this plateau (Plate 85 f). In trench E, just below the surface, was a complex series of walls built of rough stone. Trenches F and G were little more than begun. In them were found fragments of glass and good pottery and several Rhodian jar handles with seal impressions. (Plate 89 h.) In the second period, May 22 to June 3, the work of deepening the trenches begun in the first period was continued. The number of objects found which were considered worthy of registration was fifty-six. The only notable discovery was that of the stairway, as recorded above. In taking up the work for the third time, July 11 to August 21, we natur- ally felt special interest in G, in which the stairway had been found. When fully dug out the stairway was of imposing dimensions. (Plate 86 a b. Com- pare Plates 22 a; 19 b.) For description and history of the stairway see below, Part III, Chapter IV 1 a, p. 174. On July 11 two new trenches were begun: I, starting near the eastern end of the stairway and running toward the north; H, starting near the same point and running toward the south. Three days later there was found in H, about 7 8 HARVARD EXCAVATIONS AT SAMARIA 80 centimetres below the surface, a plain mosaic floor. The portion cleared measured about two by two and a half metres. (Plate 88 ¢ 1.) ‘This floor, as appeared later from traces in the eastern wall of the trench, extended for at least seven metres north and south. In removing the surface layer south of the great stairway, there was found about three metres distant, and at a depth of forty to fifty centimetres, a large pavement or floor of thick blocks of stone vary- ing much in size. (Plate 86 ¢ 3. Compare Plate 6 a 10, upper right hand, view from SE in 1909.) This pavement was cleared, but was not otherwise disturbed, except for a narrow, shallow cut near its western end. When built it was presumably as wide as the stairway, and formed part of the building to which the stairway led. In trench G were found, dumped in a heap, quantities of painted stucco in small fragments, which crumbled rapidly on exposure to the air. Similar fragments were found at a later date in trench F. On July 21 was found in trench H a human skeleton, about 1.20 metres below the surface, and 20 centimetres below the mosaic floor just mentioned, which had been cut through to receive the body. The skeleton lay on its right side, with head to the west and face to the south. On July 23 rock was reached on the second terrace at the eastern end of trench E, at a depth of about 9.5 metres. A few inches above rock were found several large, hewn building stones, two of which bore letters’ or masons’ marks. (Plate 90e.) The stones seem to show Hebrew workmanship, and the letters may be Zayin and Tau. (See Part III, Chapter I 1 e, Nos. 8 and 2, p. 119.) Similar stones were found at a later date resting on the rock in front of the western half of the great stairway. (Plate 90 f 1 and Part IL, Chapter I 1 e, No. 7, p. 119.) On the morning of July 24 was found the votive altar photographed on Plate 59 d, and described in Part III, in connection with Fig. 91, p. 176. For the inscription see next chapter, Inscriptions, Latin, No. 30. It was lying on the third lowest step of the stairway, about four metres below the surface, and near the great altar, the discovery of which is reported a little further along. It may be that this altar formerly stood beside the great altar in the manner of one which was actually found in that position. (Plates 87 ¢; 18 c.) Late on Saturday, July 25, the workmen came upon an opening in the rub- bish to the west of the stairway. (Plate 87 g 1. In this view the opening, 1, is a window (p. 186, Fig. 104), 3 the bottom step of the stair, and 2 the support- ing wall. Compare Plate 87 e, where 2= supporting wall, 6= bottom step.) Excavation of the spot revealed a large, deep, vaulted chamber, the eastern wall of which was cut in part in the native rock. (Plates 87 h; 88 a.) The other sides were of massive masonry. The excavation reached the floor (Plate 88 a 2), and partially cleared a cistern beneath the floor. (Plate 88 a 3.) The eastern section of the arched roof was still in position. (Plate 88 a 1.) Through a door on the north a flight of steps led down into the vault. (Plates 88 a 4; 22 b 11.) Through another door there was access from the west. (Plate 22 b, ¢.) Considerable portions of the walls were still covered by a heavy coating of plaster. The final clearing of vault and cistern, as well as of a second cis- SUMMARY ACCOUNT OF THE EXCAVATIONS OF 1908 9 tern in the vault, was accomplished in 1909-1910. (Plate 22 ec, d, and for description of the vault Part III, Chapter IV 1 a, p. 173.) To the west of the paved platform were various structures, with masonry similar to that of the vault. In one of these used as a storeroom were found five amphore for liquids. The Preliminary Report (p. 38) states that these vessels fell to pieces. In removing the great mass of debris in front of the stairway (Plate 87 a 1), was found on July 27 in trench I, at a depth of 5.7 metres, the torso of a white marble statue of heroic size. (Plates 87 a 2; 86 h 1; compare 79 f and e.) It was lying on its back, about 2.35 metres north of the stairway and parallel therewith, its under surface somewhat lower than the bottom step of the stairway. It rested on a thin layer of dark earth. Under this was a beaten or trodden ash-colored surface, which was, as appeared later, part of the earthen floor of the sacred tract about the altar. The upper part of the body was toward the east. Head, arms, and Jegs were gone, but portions of the feet were preserved on the base. This base, the thickness of which was 13 to 14 centimetres and its sides 90 x 91 cm., was united to the trunk by a strong block 43 x 30 cm. in section. Trunk, block, and base were all of one piece. The distance from the neck to the top of the base is about 2.37 metres, from which it would appear that the original height of, the statue was approximately three metres. In the neck was a small socket for holding the head in position by means of a dowel. The fragment of a large head (Plate 86 e 1) was found on August 20th on the summit plateau, near the southern border, at the depth of about 2.5 metres. This fragment is 22 em. wide, 16 high, and 13 thick. The crown, back of the head, ears, mouth, chin, and nose are gone. Whether the head ever belonged to the statue remains uncertain. The color of the stone was different, and the quality seemed to be different. The fragment of a marble hand found between the altar and the stairway may well have belonged to the statue. (Plate 86 e 2.) On the right breast of the statue (Plate 79 f) a medal or other decoration is represented. Above the waist the body is dressed in a close-fitting garment; below, in a short skirt with flounces. All the details are carefully wrought out. Considering the quality of the marble, the pose, the workmanship, the dress, we regarded the statue as most probably that of a Roman Emperor. In this event it is natural to think of Augustus, to honor whom Herod rebuilt and renamed Samaria, and erected a temple near the spot where the statue was found. For further description of the statue see Part III, Chapter IV, after Fig. 91, p. 176. From July 30th the area of excavation was restricted, because it had become evident that not all the work which had been laid out for the summer could be accomplished. Henceforth digging was confined mainly to the summit and trench F. In widening trench H toward the west the massive foundation of a wall had been found, beginning at the southeastern corner of the paved platform and extending southward almost to the edge of the plateau. (Plate 88 f 2 2, 10 HARVARD EXCAVATIONS AT SAMARIA g 22, h 2 2.) This we believed to be the foundation of the eastern wall of the Herodian temple, a belief confirmed by the investigations of the two following years. Excavation of the space between the platform and the stairway was begun on August 4th by running a trench east and west. Near the east end of this trench was found, resting on a broad, rough wall (Plate 86 d 1), the base of a massive column turned upside down. Subsequently two similar bases were found in line with the first, likewise overturned. (Plate 86d 3.) They evidently once supported columns on the front of the temple. The overturning was prob- ably caused by the work of extracting for other uses the stone slabs on which the bases rested. See for further account of these bases Figs. 111, 112 and text. When the excavation of trench H was approaching the rock on the east of the platform, we encountered great quantities of blocks and fragments of hewn stone piled in a disorderly heap. (Plate 88 d 1 1 1.) Many of the blocks were elaborately carved, like those of Plate 89 b; 89 a, the latter placed by our workmen on one of the overturned bases. All came, of course, from the buildings which once stood on the site. Underneath them on the rock was found a thin layer of ashes mingled with charred bones and other evidences of the action of fire. In the same trench were found fragments of capitals and columns built into the lowest course of stones forming the foundation of the wall which sup- ports the platform on the east. In the wall crossing trench H near the plat- form may be seen the drum of a column thus built in. (Plate 88 e 1. Plate 88 d gives the north side of the same wall.) Clearing away of the debris east of the stairway brought to light a cir- cular press for wine or oil cut in the rock. (Plate 18 a.) Nearby were several funnel-shaped holes in the rock, so-called ‘cup holes,” such as are found through- out Palestine, which were made for supporting the pointed jars used in the country. ‘The western half of the press was covered by the wall. The press was of early origin, and probably antedates Omri’s buildings on the site. See for further description of the press Fig. 17 and text in Part II, Chapter III, p. 67. Perhaps the most interesting discovery of the summer was the great altar, which came to light in the early morning of August 8th. (Plate 86 fe) Thy was formerly covered with plaster, some of which was still in place, spotted here and there with remains of red and green paint. It stood in front of the middle portion of the stairway, very near it, and at a somewhat lower level. These facts seemed to indicate that the altar was older than the stairway, and we supposed it to be of Herodian origin. Plates 87 a, b, c, d; 18 ¢ show successive stages in the emergence of the altar. For description of the altar see Part Il, Chapter IV, Fig. 89 and text, page 174. The altar rests on a foundation of rubble or rubbish, as is seen in Plates 18 b; 87 e (beneath 4), and is not substantially built. On a level with the bottom of the altar was a floor of packed earth, which underlay the statue also, and extended to unknown limits east, north, and west. Plate 18 ¢ shows a portion of this floor. The line of the floor was also visible in the eastern wall of trench I. Plates 18 b and SUMMARY ACCOUNT OF THE EXCAVATIONS OF 1908 11 87 d give views taken before the removal of a ramp (87 d 2) composed of roughly laid stones on the northern side of the altar. This ramp, ascending from the north to the cornice at the top of the altar, is clearly younger than the altar and of uncertain use. It was 3.55 metres wide, and its base 6.45 metres long. Between the bottom of the ramp and the trodden floor was a layer of earth 20 to 25 centimetres thick. In the eastern wall of trench I, about half a metre below the level of the Herodian floor, was a heavier whitish bed, about 20 centimetres thick, marking apparently an earlier floor. On the eastern side of the altar, in a row running north and south, were four bases (Plate 18 c), on each of which formerly stood, presumably, a votive altar, like one found on the stairway, as already reported. One of the bases had a plain top. The three others were provided with sockets, and in one of these stood a votive altar, in height 95 centimetres. For description see Part III, Fig. 90 and text, page 175. On the front of the altar was an inscription (Plate 59 e) of twelve or thirteen lines, nearly all of which had perished from weathering or rough treatment, except the last three lines. These three are written largely in abbreviation. For the inscription see in next chapter Inscrip- tions, Latin, No. 31. On August 19th the digging reached rock on the west of the altar, where were found, as already mentioned (above, p. 8), certain hewn stones of Hebrew workmanship. On Plate 87 e 1= rock, 2= supporting wall at foot of stair- way, 6= bottom stair, 5= accumulated debris, 3= southwest corner of altar, 4= stone foundation resting on rubble. On the northeast of the altar, in trench I, the rock is cut away to the depth of about two metres, in a line running east and west. For explanation of this scarp see Part III, I 1 a, page 93. A few feet north of this cut was found what looked like the round or oval drum of a column. (Plate 86 f 1.) When fully dug out this proved to be the whole column, cut out of the rock, to which it was still attached. (Plate 86 f 2.) Beyond it was the lower part of an old wall running east and west. (Plate 86 f 3.) In the pit containing the column, about 1.6 metres below the top of it, were found many fragments of stucco in a variety of colors, white, black, pink, and yellow. These bits, some of which were decorated with dentils and mold- ings, crumbled badly on exposure to the air. Two of the black fragments had tude scratchings in the stucco representing a bird and an animal. See Part I, Chapter III, I B a 5 and 6, p. 17, and Plate 90b 4 and 6. Others had frag- ments of Greek inscriptions scratched upon them. (Plate 90 b 1 2 5, and Chapter III, I B a 1-3, p. 17.) Nos. 7-10 of Plate 90 b were uninscribed. Dr. Schumacher paid special attention to the architectural remains found on the summit, and Mr. Fisher did the same for those of the building near the threshing-floor, but these preliminary studies are largely superseded by the fuller and more elaborate accounts of Parts II and III. The explorers naturally felt particular interest in remains from the Hebrew period. Inasmuch as Omri seems to have been the first to build on the hill, they believed that such remains would be found in the lowest stratum. The 12 HARVARD EXCAVATIONS AT SAMARIA evidence was, of course, much confused by the building operations of later periods, which easily transferred small objects, like pottery, from lower to higher levels. Nevertheless, expectation was not disappointed. In trench H the builders of the Herodian temple usually laid its foundations on the rock, sometimes cutting through older walls to reach the rock, and sometimes using them as part of the foundation. (Plate 88 h 1 3.) In some cases it was believed that these older, massive walls might be Hebrew. The discovery that they were in fact part of the palace of Omri and Ahab was reserved for the subsequent exploration of the site. We have already seen that Hebrew building-stones were found on the rock just west of the altar, and at the eastern end of trench E. Here at least was positive evidence of Hebrew occupation. Certain massive walls on the rock in trench F gave similar evidence. A great wall found by tunneling between trenches E and F was held to be Hebrew, and attracted particular attention. Moreover, the pottery from the lower levels of these trenches seemed character- istically Hebrew. Commenting (Preliminary Report, unpublished, p. 45) on the building-stones, walls, and pottery fragments from the lowest levels, Dr. Schumacher remarks: “From these discoveries we may judge that the Israelite layer covered the bare rock surface; and, as the Tell el-Mutesellim ‘Palast’ building, showing such close resem- blance with the Sebaste Israelite stratum, is dated about the 8th century B.c,, we may be safe in calling it remains of Ahab and Jezebel’s structures of the 9th century B.C.” Excavation ended on Friday, August 21st. A week was devoted to making measures and copies, preparing duplicate lists, photographing, settling accounts, turning over to the commissioner all movable antiques, and so forth. The statue, because of the cost and difficulty of transport, was boxed in heavy boards, and left on the spot. We broke up camp on August 28th. In January, 1909, Dr. Schumacher’s Preliminary Report of the work of the season reached Cambridge. Owing to the complexity of the problems presented by the Samaria ruins and to the necessity of further work for the solution of these problems, it did not seem wise to the Committee to publish the Report. The Director of the work in 1909-1910 found much inconvenience from the dump heaps of 1908, because they had all to be moved again. Dr. Schumacher in the Report recognized that this would be the case if the excavations were continued. The only excuse, of course, for dumping on unexcayated surfaces is found in the seriousness of the difficulties encountered in 1908 and the uncer- tainty whether the work could be continued. With this went the natural desire to use expeditious methods in seeking evidence of the importance of later exca- vation. It was Dr. Schumacher’s wish not to continue after 1908 as director of the excavations. At the time when he made this wish known changes were taking place in Dr. Reisner’s other engagements which made it possible for him to take up the work at Samaria, as originally planned. T canes é ‘ he results under his directorship are given in Parts II to IV. ILLUSTRATIONS TO CHAPTER III PND = / fia end yy re Ae oo ae Pottery: Nos. 1-5, Bottles; 6-9, Jars; 10-21 (except 16, which is stone), Handles and Handle Stamps; 22-32, Fragments. 14 HARVARD EXCAVATIONS AT SAMARIA INTEMIOIO @ +384 Pottery: Nos. 1-10 (except 7, which is stone), Frag: ments; 11-29, Bowls; 30-34, Dishes. ILLUSTRATIONS TO CHAPTER III 15 stun Weng i 195 4/2 ep WED | | ip a ve f (e 4 732: Pottery: Nos. 1-2, Plates; 3-5, Weights; 6-10, Figurines, Potter’s Marks: 11-18. Glass: 19-22. Stone: 23-39, also p. 18, No. 16, and p. 14, No. 7. 16 HARVARD EXCAVATIONS AT SAMARIA y 580 VAS Bae 581 587 % A Ada). fai -28: -30 -2.7° 28 “29° ‘, } 61 ae ay 48 yy, t]8 +34 -35 36 +S G18. eon tyne 654 eo 1/3 1/3, 1/8 18 44 -45 "46" -AT- Metals: Nos. 1-15, Bronze; 16-17, Lead. Bone and Ivory: 18-21. Inscriptions: 22-50. CHAPTER III DESCRIPTION OF OBJECTS FOUND IN 1908 The work of registering, sketching, and describing the objects was done by Dr. Schumacher. Unfortunately the exigencies of the work did not always allow time for cleaning and careful study of the objects. This remark applies particu- larly to most of the coins. As a result it is impossible to give a satisfactory account of all the objects catalogued. The loss, however, is perhaps not so serious; because not much was found in 1908 which is not represented in the finds of 1909-1910, and these are happily given fully in the account of those years. The descriptions in the preceding chapter of the larger architectural and sculptured objects are much abbreviated, in order to avoid duplication of the ample account given in Part III, Chapter IV, p. 167 ff. The Register of 1908 includes 782 entries, though a few of these cover more than one object. About two-thirds of the objects fall under three classes: coins 103, lamps 277, and amphora handles 206, a total of 586. Nearly all the other material found may be grouped under the heads of inscriptions, pot- tery, and objects in stone, metal, glass, bone, and ivory. Many of these are described in this chapter, with references to pages 13-16, to Plates 84-90, and occasionally to other plates. I. INSCRIPTIONS With few exceptions the inscriptions come from the immediate vicinity of the great altar. Division B (Greek) includes: 1. The writing scratched on stucco and pottery and that which is painted on pottery; 2. Jar Handle Stamps; 3. Potters’ Marks. A, ARAMAIC OR HEBREW 1. 6, A, 18m. Fragment of stucco (9x6x38) ently mpxd (h. 4 to 6 mm.), scratched through painted red, with four Hebrew letters, appar- the paint. B. GREEK INSCRIPTIONS AND GRAFFITI a. On Stucco. 1. 734, I (northeast of altar, under level of Herodian 4. 735, I, 9m. Fragment found with 1-3. Two floor), 9 m. Fragment of stucco (8x 4.5) straight lines forming an angle, the longer 3.5 containing portions of four lines. Reading in cm., the shorter 2 cm. Uncertain whether part uncertain: OYPoE| | OICENO | AEA O}. these form part of a letter or of some other Plate 90 b 1. figure. Plate 90 b 3. 2. 737, I, 9m. Fragment (4.8x3.5) found with 5. 736, I, 9m. Fragment (5x4.2x2.8) with No. 1. Portions of two lines; first ending €1 (?); crude scratchings representing hind legs and second, P, ¢, or ¥. Plate 90 b 2. tail of a quadruped. Plate 90 b 6. 3. 738, I, 9m. Fragment (ca. 5x2.5) found 6. 742, I, 9m. Fragment with figure of body, with 1 and 2. Portions of apparently four legs, and tail of a bird? Length of figure 4.5 lines, the last ending TTPO. Plate 90 b 5. cm. Plate 90 b 4. 1The first item in these descriptions gives the running number the object, with reference to cuts (pp. 13-16) and to photo- in the respective divisions; the second item, the number as graphic reproductions (Volume II, Plates 84-90). Depths recorded in the Register; the third, the trench in or near which are given in meters (m.), and dimensions in centimeters (cm.). the object was found; and the fourth, the depth below the L.= length, h.= height, th.= thickness, d.= diameter. surface. Then follow name, dimensions, and description of 17 18 HARVARD EXCAVATIONS AT SAMARIA b. On Porrery. 1. 134, G, 2m. Scratched on the bottom of a plate in two lines: AIOMHC|MAPIAC. Page 13, No. 30; Plate 89 f 3. See under III H, No. 6 (p. 24). 2. 629, F, 4.5m. Scratched on fragment of neck of jar: EITIAOA|. Page 13, No. 32. See III G, No. 3 (p. 23). c. JAR Hanpie Sramps. 3. 631, F, 5.8m. Six letters painted brown on a fragment of pottery: AOYYOII? Page 14, No. 1. See III G, No. 12. 4, 678, G, 3 m. The word [ITT]TTOKPATEYC painted in bright red on neck of jar. Page 14, No. 3. See III G, No. 4. Of the 206 Rhodian Jar Handles 33 have circular, the others rectangular stamps. Some seventy of these are partly or altogether illegible. About half of the stamps begin with the preposition ETTI, followed by the name of an official, in a few instances by the word for priest and then the name of the official. The following list of about 155 stamps is arranged alphabeti- cally according to the name of the man, or, in case there is none, according to the name of the month. The numbers following the stamps are the registration numbers. AT AQOKAEY® 127. ETT |JEPEQS[AF AOO]KAEYS 211. Lily. ATPIANIOY | ATAQOKAEY= 102. YAKINOIOY ATAOOKAEY 661. EjTTl ATE| STPATOY | APTAMITIOY 554. ATOPANAKTOS| TTANAMOY 5380. JOZOIKOY | [AF PIAJNIOY 729. AOHN[OJAOTOY 22. Plate 89h 4. A@AEA (or AENEA®) 155. A@QOZ 107. Round. Helios head within. ETT! AO (?) [ ] 115. AINH3SIAAMOY | ATPIANIOY 173. TT [AINH]21A | AMOY YAKINGIOY 17. | AINH[SIAAMOY]| GBESMOPOPIOY 20. Plate 89 Joyal ETTI| AAE=I, MAXOY| GESM!O¢OPI0Y 504. 'M upside down. ETT! AAAI, KPA[TE]Y2 TTEAAT EI[T]NYOY 79. AMYNTA 555. ‘Tree, r. AMY[NTA] 170. ETT| ANAPIA| APTAMITIOY 475. ETT! ANAPIA| SMINOIOY 438. ETT| ANAPO| NEIKOY | AAAIOY 158, ETT| ANAPONI KOY BAAPOM[IOY] 199. AN | APONIKO8 (?) 86. Lily above. ANTIMAXOY 565. AN[ JOY 176. JAPATOY? 171. ETT] APATOPANEY® YAKINGIOY(?) 188. Round. Lily within. ETT IEPEQS | APATOPANEYS TTANAMOY 585, APIHO(?)Y 644. On half of a double handle. APIZTEIAA AAA[IOY] 724. Round. Figure within. ETT! APIZ TEIAA 620. ETT! APISTEIAA|S[MIJN[Q]IOY 487. ETTI[APIS]| TEIAA| APTAMITIOY 561. APISTIQNOZ 18, 208. APISTIONOS 546. ETT! APIS; TOAAMOY 141. EJITIAL JAMOY 220. Star, 1. ETT| APISTO| KPATEY= TTANAMOY 189. ETT! A[PISTJOKPA| TEYS TTANA|MOTY 133. APIZTOK| PATOY 57. AJPISTOK[PJATOY 61. EtTl] APIS, TOKPATOY | YAKIN@IOY 114, APIZTOPAN | EY= 197. mmm ETTI APISTO| #ANEYS|TTANAMOY 112. ETT! APISTO| STPATOY =MINOIOY 599. APISTOY 148, 575. EB E A Tl APM(?)OSIA(?)A 533. Helios head, 1. APO(?)|[ ]A(2?)AAI 81. Helios head, 1. PANO) A[ ]Ol ? 39. Obscure figure, r. JAPOA0?[ JNYOY 509. ETT AL] | TTOATIOS]| TANAMOY 574. EIT! AL ]| AMOY 220. ETI AL ]PIAA|[ ]| APTAMITIOY 56. BROMIOY 121; 451 (with helios head, r.); 606 (B[RO] MIOY), T]YMNASTOY 30. Palm branch. Head with helmet. Plate 89 h 2. AAMOKPATEY2 214. Round; 505 round. Lily within; 232 written backwards. Round. Lily within. AJAMOK[RATEYS] 520. Round. ETT[] AAMOKPAR]TEYS YA[KINOIOY] 559. A?]AMONIKOY 628. ETT! AAMO[Y]| ATPIANIOY 656. AIOKAEIAS(?) 454. AIONY | CIOC | [ 657. AIOY 95. AQPOS | GESMOPOLPIOY] 38. E E IE, B PMIA 46. TT] EPQNOZ 583. A second line, illegible. ESTIOY | [A]JTPIANIOY gg. TT! EY[AJAIMOYPOAOY TTANAMOY 299. Round. Lily within. ElT!l EYAA MOY ATPIA| NIOY 446. ETTl EYAA| MOY TTA| NAMOY 643. ETT! EYAAMO| YAAAIOY 531. HPAKAEY2 215. Lily below. ETI GAPS! TTOAIOS 664. ETT! GAPSITTOAIOS | TANAMOY AEYTEPO[Y] 462. ETT] OAPSITTOAIOS | TEAATEITNYOS 544. ETT! GAPSITTOAIOS | GESMOPOPIOLY] 662. E}TT] GAT S[ITTOAIOS]| APTA [MITIOY] 556. ETT! GAPS! | NO[AIOS] AAAIOY 142. Written back- wards. DESCRIPTION OF OBJECTS FOUND IN 1908 19 ETT! GEQAAMOY APTAMITIO[Y] 461. Round. Lily within. ETT! 6EO| AQPOY 91. Part of a figure below. ETT! 6[EO] | A[QPOY] 123. Helios head, 1. ETT! GEOAQPOS | ATPIANIOY 577. ETL J]OESMOPOPTI]OY 482. E} IT! © ]Y |GESMOS[OPIOY] 551. ETT! KAAI| KPATEY2 448. Helios head, 1. ETT IEPE[Q]E KAAAIKPA 213. ETI] KAAAIN[IKO3] 219. Star in three corners. KAPNEIOY | AFPIANIO[Y] 218. JQNOZ KAPNEIOY 144. Round. Lily within. ETT! KAEQNY MOY |[AP]TAM[ITIJOY 185. KPEON | TOS 174. KPEONTO2|YAKINOIOY 140. KPEONT O02 BAAP |OMIOC(?) 275. Month name very uncertain. AY2IMAXO% 159. Anchor below. MAP3YA| @ESMO%OPIOY 207. AAAIO[Y]| MAP2YA 553. MENQNO® 501. Club (?) below. MENQNO2 BAAPOMIO2 624. Round. Written back- wards. Lily within. MIAA 444. Acorn, r. Caduceus (?) below. MIKY®OY 217. Round. Branch. Rosette within. ]MO[T]JENO? 598. Round. Lily within. MYTEQN 499. Helios head, 1. NEIAOY | TANAMOY 23. ETTI NIKA,| 2ATOPA 40. Helios head, 1. ETT! NIKASACOPA 489. Round. Dolphin within. ETT| NIKASA TOPA|TTANAMOY 156; 698. Written backwards. ETT [NIKAJZAr OPA BAAPOMIOY 186. NIKATIAOS® 545. ETT! NIKQNOZ 190. Round. Lily within. ETT| [=ENOPANEYS ALPIANIOY 210. ETT! [E]JENOPANEYS Y[A]KINOI[O]Y 178. ETTI ZENOPANEYS APTA(=A)MITIO 453. Round. Lily within. Z for =. d. Porrers’ Marks. 1. 36, G, Letters FA incised on flat bottom of a pottery lamp. Page 15, No. 11. 2. 138, G, 1m. Letter K stamped on jar handle in addition to a circular seal impression. Page 15, No. 12. 3. 195, G, 2.25m. Obscure character in a circle on jar handle. Page 15, No. 13. 4. 196, F, 5m. Twoletters (EL?) near bottom of large amphora. Page 15, No. 14. 221, I, 4m. EI in circle on jar handle. Page 15, No. 15. on =E]JNOPONEYS | [AT PIAJNIOY 191. OAYMTTIOY 37. ETT! ONAS!I, ANAPOY 445. ETT! ONHSIAAMOY TTANAMOY 89, within. ETT! [ONJHSI[AAMOY(?)] 92. Helios head, 1. ONASIOIKOY 113. Round. Lily TTATYAPES(?) 573. JTTANAMOY 502; 216 round, lily within; 412 (one or two lines lost); 59 TTANAMOY | [ ] | APIONI? Helios head, r; 500 [TT]ANAMOY after an illegible line. TTACIA 415. On half of a double handle. TTASIQN | ATPIANIO 452. TTAYSANIA 483. ETT! TAY |[SA]NIA 233. ETT IEPEQS TTAYSANIA 488. ETTl] TAYSA| NIA) YAKINOIOY 175. ETT! [TTJAYSANIA YAKINOIOY 138. Round. Within, ANKY(?) and sheep’s head (?). ETT! TTAYSA[NIA] 485. A second line illegible. [ ] TI[AYSJANIA 193. Second line; first and third lost. ETT! TEIZ1 STPATOY [BJAAPOMIOY 558. ETT IEPJEQS TIOAYKPATOY MHNO8 A{ 147. Round. Lily. ETT! SQ=TPATOY AAAIOY 449. Round. Lily within. S]@THPI|[ J@AIPOY 450. YAKIN@IOY 209 (third line. Two lines lost). ETI ] YAK{INOIOY] 417. PANIA 486. PIAAINIOY 506. SIAAINIOY|[ O(?) JMOY 55. AAAIOY | PIAAINIOY 695. Wreath, 1. ETT! PIAOAAMOY | AT[PIJANIOY 19. Plate 89 h 3. PIAOKAEA 274. ETTI XO. MONO SMINOIOY 87. Lily above. XPH2IMOY 665. Round. Lily within. 6. 442, A, 0.8m. M incircle on bottom of lamp. Page 15, No. 16. 522, F, 2.5m. Cross mark made after baking on bottom of pottery jar. Page 15, No. 17. 8. 630, F, 4.5m. Letters YTT on handle of small bottle. Possibly not a potter’s mark, but part of a broken stamp. Page 15, No. 18. 9. 33, F, 2m. Marching soldier? in oval on an amphora handle. Page 18, No. 12. 10. 32, F, 1.75m. Stamp in an oval on amphora handle. Seems to be TOEP with P reversed. Page 13, No. 11. NI C. LATIN INSCRIPTIONS The Latin inscriptions are all on fragments of stone, which, with the exception of the two votive altars (Nos. 30 and 31 below), are bits of inscribed marble tablets. Of the size of these tablets there is no indication. 1. 148, A, 1m. Fragment (10x 10x 5) with the eight letters (4 cm. high) in two lines: ONIS| IIC!. Page 16, No. 22. 2. 202, G, 4m. Fragment (11x 12x 2) with four letters (h. 8 em.), the first apparently I, fol- lowed by III. Page 16, No. 23 20 HARVARD EXCAVATIONS AT SAMARIA 3. 537, H, 4.5m. Fragment (d. 5.5, th. 1.4), 17. 613, Do., Do. Fragment with part of one rounded as if intended for as a weight. letter (right leg of A?). Page 16, No. 38; Plate Three letters, V apparently, S, and T of larger 90 g 15. : size. Page 16, No. 24. 18. 614, Do., Do. Fragment with parts of four ? 4. 538, H, 4.5m. Fragment (6x 6x 1.4), rounded letters. Page 16, No. 39; Plate 90 ¢ 20. like No. 3. Portions of four letters in two lines. 19. 615, Do., Do. Fragment with parts of two Page 16, No. 25. letters. Page 16, No. 40; Plate 90 g¢ 1. 5. 539, : H, 4.5m. Fragment (10.5 x 7.7 x 1.6). 20. 616, Do., Do. Fragment with parts of two The letters TRIB, abbreviation mark, and por- letters. Page 16, No. 41; Plate 90 g 6. tions of three other letters. Page 16, No. 26. 21. 617, Do., Do. Fragment with XII or IIX? 6. 580, G, 4m. Fragment (15x7) with letters Page 16, No. 42; Plate 90 g 4. VE. Page 16, No. 22. 618, Do., Do. Fragment with letters C (bro- 7. 580a, G, 4m. Reverse of No. 6 with the let- ken) and A, both painted red. Page 16, No. 43. tersIC? Page 16, No. 28; Plate 90 g 7. This fragment joins No. 26, which contains the 8. 581, G, 5.5m. Fragment with letters PASI other half of C. Page 16, Nos. 47 and 43; Plate painted red. A and $ seem certain, P and I 90 g 16 and 17. highly probable, Page 16, No. 29; Plate 90 ¢ 11. 23. 618a, Do., Do. Other side of No. 22, with 9. 587, nearaltar, 4m. Fragment with part of letters AN (h. ca. 6 em.) and parts of two one letter. Page 16, No. 30; Plate 90 g 8. other letters. ‘Evidently unfinished bit, for 10. 588, Do., Do. Fragment with letter V, in- ines are drawn to indicate width of letters.” clining like the IC of No. 7. Page 16, No. 31; Page 16, No. 44. Plate 90 g 2. 24. 638, Do., 4.5m. Fragment of part of V or A. 11. 607, Do., Do. Fragment with AX and abbrevia- Page 16, No. 45; Plate 90 g 13. tion mark. Page 16, No. 32; Plate 90 g 18 and 19. 25. 634, Do., 4.5m. Fragment with part of A ? 12. 608, Do., Do. Fragment with parts of three? or V? Page 16, No. 46; Plate 90 g 9. letters. Page 16, No. 33; Plate 90 g 14. 26. 654, Do. Fragment with M ? P and half of C, 13. 609, Do., Do. Fragment with parts of two joining No. 22, giving1? M? P. CA. Page 16, etters. Page 16, No. 34; Plate 90 g 12. No. 47; Plate 90 g 16 and 17. 14. 610, Do, Do. Fragment with part of one 27. 654a. Other side of No. 26, with portions of letter. Page 16, No. 35; Plate 90 g 10. three letters of different style. Page 16, No. 48. 15. 611, Do. Do. Fragment with part of one 28. 655, near altar. Fragment with portion of one letter. Page 16, No. 36; Plate 90 g 21. letter. Page 16, No. 49; Plate 90 g 3. 16. 612, Do. Do. Fragment with parts of four 29. 667, Do. Fragment with part of one letter. letters in two lines. Page 16, No. 37; Plate 90g 5. Page 16, No. 50. Whether the fragments of the foregoing list represent one inscription or several, it is impossible to say definitely; but there are indications that they represent more than one. In the reproductions on page 16 it is evident that the letters on Nos. 28, 31, and 33 slant more than those on the other fragments. Moreover, since 47 and 43, which belong together (Plate 90 g 16, 17), are inscribed also on the back (48, 44), this writing on the back would seem to be a different inscription rather than a continuation of that on the front. Hight of the fragments (47, 43, 27, 29, 24, 32, 23, 42) seem to belong to one and the same inscription, which, by the aid of similar inscriptions (see H. Dessau, Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, I, p. 68 f.), may be partly restored, as follows: iMP. CAe. VEsPASIanus augVSTus pont. mAX. TRIB. Pot. vIII imp. XIIx, &e. Dr. Schumacher recognized the first three words, also the words mAX., TRIB., and XII, as parts of one inscription. Professor Albert A. Howard, of Harvard University, has made several additional contributions to the understanding of the inscription, by pointing out the correct order of the words, by seeing the middle portion of the title augustus in the VST of fragment 24, by recognizing the significance of the fragmentary P after the letters TRIB., and by the conjectural readings of the numerals. If these readings are correct, the inscription belongs to the year 77-78 A.D. See Dessau, loc. cit., No. 253. 30. 198, G, above stairw: Votive altar of lime- page 8 for discovery; text to Part III, Fig. 91 stone with dedicatory inscription. See Plate 59 d; for description. The inscription reads: i 10) 5 lite “To Jupiter Optimus Maximus MIL. VIXIL# Vexillaries of the COH. Pt. SVP. Cohorts of Upper Pannonia CIVES.SISC Gitizens of Siscia Il .VARCIAN. Varciani ET LATOBICI. And Latobici SACRVM’.FECER®. Have dedicated (this object).”’ 1After I and O is a heart-shaped leaf with curved stem. (Fig. character lying on one side, or a cross. After MIL this char- 91.) In the other lines the word-separator is a y-shaped acter is connected by a curved stem with a leaf. 31. 752. DESCRIPTION OF OBJECTS FOUND IN 1908 21 A votive altar similar to No. 30, found at the southeast corner of the great altar, standing on a base in line with two other bases on the north and one on the south. (Plates 18 b; 59 e. For discovery see page 11 above, and for description text to Fig. 90, Page 175.) On the side of the column which faced the east there had been a Latin inscription of some twelve or thirteen lines. Three-fourths of this inscription was obliterated, mainly, no Il. The Register records the discovery of one hundred and three coins in 1908. owing to the heavy coating of patina or to the action of rust, were illegible. CO. coins is said by the Register to be copper in one but in most cases the metal is not named. tine, and three Pheenician. found together in t in a purse or wrapped in a cloth. Fifty-two coins, varyi he debris of the vaulted chamber. In the followir something more may be reported than the place o il, > 3. 4, 2Lines 1-3 are to be read: Jarii cohortium Panno! 153, A, 0.5m. Oby., bust r. letter M. Illegible inscription on Looks like a Follis of Anastasius, might also be one of Justin I or Diam. 3.2 (2.9). 540, south of paved platform, in a joint of the Herodian temple wall, 24m. Obv., tripod with urn; in left field, date (year 3); in right field, monogram seemingly composed of letter P on top of letter T; around, BAZIAEQ? HPQAOY (Herod the Great, king of Judea 40-4 B.C.) surrounded by a circle of dots. Rey., a pointed, helmet-shaped head-dress surmounted by a star; on either side a palm Rev., large both sides. though it Justinian. branch; on outer edge a circle of dots. Un- usually fine specimen. Diam. 1.6 (1.4), th. 2 mm. Cf. Volume II, plate 63, No. 159, and British Museum Catalogue, Palestine, page 220, Nos. 1-10, and plate XXIII, Nos. 14-16. 621, G (cistern), 7.6m. Coin of the time of the Procurators in Judea under Tiberius, of type describe at in Teal Museum Catalogue, Pales- tine, pag having on obv. TIB | | KAI| CAP within a wreath, and on rey. a i branch, IOY AIA, and date. On oby. of our coin the wreath is faintly visible. On rey. the palm branch and IOY AIA are recognizable. Diam. 2.2 (2), th. 2 mm. 635, G (cistern), 8m. Medallion of Hadrian. Oby., bust of the emperor 1., and HAD of the name HADRIANYS AVG. COS. III. P. P. Reyv., four children holding the attributes of the four seasons, and traces of TEMPORVM FELICITAS. Diam. ca. 3. See Cohen, Dé- scription, II, page 225, No. 1436. Jovi Optimo Maximo milites vixil- ne Superioris. 8With vixillarii compare vexillatio, Plate 59 f. ‘The abbre' the foot of P forms the left leg. bounded on the north and ea: into Upper and Low cation of this altar was therefore not earlier than 117. ation for Pannonia is a P with a small A, of which The province of Pannonia, by the Danube, was divided an (117-138 a.p.). The dedi- Siscia by Hi NS “I 10. doubt, by action of the weather. In places the appearance of the surface is such as to raise the suspicion that an older inscription has been defaced to make room for a later. In the last three lines individual letters may be made out with greater or less probability, but the uncer- tainty is too great to allow even a guess as to the context. On the at the bottom of the column there seem to be faint traces of four other lines of writing. moldings Many of these, The metal of the instance, and bronze in a good many others, Two of the coins are said to be Arabic, three Byzan- ng in diameter from 6 to 16 millimetres, were They may have once been a small hoard ng list only those coins are included of which discovery. 636, G (cistern), 8m. On reverse a galley. Diam. r 637, G (cistern), 8m. Oby., bust of Constan- tius II with diadem r., and traces of FL. IVL. CONSTANTIVS P.F. AVG. Rev., around traces of figures, [FEL. TEMP.] REPARATIO. Diam. 2.3. See Cohen, VII, page 445, No. 30. 649, near altar, in Greek stratum beneath Herodian floor-level, 5m. Obv., head of Athena r., with crested helmet; parts of four lette Rey., MIAHTOTTOAITQ[N] around an owl with double body. Diam. 1.7, th. 0.25. See British Museum Catalogue, Mysia, page 91 Sidonian (?) coin. and plate XXI, No. 1. 652, H, 4 m. Billon of “Antoninianus” (so-called) of Salonina, queen of Gallienus. Oby., bust of Salonina r., with diadem; and SALONINA AVG. Rev., Gallienus standing r., receiving a victory from the hands of Rome seated holding a Noe and ROMAE AETERNAE. Diam. 2 (1.91), th. 2mm. See Cohen, V, page 507, Nin. 103. 660, near altar, above Herodian floor-level. Oby., standing male figure holding an object in extended right hand. Rey., head r., ap- parently of a female. Diam. 1.4. The coin resembles one with the word EBASTO published by Dérpfeld in Troja und Ilion, page 485, plate 62, No. 38. 670, F (cistern), 8.8m. Obv., head of Zeus r., with diadem. Rey., eagle mit open wings, and [TTTOAE] MAIOY [BASIAEQ3]. (=Ptol- emy II.) Diam. 2.6, th. 0.4. See British Museum Catalogue, Ptolemaic Kings, page 25, Nos. 14-19, and plate IV, Nos. 3, 4, was a town; the Varciani and the Latobici, tribes of Upper Pannonia. In the C the letter I. ’Possibly we should read ET. "The R in s added Cf. ET in next line. erum seems to have been omitted in the writing and equently. See Plate 59 d. *Fecer for fecerunt. Ws 12. 13. to no 6. NI HARVARD EXCAVATIONS AT SAMARIA 678, A, 4m. Bust of Constantine the Great r., with diadem; around, CONSTANTI NVSMAXAVG. Rev., two soldiers standing, each holding a spear with one hand, the other hand resting on a shield; between them two stand ; GLOR IAEXERC ITVS; in ex. SMANT. Diam. 1.85, th.1 mm. Cohen, VII, page 257, No. 244. 730, G, 1m. Coin of Ascalon? Obyv., head of Tyche. Rev., eagle. Diam. 1.3, th. 2 mm. 740, vault, 5.4m. Bust of Philip Sr. r., with laurel wreath; IMP. M. IVL. PHILIPPVS Il. Borvies. 16, E, 5m. Bottle (7.5, top d. 1.8, middle d. 4.5, bottom d. 1.5). Reddish pottery. Top and bottom lost. Page 13, No. 1. 63, E, “under debris of Greek wall.” ? Bottle (9.5x 5.5). Hard, red pottery, thick ware, red slip. Neck and foot lost. Page 13, No. 2. 101, G, 2m. Bottle (7.5, middle d. 4.3). Reddish clay, hard, thick, coarse ware, unglazed. Neck broken. Page 18, No. 3. 476, G, 4m. Bottle (13.8 x 4.8). Foot and part of neck lost. Light red pottery, primitive ware, outside ribbed, red paint. Page 13, No. 5. 111, G, 2m. Bottle (10, d. 2.7 top and bot- tom, ca. 7 middle). Coarse, red, heavy pottery, two handles, foot flat and small. Page 13, No. 4. Cups. 85, A, 2.5m. Roman cup (h. ca. 4.8, top d. ca. 9, bottom d. 4.6). Large fragment, top broken. Terra sigillata, bright red, thin, hard ware, incised ornaments. Polished exterior. 98, G, 2m. Fragment of cup (h. 4, d. 15.5). Gray, hard, homogeneous pottery, gray glaze. 108, G, 0.6m. Fragment of cup with two handles (7.5x4.8). Thin, fine, Greek ware, black gl 494, G, upper rim. ornamentation in relief. 679, F (cistern), 9m. Hard, thin pottery, Course, rough exterior. Plate 89 d 2. 744, G (cistern), 5m. Arabie cup (h. 10, d. 11). Gray ware, hard, ribbed, one handle. Plate 89 e 1. 711, F (cistern), ment (7 x6x6). hand-finished. 5m. Fragment (8x4), including Fine, brown, Greek ware, with leaf Page 14, No. 20. Arabic cup (12x 12). ribbed, one handle. Thick at bottom. 11m. Cup or lamp. Frag- Hard, gray ware, red slip, Dis 64, E (under debris of Greek wall). 5,3, d. 12.2, th. 0.83), one half. Greek pottery, hollow foot. 99) AG eium. Dish (h. Hard, thin, red, Red slip. Fragment (12x 8) of bottom of “Greek Wall” is Dr. Schumacher’s name for a wall running N. and §, west of the summit. 14. AVG. Rev., Victory marching 1., holding crown and palm branch; [VICTJORIA AVG. In field 1. S, r. C. (=Senatus consulto). Diam. 2.8, th. 3 mm. Coin of Marcus Julius Philip- pus. Cohen, V, page 117, No. 232. 7Al, 54m. Oby., bust of Elagabalus r.; IMP. CAES. M. AV. ANTONINVS AVG. Reyv., Astarte standing 1, with left foot on trophy, crowned by Nike, who stands on a column |.; SEPT|IM.|T)VRO. In ex. COLO. Diam. ca. 2.8. British Museum Catalogue, Phoenicia, page 273, Nos. 388-392. vault, POTTERY 3. on 6. 10. 11. 13. 14, 15. 16, Arabic dish. Red ware, yellow and green glaze, brown stripes on interior. Page 14, No. 9. 492, F, 2.5m. Bottom (5 cm.) of Greek vessel (dish?). Red pottery, black glaze. Rosette stamped in middle of interior. Page 13, No. 28. 110, G, 0.5m. Part of bottom of flat dish (9 x 6, th. 0.6). Bright red terra sigillata. In centre of interior, small stamp with letters AOC. Page 14, No. 30. 149, E, 4.5m. Greek dish (h. 2.5, d. 17, d. of foot 11.7), ca. one-sixth lost. Fine, red pottery, black glaze. In interior, striated pattern. Page 14, No. 31; Plate 89 f 6. 166, E, 3m. Dish (upper d. 18, d. of foot 7.5, h. 6.5, th. 0.9 and 1.3). Gray-red, coarse ware, ribbed horizontally. Brick-red slip in interior, brick-red paint with splotches on exterior. Page 14, No. 33. 167, E, 3m. Dish fragment (h. 5.5, d. ca. 20) similar to No. 6. Plate 89 f 32. 68, E, 3m. Dish (h. 8.3, upper d. 19.5, foot 6.9). Homogeneous, yellowish, hard ware, red slip in interior, exterior of upper rim painted brick-red. G} 2.5m. Dish (h. 4.5, upper d. 13, th. Hard, fine red pottery, outside dull and coarsely painted, grayish glaze inside. 79, A, 16m. Dish fragment (h. 3.5, bottom d. 9?). Coarse, primitive work, gray pottery painted red on both sides. 83, A, 1m. Dish fragment (h. 3.2, d. ca. 22). Red, hard pottery, incised perpendicular lines on exterior. Page 14, No. 15. 439, I, 1.8m. Dish fragment (9x8). On bot- tom of interior a rosette in white and brown paint surrounded by white dots. Page 14, No. 27; Plate 89 f 23. 261, G, 3m. Fragment (10.5 x6) of bottom of Greek vessel (dish or plate). Hard, fine red pottery, black glaze. Stamped ornaments. Page 14, No. 18; Plate 89 f 17. 262, G, 4m. Fragment (diameter of foot 8) of bottom of Greek vessel, with incised ornaments and four small stamp impressions. Page 14, No. 32; Plate 89 f 18. 510, I, 2m. Dish fragment (10x7). Terra sigillata, with obscure stamp. Page 13, No. 29. 516, I, 2m. Dish fragment (11.5x4). Fine along the western edge of the first terrace 17. 19. no iS) DESCRIPTION OF OBJECTS FOUND IN 1908 23 Greek ware, black glaze, ivy designs in white paint. Page 14, No. 34; Plate 89 f 30. 548, G, 3m. Dish fragment (4x2). Hard, gray ware with remains of paint, red-brown and cobalt blue. Hand-made? 557, F. Dish fragment (h. 6.5, d. 16.5). Hard, red pottery, red slip. Late Israelite. Page 13, No. 25. 567, F, 3.8m. Dish fragment (10x7; d. of foot 13). Flat. Fine, yellowish ware, red slip, seal in circle. FIGURINES. 161, G, 2m. Female head (3.5 x 2.5) wrapped in a scarf. Pink pottery, fine ware and work. Fragment of a statuette. Page 15, No. 8; Plate 89 f 4. 523, G, 3m. Female figure (8x4.5), fat, seated, holding a vase. Roman? Hollow, feet lost, small hole in head. Gray ware, well burnt. Page 15, No. 10. 126, G (western end), 3m. Crude head of horse (8x7). Greek. Page 15, No. 6; Plate 89 f 24. 224, G (vault), 5m. Head and _ elongated neck of horse (1. 10). Red-brown, hard pottery, black slip. Eyes and bridle painted white. Pot handle. Page 15, No. 7; Plate 89 f 14. 263, A, 0.5m. Head of animal (I. 3.5), broken. Red pottery. Plate 89 f 20. 225, A, Torso of quadruped (I. 9), head and legs lost. Gray pottery, red paintings to indicate harness or trappings. Page 15, No. 9. 5.5 m. JARS. 541, 2.5m. Yellowish, fine ware. askew. Page 13, No. 7. 719, F (cistern), 11m. Arabic jar (42.5 x 25). Pointed bottom, two handles, sides flattened, horizontal ribs, blisters on exterior. Yellowish, hard pottery, badly burnt. Page 13, No. 9. 722, G (cistern), 6m. Jar of same ware and shape as No. 2. Jar (4.5x5, d. of foot 2.8). Foot flat, but slightly HANDLES. 25, E (easternend). Piece of jar handle (6x 3x1.2). Ribbed lengthwise. Red pottery. Page 13, No. 10. 76, E (slope), 0.7m. Jar handle (5.5x4.2xd. 1.4). Yellow, hard, fine pottery, black glaze. Red slip in interior. Page 13, No. 13. 96, G, 1.5m. Fragment of jar handle (2.2 wide). Part of stamp showing bird or tail of animal ? 135, G, Jar handle (8.5 x d. 2) of rope- twist form, fine, hard, yellow ware. Three red-brown bands at union with jar. Page 13, No. 15; Plate 89 f 5. 223, G, 2m. Jar handle (d. 2.7) in shape of ear, hollow, with effaced stamp. Page 13, No. 18; Plate 89 f 15. 2m. 6. “I 10. 11. G. i) on 690, F (cistern), 9.3 m. Jar handle fragment (9x8) representing head of animal? Coarse, red pottery mixed with small white stones. Page 13, No. 20. 699, F, 8m. Fragment (20x12) of a large jar with at least three handles. Hard, black ware, coarse exterior, hand-finish. Page 13, No. 21. 630, F, 4.5m. Broken handle (1.6x?) of small bottle. Yellow-gray, fine Greek ware, drab slip. Seal impression or potter’s mark: YTT. Page 15, No. 18. 718, F (cistern), 11m. Handle and neck of Greek bottle (h. 11.5). Fine, brown ware, glazed. Plate 89 d 6. 77, E(on slope west of Greek wall), 0.4m. Handle (8x7 to 10; 1.5 average thickness) of sacrificial ? dish. Coarse, ware mixed with white stones. Lower surface flat. On upper surface in relief human head with helmet or cap. Page 13, No. 14. 203, G, 4m. Handle (12x 4.5) of pan. Hard, red pottery, primitive make. Page 13, No. 17; Plate 89 f 13. 264, G, 4m. Pot handle fragment (5 cm.), decorated. Red-yellow pottery. Page 13, No. 19; Plate 89 f 19. For No. 16 of page 13 see IV, Stone Objects, No. 4. gray JAR FRAGMENTS. 41, F, 2.5m. Neck of large jar, of thick hard, reddish pottery. Stamp nearly illegible (3.3 x 1.7), probably a potter’s mark. Reading may be OMTT. Page 13, No. 6. 563, G, 4.2m. Upper part (h. 8.5, d. of mouth 4.3) of jar, exterior burnt yellow and red over open flame, interior burnt gray. Coarse pottery mixed with white stones. Late Israelite. Page 18, No. 8; Plate 89 d4,f 22. 629, F, 4.5m. Amphoraneck (11x14). Hard, yellowish ware with Greek graffiti scratched after the burning. Page 13, No. 32. 673, G, 3m. Neck (12 cm. wide) of amphora, with Greek name [ITT]TTOKPATEYC painted with brush bright red. Hard ware mixed with small stones. Page 14, No. 3. 196, F, 0.4m. Bottom (d. 7) of large am- phora. Hard, red, co: pottery. Two incised letters. Potter’s mark? Page 15, No. 14. 522, BF, 2:5 mm. agment (7 x 6) of bottom of jar. Hard, gray ware, uneven surface, yellow slip. eafter burning. Page 15, No. 17; 34, F, 2m. Fragment (1. 10, w. 7 to 3.5x1 thick) of fine Greek amphora. Fine, hard, gray war f Head of bird painted in sepia (s) and sienna (s’) on outside; black varnish inside. Page 14, No. 6. 44, E (under Greek wall). Fragment (8x9 tapering to 1, 1.5 thick) of jar. Coarse, gray, not homogeneous clay mixed with bits of basalt and sand. Red slip on both sides. Circular indentations on upper part. Page 14, No. 5. 69, E (under Greek wall). Fragment (4.7 x 2.8 ils 12. i: i) 6. x 10. 11. 13. HARVARD x 0.6) of small jar. Pottery, cobalt blue. Fine, homogeneous, blue ware throughout. 547, F, 2.5 m. Fragment (8 x 7.5x0.8) of old Jewish jar. Hard, black ware, red slip interior and exterior. Two black (dark-brown) painted bands. Page 13, No. 24. 562, F, Fragment (12x8) of jar. Ribbed interior and exterior, hard, red pottery, one handle. The first four letters of a name beginning ATTOA, scratched in the burnt clay. Page 14, No. 2. 631, 5.3m. Fragment (8 x ¢ of hard, whitish pottery, with five Greek letters and part of a sixth painted brown: AOYYOII ? Page 14, No, 1. 3.5 m. Jues, Pircners, PLar: AND Ports. 150, A, 1m. Arabic jug (h. 11, d. 9, d. of mouth 2.6), ribbed, one handle, flat bottom. Hard, black, coarse pottery. Plate 89 d 5. 718, F (cistern), 11m. Pitcher (h. 18, d. of foot 7.8, of lip 8.8). Good, reddish ware, drab slip, one handle, hollow foot. Plate 89 d 3. 712, G (cistern), Pitcher (21x17). Good, reddish ware, one handle, drab slip. Plate 89d 1. 124, G, Im. Fragment (6x2.7) of Terra sigillata, bright red. 5.5, 5.5 m. plate. ir concentric circles. Three small seal impressions (crabs ?). Page 15, No. 1. 125, I, 3.5 m. Fragment (12 x 8) of large plate. Terra sigillata. Stamp in interior sur- rounded by circle. Page 15, No. 2 134, G, 2m. Fragment (10x 7.6) of plate. sigillata. On bottom three concentric d. of innermost 10.2 m. Therein in two s incised inscription in Greek: AIOMHC MAPIAC. Page 13, No. 30; Plate 89 f 3. 568, F, 3.8m. Fragment (7x3, d. of foot 7) of bottom of plate or dish. Good ware, black glaze. On interior a stamp impression. 60, E (in joints of Greek wall). Fragment (8x 5) of Greek pot or bowl, upper part. Fine, hard ware, black slip on exterior, interior painted red-brown. 90, G, 0.5m. (pot or bowl ?). Fragment of bottom of vessel Terra sigillata. Fine, thin, polished ware. Square stamp with raised let- ters in a circle on bottom of interior: VAX Page 13, No. 27. 491, F, (9x6) of pot. Hard, coarsely burnt. Interior painted red and decorated with numerous punc- tures made with a triangular point. Page 14, No. 10; Plate 89 f 25. 105, G, 2m. Top part (h. 2.8, 1.3) of small pot or bowl (d. ca. 4). Black glazed ware, very thick walls. 184, A, 1.5m. Fragment (11x9) of pot, of hard, red-gray ware, thick walls, incised orna- m. Fragment ware, mentation. Probably Byzantine. Page 14, No. 16. 572, F, 3.8m. Fragment (10x7, d. of flat foot 6) of pot or bowl. Coarse, thick, gray ware, rough exterior (stones in the clay). Red slip. Tr ls x (e) 10. slike 13. 14. EXCAVATIONS AT SAMARIA Graffiti on exterior made before slip was put on. Page 13, No. 31. Bow .s. 35, F, 2m. Fragment (8 x 4.5 x 0.6) of upper part of bowl. Hard, fine, red terra sigillata ware, with brick-red slip. Edge decorated with raised egg and dart ornament. Page 14, No. 11. 45, F, 2.5m. Fragment (9x5 to 1x 0.4) of Greek pottery. Fine, hard, thin terra sigillata. Brick-red slip on exterior and interior, lustrous and brighter on exterior. Raised molding of egg and dart pattern. Dancing figures between rosettes. Page 14, No. 12. 74, HE, 0.5 m. Fragment (4 x 3.3 x 0.55) of bowl of classical Greek type, dark, red, hard pottery, black slip. Columns and architrave with meander pattern. Page 14, No, 75, E, 0.5m. Fragment (3.3 x 2.5 x 0.55) from same bowl as No. 3. Page 14, No. 24. 78a, E(slope), 0.4m. Fragment (10x 6 x 9.25) of small vessel. Hard, fine, thin, red ware, red slip. In relief, acanthus leaf and rosette orna- mentation. Page 14, No. 21. 78b, (below surface), Fragment (2.5 x ca. 1) of bowl with bands and figures. 97, G, 1m. Fragment (h. 4, d. 9.2) of lower part of Greek vessel, top and bottom broken. Perpendicularly ribbed on exterior. Fine, red ware, black glaze. Page 14, No. 14. 566, F, 3.8m. Fragment (6x5) of Greek bowl? Fine, very thin, ochre-colored ware. Black slip on interior, bright red slip on exterior. Raised acanthus leaf decoration as in No. 5. late 89 f 2. 100, A, 1m. Fragment (8x 5.5 x 0.9) of Ara- bic pottery (bowl?). Yellowish gray, coarse ware. Stripes and lines painted dark brown. Page 14, No. 25. 108, G, 2m. Lower part (8 x 6.5 x 0.4) of Greek bowl. Hard, thin, reddish brown pottery, lack glaze. Ornamented in relief with rosette and border of bosses at centre, alternating long leaves and rows of bosses on sides. Page 14, No. 17. 116, (found in dump). Fragment (9x 9x 0.6) of Greek bowl or plate. Brown glaze, sepia paint. Human hand on exterior, ivy spray on interior. Page 14, No. 26. 128, E (slope). Fragment (h. 10, d. ca. 15) of Greek bowl. Dark brown, in parts black glaze. Acanthus leaf and other decoration in relief. Page 14, No. 22. 231, G (vault), Fragment (6.8x 4.5) of bowl. Fine terra sigillata, red slip, raised ornaments. Page 14, No. 19. Pikih TEL, Piva, Fragment (10 x 4) of upper part of large bowl. Greek ware, black glaze, egg and dart ornamentation. Page 14, No. 138; Plate 89 f 21. 605, G (cistern), 7m. Greek cantharus (h. 15, d. 11.5, foot 7.3), put together from ten frag- ments. Fine, red, Page 14, No. 739, F, polished ware. ; Plate 89 e 2. Fragment (5.7 x 4.2.x 0.5) of 6.83 m. J. i; to i) DESCRIPTION OF OBJECTS FOUND IN 1908 25 Egyptian ? pottery. Red ware, red polished slip. Portions of two human heads painted in fine, black lines, eyes white, hair curled. 14, No. 28. Page WEIGHTS AND WHORLS. 15, E, 1m. Weaver's weight (h. 7.5, base 5.3.x 4.8, top 3.3x 2.4). Reddish gray pottery. Irregular truncated pyramid, perforated near the middle. Page 15, No. 3. 24, E (eastern end). Do. (h. 9, base 5x 4.7, top 1.6x1.1). Yellowish pottery, pyramid form, perforated near top. 511, G, 2m. Do. (h. 7.8, base 4.5 sq., top 1.7 sq.). Fine, red ware, pyramid form, per- forated near top. On top, stamp (female bearing offerings ?). Page 15, No. 4. 600, F, 4.5m. Do. (h. 3.3, d. 6). Circular. ray pottery, coarse work, large hole. Page 15, No. 5. aT Or 14, E, 1m. Whorl used in twisting thread (h. 2.1, d. 3.1). Gray pottery, stained by fire. 418, A, 0.6m. Whorl, nearly hemispherical (h. 1.5, d. of bottom 2.3). Gray pottery. 552, A, 1.2m. Whorl of lentil shape (h. 1.2, d.3). Black clay. OTHER FRAGMENTS. 192, G, 2m. Fragment of Egyptian glazed pottery. Page 13, No. 22. 592, F, 4.5m. Fragment of Mycengan pot- tery (3.5x3x 0.35). Fine, gray ware, yellow slip. Painted with red and brown lines. 13, No. 23. Page IV. STONE 198, G (above great stairway), 4m. Roman votive altar dedicated to Jupiter. Hard lime- stone. See page 8 for discovery; Inscriptions, Latin, No. 30 for text and translation; Part III, explanation of Fig. 91 for description. Plate 59 d. G (beside large altar). Roman votive altar similar to No. 1, with Latin inscription, badly weathered. Limestone. See page 11 for discoy- ery; Inscriptio atin, No. 31; Part ITI, ex- planation of Fig. 90 for description. Plate 59 e. H (cistern or cave). Stone brazier? (h. , d. of foot 14.5). Oval top hollowed out roughly and blackened by fire. Page 15, No. 23. 139, A, 2m. Fragment of marble bowl with nandles. Outside wrought with toothed chisel. ). of bowl ca. 20 cm. Page 13, No. 16. 12, E, 0.5m. Ca. half of support for oint- ment jar (d. 7.5, h. 2 em.). Gray limestone. Page 15, No. 24. 163, A, 1m. Fragment of support for oint- ment jar (?), with incised decoration (10 x 4 x 3). fine gray limestone. Page 15, No. 25. 648, G, 0.5 m. Fragment of pedestal for small jar or small altar (h. 8, d. and 6.1). Originally four legs. Soft white limestone. Page 14, No. 7. 752, 3. x L. were found in 1908. of Greek or Coarse, gray Yellowish slip. impressions on raised 43, (eastern end). Fragment Mycenean pottery (7x 5x 1.1). clay mixed with white stones. Interior red. Finger upper part of vessel. Page 14, No. 4. 627, F, 4.6m. Two fragments of very old Israelite pottery (12x 7 and 10x 6). Primitive gray ware, red slip, back painted red. 700, F, 8m. Fragment (9x5x1.2) of old, thick pottery with three finger-tip impressions. Hard, black clay, coarse hand-finish, red slip. Israelite. 597 (near altar), 4.5 m. pottery (4x3x 1.2). Roman faience. 672, F, 6.8m. Fragment (d. 4.8, th. 1) of circular base for a statuette. Red pottery. Page 14, No. 8. 54, E, under Greek wall. stamp (d. 8, th. 1.6) with r yellow, hard ware. Hand-made. No. 26. 106, , 0.5 m. Fragment (20 x 11x 8) of gutter found with a great mass of roof tiles. Thickness 12 to 16 mm. Hard, thick, reddish Interior filled with mortar. ware, Fragment of green Both sides glazed green. Circular terra cotta aised figures. Red- Page 13, ware. Lamps. Two hundred and seventy-seven pottery lamps An account of them could add nothing material to the very full description of objects of this class with numerous illustrations drawn from the discoveries of the two following years. be See Part IV, Chapter V. On Plate 89 g may seen samples of those found in 1908. OBJECTS 8. 668, F, 68m. Mold for casting metal. Hard black limestone. Fragment (4.9x1.6 x 0.9). Page 15, No. 35. 9. 94, G, 0.5m. Upper part of large limestone mortar or jar (16.6x9.5x3). Trapezoidal in shape, engraved leaf ornaments. Page 15, No. 26. 10. 307, A, 0.5m. Fragment of marble mortar or jar (17x16), with pestle. Page 15, No. 28. 11. 277, E (slope). Fragment of ointment jar (?), decorated with holes symmetrically arranged (h. 3 cm.). Hard gray limestone. Page 15, 12. 81, G, 1.5m. Pestle (h. 5, d. 4.8). Hard white limestone, smooth bottom, four small holes. Page 15, No. 29. 13. 745, G (cistern), 5 m. Triangular rubbing stone for smoothing walls, etc. (7x 6.5x 5). Sandstone. 14. 210a, G, ca. 45 m. Statue (Augustus' of white marble. See page 9 for di see also page 176 for further description. Plates 86h 1; 79fe. 15. 582, G(near No, 14). Fragment of white marble hand (12x 10.5). May belong to 14. Plate 86 e 2, 16. 731, south edge of summit plateau, 2.3 m. 26 HARVARD EXCAVATIONS AT SAMARIA Fragment of human head in marble (26 x 16.5). Eyes and part of forehead preserved. See page 9 for discovery. Plate 86 e 1. 17. 58, F, 0.5m. Man’s head of hard gray lime- stone (5.5x 4). Moustache, curled hair around the head, ear-rings. Face badly weathered. Page 15, No. 30. 18, 481, A, 1.5m. Head of marble (13x10). Probably Jupiter. Nose broken. Page 15, No. 31. 19. 521, F, 2.5m. Fragment of leg of white marble (10x6). Fine workmanship. Page 15, No. 32. 20. 595, near altar, 4.5m. Fragment (13 x ca. 12) of hard white stone, with incised con- centric circles, and straight lines, filled with red paint, radiating from the centre. Resembles asun dial. Page 15, No. 34. 21. 686, E, 8m. Large fragment of alabaster vase, finely burnished (13x6x2.8 to 3). 22. 632, G (cistern north of vault), 7.9m. Piece of unworked alabaster (16 x 9 x 6). 23. 83, A (slope). Weight of hard black limestone (4.3, d. 2.2). Olive-shaped, perforated near one end. Page 15, No. 36. 24, 201, G (slope), 1m. Weight, disc-shaped (d. 5x 5.5, th. 1 to 1.5). 25. 26. 27. 33. 34. 579, G(nearaltar), 4m. Weight (4x 3x 2.4). Hard sandstone. Egg-shaped. 73, G, 2.3m. Whetstone (10.5x 1.7 to 3x 1.7 thick). Hard white limestone. One side smooth, flattened. 589, F, 4m. Cylindrical red stone (5.8 xd. 3.8). Sharpener for blades? Small hole in one end and two in other end. Page 15, No. 33. 706, HE, 9m. Broken amulet (ca. 1 x 1). Cylinder of gray marble. Page 15, No. 38. 13, E, 1m. Whorl, nearly hemispherical (d. 2.5, h. 1). Hole through middle. Soft, dark, y stone (slate?). Page 15, No. 37. 1m. Whorl similar to 29 (d. 2.7, h. 1.7). Soft green-gray stone. 602, E (cistern), 7 m. Whorl similar to 29. Hard gray limestone. 569, F, 3.8m. Wrought stone object of un- certain use (6x 4x 2.2). Several cuts made by gr 47, G, saw, and holes made by boring tool. Page 15, No. 39. 164, G, 2.5m. Agate bead (1.1x1), oval, broken into three pieces. 181, I, 4m. Two agate beads (d. of a 1.6, of b 1), red, highly polished. For inscribed stones see above under I C, In- scriptions, Latin. VY. METAL OBJECTS A. BRONZE a. Arrow Tips. 1. 122, H, 1.2m. Tip intact, with two barbs and solid shaft (7x1.7). Plate 90d 9. 2. 420, G (vault), 0.6 m. Tip tapering toward each end (3.3x1). Plate 90d 6. 8. 524, F, 2.5m. Tip triangular in section (I. 4.2). Hollow shaft. Plate 90 d 11. 4, 542, F, 2.5m. Tip injured, with two barbs (5x2). Hole for end of arrow. Page 16, No. 6. b. BraceLers AND RINGs. 1. 346, A (in Arabic debris). Bracelet (d. 7.5, d. of wire 0.4). Spoon-shaped ends fasten by overlapping. Page 16, No. 1; Plate 90d 16. 2. 543, A (in Arabic debris), 1m. Bracelet (d. 8, d. of wire 0.2-0.3). Well preserved. Page 16, No. 2. 8. 472, A (in Arabic debris). (d. 3.6). Plate 90 d 12. Bracelet or ring c. INSTRUMENTS AND UTENSILS. 1. 206, A (surface debris), 0.5m. Bell (h. 2.5, d. 2). Indented in two places. Page 16, No. 8; Plate 90 d 10. 2. 265, G (NE corner of stairway). of flat blade (1. 2.9, th. 0.9-0.1). Plate 90d 7. 3. 421, I (slope of summit). Dish (d. 5.1, h. 3) with fine patterns, two handles. Page 16, No. 11; Plate 90d 8. Fragment 4. 751, H, 2m. Oval, concave dish? or shield (d. 5.4x3.2, th. 0.1). Page 16, No. 14. 5. 623, F, 4.5 m. Curved part of buckle or 10. at 18. 19; brooch (width 4 em.), broken. Page 16, No. 4, With it was found a small broken pin. 669, F, 6.8. Fragment of brooch (I. 4.3). Page 16, No. 5. 137, A, 0.6m. Part of needle or other sharp instrument (1.11, d. 0.6). Plate 90 d 13. 154, A, 0.5m. Pigment stick (1. 9.3.x d. 0.3). Plate 90 d 1. 514, G, 2m. Pigment stick (1. 16.2xd. 0.3). Page 16, No. 3; Plate 90 d 2. 503, F, 1.5m. Ring or hook (d. 3). for door? Plate 90 d 18. 691, F (cistern), 9.3m. Half of thin dise with cogs or teeth of saw (d. 4, th. 0.01). Page 16, No. 12. 440, A, 0.6m. Dish (d. 4.7, th. 0.01), with three equidistant holes near edge. Part of scales for weighing? Page 16, No. 9; Plate Hinge 90 d 17. 229, A, 2m. Seal with concentric circles (d. 2.1). Page 16, No. 10. 674, F (cistern), 9m. (1. 13). Page 16, No. 7. 473, A (in Arabic debris). Pigment instrument, spoon at one end, knob at other (16x 1.2). Plate 90 d 4. Spoon with long handle 300, A, 0.5 m. Similar spoon, handle lost (1.7.2, breadth 1.2). Plate 90 d 5. 671, G, 15m. Tablet (7x4.5x0.3) with traces of decoration. A weight? Page 16, No. 15. 707, E, 9m. Two small hat-shaped objects (d. 0,8). Page 16, No. 13. 9.5m. Strip curved at one 696, F (cistern), end (2x 2x 0.01). Sr ORES nN ge 10. 11. he ed SI DESCRIPTION OF OBJECTS FOUND IN 1908 27 B. 448, A (in Arabic debris). Part of instrument, probably knife, broken, very rusty (15x 1.4). Plate 90 d 3. 280, F, 1.5m. Nail (1. 10) with bronze ring (d. 3.3) through head. Plate 90 d 19. 27, EH (eastern end). Plough (15.6x4), very rusty, point broken. (Cy 1m. Irregular ring, “apparently formed by stamping out a disc in an irregular plate” (2.8 x 2.3 x 0.5). 93, G, 15 m. A weight? (5.2x2.2x 1,8), roughly cylindrical, upper part broken. Weighs 105 grammes. 550, 8S. of platform. Weight (6x5.5x1.1) of Dz. 658, F, 6.8m. Bit of gold-leaf, very small (0.8). IRON LEAD on GOLD i) 11, E (surface layer). Spear point (6.5 x2). 688, H (above east wall of Herodian temple), 4m. Portion of sword blade with rivets for hilt (22.5x6.5 to 5, th. 4 to 0.08). Very rusty. 493, A, 1m. Pointed instrument or tool (1.14). Plate 90 d 14 and 15. irregular shape, each side with remains of letters or carvings. Page 16, No. 16. 726, G, 3m. Weight with pointed ends (4x1.6). Page 16, No. 17. 659, H, 4m. Oval-shaped disc (3.7 x 3.2 x 0.01). A weight? 694, F, 6.8m. Do. (2.5). Found with No. 1. VI. GLASS AND PASTE A. GLASS OBJECTS 647, F, 53m. Amulet of black glass, shape of human bust, perforated (h. 1.4). Page 15, No. 21. 182b, I, 4.5m. Bead, lentil-shaped (d. 0.9). 525, F, 2m. Do. (d. 0.9). 228b, G (slope). Bead (d. 0.9). 653, H, 4m. Bead or amulet (d. 1.2), hemi- spherical, perforated. 340, A (in debris with Arabic pottery), 0.6 m. Bottle or jar (h. 7, max. d. 6). Fine, thin, green glass. Top part broken. Plate 90 a 4. 341, A (in debris with Arabic pottery), 0.6 m. Bottle (max. d. 8). Thin, green glass. Top part broken. Plate 90 a 8. 463, A (in Arabic debris). Bottle (h. 10x d. 6). Thin, green glass, hollow bottom, top part broken, Plate 90 a 7. 342, A (in Arabic debris). Bottle (h. 6.2, bottom d. 2.3). Green glass, long, slender neck, top broken. Plate 90 a 3. 343, A (in Arabic debris). Bottle (ca. 10 x 8). Thin, transparent glass, long neck, top broken. Plate 90 a 6. 344, A (in Arabic debris) of thin, transparent glas Bottle (max. d. 7.5) similar to No. 10. 12. 13. 14. 15. Broken top and neck. Plate 90 a 1. 345, A (in Arabic debris). Bottle (max. d. 6) similar to Nos. 10 and 11. Plate 90 a 5. 26, E (eastern end). Fragment (3x38) of large bowl, much weathered. Violet glass, iridescent. Plate 90 a'2. 564, G, 43m. Fragment (6x5) of bottom of light green bottle. Circle and strokes in exterior of foot. 651, F (cistern), 6.6 m. Ear-ring (1.8x1 x 0.05) in two colors. Exterior blue; interior light green. Page 15, No. 22. 29, G, 0.5m. Fragment of vessel (d. ca. 15). Green, iridescent glass. 48, E (eastern end). Fragment (5 x 4) of vessel (upper d. ca. 14). Greek glass, greenish yellow, thick, iridescent. Perpendicular ribs on ex- terior. Page 15, No. 19. 49, E (eastern end), Fragment (4x5) of vessel (upper d. ca. 16). Thick glass, light greenish yellow, iridescent. Perpendicular ribs on exterior. Page 15, No. 20. 9, E (surface layer). Blue glass oval, one side flat (1.8x1.1x9.5). Setting for a ring? B. PASTE BEADS 182a, I, 4.5m. Green, Egyptian (1.6 x 1). 192a, G, 2m. Do. (1.6x1.1). Like No. 1. 228a, G (slope), Do. (1.2 x 0.9). 590, G (near altar), 4m. Do. (h. 1, d. 1. 2). 6. 716, vault, 5m. Do. (1.1x1). Like No. 4. 747, G (cistern), 5 m. Do. (13x 1). Like No. 4. 28 HARVARD VII. ae hk Lee Bie each end sawed off. No. 18. 4, A, 1.7m. Dice cube (each side 1.2 cm.) made of section of hollow bone. The sides 1, 2, 5, 6, are indicated by appropriate spots. The other spots were on plugs, now lost, which once filled sides 3 and 4. 549, A, 1m. Handle of bone carved in form of twisted rope (1. 7.5, d. 1.7). Plate 90 ¢ 9. 748, H, 3m. Handle with incised ornamen- tation (1. 5, d. 0.8). Page 16, No. 19; Plate 90 ¢ 6. 230, A, 2m, ivory (1. 7.5, d. 1.5). Hollow cylinder (d. Sheep bone ? Page 16, Broken instrument of bone or Plate 90 ¢ 8. B. HORN 82, G, 1.5m. Part of deer’s horn, sawed off at larger end (1. 10x d. 2.8 and 0.3). Plate 90 ¢ 18. 66, G, 2m. Two tusks of wild boar (1. 7 C. 591, F, 4.3m. Circular amulet (d. 1.2), with human figure standing between two palm branches. Israelite or Phoenician. Page 16, No. 21; Plate 90 ¢ 12. 13); 460, A, 1m. Part of a sea shell, roughly (d. 1.8). A weight? Plate 90 hemispherical el. 571, H (on rock, below east wall of Herodian BONE, HORN, TUSKS, EXCAVATIONS AT SAMARIA IVORY, AND SHELL BONE 6. 84, G, 14m. Weaver’s needle, burnt at one end, stained black (1. 9.8, d. 2 at large end). Plate 90 ¢ 17. 7. 172, I, 3.5 m. Stylus, broken, two pieces 8 xd. 0.5; shorter, 4.8xd. 0.6). Plate 5 and 16. 8. 697, F (cistern), 9.5 m. Stylus or weaver’s pin, broken (1. 10, d. 0.8). Plate 90 ¢ 14. 9. 205, G, 4m. Whorl (d. 2.1), button-shaped, smoothed by hand. Plate 90 ¢ 10. 10. 732, F (cistern), 11.5m. Whorl, flat (d. 3.1, th. 0.25). Plate 90 ¢ 13. 11. 689, F (cistern), 9.3m. Goat (?) and chicken bones, partly burnt. Plate 90 ¢ 1-5, 7. AND TUSKS and 5.7 respectively). 3. 72, G, 2.5m. Do. One split, one broken (1. 14.8 and 11 respectively). IVORY 2. 28, G, 03m. Button (d. 2.8, th. 0.4), per- forated. Page 16, No. 20. 3. 230, A, 2m. Broken instrument. See under Bone, No. 5. SHELL temple). Sea shell (6x 4.5). Red exterior. 3. 733, F (cistern), 11.5m. Seven oyster shells, large and small (9.5x6.5 and 7x5). PART Il PRINCIPLES, METHODS, AND GENERAL RESULTS BY GEORGE ANDREW REISNER CHAPTER I ORGANIZATION OF THE EXPEDITION The American Staff—Representatives of the Imperial Ottoman Museum—The Egyptians—Local work-people— Gang system The American Staff —The Architect of the expedition, Mr. Clarence S. Fisher, prepared all the maps, plans, and detail drawings. In 1909 he also wrote the greater part of the object cards. Mr. Oric Bates had charge of the card catalogue from June 1 to September 2, 1910; after his departure Mr. Fisher prepared all the object cards except those for the coins. I kept the diary, the photographic reg- ister, and the Arabic register of objects found, and assisted at times with the card catalogue of objects. Representatives of the Imperial Ottoman Musewm—Shawket Effendi el- Khalidi, of Jerusalem, served as Imperial Commissioner from June 4, 1909, to June 28, 1910. He had had a long experience with other expeditions, and was familiar with the scientific aims of European archeologists. His family has always been friendly to Europeans, and he upheld its best traditions. In his intercourse with us he was courteous and gentlemanly, and showed his confidence in our good faith. In all official business he was prompt and efficient. He re- peatedly protected us from the impositions of minor officials. In dealing with the people of Sebaste he never permitted encroachments upon our rights, nor extortions. He considered that we were working for the Ottoman Museum, and that it was his duty to assist us in every possible way. Mohammed Sa‘id Effendi Abd-el-Hady, of Nablus, who had served as Imperial Commissioner during part of the operations of 1908, was with us from May 28 to June 4, 1909, and again from June 28 to November 13, 1910. He was a younger man, with less experience in the ways of Europeans; but he was courteous in manner and, as he came to understand the thoroughness of our work and our registration, he left nothing to be desired in his conduct towards the expedition. He was of great service in settling complaints sent by the villagers to Constanti- nople and in arranging the final settlement with the landowners. The sincere thanks of the Expedition are due to Hamdy Bey, and to his brother and successor, Khalil Bey, for the appointment of such eminently satisfactory officials. Egyptians—The mainstay of the expedition in the actual excavations was the staff of Egyptian workmen brought over in 1909 and 1910, comprising over- seers, photograph boys, and household servants. These men had been with me for many years in Egypt, and had had a long experience in the Hearst Egyptian Expedition, the Joint Expedition of Harvard University and the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, and the Nubian Archeological Survey conducted 31 32 HARVARD EXCAVATIONS AT SAMARIA by the Egyptian Government. It was their trained skill, industry, and loy- alty which made possible the careful examination of the enormous mass of debris turned over in the two seasons. Local Work-People— The local workers were drawn mainly from Sebaste. We were dependent on the good-will of the townspeople in buying land and in other ways; and we felt, therefore, that they had special claims on the expedition, and gave them the preference. They showed some inclination to take advantage of their position as landowners; but a few cases of fines and dismissals checked this tendency. The village of Burka, notorious as a wild, lawless place, came next in numbers, and furnished a greater proportion of satisfactory workers than any other. The other villages from which we drew were Beit Imrin, Nusf Jebil, Jennesinia, Naktrah, and Deir Shiraf. These people, especially the men, were at the beginning undisciplined, inexpe- rienced, and indolent. It was our task to build up out of this mob an organized body of disciplined, industrious, and skilful workmen. The burden of training them fell on the Egyptians; but the very first requirement was to obtain a hold on the work-people. After long consideration, I fixed on a scale of wages which made our service the most desirable employment in the country. Men employed in excavating, Class I, were paid 11 piastres (Nablus) a day; Class II, 10 piastres. Women, carriers, Class I, were paid 9 piastres; Class II, 8 piastres. Children, Class I, were paid 7 piastres; Class II, 6 piastres.’ The effect of this scale was to give us the pick of a great: number of work- people, so that we could have had several thousand at any time, and to make each workman extremely anxious to keep his job. We were thus able to formulate a set of rules and insist on a strict observance of them: 1. Every person must come every day, unless previously excused. Such excuses were rare, as no one wished to lose his pay. 2. Every person must obey absolutely the orders of the Egyptian over him, but with right of subsequent complaint to me, if he thought himself unjustly treated. Cases of insubordination were punished with fines, and, in four instances, with dismissal. 3. Every person must behave himself orderly in the works. Quarreling and fighting were strictly forbidden. The introduction of arms into the excavations by working- men or others was prohibited.2 Obscene songs and conversation were also effectually stopped; but ordinary work-songs were encouraged, as they helped to pass away the tedium of the day’s task. 4. Every one must work steadily during work hours. Laziness was punished by shifting into the next lower class, with decreased pay. Industry was rewarded by promotion to the next higher class and by extra payments given out on pay-day in the presence of the whole force. 5. The baskets must be filled with earth and carried out full. This was the most impor- tant rule, so far as the speed of excavation was concerned. The demands made on the strength of the basket-carriers were perhaps excessive; but, as the pay was good, a system of substitutes was proposed by the work-people and accepted by us which gave us practically two people for each wage paid. The mothers, sisters, and young brothers came out and took turns carrying the baskets of their relatives. 1These rates were in each class two piastres more than had been ish soldier. In one case a lad loaded with arms resisted, inl paid by previous expeditions. J and struck the soldier; but Said Ahmed fell upon him with *This rule, so far as it regarded outsiders, was usually obeyed bare hands, and gave him so sound a thrashing that he ran without question; but otherwise was enforced by the Turk- away with a great clattering of his fire-arms ORGANIZATION OF THE EXPEDITION 33 Long before the end of the first year we had a body of well-disciplined people, gaining in skill and endurance with every day they were employed. In the second year we had men who could distinguish different kinds of debris, recognize and clean a floor, or clear a wall, as well as could be desired. Gang System—For purposes of work the locals were divided into nine reg- ular gangs, each under three Egyptians. A tenth gang, under one Egyptian, was raised by drawing men from the regular gangs, and employed for all heavy stone-work, such as breaking down walls, carrying stones, and building retain- ing-walls. The regular gangs varied in size according to the requirements of the work, having three to five pickmen with one or two Egyptians, five to eight hoemen with one or two Egyptians, and twelve to twenty-five basket- carriers. There were usually four Egyptians, including the head reises, or over- seers, directing the basket-carriers and keeping the lines moving. When a given area was to be attacked, it was divided into sections of from fifty to one hundred square metres in extent. Each gang was assigned one sec- tion, and all the gangs were expected to work with equal rapidity, so that, at any time, the area was cleared to the same stage all over. The Egyptians were held responsible for the work. When, as often happened in the season of 1910, the field became too crowded, a number of gangs were laid off in rotation. The Egyptians thus released were joined to the gangs retained, and added consider- ably to their efficiency. CHAPTER II METHODS OF EXCAVATION Aims of excavation—Preliminary investigations— Disposition of debris by the strip system— Different kinds of debris— Operations that have modified the deposits of debris—Management of workmen—Methods of recording AIMS OF EXCAVATION The object to be aimed at in any piece of excavation is not merely to get out inscriptions and antiquities, and to trace the plans of buildings, but to recover every particle of historical evidence contained in the site attacked. Before the Harvard expedition began its work, the site of Samaria presented itself as a great hill, covered with a thick layer of earth under cultivation. The only remains of antiquity that were to be seen above the surface were some of the columns and towers of the Herodian city of Sebaste. The covering of earth was the result of a human activity extending over a period of nearly two thousand years. Quarrying and building, war and destruction, plundering for treasure and building-stone, ploughing and sowing, had buried in its depth a tangle of walls, thousands of objects, and many unbroken masses of debris. It was the work of the excavator to begin at the surface, and untangle as well as he could the series of human actions which had left their mark on the place. The problem was the reconstruction of the history of the site. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS It has long been recognized that a site should be excavated as a whole. The ideal thing at Samaria would have been to strip off the agricultural soil over the whole hill, and record the result by photographs and plans. Then we would have cleared away the Arabic buildings, wherever they could be identified, removed all debris resulting from Arabic operations, and made a second record; and so on with each period of debris and of buildings, equally over the whole area, until at last the remains of the Israelite occupation lay revealed over the entire hill. But as things were, such a method was impossible. The size of the site, the value of the land, and the expense of excavation were prohibitive. Moreover, under the Turkish law, which permitted a concession for two years only, it was not pos- sible to make plans for a great undertaking of this sort. It was necessary, therefore, to adapt ourselves to circumstances. I had examined the site in 1906, and was present at the beginning of opera- tions in April, 1908, to advise with Dr. Schumacher in planning the work. My original idea had been to excavate the gateway, which was visible as two round towers on the west slope, and work up the hill to the summit. But the dis- tance of the summit from the gateway, the great number of olive-trees in the 34 METHODS OF EXCAVATION 35 way, and the difficulty of dealing at the start with a large number of owners made this inadvisable. It seemed to me, however, that the summit was the im- portant spot. The formation of the hill pointed unmistakably to the summit as the primary building site, the one which Omri would naturally select for a for- tified palace. At my suggestion, Dr. Schumacher laid out a trench, EFG (Plans 14, 15), to be cut through the bluff and across the very top of the summit, designed to reveal any ancient wall which might form the basis of the bluff, to give an idea of the strata in the summit deposits, and to ascertain whether there was any large building on the site. When I took charge in 1909 and examined the work done in 1908, the desired result did not seem to have been wholly attained. There did not seem to be any large wall forming the bluff. As we afterwards discovered, fragments of the Greek Fort Wall were visible, but not recognizable as such. The stratification could not be made out clearly, although there were walls at various levels. On the other hand, a large building had been found, and identified as the temple built by Herod and dedicated to Augustus. The portico, stairway, and a space in front of the latter had been cleared, and three trenches had been driven southwards; viz., Trench H (40 m. long), along the east wall of the temple; Trench J (39 m. long), slanting SE from the middle of the portico; and Trench K (9 m. long), along the west wall. From an examination of Dr. Schumacher’s notes and plan and of the trenches themselves, I could learn little more than that a temple had stood on the summit, and that the debris deepened towards the western bluff. Except for a few limestone blocks in Trench E, there was nothing in sight which looked like an Israelite royal building. In short, the whole problem of the history of the site remained to be worked out. As the temple required excavation and was a dated point of departure, we undertook to clear this as the first piece of work. DISPOSITION OF DEBRIS BY THE STRIP SYSTEM Before we could begin, we were confronted with the problem of dealing with the earth excavated in 1908, most of which had been piled up beside the trenches from which it came. I selected the southeast corner, east of the temple, as the place to begin. The plan adopted was to sacrifice a ten metre strip along the eastern edge of our land to receive the earth from the first section ($1, Plan 2). By excavating S1, throwing the earth upon the reserve strip, we should gain room for the earth from the temple (82). The earth from the next section (83) was to go on S2, and so on around the hill, excavating and filling in, section by section, until the last section was to be filled in from the original dump-heap on SI and the reserve strip. This is the only possible method of dealing economically with debris on a site where the excavator must pay for the land, and is required to fill in after excavation, leaving the site in condition to be restored to agricultural uses. 1The following abbreviations are employed: S1, S2 (Strip 1, summit and to the south of it in 1909-1910. The trenches Strip eo L. T. (Lower Terrace), L. T. E. (Lower Ter- cut on the summit in 1908 are designated as Trench E, F, [. (Cliff Trench), and R. T. (Roadway Trench) G, H, I, &e. ine eats? the strip or section excavated on the 36 HARVARD EXCAVATIONS AT SAMARIA This plan had to be modified later, because it seemed advisable to leave 82 open on account of its general interest. When this decision was reached, the prob- lem of a dumping-place was attacked in a similar way from the south. It was desirable to cut a trench from the south across the Herodian Road of Columns, up the bluff to the lower terrace (L. T.) south of the summit. The earth from this roadway trench was, by an arrangement with the adjoining landowners, spread over the ground under the olive-trees to a depth of about one metre (a treatment which was said to be good for the trees). The earth from the Cliff Trench was slid down to the Roadway Trench, which it did not fill. The Cliff Trench itself formed a chute, through which earth from above could be shot down into the rest of the Roadway Trench. The Lower Terrace (L. T.) was divided into narrow sections running east and west. The earth from No. 1 went down the chute, from No. 2 into No. 1, and so on up to No. 5, which was really on the southern edge of the summit. Then, leaving $2 open, the earth from $3 went into L. T., that from S4 and $5 into $3, and so on around to the north. In $5 the work was blocked by the unexpected puzzle presented by the Israelite Round Tower and the southwest bastion of the Greek Fort Wall, so that we were unable to cover up S5 from the next strip. Rather than stop work, our time being limited, we turned to the space in front of the temple, made a second reserve strip in continuation of the first one, and began working around the hill from the opposite side. In this way we were able to work alternately, first from one end of the series and then from the other. Finally, a small section (S11 North) was left open, and filled in from the dump in front of the temple at a cost of about 36 napoleons. With this exception, none of the debris of 1909 and 1910 had to be moved a second time. As shown above, the practical difficulties encountered forced us to adopt a strip system of excavation instead of the preferable plan of excavating the site as a whole. The disadvantages attaching to this system we sought to minimize by leaving the walls on the edge of each strip exposed until connected with the walls in the adjoining strip, by very careful records, including plans, sections, and photographs, and by making the strips as wide as possible. At first the attempt was made to remove the debris layer by layer; but this was quickly found to be impossible, for as soon as the cultivation stratum had been removed there were no regular horizontal strata. The debris of decay of each period had been considerably disturbed during the construction of the buildings of the next period, in the search for building material and in the effort to place the new foundations on rock. As a result, foundations of all periods rested on the rock, and stood side by side. (See Pl. 2 b.) Amid this apparent confusion, however, the successive deposition and disturbance of strata proved easily trace- able, at least over certain areas. DIFFERENT KINDS OF DEBRIS The attention given to the study of the debris is one of the most important features in the method of our work. The results of that study are not only of value for other excavations, but are indispensable to an understanding of the METHODS OF EXCAVATION 37 history of the site. It is necessary, therefore, to outline at the beginning the final conclusions reached in regard to the different forms of debris and the various activities which modified them. The terms here defined will be used throughout the volume. The principal kinds of debris which it is important to distinguish are six: 1. Geological Debris; 2. Magon’s Debris; 3. Debris of Occupation, or Floor Debris; 4. Debris of Decay; 5. Dumped Debris; 6. Silt. Geological debris differs from all the other kinds in that it was not deposited by human agency. It is marked by a homogeneity and cleanness which make it easily distinguishable by the eye. The dirty surface of a packed stratum of lime- stone debris may be mistaken for the dirty surface of a limestone rock, but a few blows of the pick reveal the difference. At the summit there was no geologi- cal debris. The whole rock had been stripped clean for quarrying, and it was only here and there in a small crevice that we found pockets of the reddish gravel seen on the surrounding hills. In uniformity and cleanness, quarry debris and stone-cutter’s debris come next to the geological debris. (See Pl. 53 a, lowest layer above staff.) The Israelite stones were all cut on the site, in the usual wasteful manner of antiquity. The rough block was obtained by cutting a channel 2-20 cm. wide and 20-50 cm. deep, on four sides (see Pl. 15 b, c, and Fig. 1), and separating it from its bed along the horizontal rift by prying. Thus, in cutting stones of the size used in the Israelite palace, about fifteen per cent of the stratum is broken into small chips. In all periods, except perhaps the Roman, the stones for the walls were squared by the masons 1. Quarries. Seale, 1:100, on the site of the building, and the faces were dressed flat after the walls were built. Both these operations gave rise to quantities of stone chips and dust—yellow limestone in the Israelite period, grayish-white limestone in the later periods. The clean yellow debris was usually found just above the rock, especially in the hollows and enclosed spaces. The surface was always foot-worn, trodden smooth by the feet of the builders. The mason’s debris was also used for filling founda- tion spaces in the Israelite buildings, and in that case was usually mixed with a certain amount of earth. Such filling is designated by the term “dirty yellow debris.” (See Pl. 53 a, second layer from below.) The accumulation of debris during the occupation of a site is built up of thin layers, always very dirty, often with sweepings in the corners. This floor debris contains a number of small objects, potsherds, coins, nails, and the like. At the summit, debris of occupation was found in the streets and passages, less often in living rooms. (See Pls. 20a; 24d; 33 f; 53 e, f.) Debris of decay may consist of almost any sort of fallen walls, rotted stones, and burst foundation-fillings. It has nearly always been disturbed by man in searching for treasure or for building-stone. Its most characteristic features are its 38 HARVARD EXCAVATIONS AT SAMARIA irregular, weather-worn surface and the absence of regular strata. The hollows and lower slopes sometimes show fine strata, deposited by rain or wind. (See Pl. 46 a.) In the case of strata thus formed, the slope is always less than the gravity slope of the debris. Debris laid down by dumping is the most easily distinguishable of all. It may be assumed that any thick layer showing fine parallel stratification was deposited by dumping. This does not apply, of course, to river bottom and sand beds, but no such beds were found at Samaria; nor does it apply to layers of silt in cisterns, of which there were many examples. The examination of any dump, such as is found in modern excavations, shows that the outer slope of the debris is the gravity slope of the fine part of the debris. Most of the coarser debris—pebbles, potsherds, and the like—separates itself out of each basketful as it is thrown down, and rolls to the foot of the slope, forming a sort of talus. (See our dump-heap in 87, Pl. 37 b.) The gravity slope of this coarse debris is much less than that of the fine debris, and therefore the talus slopes out in front of the dump. When the debris is moist, the fine debris clings to the slope at an angle slightly greater than the gravity slope of the dry debris, so that from time to time knobs of overweighted debris are jarred off the slope and slide down to cover the talus. In consequence, the section of a dump shows the talus as a series of irregular pockets of coarse debris along the surface on which the dump is found. If the section be taken along the axis of the dump (see Fig. 2), the lines of the fine debris have a gravity slope of perhaps 30°—-40° to the horizontal. If the section be taken across the axis, the lines of the fine debris are either curving, in a fan-shaped dump, or straight and hori- zontal with sloping sides, in a broad dump (see Fig. 3), which grows uniformly 2. Longitudinal section of dumped debris. along its outer edge (see Pl. 37 b). At other angles to the axis, the lines of fine debris may show all the gradations from the gravity slope to the horizontal. Dumped debris is thus dis- tinguished from the debris of decay by its regular and fine stratification, which shows in some one section the gravity slope, and by the pockets of debris beneath it. See Pl. 46 c, on the left, where a thick layer of stones is shown, which was deposited by dumping when the Street of Columns was filled for agricultural purposes; and Pl. 54 d, where the layer of potsherds forms the talus of the second stratum at the Basilica. 3. Cross-section of a flat-edged, broad dump. METHODS OF EXCAVATION 39 The variations produced by irregular and sloping ground are usually easily recognizable; but one case requires particular mention. When the dump is made on a surface with a slope less than the gravity slope of the fine debris and greater than that of the coarse debris, there may result a complete separation of the two, so that the body of the dump does not present pockets of coarse debris along the ground (see Fig. 4). This was actually the case in L. T. 5, south of the Herodian Temple; but the dump had been continued out over the large pocket of stones. When this dumping takes place in a confined space which is being filled, the talus continues not only along the bottom of the space (or hole), but up the wall towards which the dump is formed (see Figs. 5 and 6). 4, Longitudinal section of separated dump (L. T. 5). 5. Longitudinal section of confined dump. 6. Cross-section of confined dump. of fine debris on a gravity slope is formed, with coarse debris around the sides (see Fig. 7). But, owing to the clear fall before striking the bed of fine debris, many heavy stones stick fast on or near the summit of the cone, and, in excavation, are found embedded in fine debris. When narrow trenches, especially shallow ones, have been filled, it is very rare to find the stratifica- tion characteristic of dumping (see Pl. 53 d). Prob- ably such trenches were in some cases filled by raking in masses of earth from the side; in others, the scattering from the baskets covered the whole width of the trench, 7 and filled nearly the whole trench simultaneously. When a cistern is filled by dumping, the same general principle holds. A cone | Section of debris in cistern, $1, No. 7. Scale, 1:100. 40 HARVARD EXCAVATIONS AT SAMARIA At Samaria silt is found only in the bottoms of cisterns. It is important, however, for this deposit was formed during the time when the cistern was in use, and datable objects found in this debris may be used to date the cistern and the house to which it belonged. OPERATIONS WHICH HAVE MODIFIED THE DEPOSITS OF DEBRIS The forms of the deposits of debris are affected by later building operations, by plundering, and by agriculture. The building operations which affect older deposits may be divided into four classes: removal of stone from earlier structures (stone theft), leveling, dig- ging trenches for foundations, and excavation for subterranean constructions. The removal of stone in ancient times was effected by simply following down a wall the top of which was exposed, for instance the Israelite walls in 87, 88, S11; or by removing a slope and its supporting wall, as in $3. In Roman and modern times, besides these methods, a large pit was sometimes dug through to a lower stratum, and all the stones over a considerable area removed down to rock, as in H. §. 1-3 (Pl. 7 a, right foreground). The mere removal of a wall does the least damage, since the trench is refilled with a different sort of debris, and, with care- ful excavation, can be followed as certainly as if the wall were still standing. (See Pl. 53 d.) This was the case in $7, $8, S11, where the place of the Israelite walls was occupied by black-filled trenches crossing the yellow debris. But in the other cases the surrounding debris had been removed along with the wall, and nothing was left except the very lowest stratum and the scars on the solid rock. (See Pls. 26 c; 28 a; and 29 c.) One of the most common accompaniments of building operations is leveling. When a spot like the summit of the hill in Samaria becomes a town site, every available slope is terraced to gain level building space. (See Pls. 15 a; 16 a; and Plan 3.) ‘This operation destroys the strata and the walls on one part of the slope, but covers and preserves those on the other part. The general result is always extremely confusing. Still more destructive were the great levelings made in the construc- tion of platforms and temple areas. When, as in the case of the Herodian Temple, the building is approached by a stair, and the platform level is below a more ancient level, whole blocks of older houses may be swept out of existence. (See 86, Pl. 16 a, and Plan 3.) In considering the effect of the construction of foundations, buildings may be divided into two classes, those with foundations on the rock (large public buildings) and those with foundations sunk only a metre or so in the soil (private houses). Both sorts of walls appear to have been built in construction trenches, which cut and disturbed the older strata. The destruction wrought by the large walls car- ried down to the rock was naturally the greater, but it is less confusing, because it can be more easily recognized. In the case of the larger buildings, a trench 40-80 em. wider than the wall desired was cut through all levels down to rock or to the Israelite walls. After the wall was built, this trench was filled in with debris easily distinguishable from the older strata beside it. The result of this is the formation METHODS OF EXCAVATION 41 of vertical strata of late date—in some cases Herodian—side by side with Greek and Israelite horizontal strata. (See Fig. 8 and Pls. 53 a, b; 15 d, cf. 16 b; 46 c.) Pavement 430 Merer eve