; ; 4 o x SAvateh. , i é) Ae hy 7 “ by) Nis \ v SFeUhS Aa day Bet it ash Ps odes pha ine ee : rie 4 sek yt Weer! z%. ne Hy my Y - Ptr ys hd ag at . “ (ye PP OEM RRA veal ae en cocoa ' Thane ne fh eigctes re St SetbiMed ns ebro ME hep Ade eri : a wag! 7 = q =A. > 7 a ae al Roa es pet Ai3 ; es ‘ , 2 fry. ie } “4 " eo + hes ts . x: “ St Ss Y 4 Pv \ : Library of Max L. Margolis Library of Max L. Margolis & os A HISTORY OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE THIS BOOK IS PUBLISHED AT THE DESIRE OF THE LATE Rosetta M. Alman OF WILLIAMSPORT, PENNSYLVANIA FROM FUNDS CONTRIBUTED FROM HER ESTATE BY HER EXECUTOR MR. ABRAHAM ERLANGER MISS ULMAN WISHED THE PUBLICATION OF THIS VOLUME FOR THE FURTHERANCE OF TRUTH AND EQUITY tt phe sae iad ea HISTORY OF ie * Le SH PEOPLE © \LEXANDER MARX PHILADELPHIA THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA 1927 r tw ~4 + & - t r t ) 4 4 is | y é , > Neg ct + z 2 / + ‘ ' +2 “ pi “4 oe a t : a, Ps é AA 7 j = rane Some) ah * ex, Gee) PREFACE from the igr 4 healandias to tee pruieat ail ¥ onal a “etapa vo ie tide every point pao ong area joie racing’ practica ily my be arid and the long stretch of time, All those which have. pla seed @ part in the unfold- te a Biiktenice ~ Rew’ Core ay the L pain and Germany (Book fV), and lastly in pia Spade ely to the mesy ex XocaP from periods so widely apart sues of necessity pre- jects: now it is @ recuw.) al wars and battles, mats, Of depor!«tise. wid restoration, and in foreign sii! cise ol being uprooted, of se with the neighbor ahd of chains of per- Ving the rights of free citizens and of the itself in German Anti-Semitism and “An this is told im the present work, but the history of The entire people, of the ‘epecial stress ig Paid on its economic and y of Tewish literature is not the professed lune: However, letvers are & part of the ed activity aod men of letters are per- F sa Jewish life to-day which has'its roots in ae rand i inner nie ol the te pep Cs mu age sing their: generation — “and shaping the. n ‘ner iife unfolding iegelt i in ~~ oy course» ' PREFACE It is a difficult task to tell the story of the life of the Jew- ish people, from the dim beginnings to the present day, within the limits of a single volume. At every point Jewish history is interwoven with universal history, and this back- ground must be presented. Compression becomes a necessity, considering the wide area embracing practically the whole of the civilized world and the long stretch of time. All those principal centers which have played a part in the unfold- ment of the outer and inner life of the Jewish people must figure in the story. The most advantageous method seemed to be a treatment which would bring into relief the shifting of these centers, from the home country (Book I) to the eastern center (Book IT), thence to the West-European cen- ters (Book III), to the emergence of new centers for the fugitives from Spain and Germany (Book IV), and lastly in the Age of Emancipation (Book V) to the new exodus from Eastern Europe and the creation of the center in the ancient homeland. Places and periods so widely apart must of necessity pre- sent different aspects: now it is a record of wars and battles, of victories and defeats, of deportation and restoration, and now of taking root in foreign soil and of being uprooted, of friendly intercourse with the neighbor and of chains of per- secutions, of achieving the rights of free citizens and of the reaction expressing itself in German Anti-Semitism and Russian pogroms. All this is told in the present work, but much more. It is the history of the entire people, of the mass; accordingly special stress is laid on its economic and social life. A history of Jewish literature is not the professed purport of this volume. However, letters are a part of the people’s many-sided activity and men of letters are per- sonalities, influencing their generation and shaping the future. There is a Jewish life to-day which has its roots in the past; it is an inner life unfolding itself in the long course Vv VI PREFACE of the ages under the peculiar circumstances of each period, and the significant moments take on the form of literary creations, of Books| Torah and Holy Writ, Mishnah, Tal- mud, Midrash, Codes, the Guide of the Perplexed, the Zohar, and so on to our own times. The authors have endeavored to set forth this story in a manner as dispassionate and detached as possible. They have availed themselves of the great wealth of research done by scholars of all creeds and nationalities in the three-score years that have elapsed since Graetz completed his epoch- making ‘History of the Jews.’ The reader who is a specialist will readily find that every fact has been tested by recourse to documents and learned publications, but it was not deemed advisable to break the continuity of the narrative by an apparatus of references and footnotes. The present work is intended for the layman and the student. A short Bibliography at the end of the volume has likewise in mind these two classes of readers who may seek to obtain further — information. It is not accordingly a register of source-works, and books and articles in the English language wherever obtainable have been given preference. A Chronological _ Table will enable the reader to survey contemporaneous events synchronously. The Index was prepared by Dr.Louis L. Kaplan. This volume is the conjoint labor of the two authors. The writing was done by the first of the undersigned, and a good part of it during his year’s sojourn in Palestine, and he gratefully records his obligation to his fellow-author for his valuable Lecture Notes on the history of the talmudic and. medieval periods. Moreover, the manuscript was gone over repeatedly by the two authors in joint conference, every fact and date and expression was scrutinized, and ‘that which we had hammered was again and again brought back to the anvil.’ EGINNING TO: THE EXTINC- BE (2,000 betore-425 after the Shi80 Pe ee ee 230 CHAPTER I 4225 boefsr the Chvlittein aie Been. Atcoaae 8 migration—Geography es and Aquxito>~Rarker iphabitants—Egyptian dements--- aD SRER Seis os cee rer acs ee eens 14-21 CHAPTER III THE CONQUEST OF CANAAN. THE JUDGES (1180-1100) Joshua—The assault on Jericho—Separation of Judah—Ai, Bethel, Gibeon—Deborah—The victory over Sisera—Ehud—The Midianites— Gideon—Abimelech—The revolt at Shechem—Death of Abimelech— Jephthah—The slaughter of the fugitive Ephraimites........... 22-30 CHAPTER IV THE INROADS OF CANAANITISH RELIGION The mode of life altered by the settlement—The governing bodies— Infiltration of the Baal cult—Micah’s idolatrous shrine—The outrage SEI eee, fo ey sy eck sks eRe Eee eset ee his 31-34 CHAPTER V THE RISE OF THE MONARCHY (1080-1030) ao with the Philistines—Samson—Capture of the Ark and death of Eli—Samuel—The assembly at Mizpah—Jabesh in Gilead calls for help—Saul—Jonathan’s feat at Michmas—Saul’s melancholy... .35-39 CHAPTER VI SAUL AND DAVID (1030-1013) David—Saul’s jealousy—David’s flight—At Nob—Slaughter of the priests—David in the mountains of Judah—seeks the protection of Achish—Ziklag raided by Amalekites—Battle of Gilboa—Death of Saul anueonethan— David s lament... eS BS 40-44 Vill TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER VII DAVID. THE CAPTURE OF JERUSALEM (1013-1006) David proclaimed king at Hebron—Ishbaal and Abner—Joab slays Abner—Ishbaal murdered—David king of Israel and Judah—Wars with the Philistines—The capture of Jerusalem—Transfer of the Ark. .45-50 CHAPTER VIII THE WARS OF DAVID (1006-980) War with the Ammonites—Capture of Rabbah—Wars with Arameans— Subjection of Moab and Edom—The extent of David’s realm—His army—The altar in Araunah’s threshing-floor—David’s attitude to Saul’s family . 4 cc. ecco. co:s aco nce etuinilp fe wis) etal 31-54 CHAPTER IX THE REVOLTS OF ABSALOM AND OF SHEBA (980-973) David and Bath-sheba—Amnon and Tamar—Amnon slain-——Absalom banished—The revolt of Absalom—David flees across the Jordan—The end of Absalom—The revolt of Sheba—The succession—Death of David—His character and place in history,.,..... MAH Pies Sar 55-60 CHAPTER X SOLOMON. THE TEMPLE (973-933) Solomon comes to terms with Egypt—loses territory in the north— Solomon opens up the country to commerce—His buildings—The Temple —The King’s Palace—The dedication of the Temple—Solomon’s foreign marriages—Ahijah of Shiloh abets the revolt of Jeroboam—Jeroboam flees to Egypt... .cs «ccs eee a visas eee PR ee ceria 61 es CHAPTER XI THE SECESSION OF THE NORTH (933-875) Rehoboam and Jeroboam—Decentralization in the North—War bet ween Israel and Judah—Abijah—Nadab—Baasa—Asa king of Judah—Elah son of Baasa—Omri founds the third dynasty in Israel......... 67-69 CHAPTER XII THE LORD OR BAAL?—ELIJAH (887-851) © Omri—Samaria—The reconquest of Moab—Omri’s alliance with the Phoenicians—Ahab king of Israel—Jehoshaphat king of Judah—The prophets—Elijah—The contest on Mount Carmel—Elijah’s flight to Horeb—The judicial murder of Naboth—Elijah’s translation. ...70-74 CHAPTER XIII AHAB AND THE ARAMEANS (854-843) Ahab and Ben-hadad—The Assyrian advance—The battle of Karkar— The battle of Ramoth in Gilead—Death of Ahab—Ahaziah—Jehoram 75-77 P)) “TABLE OF CONTENTS — i CHAPTER XIV / BLISHA. JEHU (843) wiaims its independence---Jehoram kitig riah——Elisha plans the destruction of: the revolt of osegie tie. slaughter of Riad 3 house— MB ES; . <5: 2 Ra 78-80 Pi cH APTER XV (E ADVANCE AND RETREAT OF ASSYRIA ‘ ts ed: (845-746) n Judah—Jehoi seata Jehoash upon the throne— e Temple—Jehu pays iribute to Shalmaneser-—The —Jehoahaz sicceeds shu--Renewed attacks. by gison Jehoash-—-Adadwirari [IV the ‘deliverer’— ‘ is father Jehoash in Judah-——Victory over the onan king of Judah and preboain 5 Ul a a Sa ree A ae . 81-84 AS Sarees Xl > UFE UNDER THY MONARCHY Yabor—Handieruits--Life im the large cities—, of wealth—Parti-ularism and centralization religion Priests prophets, wise men—Currents OO eS ee oe ee eae Fa oe is ous ps pORr Se? ~ CHAPTER XVII AMOS AND HOSZA e (760-734) - Call to repentance—The people's wrong piety—The Ba '~ rr. Floras—The pace d war snl

2 bd ‘ ~ { ; ¥ 4 : r y . ¥ » ; : 2 dn.” = ; \¥ F ween es , : | ; Nadeey ee CMAPT RR 0 PROT. aoe eS tan yy Pee guiieeat evel ane Se Se a ee : hier > fete. ia ey saepe ¢ Pa tke ae TABLE OF CONTENTS XI CHAPTER XXVI JUDAH THE MACCABEE AND HIS BROTHERS : (165-142) Rescue of Jews beyond Judea—Capture of Hebron—Menelaus replaced by Alcimus—]J udah victorious over Nicanor—Treaty with Rome—Judah falls in battle with bacchides—Jonathan leader—becomes high priest— The Onias temple in Egypt—Jonathan confirmed by Demetrius II.— slain by Tryphon—The yoke of the heathen removed........ 142-149 CHAPTER XXVII SIMON. JOHANAN HYRCANUS. ALEXANDER JANNAI (142-76) Simon takes the Citadel and levels it to the ground—Syrian invasion of Judea repulsed—Simon murdered—Jerusalem invested by Antiochus Sidetes—Dynastic disturbances in Antioch—Samaritan temple razed to the ground—Rise of the Pharisees—Death of Hyrcanus—Aristobulus —Alexander Jannai and his wars—The antagonism of the Pharisees— ra) Arn gn Pe 150-157 CHAPTER XXVIII THE LAST HASMONEAN RULERS (76-37) The true and false Pharisee—The collection of Holy Scriptures— Sadducees and Pharisees—Salome Alexandra—Civil war between Aris- tobulus and Hyrcanus—Pompey—Hyrcanus IJ].—Antipater—Caesar— -Mark Antony—The Parthian invasion—Antigonus—Herod named by Met AS OWS. Sb sill sida dec e cna dace seen 158-168 MaALLER AATX HEROD THE GREAT (37-4) Murder of Aristobulus—Herod and Cleopatra—Herod confirmed by Octavian—Execution of Miriam the Hasmonean—Herod’s administra- tion—His buildings—The Herodian Temple—Other buildings—The Sanhedrin—Shammai and Hillel—Execution of Alexander, Aristobulus, ne aS 169-176 CHAPTER XXX ROME TIGHTENING ITS HOLD (4 before—41 after the Christian era) Archelaus—The Procurators—The Zealots—The Essenes—The Apoc- alyptists—John the Baptist—Jesus of Nazareth—Pontius Pilate—Riot in Alexandria—Philo—Commotion in Palestine over Caligula’s order erenmrippaccoohraied by, Claudius. 62 je ..)i lesa esas iediuen 177-188 CHAPTER XXXI THE WAR WITH ROME (41-67) Agrippa I.—The Procurators—Fadus, Tiberius Alexander, Cumanus, Felix, Festus, Albinus, Florus—The peace and war parties—Victory over Gallus—War declared—Josephus in Galilee—Vespasian—The fall of Jodephath—North of Palestine brought under subjection by the. Ee). eeabihscrs FA ihe hieee» anlal. aly te vol 189-198 XII TABLE-OF CONTENTS CHAPTER XXXII THE NATIONAL DISASTER (68-73) The Zealots in Jerusalem—Johanan of Gish-halab—Simon bar Giora— Reign of the commune—Vespasian emperor—Eleazar son of Simon— Titus invests Jerusalem—Destruction of the City and the Temple—The triumph of Titus—Capture of Masada............sseeeeees 199-204 CHAPTER XXXII SPIRITUAL RECONSTRUCTION. SPASMS UNDER TRAJAN AND HADRIAN (70-135) The Pharisees succeed to leadership—Johanan son of Zaccai—Gamaliel II.—Eliezer son of Hyrcanus—Joshua son of Hananiah—Eleazar son of Azariah—The meeting at Jabneh—Synagogue worship and Scripture reading—Communal institutions—Schools—Jewish uprisings under Tra- jan—Hadiian—The Third War against Rome—Akiba—Bar Kokeba— The fall‘of. Beth-ther ;....,4.5..%05 955 «065 sm 205~215 CHAPTER XXXIV THE MAKERS OF THE MISHNAH (1354975) The ten martyrs—Sanhedrin reéstablished—Simon son of Gamaliel— Meir and his wife Beruriah—Judah son of Ilai—Simon son of Johai— Judah I.—The Mishnah—Other tannaitic works ............ 216-233 CHAPTER XXXV THE LAST PATRIARCHS (180-425) The Roman’ dominion—Gamaliel III.—Judah II.—Gamaliel IV.— Judah II1I.—Johanan bar Nappaha—Simon son of Lakish—Constantine the Great—Hillel I].—Julian the Apostate—The Christian emperors— Gamaliel V.—J udah IV.—Gamaliel VI.—Extinction of the patriarchate 224-230 BOOK II THE EASTERN CENTER UNTIL THE EXTINCTION OF THE GAONATE (175-1038). 27 a ba etnies pee 231-283 CHAPTER XXXVI -RAB AND SAMUEL (175-254) The Babylonian center—Life of Babylonian Jews—The Exilarch—Rab founds the school at Sura—Samuel at Nehardea............- 233-239 CHAPTER XXXVII UNDER THE SASSANIANS, THE TALMUD OF BABYLON as oe 4.) (254632) bead ai The Sassanian ‘rulers—Judah son of Ezekiel founds school at’ Pumbe- ditha—Huna—Rabbah son of Nahmani and Joseph—Abaye and Raba— Shapur I1.—Ashi—Rabina II.—The Talmud committed to writing— ~ Description of the Talmud—Saboraim—Geonim............. 240~-247 TABLE OF CONTENTS . Nutt ‘ CHAPTER XXXVI : RISE OF MOHAMMEDANISM 4 (622-858) g—fn tive northwest of the Peninsula——Moham.- pJews--Thie Cainuka’ exiled The other Jewish anished-— The Aral conquest of Syria and Pales- net iets, treatment of unbelievers—The exilarch > amas CRC M Ge yh sk vane, «AROSE OH APTER ° iene ints THE KAPAITS 2 RtsM (> (T6790) Abwllée Ohadiatol typahan—Yudghan of ; o or aniti-trecitional tendencics—Anan founder ymin of Neha werd — Ruprisi: 258-263 fee CHAPTER ‘1 he * SAADIAK 6) (8B2~942) eB} ret and the Fastat coramunity.—~Pales- eae: i Since the Arab ae ~The Masorah @ calendar-—Aaron ben Meir-—Saadiah opposes ~ Elevates to ihe Gaonate—Rupture with the Paths literary wari. :.....-..- 264-272 | rick ene §25-531 CHAPTER LXXI INTERNAL ORGANIZATION. LURIA AND ISSERLES (1510-1573) © Shakna—Jewish autonomy—Solomon lLuria—Moses Isserles—The Council of Four Lands... ... ..:,5...-.-«s« «see > a 532-540 CHAPTER LXXII | THE ZENITH OF POLISH JEWRY (1550-1648) Lippomano—Animosities of the Church—Education—Outstanding Scholars. . oi... «0.0. + che pip eeieleteiel 5 + 0 scene cts ana 541-546 CHAPTER LXXIII THE JEWS OF BOHEMIA (1579-1654) Prague—Joseph of Rosheim—Mordecai Meisel—Yom Tob Lipmann ‘ Heller—His incarceration—His release and migration to Poland. 547-550 CHAPTER LXXIV THE CHMIELNICKI MASSACRES (1648-1655) The Cossacks—The massacres—Nemirov and Tulchin—Other towns— Muscovite invasion of Lithuania—The Messiah’s spouse...... 551-557 CHAPTER LXXV SABBATAI ZEVI (1626-1676) | At Smyrna—At Jerusalem—Mission to Egypt—Nathan of Gaza— Sabbatai publicly proclaimed as Messiah—The believers in Europe— Sabbatai’s departure for Constantinople—His detention at Abydus— Sabbatai turns Moslem—His death. ........... | oe te eee 558-567 CHAPTER LXXVI THE SABBATIANS. MOSES HAYIM LUZZATTO (1676-1747) Cardoso—Mordecai of Eisenstadt—Jacob Querido and his son—The Dénmeh—Judah ‘the Saint’ and Hayim Malak—Nehemiah Hayun— David Oppenheim—Solomon Ayllon and the Haham Zebi—Moses Hayim ‘Luzzatto. .......0..0.6.0.0le4 OU 568-577 7) 6° CHAPTER LXXVII Reis i » =BASIDISM (1660-1797) ‘ al Shem Tob (the tPF yank aad oe ‘Mex yrvect-—Habad —Shneor Zalman ficts bétween Hasidim and Mith- . “CHAPTER LXXVIE - THE jOWs OF PRUSSIA (167 1- 1736) . jssion of Jews to the Mark--Eisen- issohn-— he icacders of the old type of Judaism— n controversy —\ fendelesahn’s translation of the yt and his Patent of Tolerance--Naphtali Herz ns Esperppalern’ dp ae eS Bi 8 aes wig VR SBO=599 BOOK Vv PATION (ATT AONB) es oe ce, 601: 137 - cuaprer LXXIX. cceegpwoeg AMD REVOLUTIONARY ties (1654-5750) < ¢ at New \costerdan—~At Newport--In ne Jews come: avelate ple Vahpren UXRE r ATION IN FRAN: . AD rugnce DEPENDENCIES ase /GTRT-1854) ; ein Holland—The reed -~ he a nd Grett Bonb iri ¢ Consistorial as ia~~-Israe Sook een Nae jy i Bittic cities. = sa 3 . 693-618 CHAPTER UXT EMANCIPATION IVF yee Bote t of N ‘1812 Cox divions in the Austrian domin- 4 a) mi ae s Soa tear Pieper cot tain from. te TABLE OF CONTENTS | XIX Ritual murder charges—~Ganganelli--- ve ass itn's ea AS ods a vc vi 1BORS itions-—The Pla pion Sephardim. and nga i Jewr mare . xwris NY y mm all ee P } A hes gre ae ‘ 3 4g sb 4 ey) j r } ‘ Fle woe 3 Pr. ead 4, oes er Ss Se } an Suite AE oj ind eRe wey 5 hy a 7 » : } F 2s ab ws wea ae ae rere, oui te ie aaa Sieh A Se bv motes Qied ¥ . F a é 1% ‘ = > ae war i eee + i nine 1, pepe Mees Lets i es , > Se ee ties oF ohh NMP LS eRe OP 14! ’ <5 af > Px. e < 26, Sr, te ’ “ - 4 .< ts. MAY a te ei “2 ae a Gather! gral Hety oer i Thiet cyte) aun ag Swbeatel haces * Menon te: ane | Cnviows-~Mordioes of Ketensioctt —« fae 2 anes 3 Pdrwel-jutelt “Vee ada ved Hoyim B ogee ; Dawid Clopenbists —Setamn Action wad te Oe Vy Daeearic. .. ME PPGR RS AES, oF TABLE OF CONTENTS XIX CHAPTER LXXVII HASIDISM (1660-1797) Impoverishment of Polish Jewry—Ritual murder charges—Ganganelli— Decay of spiritual life—Israel Baal Shem Tob (the Besht)—Frank and the Frankists—The Preacher of Mezdyrzecz—Habad —Shneor Zalman of Liady—The Gaon of Vilna—Conflicts between Hasidim and Mith- ee ee ECs Saal 65g aise o aig) oka RU EEIE AAS SIGYe o's 8 o> 578-588 CHAPTER LXXVIII THE JEWS OF PRUSSIA (1671-1786) Condition of German Jews—Admission of Jews to the Mark—Eisen- menger—Moses Mendelssohn—The leaders of the old type of Judaism— The Eybeschiitz-Emden controversy—Mendelssohn’s translation of the Pentateuch—Joseph II. and his Patent of Tolerance—Naphtali Herz Wessely—Mendelssohn’s ‘Jerusalem’......... 0... 0000 e eee 589-599 BOOK V THE.AGE OF EMANCIPATION (1787-1925).............. 601-737 CHAPTER LXXIX JEWS IN AMERICA IN COLONIAL AND REVOLUTIONARY TIMES (1654-1790) The first Jewish settlement at New Amsterdam—At Newport—In Georgia—Religious conditions—The Philadelphia community—Ger- shom Mendes Seixas—The Jews congratulate Washington..... 603-607 CHAPTER LXXX JEWISH EMANCIPATION IN FRANCE AND FRENCH DEPENDENCIES (1787-1811) - Before the Revolution—The Sephardim and Alsatian Jews—Jewish emancipation in France—In Holland—The Jews of Rome freed— Napoleon—Assembly of Notables and Grand Sanhedrin—Consistorial organization—In Westphalia—Israel Jacobsohn—Emancipation in Pranmrom—io the Hanseatic cities... ..... ¢ia.06.0ecce eee cees 608-618 CHAPTER LXXXI EMANCIPATION IN PRUSSIA (1786-1812) David Friedlander—The circles of Rationalists—Epistle to Pastor Teller—The Grant of March, 1812—Conditions in the Austrian domin- Ree PDE SCSAEL oss sos os cian note te tne oo eee eee 619-626 CHAPTER LXXXII RUSSIAN JEWS UNDER PAUL AND ALEXANDER I. (1796-1825) . Derzhavin’s project—The Statute of 1804—Expulsion from villages— The school at Volozhin—Beginnings of Enlightenment........ 627-631 XX TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER LXXXIII CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION IN CENTRAL EUROPE (1814-1823) The Vienna Congress—The Hamburg Temple—Isaac Bernays—Hep- hep—Political reaction—The ‘Beer Temple’ in Berlin closed. . .632-637 CHAPTER LKXXXIV THE RENASCENCE OF JEWISH SCHOLARSHIP (1819-1868) Leopold Zunz—Isaac Samuel Reggio—Samuel David Luzzatto—Nah- man Krochmal—Solomon Judah Rapoport.................. 638-641 CHAPTER LXXXV AFTER THE JULY REVOLUTION (1830-1846) The July Revolution—Isaac Adolphe Crémieux—Religious conditions in France—English Jewry—The House of Rothschild—David Salomons —Moses Montefiore—The Jews of Canada obtain equal rights, 642-647 CHAPTER LXXXVI RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENTS AMONG THE JEWS OF THE UNITED STATES (1802-1868) ; Reforms in Charleston—Mordecai Manuel Noah—Isaac Leeser. 648-650 CHAPTER LXXXVII THE DAMASCUS LIBEL (1840) Ratti Menton—Mehemet Ali—Protests in Europe and America—The journey of Montefiore, Crémieux and Munk—The common bond of JEW. oc ee eke 0 ene dae 651-653 CHAPTER LXXXVIII THE STRUGGLE FOR EMANCIPATION IN WESTERN EUROPE | (1830-1858) Gabriel Riesser—The revolution of 1848—The reaction—Baron de Rothschild seated in the English Parliament..............:3.. 654-658 CHAPTER EAA XA. REFORM AND COUNTER-REFORM (1841-1860) The Hamburg Temple strife—The Frankfort Reform Society—Opinions on circumcision—Abraham Geiger—Samuel Holdheim—Ludwig Philipp- son—Zechariah Frankel—Samson Raphael Hirsch—The West London Synagogue. Fe eso ones inne 659-664 CHAPTER XC POLITICAL AND CULTURAL CONDITIONS IN EASTERN EUROPE (1815-1855) The czars hereditary kings of Poland—Assimilationists and old-fashioned Jews—Expulsion from villages in Russia—Nicholas I.—The ‘cantonists’ —The Pale of Settlement—The Haskalah—Uvarov—Max Lilienthal— Montefiore’s mission to Russia—The Crimean War.......... 665-674 CUAPTER KG: Tae wErORM MOVEMENT IN AMERICA pert RUROPE : ees Eat £ nM, Wise--David Einhora—The Civil italy wed ot Germdnp-—Emancipation achieved yoo Phe sy “lhe, ease—-The Alliance Israélite Palewtino~-Mobes Graetz’s ‘History asd Augsburg and the Philadelphia wii teats so da? Recah vO. ition Toi Kutais HE Feet an ere : ‘Smole skin--<“rénsieux wainly pleads for the : AMI ie. Peviotto--The a oe War—. ee Meir Loeb Maibim. , BEd oy 0)-'s «683-690 3 cree xcny A {TI-SEMITISN ANU E.SS1AN POGROMS ae Aang Fand the Ge ine of Z atiev te eocning of the Jewish Thedlogical I.-— The Nanten tape pe ‘ie eo eee i ees te ele i G ~JOl ‘CHAPTER XCIV ip eee tie _ ZIONTS , es og tinge . . Herzi— | Nordau—The ee we’ S ate ey bre Zi Congresses—The Mizrahi -—Deat bof Hectigainatense 902-711 4 CHAPTEX xev EDS’ AND THE Heine REVOLUTION . “(908- 1925 2 ; Bene Fehda—Simon Dubnow—The. - pegeariy—The Beilis trial—National By OW esse eens ee odd 12-718 ; merican Jewish ee er fewish scholarship in he and—- Biro dhe 19-724 © (i eas fn ae aes We sym ed ; hes AMOXG Je oe StATER, ei, eis Fe eel. orsign Be OMe, l. Oe ee aera fPGis-1 The causes hotest tary Reng vd | ‘sidara)-~ A Jews “4 ~Parpiglou xy at 6% WEE be : io ~The Pale WF Sat tleanene — "Vie 3 Mont igre’ sé ivdesiiat y) Hilesia st TABLE OF CONTENTS XXI CHAPTER TSC) PROGRESS OF THE REFORM MOVEMENT IN AMERICA AND IN EUROPE (1845-1876) The German immigration—Isaac M. Wise—David Einhorn—The Civil War—The unification of Italy and of Germany—Emancipation achieved in Austria and Germany—The Mortara case—The Alliance Israélite Universelle—Colonization of Palestine—Moses Hess—Graetz’s ‘History of the Jews’—The Synods of Leipzig and Augsburg and the Philadelphia Conference—Rabbinical training schools.............000eees 675-082 CHAPTER XCII THE JEWS OF RUSSIA AND RUMANIA (1855-1878) Alexander II.—The Polish Revolution—The Kutais trial—Moses Loeb Lilienblum and Perez Smolenskin—Crémieux vainly pleads for the Rumanian Jews—Benjamin F. Peixotto—The Russo-Turkish War— The Congress of Berlin—Meir Loeb Malbim................ 683-690 Se CHAPTER XCIII GERMAN ANTI-SEMITISM AND RUSSIAN POGROMS (1878-1894) Bismarck and Lasker—Stécker—Tisza-Eszlar—Alexander IIJ.—Pobie- donostzev—The pogroms of 1881—The exodus to America—Ignatiev and the May Laws—Leo Pinsker and the BILU—The Lovers of Zion The Pittsburgh Platform and the opening of the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York—William I.—The Xanten trial—Plehve—Baron Peemeirestiicccirand the ICA.... 2.0.3 (VAR OS 691-701 CHAPTER XCIV ZIONISM (1894-1904) The Dreyfus Affair—Theodore Herzl—Max Nordau—The Vienna Anti-Semites—The ‘Jews’ State’—The Zionist Congresses—The Mizrahi —The Kishinev pogrom—Death of Herzl.................4. 702-711 CHAPTER XCV THE ‘BLACK HUNDREDS’ AND THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION (1905-1912) The ITO—Ahad Haam—Eliezer Ben-Jehuda—Simon Dubnow—The Russian Revolution—The Bielostok pogrom—The Beilis trial—National divisions in Austria—The Polish boycott...........+.eeeeee 712-718 CHAPTER XCVI \ THE EXODUS TO AMERICA (1905-1914) Movement to restrict immigration—American Jewish Committee— Abrogation of the treaty with Russia—Jewish scholarship in England— Solomon Schechter—Jewish organizations in Germany........ 719-724 XXII TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER XCVII THE WORLD WAR (1914-1918) The plight of the Jews—The American Joint Distribution Committee— The ‘Zion Mule Corps’—The Russian Revolution—The Palestinian campaign—The Balfour Declaration—The entry of Allenby into Jeru- salernvis § esi elds vik b-w ee nie.» o/s lasctvas Wie tg energie ann 725-731 CHAPTER XCVIII MINORITY RIGHTS AND THE PALESTINIAN MANDATE (1918-1925) The Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia—The Armistice—Pogroms in the Ukraine—The Peace Conference—Sir Herbert Samuel first British High Commissioner in Palestine—The problem of reconstruction of the Jews in the war area—Recrudescence of Anti-Semitism in Europe and America—The opening of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. .732-737 Bibliography ii: Fs s).10'4 . «5101 negara oan ake chap Demers 739-752 Chronological’ “Tables... ../. 0004 53 Seam on) 753-774 {15 G8 (oo dE aR eevee se 45 e) eal «bie ee ane ee 775-823 Maps: Egypt and the Semitic World, about 1400 before the Christian Era Palestine: (a) In the time of David (b) Physical Map (c) In Roman Times Persia and Arabia, about 700 England and Wales in the Reign of Edward I France, 1376 Germany, 1378 Spain, 1469 {taly, about 1494 Ottoman Empire, 1566 Poland and Lithuania, 1564 Europe, Southwestern Asia and Northern Africa, 1810 United States, 1848 Europe, Southwestern Asia and Northern Africa, 1926 : - ah : « » ‘tee? 5 : ba a . j . Lal 4 A a " C ' % ” e ¥ ¥ - ‘ « a ; 2 r - ‘ 1 rt ‘ F, 2) ~ ae ’ So] * ie ’ x. . » . bre . ~ wry . . yt - % y ¥ 2: * i oh fxg * = - # ; a iy x > * t zx ae 4 CUBR NAN ae ) : 7 Ny Fp peg t a rare See Ai 3 + ai . r tia pl 4 F C Yate Ue ea oe iatps rahe HH) P : 2 Se ae ry § a re Fees Wu = Pegpeis sa wei & a. 7 sa * » © e445 + ‘ou ; otras ‘ * + ’ 4 ‘ iit Serre STR De hee . BOOK | IN PALESTINE FROM THE BEGINNINGS TO THE EXTINCTION OF THE PATRIARCHATE (2,000 BEFORE—425 AFTER THE CHRISTIAN ERA) ET ee ae =) a : " vane a4 ~ al wen 4 > : , a “y 4 » ¢ Pa a ; \ . ‘i i ’ r @ ms vir y * we ‘ : £ %, ' , . | . ‘ . Po . ‘ * 4 4 . 4 ‘ ‘ yy . \Y - - ny ee Saple ‘THR PEOPLE | ine CritereAN ERA) e. iterting she western bank of the ga the fieene of Terah, the fared er north than it dijgeaeday. Toward the ~d the Arajier pondigets, dotted with the | ib tribes. Tie Anata pure stock were itl the progenitors Flee, to the group | Eber. Howevel,. Ge name Hebrew Abralian-—he WA Yadwed at the first dias, partmalubiy the Israclites. 2 ar toy Sher. thera @ Iyonh; from him 8 spoke oe real clair wlatéed, which we of colli Sermiric, (genes. The speech of (p. a tet wir know as Hebrew: prenerd a. * if eta a eother, Ham. . Bock ave &y natigewa interchangeable iguage 1 sore gayle is acquired hy an- fleren: erick. Wigs therefore we speak of Mind sey thee ntsch and culture, not : ors. ia acl Hat all there was a. &, were the people of wthey had migrated from & Asix, Renatly wneertain is the primi- ee. of tenth Letropean speech, in histor- Bete 82) ; tofold.tiens the atiesturs of the Hebrew ) ren wich ole fe the Persian Gulf - ¢ the Asoyriatiy Yat the Arameans. | people, qugkee with the Egyp- habitat is a matter of © . ws to tle tt yeems probable that 5 linia, the: nanan th in Tran and north CHAPTER I THE BEGINNINGS OF THE PEOPLE (2000-1225 BEFORE THE CHRISTIAN ERA) N THE stretch of land skirting the western bank of the | Euphrates dwelt of old time the ancestors of the Hebrew people. Ur of the Chaldees, the home of Terah, the father of Abraham, lay then much closer to the Persian Gulf which reached farther north than it does to-day. Toward the southwest extended the Arabian peninsula, dotted with the settlements of Arab tribes. These Arabs of pure stock were reckoned, along with the progenitors of Terah, to the group of the children of Eber. However, the name Hebrew (Ibri, Ibrim) clung to Abraham—he was named at the first Abram—and to his descendants, particularly the Israelites. The Bible traces Eber to Shem, the son of Noah; from him were descended likewise the Assyrians and the Arameans. All these peoples spoke languages closely related, which we are in the habit of calling Semitic (Shemitic). The speech of the Canaanites (p. 7) was nearest to that we know as Hebrew; yet the Bible groups this people, together with the Egyp- tians, among the descendants of Shem’s brother, Ham. Language and stock are by no means interchangeable terms. Often the language of one people is acquired by an- other of a totally different stock. When therefore we speak of Semites, we have in mind solely their speech and culture, not the form of the skull or facial expression. If at all there was a primitive Semitic stock, its earliest habitat is a matter of conjecture. Nowhere, not even in Arabia, were the people of Semitic speech indigenous to the soil. It seems probable that at divers periods in remote antiquity they had migrated from somewhere in Central Asia. Equally uncertain is the primi- tive home of the peoples of Indo-European speech, in histor- ical times inhabiting India, the highlands in Iran and north 3 4 - THE BEGINNINGS OF THE PEOPLE of the Taurus range, and the continent of Europe. It is quite possible that they, too, came from Central Asia and were at one time close neighbors to the Semites, the two sets of peoples trading with one another and exchanging their cul- tural possessions. From Ur of the Chaldees an ancient caravan route led to Haran (the Roman Carrhae), a well-cultivated district in northeastern Mesopotamia. There we find the Terahites after their departure from their original home. Their intent was to push on by way of Damascus to the land of Canaan. This destination was reached by Abraham after his father’s death. He took with him his brother’s son Lot, the father of Moab and Ammon. They left behind the kindred Arameans; they left behind also the gods whom they and their fathers had worshiped. The Bible invests the migration of Abraham with the character of a religious movement. Abraham was ‘called’ (Isaiah 51.2); by the grace of prophetic inspiration, in obedience to the divine voice, he set foot upon a land which he received as a promise for him and his seed for ever. This land, which the Jews call the Land of Israel and to which the Romans gave the name of Palestine, was then known as the Land of Canaan. Normally it means the nar- row strip of land west of the Jordan, ‘from Dan to Beer- sheba’; it increases in width from twenty miles in the north to sixty in the south and covers an area of six thousand square miles. But from the point of view of actual or con- templated possession, its northern as well as its southern end extended beyond the limits mentioned. Certainly the four thousand square miles east of the Jordan must be comprised within the territory in which the early history of Israel was set. Physically, likewise, the two halves of Palestine go to- gether. A barrier of mountain chains and table-land, running from north to south, shuts off the Syro-Arabian desert in the east from the Mediterranean, or Great, Sea in the west. A deep chasm merely interposes itself. This great crack sets in with the plain sunk between the Lebanon and the eastern parallel range, the Antilibanus. The southerly extension of the eastern range is the Hermon; in its spurs the river Jor- wa 2a an Bese pad sia tiver leaves behind the a, bee: ae Bridge of the Daughters of ped Lut »< Galilee (Gea. of Chinnereth), toa debaie » oS9 feets tt continues to drop f loses itech < helen the appearance of d-up, leaving «2+ river gat the three lakes. cad oe there i . shomehy, Yee as we proceed — of tho exctertegma of the Red Sea. of the Selstiisi is Wagetian the swift cur- we migeagying char=< ace wBimerance to naviga- ic : . “rs the ties: <« fenekatvie, Le the spring of jerflows its bank hen the aater recedes, the bya jungle ermuctgmiemetin-tropical vege- ~ of the Jorivs Om teh gates the ascent is - r eee ty eemmeneee scot than the } oe elf ta fie ‘and formation hii ieee Pion the < of - port 1 Fae meme adie in ‘the south, hn et f piss ‘te the enst is the biblical jabs. dent fotapaied oalk- -trees and its its). Ao herds of strong ‘Gam, the Jabbok, inter- | eeei vies here ig a close like- prretieneling part of western iptiendc: caadneds histori- ‘lend woud forth streams and Gieert-the Jabbok ie particu: ih gies, and sheep and catde nate wh ¥ine Jabbok,inthelandof 9 ii. Moabisableaktable, = beds; chief of them ia: ei ia Wane hitietid, | oe. ae i . “e * 7 ar. ri y : . -% ‘ ) VLE i - ie Cee oe eee ae oA : hea ae oa Pee pe ee a ey ae em CPE LSD vee Hie at Sea aaa aa Sa Sos a eee ee a Dt ~~ « ti 4, Om Me cee an “a2, it 2 Pes | : 5 oe rie hg ‘ “ : : 4 Pa Tk “ noe: area f ot ; a a bt " ‘ rn. tee ?e FP MEELIS CHR GE Ge? bes ae Nes oe Bee ere ae mae.” rp ; a SES Bis. ry 4 a. Boe : > % is $ 4 ‘ A a wy) * ; a %" An . eee a - % ee a a i ‘ & Un, ) te ee the Moackterranva * wee fhe tes aK between PRAISE. S TER, FL Antilibane SE PE -s ‘ i. P i =P ats a bia eR? EOP SET Tah ye ue fT) Liermon ; THE PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF PALESTINE 5 dan takes its rise. So far we find ourselves above the level of the Mediterranean. But after the river leaves behind the swampy lakelet Huleh, from the Bridge of the Daughters of Jacob to the pear-shaped Lake of Galilee (Sea of Chinnereth), the river bed falls to a depth of 689 feet; it continues to drop until the Jordan loses itself in the bitter waters of the Dead Sea, the bottom of which is some 2,600 feet below the Medi- _ terranean level. This central Rift formed in ancient geologi- cal times a huge inland lake; long before the appearance of man it had dried up, leaving the river and the.three lakes. South of the Dead Sea there is a steady rise as we proceed toward the Gulf of Akabah, the eastern arm of the Red Sea. The abrupt falls of the Jordan, no less than the swift cur- rents and the zigzagging channel, are a hindrance to naviga- tion. In shallow depths the river is fordable. In the spring of the year it overflows its banks. When the water recedes, the river is bordered by a jungle of luxuriant semi-tropical vege- tation, the ‘pride of the Jordan.’ On both sides the ascent is steep. The eastern range is slightly more continuous than the western; it more readily gives itself to table-land formation and maintains a higher average level. From the slopes of Hermon to the valley of the Jarmuch—the river empties its waters into the Jordan just below the Lake of Galilee— Golan, rocky in the north and more arable in the south, stretches itself; a broad prairie to the east is the biblical Bashan, noted for its abundant forests of oak-trees and its rich pasture lands offering nourishment to herds of strong cattle. Another tributary of the Jordan, the Jabbok, inter- sects the highland of Gilead. Physically, there is a close like- ness between Gilead and the corresponding part of western Palestine; the two were also intimately connected histori- cally. The wooded hills of Gilead send forth streams and springs in abundance. The valley of the Jabbok is particu- larly fruitful; much wheat is grown, and sheep and cattle find rich pasture ground. South of the Jabbok, in the land of Ammon, ridges and forests diminish. Moab is a bleak table- land, broken through by deep river beds; chief of them is that of the Arnon which drains into the Dead Sea. 6 | THE BEGINNINGS OF THE PEOPLE On the western side, the Lebanon passes over into the plateau of Upper Galilee, walled in by high hills. The hills of Lower Galilee are less elevated; they gradually slope off towards the depression which forms the great break across the main range of the country. This is the Plain of Esdraelon. It is cut off from the Valley of the Jordan by the Gilboa mountains, and from the sea by the range of the Carmel. The cone-shaped peak of Tabor dominates it at the northeastern point. The Kishon is the principal river draining it. This river runs in a northwesterly direction at the foot of the Carmel range; now and again the Galilean hills approach quite closely, leaving but narrow passes through which the river glides along; then the plain widens out towards the Bay of Acre (Acco), which receives the waters of the Kishon through a marshy delta east of Haifa. Between the promon- tory of the Carmel and the sea there is but a beach of two hundred yards; but gradually the maritime plain increases in extent. It becomes the Sharon, from which passes lead across the Carmel range into the Great Plain, thus connecting sea and Jordan valley and forming the natural route for armies marching south or north, between Egypt and Syria. The Plain of Dothan affords a still wider entrance. It separates the Carmel range from the hill-country of Samaria (Mount Ephraim); the gentle gradients westward and the many broad valleys within, render this central portion of the land far more accessible than the southern hill-country of Judah. From the Philistine coast the Judean Lowland rises imper- ceptibly with its short and low ranges and the pebbly river beds in its cross valleys; from there the ascent to the Judean mountains and high plateau is steep and abrupt. Between the mountain ridges tortuous and deep defiles interpose. The desolate appearance which the bare stones of the lofty sur- face present to-day is obviously due to the neglect of ages. Now and again the ruins of terraced masonry show that at one time human hands were at work to conserve the waters of the rainfall and the soil which they moisten. The rough and dreary aspect increases eastward as the terrain falls pre- cipitously towards the Dead Sea. Southward the steppe z caraawrens Ah AMORITES ; 7 | pre weiatantecd Hap the dry Seuthtond | (Negeb) | 10 the aed vig rery a B seg e pais: Solis the eesiaes who re < a ‘ ‘ 7 4 - . - . en ee es a ee oe i gua ae cat F pei ds wh pia Swey Ga oa * ie % an ae uae ’ ov i 7 i. | 4 te v4 | Pdi : hw ae =, ae cae hS Wish fares wot! tal) Dee tash Pie Cort p cedbats ayipurateee whir hy eee ’ ' : CREE Die tie tS Obs — ~ . eM Oe 224 aye vee ruins of terraced Winey slau beyaan hands were ap works ta & te saintall and the aor which gi SONS TRACY Spek WaCreasen ¢ eastward Sukoahy tre weds the Dead Sex SS 2100] THE CANAANITES AND AMORITES ; ‘| character becomes pronounced in the dry Southland (Negeb) before it passes into the barren desert. When Abraham entered the land, he found the Canaan- ites in possession of a good part thereof; it is they who gave the land its very name. For a long time the traffickers who traded with the Israelites went by the name of Canaanites. Side by side with the Canaanites, who dwelt in the Lowlands, were found the Amorites who occupied the mountainous dis- tricts. Both were Semitic, if we remember what the term properly means (p. 3). It is likely that the Amorites were the first settlers. Their early seat was the Lebanon; thence they spread eastward as well as southward. For a time they made themselves masters of Babylon, giving that city its first dynasty.of rulers, of whom Hammurapi (about 2100 before the Christian era) was the most illustrious. An energetic administrator, he left an enduring monument in the Code of Laws which he promulgated. The Code testifies to a high degree of civilization, marred by the prevalence of unchaste institutions which are taken for granted and regulated. The penal provisions are strict and oftentimes harsh, as when children are punished for the crime of their fathers. On the whole the Code bears the character of secular legislation, on a par with the tenor of our modern laws; moral injunctions have no place in it. The Amorite dynasty of Babylon was overthrown by the Hittites. From their plateau across the Taurus they descended into Babylonia as well as Syria;in Abraham’s time they had principalities in Palestine. Other smaller nationalities were domiciled in specific parts of the land, so the Hivites about Gibeon, the Jebusites in Jerusalem. Back of all these nations there had been an earlier population which these displaced. The Bible speaks of the Rephaim and Anakim, men of high stature, of whom there were still remnants at the time of the Israelite occupation and even later. Scattered over the coun- try were the structures reared by these ‘giants’: cyclopean walls of undressed blocks of stone wedged with chips; stone- circles (cromlechs) and crude dome-shaped chambers (dol- mens), consisting of a slab supported by upright blocks, for 8 - THE BEGINNINGS OF THE PEOPLE [2160- sepulchral purposes. There seems no reason why this older race may not also have been Semitic. At a still earlier period we find evidences of an aboriginal stock of dwarfish stature, who lived in caves and disposed of their dead by cremation. The pre-Israelite population of Palestine was thus made up of a medley of stocks. The dominant element was clearly Semitic; if there were any other constituents, they had been absorbed. The Philistines occupied the coastland from Jaffa southward. They had come from the southern coast of Asia Minor (or possibly the island of Crete) and dispossessed the Avim. But they had largely surrendered to Canaanite influ- ences. The broken up configuration of the Land, no less than the mixed stocks which formed its population, militated against consolidation of political power. No centralized em- pire arose. There was a multitude of city-kingdoms; in the face of a common danger a league was hastily formed and it just as soon fell apart.’ The Philistines alone were perma- nently federated, though each of their five city-states had its own ruler. So it was easy for powers great and small to over- run the country and impose their suzerainty upon the Pales- tinian kinglets. Almost from the dawn of history, the rulers in the Tigris- Euphrates valley had their eye on the ‘westland’ and boasted of its subjugation. Just as earnestly did the Pharaohs of Egypt strive to bring Syria and Palestine within their sphere of influence. Egyptian, armies: penetrated into the heart of Palestine during the Middle Empire (from 2160 on). After the twelfth dynasty (1785) the power of Egypt was broken; the tables were turned, and Syrian bedouins (the Hyksos) established themselves in the seat of the Pharaohs (1700-1580). At last the foreign dominion was shaken off. The rulers of the New Empire sought out the remnant of the Hyksos in their Syrian fastnesses. Vigorous military cam- paigns northward were undertaken by Amenhotep (about 1550) and Thutmose I. (1530). The conquest of Palestine was accomplished by Thutmose III. in a series of expeditions which terminated in 1459. The strong cities were garrisoned with Egyptian soldiery; diplomatic and military officers were a HE ORS KT sipetaaes . 9 icon the taped tribute; otherwise. m 2 helye pemitions, provided they th cet in the land. The Ree a wil on the whole te reggie with the native a gow wrested the “or treactietelie liad. The He- bople, vioving: ad with their flocks 7 one Con vee pmeture ground to The prenintiens wrtiement was a Lola tems the Aramean , geet his tents about Gees all enue; Jacob, also hemi. Tire ¢ “nies > © teiel, or Israel- b Pere: chien G9 marked them- 2 gehnies or Rachel, the whee: Re niga ip tn, Levi, Judah, ed therapies: Se iormer, Joseph . P22 eéerior lineage, as . + cheimeeeting Gad and Asher, mt ane M = baey all knew them- Sei pfck Wate father. As their a en, artisaas, and mer- sf themselves a sl tpiasieg os to helen’ ve ring sae ouities ‘ By. ‘ hr oe was or stint soil RAR aemi-permanent oe 4 oo 4. ot i a ' & > 7A ee 7 Wy ; > = bi oan 4 ", ir ni? f Sethe sox ’ .oo+ 0) i f = r v * 5 i ye row Beye ¢ 7 . 4 Cures a . a2 2s ary ea ciety bo net wire ae SP sala Ach hg J fain, ce + a Be ee ra aay FY + By aa J ae: : eh 5 hme Oni 4 eer ; re q . : oe & . 4 4 p : x z2 « = ii ee } ‘Nara Fe MPS 5 ee Pe ” Swern tastie A weve undertake tec 1. 6530). at dns Thutmose I mm FOS The at od tee i 1459] THE ISRAELITE SETTLERS 9 stationed in the land to collect the annual tribute: otherwise the native rulers were left in their positions, provided they paid their tribute regularly. Egyptian influence was strong- est in the south; in the north the effect of the earlier military and pacific penetration from the east.was felt even during the times of Egyptian ascendancy. It would seem that as early as the sixteenth pre-Christian century the Hebrews had their settlements in the land. The tracts which they occupied were acquired on the whole peacefully, through covenanted negotiation with the native chiefs; here and there the sword and the bow wrested the land from the unwilling or treacherous Amorite. The He- brews were a pastoral people, moving about with their flocks of sheep and goats from one convenient pasture ground to another; but the Palestinian soil invited semi-permanent establishments and tillage. The process of settlement was a slow one; fresh kindred groups followed from the Aramean borderland of the desert. Abraham pitched his tents about Hebron; Isaac dwelt in Gerar and the Negeb; Jacob, also named Israel, at Shechem. The Children of Israel, or Israel- ites, counted twelve tribes. Two chief divisions marked them- selves off according to descent from Leah or Rachel, the wives of the ancestor Israel: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, Zebulun reckoned themselves to the former, Joseph and Benjamin to the latter. Of somewhat inferior lineage, as children of concubines, were in the one group Gad and Asher, and in the other Dan and Naphtali. They all knew them- selves as united in blood, the children of one father. As their ancestors had sought their wives from among their own kin in Aram, so the Israelites abhorred marital alliances with the people among whom they dwelt. They looked upon them- selves as strangers and sojourners, distinct from the nations that had settled in the land in times more remote. A plainer and fresher stock, the Israelites looked askance at the luxurious life of the rich craftsmen, artisans, and mer- chants in the cities, who surrounded themselves with precious stuffs and ornaments in gold and silver. The cities appeared to the new-comers as ‘fortified up to heaven.’ A ring of walls, 10 THE BEGINNINGS OF THE PEOPLE often a double ring, guarded the inhabitants against raids; a formidable enemy laying siege to a town must needs throw up mounds in order to batter the walls or to scale them by means of a ladder. To ensure an ample supply of water within the city in case of a siege, tunnels leading to a spring would be cut with great engineering skill. Weapons, such as daggers, swords, the points of spears and arrows, were fash- ioned of flint or bronze; but the smelting of iron had been mastered, and the ordinary archer stood in chariots plated with iron, while the chiefs had them covered with gold and silver. The art of writing was known, whether in the clumsy wedge-shaped Babylonian characters on clay or in the alphabetic script which the traders simplified from cruder Egyptian patterns and traced on papyrus likewise imported from Egypt. Every king had his scribe and every court its archives kept in earthen chests; one city bore the name of Booktown (Kiriath-sepher). The Canaanite religion was of the Semitic type of polythe- ism. Each city, nay, each field and vineyard, well and spring, had its lord (baal, adon) or lady (baalah) as divine possessor and protector. The sexual manifestations of life were under the patronage of the goddess Astarte (or Asherah); like her Babylonian counterpart Ishtar, she was ministered to by male and female devotees who offered their bodies for hire in honor of the deity. The worship of the sun and moon was a direct importation from Babylonia. Beside the chief gods, there were others lower in scale, ghostly beings which were supposed to haunt the fields and steppes. In the temples the richly clad and ornamented images were exposed to the hom- age of the worshipers. Beside every altar stood a pole (ashe- rah) or stone pillar (mazzebah), emblems of the presence of the deity. The altar was the god’s table, whereon gifts were presented in gratitude for the blessings of the harvest or the fruitfulness of the cattle; cups were hollowed therein for the reception of the blood of animal victims or for the libation of wine. By partaking of the sacred meat, the wor- shipers entered into communion with their god. At times the entire animal was placed on the altar to be consumed by THs GANAANITE BELIGION 1] nt pact as @ ewnet my to the god, whose resi- ras after all thongix to be 4 heaven. The tecurrin ng the | seasons of rise aia or the ingathering of welebrated yuh howterie hilarity. There was” com nied by weisy nities wire was is freely’ i im- ne blood otal out vials whem. Di vine Stach ad to the spirits «) ot weer the grave, food dt them ; by pu strays eS Spat im tombs or by x “Spirits erie mol % obtain oracular Paresorcery werted: ¢<4cland. Whether. seS°Or ag a sacral 2 Bit a iwttraordinary effi- | . to make chiles #* through the fire. rifices fillet the Beli * with particular eir sons and chew ea. “aes do they burn | ods.’ The Israci@ie ten ecniled from the ation. The ‘iniquity i ~ he Amorite’ was § -of ihe tribewie © a aethite settiers., Hebrew inf cee ee nat unobserved ag At the —— /&e afteenth to the . Sgyptian rule of pipe EV, (1375-1358) ‘kioerPistic propensities, se theonly god (solar 4 ened was a weak mon- tea : Bettie ae upon He Misorganization. Com- woncerning the inroads of He seem to have fallen out ph wae Pashed out into Egypt; there znine os Canaan forced the others to | | Peete the sabia gon eer hastity, the abesiierics excrescences of ini its roorn a , ie ton ler of things was — $ ¥? ee HUTNNINGS OF FRE. rerrunte fog # : 4 Le ee uf tie rebate Steet wine wk te ee os liv parti ma i Crete tri, tet Tee Snaitie Orb. the 1358] THE CANAANITE RELIGION 11 fire and to ascend as a sweet savor to the god, whose resi- dence was after all thought to be in heaven. The recurring festivals of the seasons of the harvest or the ingathering of fruits were celebrated with boisterous hilarity. There was dancing accompanied by noisy music; wine was freely im- bibed; men and women gave themselves to orgies and in the excess of their emotion cut their bodies with swords and lances till the blood gushed out upon them. Divine honors were accorded to the spirits of the dead; over thegrave, food was presented to them; by passing the night in tombs or by calling up departed spirits one sought to obtain oracular information. Magicand sorcery were rifein theland. Whether for oracular purposes or asa sacrifice of extraordinary eff- cacy, it was the wont to make children pass through the fire. These human sacrifices filled the Israelites with particular horror: ‘for even their sons and their daughters do they burn in the fire to their gods.’ The Israelites also recoiled from the many forms of unchastity, the abominable excrescences of an over-ripe civilization. The ‘iniquity of the Amorite’ was reaching its fulness; in its room a new order of things was preparing in the midst of the tribes of Israelite settlers. The progressive Hebrew infiltration was not unobserved by the native princes. At the turn from the fifteenth to the fourteenth century, especially since 1370, Egyptian rule of Palestine was only nominal. Amenhotep IV. (1375-1358) was a bold religious reformer with rationalistic propensities, who set up the worship of the sun-disk as the only god (solar monotheism); but on the political side he was a weak mon- arch. The petty kings of Palestine vied withone another in protestations of loyalty to their overlord. But behind his back they did as they pleased, secretly intriguing with the very enemies of the Pharaoh. Continued encroachments upon each other’s territory completed the disorganization. Com- plaints were sent to the suzerain concerning the inroads of the Hebrews. The Israelite tribes seem to have fallen out among themselves; Joseph was pushed out into Egypt; there the tribe prospered; a famine in Canaan forced the others to follow suit. As the Bible has it, Joseph, the favorite son of 12 THE BEGINNINGS OF THE PEOPLE [1225 Israel, was sold by his jealous brothers to an Ishmaelite cara- van as it passed through on the way to Egypt. There, after vicissitudes, he rose, by reason of his skill in interpreting dreams, to high honors. He was made second to the Pharaoh; during seven years of plenty he administered the produce of the country, storing the surplus against the years of famine which followed. When Joseph’s brothers came to buy food in Egypt, they did not recognize him, but he recognized them, and after several tests sent them back to return with their aged father. A portion may have remained in Palestine; the bulk settled in Goshen on the eastern delta, where they con- tinued their pastoral life. It is possible that they found there kindred elements from the larger Syrian circle; with these they made common cause, and so they came to be looked upon as troublesome aliens. The successors of Amenhotep IV., his son-in-law Tut- enkhamon and in particular Harmhab, the founder of the nineteenth dynasty, restored Egyptian polytheism and reor- ganized the empire. Seti I. (1313-1292) came to terms with the Hittites and fortified the northern frontier of Palestine. His son, Ramses II. (1292-1225), was involved in renewed warfare with the Hittites. He reconquered Ashkelon and several Galilean cities, and obtained a favorable treaty of peace with the Hittite king, whose daughter he took to wife. He was a great builder. The immense Ramesseum at Thebes, the great court in the temple at Luxor, and the vast colon- nade at Karnak are monuments of his insatiable passion for constructions. The campaigns in Palestine and Syria coun- seled the moving of the royal residence northward. Tanis (Zoan) grew intoalargeand flourishing city. East of Goshen, two new fortresses, store-cities, arose: Pithom (‘house of Atum’) and (per-)Ramses (named after the king, who made it his residence). To build these cities, Ramses, ‘who knew not Joseph,’ exacted forced labor of the Israelitish shepherds; under overseers of their own, subject to the control of Egyp- tian taskmasters, they made the mud bricks which went into the structure. These erstwhile free sons of the steppes groaned under the taskwork which reduced them to bondmen; they rH oo BONDAGE | 13 the fathers, which even then harbored. ; people and where the name-of Israel % & 5 f ¥ Sarah ar De eo aS The re ri aE pee THE EGYPTIAN BONDAGE 13 longed for the land of the fathers, which even then harbored a small residue of their people and where the name of Israel had not been forgotten. CHAPTER Ii MOSES. THE EXODUS (1220) FRESH revolt broke out in Palestine. The successor of A Ramses, Me(r)neptah (1225-1215) quelled it; ina stele, found near Thebes, he boasts of having de- stroyed Israel. The commotion at home communicated itself to the enslaved Israelites in Goshen. There arose an inspired leader, a personality of incomparable magnitude, to become the liberator of his afflicted brethren from their house of bondage. Moses the Levite was born at a time when the oppressing Pharaoh ordered all new-born male children of the Hebrews to be cast into the river. The child was exposed in a chest among the bulrushes of the Nile; there the daughter of Pharaoh found him and took him for her son. He grew up in the royal court and was instructed in all the wisdom of the Egyptians. When he came to man’s estate, he encountered an Egyptian smiting a Hebrew; the feeling for his own over- came Moses, and he slew the aggressor. But he also witnessed the demoralization among the oppressed, when one Hebrew, striving with another, met the rebuke of Moses with a brazen reference to the killing of the Egyptian. Moses, realizing that the act was known, fled into the land of Midian in the Sinaitic peninsula. There, in an oasis, stood a sanctuary. The fugitive Egyptian—as such he was taken by the Midianite priest—was made welcome; he married one of the priest’s daughters and tended his father-in-law’s sheep. On one occasion the shepherd penetrated far into the wild- erness, Close by the mountain of God (Horeb, Sinai). Sud- denly, he beheld a bush burning with fire, and yet the bush was not consumed. It was a vision ushering in his prophetic call. Before he could explain the marvelous sight, he heard a voice calling to him from the bush. The God of the fathers 14 ee) THE RxXODUy | 1 E him: undertake the stission of freeing his - The ‘nam arene cel ee own eee as the alas ish His panels a Helper ever eens, Wi is aiflicted in ail thelr affliction and in His Hahei tedeemeth them.’ Jest now the power of to man ifest itself in freedom for larael, with Moses mit, the first shephen! of God’e fork. | ropt i call which came to Méses made him realize . 168 Of the task and fis own unworthiness. meone elec might he Sent; he knew him- ; ods slow of speech, and of a slow tongue. quenchable fre, Bis the prophetic dlu- find an intecpreter ia bie brother Aaron, was borne in on the prophet in the sequel y his priestly brother might become, how lage low tessa pees trea of the mass. va ed to the pec: the ivine message, ved NAR O made het a god Herimage. "Thnaianasohes intan easterly hirned southward, ft was impossible to 1¢ lakes, to which, in. high tide the west- F the Red Sea. thee. extended, for the jer wits strongly guarded. The Israelites it dm by the wilderness, between Migdol | Feast wind, which blew all night, droves I further back and uncovered the bed of | ¥ sand the passage was effected toward. 8 eae | eas 3 ern shore, Adetachment of Egyptian Nene ene 2 od subj She workings of ebb said tn were - short of a. “ . ta *g : ‘ ; : « . ‘i wot ee ’ Rie Peeples sa 1220] THE EXODUS 15 spoke, bidding him undertake the mission of freeing his oppressed people. The patriarchs had known God as the Almighty. To Moses God made Himself known by a new name: I AM THAT I AM, the One whom no definition can exhaust, who is always with His people, a Helper ever ready, a Savior, ‘who is afflicted in all their affliction and in His love and in His pity redeemeth them.’ Just now the power of God was to manifest itself in freedom for Israel, with Moses as the agent, the first shepherd of God’s flock. The prophetic call which came to Moses made him realize the stupendousness of the task and his own unworthiness. He preferred that someone else might be sent; he knew him- self not a man of words, slow of speech, and of a slow tongue. But his was the unquenchable fire, his the prophetic illu- mination; he would find an interpreter in his brother Aaron, the future priest. It was borne in on the prophet in the sequel how untrustworthy his priestly brother might become, how he would yield to the low religious conceptions of the mass. For the time being Moses accepted his brother’s help, when with wife and children he returned from Midian. The two together communicated to the people the divine message, and the people believed. Preparations were made for a hasty departure. Theexodustookplacein thespring of the year 1220. The immediate goal was the Mountain of God, where Moses received his revelation and whither the people now resorted forasolemn pilgrimage. They marched in an easterly direction; then they turned southward. It was impossible to round the north of the lakes, to which in high tide the west- ern, or Suez, arm of the Red Sea then extended, for the reason that the frontier was strongly guarded. The Israelites found themselves shut in by the wilderness, between Migdol and the sea. A strong east wind, which blew all night, drove the ebbing waters still further back and uncovered the bed of the sea. In the dry sand the passage was effected towards Baal-zephon on the eastern shore. A detachment of Egyptian horsemen, which pursued the fleeing Israelites, was drowned in the sea when the flood returned. The workings of ebb and flow at the opportune moment were nothing short of a 16 MOSES. THE EXODUS miracle. The people believed in God and in His appointed © messenger. Triumphantly they sang: ‘Sing ye to the Lord, for He is highly exalted; The horse and his rider hath He thrown into the sea.’ The march went on past the bitter spring of Marah and the palm grove of Elim. At Rephidim the Amalekites, who disputed the possession of this fertile strip, were overcome in battle. Now the road lay open to the Mountain of God, Horeb or Sinai, close by the territory of Midian, within the district comprising the oasis of Kadesh with its wide plains well supplied with springs issuing from the clefts of the rocks. Both Sinai and Kadesh had long formed sacred centers to the desert tribes; thither they made their pilgrimages, there they held their fairs, and there the Midianite priesthood adjudicated their quarrels according to traditional lore. The memory of Israel ever after harked back to the time when Moses brought the people to the foot of the mountain, there to receive the foundation of their national unity and the constitution of their religious community. The inspiration of the prophetic leader communicated itself to the whole people. A holy enthusiasm possessed them. They saw God in His spiritual essence, under no manner of form, and they heard His voice thundering forth the Ten Words: ‘I am the Lord thy God: thou shalt have no other gods before Me. Thou shalt not make unto thee a graven image, nor any manner of likeness. | Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain. Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy. Honor thy father and thy mother. Thou shalt not murder. Thou shalt not commit adultery. Thou shalt not steal. Thou shalt not bear false witness. Thou shalt not covet.’ fe ROOK OF THE COVENANT ie |S of exaltation, the people accepted with readi- me ives and duties of the divine election con- a holy nation, the priest-people among man-' « 8 of the spiritual interests of h umanity, A, Ntwas sdlemnized by which the people bound, io the will of God... The groundwork of divine A be sees Lap Ten sbi graven ~ afar: ane cuties of the ation, as we vel as ed dual Israetive. Such & manual of guidance Aastrction The first dfaft of the Mosaic the people and formally ratified by them. red ian Book of Ceeerenant. I ds pr bas Se: a ietologiie ae the EE ahape: and concludes with a perora service of , is intailcated. bie ne new 2» the Sarstve iclilaaa anid its Bien of omise must be made with either. Any- ger the spiritual life of the nation must anaanites have theic wumerous sanc- sout the land;adimay the Israclites eh: of Meseis--build an altar, of ee pied His name’ to. be eiraivaiadt ina gh association with a memorable event tarche. Thus the sames of the Canaan- | Sento -onilh come té be forgotten. To ug cw ¥ slave who chooses to” ‘orelinanc’ +) deal with Da an “nr crimes. of optonsicni teetrteter onl ber ind » ak i ing 2 ee ae Pier ti : } 7 Ca eo ow +3, JP YUL ie, . tH, nett. Set bf, Af ‘ ys Cog 24 be FPA we = hy B hye 4 v &. Remy: Bash} Mt ae + F Rese Sa Feet. Vy Ye . oe wad? pert bese fg Phew abalt met oorvet.” % ¥i g THE BOOK OF THE COVENANT ny In their state of exaltation, the people accepted with readi- ness the prerogatives and duties of the divine election con- stituting them a holy nation, the priest-people among man- kind, guardians of the spiritual interests of humanity. A formal covenant was solemnized by which the people bound themselves to do the will of God. The groundwork of divine revelation must needs be expanded; the Ten Words graven on two tables of stone, the Testimony as they were called, required supplementing in the form of a code of laws regulat- ing the ramified affairs and duties of the nation as well as the life of the individual Israelite. Such a manual of guidance was called Torah, Instruction. The first draft of the Mosaic Torah was read to the people and formally ratified by them. It was therefore named the Book of the Covenant. The Book of the Covenant, as we now read it in the twenty- first, twenty-second, and twenty-third chapters of the Second Book of Moses or Exodus, is preceded by a prologue at the end of the twentieth chapter and concludes with a perora- tion. The imageless service of God is inculcated. The new community, during the slow progress of the conquest, will have to contend with the native population and its form of religion. No compromise must be made with either. Any- thing that will endanger the spiritual life of the nation must be uprooted. The Canaanites have their numerous sanc- tuaries, scattered throughout the land; so may the Israelites —such was the first thought of Moses—build an altar, of earth or of unhewn stones, not exactly in any place, but wheresoever God has caused His name to be mentioned, in a place hallowed through association with a memorable event in the life of the patriarchs. Thus the names of the Canaan- ite local deities—the baals—will come to be forgotten. To the sanctuary is brought the Hebrew slave who chooses to remain with his master for life, above the normal term of six years; there oaths are taken in litigations; the manslayer by misadventure seeks sanctuary. The statutes (mishpatim, ‘ordinances’) deal with slavery and concubinage, homicide and other crimes punishable with death (like kidnapping, gross unfilial conduct), may- 18 ; MOSES. THE EXODUS hem, theft, damages to property, seduction, witchcraft, unnatural lust, idolatry. Imperceptibly the little Code pro- ceeds to its second part, the hortatory dicta (debarim, ‘words’), that enjoin justice and kindness to the stranger, the widow, and the fatherless, generosity to the impoverished debtor, respect for God and constituted authorities, prompt delivery of the first fruits, abstention from unlawful meat, judicial impartiality, restoration of lost property, humanity to animals, letting the land lie fallow in the sabbatic year that the produce may go to the poor, desisting from labor on the sabbath day that dependents as well as beasts of burden may have rest. Three seasons for pilgrimage, when all male Israelites must present themselves at the sanctuary, are ordained: the feast of unleavened bread in the spring of the year in commemoration of the coming out of Egypt, the feast of harvest, and the feast of ingathering. A premature attempt was made to enter the promised land from the south; it ended disastrously. After many years there was nothing left but to try the more difficult and circuitous route to reach Canaan from the east. In their wan- derings the Israelites carried with thema portable sanctuary, which was taken down and set up from station to station; in its most sacred part rested the Ark of the Covenant, which contained the two tables of stone. The king of Edom refused to let the Israelites pass through his territory. So they were constrained to encircle Edom, going in. a southerly direction and then moving up northward. The Amorites, pressed by the Hittites, had pushed the Moabites from their seats north of the Arnon. The Israelites passed by the Moabitish terri- tory far to the east; but so soon as they touched the Amorite frontier, Sihon, whose residence was at Heshbon, met them in battle. The Amorites were defeated and compelled to cede — territory to the invaders. A similar victory was obtained over the forces of Og king of Bashan, and the Israelites gained a footing in this fertile district. The conquest of the country east of the Jordan—only Ammon and Moab held their own—may not have been accomplished all at once; it is likely that the Amorite power Te —— i a iY a. before several pieerations, The attack was >a a5 by Review, Gad, and half of the tribe heen ex were: in ’ the pecupied a y have bees duling the wanderings—the t y was withis cant aies—the beginnings " Te ented atta Waw Ordered in accord- avisions of the Poaked te Covenant. Altars n sundry locales, i avy place one saw fit, SoEver was get m his own eyes. damage uc t the, ire pee wlan _ r h itl the hovgintenhaepty ‘distinguished attend mg the pete ef the conquest roceiure might pee ove i in force, and ions upon the commikg te: ci the settlement , He foresaw the taht +. progress toward litical asid religh@ge “Ge consolidation of . expen 66 eael's unique piety cs .. # AGrictuary one and m ye annually and under Pricuthood tem eed by that which is em of God. ‘For what . saa & Sef upon Him?" | | a — thane Suwt—or for that matter 8 Pomiitiie » ~repeatedly inculcates ng fe f the depeitent Classes, the wandering wit, ®he fatherless, the hapless ¢ ‘he fmguwerished brother. Even the | Pie d Juric Gilead wai Siaes, No matter < bath Cheat a ftigh unto them, as ete bbe treatedt avith kindness; thus the ON, | a / ox ow + & ‘ y < ~ 1 ay ' 2 * 4 ’ , j ‘ , on cy i 3 r i ‘ ry i VOW Mss . A y . we A me vt ra 1 eae Re : ’ "is THE SECOND CODE 19 was not broken before several generations. The attack was made principally by Reuben, Gad, and half of the tribe Manasseh; they were content to settle in the occupied dis- trict which afforded rich grazing ground for their cattle: Reuben and Gad in the southern end, and the Manassite clans of Machir and Jair in Gilead and Bashan. No matter what the custom may have been during the wanderings—the portable sanctuary was within easy access—the beginnings of settled life over an extended area were ordered in accord- ance with the provisions of the Book of the Covenant. Altars were reared in sundry localities, in any place one saw fit, ‘every man doing whatsoever was right in his own eyes. Moses now realized the danger to the new and spiritual relig- ion of his foundation, when local habits and pagan supersti- tions of the former inhabitants might creep in. He accord- ingly revised his earlier legislation in a new Book of the Covenant issued on the eve of his death in the plains of Moab opposite Jericho. 3 This second thought of the lawgiver sharply distinguished between the unrest attending the period of the conquest when the prevailing procedure might continue in force, and the normal conditions upon the completion of the settlement across the Jordan. He foresaw the natural progress toward centralization, political and religious. The consolidation of national unity and the full expression of Israel’s unique piety demanded a central place of worship, a sanctuary one and only, whither men might resort thrice annually and under the eyes of a faithful priesthood be stirred by that which is Israel’s chiefest concern, the nearness of God. ‘For what great nation is there, that hath God so nigh unto them, as the Lord our God is whensoever we call upon Him?’ The second Code, no less than the first—or for that matter the middle books of the Pentateuch—repeatedly inculcates the duty of caring for the dependent classes, the wandering Levite in the gates, the widow, the fatherless, the hapless stranger, or of succoring the impoverished brother. Even the brute creatures are to be treated with kindness; thus the ox, while treading out the corn, is not to be muzzled. Crime 20 MOSES. THE EXODUS must be punished; but even the criminal shall be spared undue indignity; nor may children be involved in the pun- ishment of offending fathers. Commercial honesty and judi- cial incorruptibility are insisted upon; all unchaste and unseemly conduct is banned; a holy avoidance of all things impure is demanded, as befits a people serving the Holy God. No form of idolatry shall be tolerated. “The Lord is God in heaven above and upon the earth beneath; there is none else. | The Unity of God was for Moses not a matter of reasoned speculation; it was morally determined, the most stupen- dous reality that concerns the Israelite in begetting single- hearted devotion. ‘HEAR, O ISRAEL, THE LORD OUR GOD, THE LORD IS ONE. Therefore thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might.’ The Mosaic Torah is summed up in this supreme commandment. The divine law, the prophet exhortingly avers, is neither too hard, nor far off; it is not in heaven, neither is it beyond the sea; the word is very nigh, in one’s mouth, and in one’s heart. So spoke the prophet, commending the Torah before he passed away. There is much priestly legislation in the Torah, much of outward ceremonial. It was meant to be there, for piety must needs be organized. But all that is transcended by prophetic inwardness and prophetic persuasiveness. ‘By a prophet the Lord brought Israel up out of Egypt, and by a prophet was he kept.’ He was also for Israel the greatest of prophets. “There hath not arisen a prophet since in Israel like unto Moses.’ It was not granted him to lead the people into Canaan, but he led them up to its very entrance, and from the heights of Moab’s hills he surveyed the land of the fathers which was to be given to their children. The God of the spirits of all flesh would appoint successors to carry on and complete the work of Moses, to win the land for Israel and the Lord. Moses was the creative builder; he laid the foundation; he left a divine programme in the Torah, which ever after remained an inheritance of the congregation of TRE TEACHING AY moses 21 $e was nnd ke unto Cad and among ; Baened he tage his people the belief Ne are a iii % ve os eine rh Ad oat Gaerne 2 ee Ad SSD Riker pl a La | x ae ry &, is2 ey t : 7 ge: a ie ie wb y. Bs » , Fite Bele at Oe ee ‘aR aeuae.! aut THE TEACHING OF MOSES 21 Jacob. For Moses there was none like unto God, and among nations none like unto Israel; he taught his people the belief in the Unity of God and in Israel’s uniqueness. CHAPTER III THE CONQUEST OF CANAAN. THE JUDGES (1180-1100) FTER the death of Moses, the leadership of the nation A fell to Joshua, an Ephraimite, trained in the arts of warfare and in statecraft. Under his command, the people, organized for military attack, crossed the Jordan at a fordable place facing Gilgal. The strongly fortified Jericho (‘Moon-city,’ dedicated to the worship of the moon), with its double ring of walls, previously destroyed in the sixteenth century and then rebuilt, was carried by a successful assault. The gateway to the broad plateau in the center of the land was thus opened. Here the tribe of Judah separated from the northern tribes. While Simeon and the friendly nomadic tribe of the Kenites advanced from the southwest or south, the men of Judah marched from the north to conquer the southern hill- country. The Jebusite king of Jerusalem met them in battle; he was wounded and carried by his people to his residence. Caleb and Othniel succeeded in dislodging the Canaanites from Hebron and Debir. The superior tactics of the in- habitants of the coastal plain, who could move against the invaders with their iron chariots, prevented further occupa- tion of the country down the hills. The Jebusite stronghold and the whole northern belt remained likewise in the hands of the Canaanites. The isolation of Judah was thus made effective for some time to come. The northern tribes succeeded to the national title of Israelites. Grouped about the sons of Joseph and the Ephra- imite leader, they were at first driven off as they climbed the ascent to Ai; but soon the city was taken by a stratagem. Bethel fell into their hands through the treachery of one of the inhabitants, who betrayed to the Israelite scouts the most advantageous point for an assault. Gibeon with its 22 aa r J . JOSH ty A 23 e8 surrendered peacefully. Adociooulcte » Organized a twalition of his brother € rac and ther ailies, the Gibeonites. itin the Valley of Aijzion; in the descent = opesigy horon the Meeing confederates ; the Leraelines pursued the enemy pamtiich told how the sun stood still and nh about a whole day, until the nation ts of their enesi#e, The heart of the ex ridges were cut dewn to afford more soil Eacetins tribe wag Ephraim, in whose in, Where the people aseembled for com- hiloh, the resting-plage af the Ark. Manas- n Oo! sth, towards the Great Plain; but the ine d in the possession of the Canaanites. try, Galilee, was opened up to the other ted onslaught by the king of Hazor and $ thwarted at the Waters of Merom. t of the country was thus occupied; but the its merest bevinnings. The Egyptian over- Gans relinquished bis Botd upon the land; s@ppeared to the Pharaohs as an inter- $ * | Poonquarory ip thir dorhains and the anites is: a theit ven paid their tribute, ry yp tian © Se i FPelestine and Syria grew A the extrese: Esrael gained a footing in the it wartane, now by peaceful means. Gommessions and accsimodations were not infre- t as soften as oneor the other part waxed stronger, “yenewed faction. The coast was nowhere Siv victory or Israét; tre day of Gibeon was . a ) Range. was now gate for Israel. The . 167) vigorously-maintained his Syrian gle between the Yaraelites and the dis- - ss ss iw rns + vader: within, the Great Plain, with its: JOSHUA 23 neighboring localities surrendered peacefully. Adoni-zedek, the king of Jerusalem, organized a coalition of his brother kings against the Israelites and their allies, the Gibeonites. A battle was fought in the Valley of Aijalon; in the descent from upper to nether Beth-horon the fleeing confederates were caught in a hail-storm; the Israelites pursued the enemy relentlessly. It was a decisive victory for Israel; the day of Gibeon was celebrated in a song, which told how the sun stood still and hasted not to go down about a whole day, until the nation had avenged themselves of their enemies. The heart of the country, the Central Range, was now safe for Israel. The forests of the higher ridges were cut down to afford more soil for the settlers. The leading tribe was Ephraim, in whose territory lay Shechem, where the people assembled for com- mon action, and Shiloh, the resting-place of the Ark. Manas- seh dwelt further north, towards the Great Plain; but the Plain itself remained in the possession of the Canaanites. The northern country, Galilee, was opened up to the other tribes after a concerted onslaught by the king of Hazor and his confederates was thwarted at the Waters of Merom. A good part of the country was thus occupied; but the conquest was in its merest beginnings. The Egyptian over- lord by no means relinquished his hold upon the land; Ramses III. (1198-1167) vigorously maintained his Syrian dominions. The struggle between the Israelites and the dis- possessed Canaanites appeared to the Pharaohs as an inter- nal feud; so long as the conquerors in their domains and the unsubjected Canaanites in their territories paid their tribute, no attempts were made to interfere on the side of the one against the other. But soon the Egyptian control of Palestine and Syria grew to be shadowy in the extreme. Israel gained a footing in the land, now by bloody warfare, now by peaceful means. Mutual concessions and accommodations were not infre- quent; but as often as one or the other part waxed stronger, there developed renewed friction. The coast was nowhere reached by the invaders; within, the Great Plain, with its 24 THE CONQUEST OF CANAAN. THE JUDGES [1150 fortresses, Taanach, Megiddo, and Beth-shan, constituted a formidable barrier. The Israelite territory was thus split up; each tribe was left to carry on its own adventures. Yet the feeling that they all belonged together was not obliterated; but it required great emergencies and the weight of out- standing personalities to stir them to common action. The Canaanites once more gathered their forces to strike at Israel. The leading spirit of the new coalition was Sisera. On both sides of the Plain of Jezreel the Israelites were harassed; all power of resistance seemed to be broken in them, ‘not a shield or spear was seen among forty thousand of Israel.’ Then there arose an inspired mother in Israel, Deborah. She summoned the leaders in Israel, at their head Barak son of Abinoam, to battle on behalf of their people and their God. Of Judah’s participation there could be*no thought; in the far north Dan and Asher were absorbed ‘in mercantile pursuits; across the Jordan, Reuben dallied irres- olute among his sheepfolds and Gilead was indolently im- passive. The other tribes, Ephraim, Benjamin, and Manasseh from the south, Zebulun, Naphtali, and Issachar from the north, met in the Plain, where the enemy had massed his hosts near Taanach and Megiddo east of the Carmel (1150). ‘The kings came, they fought; then fought the kings of Canaan, they took no gain of money.’ It was a combat in which no quarter was given or sought. Boldly did the Israel- ites rush upon the enemy, ‘jeoparding their lives unto the death.’ So fierce was the onslaught that the Canaanites, with their chariots and horses, were put to rout in a wild panic. The very stars in their courses seemed to fight against them; in the heavy rainfall, swelling the brook Kishon, their flight was retarded. Sisera escaped on foot; he was parched with thirst. He chanced upon a nomadic encampment of Kenites, the friends of Israel. At one of the tents he asked a drink of water; Jael, the heroic woman of the tent, recognized in him the tormentor of Israel. She offered him milk in a lordly ~ bowl; the weary captain gulped it down. As he was overcome | with drowsiness, Jael swiftly struck his head with a | heavy hammer; at her feet he fell dead. es re ee ee 25 ak a tom Shae» the C anaanites accom- B tothe weahhers and witnessed ene eel gnee ov tof their possession. became tess ih former inhabitants pees ca ses ge zout of the enemies | ic ie * aes ie eel saeatan fot the n, the rise 24 iyeite as they rallied ° to ' 2 hr: a oe The cause of the oad sets “ays of the hegin- da -sieihniaisialiie ak the a of NN 9 bei at, 1 ae agi itious to recon- “ested ‘frogs thom <5, Bionaic times; ulti- y led to Be wealaediic: @t Reuben, whe aries: Fae Some time before ipesiites, the tribe of ie sion at the hands wrable toleave the . om s Syands of an enemy; me af Benjamin. One & bit ne audience with the a eiwerved, pierced him - ee ded to his call fo — attract the eye of the ye, a nomad branch of 2 en per eae fSinai. Having ravaged - ebpemabigetee crete om » wri 2 We ‘ x Bh ee, Moet hee cH TN « Dip erent yr acy ee ae, Ie eS er th, 3, DEBORAH. EHUD 25 The Canaanite opposition was broken for ever. No armed resistance was attempted after that; the Canaanites accom- modated themselves to their neighbors and witnessed one portion of the land after another pass out of their possession. Gradually Israel became master; the former inhabitants were reduced to subjection. The complete rout of the enemies of the Lord and Israel was sung in a poem, the ‘Song of Deborah,’ a quaint document of those early days of storm and stress, glowing with the white heat of praise for the heroic men and women, the rulers in Israel, as they rallied ‘to the help of the Lord among the mighty.’ The cause of the Lord and of Israel was one, even as in the days of the begin- nings, when Sinai quaked and trembled at the presence of the God of Israel. The Israelite hold on the land, however, was disputed from other quarters. The Moabites had grown ambitious to recon- quer their seats wrested from them in Mosaic times; ulti- mately their activity led to the weakening of Reuben, who dwindled away amid precarious conditions. Some time before Barak’s glorious victory over the Canaanites, the tribe of Benjamin in particular had suffered subjection at the hands of Moab, who with the aid of Ammon established himself west of the Jordan in Jericho. It was intolerable to leave the gateway to the central country in the hands of an enemy; the enslaved condition irked the free sons of Benjamin. One of them, the left-handed Ehud, as he ostensibly came to present his people’s tribute, sought an audience with the king of Moab at his palace and, unobserved, pierced him with his sword. Ehud’s tribesmen responded to his call to arms, and the Moabite garrison was annihilated. The western country continued to attract the eye of the nomad in the east, ever ready to overrun pastures and farm- lands. This time it was the Midianites, a nomad branch of the people settled in the vicinity of Sinai. Having ravaged Edom and Moab, they followed a course northward similar to that taken by Israel under Moses. Now they poured across the Jordan into the fertile valleys of the west. Year after year, just before the harvest, they came, ‘as locusts, 26 THE CONQUEST OF CANAAN. THE JUDGES for multitude,’ riding upon their camels, and plundered the crops. The Israelitish peasantry offered no resistance. Fearing for their lives, they fled into the mountains, where the abandoned ancient hill-forts and rock caves afforded a hiding-place. On one occasion the raiders penetrated as far as Mount Tabor. They plundered freely and slew any who ventured into their path. Among the slain were several sons of a Manassite chieftain. Their brother Jerubbaal, also called Gideon, actuated by the sacred duty of blood revenge and roused by his people’s affliction, called the fighting men of his own clan, Abiezer, to arms. The small band of three hundred warriors pitched close by the well of Harod at the foot of the Gilboa moun- tains, whence the enemy camp northward in the valley could be observed. Suddenly, in the dead of night, Gideon’s picked men surprised the enemy; the lurid glow of their torches and their deafening shout (‘The sword for the Lord and for Gideon!’) threw the Midianites into a panic. The Abiezrites, now reinforced by their brother clans of Manas- seh as well as by Naphtali and Asher, pursued the fleeing hordes. The Ephraimites, though they arrived late, inter- cepted the enemy about to ford the Jordan and slew two of the Midianite chieftains, Oreb and Zeeb. Once more the Midianites overran the country. This time they made their escape across the Jordan, their camels laden with booty. Gideon and his troops followed in hot pursuit. The men of Succoth and Penuel near the Jabbok refused food to Gideon’s hungry men. Gideon marched on toward the south and east, as far as the caravan route on the out- skirts of the steppe. The enemy was overtaken and the two kings, Zebah and Zalmunna, were captured. These head- strong sons of the desert freely boasted of killing Gideon’s brothers; proudly they refused to die by the hand of Gideon’s lad and begged the commander himself to give them the death-stroke (‘for as the man is, so is his strength’). Condign punishment was meted. out after the victory to the towns- folk of Succoth and Penuel for their unbrotherly conduct to their fellow-Israelites. A boy from Succoth was compelled to ee ey eee fotables of — town, . Saeed iak a Rieeditzry ine donn eee) ynity, for mone but the Lord rah a genti-recal establishment: the house ag gin fact, if no: in tame. With his portion eda sancuary at Ophrah, in which PRER re nD af away ot wealth and power, Gideon had a sventy sons survived him. The expecta- * pest thesé should sacceed to his rule. ited no choice, avd the brothers fell S. The strife served the ambition of 0 i Chcaanitich wotian in Shechem, harried from political motives. This city tish ; by the side of the new-comers dwelt oT whom the heme atic family of ’ Bed to the gnd'of the city, who was epeeel) of the <- goal thus tuts “pa butcher: he ected and: ten - # youngest, alone escaped. Abimelech., nee ein the yee win —- the sacred re tal the population for their iment aeons a t Py . 4 F tg fd ahd ‘ rs = Pe aes i) “tes P PY: ; : : , \ eh. rs ot i a 3 27 ee owevers he maintained at his hd ae repnesemmation of the deity, . “ousebeieg she sis of ne wits was corn aaispet from seagate me rerkeril ny ‘ e ya : 7 f a . 1100] GIDEON ay write down the names of seventy-seven notables of the town, who were then executed. The victorious chief led his army of freemen homeward. Gratefully, the people offered him a hereditary kingdom; Gideon declined the royal dignity, for none but the Lord might rule over Israel. However, he maintained at his family seat in Ophrah a semi-regal establishment; the house of Joseph had a king in fact, if notin name. With his portion of the spoil he erected a sanctuary at Ophrah, in which he placed an ephod, a symbolic representation of the deity, made of seventeen hundred shekels of gold. This was clearly a falling away from the Mosaic religion. It shows to what an extent Israel was becoming ensnared by the Canaanite mode of life which persisted in the land after the partial subjection of the natives. As becoming a ruler of wealth and power, Gideon had a numerous harem. Seventy sons survived him. The expecta- tion was natural that one of these should succeed to his rule. But Gideon had indicated no choice, and the brothers fell out among themselves. The strife served the ambition of Abimelech, the son of a Canaanitish woman in Shechem, whom Gideon had married from political motives. This city was only half-Israelitish; by the side of the new-comers dwelt the Canaanites, among whom the old aristocratic family of the sons of Hamor was the most prominent. There was an ancient sanctuary, dedicated to the god of the city, who was named God (El) or Lord (Baal) of the Covenant, thus unit- ing the citizens in a covenanted league of peace. Abimelech’s kinsmen at Shechem were readily persuaded that it was bet- ter for them to be ruled by one of their own bone and flesh. With silver from the treasury of the city-temple he hired a body of adventurers to butcher his threescore and ten brothers. Jotham, the youngest, alone escaped. Abimelech was acclaimed king in the sanctuary, close by the sacred terebinth. | The affection of the Shechemites for their king was of short duration. Jotham emerged from his hiding-place and shamed the Israelite part of the population for their ignoble conduct 28 THE CONQUEST OF CANAAN. THE JUDGES toward his father and his father’s house. From a terrace on Mount Gerizim he mocked their choice of a ruler—the off- spring of the subjected Canaanite race—with the famous fable of the trees going forth to find a king for themselves. One after another, the olive-tree, the fig-tree, the vine, declined the honor; the mean bramble alone accepted. Thus discord was sown between the two sets of citizens. Soon enough the Canaanite portion itself cooled toward their kins- man king. Abimelech, after all, felt himself to be an Israelite and preferred a strictly Israelitish city for his residence. Shechem was left in the hands of its governor Zebul. This official was minded to be loyal, although he could not prevent the malcontents from injuring Abimelech by inter- cepting caravans and plundering the tribute which they bore for the king. Open rebellion was fostered by a mutinous troop, led by the Israelite Gaal, which was admitted into the city. As the townspeople were making merry over the completion of the vintage and between cups-were reviling the absent king, Gaal fomented the seditious spirit by pointing out how little cause the Israelite section had to serve the usurper. The governor of the city, unable to stem the rising tide of revolt, played a double rdle. While ostensibly holding with Gaal and the majority of the population, he secretly apprised Abimelech of the intrigue. Four royal companies marched in the night against the city. Gaal, urged by Zebul, made a sortie in the morning and suffered heavy losses. He sought safety behind the gates of the city; but Zebul, now openly espousing the king’s cause, shut them against him. The infuriated citizens made away with the treacherous governor and took the field against Abimelech. They were attacked in front by three of the royal companies, while the fourth cut off their retreat to the city. For a whole day the fight went on. At length the place was carried by assault. All the inhabitants were put to the sword, and the city was completely destroyed. Abimelech then turned against the Tower of Shechem, a town in the neigh- borhood of the city, where a body of rebels still held out. As Abimelech advanced against them, they took refuge in an Faun! ABIMELECE 29 ie mber of che texis he nk the 4 god of the Cove- ng's forces se: fire to thgwaretuary: a thousand - 1e1 Yebela wert) @paihilated. But the bheen pei dows, Hogaresd to other local- sted the city ef Trrter, a few hours’. race the road We theth-shan. The citi- Sin the comefaea? Abumelech made eal overwhobeaast $i tm, As he stood ae beat the towetp- a) #ewaan cast from Ne upon hie bead, inpwepion fatally. But oustess, ary! as it wu igeeetey worse than t pe ote hand of a wot: Ge failed hastily on r jearer t6 di dispatch iin. _ Stites} ce rule of the *) the | aed atrempet & on atin Israel to + 6 tradition a ay ch ed its com- . .; ey arcec, the tie immediately con- to igh its own battles. All through this is ee i into ther position by the need ier own section geet often enough ory. They were knden by the title of wm to thelr chief *eagistrates by A et Aanite (Phorgictern } outpost on the. The centr Prdicaimites naturally 5 as the hivckelsome 3 iw the north; they ring @ ‘call te writes when they were not ab i, though wher they awoke to the - vein eat they did their ~ sic — when ck ail ~ the life of a freebooter. At. et ie uieageataeanenee 2:3 ‘2 tA: aE | “— ae | 2 vy boreal Mls fuviuer grid $34 a ares fh .. 2 ao wctvs ei ¥ ridin hs, ee +2 , 4 Sis. 8 vO TES he tock 4 ‘ ing . Ty adr +e os - bl oP er Got Pye Fete CR. {_ Ace. FA Cabfe ai the trees goiug torth te fied a iii ‘dey aise another, the olive-tree, the: ti ime? Ges honor: the mean beambieaiona Pea gel wee erat) between the two Be anges mh 4 rt, Srearute por THON a steele onaled } 4 stick ‘ ter al felt himpelf a Sa tah was teft in the handanf its gov Tih wheal was minded 4ote loyal, ald craven? the QheaccrHitents iron: in? paring 3 “plang caravans and plundering the wribt ub ve 4 eos ‘ ~) # we ey i hig ‘ tt) ©. wae, which uh a be ae tyweine sce were thon: =. Z a ee * poe Fest royal ecoemuiod marched i in the eres? Pees lesen, Hie hee safety 4 t: Heer pet xetesl, ne nt Cee espousing: oil theme aggaete Che indvieeted) cittae wk 12 tee erwin MNVerRe asd took | : Aaielnts Peay were attaclonh ef ah seme, way eee 4 pope Von Pere qos ESE efor cers tert Bah) gebeeads bi and the @ w Siditeni a ‘the esty, wb. re n ee sc ee ae he - ae 4 E _ Be) bee 1h ee Di ig sae es. YEP CI 4 tit ABIMELECH 29 underground chamber of the temple of the God of the Cove- ‘nant. The king’s forces set fire to the sanctuary; a thousand men and women perished in the flames. Thus the Shechemite rebels were annihilated. But the insurrection had not been put down. It spread to other local- ities. The king invested the city of Thebez, a few hours’ journey from Shechem, on the road to Beth-shan. The citi- zens had shut themselves in the tower and Abimelech made ready to fire it. But fate overwhelmed him. As he stood before the barred gate of the tower, a woman cast from above a millstone upon his head, injuring him fatally. But he retained consciousness, and as it was ignominy worse than death to perish by the hand of a woman, he called hastily on his armor-bearer to dispatch him. Thus ended the rule of the house of Gideon, the first attempt in northern Israel to establish a monarchy. The monarchical idea was nevertheless gaining ground, although it went against the grain of the liberty loving Israelites and the Mosaic tradition hardly favored its com- ing. When an emergency arose, the tribe immediately con- cerned was content to fight its own battles. All through this period the leaders were lifted into their position by the need of the hour. When their task was done, they still exercised temporary sway. over their own section and often enough over contiguous territory. They were known by the title of ‘judges,’ the name given to their chief magistrates by the Carthaginians, the Canaanite (Phoenician) outpost on the North-African coast. The central Ephraimites naturally looked upon themselves as the backbone in the north; they took time in answering a call to arms when they were not immediately concerned, though when they awoke to the danger somewhat late, as in the case of Gideon, they did their part nobly; they considered it an affront when they were disregarded. Gilead was hard beset by the Ammonites. The Gileadites turned in their distress to Jephthah, who had been driven from his home and was leading the life of a freebooter. At the sanctuary of Mizpah, he received the homage of his peo- 30 THE CONQUEST OF CANAAN. THE JUDGES ple. The campaign was short and decisive; the Ammonite danger was warded off. Tragedy awaited the returning leader at home. He had vowed rashly to offer up to the Lord for a burnt-offering the first that would come forth from the door of his house to meet him. As it happened, it was his only child, a daughter, that came joyfully to greet him. The fatal vow was kept, though it broke the father’s heart. The heroic maiden was content to yield her life, seeing that the enemies of her people had been humbled. The Ephraimites declared war against Jephthah, because they had not been called to join in the campaign against Ammon. Jephthah accepted the challenge. He went out with his Gileadite forces against the Ephraimites, who had crossed the Jordan, and put them to flight. The fugitives tried to regain the fords. But they were easily betrayed by a peculiarity of their speech. They pronounced the sound sh as s, saying ‘Sibboleth’ for ‘Shibboleth,’ meaning a flood, and so they were ruthlessly butchered. we, a Py ss =? = Pes haa — pom Wl oe Sod Aes le alg Se ae PUAN ON dl Pe a ' Ais. gone’ ° ° ss of oe t, sloth he at was, eceeeneiia onebey ite Ss Sat on abl At the mii t posse ssiune ver Za with ease. ie “4 . ¢ the old tribal ‘iggnwization per- Prelations’s ‘ 3 <8 2 ™% + ; : \ , 1 i “ oa } y ying? eds ut day: wena i Bay pra on erie | RLY THE INROADS OF CANAANITISH RELIGION HE process of settlement, slow as it was, profoundly altered the mode of life of the Israelites. At the out- skirts of the steppe, or wherever else grazing might be found for cattle, the ancient love for the free and hap- hazard life of the nomad asserted itself. The tent offered a simple abode and scant possessions were moved with ease. Among these pastoral people the old tribal organization per- sisted longest. Blood relationship, real or fictitious, was the strongest tie; whatever authority was called for was exercised by the elders. But the nation at large was willing enough to take over a more luxurious and less precarious existence based uponan order of things ready-made. They installed themselves in houses which they had not built, and took possession of fields and orchards which they had not planted. The erstwhile shepherds were transformed into tillers of the soil. They produced grain and wine, oil and figs; the herds yielded them milk and meat. There was more than enough to supply their own needs; the surplus was exchanged with the Phoenician traders for the products of Tyre and Sidon or far-off lands. The Israelites at first lived in open villages; later they gained a foothold in the cities, often alongside of the old Canaanite residents or of stray foreigners. They took to the crafts; warfare was carried on with greater efficiency; industry developed; life took on pleasanter, richer, and more refined forms. The backbone of the nation was the peasantry, perma- nently established on the land. The old tribal organization was on the wane; it still made itself felt in the avenging of a kinsman’s death, or when members of a clan assembled periodically for the joint sacrificial feast. Tribe and clan 31 ae THE INROADS OF CANAANITISH RELIGION names persisted, but they had acquired in the main a local, geographical connotation. In the cities particularly, the government was in the hands of a body of elders from among the aristocratic families, with one or more of their number acting as the executive. These city councils performed also judicial functions; by the side of the lay judges, the priests sat in judgment over matters affecting the religious life and conscience and administered the oath. Into the hands of the priests was committed the Torah of Moses; copies were made and deposited in the sanctuaries; the priests, likewise, col- lected and committed to writing, in measured lines or in prose, the story of the past life of the nation and its leaders. The Canaanite inheritance made itself felt also in the religious sphere. Of an out and out adoption of Canaanite. polytheism there could be no question. But the worship of the Lord assumed more and more the features of the indige-: nous Baal cult. In consonance with the first thought of Moses (p. 17), the Canaanite sanctuaries, high places as they were called, like Bethel, Beer-sheba, Shechem, Gilgal, Pen- uel, Ramah, Mizpah, were reconsecrated to the service of the Lord; it was recalled that the patriarchs or early leaders had worshiped there. It was inevitable that the Canaanite mode of worship lingered; the danger, only too vividly anticipated by the lawgiver, was realized. The Canaanite symbols, like poles and stone pillars, were suffered to remain. We have seen how Gideon erected an ephod of gold in his sanctuary at Ophrah (p. 27); other examples will meet us later. With the ephod was often associated another idol to which human form was given—the teraphim; both were em- ployed in divination. The popular religion gave itself over to all sorts of magic and witchcraft; the Canaanite worship of demons and departed souls was wide-spread. The grossest aberration consisted in the adoption of human sacrifices (p. 11), strictly forbidden by the Mosaic Torah. A typical instance of the inroads of paganism is the story of Micah’s idolatrous shrine. This man, who was of the tribe of Ephraim, confessed to his mother the theft of a substantial sum of silver; the pious mother dedicated a part of the i Atha te OF MICAH Nona 38 . wid shekels, to the Lord. A silver- i oi > with silver an image carved of a place His the family abrine. Micah Sex aa pritet. “In those days there wer ven dad that which was right in d thar an finerant Levite from dab weet by overjoyed, Micah turned hi Hicieowe tothe wained priest, allowing Senatenanie and raiment ten ehexels of silver ‘ibe of ies jo. the soisth, pebised: back by the ading p eroty about orth and Eshtaol termined to tele nonewards: at the nthey captured the city of Laish and ~ apt thor re-formed, this time ® ae thet midst. The presences OUaRESS. 6 at the aes with, sens up, the pe bat ttle ‘ Rike uy, O Lord, and And let them that hate The Philistines fought wire completely routed dactnen. The Ark itself hearers, Hophni and Phi Siriloh, lost their lives. The Be whe Ark, which he had: ‘BPO & Feat by e¥s wayside, jieteat reached him. He was Re Sivaket er nor by pe death. of Whe dows of the Ark, he felt haere: aerack latnented, the “eatery is departed from Sahine could hinder the ee Bhiioh was raz sei to thes , aient, wuccalage, At ibeah: weerwediin re id area; The! ‘pitted and the sraiths were | Heehwiadaen were compelled Posie to have them sharp me wate as two-thirds of agr pub ne ‘Remanar rts of the ald baat ack the Philistines; sted themselves with lerael, Ht tame komme to the cleats dmaxter lay in the people’e Ratwn, the whole at it and no capad tribes, felt Ltaelf as suche 1100-1020] SAMUEL 37 vation, not only at a grave crisis but for a'l time to come, was to be found in the institution of the monarchy. The way out was shown by the aged seer Samuel (1100-1020). In his younger days, not so long before the battle of Aphek, he had been admitted to the temple at Shiloh and there initiated by Eli as an attendant in the sanctuary. After Eli’s death, he returned to his native city Ramah in the hill-country of Ephraim and enjoyed the esteem of wide circles as a seer. In those days the seer was in a manner the type of man that later came to be called a prophet. Yet the change of name indicated a subtle difference; the transition was effected in these troublous times and under the fostering care of Samuel. Prophecy gave to religion a mystic touch: it meant the complete absorption of the human personality in God, bringing with it religious exaltation and a purified and spir- itualized piety. Young enthusiasts traversed the country in bands, singing and dancing as they went along and carrying away the people by their ecstasy. The spirit that stirred them was love of God and love of country; religion and patriotism were one. The movement, in its incipiency, had in it much that. was bizarre; to curb its exuberance and to lead it back into the channels of the Mosaic tradition was the work of Samuel. He scrupled long about the increasing demand for a mon- archy. All the nations round about had kings, Egypt, Edom, Moab, Ammon, the Philistine cities. The advantages were certain; but so also were the dangers of Oriental despotism. The experiences of the previous attempts under Gideon and Abimelech were not encouraging; the institution itself seemed a perilous innovation. It had no place in the beginnings of the national existence and was provided for in the Mosaic Torah only as an eventuality none too desirable. Yet the necessity of the hour called for a consistent leadership such as only a king could give. Samuel took counsel with the notables of Israel assembled at Mizpah. The monarchy was determined upon; a constitution was drawn up. Then Samuel produced the man in the person of Saul son of Kish, of the tribe of Benjamin, a resident of Gibeah. 38 THE RISE OF THE MONARCHY [1028-1013 Saul was of a commanding appearance, taller than any of his compatriots. His temperament was such as to commend itself to the shrewd seer on short acquaintance. He had been caught early in the movement of the young enthusiasts, much to the surprise of his friends (‘Is Saul also among the prophets?’). Samuel’s interest in Saul must have been widely known. The Ammoiites, still smarting under Jephthah’s blow, saw in the weakening of Israel by the Philistine oppres- sion an opportune moment to regain their lost territory and invested the city of Jabesh in Gilead. The citizens appealed to the city of Gibeah for help. The messengers were received by the people with apathy. But Saul happened to be coming home from the fields behind his oxen. He was quick to act. Forthwith he took a yoke of oxen, cut them in pieces, and sent them broadcast throughout Israel, calling the people to arms with the proclamation: ‘Whosoever cometh not forth after Saul and after Samuel, so shall it be done unto his oxen.’ The summons was obeyed. An army was assembled. At Bezek, on the road from Shechem to Beth-shan, Saul assumed command; in the night they crossed the Jordan; on the morrow the siege of Jabesh was raised. In triumph the people led Saul to Gilgal; there he was acclaimed as ruler. For the first time in Israel the shout was heard: ‘Long live the king.’ The people were now ready to follow their chosen leader, and Saul could do ‘as his hand found,’ in accordance with an earlier suggestion by Samuel. Saul’s son, Jonathan, slew the Philistine governor at Gibeah. The signal was thus given for the uprising. The Philistines took up a position opposite Gibeah in the north, the gorge of Michmas separating the two camps. Three divisions of the Philistine army were raid- ing the country in several directions; only a small outpost guarded the pass of Michmas. Saul had but a force of six hundred men about him. Jonathan, without the knowledge of his father and accompanied only by his armor-bearer, scaled the cliff and slew twenty men of the Philistine out- — post. The others, believing that a larger force was behind the two daring Israelites, fled and carried consternation both to ’ ? . ign ot i, gah ec So ele alae aa ip ee Aa ae tae) Ets - 4h. ob ea WY : + Oe ok he ; bit : an ' , fe P ie - F 4 bad LJ > (MARES WaRe 39. ai are V betiekd rere panic asic Bia ckie: Parsi F foe, Sis sreait teres was augmented by alt finest tims had soughe safety in the . ry of Ephtain crawted out from their | in te puceuiit, which extended as far jopes of che westers range. Saul ordered fop to fuere food wai the evening, and Oranes wi the ¢ ommend had eaten some erished ts: «he hand df his stern father, edon behalfef ite hero of theday. rbo: ete engage in @ format battle; their t to gave the greater part of tHe. army ack howe. Sal's eipeess stiffened the mn The territory of Benjamin, probably cleared ed the eseney. 1. ikewise, the and Aramesne weet thiven off from 1e Jordan. in orfite te deliver Judah malekites, Sou! andefteok an expedi- ge southern neighbor, The enemy was their king Agag sas taken captive and “Tt was recalled, tw oh the way from ites had treachereapdy fallen upon the children | Op. Segoe cooling off in Sanmee! 4 telations to the iu was soldier earee® and patriot, but lec ref understanding it the prophet’s | i teach betwee; tije Swe leaders of the | gone? t ‘on the remainder Gf the monarch’s . eet ition to excitebilmy, of the kind which ~ | arty when be theete Bissell into the move-. ic enthieiasts, tevetoped into a nervous = “spirit seemed to pommtas him; he was given | } tad te of terror acl suspicious brooding; a pro- ‘rept over him, darkening. his mind. At well piayed, the ushappy monarch gained uy i. * ; ‘ x s vm $ xt Spaeigtes feerte’ it the niovemeniesg tania fori rel ech eleraaeearicla ne et Heb ih meriegitlgi Pie temperannenga ee th Meats accr on shart i Tt ue ey a4 eR aa" es of hid Feta < ake! 's 1 teew ig Jus MENED hte. pata, oo aor ae ¢ ip 5g a en ke ith Heenan ithe qhghwe ip ae Won gee OG DR NGS : Pe, 2 gee ty ere Deke SR eh Fey Fees sa . = ectparet Rf: Saat 7 Bh ee M4 Wit 7 a r emi. 5 Test CR ER Mana eees a eevee P| coup hvtae de. ah SAUL’S WARS 39 the outpost and into the camp of the raiders. The wild flight of the enemy was hastened by an earthquake. From the heights of Gibeah Saul beheld their panic and quickly pur- sued the retreating foe. His small force wads augmented by former deserters, and all those that had sought safety in the caves of the hill-country of Ephraim crawled out from their hiding-places to join in the pursuit, which extended as far as Aijalon on the slopes of the western range. Saul ordered that none should stop to taste food until the evening, and Jonathan, who in ignorance of the command had eaten some honey, might have perished by the hand of his stern father, had not the people intervened on behalf of the hero of theday. The Philistines forbore to engage in a formal battle; their generals were content to save the greater part of the army and to lead them back home. Saul’s success stiffened the backbone of the nation. The territory of Benjamin, probably also of Judah, was cleared of the enemy. Likewise, the Ammonites, Moabites, and Arameans were driven off from the country east of the Jordan. In order to deliver Judah from the raids of the Amalekites, Saul undertook an expedi- tion against the savage southern neighbor. The enemy was crushingly defeated; their king Agag was taken captive and executed at Gilgal. It was recalled how on the way from Egypt the Amalekites had treacherously fallen upon the Israelite women and children (p. 16). | There had been a cooling off in Samuel’s relations to the king of his choice. Saul was soldier enough and patriot, but somehow lacked a deeper understanding of the prophet’s religious soul. The breach between the two leaders of the nation cast a gloom on the remainder of the monarch’s career; a predisposition to excitability, of the kind which manifested itself early when he threw himself into the move- ment of the patriotic enthusiasts, developed into a nervous disorder. An evil spirit seemed to possess him; he was given to unreasoning fits of terror and suspicious brooding; a pro- found melancholy crept over him, darkening his mind. At the sound of music well played, the unhappy monarch gained temporary relief. CHAPTER avs SAUL AND DAVID (1030-1013) rom the day of the disaster at Aphek (p. 36) the tribe of Ephraim had lost its leading position in the nation. The center of gravity was moving southward; the capital of the new kingdom was in Benjamin. The Ben- jamite monarch drew Judah from a prolonged aloofness to take part in the affairs of the nation. The ascendancy of the southern tribe and the part which it came to play it owed to David, the greatest among its sons. This youngest son of Jesse, at Beth-lehem, was goodly in appearance, of ready speech, and a skilled player on the harp. Saul’s courtiers discovered him; the king grew fond of him and made him his personal attendant and armor-bearer. A warm friendship sprang up between David and the king’s son, the chivalrous Jonathan. David also won the affection of the king’s daughter. | War with the Philistines went on. There were repeated encounters, now here, now there. The king was frequently in camp with his army. His armor-bearer was naturally with him. On one of these campaigns David slew the Philistian champion Goliath, who was of giant stature. He also dis- tinguished himself otherwise at the head of a division over which the king had set him in command. The returning hero was received with acclaims. The women sang: ‘Saul hath slain his thousands, And David his ten thousands.’ From that time on the king’s jealousy knew no bounds. One day, Saul, in his raving condition, threw his spearat David, as he was playing for the king. Dexterously David dodged the thrust. He repaired to his own home; the king ordered a guard placed about David’s house, that he might be seized in the morning. He was saved by the loving care of 40 I's younget sane ee! Re ae 2 mt Ged She let ieee Bais: dai aa xe ih. that hie “ape ee 4 Dah a: ea male a ag sent his heatetearentess, % eis. 4 a 76 oe ween yy entered the iia een re oe ay Y : er A Sed iy ; Tate fied vt ce as scale: “> Micha bee laid Gn the ne Hy, 2x4, Pi ig $0n Pils life $s panning Road “8 ai DeisAively consmetnen fede fai tet al who must be his paatate tk: an Ber eather agra fe Gee is Ee ior , a should take hits prise " ek bs Sans tite peand A haves, tive eit af ce OEY a pguired after the wisung TRcid; somarhan snce om the plea that fe fed heen granzed ipa’ e in a family ierits: * ie Ais native tren rem ikon f angry king usd. viteperative language we son as well as the oheers tievtd.- True friend o nat nan, who barely excapitt being struck by. cogent word w Davhl Sy a prearranged a with the inigng was pant renath; safety wid nt . Judah which be kaw ina Seed! aah witch iy hiding-places. He wee mesiry it feast aged af their sanctuary ‘im ei Pb was their head. feed ja 3 na secret errand Freee ae at a rs sillee! ting enough to tales Ean Ht, «ite Sas wy 4 fe oie sig » bt inued hi ih privates sea the stronghold of Actulinan, fies py ce. Fat * ee T° as ‘ ae at | a i] iain soutiraadle ees en bated: a. ined both at Sub. 3 ane: aren north at eS ae” . io - a Jin . i‘ Sd» ac a” : p , * a a } r h ian Wy m > — ro . ‘eaati, 2 body of malcantanin. aga RO RAK a or " sl Ae ys | Bane: a DAVID’S FLIGHT 41 his wife Michal, Saul’s younger daughter; apprised of her father’s evil intention, she let David slip away in the night. She told the guardsmen that her husband was sick in bed. The maddened king sent his henchmen to fetch him, bed and all. But when they entered the bedchamber, they found rest- ing on a pillow the man-like figure of an idol (teraphim, p. 32), which Michal had laid on the couch in the place of David. Were these attempts on his life the passing mood of a mad- man, or was the king definitely committed to the fixed notion that here was a rival who must be done away with? David wanted certainty, and Jonathan agreed to test his father’s intentions. The new moon was drawing near when, accord- ing to wont, David should take his place at the king’s table together with Jonathan and Abner, the chief in command of the army. Saul inquired after the missing David; Jonathan excused his absence on the plea that he had been granted leave to participate in a family festival in his native town Beth-lehem. The angry king used vituperative language about his own son as well as the absent David. True friend that he was, Jonathan, who barely escaped being struck by his father’s spear, sent word to David by a prearranged signal. The breach with the king was past recall; safety lay in flight. Naturally David turned southward, to his own home, to the mountains of Judah which he knew so well and which offered so many hiding-places. He was short of food and weapons. He obtained both at Nob, a small town north of Jerusalem. Here the priesthood of Shiloh had settled after the destruction of their sanctuary (p. 36); Ahimelech, Eli’s great-grandson, was their head. David pretended that he had left in haste on a secret errand from the king and Ahimelech was accommodating enough to turn over to him the sword of Goliath (p. 40) which had been deposited in the sanctuary. David continued his flight further to the south; he entrenched himself in the stronghold of Adullam. Here he was joined by his father’s house; moreover, there gathered about him some four hundred men, a body of malcontents and adventurers; 42 SAUL AND DAVID their number increased as time went on to six hundred, and under the training of their leader they became proficient in the art of warfare. As soon as Saul heard of the aid which the fugitives had received at Nob, he inflicted exemplary punishment on the priests’ city. All the priests, as well as their retainers, were slain; only one of the sons of Ahimelech, Abiathar, escaped the bloody massacre and found refuge with David. The neighboring town of Keilah was being attacked by the Philistines. David fell upon the enemy and carried away much spoil. He was fearful, however, that the townspeople might deliver him up to Saul. Moreover, it was unsafe to remain long in a fixed place. David therefore chose to roam about in the mountains of Hebron which offered many caverns. Here the Calebite clan had its seat. The beautiful and discreet Abigail, the widow of a wealthy member of this clan, became David’s wife. This marriage was doubly advan- tageous for him; he succeeded to much property and was linked to the influential Calebites. But it also served to embitter the king still more and he gave his daughter Michal in marriage to another of his courtiers. There were not wanting sympathizers with the king against David and his band of outlaws. Repeatedly the loyal army engaged in pursuit of the fugitive general; once or twice Saul was in danger of being harmed by David’s men. David, however, was both magnanimous and prudent and spared the king’s life. Nevertheless, it was borne in upon David that sooner or later he might fall into the hands of his pursuers. His condition was desperate. He decided that he must quit Israelitish territory and seek safety with his peo- ple’senemy. For a full year and four months David placed himself under the protection of Achish king of Gath. The Philistine ruler hoped that David would fight on his side against Saul; nevertheless he was far from trusting him. He kept him away from the capital. David was content to dwell in Ziklag, not far from Gaza. From there he made repeated raids on Arab bedouins; shrewdly he pretended to the king that he was harassing the Judeans in the Negeb. bof his vassal wit ree, Ene Ee bie: Ste Pade; ic army. He was Fh bors ge cx a Syeee ol a fidelity. He TETREE ey? His as ere ¥ Ni i> isc 32s. The Amal: okite Herdanasins. f. a good while David and Wier wet were away Spoil. David iost ne tiem. ay pursuing them; We, whom the Amaledtes Raed left half-dead - tec tOact as cuidse, Ph yoy Was over. fait, Save four hunedredl whe rede away upon addition to recovering aff of fils own, David : spoil to Ziklag, f ‘Eli (p. 35), the Philtaclwewenifes poured mio the Plain of Jesres!, Vheir objective © the trade-routes t) Damascus joined. fed as far as Shunem in the eastern end of Saul somewhat tardily pitraned them with sited on the slopes af Mount Gilbea. Before ‘would inquire of the will of God. No re- was to be obtained by nreans of the priestly me word of prophets. Samuel had been tong le Was his counsel more needed than at this Tt must be procured at all hazards. even if netherworld was to be disturbed and his spirit the magic arts of a witch, ne, had panishiod the wizards fram the land. vale and his toes tivthaace The og was hard he Philistine archers. He begged his armor- thy sok a by SRA Tae eer ON ore Ree re a oi Pe ey ed THE BATTLF Ov cases ; | 4:% : were NOW Titer vig co a titans wt Awayyart. ay for David, the oter Putin wings © arte hes bh Bice aesiec off the oxewia ged the children | an endl of his life. But the fad refused, So Saul” 4 il ree ys ae eT ae EN eek SAR AMOR aan? Sy m tae Sx x ye iaNex: BR OS oe Na re " ae sy OT * ee Ges TRA, a maak : - . é hat sores ik ‘n iG prttue asad & tyme bee thee ving anit oe Bd to encedher of his 5 tah - Ay, a See OB UE NAL BENET» afb i > nity, BY, r late i MeSH teers “Z ’ ae a Ree er | rE An b? ‘e rae Dar hieh sile deh Siting ; , ee ss fx nh TC Nast a pigs rules ened et ms ogseye acateai meer tie he jeeshers 1013] THE BATTLE OF GILBOA 43 The Philistines were now making ready to strike at Israel. Achish demanded of his vassal military service in the ranks of the Philistine army. He was summoned to the council of war. Fortunately for David, the other Philistine kings were suspicious of his fidelity. He returned to Ziklag, only to find the place in ashes. The Amalekite bedouins had made good the opportunity, while David and his contingent were away in the capital; they carried off the women and the children as well as all the spoil. David lost no time in pursuing them; an Egyptian slave, whom the Amalekites had left half-dead on the road, consented to act as guide. The enemy was over- taken; all were slain, save four hundred who rode away upon their camels; in addition to recovering all of his own, David carried away much spoil to Ziklag. As in the days of Eli (p. 35), the Philistine armies poured by way of Sharon into the Plain of Jezreel. Their objective was the spot where the trade-routes to Damascus joined. They had advanced as far as Shunem in the eastern end of the Plain, when Saul somewhat tardily pursued them with his forces. He halted on the slopes of Mount Gilboa. Before giving battle, he would inquire of the will of God. No re- assuring answer was to be obtained by means of the priestly oracle or by the word of prophets. Samuel had been long dead. At no time was his counsel more needed than at this critical moment. It must be procured at all hazards, even if his rest in the netherworld was to be disturbed and his spirit brought up by the magic arts of a witch. Saul, it is true, had banished the wizards from the land. But near-by at En-dor a woman necromancer was still to be found. The king, in disguise, sought her out at night. In his straits he grasped at the very superstition he had swept away. Saul saw not the apparition, but he heard the voice grimly announcing his doom: “To-morrow shalt thou and thy sons be with me.’ Broken in spirit, Saul led his army into the battle. The Israelitish forces were routed ; among the slain were Jonathan and his two brothers. The king was hard pressed by the Philistine archers. He begged his armor- bearer to make an end of his life. But the lad refused. So Saul 44 SAUL AND DAVID fell upon his own sword (1013). The next day the Philistines came to strip the slain. They found the bodies of Saul and his three sons. They took the kimg’s armor to the temple of Astarte; his head they severed as a trophy, and his trunk they suspended upon the wall of Beth-shan. The inhabitants of Jabesh remembered how Saul had responded to their cry for help (p. 38) ; in the night they removed his body and gave it honorable burial in their own city. Subsequently, David had the bones of Saul and Jonathan removed to their family sepulcher at Zela in Benjamin. David mourned the tragic death of the king, ‘the anointed of the Lord,’ when the tidings came to Ziklag, with unfeigned sincerity. Forgotten was the private feud; David was stirred to his depths by the national calamity; his sorrow over the death of his heroic and chivalrous friend Jonathan was in- tense, and it found expression in his famous elegy: ‘Saul and Jonathan, the lovely and the pleasant In their lives, even in their death they were not divided. I am distressed for thee, my brother Jonathan; Very pleasant hast thou been unto me; Wonderful was thy love to me, Passing the love of women. How are the mighty fallen, And the weapons of war perished!’ ess. 19065. xf the battle on: Gti pais set aoe for lee a eaaet osane thas ‘ tury was Acie ame a t Milketine let i Om wietine Be fourth gents ee fa Te Monee ew ie > Jebbok, acronteaeiaw OA ae $ tolerated Ly Sh Pata ecs ee atig ip wae acknowletge®. BA sey bars ted Remark out a CrmENe: Re geet Wi the grea: His ambitecia Oe Stable ta as 0 5 Ces feared it wanarngttigttte 1c Rave , be waa s facet’) eee Ys: aaah fad bos each ot tes: Hix sitet. “igh to realiee Ga Miter 1s Boxe a apoil, whick tes évmar dees: oe weie t ad SD aeekded, presente ty Sire Patpex i fedal aY it visited iby tea nee tad bik Sight. soved his haves aie? tee teedl-trsined 4 the chief city of faideh. xbence he ation swith the notables 4 the ayath fountry. end: et to them as and af Theor own flesh ann of bis military geentge during Saul’s - : the Philistines: At Vebron David . of Judah; this dignity nassgeegones for wif (1013-1009). - | ed higher. jie soli ypc donned asthe: : andar in judeh but in ot forael. He. ¢ citizens coment Jabesh in Gilead, whom he mie ny + ho wee P sant hy ait a > ee ee Ey tN ts 14k “ an Ae ( }#, * ihe okt ee Le on Se ; ba a = i eee re Poe Pas eden gt, ivy fe” ae Wy eo ' Rae BO re 3 < in pe s a ar i hoe ? vy! , wT; , i ee 4: Ce {Daw Pf ~rW 4 I Ts nl Rupe, ri. the 4 qoaremibe es ‘how is era ie retell a ees sme bY. the yi Bis it fow new ext eT phy at his Pes CVE in i uve, distressed for thee; Kowith @ieesant t hast ‘thou ' Pe See: g the foes | : Ans ued i the weapons of Warp ia! SN | CHAPTER VII DAVID. THE CAPTURE OF JERUSALEM (1013-1006) HE outcome of the battle of Gilboa could mean only a state of vassalage for Israel. It would seem that Benjamite territory was again occupied by the Philistines and thata Philistine governor once more resided in Gibeah. Ishbaal, Saul’s fourth son, moved his residence to Mahanaim, north of the Jabbok, across the Jordan. His suc- - cession to the throne was tolerated by the Philistines so long qs their overlordship was acknowledged. On similar terms David was permitted to mark out a course for himself in the restricted southern area. His ambitions were well known; his superior generalship was feared ; it was advantageous to have him as a friend. Moreover, he was a match for the weak Ishbaal; the two would hold each other in check. David was quick enough to realize the situation. His first act was to send of the rich spoil, which the expedition against the Amalekites had yielded, presents to the elders of Judah in the principal localities visited by him during his flight. Forthwith David removed his harem and his well-trained troop to Hebron, then the chief city of Judah, whence he opened negotiations with the notables of the small country. David commended himself to them as one of their own flesh and bone and by reason of his military prestige during Saul’s early campaign against the Philistines. At Hebron David was proclaimed king of Judah; this dignity he maintained for seven years and a half (1013-1006). But David aimed higher. He looked upon himself as the real successor of Saul, not only in Judah but in all Israel. He sent messages of his accession beyond the tribal boundaries, in particular to the citizens of Jabesh in Gilead, whom he commended for their act of respect to his predecessor. The times, he indicated, called for courage, seeing that Saul was 45 46 DAVID. THE CAPTURE OF JERUSALEM dead; the implication being that Ishbaal was altogether unequal to the situation. And so he was. The real ruler was the commander of his forces, his great-uncle Abner, per- sonally brave and, so long as Ishbaal let him alone, devoted to the house of Saul, but far surpassed by David in shrewd political judgment and military prowess. Civil war was inevitable. The first encounter took place near Gibeon, in Benjamite territory. Abner and his forces were worsted. David’s men were led by Joab son of David’s sister Zeruiah; with Joab were his two brothers, Abishai and Asahel. Light-footed, Asahel overtook Abner; the Ben- jamite commander, who was retreating with his army to Mahanaim, struck the pursuer down, not without reluctance, fearing the blood feud that must ensue between himself and the redoubtable Joab. ‘ The war between the house of Saul and the house of David was a protracted one. From day to day David waxed stronger and Ishbaal weaker. It must have come home to certain sec- tions of the Israelites, despite the antipathy of the norther- ners for the south, that the interests of the nation would be best served if David became ruler of united Israel. The movement gained strength when Ishbaal and his powerful minister fell out. It was not long before Abner made direct overtures to David. He offered to use his influence with his own tribe and the whole north. David stipulated the restora- tion of his former wife Michal (p. 42); a formal request was sent to the king at Mahanaim, who generously gave hiscon- sent. Michal was conducted to Hebron by an embassy of twenty men led by Abner. At a banquet in their honor Abner renewed his offer to win over the north. David was well content to let things take their course. The treacherous conduct of the minister was none of hisconcern; he was pleased by the growing sentiment in his favor; he was never in doubt of his fitness to rule over the entire nation. Joab had been wisely left out of the negotiations; David knew his bitter enmity toward Ishbaal’s minister, so he took the precaution to send him away on a foray. The general returned ahead of time; aside from the private feud, | ae #t' shils GEES fi ee tite Me De bee . arene paeit 1 Reine $2: Apgincrde yf . the ae a: ei Laeeuok 7 to elas ‘nas Bets | thee wk: hese in , ps doe, ADEE De Pitep wit See dda be t deed. whl Auaaone < tying £0 ‘plans; sencacil’ Merten: oye aad oer aaa pekiti ee 5 mit feet tae 2 i eel a his Forgot: =). Pel Re tals, Fak too on ake there pws aye. ae Bares agente, " fiat i hain Cee nem and with: Tet Pe poe: a cyt hee he Y Officials, fare ssi bewaeil DAIS it Dee t he was toking 3 fea a ay: Pieri Shia pdaily, ar? aaa Rebel eS walle the murcis ence % eee Pees et ; oe fe _ ea copa a ote tot #3 i et taal Guu. ined Ed nr wht des POE eae eta aal,a crt bagel eee waht: Rae a eeepre ited: by ct, RE. ee ’ Pthe throne 16:tae ee) ager aie r e rights and sei ae: hep Me hia ase re se on aia Sex igen ba ee fk ae ig A ooke ed ea the nee nadie a Delays: 1 ed Nor were. die Paty: cH sia $e Sig Bem a of David's elon RSE Man pi. % Wd » tebe the offensive. The: Pind tee Ai ‘a eee ts fore D< avid had time o ke ; Bape uses, ae ot ie iehem octupiat® ee he fice ‘ Reriigd- ae the strowgiraie abe. Sebiriiae coke digehci and here he romenidayd 3 a gine ba sp ag aKe his Bf ‘ Mics pee he Se ‘is sce = oy hear ne teense Oh eae Olt ao cr ie eT, into Aa in ste eats is s time Casal spines deo ys teas ot, ce he ase cr hes ef mie h ; PoE eo) Pe ee i PS hee nae i x pay a pee aaa ys fe Ange Ria te Tine Beat — seen! Soph aT 1 Lape War Was wevi tal, here Tee, mm Bena ah : oF TRE oo. Oey ae . lee a ewtael. fo VKT S eR Li heesysesen, BLE Se re | iid Tabet weaker: bt awe SEI TM Lae CAC des ts fe Pei 5a wat " a ol an Abnenae a“ Aseupeed | has coffer to | Birks zh cmnitent i | ct of Shas ip pe diewer enmity say Tes send | - ‘times 1006] DAVID KING OF ALL ISRAEL 47 he feared the ascendancy of the Benjamite and, moreover, suspected hidden motives to betray David into the hands of his enemies. Without the king’s knowledge, he overtook Abner, persuaded him to return to Hebron, and there in the gate he struck him down. David had full reason to be exasperated by this foul deed which threatened to bring to naught his well-laid plans; sincerely he mourned the death of the princely Abner, who fell ‘with hands unbound and feet unfettered.’ Joab and his brother, however, were far too strong for David to make them pay for their dastardly crime. It is not evident that it had been the design of Abner and his followers to do away with Ishbaal; but whether or not instigated by higher officials, two Benjamite captains assas- sinated him while he was taking his noon-time siesta. His cause was collapsing daily, and David was a man who could bide his time. When the murderers brought their king’s head to Hebron in the expectation of reward, they met instead condign punishment. Naturally David profited by his rival’s untimely death. Of Saul’s dynasty there now remained but Jonathan’s son Meribaal, a mere boy and a cripple. So the tribes of Israel, represented by their notables, came to Hebron and offered the throne to David. Agreement being reached as to the rights and duties of both monarch and people, David was anointed formally and publicly as king over the entire nation. The people looked to the new ruler to break the yoke of Philistine bondage. Nor were the Philistines slow to under- stand the meaning of David’s elevation. David was far too weak to take the offensive. The Philistine plan was to act swiftly. Before David had time to assemble an army, Judah was invaded, Beth-lehem occupied, and Hebron menaced. David withdrew to the stronghold of Adullam. This was familiar ground, and here he remained for some time until he could consolidate his fighting forces. With these he made a sortie and was successful in striking tellingly at theenemy encamped in the Giants’ Valley southwest of Jerusalem. The Philistines came again; once more they pitched in the same spot. This time David attacked them in the rear, from 48 DAVID. THE CAPTURE OF JERUSALEM the east, and drove them northward as far as Gibeon and then toward Gezer, the western frontier of Israelitish territory. Many more battles followed, in which David’s chosen warriors distinguished themselves. Once David came near losing his life, when a giant, whose spear weighed three hun- dred shekels, boredown upon him; but Abishai forestalled the Philistine and slew him. Then David was besought by his faithful companions in arms never to expose himself in battle again, ‘that the light of Israel might not be quenched.’ At length David struck a decisive blow by capturing the city of Gath. The power of the Philistines was broken. Philistia was not subjugated nor were the Philistines annihilated. The coastland remained in their possession. But no longer did they dare to set foot on Israelitish territory. An enduring peace was made between the two peoples, who lived from now on in neighborly amity. The Philistines had taught David the craft of warfare; principally from them he re- cruited his body-guard, the Cherethites and Pelethites. With the Philistine peril removed, Israel was on the road to the period of ‘rest’ foreseen by Moses. David’s genius understood that the moment had arrived for creating a national center in order to provide a tangible expression of political and religious unity which might check the natural propensity to separatism. Hebron was suitable for the capital of a small country like Judah; but its situation far to the south as well as its close associations with David’s own tribe unfitted it as a rallying point for the whole nation. Amid the early campaign against the Philistines, David set out to look for a new capital. His fancy was caught by the Jebusite stronghold Jerusalem. No happier choice could have been made. If the roads connecting the Mediterranean and the east as well as Syria and Egypt did not exactly pass by the city, they were nevertheless not too far away; the site might therefore be considered central enough for trade and commerce. Yet it stood sufficiently aloof; save on the north, its weakest spot, it seemed inaccessible and well-nigh impreg- nable. The resistance which Jerusalem offered successively to Assyrians, Babylonians, and Romans demonstrated how SETHE crry et gees | se es | H's estimare a Es Bs abe, SA Sek i 1 é city’ & SpPgiiewy cgi tsd sven’. t%s I ion. Morenme:? gh ond 7 Sig wy Parag ies the in might waetons wud, sCipote Ra Uncle: ees eee Lt zn-roxel at the ee een gee Ae pling @round dsr wins, trip, H which jor aeaegys ign het jab at ty had dwireited mae ta the Courae of wig ms and joat ai yuwer of resistance aul and Dav. barusalem-alone had : permed aate in they etrongly fortified oy bill of Zion, Ted would have pre- Fortress by wie hepotistions. The Hy replied that if the-welte were manned by tte , pany aaa? ». igh thi be a vain ih however, discoverad the mate) leading Mfortress; up thet wartelt he crawled : P warriors, thas treppiog the sorprised - miaster of the ateeanghenll ; Be adeieal still neta the white Phe ttity-af Dawid. ak ¢ irore than a ntre myel peaklience, “the : CAMPEd. ’ She was ta be the (ity of “acy, aye ae ee haracter, which bas heea ters ever eine, pe capt by David himaet: Fs ana fat tow, st; bt he was deeply. imiwesbwith “eS gious Betakding of | ris people's desciwy? Ris.-< einai on immediate foundation ss the lisnos that tay 4 He would. enhance the practige «i the new So ag it to the rélighige traditiues of . © © mid him, to those of Moses. The ancient u the Ark, lost by the Ephraimites to the | — i Se Sai age eed after mary wicies tudes been lodyed ca i x teh ieee | Ps yelling at Baalatl: in fudah. If Zion could be Pixs: ing-place of the Avk, 4 would come to be by ie horthern tribes as a veligiouseenterim = stession to Shiloh. An untoward jocident to the eg ne ne ¢ cart upon i the Ark rested Cat es hee oe SARNe t a ! wish Que CAPTURE _— 4 pi ae slate thet cscecn eo hice YS at Hat les . eh Se . wher a giang, whose - ie ae onan hi m, t het hi of i terael aul ruc ie a dee Hained in ther . Mey et foot Ded Live enw the craft of warfare? ae Ck he Le i. eee the ¢ e evhe | ative peril + re Aes | of ‘vest’ fore sepa retieme ‘feline aul rere like vont Wer ma is Py jts-close: (Ae wheted it as a vallying? : : ex ve Bai ty ampaign again is : a; = 9 ne ero or 2 pew co oo His: sail itinde: a oie | , tee past na uh ae's ai ta fre | Ce a they were neverthel esighe thdiretore De considered = vise wie it atood a so aor. a THE CITY OF DAVID ‘49 correct was David’s estimate of the site as a natural fastness. In ancient times the city’s springs and conduits were suffi- cient for her population. Moreover, the city lay close to the territory of Benjamin and might well be included within its southern border, the line running from the mouth of the Jordan, touching En-rogel at the southeastern end of the city, and then circling around due west. The Canaanite strip, which for a long time kept Judah severed from the north, had dwindled away in the course of the Philistine campaigns and lost all power of resistance before the attacks of Saul and David. Jerusalem alone had held out. The Jebusites seemed safe in their strongly fortified citadel upon the rocky hill of Zion. David would have pre- ferred to secure the fortress by peaceful negotiations. The Jebusites mockingly replied that if the walls were manned by the blind and the lame any assault would still be a vain undertaking. Joab, however, discovered the tunnel leading from Gihon into the fortress; up that conduit he crawled with his most daring warriors, thus trapping the surprised citizens. David was master of the stronghold; he added still further outworks and named the whole The City of David. Jerusalem was to be more than a mere royal residence, ‘the city where David encamped.’ She was to be the City of God, and this sacred character, which has been hers ever since, was stamped upon her by David himself. He was far too human to bea saint; but he was deeply imbued with religious feeling. He. had an inkling of his people’s destiny; his vision went beyond the immediate foundation to the issues that lay in time to come. He would enhance the prestige of the new national center by linking it to the religious traditions of Samuel and, beyond him, to those of Moses. The ancient national palladium, the Ark, lost by the Ephraimites to the Philistines (p. 36), had after many vicissitudes been lodged in a private dwelling at Baalath in Judah. If Zion could be made the resting-place of the Ark, it would come to be looked upon by the northern tribes as a religious center in legitimate succession to Shiloh. An untoward incident to the driver of the cart upon which the Ark rested filled David 50 DAVID. THE CAPTURE OF JERUSALEM with apprehensions; so the Ark remained without the citadel in the house of Obed-edom the Gittite, a Philistine in David’s service. Only after three months, when it was seen that divine blessings came to the Philistine by reason of his hous- ing the Ark, did David renew his attempt to transfer it to his own city. In solemn procession, amid the tumultuous joy of the populace, the Ark was carried up the hill of Zion. David, robed in linen vestments such as were worm by priests, led in the dancing of the marchers as they followed the ‘sacred chest toward the palace. Michal, the proud daughter of Saul, condemned the undignified demeanor of the king. David retorted that for the sake of the Lord, who had elevated him above her father’s house, he would find honor in still humbler abasement. . The Ark was set down under a tent close by the royal residence. David must already have given thought to pro- viding a more solid structure for its housing. But there was just then much warfare ahead, if the new state was to be put upon a sure footing. Even when security was later achieved, the king gave heed to the counsel of the prophet Nathan to leave the project to his successor. The Lord was content to dwell in a tent; rather than that David should build Him a house, He would build a house for David, that is, a perma- nent dynasty. Still David was privileged to make prepara- tions for the future Temple; he even found an elevated place to the north as a site for the sacred edifice. TER S166 : “WARS OR Dawn igtios andy um t0 tbe wont ed to thee serch took ey Prugrese 1 HwSidang the ites, humdded jt thestices of Saul, ai week ebuEeatitin ; Bow D pick a quarrel of thelticort atvond. Ptiamtin to the thrane afi ihe deach of ah me in obedhesee ‘ee Dhan demor sd issy fo the new caraapeh, Flee got basse ted and sent owwe. The gece wits ation of war. The Agmmtonives Fovgment pec! Aramean pendpakide (Rein, extending as far as the-spayh al Herrocdn, with Pthe Tsravlitints atten. Iie tacit hin- Bp the Ammonites facet Wty ey the oer | t e : reapital, while the Acaemelie thiengcerext tly he formed: his plas, Fie tole bali of ru command of bis hrothwe Msiady at Bee 2 3; with the other fut be theew 4 pepelf The Arameans were fake hee Bigter : He Me to; withstand the onstae ef the ugh ‘safety i in their capital. my AN Ly however, was by ne eee deeiiadnereens: capital Rabbah (the sigdeerd). Awiceaies % ; fortress on the upper jabhidh: aac weit . ver , in the following yeve Whe Acorietas 1S ty were commanded by Sheduets. saegaen -. ‘king of Zobah,; who had wow ; Se a sit the lands as far as the Euphéwtes. ‘fhe id ag ¥ | his @riny in person; a decisive hatin wae @ the enemy suffered @ crushing defeat: A larger thetr cavalry fell into David's hand. Shobach igeb eatce: Hadadezer was serene Sai pa $1 ¥ 7 m ° J bed as ; : ¢ ' ee sdb ome) tee Ark Sai lingipatiaal Chext-ext om the€ erate’ Hiaety atier three mont fai Webnciniys t mae to the Rte otk, a faa we: ey a iaclesinh proor i eae ce, the Ark Pwend, tested, in linen < vi jicteeta, Ted in. rhe dancing. he ec chest toward) deaghner af Saul. cond f vet img, David re torted” . hat ehevated him above: jet still humbler a Ses axe was set t down ~diing s wore xq! tid stra uat then wouch warfare: wixen Soure footing “ea: sik tie me prey Fon 4 3 ity his. Sk wee ‘dwell in a tenc; rather than: 4 hensee, Fle Weu hel build: a rein, dynasty. steil Davi igen fey the future Terip he 9 te the worth as a site for the: CHAPTER VIII THE WARS OF DAVID (1006-980) SRAEL’S neighbors to the east and to the north took | alarm at David's steady progress in consolidating the kingdom. The Ammonites, humbled in the days of Saul, had recovered during Ishbaal’s weak administration; now they felt strong enough to pick a quarrel of their own accord. On the accession of Hanun to the throne after the death of his father Nahash, David, in obedience to time-honored custom, sent an embassy to the new monarch. The ambassa- dors were rudely affronted and sent home. The action was tantamount to a declaration of war. The Ammonites formed a coalition: with several Aramean principalities (Rehob, Zobah, Maacah) extending as far as the spur of Hermon. When Joab arrived with the Israelitish army, he found him- self between two fires; the Ammonites faced him in the open country outside their capital, while the Arameans threatened him in the rear. Quickly he formed his plans. He left half of the army under the command of his brother Abishai to engage the Ammonites; with the other half he threw himself upon their allies. The Arameans were put to flight; the Ammonites, unable to withstand the onslaught of the Israelites, sought safety in their capital. The campaign, however, was by no means terminated. The Ammonite capital Rabbah (the modern Amman), a naturally strong fortress on the upper Jabbok, was still threatening. Moreover, in the following year the Arameans appeared again. They were commanded by Shobach, the gen- eral of Hadadezer king of Zobah, who had now summoned his vassals from all the lands as far as the Euphrates. This time David led his army in person; a decisive battle was fought and the enemy suffered a crushing defeat. A large portion of their cavalry fell into David’s hand. Shobach lost his life in the battle; Hadadezer was substantially weakened 51 S2 THE WARS OF DAVID so that there could be no thought of succoring his Ammonite neighbor. In the third year, Joab invested Rabbah and suc- ceeded in reducing the citadel which protected the water- supply of the city. The capture of the city itself was reserved for David. He possessed himself of much treasure, including the crown of Milcom, the god of the Ammonites, which weighed a talent of gold and was ornamented with precious stones. This crown the victor set upon his own head. The captured citizens were put to hard work at stone-cutting and brickmaking for the building operations in Jerusalem. The Moabites, who must have availed themselves of the initial successes of the Ammonites to harass the Israelites, were cruelly punished; two-thirds of the population were put to death. Moab, like Ammon, became tributary to Israel. Hadadezer was meanwhile bent upon retrieving his for- tunes. His vassals in the northeast, who had made peace with David, must be brought to book. David met him in battle and defeated him; the same fate overtook Damascus which had come to Hadadezer’s aid. Both Zobah and Damas- cus were annexed and governed by resident officers from Jerusalem. David’s realm now extended in the north as far as the Lebanon and Hermon, and in the northeast beyond Damascus to the western banks of the Euphrates. Toi, king of Hamath, who had been at war with Hadadezer, sent David a message of congratulation and costly presents. David’s friendship was likewise sought by Talmai, king of Geshur, in the Golan, east of the Lake of Galilee; the peace was sealed by David taking to wife Talmai’s daughter Maacah, who became the mother of Absalom. Friendly rela- tions were also established between David and Hiram, king of Tyre; they continued under Solomon. There remained the troublesome neighbors in the south. The Amalekites were completely annihilated and never more heard of afterwards. Edom, defeated in a bloody battle in the Valley of Salt (east of Beer-sheba), was made tributary; Israelitish tax-collectors were placed in the land. Thus David won access to the ports of Ezion-geber and Elath on the Gulf of Akabah. The Edomites yielded for the present to superior vi aot emit ea a imi says torn, oh, ae is st “ior real a a ey repitious. Egypt Se ae Bhan. Bena we, v ins ignificant : er eth | | to exercise pope “TAA dt a, Be amdertakings es snc lS eH, \e wate af . ae 4 @ for such heavy wuthsee yan Sige ah: care to perlert pi hin apet ie oa y consisted of Nas pe dyttidin ‘wa gies picked men, who hua! garment tani . eof his outlawrs: ax gageentacta” soe ate: ey eaeetty foreiguers. This Re) irsar ae Feon of jehoiada, who tabbed rah thy y of thirty ‘mighty men, peaehy foe the did service under three. gapiains, Pet meer the other mercenaries wufhéed for the e The brunt of the fighting fell upon alt able of bearing arms. The ancient wont spond as the emergency arose and the call L, Conditions, however, had changed; the | tion demanded a-stantling army. For that . | ordered to take a tensus of the entire ¢ quarters of a year svere consumed in com- wt. Shortly thereaiter a devastating plague | pec ople, whohad only grumblingly submitted - fin the calamity a punishment from God. beached Jevasalern, it was stayed over the Te the Jebusite Araumah. Avan act of expia- - purchased this ground for hfty shekels of silver. » id erected an altar, destined as the sive of the Solonton built 1 in the Temple cert facing He WARS OF DAV zoe staal ! be no thought | ee wae third year, Joab tay he bering, the citadel | 9 ab thy city. The capture gf th He posi essed ho of | the = aoe . PR pte 4 ident .. | The PLOW Ti he « vt a e Ay oF M bed ceaues Ou ergelly purr “'yY Wha Theanwe * ee F ty? wid % ioe were cofeeal eeewards. Edom, ¢ oot Sale (east “of Beers agi nice be tt the. ports of E zion: uf Aha’ tab. ¥ ‘he Edemnltes yield Ve DAVID’S FIGHTING MACHINE 53 force; but they were on the alert to break loose and shake off the yoke of servitude. It was thus a veritable empire that David succeeded in building. Stretching from the Red Sea to the Euphrates, it commanded the most important trade-routes of the East. The times were propitious. Egypt was in a state of decline and Assyria was an insignificant power; so David was provi- dentially permitted to exercise to the fullest his military genius. In all of his undertakings he was ably seconded by Joab, a warrior intrepid and undismayed, and if not exactly fastidious in his choice of means, a prudent counselor, wholly devoted to the weal of his master. It is obvious that for such heavy warfare on many fields David must have taken care to perfect his fighting machine. The nucleus of the army consisted of his ever faithful body- guard of six hundred picked men, who had gathered about him during the days of his outlawry; as gaps occurred, new men were enlisted, chiefly foreigners. This troop was com- manded by Benaiah son of Jehoiada, who hailed from the Negeb. A small body of thirty ‘mighty men,’ ready for the most daring exploits, did service under three captains. But neither all these nor the other mercenaries sufficed for the larger campaigns. The brunt of the fighting fell upon all young Israelites capable of bearing arms. The ancient wont was for these to respond as the emergency arose and the call to arms was issued. Conditions, however, had changed; the security of the nation demanded a’standing army. For that purpose Joab was ordered to take a census of the entire population. Three quarters of a year were consumed in com- pleting the count. Shortly thereafter a devastating plague broke out. The people, who had only grumblingly submitted to the census, saw in the calamity a punishment from God. When the plague reached Jerusalem, it was stayed over the threshing-floor of the Jebusite Araunah. As an act of expia- tion, David purchased this ground for fifty shekels of silver. There David erected an altar, destined as the site of the great altar which Solomon built in the Temple court facing the eastern entrance. 54 THE WARS OF DAVID David’s attitude to the surviving members of the previous dynasty was dictated by magnanimity coupled with pru- dence. He turned over to Meribaal, Jonathan’s crippled son (p. 47), the family estate at Gibeah, to be administered by a steward for the prince’s benefit. The prince himself was recalled from across the Jordan to Jerusalem; here he might remain under the eye of the king, who was circumspect enough to forestall any possible Benjamite uprising; at the same time Meribaal was treated with the utmost kindness and ate at the king’s table. Had David wished to rid himself of the surviving offspring of Saul, after the manner of Ori- ental rulers, willing agents would have been found to do his bidding. It was a different matter with the two sons of Saul by his concubine Rizpah, and his five grandsons, the children of his daughter Merab. The Gibeonites demanded their lives in expiation for the slaughter of their citizens by Saul, in violation of the oath of peace which the Israelites had sworn tothem (p. 22). There was a famine in the land; the curse of God seemed to rest upon it. There was nothing left for David but to deliver the victims, whom the Gibeonites put to death. Lovingly, Rizpah kept watch by their remains until the time of the first rains. David had the bones assembled and given burial in the family sepulcher. Force of circum- stances had driven him to acquiesce in this wholesale murder; but he carried his point in refusing to. yield up Meribaal, the son of his beloved friend Jonathan. ‘ a ie i. <4 art ts we © 7 . * { | ry ‘ a t * p . i . * . v 4, 2 Ne J ‘ te | a vey an ‘ x ‘ . of ms Ma « Myra a 7 y . a i 2 5 " * ' a 2 ; recor ier “ fo i os . eae = a eh Bite m>,. “4 Vien “ 5 * Ay v =% — we fF 5. og} ee ae fee! sag i2: aeineee “ % “yy = x, if Dik a ie Bee's i= a Silene. ry, at i, oe + e732 7 er # tind 7 ri ; F iat at ria Rise MAT 2a | > a re wt Pe as > * * : bs by = 4 “ » She ee SOE SR ae & F : ; Va) ie bye J é “ ‘ at =~ wi t S772 OE 4 ret " - sath % eh ih ie i? sine “SN < SRR te Hy 6 ge -.* ' ' \ eee eo ee ee ey ee ORMS, Cae oes ae ; ih _" sal a = res, ty ree LC tos heepattiey ce Fai te f Ephraim, a jungle east of the Jordan. The rn ap prouted; the rocky thickets were fatal to the ea. the forest devouring more people than the sword. it of wearing long, in the prickly boughs of a s riding trotted on, leaving him suspended in Hes, who, rightly or wrongly, looked. mood; it was futile to attempt to trap is 4 ries spital, while the two armies met in battle - ht, Absalom was caught by che hair, which cas his head was held fast in the branches, Se he ome i) YR WEVOLTS OF ABSALOMG a father to. discipline his sony. faabare and therefore heir a it woon himself to avenge the hia years’ waiting, he invited sheeting festivity on his 1 ts viiwe princes came. During age a! wee ead or agit % fan 94 he ‘te see remained “chores oe! ig at court, ape Siiveatom, Sioa more. bende t ES ih | by Ais winning t Leng for Che 4 1) e kang by: = | ton The old capitabw cat Judean nobles, who: ‘eground by the King’s aie porth the récime df] A gimiderabie number of ne which must have struck dD ; The king decided to quit ae the Jordan. Theeasts tae bias id, as it hud previoush Wenih > ig tbeparted nee 1 ¥ shorn bcc a ie | xemoupany bia; Davicl pre arranged thet their sons, Ak aa secret spies, He likewise dis Hushai, that he tight counteract’ DAVID FLEES ACROSS THE JORDAN ou | the grandfather of Bath-sheba. Ahithophel was reputed for his judgment as infallible as a divine oracle; he joined the rebellion in order to square the family’s account with the seducer of his granddaughter. Absalom found adherents like- wise among the Benjamites, who, rightly or wrongly, looked upon the king as the destroyer of the house of Saul. That Meribaal was in sympathy with the rebel, was probably a malicious slander invented by his steward to further his per- sonal interests; but another Benjamite grandee, Shimei son of Gera, openly gloated over the king’s misfortunes. If Absalom was to be successful, he must strike swiftly, before David could gather an army. Such was the sound advice of Ahithophel. Hushai, however, counseled delay. He pointed out that David had with him seasoned soldiexs; that they were in an angry mood; it was futile to attempt to trap David; failure at the initial stage would spell disaster. It were better to wait until the whole of the Israelitish army had been recruited, from Dan to Beer-sheba, with Absalom in personal command. Blindly, the rebel prince suffered him- self to be duped. Quickly the intelligence was conveyed to David, who lost no time in putting the Jordan between him- self and the enemy. The city of Mahanaim served him as a base of operations. Gileadite grandees, as Barzillai and Machir, and even the subjugated Ammonite king, Shobi son of Nahash, supplied the rapidly assembling royal forces with provisions. The army was formed in three divisions, under the com- mand of Joab, Abishai, and Ittai the Gittite. The rebel army crossed the Jordan, with Absalom and Amasa, a son of David’s sister Abigail, in command. David himself remained in the improvised capital, while the two armies met in battle in the Forest of Ephraim, a jungle east of the Jordan. The rebel army was routed; the rocky thickets were fatal to the fugitives, the forest devouring more people than the sword. In the haste of flight, Absalom was caught by the hair, which he was in the habit of wearing long, in the prickly boughs of an oak-tree, and as his head was held fast in the branches, the mule he was riding trotted on, leaving him suspended in 58 THE REVOLTS OF ABSALOM AND OF SHEBA the air. Thus he was found by a common soldier of the pursu- ing army, who informed Joab. The general hastened to the - spot and, unmindful of the king’s order to spare the life of his rebel son, thrust three darts into the heart of the strug- gling Absalom. The signal was given for calling off the pur- suit; Absalom’s body was cast into a pit and covered with stones. The tidings reached David, as he sat at the gate waiting for the outcome of the battle. The father’s grief over the death of his erring, but beloved son was uncontrollable. He shut himself up in the chamber over the gate and sobbed bitterly: ‘Would I had died in thy stead, O Absalom, my son, my son!’ The victorious army entered the city in hushed silence and stealthily, as if it, and not the enemy, had been defeated. Joab strongly urged the king to show himself to the army. The general had reason on his side, but his harsh language was offensive, and this together with the killing of the king’s son left a rankling in David’s heart. The northern part of the nation was the first to come to its senses. On the other hand, the Judeans still sulked. It was, of course, necessary to conciliate them; the king went so far as to offer Amasa the command of the national forces. But it was a dangerous game which David played, to pit north and south against each other; the ill consequences showed themselves only too soon, and after a generation the breach which rent the nation in twain was complete. For the time being the Judeans forestalled their northern brethren in leading the king homeward. At Gilgal the belated representa- tives of the north came to meet him. They considered them- selves slighted, seeing that they had ten shares in the king against the two of Judah and Benjamin. The loyalty of the Benjamites was by no means a certain matter. Sheba son of Bichri led a fresh revolt; though he could make no headway in Judah, he won a following in Israel. Amasa was commissioned by the king to mobilize the army. The thing was not done speedily enough to suit Joab, who won the king’s ear and was sent off in com- mand of the trusted mercenary force. At Gibeon the rival THE SUCCESSION 59 ib murdered Amasa in cokl blood. He then WHo bad eutrenched themselves at Abel of the Jordan. Joab made ready to‘storm chtize: # cut seh we eens of {the rebel leader Des Sod alas The question of succes- settle although there had been a private wees the king and Bath-sheba that her d reign i in his stead. By right of seniority, er Adsnijah considered himself heir pre- pee prone: by Joab and by the priest t’s Stone. west of En-roge!, Adonijah wing in order to prepare his proclamation m reached Bath-sheba and her party, t es > nt al ann . tol and Nathan the prophet. The king was roniise, and he gave orders to have Solomon by. Zadok and acclaimed by the populace. 3 the old king charged his pucees sor todo aod the Benjamite Shimei (p. 57); on the mended to Solomon’s favor the family of the Gileadite M73, after a reign of forty years, thirty-t hree asadation of the City of David, where he [ le deft to his successor a rich heritage, and 6 fakemory ef glorious ac hhiev ement. He had his alt record of his life, which is preserved in Holy fee-attemp: to cover them up er condone them. but also loved his fr tends; he was att over- Bi was prone tO sin, but was quic k to repent. station by dint of an indomitable energy; 4 ior, he also pursued the gentle arts of song and Jed religious pomp and ceremony. Deeply pious raivined his people’s sacred vocation. ‘The holy ~] * . (die Temple was his choice. His dynasty continued # the spring Gihon Solomon was anointed | vindictive and then again magnanimous; he . n was his foundatiou, the roc ky hill for the. - : Y 60 THE REVOLTS OF ABSALOM AND OF SHEBA down to Persian times; patriarchs and exilarchs reckoned themselves to his house. To the last days the hope of Israel is bound up with this great figure, David the king, symbol of the Jew’s undying faith. MON. THE TEMPLE Erte” out’ his father’s instructions to the fe lost ne time in ridding himseti.of Joab, the ; "of Adonijah, a: “il as of Adoniiah himeelf. he te Benaiah commander of enance of the fighting machine busit up the son's ; wate nful concern, There were Shek Gel to fey pt at the Gueel che seni te “i co te the Tanive ( wenty-first) dynasty could BG paver ail rise of the Pane empire ‘cause of ie srael's enemies: So Hadad : at the Egyptian court and ‘received one fe miges in marriage. After David's death he = one and succeeded in wresting cer | frow or it is a ro bel hether t scafied « with aoeais i ebachaliaes Fs alana sere Pharaoh's soldiers engaged themselves : sof Gever, the last renmant of Canaarate, was the Pharaoh's present to his daughter, os nook as wife. 6t Me d bie CHAPTER..X SOLOMON. THE TEMPLE (973-933) OLOMON carried out his father’s instructions to the GS letter. He lost no time in ridding himself of Joab, the supporter of Adonijah, as well as of Adonijah himself. In the place of Joab he appointed Benaiah commander of the army. The maintenance of the fighting machine built up ‘by the father was the son’s watchful concern. There were rumblings among the subjugated nations. Hadad, of royal Edomite blood, had fled to Egypt at the time of the conquest of his country by David. The Pharaohs of the Tanite (twenty-first) dynasty could not but be ill at ease over the rise of the Palestinian empire which they had been powerless to prevent; they were ready enough to sponsor the cause of Israel’s enemies. So Hadad ~ was made welcome at the Egyptian court and received one of the royal princesses in marriage. After David’s death he returned to his own country and succeeded in wresting cer- tain provinces from Solomon. It is a question whether Hadad was able to maintain himself long; certainly Solomon kept the port of Ezion-geber, which gave him access to the Red Sea. Egypt seems to have thrown soldiery into southern Pales- tine, thus renewing her claim to the land. It was politic both for the Pharaoh and for Solomon to come to terms. South of the Lebanon Solomon was by far the strongest potentate of his time; it was well, however, to have Egypt for a friend, and she was quite satisfied with certain commercial conces- sions. In return, the Pharaoh’s soldiers engaged themselves to reduce the fortress of Gezer, the last remnant of Canaanite power; the city was the Pharaoh’s present to his daughter, whom Solomon took as wife. 61 62 SOLOMON. THE TEMPLE In the north Solomon had difficulties with Rezon son of Eliada, a former general in Hadadezer’s army, who suc- ceeded in expelling the Israelitish Resident from Damascus and founded there a kingdom for himself. If Solomon was thus unable to prevent certain losses of territory at the extreme ends of his realm, he bent his efforts all the more upon consolidating the land of Israel proper. To that end he fortified Hazor in Naphtali; Megiddo; then Beth-horon in the pass leading to Jerusalem; lastly the newly won Gezer, as well as other cities through which the caravan routes ‘passed. Store-cities were built which were stocked with ample ammunition, chariots, and horses. Solomon’s reign was preéminently one of enduring peace. Judah and Israel dwelt safely, every man under his vine and under his fig-tree, from Dan to Beer-sheba. Justice, impartial and even-handed, was to be had at the king’s court. The fiscal administration of the country was severely regulated. The country was divided into twelve districts, each presided over by a royal officer. The residue of the Canaanites was reduced to serfdom. But forced labor was exacted also of the Israelites. In the Lebanon ten thousand men did labor for _ the king under Adoniram, the master of the levy. Solomon had inherited great wealth, gold and silver and objects of art, accumulated by David during many wars. For his vast building operations both material and labor were needed ; the service of foreign, chiefly Phoenician, craftsmen had to be paid for in products of the soil. The king’s subjects were taxed to provide the luxuries of the royal table, as well as barley and straw for the royal stud. The burden grew heavier and heavier; but if disaffection manifested itself, it was put down with a strong hand. The plain Israelitish husbandman must have been dazzled by the magnificence of the king’s court. Solomon was fond of women, costly buildings, luxurious surroundings. But he was alive to the conditions of his time and to the advantages of the geographical situation of Palestine. The commerce of the world, from Egypt, from Arabia, from lands beyond, passed through Israel. It was inevitable that profit should be _-« en aS oe ee 6? SD SRO ORO IN, vai THO f in the eeeth Solomon had diffe ae Eliade, &teener general in Hae hieel Sug: ieee tins " the sey da wie : J sik? ae % " zr ee eelt oe other cities: th : remained. Store-cities we Oty, z Cheinik amnple sranunition, Charice y e : eta Spkwtnon's reign wasp ae ae | heteband Israel dwelt safily j | eta weeler his hg-tree, from Danita Bande ped even-handed, was to be® : | aistration of the oe 0, hag a ae ver bist wee 2 se nk © “ _ es. ate eee: Thy a sie officer. The ie | seduced to serfdom, Bat forced ¥ ¢ teegeleres, In the 1 [. Lenehan Nig, eis Opera mar» ae ite wervice of foreign, chiet pula tor in Painy: of Bas Oe. wir tap ¢: Ao Termmey pigs * Birong ) Veg iron Darnell tis - rasa b> es raaggiticence of the king ¥ ‘AC A Say buildin ARE | Tuxur wt Re + Beg Ainiditions of his tur ‘ the ger sng wotaedt altuation of Pate world, from Egypt from Arabt ye ISRAEL AND THE GREAT WORLD 63 derived from it. The king took toll of the foreign merchants. But it was open to him to increase his wealth by mercantile undertakings of his own. He imported and exported horses. _ A fleet of the king’s, in codperation with that of Hiram king _ of Tyre, visited Ophir, on the coast of southern Arabia or of eastern Africa, and brought home gold and other articles of . merchandise. The Israelitish monarch thus entered into con- nection with the large world without; the queen of Sheba paid him a visit and brought and received costly gifts. Thus the land of Israel was opened up to the world, and a knowledge of the great world penetrated into Israel. The merchants, whether royal or private, had an outlook upon things transcending the narrow horizon of the stay-at-home. There was a touch of the secular, worldly-wise, about Solomon and his period. Beyond the immediate concerns of the nation, attention was turned to universal experiences of mankind, taking shape in sententious sayings which incul- cate a practical lesson. The king himself was known for his wisdom and for his interest in the collection of fables and parables (Proverbs), just as his father was famed as a poet who gave impetus to the lyric song, especially of the religious kind (Psalms). The erection of the Temple, planned by David, was exe- cuted in Solomon’s reign. With Solomon it was part of a large scheme of buildings with the object of beautifying Jerusalem. The site for the Temple had been determined by David (p. 53). It was the northern extension of Zion, the area corresponding nearly to what is known to-day as the Haram. The present remains of the western enclosure belong to Herodian times; but its foundation is Solomonic. In Solomon’s structure that was an Inner Court, so called to distinguish it from the other Court south, in front of the Palace, and the Great Court encompassing the whole com- plex of buildings. The Temple edifice itself lay east and west, satttth the en- trance on the eastern side as in Egyptian temples. It was a rectangular building of large squared stones and cedar beams. It consisted of two apartments, separated by a wall 64 SOLOMON. THE TEMPLE in which was a door made of olive wood. The outer and larger apartment, the ‘Hekal’ or Nave, accommodated the Table of Showbread, upon which twelve cakes, six in a row, fresh every sabbath, were exposed; the Altar of Incense; ten golden Candlesticks, five on each side, at the entrance of the smaller apartment. The candelabra furnished artificial light, since the windows, narrow without, though widening in- wards, high above the ground and with wooden lattices, were not calculated to relieve the darkness. The inner room behind, the ‘Debir’ or Sanctuary, was lower, a perfect cube. It was the most holy part of the sacred edifice, the Holy of Holies, containing the Ark surmounted by two cherubim of olive wood plated with gold. Throughout the paneling was of cedar, richly adorned with carvings, while the floor was of cypress wood. In front of the building, the House, as it was called, stood a Porch, with two bronze columns at the entrance. On the other three sides, attached to the thick walls, ran a side- structure consisting of three stories of chambers to a height half that of the House itself. These chambers served as depositories for the Temple utensils and votive offerings, thus constituting the Temple Treasury. Within the Court enclosure stood the Bronze Altar upon which public and private sacrifices were offered. In the Court the worshipers assembled; here the prophets addressed the people. The Temple proper could be entered only by the priests, the Holy of Holies only by the chief priest once a year. The older line of priests of the house of Eli had forfeited their position through Abiathar’s participation in Adonijah’s intrigue. They were banished to their estates at Anathoth. In their stead Solomon appointed the sons of Zadok, the priest who favored his own accession; these sons of Zadok remained in office until the Maccabees stepped into their place. In the temple of Onias in Egypt the Zadokites continued until the closing of their sanctuary by the Romans (p. 204). South of the Temple area, the lower terraces of the hill were occupied by the King’s House or Palace and by state buildings. The Palace compound contained more than one AFFECTION IN THE NORTH 65 . maha wife dwelt is, a manweom built m the Palace Court one entered another stood the Hall of Fustice and the House . The larter stinycture consisted of ee aces had forty-five cedar columns, @ appearanc: ofa forest; the large halt a asan arsenal. ; of buildings, from the Porest House to ddan imposing spectacle; The building ito Jerusalem from, various quarters, m by Israelicish labor in the Lebanon;, ay Phoenician sailors down, the coast to Swes chiseled near the quarries; the bronze Valiey of the Jordan, Phoenician craftsmen, Bete of Tyre, were depended upen for Ber port of the work upon well-established ish artificers proved good pupils. Seven med in the building of the Temple, and E Spent in the erection of the other structures. et Losex af the Temple, a Feast of Dedication i; a with the solemn transfer of the Ark t Temple was the everlasting symbol of the a ferae!. Near to ali that called upon Him, ‘semoved, above all comparison. The cloud red the Temple on the day of its dedication 's wafathomable royatery,. 7° + devoted to the service of the God ef his th many foreign powers.’ the herera con- g in his conception to he-a Gty. in which all which they might worship thee geats, Suate inter- A with a rigid interpretations » & Meossisa. There peo under the heavy taxes, ash in produce ‘room for the elders of Israel. The of state, however, compelled him to enter’ Jon to the Egyptian princess, women of the - yonites, Edomices, Sidewians, and Hittites. ee th id feel at home. Bar. tint ik ty He fit he baiit d oth pr reason for disaffection. The sortherners, | Ae 64 " $8LOMON, 780 SEMPRE mwhich was 4 - rt nace ul olive wor mS 7 oe larger & pro etapa. Lhe ‘He tus ah or Nave; Table of Showhread, vpen whee trelve: : wavs every dabbath, were aaa the J . ; rr SOVaALClrpett, ; he vaeulahiliaaell toe the wince ws, Harrow without warda, hugh shove the ground and. ¥ Ye eet mbvulated to rehewe the | : . ge od, the '! Jedi or Binet pss ia front of heed rile lek. thet a Porch, with two brome § exthper i ree She — atte het ae ‘eiaials, sries for. ‘es ie . thus constitu ang the Temple enclosure stood the Brongea private sacrifices were offered AAO ished: here’ the ie! Temple proper could be ent of Helies only vy the chief 4 of priests of the house of ei aan through Abiathar's particips ee icaraees They were banished to ete 7 stead Solomon appointed thes office until the Maccabess's stepy temple of Onias in Egypt the ae sarin: of thls sanctuary by the. were 1 oniekall by oe King’ s Hot buildings. The Palace compound ¢ “ DISAFFECTION IN THE NORTH 65 building; Solomon’s Egyptian wife dwelt in a mansion built expressly for her. From the Palace Court one entered another compound in which stood the Hall of Justice and the House of the Forest of Lebanon. The latter structure consisted of two stories. The lower story had forty-five cedar columns, which gave it the appearance of a forest; the large hall served as an assembly room for the elders of Israel. The upper story was used as an arsenal. The whole complex of buildings, from the Forest House to the Temple, presented an imposing spectacle. The building materials were hauled to Jerusalem from various quarters. The wood was cut down by Israelitish labor in the Lebanon; it was then floated by Phoenician sailors down the coast to Jaffa. The stone was chiseled near the quarries; the bronze was cast in the Valley of the Jordan. Phoenician craftsmen, supplied by Hiram king of Tyre, were depended upon for executing the larger part of the work upon well-established models; the Israelitish artificers proved good pupils. Seven years were consumed in the building of the Temple, and thirteen were spent in the erection of the other structures. Upon the completion of the Temple, a Feast of Dedication was celebrated; it began with the solemn transfer of the Ark to the Debir. The Temple was the everlasting symbol of the Divine Presence in Israel. Near to all that called upon Him, He was yet far removed, above all comparison. The cloud which enveloped the Temple on the day of its dedication betokened God’s unfathomable mystery. Solomon was devoted to the service of the God of his fathers. Reasons of state, however, compelled him to enter into alliances with many foreign powers. His harem con- tained, in addition to the Egyptian princess, women of the Moabites, Ammonites, Edomites, Sidonians, and Hittites. Jerusalem was in his conception to be a city in which all these nations should feel at home. For their benefit he built chapels in which they might worship their gods. State inter- ests clashed with a rigid interpretation of Mosaism. There was also another reason for disaffection. The northerners, in particular, groaned under the heavy taxes, paid in produce 66 SOLOMON. THE TEMPLE [933 or forced labor. An Ephraimite, Jeroboam son of Nebat, who was in charge of the compulsory labor of the house of Joseph, availed himself of the deep-rooted antipathy of the north for the south to conspire against the king. The plot was abetted by the prophet Ahijah, whose home was at Shiloh, Thus sectional rivalry, innate opposition to task- work, and religious motives combined to prepare the move- ment for secession. Solomon, so soon as it came to his ears, sought to apprehend the ringleader. Jeroboam, however, escaped to Egypt, where Shishak, the founder of the Libyan (twenty-second) dynasty, had seated himself on the throne of the Pharaohs. There Jeroboam remained until the death of Solomon (933). eee HAPTER XI. rH f SECESSION OF THE Ae teh : (933 ATS }. ’ Fam eucteeded by hie gon Mehohoam. In the ohana was taken as. matter of course, so eee was the dynest@ principle in David's . €e if the north. Rcohohow;n consented: to go Gester of the disafected cibes, im order tw - A delegation presented a yeyuest for the burdens resting upon the people. The elder M tae king to yield. But bie yeurger coun- Were Rrown up with hint, favored repressive @ ase of force. The king’s defiant reply was iat, Adoniram, the hoted master of the levy, 20 The king himself barely eacuped with ely the north seceded and established the Ee e (a0 Contradistinction fo the Kingdom of € es Jeroboam, who had in the megztime nin © i, was proclaimed king in Shechem. x part of the inheritance from father and gi the ere eee rhe tribe of Sse ede : [ ban ato Seihe againet shai The - esti the w hole + his reign. As _ chem to Peniisk across the Fiabe. In his ap) tthe help of Shishak, who was not slow to Ae | isiract ap peared before the gates of Jeru- art ehoam was firced to buy him off by surreti- : i Pemple and palace treasures, including the | 5 of the king's bedy-guard. After the with--_ Beit ie Egyptians, Rehaboam took care to prevent 2 nd 67 “i : P FET Poe eich Cinch See ae | PICA Sen Pe Syed ae wae wee |: a , Kesccuecmtcue bas a) ia wa ones of nae omyp Jowgh, avaiied. hirieel) of the ch mucth toe the south to ¢ conspire ag sora heited by the prophet Alix Ghildh, Tires sectional rivalry, inn wick, and réligivus motives Comp ; nment for gecession. % lomeay 80 3 siugehet to apprehend thelmmgleader ungeged vo Egypt, where Shishak, ¢ e fiwenty-seoond) dynasty, had ; ; of the Phatachs, There Jerebs wf Solomon (935). SHAPRTER XI THE SECESSION OF THE NORTH (933-875) Germ was succeeded by his son Rehoboam. In the south his accession was taken as a matter of course, so firmly rooted was the dynastic principle in David’s own home. Not so in the north. Rehoboam consented to go to Shechem, the center of the disaffected tribes, in order to parley with them. A delegation presented a request for the alleviation of the burdens resting upon the people. The elder statesmert advised the king to yield. But his younger coun- selors, those that were grown up with him, favored repressive measures and the use of force. The king’s defiant reply was met by open revolt. Adoniram, the hated master of the levy, was stoned to death. The king himself barely escaped with his life. Immediately the north seceded and established the Kingdom of Israel, in contradistinction to the Kingdom of Judah in the south. Jeroboam, who had in the meantime returned from exile, was proclaimed king in Shechem. Thus the major part of the inheritance from father and grandfather was lost by the grandson. Only the tribe of Ben- jamin held to Judah, and of the subjugated nations, Edom alone. Rehoboam (933-917) continued to regard the seceders as rebels and mobilized an armed force against them. The fratricidal war lasted during the whole of his reign. As might be expected, the disorganized condition of the northern realm led to reverses. Jeroboam was compelled to move his capital from Shechem to Penuel across the Jordan. In his straits he called in the help of Shishak, who was not slow to respond. The Pharaoh appeared before the gates of Jeru- salem, and Rehoboam was forced to buy him off by surren- dering to him Temple and palace treasures, including the golden shields of the king’s body-guard. After the with- drawal of the Egyptians, Rehoboam took care to prevent a 67 68 THE SECESSION OF THE NORTH [933-875 similar invasion by fortifying the exposed cities in the south. Though Israel was not reconquered, the territory of Judah was kept intact. Jeroboam (933-912) was determined upon detaching Israel from Judah both politically and religiously. So much had the Temple of Jerusalem accomplished that it stood for religious centralization, which proved attractive to thought- ful men even in Israel. It was therefore necessary to lead the people back to the idea of religious decentralization such as had anciently prevailed. From now on the north put itself squarely upon the position of the earlier Mosaic legislation which conceded more than one sanctuary in a given period (p. 17). Accordingly Jeroboam made it a point to restore the worship in two sanctuaries of notable standing, the one at Dan (p. 33) and the other at Bethel. Both were efdowed as royal shrines. But the very prophetic circles, which had made Jeroboam’s cause their own, were alienated from him when he set up in these two sanctuaries miniature bull figures overlaid with gold. These golden calves, as they were called, were derived from the Canaanite religion in which they symbolized the god of the storm and of vegetation. Mosaism received a setback. The religion of the north reverted to Canaanite paganism. It was a fatal step not only on the religious side. The Kingdom of Israel, immersed in idolatry, lost the consciousness of national distinctiveness which from the very beginning was linked to the religious, and thus entered upon a downward course which led to its ruin. War with Israel continued during the short reign of Reho- boam’s son Abijah (917-915). In order to harass his neighbor, the king of Judah concluded an alliance with Hadad son of Tabrimmon, king of Damascus. The Philistines likewise threatened Israel. While Jeroboam’s son, Nadab (912-911), was laying siege to their fortress Gibbethon, one of his generals, Baasa, conspired against him and was proclaimed king in his stead. Baasa (911-888) sought to win over Hadad, but he was outbid by Asa of Judah (915-875), with the con- sequence that several districts in the extreme north were ceded to the king of Damascus. The Aramean invasion ASA IN JUDAR (a ox eat Banna whi ich he a haat om fror esipohtes pao to Tirzuh. King Asa raved the aban- and used its material; stone and meal te mmite towns Gibeah and Mizpab Thue the Ture 4 Jerusaicm, iar irom ¢ ean biueleacted, . by 4 ring of defensive works YNaat: ni israel was as shorct-livertd ae tat w hiech ote cd. Tespeedily lost the support of the promhetic a’s'e0n, Bigh (888-887), was os sassinated | um Bus of his Captains, Zimwt;, who mounted. the 7 y was again investing t tulbethon. The gen- i, he support of th overs for himself, He va ast Livni, who, wn He tx held ont, set fire to . in the fares. Another pretemder to gen of Eaetacats: ipo cei the cisime. of C Was divided wt bast Che parry rs | t dyer mi ; meet. Tibni ki Oni hw hie, aeee € ane Seine o mt in old age i sem “intoxtunate that { Dovid and Salona 2s ges? bp t bear sheart- 125 of aeviting Arament ~—e wth: the affairs ed matin. fc merely bee oy 5 the aeendenay of + kingdom ite dawet oe at Hor the . A Ba eived safety. Rediziow BIW s ae ® es sent t oo heats us practices eveEr’ ay Sing Aen ted By abuses, such as redigicis Aner e The ere shad Won inany devoters areing Tewermaey Xe x hersel! was addicnwh te Vey aehetetie, yt . Laage. of me pot pea hie visemes oad casio ti a shesnee: Pee pen pag na fem. Forever ta fusion rragioed 9 ted its head, and the high planes, Ae the f the land were called; disputed ten eae sole recognition and con tanved te son oe ch in the long runs veil sor ligt afect the _ ea which. liad bean reatcend bY mgt IF Fae _ Wors aie ni two sanctug a i Ine eos a geniiar wivasrn by fo 1 Pvacigt : ee Goce — tae wel wee Kt was kept ache ; aes Jerchoarm (933-912) won See . leract fremr Judah borh police hic obra =. od les ' oe wR eh ee | riety oe wi pens PYeN MN cigal teoide hack to the ide: had auciently prevail “ chy snuarely upon the p Dosrtics: 4 1 whick conotded more tRae ’ ~ ae) . at ~ (9) 17) Accordingly torah Dan fp, 33) and the otf ret we rove shrines. But tee vine tiade leroboam's cateé fae ‘i ; t When bo setup in these fag # om eS | $ ¥ 2° Ante a aetlaki with gold. These a wees derived from the tage usiiiie a a setback. The cera Canaanite pagvaism. Itwime we rebewnis side. The 2 Kingd cant ae ee the consciousness of naath | Fg pacha uion a downwardten War with Israel continamd im beam'sson Abiiah (917-915).gae beberomeon, kt file of - Damas rhreatened Isract. While Jerot Wie laying siege ta thet fort generals, Baasa, cor - red agak king in hisatead. Bass: : (S11 888 bi he was outbid “sit ie of Juda sexyuence that several districts. im | ceded to the king of Damascus, 915-875] ASA IN JUDAH 69 called a halt to Baasa’s energetic military measures against Asa. He retreated from Ramah which he had been fortifying, and moved his capital to Tirzah. King Asa razed the aban- doned fortress and used its material, stone and timber, to fortify the Benjamite towns Gibeah and Mizpah. Thus the tables were turned; Jerusalem, far from being blockaded, was surrounded by a ring of defensive works. The new dynasty in Israel was as short-lived as that which it had destroyed. It speedily lost the support of the prophetic circles. Baasa’s son, Elah (888-887), was assassinated in his capital by one of his captains, Zimri, who mounted the throne. The army was again investing Gibbethon. The gen- eral, Omri, won the support of the forces for himself. He marched against Zimri, who, unable to hold out, set fire to the palace and perished in the flames. Another pretender to the throne, Tibni son of Ginath, disputed the claims of Omri. The nation was divided; at last the party of Omri gained the upper hand. Tibni lost his life, and Omri became king of Israel. Asa died of the gout in old age. It was unfortunate that the successors of David and Solomon resorted to the short- sighted policy of inviting Aramean meddling with the affairs of the divided nation. It merely led to the ascendancy of Damascus, which in the long run could not but affect the fortunes of the southern kingdom itself disastrously. For the time being Judah enjoyed safety. Religiously, all was not well there either. Idolatrous practices crept in. King Asa did away with many abuses, such as religious sodomy. The wor- ship of Astarte had won many devotees among the women; the queen-mother herself was addicted to the shameful cult and had made an image of the goddess. Asa ordered the image destroyed and removed his mother from her dignity.. He was, however, powerless to put down the worship in the rural sanctuaries which had been restored by the side of the Temple in Jerusalem. Foreven in Judah religious decentrali- zation had raised its head, and the high places, as the various sanctuaries in the land were called, disputed the claims of the Temple to sole recognition and continued to be tolerated. CHAPTER XII THE LORD OR BAAL?—ELIJAH (887-851) HE founder of the third Israelitish dynasty was an able and energetic ruler, with a vision almost equal to David’s. Omri (887-876) chose for his capital a new site, a hill six miles northwest of Shechem, rising over three hundred feet high from the valley leading to the coast. As later events proved, the choice was a happy one. Samaria, as the newly founded capital was called, was, in the condi- tions of warfare then prevailing, well-nigh impregnable and its reduction by an investing army a most protracted affair. Omri met resolutely the difficulties bequeathed by the former dynasties. Once for all the Philistines were done with; we hear of no further molestation from that quarter. The Moabites had, during the civil war following the secession, shaken off the yoke of Israelitish dominion; but now they were thrown back from Medeba upon their southern hold- ings and once more reduced to a state of vassalage. The annual tribute rendered by the king of Moab to the king of Israel consisted of enormous quantities of wool from the herds in which that country abounded. Omri was on terms of peace with his neighbor to the south. But it was not so easy to rid the land of aggressions from the north. The Arameans of Damascus, whose intervention had been bought by king Asa of Judah, did not rest content with the open road to Acco which the slice of Israelitish territory previously ceded (p. 68) had secured for them. Omri was forced to concede special quarters in Samaria for the Aramean merchants to set up their bazaars. In order to check further inroads, polit- ical and commercial, by the rulers of Damascus, Omri fore- saw the imperative need of an alliance with the Phoenicians; the friendship, interrupted since the days of Solomon, was 70 AHAG . “4 me Ls: ne to the throne, Ahab. merry bevehel, | f Ethbaal, king of Tyre. my covenant’ was mruteiliy lweiehelut eh the i parties. Israel was the wateral iteteriond Beeeosns &, GOOMpys ‘ty. kr agar war Laur ir foodstutis and ree State her " Bibes Lana td tog their @XCERE pened ‘EES Tet th tio a i ee e and wares Ppa te $f Wii a pres? ® tye p founded upon political femandesathvns. Ui hk enveek. ome commercial fival, Phoenician Me ie dexter east a warlike power Lercinitisni up, por Satins acvess tis the Mediterranean h Rgvpt whatever wae its tithe to the nar- fim the Giret years after Abub’s accession, an Wmarehed ito northern Sytia; King Ashurtia- he tribute of Tyre, Sidon, Byblus, arid othes 1 e ft getion of Gee when the Assytian colomus ( ther ecuthx. For the tine betsze Ahab woua With the nearer Aramean peril. it was pAlit- Hold fant to the policies inaugurated by his @nd father really followed th the lootstere significant that Ahab’s contemporary in bat (875-851), resumed his ancestor's Ophir ttutiately the ‘Beet was wrecked off the port also, Ahab heauti6ed bis capital, The his father was considerably enlanged: freta | in which ivory was ued in paneling, tm. ims and couches, it was known ee the Pyory in, like Solomon, to picase his Tyran wile Jom ff deity of Tym, Baal Melkarth (the Lev . _ swengrempedante But Ohadish, the sit Between then both. Yowards the end of an patric s resident in the capital, Abah tatift » | |. This acute danger to the nations) nigiiet ous opposition on the purt of the pouhets. fous person, who knew how to govers, pre - 1! Fi as; get .. e Jars ay - { hak: p P’ 7 q +7, ° 4 4 4 -, Te: PP aa “rte, SPX pre tee ghee: bigpeicred feet ja Ax fatale NTT LFTs yeah, a8 tHewmewly founclect gag ‘torn Gb weartare theti ore it sedwetion hy atu vewthty thew met renon italy the forioer cytiasties, Omee forall we heavy of no further ena Nicahites bach, durin i the '@ hater of the yoke of fem were ghreen back from Mee ingen andl once more redused dmnual tribute rendered by ‘tevae! eonsisted of os herds in a that country am ee as witt his ely a) ibor tae ‘dal tq rid the ds ofa seureskionlel ; i Darmascus, whose interventt Aga of Fadah, did not rest Agee which the. slice of lsvaeliti ‘9, 68) had secured for themog sneciqh quarters in Samazia for d set wo their bazaars. In order toa tml amd commercial, by the rile saw the imperative sieed of an allia the Iniendship, interrupted since the 876-855] AHAB 71 sealed by the heir to the throne, Ahab, marrying Jezebel, the daughter of Ethbaal, king of Tyre. This ‘brotherly covenant’ was mutually beneficial to the two contracting parties. Israel was the natural hinterland upon which the Phoenicians, occupying the narrow coast, depended for their foodstuffs and raw material; the Israelites were glad to barter their excess products for articles of Tyrian manufacture and wares imported from abroad. The alliance was also founded upon political considerations. If Damascus was an unwelcome commercial rival, Phoenician diplomacy saw farther east a warlike power looming up, which was set upon gaining access to the Mediterranean and disputing with Egypt whatever was its title to the nar- row strip of land between them both. Towards the end of Omri’s reign and in the first years after Ahab’s accession, an Assyrian army marched into northern Syria; King Ashurna- zirpal received the tribute of Tyre, Sidon, Byblus, and other Phoenician towns. It was merely a question of time when the Assyrian colossus would penetrate further south. For the time being Ahab was more concerned with the nearer Aramean peril. It was polit- ical wisdom to hold fast to the policies inaugurated by his father. Both son and father really followed in the footsteps of Solomon. It is significant that Ahab’s contemporary in Judah, Jehoshaphat (875-851), resumed his ancestor’s Ophir expeditions; unfortunately the fleet was wrecked off the port of Ezion-geber. Like Solomon, also, Ahab beautified his capital. The palace erected by his father was considerably enlarged; from the profusion with which ivory was used in paneling, in doors, in chairs and couches, it was known as the Ivory House. Again, like Solomon, to please his Tyrian wife Jeze- bel and her compatriots resident in the capital, Ahab built a - temple to the chief deity of Tyre, Baal Melkarth (the Lord, King of the City). This acute danger to the national religion met with strenuous opposition on the part of the prophets. Jezebel, an imperious person, who knew how to govern, gave orders to exterminate the prophets. But Obadiah, the min- 72 THE LORD OR BAAL?—ELIJAH ister of the household, aided one hundred of them in secret- ing themselves away in caves. Since the days of Samuel, there had been a steady growth in the refinement of the character of the Israelitish prophet. The bands of roving enthusiasts had been transformed into brotherhoods or guilds, the members of which, under the guidance of a superior whom they called ‘father,’ exercised themselves in the arts preparatory to their vocation. These prophet-disciples nurtured the conviction that the national religion must be maintained at all hazards, no matter what the exigencies of statecraft might counsel. Religion was to them the be-all and end-all of national existence; they were jealous for the honor of God, who must be worshiped exclu- sively since He is the truly One. | The good old times, with their simple life untouched by the newfangled civilization inherited from the Canaanites, had their protagonists also in the Circles of the Rechabites. This group clung to the ideals of the nomadic past; they dwelt in tents and abstained from wine. A third group con- sisted of consecrates (Nazirites), who either for life or for a shorter period took upon themselves the vow of shunning all intoxicating drink. In all of these groups of zealots was concentrated an aversion to the intolerable present, and a fixed resolve to mold the future in conformity to the bygone past. | The root of the evil was the foreign alliance with Tyre. The dynasty was engrossed in the struggle for the land, to keep it intact against aggression, if necessary by support from the Phoenician coast. For the opposition it was a struggle with the land, with the indigenous civilization incompletely suppressed and now in ascendancy by reason of the entry of the Tyrian city-god. Who was to be God in Israel, the Lord who revealed Himself in Horeb, or Baal? Such was the ques- tion which presented itself to Elijah of Tishbeh in Gilead, the typical uncompromising religious zealot, easily the great- est figure since Moses. Unheralded, on a’sudden, did this prophet make his appear- ance. There was no mistaking his calling. He was cloaked in mm See - + : * ’ ot 8) &. west ct ph Sy wae fall ™ ’ “ are -* a « SRE - = cs ne 4 ¥ my ‘ z “his WAY ta the expel. WO 6 -gioeees yche dehy. erin? ber. FNGANASE: 52h SOMA ee ih, tet y hae ter stesy Het yoda i" on WeBeT ih Sse, ee ee site Pepe o. country. Pe the Sabewdan tyra a ates i gave him lexis ira: Cit; eres Sore ee Se widened or ous hint » Deby aera Sih e Bey Rg a * brated etd Ge Ali ted cy 4 ? 2 i Ex ZT ee er lee - , ' 1 ; minister hy wh als, weg, Teddy diy edsiely 44 ” 3 ats Pigevas he ee a Cr a. Tet Listes eo Pt = = : . we “3 ~~ ye & Soe cee | TASS e-tten U5 & + oe ae 4 ER TE La. F a : Se fkemce af the religion MAS De Pees $0 the pope wet ose, Car Moant Carmel igh? avi. The niceties of | 3 bee. Bio pe eh F igewng gx. Bat all foes wie * ewstocibss wyailed prot ta 33 by Ore, At the som * fen 1b was ihe wont SGcriGe:. 2s mtiiee stoen from heaven Slijah iptiiering, apany che coqaired altar of the ent up fren: tke coupes: “Fin Lord, He alone Hands Rt RS ie aes oF Gaal wee Kian, wed ra. hts ae top of tet Can eeed iver “tay aR erperng of by er wich | eae mera ae sapien ee Sow qaasines, ) put a task ent BF «ke Bye ae perpen Sint Hore, the sarod Oe seu 3 *% Pea s- os utes His) ; Sere at the Cope ee a sea —. manic predictions of t thie pra shets iy anked for one at the prophet bejlgh woes «Teed. grit: yee “ +4 < jil- bodinng 4 f tanned 1 thio the barrie, Ahab tag fT hie very device oost him his like. ait ay at ig quite ie ocenthy. i Le. fact that the solgier upor whom hei Was NGORS oe than the king of Has the stricken king remained a r Tsraclites lost the day and retreat = that the king: was a a ad ’ “ bo ~s ~ i a es Mr 4 ae ef Se) ¢ way t P ‘ ? aa ¥ Sey <— va 8 iia is gee fi af jae 5 , < yee Oa i; ie 2. = + > “ mn —_ 4 . “> aks 1318 pera, ean Ri wosthed at their mess eit oe ite beekke ia upon er Soe ee Kise kiny im the name wel ow the garrison, and Witt. tx Hreve with a small op ateaader of the army pd ty saeet hima in their fat Saipan wy came face to face ae iets? aeheecher all was well, Pax ae ee, ot Varig aw Jezebel thy ir agtcivaelt:” Jebpram under- Beate. 4a CAME tO fee Tehu sient Le gegetatiy. “Fhe body was TaA the Cate AAs twat! heard the a ies ley the prophet Etizah: co 4 ten The aed ieitticoed opon_ ; ' pict Sy hia lager ed wnt he died: bin biel was taken to 1, Meret. Phere jeachel was belding court. ee be bo Mart atrack. Decked cat in royal ies. 22 ee haii wit head: witleed, this proud sad wat at the window, as Jehu entered he i peat, Ben Liat, thy master’s 2 all o a. CHAPTER Xx Ui EMERA, yi Tg tt, SUL toa eres giatts rae % sis a the Aigatutes comes @onikfoted cach other. MM tut his forces were cored Petpet fo ive fe were of the bers ‘Serh, i herpesh. (ourag returned : Yomi. a sortie; the a allied kine ther fayces an) to rei v3 tory -by ereciing a corer Sobcotne} Srisghs ingle ete Mis shat’ Ss successor, } his COURT ry 60 NECEHaary fos CKN seucccsefal, Surv nett ieee sy thes ty bredk through; his forces, vine heh fo Hi, wht. In the SOU hwest Philistine territery, the city of } It was & much shrunken king sdomt 1 = 78+ THE REBELLION OF JEHU 79 to his successor Ahaziah, who reigned but one year (844-843). The prophetic party in the northern kingdom, led by Elisha, conceived the time ripe for the long-planned destruc- tion of the Omri dynasty. A change in the dynasty of Damas- cus, in which Elisha appears to have had a hand, brought the opportunity. Hadadezer, or whatever was the name of the reigning king, was smothered to death on his sick-bed; the throne was usurped by Hazael (843). Jehoram of Israel thought it safe to press his claims in Gilead. Ramoth was again stormed, the Judean king Ahaziah making common cause with his uncle. Jehoram was wounded and taken home to Jezreel, where his nephew came to visit him. The com- mand of the recovered fortress was left in the hands of Jehu, one of the generals. As Jehu and his brother officers were seated at their mess, a prophet-disciple, commissioned by Elisha, broke in upon them. He took Jehu aside and anointed him king in the name of the Lord. The choice was approved by the garrison, and Jehu was proclaimed king. Forthwith he drove with a small company to Jezreel, leaving the remainder of the army behind him. The two kings hastened to meet him in their chariots. In the stolen plot of Naboth they came face to face with the general. To Jehoram’s query whether all was well, came the reply; ‘Nothing can be well, so long as Jezebel thy mother has her way with her witchcraft.’ Jehoram under- stood now that it was revolution and turned to flee. Jehu shot at the king and wounded him mortally. The body was cast into the plot of Naboth, where Ahab had heard the doom pronounced upon his house by the prophet Elijah. Jehu then overtook Ahaziah by Ibleam and inflicted upon him a deadly wound. The Judean king lingered until he reached Megiddo, where he died; his body was taken to Jerusalem for burial. Jehu reéntered Jezreel. There Jezebel was holding court. She realized that her hour had struck. Decked out in royal raiment, with eyes painted and head attired, this proud daughter of Tyre looked out at the window, as Jehu entered the palace gate. ‘Is it peace, thou Zimri, thy master’s 80 ELISHA. JEHU murderer?’ she called out. At the command of Jehu, she was put to death by the palace attendants. Samaria was still in the hands of the Omrids. There, in the well-fortified city, was the principal royal palace, with the chariots and the stud and the arsenal. It was to be feared that one of the surviving brothers of Jehoram, seventy in number, might be proclaimed king. Jehu dispatched a letter to the authorities in the capital, the minister of the house- hold, the governor and elders of the city, and the tutors of the royal princes, asking for the heads of the seventy sons of Ahab. The request was complied with, and the heads, packed in baskets, were delivered to Jehu in Jezreel. All that re- mained of Ahab’s house in that city, the second capital of the dynasty, including all sympathizers, perished at the hands of the revolutionaries. Now Jehu was free to enter Samaria. On the way he slaughtered forty-two Judean princes, who had come to inquire after the welfare of the Israelitish royal family. Jehu made his entry into the capital in the company of Jehonadab, a Rechabite zealot. The worshipers of Baal were surrounded in their temple and butchered. The temple itself with all its appurtenances was demolished. Thus the cult of the Tyrian god was destroyed, root and branch. The appalling blood- shed with which this destruction was accomplished left a scar upon the people’s conscience which a hundred years later was still unhealed. Ce Sa a a tide i as % Lay 4 ra Lif dix < si te Ke 77 at oP ico SMA ee REF 459 oa oh te is ey) e%, aay ‘ at ate, een Rie % Ser ‘ BSH eae nat wmitured. He oes eet Ate pdence. Half repeacee ae Sesnegelae, while the eats * G a ad ¥ wae y macsbe th the toe ye eoagte ivngpe, One saby sei ip ace atekion in rhe Nie See Pt, weet, ee thot the tae ete i Be “gi Tes Rw top> peg oaks Bead Soy Hategerigand co Shere 2. Hie + Bel Kies stg 7-2 “ee pubes: en. F > hp Aa “gis ae ican’ ar "eget “an A ts ee e eS | pace wy Soe re tes PiBiiairte oo Des abit | stacey Boy ge ee ae ails ae 3 — at | ee PRR Ee! GX na: ¥; ou ee heciaae (ere @ ; a Ry Figea zs ae: a t oe | Sa ‘ 1 i\erg ~e timer de vs. free te * & et shld WW tie t= ha ¢ =“ 4 oF i 4 ae i AAS PEEL thee roy CY ey : : rape ‘ee fy My imu. giter Lie Weare te , ” \ ce THRE Ta} PAtry iffy rete i> a5 7 7 “Th a sure ih ee dren disease 24 Teh Ae & ~~ bo Se abd ‘ . © * ¥ ‘ -e woourtenances was demolahgh: GX ‘Aas destroyed, rt and L* re yet wth which this Mat WON ine pooped later was still anhealet,: PSE LER V THE ADVANCE AND RETREAT OF ASSYRIA (843-746) THALIAH, the mother of Ahaziah, was a true daughter A of Jezebel. Upon the news of her son’s death (p. 79), she seized the reins of government, feeling that the policy pursued by the dead monarch under her guidance would be safest in her own hands. Apparently she was con- cerned for the interests of her mother’s native state, Phoe- nicia, and for the religious dominance of Tyre at least in the kingdom of Judah. To that end she sought to do away with all that was left of the seed royal in the male line, including her own grandchildren. Only one grandchild escaped, an infant son of Ahaziah, Jehoash, whom his aunt, the princess Jehosheba, wife of the chief priest Jehoiada, carried off. For six years the prince was kept in hiding in the Temple, while Athaliah reigned over the land (843-837). In the seventh year the priest’s plans had matured. He took the captains of the body-guard into his confidence. Half of the guard was always stationed in the Temple, while the other half was on duty ‘in the palace. Every sabbath the Temple guard was relieved by the palace troops. One sab- bath, as the palace guard went up to take its station in the Temple, the Temple guard was likewise retained, so that the palace remained unguarded. The young prince was intro- duced to the soldiers and acclaimed. Athaliah hastened to the Temple, but was just as speedily led back to the palace and put to death. The king was seated upon the throne and received the oath of the army and of the people’s representa- tives. The temple of Baal, with its altars and images, was demolished; Mattan, the chief priest of Baal, was slain. Jehoash had a long reign (837-798). At first the youthful king must have been completely under the tutelage of his priestly uncle. Throughout his life he was devoted to the 81 82 THE ADVANCE AND RETREAT OF ASSYRIA [839 Temple, where his early childhood was spent. The sacred edifice was in need of repairs. The king gave orders that all gifts of money received by the priests from the worshipers should be used for the restoration of the Temple. But after a lapse of time it was found that the priests had kept the money for their own uses. Accordingly Jehoash commanded that all pious donations should be dropped into a chest beside the altar. From time to time the chest was opened and the money counted in the presence of the king’s chancellor and the high priest. Thus a fund was obtained for keeping the Temple in constant repair. In Israel, Jehu (843-816) naturally lost the support of Phoenicia. The friendly codperation of the southern king- dom, which remained in force during the Omri dynasty, was not to be counted upon during the reign of Athaliah. Nor were amicable relations resumed under Jehoash. Jehu, so soon as he was seated upon the throne, appears to have fallen out with the puritanical party by whose aid he had risen to power, whereas in Judah this party gained ground. Left largely to his own resources, Jehu, as early as the second year of his reign (842), deemed it prudent to throw himself on the side of Shalmaneser, who was then campaigning against Damascus. The Black Obelisk of the Assyrian mon- arch portrays Israelitish ambassadors delivering their king’s tribute, ingots of gold and silver, golden vessels, and precious articles of various sorts. The Assyrian campaign against Damascus failed of its object, both then and three years later (839). The natural result was that Hazael turned with redoubled fury against Israel. The whole of the country east of the Jordan, as far as the river Arnon, fell into the hands of the Arameans. The invaders operated with great cruelty. They set the fortified towns on fire and put the fighting youth to the sword; babes were dashed in pieces, unborn children were not spared. Over the Gileadite prisoners instruments of torture, with sharp iron knives, were drawn. The invasion was by no means confined to the territory of Israel. On one of his expeditions, Hazael captured Gath and made ready to march upon Jeru- ) 4 art _* 4 oat 3 aoa are 4 )) ae ae . THE ARAMEAN Wakd | 83 substan tribute from the Temple and Oditions furnished an opportunity ie 8 ronad about to make predarory mea , Moabites, Edonvite 6, Phittatines,. sud the population «f many a ving. igs: 3 imax during the miga a fetes son, The kingdom of lead watend heary lost its independenwe, “Fhe staxgrant a1 di it to reduce its fighting fires te Girt nil ten sepamape i it Pikes & oepicee Sirrestca Samarin «dd ka Rv he ee to the verge of fered, Soi to abes if babes. Suddteriy a ¢usakae: aepetven he or Egyptian ge a, ae pagan ae eS d beset city, raat thaw 2 Pai ae Bett i d after him Mari. OTN PO Show ear tk te c m of Tsracl, whe wn Sater: AS Wes BIC | pemoesh (800-7 it, (eae whegessive faimeans Were worsted. te comikest was the ne kin yo! Damascus ree “aves & Ry Hem vhat he gtore Israelitish ulna peo Taken. ; CHV. of — RIGTH ayy the “deky - indemnity Was DE nich seo Het , WLS ‘other Palestini ae ft he ak Set eR feud a potentate Still then wai eee ger Ane i onde of the larae uo SS Gago, wT : was Basaswinn est. i0 Meal Cal gee se" wae AMAZIAl (798-7 RE ¥s me Sat BPS Gates”? | ot Det he spared the coe si eda Sra: Wh h the humanitarce: tyeerie 2 eopaMy bation by the (iuee sl Bae mtedeta. h in-the county, bet) «is caries Dy thite mamerce expanded am? capa Wer WN holdings wert gradually! extivenimhest ars ated m the bans wa the few. S tits (Rage wae more and more entelet an the vats of HW he was unable ti meet toe sieetowr a, eu bere seized, or he wis counties? to eultes Y to be ensiares?, “Siuery was hy 80 tal institutios thay (f dvmethiwied elso- Sige slave was on the whet midiv treated. Sg "Sad number of tateieerk ® hs ities i hea +e or paar Cr perhet, seed et Phe tess fartu- bie agabiniiet in ee utes sil the prod od grein, both xt bis the he arsh lar i ; y the courts of avitiete 39 temo Hot akwaye Met-bribery. Sull tie care wa. Saboth | herw peady magistrate: wd cette were to do ae ow ol & 2 - Pe | awe —_ @ ~ ry ane omy wer Svcd rectivued gatticubsrm and > * ¥ . ; o. ‘ of ' ‘ rae Ue ee W e 8a W hist ty te +i hy ce 2 Si i ian. 7 ata Boentral system of ceaetivet ‘ menarchs WIE ihe ray oe 3 ie itviate te c * Py * 4 : 4 oki habits arch ‘ete: quel peat a thee Oh the leading faimiiier aarti a” gt peta king” Wis primarily + eve] im te secaey be /€ > macle < and wuriedle- tp Korte Bisnis eRe ate, the eouth, though the agate parted. tee Hine of repeated plots. Thy ty eee war eaMt ned in his cawenal, 2 Rat ferme: made up of prestige’ coal ay Saye = ite: is elayelder: acted net ony ae ot) 2 prte eee 2 a: s j i] S ? ’ 2% cfs mee" ids » Bhi rs a ae oe ‘s 1 Pay * 42 Pea be ee £ er | Lat ee Fs ‘ = 7 " bai ie , J “4 - tps = J 7 tad rT td pide to : * . - Anitt Tich 3 Of wee et x UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH 87 waved, their eyes enlarged with paint, and their bodies anointed with perfume, they affected in the streets a tripping gait, attracting attention by the jingle of their anklets. There was wealth in the country, but it was unevenly dis- tributed. As commerce expanded and capital was accu- mulated, small holdings were gradually extinguished and land was concentrated in the hands of the few. The impov- erished farmer was more and more entangled in the toils of the rich creditor. If he was unable to meet his obligations, his pledged belongings were seized, or he was compelled to suffer his children or himself to be enslaved. Slavery was by no means the fundamental institution that it constituted else- where; the Israelitish slave was on the whole mildly treated. But there was a growing number of laborers who hired them- selves out for a shorter or longer period, and of the less fortu- nate who lived from hand to mouth. The capitalist in the city would buy up and sell the produce of grain, both at his own price. Naturally the harsh landlord or cruel creditor was in a position to sway the courts of justice; it need not always have been by direct bribery. Still the case of Naboth of Jezreel shows how ready magistrates and courts were to do the bidding of those in power. The social rift between rich and poor had a counterpart in the struggle for power between sectional particularism and nationalist centralization. We saw how the unification of the nation and the central system of administration conceived by the first three monarchs were thwarted by the innate jealousies of north and south. The monarchy had taken root; but it was hedged about by limitations which derived their force from old habits and the self-sufficiency of the cities, in which the leading families absorbed all political power. The king was primarily a soldier. In the north, dynasties were made and unmade by ambitious generals, and even in the south, though the dynasty persisted, the kings were victims of repeated plots. The king was supreme judge and maintained in his capital, at least in Jerusalem, a court of appeals made up of priestly and lay judges. The colleges of city-elders acted not only as an administrative 88 LIFE UNDER THE MONARCHY body for their district, but also as a court of justice, and the cantonal authorities often clashed with the central power. The king was dependent for his revenues upon the good-will of the provincial magnates. He was merely the greatest magnate of them all. His palace was somewhat more pre- tentious than the mansions of his wealthy subjects; his chief minister went by the name of master of the household. Sovereignty was vested in the people. During an interreg- num or whenever there was a dispute about the succession, the ‘people of the land’ assumed authority and seated the rightful heir upon the throne. Whatever democratic tend- ency may have inhered in this institution was stifled by the preponderance of the gentry, and essentially the polity remained aristocratic. | In the spiritual sphere of life, likewise, there were manifold divisions. Education was widely diffused; the mass of the people were able to read and write-The sons of rich houses had their tutors; parents of more modest circumstances taught their own children. Parental discipline was rigid, and the schoolmaster did not spare the rod. There was piety in the land; but in the popular religion it took on forms border- ing upon heathenism and retained outworn superstitions. Men were eager to know the will of God, and the priests were the natural keepers of the people’s conscience. But there were priests and priests, those that favored image wor- ship and those who opposed it, worthy messengers of God and others who misused their holy office and had an eye only to their emoluments. Counsel might be had also at the hands of wise men and wise women, persons of ripe years and com- manding the accumulated experience of generations; their wisdom had a touch of the practical and tended in the direc- tion of a mild scepticism. Over against the ritualist priest- hood and the secularist teachers of worldly-wise maxims stood the prophets who saw deeper and truer and farther, brushing aside sacerdotal quibblings and cold reasoning alike, penetrating to the core of things, insisting with all their might and courage on inward piety for the individual and the moral conversion of the nation. But not all prophets i ‘437 ER UNDER t hE nyt: : si: andi Frsx threw district, bout also asa ae) our + covenel anchecitics often claghedk with Stas Sete WoAe ce’ mendes mt fOr his reven a 7 : 5 > ! Tae thee Ol then all. iss ae weaptioue Than ihe pat tesienlaniy wae vested iM pea ae Ste OF whereever there Waa dispube: hee SROTRE Ut ne land assumed Pu athe Eo } ify Din rhe hi 4 ~ Ps - a nal be | my way Aorve in ppRerdaranice ee the Bp . dep P IHN aristocratic. ie te She spiritual sphere of fey. ike ruins. Education washwidely oaiceie were able to read — shw teed, hut ia the popular iam Min were caper to RE: che: Were t ki 1025-43 cai wae, seat: of Sip -amd those whe opposed | t ane CANES S whe muisased their] ne Bs yh to tele entlumenta, C counsels of wine then andl wise women) f itandine the accumulated ex i ’ hiedowe bad a touch of the in et-@ tmiid soapticism One i beat sik the secularist” te: cher : eta the prophets w ho-caw d d beusting acide sacerdctal quibh tametreting’ to the care of might and courage. on inward y ‘the rocral comrversion of the nati SPIRITUAL DIVISIONS 89 ag eed among themselves. There were prophets and proph- ‘ets—the easy-going preachers who fawned upon the people nd confirmed them in their downward course, and those mighty heroes of the spirit who stood like isolated rocks when all about them was tumbling. How these movements and counter-movements, currents and cross-currents, deter- mined the events that followed, will be shown immediately. qs ve t ran, ? ee se Merke PIL wid fiqoig # « 9 ‘Sliangle 1S} 2 dh Vit ; genio Ys ft Be £6 Ne hs @2 1 we aes CHAPTER XVII AMOS AND HOSEA (760-734) URING the reign of Jeroboam II., two years before an 1) earthquake which shook the land so severely that it remained ever after in the memory of men, a ~ momentous scene was enacted in the royal sanctuary of Bethel. A large concourse of people was assembled for wor- ship, when the tones of a dirge broke in upon them: ‘The virgin of Israel is fallen, She shall no more rise; She is cast down upon the ground, There is none to raise her up.’ The message spelt national catastrophe, involving the de- — struction of the dynasty and the state: ‘Jeroboam shall die by the sword, and Israel shall be led away captive out of his — land.’ The messenger was a Judean, Amos of Tekoa, in the wilderness of Judah by the Dead Sea. He was not a profes- ~ sional prophet, nor did he earn his bread as a prophet- disciple; he stood outside the guilds. While pursuing his — ordinary business of life as an owner of herds and sycamore : plantations, he heard the call bidding him prophesy. He regarded himself as special envoy amid the regulars who spoke in the name of God. Prophecy was to Amos an all-impelling force. ‘The Lord God hath spoken, who can but prophesy?’ If misfortune befalls the state, it is purposed of God; design, and not chance, rules the history of nations. When an action has been ~ determined upon by God, the prophets become privy to the ~ divine council. It is then their duty to forewarn, just as the sentinels sound the alarm on the approach of calamity. Israel is on the. brink of ruin, though the ruling classes, — immersed in their pleasures, take no thought. A nation— 90 AMOS THE MOBALse? eae: Wemesni the Assyrian), af wher for the a A unlikely —iresitalsty, by oastiety, will tw ikon, the proater (lovee: aini the lnevey eaiateover | i teiup raiaers up ry Cid Hire- pp aie of the prophet = & aotece wm the yret s ey ate cadl torepentaace. wil tbe merciful wrth the rénunast t in the eieventh hour the deager will be pOSnvinced os aty.oF ben. pacgne tant Wimation anny the faailee af mankued oo with it great réespensibalimes; it my gees ony have F kparen of ail | peank: therefore | will visit upon you ail 5.) The miher caticna are not tees from mis- S sin een when x cenrsitted by Moeh against peeeeres gy, ihe Edormites. Phe prophet knows Shaan oe Seat Sat ie Crest, erxi is Sia tally con the “The sei are moms in their way, but it i bietieaties ut ‘wit th the exaggerated value le ep Worshiv, at Berkel or Dan, at Gilgal o: Pitatipesiess of rich offerings, the very te ervice. Seeking God means some- pnts th means social justice. These very Se Shaie piety ave at the same time the epic the nich art — ieus, the courts eal the aristocratic ladies and the sump- @t their palace » ere bought with the apimpoverished tenants. ‘Let justice well eiphtrousness is @ pereanial stream.’ “ tina just, then he ia ao more mm God's eyes med Ethiopians. The Lord led up Israel 1 80 did He guide Philistines end Arameans Sents. Ambs meets the objections of the pick forward to the Day of the Lord, the day phelp of God, the nation wil overcome: its that dss will bring them: the very omposive of { Se plosts ee Baia at % CHAPTER xvi AMOS AND HOSEA ee eteg raa) ai rhe reigit or ler CLC li,¢ l= ike which shook fae land § ‘Tem: eae ever after in tie me momentous scene Wee Cnac ‘ted in the 1 Bethel. Av! large CONCQUISe of people was ¢ ship, wren the (ones ols dirge broke 3 11. ‘ ‘The virein Of lerael is fallen, She shall nv more Sho ee She is cast Gown Upon the gro ‘ There is nore to raise her up." The message sp he rabbit marl catastrophe oF struction of the dvriasty and the | state, hy the sword, and loomed shall be led awa land.’ The meéessenget was @ a Judean, A wilderness of Judah by the Déad Sea. sional prophet, aor did heeds his Br disciple; he stoart outside the guilds, i ordinary business of hfe as ant owner of plant: ations, he heard the call bidding regarded hin self as special nisin ar nc A = in the name of God. 7 Prophecy was to Amos an ale impels Cod hath spoken, who can but prophesyies befalls the state, it is purposed of God chance, rules the history of n ations, When | determined upon by God, the prophets b divine counerl. It is then. their <7 sentinels sound the alary i On the a ap lstael is onthe brink of ruin, though immersed in their pleasures, Rea, - AMOS THE MORALIST 91 Amos can only have meant the Assyrians, of whom for the moment fear seemed unlikely—inevitably, irresistibly, will tear down the two houses, the greater (Israel) and the lesser (Judah), and the destroyer is being raised up by God Him- self. The very appearance of the prophet is a notice of the enemy’s coming; the prophet’s mission is to call to repentance. It may be that the Lord will be merciful with the remnant of Joseph and that in the eleventh hour the danger will be averted. Amos is as thoroughly convinced as any of his people that Israel is God’s elect nation among the families of mankind. This distinction carries with it great responsibilities; it entails dread consequences. ‘You only have I known of all the families of the earth; therefore I will visit upon you all your iniquities.’ The other nations are not free from mis- deeds; sin is sin, even when committed by Moab against Judah’s inveterate enemy, the Edomites. The prophet knows _the delinquencies of his own people best, and is specially con- - cerned with them. The people are pious in their way, but it is the wrong way. With a one-sidedness which is character- istic of Amos, he is impatient with the exaggerated value placed upon temple worship, at Bethel or Dan, at Gilgal or Beer-sheba, the ostentatiousness of rich offerings, the very music of the elaborate service. Seeking God means some- thing entirely different; it means social justice. These very people who parade their piety are at the same time the oppressors of the poor: the rich are rapacious, the courts venal, the luxuries of the aristocratic ladies and the sump- tuous appointments of their palaces are bought with the produce exacted from impoverished tenants. ‘Let justice well up as waters, and righteousness as a perennial stream.’ If Israel will not be just, then he is no more in God’s eyes than the black-skinned Ethiopians. The Lord led up Israel out of Egypt; but so did He guide Philistines and Arameans _ from their original seats. Amos meets the objections of the optimists who look forward to the Day of the Lord, the day when, with the help of God, the nation will overcome its enemies. No, that day will bring them the very opposite of 92 AMOS AND HOSEA what they expect; it will be the Day of J udgment, of divine retribution upon the sinful kingdom. Was the destruction of the nation the ultimate end which Amos contemplated, on the plea perchance that justice must prevail, though Israel perish? By no means. Amos was nota mere doctrinaire, clinging to justice in the abstract; what he. desired was a just society, and that could be brought into ~ existence among his people only by the grace of God. Out of — the ruin of the present state there would arise the restoration — of ‘the fallen hut of David,’ the old Davidic kingdom glorified and idealized. It is true, nevertheless, that for the time being the aspect of evil predominated in the preaching of Amos. Amaziah, the chief priest of Bethel, was shocked by the prophet’s utterance; he denounced him to the king as a traitor and had him banished to his Judean home. A younger prophet arose, who, though equally stern in rebuking sin, complemented Amos by dwelling more emphatically upon — divine forgiveness which must come to the penitent nation. — If Amos was essentially a moralist, Hosea had a deeper — insight into the nature of religion. He began his career while Jeroboam II. was yet on the throne, but he lived on to wit- ness the disintegration of the state which soon set in. A q domestic experience presented itself to the prophet asa sym- bol of the national situation. His wife proved unworthy of — his trust; yet he loved her dearly, and a divine voice bade — him take her back. Israel is gone astray from God. The wor- — ship is to all intents and purposes Baal worship, on the same plane as in the old Canaanite religion. The name of the Lord — is almost forgotten in the land; the blessings of the crops and ~ the increase of the herds are ascribed to the local deities, in whose honor sabbaths, new moons, and festivals are cele- — brated. The people are misled by a spirit of impurity; upon — the high hills, under evergreen trees, the Canaanite sanc- ~ tuaries are maintained and the homage paid to stocks and — stones is attended by obscene rites. But even in the larger temples there is the abhorrent — image worship. The calf of Samaria, the work of the crafts- — man, is adored, and human beings degrade themselves by — tA es Peete PL ‘ ‘at? a Wy ; A SoRARSES LIVIN, GRACE 93 Tre Lerogie Dees Bre eager to accept Ty dats Mice wich vield them revenue. a 46 tcheer et, tee Mes of one's duty to to have been 3 cpialte, Yet. the priests ’ i for en mae alee the prophets, , Pon a hie ticebe Pye Book of God's teach. the teen’ tacomterige of God,’ that Lint religion. Bar wrew tee dhousandsuch h Unhonored. The a assign all s they: swear farhiale: tihiese ics jeder, they Vet the arte that iepuernal is piety ‘ ‘of God and knw ni tip) nw aacrifices; ng of religious duty. ¢ Sth ingen burnt- eae aitdints snd Coty. 24. Morn- which the heat aaa ey Ohah. Mriests, | 0" al courts alike jpeIwery Bae Shee: BE Sy nis are es re set lage}. Fier ou gr ee? ther pac Gll Qesy doin ames Jcicemains r as a@ bird bhreste< in Sian Lering RM bepwixt Beige seth hole. Oe, prophet’: similis, 5p eaten ge he Insane great POWETS, > see &: We Sak, = eR aT is Don one gigie : weg a eae Seneahh te iy Sale grown abcd OMe cay Pity. te pee gid Be lavor often Si se strat cei Prete Pied ign oneal The ety got a Fee, Scod is not vin®& en ah Tele a pure of marsdgny Hinks ae a | RR ETE OO faith. Or the rtigesa: ay Syce a 2, cy ee A roe ; then God caunet Pee Hie. pits Shi asa We to God, give up Ble sAes, cco oan . And if exile anger ny- ar §: Kae te #2 | no eee wheat (heresies, 2 de tne Day: pecriidoe wyscin Hor alia tet ndont, es, Pa the dandy tom of thee aation t “ Jefe? Seve att pie plea De jrewinal, thar, Ser 1 oiialil ‘s By a ne NA er hads - ey Oe tustice t Le eer ww Qf poe ay that o eee ain bret satuueys Ys Boe ely by ie Che veia of ioe banetet Bale Shae wr af ine dived 14.45 fot = sieverthelet ote, fool oped sated is’ vag compat 2, eye te HRS e © ee , : ihre at bomglt teh pae vatiobed eahianc ul weagbrinta the natwe of rehgion aaa leo tec 1. wee wet on the Chinen, we. the chontegration ol the: gtate? Ce ane hey pee oe tt ented eet nad situpecion, Bnei A wits set fe lowed! her dearly | ie cr ibh bey beck. lomel 6 gone ae wi fe allintentaand purposes F & mains i the old Uanaantie religion. a alesis ins Srtien in the? aru: the k i A, a pur = eS Beer SAayiou is 7 thew OCR, eit : ‘ 7 » = 5 Is a ; worm. ihe PeOIne are pane by — 7 : Me CoRY by} » te atimeded by obscene rites. ie. te ated, aud butian bag - HOSEA STRESSES DIVINE GRACE 93 paying it homage. The temple priests are eager to accept the people’s propitiatory sacrifices which yield them revenue. So long as the ritual is observed, the sum of one’s duty to God is thought to have been accomplished. Yet the priests ought to know better; for that matter also the prophets, who ordinarily remain on a low level. The Book of God’s Torah is there to teach the true ‘knowledge of God,’ that which is essential in religion. But even ten thousandsuch books would remain unhonored. The people transgress all the commandments: they swear falsely, they murder, they steal, they commit adultery. There is no faith in the land, no love of man for man. Yet the thing that God desires is piety touched by love, love of God and love of man, not sacrifices; a right understanding of religious duty, rather than burnt- offerings. Israel’s piety is as unsubstantial and evanescent as a morn- ing cloud, as the mist which the hot sun dispels. Priests, magistrates, and royal courts alike pervert justice. Kings are deposed, and kings are set up; the men change, but their policies remain the same: all they do is to make covenants and break them. Just as a bird blunders into the fowler’s net, so Ephraim flutters betwixt Egypt and Assyria. Or, with another of the prophet’s similes, Ephraim, as he mixes himself up with the great powers, is as a cake not turned which is burnt to a crisp on one side, while it remains raw on the other. Israel is grown prematurely old; his strength is sapped by courting the favors of foreigners. The futile leaning upon the stranger, the aping of foreign customs, the want of a national policy, the prevalence of idolatrous worship, and the decay of morals must combine to bring about the catastrophe. The divine anger would be -unrelenting. Yet God is not vindictive like man. Hosea operates with the figure of marriage: there will be a new betrothal, in which Israel engages herself to practise justice and kindliness and faith. Or the relation of Israel to God is that of sonship; then God cannot stifle His paternal love. Israel must return to God, give up his idols, cease depending upon Assyria or Egypt. And if exile must come, it shall be 94 AMOS AND HOSEA followed by a restoration under the lead of a new David. With Amos and Hosea is ushered in the line of the ‘writ- ing prophets.’ Men of action they continue to be, like their predecessors; but they are eminently men of the word, of the finished address, which they commit towriting. Apparently they believed that they had a message beyond their imme- diate generation. It was a literary age. Priests and wisemen, singers and story-tellers had long since begun to make use of the scribe’s pen. There were books of the Torah, books of songs and parables (Psalms, Proverbs), and books of his- tory. The kings had their annalists; in the guilds of the prophets the marvelous deeds of Samuel, of Elijah, of Elisha were strung together to form ‘lives.’ All these activities con- tinued beyond the period at which we have now arrived. But a new literary product sprang up, books no longer about the prophets, but by the prophets, arranged by themselves or under their immediate supervision. This new genre of book stands unrivaled in the world’s literature. Posterity cherished these prophetic writings, because it recognized in the prophets the masters of the nation’s destiny. The proph- ets imparted to their people a distinct character which enabled it to survive the loss of statehood. As so often in the history of Israel, the healing process preceded the stroke; the new order was preparing while the old order was wearing out. At this stage of history, it was the prophets who under- mined the state that the nation might live on. P1 “ER XVIII p Ths ASSYRIAN ADVANCE: ae Gitt-t20 of Jehu came to an end when Zechariah, ec {his father Jeratioass il, was assassi- c his veat aa ae a ies anes he was nahem, who marched om Samaria from h. Tt 3 is obvious that the civil war was fest of two rival parties, the one leary ¢ other favored Assyria. . s — the atone Assyrian monatch a nitted of Ghelr own accord: St chan ‘to dispatch to the king of Assyria a gand talents of silver; the amount was opti men sane wealth oy. shekels we n of Bematiah, who entered the palace 5 y Gileaddites. yrian party was now at the hein, Egypt was more than moral suppert; on the other h rose against Tiglath-pileser at 2 “Philistine towns and da Amey daesep by . But in the north the Teena. 95 737) the pro-Assyrian sacle won the. of Assyria looked for substantial aid to: buey further east with the Medes, A. id; Pekah of [srael and Resin of Damascus. “2s two Phoenician seaports Tyre and Sidon i} Fe Ao wiate: x sy ge o DR eee FoR euder the ‘, 5 * en oe Migue. qeret Gh ea. SS ah ered. m a oe ia Verte ‘ $ Ka a oF 4 = fsa § he, hae j , hw i ot oe P > td Pa ess * x q . . : Z Shove! Pain ae Vege a mennaee ey AAG. Bee Khe. Fe RE aX MEER AS eh Ceca Tad A ong since Si ie Sa } ¥ ah, af; . “yy YF . Vy rie Sa Sa ; x +4 SS ie a3 + * = t@ Rea? * 7 + Pye er ? 2 rapt ia ca bony hE Fh " = ; § Lf eter poole ai at = < ~~ a < : af P 5 et Po yy t? if Skt %} ee {ett tome ‘ state a+ fHsiory ai israe the ™ ¥ > . % Tey Gast V out, At this eta ge a epee: iewand mined the state that the nation mig ae wt Ft - - * 4 be ra . ri i; } abt ; t ; X me ms y fe CHAPTER XVIII ISAIAH AND THE ASSYRIAN ADVANCE (744-720) HE dynasty of Jehu came to an end when Zechariah, who succeeded his father Jeroboam II., was assassi- nated, after a reign of six months, by Shallum (744). The conspirator held his seat only for a month, when he was overpowered by Menahem, who marched on Samaria from the old capital Tirzah. It is obvious that the civil war was precipitated by the contest of two rival parties, the one lean- ing on Egypt, while the other favored Assyria. With Menahem (744-737) the pro-Assyrian party won the ascendancy. The advances of the powerful Assyrian monarch Tiglath-pileser IV. (745-727) seemed to leave no other choice open. With the rehabilitation of Assyrian power in northern Syria, exemplified by the incorporation of Arpad as a prov- ince of the mighty empire (740), Rezin of Damascus and Hiram of Tyre submitted of their own accord. Menahem, likewise, hastened to dispatch to the king of Assyria a tribute of a thousand talents of silver; the amount was raised by taxing sixty thousand men of wealth fifty shekels each. Menahem’s son, Pekahiah, sat on the throne barely two years (737-736), when he was murdered by one of his generals, Pekah son of Remaliah, who entered the palace with a body of fifty Gileadites. The anti-Assyrian party was now at the helm. Egypt was powerless to lend more than moral support; on the other hand, the enemies of Assyria looked for substantial aid to Armenia (Ararat), which rose against Tiglath-pileser at a time when he was busy further east with the Medes. A coalition was formed; Pekah of Israel and Rezin of Damascus were joined by the two Phoenician seaports Tyre and Sidon as well as by several Philistine towns and an Arab queen by the name of Shamsi. But in the north the Phoenicians and, 95 96 - ISAIAH AND THE ASSYRIAN ADVANCE [736 in particular, the Hittites, then the southern principalities, Judah, Ammon, Moab, Edom, and a part of Philistia, refused their participation. War was. declared against the recalcitrant states. The allied armies of Israel and Damascus marched into the territory of Judah. | The old king Uzziah had been incapacitated by reason of leprosy, and during the latter part of his reign his son Jotham had acted as regent. The son did not long survive his father; he appears to have died at the onset of the Syro-Ephraimitic war (736). His successor Ahaz (735-720) was a youth of twenty when heascended the throne. The allied kings, who had won over the Edomites by recovering for them the sea- port Elath, made ready to annex Judah and to place upon the throne a creature of their own. Jerusalem was in a state of panic. The king resolved quickly to appeal to the king of Assyria; ambassadors were dispatched bearing silver and gold from the Temple and palace treasures. In the mean- time preparations were made to withstand the siege by con- serving the water supply of the city. On a personal tour of ee Le OO eee eee —— inspection, at the end of the conduit of the Upper Pool, the | king was confronted by Isaiah son of Amoz, perhaps the greatest of the new order of prophets. Isaiah was called to the prophetic office in the year of king Uzziah’s death. The conditions in Judah were analogous to those which obtained in Israel at the close of Jeroboam’s reign. There was prosperity in the land, silver and gold and no end of treasures; the military strength was unimpaired, with a multitude of horses and no end of chariots. But, like Amos, Isaiah was alive to the reverse of the picture: the growth of large estates, the oppression of the poor, the frivolous pursuit of pleasure, the spread of superstitions and of idolatrous practices. Like Amos again, Isaiah stressed the gloomy aspect of the ‘Day of the Lord.’ God, for Isaiah, was the supremely Holy, sanctified through justice; all that is lofty in nature or in the creations of human ingenuity, the mighty cedars, the high hills, the towering fortifications, the — tallships, must be brought low that God alone may be exalted. The judgment over Judah was inevitable, but it was not to ne water supply aah yl: iaepection, at the end.af “ ie ce a as the supremely Noly, _ sanctified eh: ‘5 és 4 x a 1 a : 5 i = Lee tbe} COTAER the hin bite ks eee Cit SAILS 734] THE COUNSEL OF FAITH 97 come through Ephraim or Damascus. When all Jerusalem was in consternation, the prophet had no fear of the flicker of those two expiring torches. Accompanied by his son Shear- jashub—a symbolic name expressing the prophet’s convic- tion that a Remnant would turn to God and be saved— Isaiah met the king’s nervous apprehensions with the counsel of quietistic faith. ‘Keep calm, and be quiet; if ye will not have faith (ta’aminu), ye shall not be established (te’amenu).’ So certain was this eminently religious personality of the futility of the combined attack that he bade the king ask a sign in confirmation of the prediction, in the netherworld below or in heaven above. As the monarch artfully declined to test God, the prophet unfolded the divine plan in its ful- ness. This very year, he announced, a young woman will have a son and call his name Immanuel (‘God is with us’). Before the boy shall be two or three years old, the allied kings will have departed from Judah. Then evil days will come upon Judah, such as she has not seen since the secession of Ephraim. Egypt and Assyria will lay the land waste. But then the Remnant that is left will return to the simple life of old, and a reign of everlasting peace and justice will be inaugurated by the ideal king who will supplant the present unworthy _ ruler. Isaiah had clearly in mind the Messiah from the stock of Jesse, a scion of the house of David whose advent he expected within his own lifetime. The policy of Ahaz, short-sighted though it was, had for the time being the desired effect. It was not difficult for the Assyrian king to break up the coalition. Damascus still offered forceful resistance. But Israel was stripped of Gilead and northeastern Galilee, and the population was deported to Assyria. That was the first act in the Assyrian captivity. Samaria was still left intact, for the reason that the opposi- tion made away with Pekah and placed his assassin, Hoshea son of Elah, upon the throne (734/3). Thusthe much shrunken kingdom of Israel was pacified, and Tiglath-pileser was ina position to invest Damascus. The siege lasted two full years, but at length the city was conquered. King Rezin was put to death, and the population deported. 98 - ISAIAH AND THE ASSYRIAN ADVANCE Ahaz had accomplished his immediate purpose, but at the price of complete submission to Assyria. Judah, no less than Israel, was now a vassal state. Annual tribute was exacted of both. At Damascus Ahaz paid homage to the Assyrian con- queror. Here he saw an Assyrian altar; the conquest had naturally been sealed by the introduction of the Assyrian cult. The Judean king showed his obsequiousness by copying the model and sending it on to his priest Uriah in Jerusalem, who had a similar altar erected before the Temple in the place of the Solomonic altar. Ahaz furthermore introduced in Jerusalem the Assyrian worship of the constellations and the sun, which was conducted by an especial priesthood ; within the precincts of the Temple itself figures of sacred horses were set up in honor of the Assyrian sun-god. The national religion was eclipsed, as a sequel to the king’s pro- Assyrian policy so vigorously opposed by Isaiah the prophet. JAPTER X 4. OF SAMARIA. HEZEKIAH | (729-092) R was‘now free to turn against the of Babylon, whose ting Nelenassar the siege of Damascus, Nervi -the ‘and the play of opposiog parties. The ast monarch was crowned with success, d Babylon and on the first of Nisan, ian new vear, ‘seized the bands of rhe oes Snes * Babylon under the = kt in the Pharaonic country shortly after _ maneser, and Hoshea of lerae! reached. aK h Deve, one of the Favptian dynasts, he payment of thé annual tribute to Assyria, eee ever, left Hushea in the lurch, and Shalmaneser in capturing and incarcerating the revolted gol not minded ‘to , wantenndes For three BO eculishe i his sticdéssor est with the custom of the Assyrians practised by. the Babylonians, the imen of wealth, the army and the priest- From Samaria ‘alone nearly thirty arried away. The exiles were transplanted to — i Media. The great maes of the people was | Stee who from the start had been friendly to. ae ers who were too feeble to offer resistance. | \ pe eee 99 | ° ; ; Os Y . : « e Pa © E= - & ty “it Lite cert (act vk by the tar hi ihe let woth. ts os ~ iia ee i? ate Be af al 4 he natione! respi weet ee wad. Soe ws Loy’ yy Vigne a ae ’ ; ’ r , ‘ 7 CHAPTER XIX THE FALL OF SAMARIA. HEZEKIAH (729-692) IGLATH-PILESER was now free to turn against the proud city of Babylon, whose king Nabonassar died during the siege of Damascus, leaving the country in confusion and the play of opposing parties. The ambition of the Assyrian monarch was crowned with success, when in 729 he entered Babylon and on the first of Nisan, the day of the Babylonian new year, ‘seized the hands of the god Marduk,’ thus becoming king of Babylon under the name of Pul. He died in 727 and was succeeded by Shal- maneser V. (727—722). The absence of the Assyrian monarch and the change in rulers stirred in the west hopes of inde- pendence which were fostered by Egypt. Thus Hanno king of Gaza left his exile in the Pharaonic country shortly after the accession of Shalmaneser, and Hoshea of Israel reached an understanding with Seve, one of the Egyptian dynasts, and stopped the payment of the annual tribute to Assyria. Egypt, however, left Hoshea in the lurch, and Shalmaneser had no difficulty in capturing and incarcerating the revolted king. His capital was not minded to surrender. For three years it was able to hold out against the Assyrian army. Shalmaneser died before the siege came to a close; the cap- ture of the city was accomplished by his successor Sargon (722). In accordance with the custom of the Assyrians (p. 97), subsequently practised by the Babylonians, the upper elements of the population of the country, consisting of functionaries and men of wealth, the army and the priest- hood, were deported. From Samaria alone nearly thirty thousand were carried away. The exiles were transplanted to Mesopotamia and Media. The great mass of the people was left behind, those who from the start had been friendly to Assyria and others who were too feeble to offer resistance. 99 100 - ‘THE FALL OF SAMARIA. HEZEKIAH [720 The land of Israel became a province of the Assyrian empire and was administered by an Assyrian governor. Neverthe- less the country was far from being pacified. A fresh revolt was organized by the king of Hamath, who won the adhesion of Hanno of Gaza, supported as he was by an Egyptian contingent under Seve. Samaria was drawn into the venture, perhaps unwillingly, while Judah wisely kept aloof. Sargon hastened to Syria before the allies effected a juncture (720). The king of Hamath was beaten at Karkar; the southern rebels were overwhelmed at Raphia, near Gaza, south of the Egyptian frontier. To prevent future disturb- ances, Sargon threw into Samaria foreign settlers, chiefly from various Babylonian cities but also from Arabia. Thus a mixed race arose, which came to be known as the Samaritans. Bethel was still the chief sanctuary, and an Israelitish priest instructed the new-comers in the cult of the land. At the same time the religion’ was inevitably contaminated by the paganism imported from the former homes of the colonists. The fall of Samaria, even while it was imminent, filled her Judean neighbor with apprehensions. ‘The evil is come unto Judah, it reacheth unto the gate of my people, even to Jeru- salem,’ so expressed himself the prophet Micah at Moresheth (a town in the Judean Lowland), whose antipathy to mili- tarism, as well as his denunciation of moral and religious corruption, equaled that of the Jerusalemite Isaiah. It was fortunate that Ahaz refused to be involved in the intrigues against Assyria. Hateful as the initial act of vassalage had been to Isaiah, the prophet saw that to throw up the allegi- ance to Assyria now would mean the immediate end of the Judean state. He was quite clear as to the futility of succor from Egypt. The course of submission to Assyria com- mended itself to Isaiah particularly when once more the throne was occupied by a man in the twenties. Hezekiah (720-692) may, at his birth, have inspired Isaiah’s song of the Wonderful Child upon the throne of David, the anointed Prince of Peace; but the young ruler was far from fulfilling these high Messianic expectations. Nevertheless, he was thoroughly imbued with. the idea of fF and compass Ch The fee . “be no more ex pre a ef Pea Cees convinced that at beta) war tided wore iMérent adjunct to spitiew 2 Pea. For thent of She “Torah was seceile ethical: ‘Do hn — yaa with “\eb “Seek justice, eee aie ¢ ie oe yt oe hb ar ty ay" Wie ak eas é Li , - i. ae te PCR aie gay f Red. ¥ f 4 4 Ef y . - eae a8, %, corte % eau 3 pein . 4? a m Py a a zy. Sey J wd a ee ue T a Y ~~ er ote ¢ r a = eo s sd Oa ata! ‘ PS aa me ¢ * x + Pose a te ay N Bane HF y: {ee P i Ca 4g Pei et ~ ‘ as KOR by , eae i ¥ ) + % * ie ne Oa: ha cn " tis sv, % 4 . , an » + @ + Son ; 4 ie Pe BAS ae iy is ek o x - cone! Lriygees *. aed ee 4 sat a 1 SAREE net « * ee er ie Fu » € o& ts 1 ae a ee @ 4 a ye, Toe "4 ~ for s » a- 2 Vir, (Fay * y as we eee > : ~ a aS 4 - s y * - Rigger Aegean aie wu = « ; se 4 A ¥ 2 > % e . thee se ‘ va ee mee 2) iy etwren her A te: fia Seuitinctaetity ques ceed syaaet Reon. Am c —* aoa make peace; Judah alone resisted; Set one jadean fortress alter auother ¥ capital, sade offers of swhmissiony 701] JERUSALEM DELIVERED 103 an indemnity of three hundred talents of silver and thirty talents of gold. Hezekiah strained his utmost to deliver the tribute to the Assyrian camp at Lachish. Sennacherib, how- ever, dispatched his commander-in-chief to ask also for the surrender of the capital. As the negotiations with Hezekiah’s ministers led to noresult, the commander proceeded to invest Jerusalem. The city was in a panic. What could be done hastily to strengthen the fortifications, was done. The king rent his garments in mourning and implored Isaiah’s intercession with the Lord. The prophet rose to the occasion not merely as a patriot, but from the depth of his religious interpreta- tion of international politics. To him God was the arbiter of nations; what power was given to Assyria was solely for the purpose of carrying out the divine plan. Asshur was merely the instrument, the rod of the divine anger, to destroy sinful Israel and Judah. But arrogant Assyria considers world- conquest an end initself and boasts of leveling the boundaries of nations and of amassing endless spoil. ‘Should the axe boast itself against him that heweth therewith?’ God there- fore is jealous for His city. Out of Jerusalem shall go fortha remnant. The king of Assyria shall not come unto the city, nor shoot an arrow there. Whether it was the rumor of an army marching from Egypt or of fresh disturbances in the east, or because of a pestilence which broke out in the army, or for all these reasons, Senna- cherib concluded peace with Egypt. The Palestinian cam- paign was abruptly terminated. Jerusalem was delivered. The hearth of God on Zion stood inviolate. Isaiah’s prophecy was magnificently fulfilled. CHAPTER XX MANASSEH. JOSIAH. JEREMIAH (692-609) Pr “ur Assyrian overlordship, of course, remained in force. Assyria was at the zenith of its power. Tirha- kah, the Ethiopian king of Egypt, tried his best to instigate new revolts in the northern lands; but they remained fruitless. Sennacherib’s son, Esarhaddon (681-669), and grandson, Ashurbanipal (668-626), carried the war into Egyptian territory; Memphis was conquered in 6/1 and Thebes in 666. Both these kings strengthened their hold on the province of Samaria by fresh colonization from other countries. In Judah there may have been slight fluctuations; but in the main the pro-Assyrian party had the upper hand. The long reign of Hezekiah’s son, Manasseh (692-638), who ascended the throne at the age of twelve years, was a period of reaction, both politically and religiously. The reforms of the previous reign were wiped out; the reformers paid for their obstinacy with their lives. According to a late legend, the aged prophet Isaiah was cruelly done to death. The rural sanctuaries were reopened and the impure rites reintroduced. Old and gruesome practices were resuscitated. In the valley of Hinnom, west and southwest of Jerusalem, children were passed through the fire; the king offered his own son, exactly as Ahaz had done. The ancient forms of augury and divination, repeatedly suppressed, were revived. The Assyrian cult of the heavenly constellations was par- ticularly favored. In the Temple itself an image of the Assyr- ian Ishtar, ‘the queen of heaven,’ was erected. Within the sacred precincts young women offered their bodies in honor of the deity; the proceeds flowed into the Temple treasury, and the children were raised for menial service of the Tem- ple. Mosaism was completely eclipsed, and all copies of the Torah of Moses were destroyed or sequestered. 104 SARE RPFORMATION OF JOSIAn 10s tereguiariy, and fudean contingents fought WW expeditionary force in Egypt. The con- fwever, proved illusory. Psammetich I. ex ed his omens secboiapeabvray i645), "The etic power began rapidly te es had sét up an independent kingdom under tes eet were threatening from the east; in imme fans were held at bay with the aid of the Bebemnscy exerted iteelf in playing. off es, ail of Aryan stoek, one against the the ‘enemics of Assvvia could count on port. Well might the refersier-disciples of ke heart. Asshur was ntt invincible: God ts Head. Amon war axsasifiated in the eur (638). But che ‘pedite of the land’ #evolution and placed. upon the throne an) Wie was but eight vex obt> The Aasyr- it to be reckoned with, dud the reactionary ia menacing Asavela. atel. Fevpt alike. Bed along the coast. ei ving the exterior of tea, The voice of propiacny-te* ete more au. To the serine aeeeaed id ve eiet sis™ it meant @ weet! “olmeest> fram fd-emerge purifetl. P52; fue ste cone Rdting: idolatry, aplege mm smeiiee, poiat Sha Was Come try nea det Boe tase eye Zig is reign (621), he wes ee ree get Pathe n reform pari. it as Knsepillmectiet 4, See cane | need of repairs. The thawncin Salone wee Fooniunction with the High pew (Awe oe take quite reconciled to vassalage under Assyria; But the Seyth ran . heuties hod spread: “laren and Zephassah wisp che vmceniinty i itp. —_s &. $i. yale Fete metic ts aes ‘¢ eas icy 8 « ye eee Fee ; prasytorns a! et > , a a ans pA oe ae Dee: -_ x» ie SES KER EM Sahih F apt: % v. sina we J rn ‘ ; ¥ . a Pa SS ng Ra , - aay a % > ans my © J , - ; 2 abe aa ey ay ; r ey t4 A Wer ary ; pgs SY : c. ites = Tt 3 ee “gf det - kata 9 ; f hae 3 ee ie ‘era by tiee wallet af Hina, wank ‘ae chaiclees soow pris | Pea the | owe ooxactiy ae Abas hee Sionaly diya: ¥ ase cb vie beri rope peartexkly The Awyrian eulp of the heewemnge dietary favored, In the Teenpla ts mA Tatter, “the queen of heaved am sabre precincts young women: Nea om the diniy: the peren. eects fowed . ‘i and the chidren were raised for “ae me. Mosalsr was completely celia Torah of Moses were destroved Or §¢ , 368 621] THE REFORMATION OF JOSIAH 105 Manasseh was quite reconciled to vassalage under Assyria; he paid his tribute regularly, and Judean contingents fought among the Assyrian expeditionary force in Egypt. The con- quest of Egypt, however, proved illusory. Psammetich I. (664-609) renounced his allegiance to Ashurbanipal (645), at a time when the Assyrian monarch was busy in Elam and the revolt of his own brother in Babylon strained all of his fighting resources. The Assyrian power began rapidly to sink. The Medes had set up an independent kingdom under Deioces before 645 and were threatening from the east; in the west the Cimmerians were held at bay with the aid of the Scythians. Assyrian diplomacy exerted itself in playing off these warlike peoples, all of Aryan stock, one against the other. Naturally the enemies of Assyria could count on Babylonia for support. Well might the reformer-disciples of Isaiah in Judah take heart. Asshur was not invincible. God in Zion was supreme. When Manasseh was succeeded by his son Amon, the opposition raised its head. Amon was assassinated in the second year of his reign (638). But the ‘people of the land’ suppressed the revolution and placed upon the throne Amon’s son, Josiah, who was but eight years old. The Assyr-: ian power was still to be reckoned with, and the reactionary party was in the saddle. But the Scythian hordes had spread over western Asia, menacing Assyria and Egypt alike. Luckily, they passed along the coast, leaving the interior of Palestine unscathed. The voice of prophecy was once more heard in Judah. Nahum and Zephaniah saw the oncoming of Nineveh’s downfall. To the serious mind of the strict: followers of Mosaism it meant a world judgment, from which Judah would emerge purified. For there was much that required uprooting: idolatry, aping the foreigner, social injustice. When King Josiah was come to man’s estate, in the eigh- teenth year of his reign (621), he was ready to give ear to the anti-Assyrian reform party. It so happened that the Temple. was again in need of repairs. The chancellor Shaphan was ordered, in conjunction with the high priest Hilkiah, to take 106 MANASSEH. JOSIAH. JEREMIAH [626 the necessary steps. While the restoration was in progress, when much rubbish had been removed and ancient layers uncovered, the priest chanced upon a copy of the Torah of Moses. It may have been the copy sequestered by Manasseh (p. 104) or one immured during the repairs under Jehoash (p. 82), if it was not the volume deposited at the time of the building of the Temple by Solomon. The priest handed the book to the chancellor, who read it. When reporting to the king concerning the progress of the Temple repairs, Shaphan produced the recovered book and read it to the king. Josiah was profoundly impressed. The forecast of evil with which the nation was threatened for its long dis- obedience moved him to send a deputation, consisting of the priest and. the royal ministers, to the prophetess Huldah, that she might intercede on behalf of the penitent king. Josiah then convoked the elders of Judah and Jerusalem. In the presence of the priests, the prophets, and the assem- bled people, the Book of the Covenant, which was found in the Temple, was read. From a platform erected in the Tem- ple court the king proclaimed the Torah of Moses as the law of the realm. The people gave solemn assent. Then the king ordered the most thoroughgoing demolition of all idolatrous altars and symbols in the Temple area, in the city, and in itsenvirons. The rural sanctuaries in the realm were rendered unfit for sacrificial service; their priests were granted main- tenance from the Temple revenue, but were disqualified from officiating. The king’s officers overran the Samaritan province—it shows how little interference could be offered by the Assyrian governor and garrisons—the high places were closed; the temple at Bethel was destroyed. In Jeru- salem, the feast of Passover was observed in the purified Temple in accordance with the prescriptions of the Torah. Among the supporters of the rehabilitation of Mosaism was the young prophet Jeremiah, who belonged to a branch of the priesthood at Anathoth and whose ministry began in the thirteenth year of Josiah (626). It was his fate to be disillusioned as the first enthusiasm died away. The popular religion could not be ruled out of existence by an official ©) THE FALL OF NINEVER | 107 e surface again. The retuen to the Lord was hearted; only a definitive judgment from @ nation to penitence. Jeremiah was in red sors in the prophetic office when erated value placed on the sacrificial joned its Mosaic sanction, He believed Pe vain, The Sake kind of Tovak | is the heatt. Tiere must be an inward willing: | paid ahi srg Riper eeencaune T ie 848 Bees, ne wie out wife ae chit. cated a man ot strife e with a arid the ie h phe Scythian hia if had thrown together ( e: ; Beypt and Assyria. Moreover, Egypt t pee with Assyria and ensure itsown hold is side of the Euphrates. This plan, the coali- ‘monarchs, Nabdopolassar of Babylon (625- S Of Media (624-585), resisted with all their th of Ab, 612, Nineveh fell before the com- tbylonians, Medes, and Scythians. The turned into a mound and ruin, which it A new capital was established westward fe the commander of the Assyrian forces, imed the throne. The new ruler waa com eet city i retire to — (610). In 609 -- a? ee SS >, oS a, a o ayo Ce NAABED. OMAR GRR hedh pepe tsuki eheges. Wire tine restorat sehen. eatin Fi opine badd tegen sees ; apradinmdinst, he sariest cha aed — ~ } ikewa bs Penis s eee Cee, Tae eopy Cute: jerry pied Et per iss ict es Se way cor the sole dep a a ' ¥ relay ; * te Fy gy wer y neniec Sw tire coucerainy theix priests teriatice ‘aici the Femple revenue, ; from. officiating. The king's officers & proexvinge-~ji showa how wae ites ly the Asvrien governor and 2 were closed; the tem; det at Bethel was adiem, the feast of a was ob: Teenie in accordance with the presen it Agony the supporters of the rehabilita at way the voung prophet Tererniahs, who sels d tne t priesthood : at Aner ane e duiteeiennd as the beet entbusiaamd me could not be ruled out of € 612] THE FALL OF NINEVEH 107 act; it came to the surface again. The return to the Lord was seen to be half-hearted; only a definitive judgment from God would bring the nation to penitence. Jeremiah was in line with his great predecessors in the prophetic office when he deprecated the exaggerated value placed on the sacrificial cult, and he even questioned its Mosaic sanction. He believed in no compromise; it was useless to sow among thorns; the soil should be broken up afresh. Like Hosea, he realized the ineffectiveness of the written Torah alone. “The pen of the scribes hath labored in vain.’ The right kind of Torah is the one written in the heart. There must be an inward willing- ness to obey, a mind receptive of spiritual influences. The voice of the stern moralist was needed in the face of false security. Jeremiah led a lonely life, without wife and chil- dren; he knew himself as a man of strife with priests and the ordinary run of prophets. But the fire of true conviction burned within him; there was a compelling force to speak the truth, to chide but also to sustain. He loved his people tenderly; beyond the catastrophe which he knew must come he saw hope. He looked forward to a reunion of deported Israel with Judah; the continued existence of God’s elect people was to him as certain as the permanence of heaven and earth. Clouds were gathering on the political horizon. Such is the game of politics that the Scythian peril had thrown together the former enemies, Egypt and Assyria. Moreover, Egypt hoped to come to terms with Assyria and ensure its own hold on the lands this side of the Euphrates. This plan, the coali- tion of opposing monarchs, Nabopolassar of Babylon (625- 605) and Cyaxares of Media (624-585), resisted with all their force. In the month of Ab, 612, Nineveh fell before the com- bined attack of Babylonians, Medes, and Scythians. The proud city was turned into a mound and ruin, which it remained ever after. A new capital was established westward in Haran, where the commander of the Assyrian forces, Ashuruballit, assumed the throne. The new ruler was com- pelled to evacuate the city and retire to Syria (610). In 609 Necoh II., who had just succeeded his father Psammetich, 108 MANASSEH. JOSIAH. JEREMIAH [609 hastened to join forces with the Assyrian monarch in order to advance on Haran. The Egyptian army marched along the coast. Gaza, which offered resistance, was overcome. As Necoh made ready to descend into the Valley of Jezreel over the Carmel passes, Josiah, who had annexed the Israelitish country and was as little minded as the Philistines of Gaza to forego his inde- pendence, sought to prevent the passage by force of arms. A battle was fought at Megiddo; the Judeans were worsted, and Josiah was mortally wounded (609). The body of the dead king was taken to Jerusalem for burial. The ‘people of the land’ placed upon the throne his son Jehoahaz, who could be trusted to continue his father’s policy. MPT ER XX iE NT D OF THE KINGDOM te. Pt AF ae ae ie \e $86) ?p wwice ve busting) sie pit in ‘eit! as vermoved to Egypt, where he died. In 6 fis brother Jchoiakim (608-598) and Pel a hundred talents of silver and one im apparent!y favored a policy the thers and {fendiy to Egypt. 1¢ also c v1 On the religious side. The eult of the en was eagerly and openly pursued. ‘The laf were addicted to it, and they baked € fmage of the goddess was formed. Had @ sinet they left off worshiping | her? so ad | mae. 4 bet seciirity, mee tee at eet same time al corruption and idolatry in the land. em destroyed aforetime? So would it faré mise of God in Jerusalem The Peroren ds Sakae priest: pointing 6 a ails bold iin the time of Hezekiah. Jeremiah had a Bpectable following, while another prophet, pai mind, was put to death La the king's: th ae ally tad siege to lew: but were 4 ' pepyosions and Medes: In 605 Necohagain : cross the Euphrates: but he was beaten at. ae BR diticco off for. good. Babylon had become er, The Babylonian forces were commanded eta, RS ce | | eae i om Ye oy oe % ¢ te ee 3 | Phi 8 : hit — diced saakAait, ae imcnisames poner tan: Wall : Sepals, Sn hast. cose diet Re Stl. Paint ie: Facil Pana La A frattip wae & enugeht 5 ee net Sean - \ ke 4 ones k 7 a a : > ¢ $ ia oe ra det : * a ~ ‘ “4 . an ne ae - rr Y y ‘ % “ Raa LER OX XT THE END OF THE KINGDOM OF JUDAH (608-586) to the Assyro-Egyptian headquarters in Syria (at Riblah in the province of Hamath) and put in bonds; subsequently he was removed to Egypt, where he died. In his place Necoh set his brother Jehoiakim (608-598) and exacted an indemnity of a hundred talents of silver and one talent of gold. Jehoiakim apparently favored a policy the very reverse of his father’s and friendly to Egypt. It also meant a step backward on the religious side. The cult of the ‘queen of heaven’ was eagerly and openly pursued. The women in particular were addicted to it, and they baked cakes upon which the image of the goddess was formed. Had not misfortune come since they left off worshiping her? so reasoned the common man. In official circles reliance was placed upon the Temple. Jeremiah thought differently. It was vain to point to the Temple as a guarantee of security, when at the same time there was gross moral corruption and idolatry in the land. Had not Shiloh been destroyed aforetime? So would it fare with the holy house of God in Jerusalem. The outspoken prophet was set upon, and the populace clamored for his death. But his friends intervened, pointing to a similar bold prophecy by Micah in the time of Hezekiah. Jeremiah had apparently a respectable following, while another prophet, Uriah, who was of like mind, was put to death by the king’s orders. Necoh and his Assyrian ally laid siege to Haran, but were repulsed by the Babylonians and Medes. In 605 Necoh again attempted to cross the Euphrates; but he was beaten at Carchemish and driven off for good. Babylon had become the seat of power. The Babylonian forces were commanded 109 EHOAHAZ reigned but three months. He was summoned 110 _THE END OF THE KINGDOM OF JUDAH [594 by the crown-prince N ebuchadrezzar, who within the same year succeeded his father upon the throne of the new empire. Jeremiah hailed him immediately as the Servant of the Lord, from whom he had received dominion. Jehoiakim gave in to the anti-Egyptian party and swore allegiance to the Babylonian king (601); he must have realized by then that no help was to come from Necoh. But after three years he broke away. At the command of Nebuchadrezzar, Judah was invaded by contingents from the neighboring nations in conjunction with Chaldean troops. Jehoiakim lost his life (598) and was succeeded by his son Jehoiachin. After three months, Nebuchadrezzar appeared in person to direct the siege of the city. Jehoiachin immediately surrendered. Accompanied by the queen-mother, his harem, and hiscourt, he was taken to the enemy’s headquarters; thence they were deported as captives to Babylonia. With them were carried away likewise the nobility and the substantial part of the citizenry constituting the army, seven thousand in number, as well as one thousand craftsmen, with their families. A portion of the sacred vessels, along with treasures from the Temple and palace, wasalso carried off to Babylonia. This was the first Babylonian deportation (597). The last king on the throne of David was Zedekiah (597-— 587), another son of Josiah. He bound himself by an especial oath to serve the king of Babylon. But Egypt continued to stir up trouble; the two parties—the loyalists who stood by Babylon and the hotheads who looked to Egypt for help— were pitted against each other to the point of violence and bloodshed. The political division involved religious con- sequences: on the one side men, and especially women, gave themselves up to the worship of the Babylonian goddess of love (Ishtar) and her son Tammuz, as well as of the sun- god; and on the other side the cult of the sacred animals of Egypt was carried on in an underground chamber. Appar- ently those who favored leaning on Egypt thought it dis- cretion to plot in secret. | In 594 the court of Jerusalem was visited by embassies from Edom, Ammon, Moab, Tyre, and Sidon, in order to in a coma tet mgsiee WAST By re a: Emost to keep Ate Oe he! a Hopes were being mie SOD ch pert eg Mhdme and among gic idiaeg tise) Res Sted the speesh aden ont eS teas Ma Restoration of has Fee i ‘a yoke around bie get eo Berniretion of Babylon? hat a prowe> om name of Hananiah, tease TRG “4 a se ke Jeremiah a sea iette Gu Th CS, quate 7 ore pare fOr a prot ted etary ib ch pea epty and make homes for therschves and pray : he State in which thes dwelt-—untit God should lead ther back. f was the year of tes Tl in Fey (90%-384). In 590 we m Gamipaign m p aiestind, Praruinetich’s - 8. Naan rues act ee wn jattshing hia Bt cities yieided se the true ct haw orn oly, threw hinmet ral thecaigteed Egorp! was How detcrmtiveal te mabe ue eta] of the rival pews. re oa Satine ‘i teks bade neal se ety: bind os ie " é : , é 0 » rod } and the debe Pee Nate Ts ost gent eter spay ts war built a fut eine cial Wee ery eT a the ‘popu y Lissheit vette, Aa Rages een the etracken chi) AR ew Spe het Shitin fea devariien rarity to tase ill shoe ge phi his home i rts At a Hee Se GRY aA Sal Tsk ++ des . sis pe: f bec igs AM Wie BY Taede ints ie RTS SaatT VR EF, “aps Poe . aro t RRR: “PaCS CF RSE NE YR é ; Die S 4 the city > Ff ae mee ne Sour Be Sea Strong for the Gere i poarh wee . f ¢. $ a Sy i - . : a 7 4 or a Bee as soa me ve mi eee , , plily (> Ke y * A Z , a pe 4 we of, giro eS ton ‘ e ° ~f S aor ee 8 * ? oa ¥ oP ‘sais Sae-7) JERUSALEM INVESTED 111 induce Zedekiah to join in a coalition against Babylon. Jere- miah exerted his utmost to keep the king on the side of prudence. False hopes were being raised by ultra-patriotic prophets, both at home and among the deported exiles in Babylonia, who predicted the speedy collapse of the Baby- lonian power and the restoration of the sacred vessels. Jere- miah appeared with a yoke around his neck, as a symbol of the continued domination of Babylon; but a prophet of the opposition, by the name of Hananiah, broke the yoke in the sight of the people. Jeremiah dispatched letters to the exiles, counseling them to prepare for a protracted stay in captivity —to build houses and make homes for themselves and pray for the welfare of the state in which they dwelt—until God in His own time should lead them back. It was the year of accession of Psammetich II].in Egypt (594-588). In 590 we hear of an Egyptian campaign in Palestine. Psammetich’s successor, Hophra (588-569), was more active in pushing his claims. The Phoenician cities yielded to the force of his arms; Zedekiah, half-willingly, threw himself on the side of Egypt. Nebuchadrezzar was now determined to make an end of the aggressions of the rival power. He established his head- quarters at Riblah, exactly as Necoh had done previously. A part of his army was dispatched against Tyre; with his main forces he appeared in the winter 588/7 before the gates of Jerusalem. He proceeded at once to lay siege to the city. The walls were strong and the defenders fought stubbornly. So Nebuchadrezzar built a rampart about the city with a view to starving the population within. An Egyptian army advanced towards the stricken city, and the Babylonians were compelled temporarily to raise the siege. As Jeremiah made his way to his home in Anathoth, he was seized on the charge of deserting to the enemy. He was placed by the war party in a damp subterranean dungeon. King Zedekiah had the prophet transferred to the guard house. A secret meeting was arranged between the king and the prophet in the Temple precincts. Jeremiah persisted in his advice to save the city by timely surrender. But the war party was too strong for the vacillating king. Jeremiah was 112 “THE END OF THE KINGDOM OF JUDAH [586 once more confined in the guard house; there he received his daily rations as long as bread was to be had in the beleaguered city. The Egyptians had been fought off by Nebuchadrezzar, who now set up his engines against the northern wall. On the ninth day of Tammuz, 586, a breach was effected. Zedekiah fled toward the Jordan, but was overtaken at Jericho. He was conveyed to the enemy’s headquarters at Riblah and there witnessed the slaughter of his sons and of members of the Judean nobility. Then his eyes were put out, and the blind king was taken in chains to Babylon. A month later, on the seventh of Ab, Nebuzaradan, the Babylonian commander-in-chief, came with orders to destroy Jerusalem. The remainder of the sacred vessels was carried © away; so also a quantity of bronze from the dismantled columnsand basins. The Temple, the royal palace, and many of the mansions of the nobles were set on fire. The walls were razed to the ground. ‘The population was led captive to Babylonia. This was the second Babylonian deportation. The conqueror was resolved not to leave so formidable a fortress standing to thwart the advance on Egypt which he must have contemplated. With the Judean fighting strength destroyed or else in exile under his own eyes in Babylonia, he had no desire to annihilate the Judean nation. On the con- trary, it was good policy to consolidate that part of it which from the start had been loyal, as a bulwark against Egyptian machinations. So on the very day on which Jerusalem was destroyed, Nebuzaradan sought out those friendly to Baby- lonian rule, among them Jeremiah, and set up an autonomous community, with Gedaliah, the grandson of Josiah’s chan- cellor,as governor residing at Mizpah. Thus the restoration had begun, anda Remnant wassaved. Jeremiah was rewarded with a pension from the Babylonian king. _ But the community was not to last. There had gathered about Gedaliah all of the poorer folk that had not been car- ried away; Jews—for we must from now on call the people by the English name, which is but a corruption of ‘Judeans’— who had fled to the neighboring countries, returned, among them several princes and princesses of blood royal; even | fg MURDEE OF GEDALIAR pea AAS elites in the marth attached tbermselves h. he But the very constitution of the new m int the flesh of the Ammonite king : designs upon the vanquished toun- Stigated the murder of Gedaliah by of the defunct royal house, Ishmael sd the reprisals of Nebuchadrezzar, ian garrivon at Mizpah had been arms: Sin té emigrate to Eeypt, roauch a frei, whom they” eas * with res: sort of aug that tock up their phic} in a. 1 h pin WIS! th stile ia Egypt was destined to 1t0 ihe land of the Pharaohs ata much . € const’ relations with Egypt since the f dynasty in the tirnes of Solemon, especially s as ts: inany a Jew settling in that coun- : come away as slaves, and still others, ui carmy. After the exputsion of the Ethi- ine oom of, Jewish descent guarded the tin “Upper Egypt. Thes Joremiah found is both in Upper amd in Lower Egypt. ve their nationality and practised the re- hown in the rural distriega of Judea from me, Jeri met with stubkern opposition 1 the Bevptian Jews for their unwilling- down to Persian tinsesc Rassapains eacaped to Ammon. Those © ¢ Babylonia, bat Jews had com- - , found emysloytment as mercen-_ pworship of the ‘queen of heaven,’ ane Aili a Thy, (a apart ee 4 CLA ee yell ssieaae sii ntkeprae a + AE ee pees “star. Kees 20?) ak eae eae hak ee ~~ Of ‘ fs we Oe wnt 2 tees ce i ea tee tee (eset pap ees ‘ee Duets wicomsat 2 re nantes nf his ie Taplin vedablits mp pee eyes & ssi fe opel.’ 2s ET CARS ANS ‘®, Babyt . 5 aie iihs Avon xis sey seveuth of A . Paci oy bash g OR yg —_— Pe } : rome i . yi e By > - » * x > ‘ $ ¥ 2 Paige's Fy < bev uty TA Se dhtjed Feo g cst " Pw ~ ‘ Cee eee? ct Ce ee red be dial y v9 whta- god polls > consolidate freien fiw: afarh foie’ hee ay vl, asa Drude ragolinat cms.» eS ae ery duce ‘on: gestreyed, Nchurarain pied ne hovevaars 3 He, aUrorig Ponies, whl et 2 os we Trea Wer’ bree Capri athens? i sedaliah all of the pinter folks: rie) ayer; seesBiaal © we tiat frost 2 by side } ‘ane acne, whch is bata who tus fed ey rah ys wnhb KTH 4 them vers! prin Ces and prt THE MURDER OF GEDALIAH 113 remnants of the Israelites in the north attached themselves to the residue of Judah. But the very constitution of the new community was a thorn in the flesh of the Ammonite king Baalis, who had his own designs upon the vanquished coun- try. Accordingly he instigated the murder of Gedaliah by the hands of a member of the defunct royal house, Ishmael son of Nethaniah. The assassins escaped to Ammon. Those who were left behind feared the reprisals of Nebuchadrezzar, seeing that the Babylonian garrison at Mizpah had been butchered. They determined to emigrate to Egypt, much against the advice of Jeremiah, whom they dragged with them into involuntary exile in the land he most thoroughly abhorred. It was the poorest sort of Jews that took up their abode in the Delta. The Jewish settlement in Egypt was destined to become a center rivaling Babylonia, but Jews had com- menced to drift into the land of the Pharaohs at a much earlier period. The constant relations with Egypt since the rise of the Libyan dynasty in the times of Solomon, especially the trade in horses, led to many a Jew settling in that coun- try. Others were carried away as slaves, and still others, among Asiatics in general, found employment as mercen- aries in the Pharaonic army. After the expulsion of the Ethi- opians, soldier colonies of Jewish descent guarded the southern frontier in Upper Egypt. Thus Jeremiah found Jewish communities both in Upper and in Lower Egypt. These Jews clung to their nationality and practised the re- ligion they had known in the rural districts of Judea from which they came. Jeremiah met with stubborn opposition when he upbraided the Egyptian Jews for their unwilling- ness to abandon the worship of the ‘queen of heaven,’ and her cult persisted down to Persian times. CHAPTER XXII THE BABYLONIAN EXILE (586-538) Jews left in their home country at all. What happened was simply that the repeated deportations to the north and the exodus to the south had thinned the population and left chiefly the poorest classes. Some stretches of the land must have been desolate, and none too friendly neighbors, like the Edomites, moved up into the territory vacated. The loss of statehood and Temple was a staggering blow, which called forth sorrowful lamentations; but time proved a won- derful healer, and life fashioned itself as tolerably as condi- tions permitted. The backbone of the nation was, however, in Babylonia. By the rivers and canals of Babylon they sat, they wept. In the first few years they were deluded with the hope of a speedy return. Their king, Jehoiachin, was in custody; but another king was still sitting upon the throne of David, and they watched with beating hearts the developments at home. The news of the catastrophe of 586 produced consternation ; now there remained nothing but to heed the counsel of Jeremiah and to make themselves at home in the foreign land. The majority of them were settled in compact colonies or groups. The soil was more fertile than on the rocky hills of Judea; it was well irrigated by a system of canals. One of their settlements was Tel-abib, by the Great Canal (the ‘River’ Chebar) near Nippur. They enjoyed a complete measure of autonomy; they kept up their old family ties; their internal affairs were ordered by their own bodies of elders. Thus they had their own jurisdiction and felt them- selves to be a national group. What differentiated these new-comers from the Israelites whom the Assyrians had deported more than a century before 114 | 7 MUST not be supposed for a moment that there were no ’ BZBRIWS 415 igtance that thie srp rmgtte kad intir- b brethren pratwpsy Sain eter bed by at-—we speak at Com Mest ter vei dust have mainte itn identiy in. and beyond, bo te minegitel Lxene with | : Jews, on: the wites Gane, im their pilonia, had betters osname of che which set them apart from ali ocher ssa the rehabilitysion of the Moeaic other sites were the ‘wigna® by which and beld together; they had been Lrebubes of the great prapnets, «hose mever before, took to heart, ti was ake present getictation was expist- sere. (the fathers. have eaten sous r “3 *s teeth are set on edge’). Some in dAumed to the worship of stocks and 8 beddy of che peuple proved poriay a) and hey iad 4 prophet among tletia, ch as thd) or alcver the dead Hema B eartied away with Ube fer dhe Gas @ cavimber of the saucer ioe ; im at Zartiok, Im has ‘Cae ine a Sindeed 2" ofS $iet fantastians, ad eekly atone a ure. a Trataen let ay - ‘tapRiondl ra tien. His serene te Rie gna: com: re eyrtien ol tie lites pued of : COL | bes aterp prnwehe MOMS Rye eae vey ¢ war sich aocked sheen Oe wnilies ce / 0 er evect —e $reg Hiyeer ot EPS: £% — im. bis reek on aa Be tastes. = Soak eyes, Br RLS, , bhai rie be: cighvety atom, irrenpen try te the rosin ahs serrata sf. elope: wolely. wel tie iye. colmia pee ts pemitivg Rectan prices = ae ctar ane om new + 2 geri at pak Ayaedk acne Sk F uge'aae : ips cama. ail wad % gle ceeded | lepetece x; ry lasned Sey Pat ea pees ete yh : eee we reir Tee \ = Prost: ware Curt regres tee 7 ~*ee 7 EZEKIEL 115 was just the circumstance that this very respite had inter- vened. The Israelitish brethren probably were absorbed by the foreign environment—we speak of the ‘lost ten tribes’— though some residue must have maintained its identity in the Median highlands and beyond, to be merged later with the Jewish people. The Jews, on the other hand, on their transplantation to Babylonia, had become conscious of the religious uniqueness which set them apart from all other nations. They had witnessed the rehabilitation of the Mosaic Torah; the sabbath and other rites were the ‘signs’ by which they knew each other and held together; they had been chastened by the stern rebukes of the great prophets, whose lessons they now, as never before, took to heart. It was depressing to think that the present generation was expiat- ing the sins of the fathers (‘The fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children’s teeth are set on edge’). Some in despair stumbled and turned to the worship of stocks and stones; but the main body of the people proved penitent and docile. Moreover, they had a prophet among them, such as their brethren in Egypt had not after the death of Jeremiah. Ezekiel, who had been carried away with the first deporta- tion under Jehoiachin, was a member of the regular Jeru- salem priesthood, the sons of Zadok. In his person prophetic imagination, bordering on the fantastical, and priestly sober- ness of judgment were united in a measure singularly called for by the changed situation. His service to his people con- sisted, indeed, in the recognition of the imperative need of the moment. He could be a stern preacher after the manner of the ancients; he was much shocked when his audience admired his pleasing voice and then went home to persist in their evil way. There was for him no compromise with sin. But he held out hope to the sinner. Each man, he taught, has in himself the power to be righteous or wicked, irrespective of hereditary predisposition; the individual is master of his own destiny and responsible solely for his own doings. This doctrine opened the possibility to the prophet’s generation to turn a new leaf and to look hopefully into the future. His principal concern, however, was not with the individ- 116 THE BABYLONIAN EXILE ual Jew, but with the corporate Jewish people. He looked upon Nebuchadrezzar as the instrument in God’s hand to chasten His people; he was just as certain that Egypt and other nations would be doomed. The Jewish people were at present as it were in a grave; but the dry bones would be Glled with life, and the revivified nation rise from its grave. Ezekiel was the prophet of the undying hope. When the elders came to him and suggested the erection of a Temple on Babylonian soil, he vigorously and relentlessly set him- self against such a plan, which apparently meant a renuncia- tion of future restoration at home. Against their own will, if ‘t must come to that, the dispersed were to be gathered back; they must pass again, as in the times of Moses, through the wilderness, the wilderness of nations, that the sinful mem- bers might be lopped off. ‘For in the holy mountain, that is Zion, there alone shall the Temple be built.’ And so, with painstaking detail, he laid out the plan of the new Temple, as well as the lines of the future policy of the nation, based upon the Mosaic Torah, albeit with some modifications. He expected a reunion of Ephraim with Judah, under one shep- herd, a glorified David. The supreme condition was national penitence, a new heart and new spirit, which themselves would be the gift of God. The divine honor was at stake, so long as the reproach of desolation rested upon His land and upon His people. The fortunes of the Babylonian Jews must have greatly improved as time went on. Babylon, ‘the city of merchants,’ was nigh, and many must have grown opulent through mercantile pursuits. They acquired influence in court circles, and when Nebuchadrezzar was followed upon the throne by his son Evil-merodach, his first act was the release of Jehoiachin from prison. The Jewish king was accorded royal honors; the event is the last recorded in the Book of Kings in the Scriptures. Jewish restoration under the old dynasty had been determined upon as a matter of principle. But Evil- merodach reigned only two years; there followed a period of revolt, and the last king, Nabonidus (555-538), was occu- — pied in repelling the attacks of the Medes under Astyages. ye SRS MOICT OF CYRYS 1t7 hip between Babylonians and Medes had When the Medes were vanquished by the yrus, the chaage brought no relief to the WAuyrius contiaued che policy of the Medes and, quering Lydia and ie tonian cities of Asia Minor, et aster of Babylon. The Babylonian army, mmand of the crewn-prince Belsharuzur (Bel- ble resistance: the city was taken and Papon che throne of Babylon (539). A mded among the Jews. ‘Fallen, fallen h the oppressing exactress ceased!’ The f when, in the spring of 538, Cyrus, from eet Ecbatana, made deciaration in a ng permission to the Jews to return to id the ‘Temple of the God of heaven. st ordered that the sacred vessels of the o ig of the steps toward restoration taken by is predecessor upon the throne of Babylon. y uf ihe Achaemeniar rulers from Cyrus wh they were to their own religion, the ate the cults of the subjugated national- h “i . declaration was preparing, the meaning pimdching evest was grasped by none more exuber- pre on 1 dix than by the great unknown prophet, at “ Qe | erm che sequel to the Book of the Visions beh Amox. He appears to have lived in Palestine, tae mad the goings on in the great world as they oe tral theme. the rhapsody ‘Zion Restored.’ rt } Beleete ti) acclaim the victorious Persian king pred, the shepherd sppointed by God, het’s own people might be deaf and blind, Seinen pH He were, opene to himself, and 2 flood of Aeamed there!rom. Tic divine purpose, framed in the eine of titine, was revealing itself to the seer's mind, and e the dia of battling hosts and the crash of falling fast- A wp an returned to the Jews. It is obvious that - sroached by Jewish notables, who re- — — ‘ . & i ae rt ee ee ee pew, Bias ater... THE Ay Ora ae Ne had PGE eA Ae. Chee ne CU et iy fet ecole SI hie Se a att A nalie athey Bates weld be doesn lh. ‘The own we Kk were it a gees rar the tiles! wich Whe, and the never pation 4 {epbiel aia the prophet OF the: waayin i eeiets Came TO DD ind cuggented: . +i dati ian 4a ey vid ty sh he ane t tik Peet edi parte as in ‘the tigies wilerians:, Fixe: eiderness of vations | ers sigh: bie id te “tj ft : ‘For bah the iin, there alone shall the | Temple Y 3 eT StAisw Geta, he are etit the ¢ % eegs the lines of the futmre fh _ $63, heat Maosdiy ‘Torahi albeit wee ex sda rewnion of Ephragn with) iM, A Rew ecart amd sews smaia We ete ote of Ut ud. The ceiee't lone as the reproach € { desnkaots eon Fe pew The forranca of t the c Boise mpeeved as (one went on, Babylep i wew nigh, and 1 se: AVE have. narroaatihe pu . They aca ely een Se cdesrhuchaes wine whe bu son Pevth-merodach, his feet pet imiokactun from prison. The Tusetsh & howe: tie event is che ist Peeey deat u the Deinoreres. jewish restoration € tage] bees sepcoewhaoraiian ‘pon nasa a matter: pied Ja aaa eh atts a ot the A 538] | THE EDICT OF CYRUS Ads The old friendship between Babylonians and Medes had long been broken. When the Medes were vanquished by the Persians, under Cyrus, the change brought no relief to the Babylonians. Cyrus continued the policy of the Medes and, after conquering Lydia and the Ionian cities of Asia Minor, made himself master of Babylon. The Babylonian army, under the command of the crown-prince Belsharuzur (Bel- shazzar), offered feeble resistance; the city was taken and Cyrus seated himself upon the throne of Babylon (539). A cry of jubilation resounded among the Jews. ‘Fallen, fallen is Babylon; how hath the oppressing exactress ceased!’ The joy was still greater when, in the spring of 538, Cyrus, from his summer residence at Ecbatana, made declaration in a royal rescript granting permission to the Jews to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the Temple of the God of heaven. The same royal edict ordered that the sacred vessels of the Temple should be returned to the Jews. It is obvious that Cyrus had been approached by Jewish notables, who re- minded the king of the steps toward restoration taken by Evil-merodach, his predecessor upon the throne of Babylon. It was the policy of the Achaemenian rulers from Cyrus down, devoted though they were to their own religion, the Zoroastrian, to tolerate the cults of the subjugated national- ities throughout the empire. Even as the royal declaration was preparing, the meaning of the epoch-making event was grasped by none more exuber- antly and profoundly than by the great unknown prophet, whose utterances form the sequel to the Book of the Visions of Isaiah son of Amoz. He appears to have lived in Palestine, whence he observed the goings on in the great world as they affected his central theme, the rhapsody ‘Zion Restored.’ He did not hesitate to acclaim the victorious Persian king as the Lord’s Anointed, the shepherd appointed by God. Though the prophet’s own people might be deaf and blind, the heavens, as it were, opened to himself, and a flood of light issued therefrom. The divine purpose, framed in the beginning of time, was revealing itself to the seer’s mind, and above the din of battling hosts and the crash of falling fast- 118 THE BABYLONIAN EXILE nesses he heard the voice of God: This is My work. The deliverance of Israel was being wrought in a manner so un- wonted, so strange, yet who hath fathomed the spirit of God? If God is One, who else but He was doing it? If Israel ‘s the elect of God, for whose sake else were old empires tottering, was a new polity arising? ‘The time is most opportune, the hour propitious: hasten, flee, depart,’ so he called to the Jews of Babylonia. The Unity of God implied for this great poet and teacher the unity of world history. How he scorns the lifeless images of the gods of Babylon, how he mocks the wisdom and star- gazing of the Chaldean soothsayers! how rapturously he sings of the Incomparable God, whom no similitude can portray! Amid the changes of nature, God’s word abides immovably; in the flux of the events of history, as nations come and go, a divine purpose stands transcendent. The religion of the Jew is the religion for all mankind, the true world religion. The Jew is its chosen missioner, the elect Servant of God, who vicariously must take upon himself the sins of the world, willingly submit to contumely and martyr- dom, be cut off as it were from the land of the living, but just as surely rise from the grave, triumphant with the suc- cess of God’s work which he was called to accomplish. And because of this Servantship, Israel is indestructible. God’s loving covenant with Israel will outlast the tremors by which mountains are moved. In order that Israel may be the teacher of mankind, a light unto the nations, the disseminator of God’s Torah, the nation must be redeemed. God, in whose hands is the destiny of nations, offers to the world-conqueror Egypt and Ethiopia as a price. God is paving the way for His people’s return across mountains and desert. The prophet bids Jerusalem take heart; he is the bearer of good tidings to Zion, the comforter of his people, the voice that calls out the advent of God. By the hands of Cyrus Jerusalem shall be built, and the foundations of the Temple shall be laid for Israel, God’s elect Servant. CHAPTER 3 G8 2 THE RESTORATION (538-432) the caravan wh ich i ees Petty Wer OO 3260 persons, not coane Ate +, 337 83 laves of (The home comese were bel by Shesh- sison of King Jehote: daa, wind eieeivedthe ernor (nasi) of the met comumasity and vessels had been delivered By the royal itory assigned to therm wae wery emai. g Jerusalern and the ‘and about it, ae far and Jericho, and as fer as Keilsh, Beth. Pur, mth. dom had moved ap Sayed srapliae ae the southern Judean dana, Axe Caleb an ; 2 had been penne # sari, wosed. ther siete ys. The land was distytevtect ap lar as pos- > the former peta £73 Hak! he descend- ‘dolk, who had meyer oh iad, now: = ents. There *: a eo ane, 4 Sie Sy Aa ie yfasetine thing yeria ot arsine ake se «je crusalera Bax, 4 SER is Site ie ae Be | ec s there the hein? ERiat A eats had their seat, The eee Hao nee ik ate erection of am. had ae ae oe sehen et , fhe building oe ie Loved ae . | ia rater failing way Be : ee p gssessments going. is. eats hen) EH ambyses (530~ BP ele warts s nl si ~ Egypt (525) sae ie. ee a eaethien hts. ceof which the wey Fae let ey! area, ss en the chitvaie dite ses antie ae, acai ine els i ‘% *= ie, | ; erat te om 42 A to | ely ie AM ie’ Sas aA Pw, Wk: winida ages aos ghia op Se ee re ae ei PL dahnieaite we Lyed yes. SENS es re: wrought tz * ; ee ss a Seed es Spies Ee ty SR OW ieee he was Cc izs , Rh KR AA exe cleo tie fwand the vane oF ORES wonted, oad BURL oe, Be hath fat] Grord PA tod iw One. 6 ae but He ae i the elect ed Sooo. Cm SRR sake e eGR avgé a Tantra pokity arising? | company ses: nie fcr is pi teas haste eather} ta the Pew. or is shy ieaelag 92") Phe i witw af ciety aitiad for t fads He ainity of Works eters Plow he $e al the weteo! Dxloon, ae he ee * \ 7 J some and oo, « cone Hepes perin pelioueg ¥H tie ch ~~ St the t. sehgaon for aly world eriiton. “The on is itw chosen Servant (f Ciod, whe ewes must ais tt Ce w (sea . ¥ hiingly subrnit to SFE > Prete PEE yg’ ae 47 wore fem the bi fast as warely cue from the grave; trivia : . leempae of; this “Ss ryuntship, ferael ig: lovite: covenant with (sraet will omthast mauttwins arereovel Lrorderthatter of menkirid, a twht date the nations, God's “Corah, the maton must be pede a ars ae the deatiny of rations, oflers t Egypt aN PAhiQpia a8 B price. God- a is) People réturn ecrosk prophet is ia neepiain take hearts} dadiaws to Zion, the coraforter of Rie callaout the sg ven vot God. op. pie: : Sint LER MOST THE RESTORATION (538-432) LTOGETHER the caravan which left Babylonia con- pid sisted of 42,360 persons, not counting 7,337 slaves of both sexes. The home comers were led by Shesh- bazzar, the youthful son of King Jehoiachin, who received the appointment as governor (nasi) of the new community and to whom the sacred vessels had been delivered by the royal treasurer. The territory assigned to them was very small indeed, comprising Jerusalem and the land about it, as far north as Mizpah and Jericho, and as far as Keilah, Beth-zur, and Tekoain thesouth. Edom had moved up beyond Hebron; the remnants of the southern Judean clans, like Caleb and Jerahmeel, which had been pushed out, joined themselves to the new settlers. The land was distributed as far as pos- sible according to the former holdings; only that the descend- ants of the poorer folk, who had never owned land, now received their allotments. There was ample labor in con- structing homesteads, in setting things generally to rights, in communal organization. Jerusalem had a scant population of some three thousand souls; there the heads of the fathers’ houses or ‘elders’ had their seat. The religious needs were cared for by the immediate erection of an altar, and prepara- tions were made for the building of the Temple. It was not possible to do more, what with all the vicis- situdes of a new settlement, failing crops and drought, and scarcity of food. Then there was the burden of taxes paid to the king and the assessments going to the maintenance of the governor. Cambyses (530-522) had succeeded Cyrus; his conquest of Egypt (525) and the war it entailed dis- turbed the peace of which the new community was most in need. Men asked when the divine displeasure, now resting 119 120 7 THE RESTORATION [522-519 upon the land for close on seventy years, would end; the fast-days commemorating the national calamity of 586 were still observed. Then came momentous happenings. Cam- byses had rid himself of his brother Smerdis; but now there appeared a Magian claiming to be the real Smerdis (522), who received the homage of the empire. Darius I. (521- 485) overcame the pretender, but had to deal with an upris- ing in the eastern provinces, above all with two successive revolutions in Babylon led by a new Nebuchadrezzar (521/ 20, 520/19). ‘Heaven and earth’ seemed to be in commotion, — and the throne of the Persian king to be tottering. The commotion communicated itself to Jerusalem. Shesh- bazzar was dead. His nephew Zerubbabel stepped into his place. He was encouraged by the prophet Haggai to start the building of the Temple, and to hold himself in readiness for kingly station. Saner elements in the community, fearful of evil consequences, were satisfied to vest the headship in the high priest, Joshua. The prophet Zechariah counseled a dual headship, at the same time curbing the ambitions of Zerub- babel, who was admonished to trust not in power or might, but in the spirit. The lamp of God was to be fed from two spouts. A crown of gold had actually been sent as a gift by the Jews of Babylonia; it was to be fashioned into two crowns. On the twenty-fourth day of Chislev, 520, the foundation was laid for the Temple. But the dream of the royalists was not to be. The Persian empire was stronger than ever. In the spring of 519, Tattenai, satrap of the western prov- inces, was sent to Jerusalem to study the situation. The royalist agitation had subsided, but he had misgivings about the building of the Temple. There were not wanting denuncia- tions which cast suspicion upon the undertaking. The Jews pointed to the edict of Cyrus, and when the satrap reported back to the king, a copy of the document was found in the archives at Ecbatana. Darius was satisfied that the Jews were too feeble to attempt seriously the winning back of their independence, and that it was best to have them as friends. So he confirmed the charter of Cyrus and gave orders that the Temple should be completed, the cost to be de- 4¢Ps OF THE SETTLERS $21 ‘royal vevenues from the Jewish com- funds were to be provided the daily ie Of the king wind the royal house. On jar, $15, the structure was finished. e jected to fresh hardships. There was i du § to poor crops or to devastation by Sire ~ peasants were constrained to . in otdér to buy food and to : Unabt le to meet their obligations | eof interest, they of ten saw no way “6 ne Pagtenwnity was also: mish on all rs who did vot take kindly to the Hiy of the north for the south was Mi colonists of Samaria—-the Samaxi- sconditions were quite different from in Jeruseiem and who made ready own unen Mount Gerizim. There ~ Phas fins in | Xerxes §485--465). | anted soure sort of an adjustment, The pewell as of the priesthood pursued a towards the plotting neighbors. It was g@ve-them for friends. The better relations peg alliances. Altogether the prac- ad the interests of the community and hing of the maral fibre. The wealthier ly oppressive towards the poorer folk, d them to give up their land; injustice e rampant. The priests were derelict in al: guides and forfeited the respect of the asi in the observance of the sabbath; ht to the Temple were of an inferior 5 ati a wmall: bees af those averse to on either “ide, The Samaritans peers we’ the tewett Pabylioniayit wae int be fa steps) thee. dace fig «ae ne sneer Hepach pkey cots CUNT Vite the national weels ¢ibgeeer is £ Yes Tia: iomextous lmuen het ae t aS a phe whe rere wee. the oy ape ®t the e empi > ‘ ea i< ho sus J ites VET aE cae SF Re et, Dae had hi Y . a a? 7 Pa Led . f Sa... Ce RAN OS t i H ¥ PS MA + Ri ie ae ap Xe yi Se ae eee ie wt * hy ; BOs : S, e rye ' a gry Pe Are a TSS : Poe Leer ae sts acer ica, teat ‘oe GExOe, 02 Sis ENO ite a the ot netiGhog of che Tretigre, amal te hold wig «alin. Sune Cerin he ae heeython pees, Were ee , ar Cyeomaine Hinge ont eee MS IS METER Hes -s mss trust eects. % opertens of probed fae actually t Vee ti Pywserer eee diay of <. pereien wire $54) ter Pre te enipic But the ae mht rite +43 be The } PR LAT enpire wad. ty. the opring of 319, Tattenal eemiam eae, he ser’ to Terasalem 46 st chee bathing! iu Teheke if. Theres ‘Seas. we Back Cot BPSpiCIoOn upon the LSS pobigd te the edict of Cyrus, and when. bane ty Che Kine, & copy of the deen cee at Pebatana. Darius wass ‘ptenerkhce, and that itowas/ ii ei. So he confirmed the charterohCy thint the Temple isnt be completed, 515-465] THE HARDSHIPS OF THE SETTLERS 121 frayed out of the royal revenues from the Jewish com- munity; out of the same funds were to be provided the daily sacrifices for the welfare of the king and the royal house. On the twenty-third of Adar, 515, the structure was finished. The settlers were subjected to fresh hardships. There was a scarcity of food due to poor crops or to devastation by locusts. The poverty-stricken peasants were constrained to mortgage their small holdings in order to buy food and to pay the heavy royal taxes. Unable to meet their obligations by reason of the high rate of interest, they often saw no way out except to surrender to their creditors their sons and their daughters as slaves. The community was also beset on all sides by hostile neighbors who did not take kindly to the rise of the new settlement. The Edomites, it is true, had been hard hit by an invasion of Arabs; but that was small comfort to the Jews. The Ammonites were distinctly un- friendly. The old enmity of the north for the south was inherited by the hybrid colonists of Samaria—the Samari- tans—whose religious conditions were quite different from the new order of things in Jerusalem and who made ready to build a temple, of their own upon Mount Gerizim. There was no love lost on either side. The Samaritans presented their grievances to king Xerxes (485-465). The conditions demanded some sort of an adjustment. The heads of the laity as well as of the priesthood pursued a policy of conciliation towards the plotting neighbors. It was advantageous to have them for friends. The better relations were cemented by marriage alliances. Altogether the prac- tical tasks absorbed the interests of the community and there was a weakening of the moral fibre. The wealthier classes were harshly oppressive towards the poorer folk, whose plight obliged them to give up their land; injustice and unkindliness were rampant. The priests were derelict in their duty as moral guides and forfeited the respect of the people; there was laxity in the observance of the sabbath; the offerings brought to the Temple were of an inferior quality. There was still a small body of those averse to worldliness who were scrupulously given to fasting and self- 122 THE RESTORATION [457 abnegation; but in their quiet conventicles they brooded, questioning whether it was at all profitable to serve God. One of their number, the prophet Malachi, saw no solution save in a day of judgment, a purifying act which none but Elijah, come down from heaven, could inaugurate. The man that did come was Ezra. The Jews of Babylonia, who had sent off the first settlers with their best wishes and with substantial gifts, were dismayed by the reports of the unsatisfactory conditions in the new community. King Artaxerxes was upon the throne (465-425), and the Baby- lonian Jews obtained his sanction for sending a mission to look into the affairs of Judea and Jerusalem. The leader was Ezra, a priest well versed in the Torah of Moses, a ‘ready scribe’ (sopher), that is, a student of the Book (sepher). The decree issued by the king conferred upon him authority to appoint upon his arrival magistrates and judges, with plenary powers of jurisdiction in accordance with the Mosaic Torah. Moreover, he carried rich gifts from the king and his council for the Temple in Jerusalem; its priests and attendants were granted immunity from taxation. Ezra was also permitted to secure funds from the Jews of Babylonia and to lead back as many of them as wished to join. | About eighteen hundred men, not counting women and children, from priestly, Davidic, and other families, including a number of Levites and other subordinate Temple servitors, went up with Ezra. They arrived in Jerusalem in the month of Ab, 458. Four months were spent by Ezra in acquainting himself with the situation. He was horrified to learn of the extent to which intermarriage had gone. On the twentieth day of Chislev he convoked in Jerusalem an assembly of representatives of the entire community: by an overwhelm- ing majority the resolution was carried to have the unlawful marriages, dissolved. A commission was appointed, which busied itself during the whole of the winter with drawing up a list of the transgressors. On the first of Nisan, 457, the measure was Carried into execution. Naturally, the Samari- tans and other nationalities were angered by the affront to their womenfolk. Ezra realized that in order to defend Jeru- yore ao” Pee Oe Soe fe ae 2 os a ct PA ee ee d ae pe oe ‘ . NEHEMIAH | . 123 len attack the tiga ee be sate ane ; of sue’ work aha far ahd raghnig of the sNews s of ftbe races was bro ae ak Bkaver v with the court. . He paibioed 8g in bi 6 go to Jerusalem and rebuild the . Moreover, he was appomted governor ef E alter hie arrival tin the summer of 445), ht, he rade out to euryey the walls. In the Mipon the heads of the people'to start the. ) From all parts of the Jand, nobles and Phearted supporters and Jukewarm mag- - Byes to the task, laboving by day and ht. The zeal of Nehemiah communicated era. Being a wealthy man, he provided oul fot the expenses o/ his s position, waiving the — ordered the canceling of debts and digenit me band epee eh their cpecitors: The °. en | Be sted “A marriage wer Jewish nolile ims Geshem. the Arab, at first made mock of. heations; then they came forward with open ex fio he dark. They planned, with the aid of he mations and of their sympathizers within the ack the builders or to lure Nehemiah out of the | ton his person, Hired Jewish agents, proph- sad-the malicious rumor that Nehemiah na himself proclaimed king in Jerusalem, a foiled by the wisdom and courage of n fifty-two days the walls were finished, it > was come for Ezra to join forces with the ior, the Jewish lay head of the saessscananacek itt ee te Satta it Was at alt Cie Cay nue, the prophet A. UP ix es i ra Tae age a tae es ; 4 re, Si Bess 4 ge? PEs Wath iis rg oth bones nigel ian bid ter the iploees ot We ‘tomo , oP tence of pricsta ae? Laces should _ the seritten wip: his Tar a wedetin eG, UE wae 4 * A i Rate ia, ruwst” ba’ 0 nsaeeannaad lnwsiness transaction ever sities ‘ t t was unfortunats that in ae vie exnirt of Arta ere, Dertgat czised ite head. Neenah charade exve tO return {Oo fer usale Bie’ ay eon domiciled by the pried: & t suas ie immediately ae arned thar the Levites had aige® ‘ad therefore withdrawn fron Re sated them in their i) atone and ay the sabbaih with che Tyran a etayned, Nehemiah ordered the gahess a fein the eve of the peers h oo ite aut agiifiet intermarn: lage hud cgi ‘been & iw the Fumie not only © religion, & wad the very life of the Hebpaw apie aigthers from Philistine Ashdod ei The ev wes prevalent ip ‘the rent ee ey a granlson of Ietiashiby wav ie a daughter of Sanballat nepieniach hed him expelled front fe tnd THE SPLIT BETWEEN JEWS AND SAMARITANS 125 priest organized the service in the rival temple on Mount Gerizim, in complete emancipation from the novel inter- . pretations which were put on the letter of the Torah in Jerusalem. The split between the two communities was thus made permanent. CHAPTER XXIV FROM PERSIAN RULE TO GREEK (424-187) EHEMIAH was succeeded in the governorship of | \ Judea by a Persian official Bagohi. The internal administration was in the hands of the high priest and a council of elders, among whom descendants of the Davidic family held a conspicuous place. During the reign of Darius II. (424-404) the high priest was Eliashib’s grand- son Johanan, the brother of the expelled Manasseh, while the latter’s brothers-in-law ruled Samaria after the death of their father Sanballat. Another brother, Jeshua, conspired with the governor for the high priestly office; the two brothers quarreled in the Temple, and Johnanan slew his brother. Bagohi imposed upon the Jews a fine of fifty shekels for every lamb offered in the daily sacrifice; he even entered the Temple, and when the Jews raised objection he bluntly answered that he considered himself purer than the fratricide priest. In the year 410, a calamity befell the Jewish military colony of Jeb (Elephantine), on an island of the Nile south of the first cataract. This and the other settlement right opposite on the western bank of the river, at Syene (Assuan), had been established before the Persian conquest of Egypt; long before the coming of Cambyses, there had been built a temple in which the Jews of the island made sacrifices to the Lord. As the result of a conspiracy on the part of the priests of the Egyptian god Khnub, in conjunction with a subordi- nate Persian official, this Jewish temple was laid in ruins. Petitions were sent to the governor of Judea, to Johanan the high priest, and to the rulers at Samaria. The Jerusalemite priesthood were unwilling toaccord to the Egyptian Jews the full rights appertaining to their own Temple; they might build a modest altar-house and offer meal-offerings and 126 CHAPTER & vecMm PERSIAN RULE TO Saas + abo ae a Pp eran n ober aa Ley eae ets art Wak mA the t ate! A ted pz a) ; AY ip Te — the larter's brothersin-law rated thew father “unit ‘outa Another ee aty wilh the erreernor for the high? i ‘other cunarreied in the Temple; = breather, Bagein mposed upom the a for ewery dan offered in the daily es the Teriok:, end when the Jews HoSwered frat he corel idered h imaelf y tn the vear. 440 : calamity befell: colony of Teh (Elephantine), om anise OF the hrst cataract; This aod theoth opposite ou the western bank of the avers had been established before the Persian tong bobore the co ming of C ambyses, 1 . temple in which the Jews of the island wa s the ce fa cor nspitacy On the part Khrnab, in conjunctied this Jewish temple van Petitions were sent to the ; governor Gt ) high priest, and to the r ‘ued at Samaria. priesthood were unwilling t6 accord: to the fall rights appertaining to. their owe fil build a modest gtar-house and offer 6 of the Lay pian gO xl 1} hate Persian nfficia 404-350] QUEEN ESTHER 427 frankincense, but no animal sacrifices. The worship of these Jews was not free from an admixture of heathenish concep- tions such as their fathers had carried away from their rural Judean homes. But the times apparently were not propitious for a rebuilding of the sanctuary. Soon Egypt was in revolt, and Amyrtaeus regained independence for his country (404). Agreater calamity threatened the Jews of the eastern prov- inces during the reign of Artaxerxes II. (404-361), if we may identify him with the Ahasuerus of the Book of Esther. The story is typical in its main outlines of the long chain of persecutions to which the Jews in the Dispersion have been subjected. Mordecai, a rich Jew, rises to power and influence with the court; his niece, the beautiful Esther, is taken into the harem and becomes the king’s favorite. Haman, the new minister at court, because of a grudge against Mordecai the Jew, vents his spleen on the Jewish people as a whole. He presents them to the king as a dangerous people, ‘scattered and dispersed throughout the empire, distinct in their laws from all other people, and refusing to obey the king’s laws.’ Haman obtains the king’s signature to an act ordering a massacre of the Jews; a lot (pur) is cast, and the day of the execution is set for the thirteenth of Adar. The Jews of Susa fast and pray; Mordecai conveys the information to Queen Esther, whose Jewish antecedents have remained un- known at court. She invites the king and his minister to a feast, and then pleads with her royal spouse for the life of her people. As the laws of the Persians and Medes cannot be altered, a new act is promulgated by the king, giving the Jews the right to organize themselves for self-defense (‘stand- ing for their lives’). Thus the calamity is averted. In com- memoration of the event the festival of Purim is instituted. How far Judea was drawn into the revolt of the Phoe- nician cities which started in 365 and led to the destruction of Sidon in 350 by Artaxerxes III. (361-337), it is impossible to tell. The punitive campaign against Egypt came nearer home, but it does not seem that the Jews were in any wise affected. They had all reason to keep faith with the Persian rulers, maintaining their loyalty to the very last, when 128 _ FROM PERSIAN RULE TO GREEK [334-275 Alexander the Great had crossed the Hellespont (334), con- quered Asia Minor, worsted Darius III. in the battle of Issus (333), and was proceeding to occupy the Phoenician coast. Tyre, and afterwards Gaza, which offered stubborn resist- ance, were overcome (332) ;in Egypt Alexander was received as a liberator from the hated Persian dominion. The Egyp- tian Jews rendered assistance to the Macedonian king in the foundation of Alexandria and were rewarded by a grant of extensive privileges which—so at least it was construed by the Jews—placed them on an equal footing with the Greeks. In the spring of 331, Alexander was ready to strike at the heart of the Persian empire. He passed through Palestine and Syria, which he had left in the care of Andromachus. The Jews accepted the change of masters, while the Samari- tans, who murdered Andromachus, were punished severely, and the city of Samaria was compelled to admit Macedonian settlers. ; After the death of Alexander the Great (323), the disrup- tion of the empire and the wars among his generals led to a renewal of the age-long dispute for the possession of Pales- tine between the north and the south. The general command- ing Egypt, Ptolemy, invaded the country in 320; Jerusalem was surprised on a sabbath and taken without resistance. Palestine was lost to the rival general Antigonus in 315; but the battle of Gaza (312) gave it back to Ptolemy. Another of Alexander’s generals, Seleucus, who coéperated with Ptolemy, made himself master of Babylon. That year was reckoned as the beginning of the Seleucid empire, and the newera, setting in with the autumn, was long in use among the Jews; it is. still employed by them in certain parts of the East. The bat- tle of Ipsus (301), which cost’ Antigonus his life, was the occasion for Ptolemy (I. Soter, 305-285) to seize Palestine. The victory, however, had been won chiefly by Seleucus (I., 305-280), who now ruled Syria. from his residence at Antioch. The son and successor of Seléucus, Antiochus I. (280-261), accordingly, attempted to wrest the country from Ptolemy IT. (Philadelphus, 285-247) in 275. Antiochus II. (261-247): concluded an arrangement by which he agreed to receive in ‘aie ae ee Te eee oe ek Oe 2. ae ~~ . a Ss a a og ed Pi a Sa ei Sava aa ets if 3h tag Cae lee ot ye Mee od : * “te ah ’ f ) paren of { \ z ‘ ESTING WON BP HR ee oy’ en oe $8 Palestine Sabre *. a oe ny? he , pits a ' td Berenice: bist a sued Gera enatay es einen procured har: ed egies” if fede a8 j ii os swether with her > dei. a ee : ghete Ptolemy ho i wi oe Paxeatin and + ggths s Ny ie 5 nm jue Mar with Egypt sa aoe ee Tule esa Great th by ee: eee I at t ier > t toe @évacuate *Palnall re ! vay es) at the age was (Hie m3 : mae ? e for Antic 1} shine t¢ i Ts \ nee iy ti ie Bo oe a Mac O mercenary if thie eed Pee Jewish nation and Pt Zee oa. Wo The PCity. sie hia in 708 ne aes ra aia ‘oa ipimaty /Palesti ine wae = dehial sited: i teansterred to Bow of Palestine, Ptolemy 1, had earried ) ran ¥ jewi SF captives, and the soca grew —_ (qh the subsequent expeditions, Ag many farms were settled for garrison duty in the femaainder served as meniale of the king's iglaves regained their freedom by an order ol ho Was well disposed towards his Jewish sub- . population of Alexandria had grown apace; Pepmpact quarter of their oma, wt the north. ecity, close by the royal palaot, Theylereane eke Greek, casiing behind dieu (he Caxwvae e eeeatc which then hack began +) Seared ie, at nee in the rural eR te. bss ene HOE : of the lar Searre:a chan oH ad ge re na? Nea if Seriptur es (Transtation af the Severed)‘ a $e! - aan POM: Glee cpehek ee A ey ee ee vou? TA55 Pkg ; . S Fea ak Oe bate eo BES do *, Sim + ae 2 f h: ¢. oe arte JAR OR. EVE Vs ate Pai t HATE ee - . .. COCO EY 2 se ay The victory, how ever, had be 305-2803, who now ruled Syria€ 3 her sen ond anceessor of i Sele accordingty, aftetpt Ai: aheoseepagevmte ae 198] PALESTINE WON BY THE SELEUCIDS 129 marriage Berenice, the daughter of Ptolemy(249), and with her the rights to Palestine. After the death of her father, Antiochus divorced Berenice; but the former queen, Laodice, whom he took back, procured his death by poison, and then had her rival together with her infant child murdered. In revenge, her brother Ptolemy III. (Euergetes, 247-222) invaded the Seleucid realm and carried home an immense quantity of spoil. War with Egypt was resumed on a large scale by Antiochus III. (the Great, 222-187); in the cam- paigns of 219 and 218 he carried his arms almost to the con- fines of Egypt. However, after the defeat in the battle of Raphia (217) at the hands of Ptolemy IV. (Philopator, 222- 205), he was forced to evacuate Palestine. The accession of Ptolemy V. (Epiphanes) at the age of four years was an opportune moment for Antiochus to resume warfare; by 200 he was in possession of Palestine. It was recovered shortly afterwards by Scopas, a mercenary in the service of Ptolemy, who subdued the Jewish nation and left a garrison in the citadel of the Holy City. But in 198 Scopas was crushingly defeated by Antiochus in the battle of Panium, near the sources of the Jordan. Palestine was definitely transferred to Seleucid rule. On his first invasion of Palestine, Ptolemy I. had carried away to Egypt many Jewish captives, and the number grew into the thousands in the subsequent expeditions. As many as could bear arms were settled for garrison duty in the fortresses; the remainder served as menials of the king’s soldiers. These slaves regained their freedom by an order of Ptolemy IJ., who was well disposed towards his Jewish sub- jects. The Jewish population of Alexandria had grown apace; they resided in a compact quarter of their own, in the north- eastern part of the city, close by the royal palace. The younger generation spoke Greek, casting behind them the Hebrew speech, or the Aramaic which then had begun to displace Hebrew at home, at least in the rural districts. To make the Word of God accessible to the Greek-speaking community was the purpose of the undertaking known as the Septuagint version of the Scriptures (Translation of the Seventy). Natu- 130 _ FROM PERSIAN RULE TO GREEK rally, the Torah was the first and foremost part demanding to be set forth. It is probable enough, as the story goes, that the king, who was a patron of learning, from the very start evinced an interest in procuring a transcript of the transla- tion for his famous library and that he entered into negotia- tions with the high priest Eleazar to send on a copy of the Torah to Alexandria as well as the requisite number of trans- lators (seventy-two elders—for short, seventy). Or, if the initiative proceeded from the Jews of Alexandria themselves, royal sanction was obtained for the translation and a copy presented to the library. Certainly, another motive played ‘nto the work—to convince the world that the Jews pos- sessed a literature rivaling the wisdom of the Greeks. The step was the first in the propagandist activity of the Dis- persion to set forth the true nature of the Jewish conception of God and of Jewish morality. At home, in Judea, the change of masters, from Persian to Greek, from Syrian to Egyptian and back again, produced no appreciable difference in the status of the community. It lacked political independence, sovereignty, statehood, such as (so it was hoped) would come back in God’s own time, when the dispersed would be gathered and the visions of the prophets realized in all their truth. Otherwise the com- munity possessed all the attributes that mark nationhood: a contiguous territory, a national speech, a constitution di- vinely ordained, an autonomous government. The head of the nation was the high priest; as such he was recognized by the foreign ruler, who held him responsible for the pre- servation of order and for the delivery of the taxes. The high priest was assisted by the Council or Senate, an aristocratic body of priestly and lay elders. The Temple was the visible embodiment of the national sanctities. There was pomp and ceremony, and the people loved it: the music and song of the Levitical singers, the ministrations of hundreds of priests, the gorgeous vestments of the high priest as he stood and blessed the prostrate people amid profound silence. The three festivals, Passover, Weeks (the season of the Giving of the Law), Tabernacles, brought throngs of pilgrims, and iBtructure of Judaism as developed in the vever, Was concerned not merely with the hut with the entire life of the Jew. By the first (eeribe’ or teacher, the Torah had been Keeping of the priests aid placed. into the eA body of devoted teachers made it etotcain the Jewish people in the ways “spagall and the youth in schools both ager, the adults ia their meeting houses apragogucs) . Nat anly did the Torah re- But the provisions had te be applied to — gvenditions. It was brought home to the its that im order to safeguard the scrupulous he expreasty Commanded in the Torah. ied -aleut by preventive inhibitions not , infed. ‘Make » fence about the Torah’ bof the new orientation. Assemblies, like i Bera, would sweet from time to time to ews or to enact new ordinances. The ed into the third century and was known ty (or Synagogue}.-One of its last repre- @ high priest - Simon 1, 3 surmamed the Tust, F piety, devoted alike to che Torah, to the and ‘to deeds of kindness. In the light of high places which subsequently set in, he ‘shining exemplar of a period which had in his own day it was a matter deserving s high aristocratic dignitary allied himself tic tendencies operative among. the ranks reand teachers. 7 extinct, for the simple seciadih » that it hast ‘prepare for the triumph of Moasism. te | ee Torah. The prophetic writings stood collectet a fee ‘ to the Torah, itself instinet with the re it Ae eae ie ia Bi paee et “Tt Et a AONE pe fi a th papa ae the ; gos tei eas, *5 inte an well oe requis inn os FAKES ams wovkd game back BY a poe rs ees RO spon of leamnimg, . Be Part . cx wine a moreno irk Oto hrew. pe poet AOBRAL +: to sents a So ”_ w ef 5 a. fet a winedikh wt ave Ee peta ante + WO ERR “hue. pi . ef sok ie ai nature ft ie neortig Hi pee bes, $e chaieeak rma eek, Sveste st 3 rt bg prtian and 4 cep geee eth ahvesiney » the stadia of wignka para Ape HK Lesa, sovereigt When che do permed would be gathered tit ae as Jaume 46 ar thea truth. | TMI N Paeeeaues oll the aterthutes that mtiguema territoty, & Reino nie #atr was fret high peers fori’ ny the foresee ruber whe betd hin : ; covvetion ot order and tore delivery E [test War ages bee} oy the < ‘ongaenth or » baxly of priestiy and lay aeheway The Tem wuhediment of the national sumeniien. 4 i ceramony, and the people jawed iy. Levitical singers, the roinisrea tions the gorgeotis vestments of7he high blesaed. the prostrate people amid the Law), Tabernacles, broughr-e . THE GREAT SYNAGOGUE 131 each had its stated sacrifices and ceremonial; the Jerusalem- ites were happy to witness the awe-inspiring service on New Year’s Day and especially on the Day of Atonement, the keystone in the structure of Judaism as developed in the Torah. The Torah, however, was concerned not merely with the Temple service, but with the entire life of the Jew. By the act of Ezra, the first ‘scribe’ or teacher, the Torah had been taken out of the keeping of the priests and placed into the hands of the people. A body of devoted teachers made it their earnest business to train the Jewish people in the ways of the Torah, the children and the youth in schools both elementary and higher, the adults in their meeting houses (batte keneseth, synagogues). Not only did the Torah re- quire explanation, but the provisions had to be applied to constantly changing conditions. It was brought home to the spiritual leaders that in order to safeguard the scrupulous fulfilment of injunctions expressly commanded in the Torah they should be hedged about by preventive inhibitions not originally contemplated. ‘Make a fence about the Torah’ was the watchword of the new orientation. Assemblies, like the one convoked by Ezra, would meet from time to time to interpret existing laws or to enact new ordinances. The institution continued into the third century and was known as the Great Assembly (or Synagogue). One of its last repre- sentatives was the high priest Simon I., surnamed the Just, a man of singular piety, devoted alike to the Torah, to the Temple worship, and to deeds of kindness. In the light of the corruption in high places which subsequently set in, he stood out as the shining exemplar of a period which had closed. But also in his own day it was a matter deserving comment that this high aristocratic dignitary allied himself with the democratic tendencies operative among the ranks of humble scholars and teachers. Prophecy was extinct, for the simple reason that it had done its work, to prepare for the triumph of Mosaism, the reign of the Torah. The prophetic writings stood collected, a worthy second to the Torah, itself instinct with the proph- 132 FROM PERSIAN RULE TO GREEK etic spirit. The words of the prophets were expounded alongside of the Torah. The subject-matter lent itself to sermonic amplification; the teacher turned preacher, deep- ening outward formalism by the call to inward piety. The written word, whether of Torah or Prophets, was not a dead letter, but, by reason of the interpretation to which it was constantly submitted, it was made to keep pace with the newer religious experiences, and these were read into the ancient texts. The trend of the times was in the direction of stressing the religious needs and questionings of the individ- ual. The old conception of national solidarity had not lost ground, and men found consolation in the immortality of the race. ‘The days of Israel are without number.’ The disciples of Wisdom, that third branch of spiritual guidance which had been in the nation from of old, probed the problem of undeserved suffering and of the fate of the individual. In the height of mystic exaltation they put forth tentatively, gropingly, the vision of divine vindication after death. Some of the wise, like Ben Sira, a younger contemporary of Simon the Just, evinced an unconcern with the things hidden, and still others were given to sceptical doubt as to the moral order of the universe and resigned themselves to everyday wis- dom: ‘Fear God, and keep His commandments; for this is all that man needs to know.’ l From this enlightened searching, which still left room for conformity, there was but a step to the worldly-mindedness rife among the wealthier classes. The merchants, whose business journeys took them abroad, and particularly the tax-farmers who were brought in contact with foreign courts and their ministers, held cosmopolitan notions which re- solved national differences, and religion sat lightly upon them. They looked superciliously upon Jewish exclusiveness by which they were hampered in taking their place in the larger world for which wealth and station fitted them. This hankering after foreign culture was nothing new; it had engaged all the fiery zeal of the prophetic opposition. Now, as before, the contemners of the national mind were con- fronted with a counter-movement which rose from below. Pe ee a ee ne ee ‘TRE Pree 133 g igh Sithewitian mn folk, it dwt 5 eae Pray “omginiienti is $ preety we head i Sx seed? > Tenge: wise Fiek.., Ppa with dmitt whe Ba eae “tert trust and vee Aa eee eet hote ie FR: eed on bei ines oitibl r y etwhien set tie =" id swine 0 << cluch wae apetigitdiedt jy che Palestine ancl tie eer ge iy the re Brive if ee Fenenets | Wat heats. . . x nay * ‘ TOY eee ge "te “~ ® j a 2 ‘i . 4 - ‘ 3 . " r >. =i ‘ # J r « Ar a ; a. ‘ hm } 4 OL ee 3 \ XY i g . > . ‘ e ’ i i ay * . © F “~ i te 7 ay » a — ‘ thanks Bie bike Sginges Reduces dl rs enpagest all mie na. bedore, the co fanned with o counter- movement THE PIETISTS 133 But there was this weighty difference: Mosaism had taken root among the common folk, it had stamped itself deep on the national character, thanks to the assiduous labors of generations of teachers. Groups were forming themselves in all stillness, countering insincerity with single-mindedness, pride with humility, worldliness with piety. Their opponents might regard them as Pietists (hasidim) ; they gloried in their saintliness. They were anchored to Temple and Torah, their inward devotion aquiver with doubt and depression, but ecstatic with childlike trust and new-born exaltation. In heaven they had none but God, and beside Him they desired none upon earth; to be near to God was the highest good. The rift kept ever widening between the men of the world and the lovers of God. The clash was precipitated by the Seleucid conquest of Palestine and the impetus it gave to the sympathizers with Greek culture in high Jewish quarters. CHAPTER XXV HELLENISTS AND PIETISTS. ANTIOCHUS EPIPHANES (187-165) HE religious division had, as its concomitant, politi- cal factionalism. The two sets of interests acted one upon the other and often blended, though the relig- ious probtem overshadowed all else. Scopas, on subduing the Jewish nation (p. 129), found in Jerusalem a strong party with leanings towards the Seleucids. Such was the influen- tial and well-connected house of the Tobiads. The founder Tobiah had married a sister of the high priest Onias II. (son of Simon the Just), and their son Joseph amassed a great fortune as farmer of the taxes during the Ptolemaic dominion. Of Joseph’s large family Hyrcanus alone, his father’s favor- ite, threw his wealth and influence on the side of Egypt. Ptolemy V. set up the claim that, when he married Cleopatra, the daughter of Antiochus the Great, Palestine had been promised her as a dowry. Seleucus IV. was now reigning in Antioch (187-176). Hyrcanus made overtures to Ptolemy and promised to advance his cause in Jerusalem. He was worsted in a clash of arms with his brothers and was expelled from the city by order of the high priest Simon II. Hyrcanus returned to his estates across the Jordan, where he built a castle—the ruins are still extant ae el-Emir)—and waged war with the Arabs. The Seleucid party had the upper hand in Jerusalem. One of their number, Simon, had been appointed administrator of the Temple treasury, which contained large private de- posits. The finances of the court at Antioch were at a low ebb; Simon let it be known in friendly quarters how they might help themselves to much money that lay idle in the Temple, especially to the sums left there by Hyrcanus. The 134 SECURES THRE $e PaistHooD 134 ed by the high priest Chitiad tt, who ng the party fsiowily 40 Beypt. bleaine fer Heliodorus to Jeruewiem; but Ovias his plans, Ax Cheigatigaticon of Simon, thome, in order to secure the throne for pid rulers in general were admirers of y i Made Manifest}, wax an enthusiast, an citizenship, aid bent upon spreading . nin his domains through setthng-Greeks ie . He built temypes to Apollo and Jupt- ssize: he loved to celebratewith magni- - = ous festivities. He strove for seinen | of the extreme -Hellenizers in Jecusales, ochu who was in feed of money, @ higher Siiay' sisbensetliieeg! to. ieee ‘diveniiath eae a Smal m Jerusalem the perapbactns af ie 174] JASON SECURES THE HIGH PRIESTHOOD 135 scheme was opposed by the high priest Onias III., who sought support among the party friendly to Egypt. Seleucus sent down his treasurer Heliodorus to Jerusalem; but Onias succeeded in thwarting his plans. At the instigation of Simon, the governor of Southern Syria made ready to step in. The matter came before the king, and Onias departed for Antioch to present his case. Seleucus was murdered by Heliodorus in 176. His brother Antiochus IV. (175-164), who succeeded him, had been kept as a hostage in Rome since 189, one year after his father’s defeat by Rome in the battle of Magnesia and the resulting loss of Asia Minor north of the Taurus. Shortly before the death of Seleucus, the Romans had let him go in exchange for the eldest son of Seleucus, Demetrius, a boy of twelve years. At Athens, Antiochus received the news of his brother’s death and hastened home, in order to secure the throne for himself. The Seleucid rulers in general were admirers of Greek culture; but this Antiochus, who surnamed himself Epiphanes (the God Made Manifest), was an enthusiast, proud of his Athenian citizenship, and bent upon spreading Hellenic civilization in his domains through settling Greeks in the principal cities. He built temples to Apollo and Jupi- ter, the Olympian as well as the Capitoline, and erected statues of enormous size; he loved to celebrate with magni- ficence Greek religious festivities. He strove for popularity among his subjects, but was perfectly unscrupulous as to the means he employed to obtain the funds his lavishness re- quired. Energetic and ambitious, he was given to whims; serious and sober men judged him half-crazed (Epimanes). Immediately upon the accession of Antiochus, Hyrcanus perceived that he could not hold out in his fastness and took his own life; his property was confiscated by the king. Onias was still in Antioch. His brother Jeshua (or, in Grecised form, Jason), leader of the extreme Hellenizers in Jerusalem, promised Antiochus, who was in need of money, a higher tribute and was nominated to the high priestly office. He worked upon the king’s susceptibilities to Greek manners and offered to introduce in Jerusalem the paraphernalia of 136 HELLENISTS AND PIETISTS Greek civilization. The price paid to the Jews was the priv- ilege to be registered as Antiochian citizens. Under the very Citadel of David, a place of exercise (gymnasium) was set up, where the youth from the best families, completely stripped, wearing only the broad-brimmed hat with figures of Mercury, wrestled and disported themselves as Greek athletes. Such was the extreme of Greek fashions that the young priests forsook the Temple service and ran down at the first signal to witness the games. Jason went in his lib- eralism still further. On the occasion of the games in honor of the Tyrian sun-god, which the king graced by his presence, the Jewish high priest was represented by a delegation with gifts for offerings. However, the envoys shrank from so gross an offense and turned over the money for the building of ships in the royal navy. While Rome was throttling Macaddta and laying the foundation for world dominion, Antiochus learned of war- like preparations in Egypt. Ptolemy VI. (Philometor, 181— 146) renewed his claims upon Palestine. Jerusalem seemed to be loyal, and when Antiochus visited it, he was accorded a magnificent reception. But soon an Egyptian party raised its head in the city. Jason was no longer trusted by the king. He was replaced by Menelaus, brother of the Temple treasurer Simon (p. 134), who offered a still higher tribute. Jason took refuge in the Ammonite country. The new high priest belonged to another branch of the priesthood, the class of Miniamin. He was committed to his predecessor’s policies, both in repressing political opposition and in furthering Hellenizing measures. It was not so easy to raise the money he had promised. The king’s representative in Jerusalem pressed for payment, but the moneyed men resisted increased taxation. Menelaus was summoned to Antioch. Here he was charged by Onias with sacrilege. Menelaus had helped himself to Temple treasure and bribed Andronicus, who acted as regent during the absence of the king, to lure Onias from his refuge in asanctuary at Daphne, — near Antioch, and to slay him. In the meantime Lysimachus, the brother of Menelaus, suffered death in Jerusalem because ce ON: OF PRE PRA LS EL 1G ui ¥<) Mibidedations of the Femuk: =) myth Wert St Menelans, iney tiie vied when id eorh over he returns. tt Jee ik sornnimady over a his réturs: fretn his Great iy pias expedition. ge b fovamaters: witht ul sualte; Menelaus a 1 into Ratt Mary af tHeobhes niall beanies the 7 ation of che Tusapie. RS. Far the senond (ato we weeete, Tet be was Obvictory ti; hw Seeley Gas of Rome. As ie iy the. chew wi Popilius a eee git rae seared ecby mets, Lae civig and b the: a Pigmcen were sicrulated that Rema Kaeaed w lerusalem with a | aan! Geos Senelaws unto the Cit- evar? mack stive> deeniy hurt by the ak Bits senate bk Was determined to i Fear Beta reves and ultimately “The ba 46% JO advance He ensere? faci. om «a wehttbath. The unre ats were biiptedsecn i> Je sopeisesy eit at , City iia. ee a eee gS ani “ © Hartitied. aie? ace chs Apoetese Jews, who ee Delt, viele re: awe oid bagether y : ts ‘ , ss ‘1 ’ a i ’ 7 3 a Rei! eee brie DOT ACTICE of h Oth $6) a9 HE shat ha he 2 A A ORME. RS guched. ap te t : ME LUGS 248 ‘gi, a) as ae ae 54% 1s . ts ae : ee Fe ae ee PRE RRA: Gd SG GRR Ne Pete Wa F 4 tsatdl) < NRS Five, UK guar ee pies 73 UL teasgis loneicd, a pian ob: . i gare Pe veaith Freer che best wteigeedl, tariay cai Lint: pier 3 rh if he reer’, wrens et arte giiietar. ye ‘eds Re Rive: Nae Mike % " erabeny wt tortie. + Che a pabeaices 4 tie Tytien ain god, whiek the Be the Joweh bigh priest wasaeg ojits dar eRerings. Hewewets im ye eet Poa j ceay: 4 ae sf ne e? te Boe | erat} Oy wy wi, hear” § + j , 5 4 okie gh 143 |: pe eare BESSY « loval. avd wien Aretieiagin aa XK Pare ta Fax f id ae £5 ¥. 4 is hy ‘Kivig bis pu! ret +4: “et” pd Sy > ed ‘ ite aie tee iy 43 SPE a | ~ stTwer ‘Ly, } ak Hriesthoud, the class. anf "Medea preciecessors policies, botipam atid im furthering iene. raise Khe money he had promised. : im» ferusalern + pre: ind for. pay ment resisted increased taxation, Me Antioch, Here he was ch ae Menelaus had helped himselitad Andronicus, whe acted as regent ¢ : king, te ture Onias from his refuge in near Antioch, and to slay him, Tm the Brother of Menelaus, suffered 168] SUSPENSION OF THE JEWISH RELIGION 137 of his continued depredations of the Temple. Charges were preferred against Menelaus, but his gold won the court over to his side, and he returned to Jerusalem to tyrannize over his enemies. On his return from his first Egyptian expedition (169), the king entered Jerusalem with a largesuite; Menelaus conducted him into the Holy of Holies and permitted the thorough spoliation of the Temple. The next year Antiochus invaded Egypt for the second time. The success of his arms was complete, but he was robbed of the fruits of victory by the intervention of Rome. An ultimatum was presented by the envoy C. Popilius Laenas, who drew a circle in the sand about the king and bade him decide on the spot. Rumors were circulated that Antiochus was dead. Jason hastened to Jerusalem with a force of a thousand men and drove Menelaus into the Cit- adel. Antiochus was very much alive; deeply hurt by the humiliating outcome of his campaign he was determined to vent his spleen on the Jews. Jason fled betimes and ultimately ‘reached Egypt. The king ordered Apollonius to advance upon Jerusalem. He entered the city on a sabbath. The unre- sisting inhabitants were butchered; the soldiers pillaged at will and carried off women and children to be sold as slaves. The walls of the city were razed; the citadel south ot the Temple hill was fortified, and there the apostate Jews, who were friendly to the king’s cause, were quartered together with non-Jewish residents. | A royal edict was proclaimed suspending the practice of the Jewish religion on pain of death. The rescript was couched in general terms commanding the fusion of all nationalities in the realm into one people and the acceptance of the Greek religion by all; but that was only a blind. The force of the proclamation was directed against the Jews and the Samari- tans. Accordingly the Temple in Jerusalem was converted into a sanctuary of Jupiter the Olympian, while that on Mount Gerizim was dedicated to Jupiter Xenius (the Defender of Visitors). On the fifteenth day of Chislev, 168, a statue of the god was set up on the altar, the image of the ‘lord of heaven,’ which the pious Jews spoke of as ‘the 138 ; HELLENISTS AND PIETISTS abominable thing causing horror’; on the twenty-fifth day of the month heathen sacrifices were offered on what had been the altar of God. The Temple was filled with riots and revelings; within the sacred precincts men dallied with harlots; swine’s blood was poured upon the altar Heathen altars were also erected in the country towns. Every month the king’s birthday was celebrated, and the Jews were constrained to eat of the sacrifices; on the feast of Bacchus they were made to go in procession wearing wreaths of ivy. It was unlawful for anyone to keep the sabbath and festivals ordained in the Torah, or to profess himself at all tobea Jew. The king’s appointed overseers saw to the strict carrying out of the new order of things. Torah scrolls were rent in pieces and burned; their owners were put to death. Women, who had their children circumcised, were led pub- licly round about the city and then cast headlong from the walls. Eleazar, an aged teacher, who refused to eat swine’s flesh, was tortured to death. A group of pious people who had fled to a cave near Jerusalem in order to keep the sab- bath secretly were surprised and cominitted to the flames; they chose to die rather than to desecrate the sabbath by offering resistance. The leaders of the Hellenist movement in Jerusalem had, of course, not expected that things would come to this pass. Their idea had been to liberalize Judaism and to meet Greek culture half way. The new course of things overwhelmed them; temporizing was impossible; they were too worldly- minded for martyrdom; conscience was stifled. There were naturally those who had no scruples at all and embraced heathenism to its utter limit. At the other end, the extreme Pietists were resigned to passive resistance. Their duty, as they saw it, was to live as their fathers had lived and to let God take care of the issue. It was a quietistic attitude, not different from that of Isaiah centuries before. The visionary who wrote the Book of Daniel—the last to enter the collec- tion of Holy Scriptures—reasoned that the present was the final onslaught on God’s people and the Holy City. Four world empires, one more ruthless than the other, had held : | "| FUVAR THE MACCABEE 139: adrezzar’s conquest of Judea: the Baby- ‘the Persian, the Greek. This was now anic kingdom of the saints of the Most with the clouds of heaven at the appointed peers, at the end he = tts Ato 1 the oh would rise to ae hasbiatlon | to shame and Sereored.. conternpt. Ba icdiverance « as the ats feichlak: sionary- A deliverer did come in the person iccabee ( ak Hammes ere oh who believed in af Reholerib, M avashiah the Hasmonean, ‘(a small town northwest of Jerusalem, fa). The aged father had elain bath the rand the first Jew. who anpemaiched the if was lawful, when attacked, to defend psabbath day. Bur Mattathiah soon died, p fell to Judah, who collected a body ‘of “s from among the scattered Jews, The up- eel. The Syrian government, taking this dis- ly, gent detachments of regular troops first ander Apollonius, and then from Syria under “the rebellion. Judah, notwithstanding his yet unorganized forces, proved more than a em. He surprised the enemy in night attacks force routed the Syrian host in the . The spoil which fell into the hands of the emwith weapons. When jardah moved up th of Jerusalem), be commanded a consider- ih he organized in companies a thousand, a ed ten strong. By fasting and prayers they meives for the unequal combat. —_" — i ie.) wane oye awe Lae ink CELA SNISTS AND P Pubes ee Petty CRA horror’; On: tide winnsh Reathen sacciices Were ei she gitar at Od. The Temnplerwaaa ierelimge: sbithin the sacred ptecine linghwie: awrine e ded wae poured ui Hoatuen altars were alad erected ne Lwery TesITt Tae ks Leg '§ birthday” Ferre were COMELTRIA ext to eat of the avin ey they were ade fy gO int pe eh bee. a woe weilawtol for anyone beti ya Of petits in the Torah, ‘or ix Ft B lotr The kine 8 appointed TSCA i of the pew pais Ladi mes. neh ponad 2 nee ae eo? I waits, Sinsaan? an aged: teacher, Aly, was tortured to death: A. mi Hed m «a cave near Jere path secretly were satyenee tty chose to dhe ering reetnnne. The teacers Ca i BITSES, Foot PRPS Their idea had been toh veraline J ealture half way, The ® them: termpertzing was impe pimced lor marty wrdom; LB waturally thoy: who had mage heathens to its utter aes Pietiats were resigned to pasei¥ they saw it, was to liveas thei God take care of the issue. He different frora that of isatah cent who wrote the Book of Daniel tion of Holy Seriptures- : res Anal onslaught on God's peaple world empires, One more ruthless JUDAH THE MACCABEE 139 sway since Nebuchadrezzar’s conquest of Judea: the Baby- lonian, the Median, the Persian, the Greek. This was now the end: the Messianic kingdom of the saints of the Most High was coming with the clouds of heaven at the appointed time. The seventy years, at the end of which the prophet Jeremiah had set the restoration of Israel, meant seven weeks of years. Now was the seventh and last week, ushering in the judgment, in which the righteous would rise to everlasting life and the wicked to shame and everlasting contempt. Why resort to arms, when Michael, the patron angel of Israel on high, was warring to overthrow the heathen power and to accomplish the deliverance of the Jewish people? So mused the visionary. A deliverer did come in the person of Judah the Maccabee (the Hammerer), who believed in active resistance. He was one of the five sons of a country priest of the class of Jehoiarib, Mattathiah the Hasmonean, residing in Modein (a small town northwest of Jerusalem, on the road to Jaffa). The aged father had slain both the king’s commissary and the first Jew who approached the heathen altar in the town. With his sons and other faithful Jews, the priest had fled into the mountains and convinced the Pietists that it was lawful, when attacked, to defend themselves on the sabbath day. But Mattathiah soon died, and the leadership fell to Judah, who collected a body of resolute warriors from among the scattered Jews. The up- rising was started. The Syrian government, taking this dis- turbance lightly, sent detachments of regular troops first from Samaria under Apollonius, and then from Syria under Seron, to quell the rebellion. Judah, notwithstanding his small and as yet unorganized forces, proved more than a match for them. He surprised the enemy in night attacks and with a small picked force routed the Syrian host in the pass of Beth-horon. The spoil which fell into the hands of the Jews supplied them with weapons. When Judah moved up to Mizpah (north of Jerusalem), he commanded a consider- able force, which he organized in companies a thousand, a hundred, fifty, and ten strong. By fasting and prayers they prepared themselves for the unequal combat. 140 HELLENISTS AND PIETISTS The Jewish rising was in a measure part of a general revolt of the East against the West. The Parthian province (south- east of the Caspian Sea) had under its own kings been ex- panding at the cost of the Seleucid empire; now Mithradates I. (about 170-138) was on the way to founding an empire of his own. Antiochus departed for the east to set things to rights, leaving the government of Syria proper in the hands of Lysias with instructions to crush the Jewish rebellion in a war of extermination. An army of forty thousand foot and seven thousand horse, commanded by Ptolemy, Nicanor, and Gorgias, marched down the coast and was advancing towards Jerusalem. With a body of three thousand stout-hearted warriors Judah, dexterously dodging a night attack by Gorgiasin the mountains, flung himself upon Nicanor’s army encamped at Emmaus. The discomfited Syrian forces fled into the plain. There was no time to plunder the deserted camp; Gorgias was descending with his detachment of five thousand men. So the camp was set on fire. At the sight of the flames, the forces of Gorgias likewise took to flight, leav- ing rich spoil behind. : A fresh Syrian army, under the command of Timotheus and Bacchides, was ordered to march on Jerusalem by way of Idumea from the south. At Beth-zur, some four miles above Hebron, Judah met them and won another victory. He was now free to move up towards Jerusalem. It proved impossible to dislodge the Syrian garrison from the Citadel. But the Temple hill was forthwith occupied. It was a sorry sight that met the eye: the sanctuary desolate, the altar pro- faned, the gates burned up, shrubs growing in the courts as in a forest, the priests’ chambers pulled down. With the aid of faithful priests the sacred place was cleansed. The heathen altars and places of worship were demolished. The great Altar, which had been desecrated, was pulled down, and its stones removed to a chamber without the Temple courts, until there should come a prophet to tell what was to be done with them. A new altar was built of whole stones, and new holy vessels were made. On the twenty-fifth day of Chislev, 165, exactly three years after its desecration, the Wiss RUPEDICATED — a ae rediedicated; the macentny accion For eight days the Feast at Dedice- Of t with sactifices. and prayers af d song, with processians ia which BO a Pout with kindling af Hglsta. 1 | feast should be keps aanualiy at this ition’ of the rekindling of the lamps jn distn was saved by the heroic zeal of 1 ps 1 new paltur, and the larape apeon eee yoke * ——— —~ ae ke Phyo. Sete ae pagige wd ee “at ohee ¥ laa ite nl byt we ™ ere a k rn f “4 : 4 ‘ od SF tee bg Pe eye wep Rigo rt ah ; Hrk, ia RPO a i neers, + aa Fake a omega’. ie toar of they chav 1, tate 172-438) was on cme yay tink ove % Anvechius 6 Lepeyr bie ak hae rights, Me VINhe phe gov ernie a of Lalas with instructions cones 4 Car *A f owtermination, Ag aneny of sere tows anu hor Be, CONTE nanded b a) TZU, ETT sed down acy coast ; BRhorm J , ‘je Ni dense Gorgiasin the mountams, Hung J a ct ni bE mimatis. The Gi inti the plain. There was ae § oem; Gorgias was descending thioieand men. So she ° inne vik Bf wil al iy A tresh Syrian army, ore and Bacchides, was s ordereet: Oe a liaumea from + © south, Ae above Hebron, Tudab met 4 ie was new free te move Ro Ee impossible to distadge the Syvrbae But the Tersple hill was forthe night tbat met the eye: the aap faned, the gave > burned up) sin in a forest, the priceta’ chambe of faithful a iests the sacrallg aitars and places of worshig- Altar, which Sad been desochth stones reanoved te a cha sabe! i until there should come 3 pee chet. done with them. A new altar was yu new holy vessels. were made, si € hiatew, 165, evectly three yerarae 165] THE TEMPLE REDEDICATED 14] Temple was solemnly rededicated; the morning sacrifice was offered on the new altar, and the lamps upon the golden candlestick were lighted. For eight days the Feast of Dedica- tion (Hanukkah) was kept with sacrifices and prayers of thanksgiving, with musicand song, with processions in which palm branches were borne, and with kindling of lights. It was ordained that this feast should be kept annually at this season in commemoration of the rekindling of the lamps in the House of God. Judaism was saved by the heroic zeal of the priest’s son of Modein. CHAPTER XXVI JUDAH THE MACCABEE AND HIS BROTHERS (165-142) YSIAS was now convinced that the coercive measures against the religion of the Jews had proved a failure. The Hellenists in Jerusalem likewise desired the termination of the state of war. A hint from Rome sufficed to bring the two sides together. Without awaiting the pleas- ure of the monarch who was still in the east, Lysias obtained from the young prince Antiochus V. (Eupator), whose guar- dian the regent was, a rescript guaranteeing to the Jews freedom of worship and bidding them return to their peace- ful occupations. With Menelaus as go-between, it was hoped to detach the loyal subjects from the rebels and then to out- law the irreconcilables. These half-measures were not calculated to satisfy Judah on the one side or the enemies of the Jews on the other. The persecution initiated by the Seleucid monarch had revived the ancient animosities against the Jews among their neigh- bors to the south and to the east. The Greek cities, which had been growing in number since the times of Alexander the Great, had become fresh centers of virulent hatred of the Jews. Judah left the Temple mount strongly fortified so as to frustrate any attack from the Citadel. He likewise sur- rounded Beth-zur with walls; this fortress served him as a base of operations against the _Idumeans, who made raids upon the Jewish insurgents, at the same time offering a refuge to fugitive Hellenists. The Idumeans were driven into their strongholds, which were captured by Judah and set on fire. The chastisement of the Idumeans brought comfort to their inveterate enemies, the Arab Nand who made common cause with Judah. News reached Jerusalem from all sides of the sore plight of the scattered Jewish settlements outside the small, but 142 gjORDAniss MRE re ts ides of Judea Tile ty ah Sy Sy 28 - , were parents. we a aaron om nc} naif] ‘themse? ig ‘ees Hs ; ve fe ah A HUD orth, near ihe weet os rae Seen massacred ead! et oe 3 wi yy into slavery. Whee ges ne adah. and his bree ANS Fda Tye ie paney surpr ised the mpage.” Sree’ 3 h E rescued Jews wege! td bs Se Me, _— me ewealipr Pe pi tek (se 20, ‘fudah’s s elder brothes sar achieving Ar the head of three thy boawand mer, he esi Sty were again Ow Sit to hist . hand, an attack on Jabneh, led by ea during these expeditions, was re- the joss to the Jews in the aurniber of able. A second expedition by Judah ing resulted in thé capture ef Hebron. Was his campaign against ‘¢he Prilistine Gestroved and its sanctuaries with their shed. Two hundred Jews, among them en, had -been lured by the citizens of Jaffa 5 to the high sea and then cast overboard ; on twe ports of Jafla and Jabneh by night “on fire, s were made possible by the preoccupa- {arising out of his str ained relations with Mannaand then by reason of the deatli of the 3 When i in-163 Judah maide ready to assail the its Syrian garrison, Lysias determined to re- a ga inst the Jews. Menelans piud with his life orable turn events had raken; *e was replaced kim) from among the loyalist wriestly fant vast army marched ' into Judea. fram the seuth; £. as invested. Judah interrupted the siege of rhe Fand Azariah, whom Judah had left - a a: a re PCAN TRE wd c AMI A | “ ; 3 oo Wee CER Wieh Poe con eet ; ve Saher eg ate of sui ’ The Bieleiots tedentvieiam of Yhe shal ne Dag ee Ut ae seen a FEZERT Pas, § pen ditt 2 weet aed B teh geebueaceys, Wie Bit Oe Getach the bowel ehh} Re Tsrernt, 72 Bas. its eas . j Ng t alone by Demetrius. yever, knew Kome better. Romar emissaries it i te give countenance fo any disturber of beast who was just as speedily lefC in the failed. Before the Jewith embassy retumed etrius had quelled the rebellion of the ey ifiides with a formidable force, thus foresta!- vention. Judah met bim with a band of en, which was completely routed (at a place Beth-horon); the leedter himself fell in the aor yee: yi ¥ ‘

. J oes he % Are 4 Oey ak Di “e 7 Hie 26 . Aa Se ey oe i Bede, j oe \ a p fy d+eennivne ey sai Pi Mts Hee ate wan cereal ie, Sy 88 e= i the thrane. Be egy wae fala be Suey fi, who aati et Mange Sins: fant Ais o) elie branch sigh panei WA? SNe: Lie ta. Diner ties fron: ait taxes due the m alt fnture trifmte. Thus abe cet | i the yoke of the heathen removeil | opal vear on the Jews began to date ar the years of Sina, cheds pigh eer j y a A le 6 I. Trt ete 7 pre bee? t , tre echerously seized and marched aeruss the Jordan and 9 pana t th MAC CADRE J seipttinle: Chaban’ cogother with: D posisina on Penner al in the king peer aessivtadus dectic shee ic hey tte Ria ge The Epvetian monarch eh Southern Syria for himeclf iW, w Awe we aS OVErwW helmingly ran whe connoelled ee r ti. ta his ee he wos over . een far read In vhe honors aad ww souaty eoamaded by the kingt was jut down by’ the aid of, icaye ty vest the Citade Phe dinatlected Syrian Trephon, an officer of the antier's young son and ha ORO ob Risecieaie Viv (i485), upon Jonathan and his Bret ‘ tiie ype “unity by SOC rr a Cieaa; be also fortified the Citar * An embassy ta Re treaty lormerly concluded: ) Desraie Jonathan's yvalian Tryphon grew suspicious’ of was jured to meet the # , to surprise two thousand the Plain of Esdraelon troops successful in invading control, At’Fryphon’s demat and Jariathan’s two sons ae body was recovered by Sinton ¢ sie of his father and three brot cheat weuctute with seven pyra 142] THE YOKE OF THE HEATHEN REMOVED 149 phies of armor and ships carved upon the pillars, commem- orated the valorous deeds of the heroic family. The monu- ment was of such lofty dimensions that it was visible from the sea. The boy-king Antiochus was murdered by Tryphon, who then seated himself upon the throne. Simon entered into negotiations with Demetrius, who accepted from the Jewish leader a golden crown and palm branch and granted the Jews a general amnesty and immunities from all taxes due the Syrian monarch and from all future tribute. Thus practical independence was won and the yoke of the heathen removed from Israel (142). From that year on the Jews began to date their documents after the years of Simon, their high priest, captain, and leader. CHAPTER XXVII SIMON. JOHANAN HYRCANUS. ALEXANDER JANNAI (142-76) IMON (142-135) set great store by his acquisition of the S seaport Jaffa. In order to safeguard the road thereto, he captured Gezer, at the lower end of the valley of Aijalon. The heathen inhabitants were driven out and all traces of idolatry removed; the place was strongly fortified and a garrison of faithful Jews thrown into it, under the command of Simon’s son, Johanan. The Citadel, the bul- wark of heathenism in Jerusalem, passed at last into the hands of the nationalists. On the twenty-third of Ijar, 142, Simon entered in festal procession, and ever after this day was kept as a holiday. Subsequently the hill upon which the Citadel stood was cut down, so that the Temple mount rose high above it. An embassy was sent to Rome to renew the treaty of amity between the Senate and Judea. In Jerusalem a great con- vocation of priests and laity, high functionaries and elders met; a decree was passed, engraved on a bronze tablet, and publicly set up, which named Simon prince, commander, and high priest for ever (Elul 18, 141). These dignities were to be hereditary in his family, until such time as a true prophet should arise. The ambassadors to Rome, who took with them as a gift a golden shield of a thousand pounds, brought back a senatorial decree, signed in the year 139, which recognized the independence of the Jewish state and commended the Jewish people to the friendship of all kingdoms and prin- cipalities in the East within the Roman sphere of power. The new state was, however, soon involved in the political complications at Antioch. Demetrius II. was defeated by the Parthian Mithradates I. and captured (139). His brother, Antiochus VII (Sidetes, 138-129), took up the fight against 150 : : ‘7 re iA 2 ‘ ’ ‘ 5; ; 5 , a) . * ‘ - b was eager tes Gate nal ee iegiarn for whieks tea capitan : ig tharight of coinage. Buiraryle: cee, Ci. - eruberantial {oree 12 Sey wiht HIS $m. ae ecimed Simon’ anit pogh es AS Cage ie cities and: Wi Hae AE: Whea Traetefe: x se noel Cotitrati: - , etc ome wi enone i cis). : en 1 ai F » the people wees Aah a ay : ee . ’ acs life. Matecs® per aes ieee a y 3 ae to be had | thi rie: eiaedt ‘ty x83 tag a he a ; ee \ of ithe Jewse wdippi: be Se ee jut Simon’: piite was cut dort whee Ey SD bition son-iti-low, Prokem. Sees aa he this wife and « ail Tae Mie aoe err Dies in the tortacre % ate ret be paead then bod sive Hi ee Se Aare £ Se ihe | yes men8 ese ‘909, johs ie Beer soi a bee ‘ ; in-law's denigan ind PRE i z belore Poorer weap sein ws laid mege th te Rema ary te ae \ . ; mn fed, Yat as his seem rc tte ti a jhe had te proceed sha dy S i SaaS peated the opera vom se SE Crh as Fepether-in Law oud Foe Oo te Yas a bad by sigh caeae nels Sees hia See i, i a ‘eu et of the was meas ee fs em was th oreng hy. ‘ait ter ce Poe ; thin: those that Conk? Ge ee sagt: meng ray As ny coh Cheat yoelatitet? * get a Ay By) Pah : is 0) wee applies ciao oe a ad "Einar (142-155) set greats seaport Jafla, in onder, LF he copruved Ceger, at FA paaon. he heathen inhabit peice of idolatry removed : watt a garfison of faithful Jews aod ot Sic ons son, janie 9: ones of heathenism in Jerusadam tiamds af the na tionalistes On te Simon entered in featal peti Ws bert a2 a hi iday. Saat a { rhade! steed was cul dows, beep ® a at abi 2 rf Ae cinbassy was sent to Re hetween the Senate and juc ‘ VOCE OT f DY iests andl laity, 7 met: & decree was passed, nalitichy #t QD, wi HCH named. » high priest torever (Elul 18534 hereditary in his family, wate should arise. The ambassaders #8 4 gut a golden shield of at a senatorial decree; signed din the the i ; nGeperisenice of the Jewish ‘ Mpatities in the Gace within the Rog The new state was, however, soon Im complicationa at Antioch: Dexaanine Parthian Mithradates I. and sd: Antiochus Vil (Sidletes, | i 38-129), 1 150 135] SIMON MURDERED 151 Tryphon. At first he was eager to gain Simon’s friendship and assistance, in return for which he confirmed him in his position, adding the right of coinage. But sosoon as Antiochus had gathered a substantial force of his own, he completely veered round. He declined Simon’s proffer of two thousand soldiers, subsidies of money, and siegeworks, and demanded a return of the occupied cities and an indemnity of five hun- dred talents in arrears. When Tryphon was overcome, Antiochus ordered his general Cendebaeus to invade Judea. Simon dispatched his sons Judah and Johanan to meet the enemy; a battle was fought near Jabneh which resulted ina rout of the Syrian forces. Judah was wounded, but Johanan completed the pursuit (137). During Simon’s reign the people were happy in the free- dom to live their own life. Material prosperity increased, strict justice was to be had in the courts, apostasy was sup- pressed, the laws of the Jewish religion were faithfully obeyed. But Simon’s life was cut short through the treachery of his ambitious son-in-law, Ptolemy, the governor of Jericho. When Simon with his wife and their two sons Mattathiah and Judah visited him in the fortress Dok (near Jericho), he gave them a banquet and then had the three men murdered (135). Thus the last of the Maccabean brothers also met with a violent death. Simon’s surviving son, Johanan Hyrcanus (135-104), thwarted his brother-in-law’s designs upon his own life and hastened to Jerusalem before Ptolemy could move against the city. Hyrcanus laid siege to the fortress in which Ptol- emy was entrenched, but as his mother was still held by the governor, he had to proceed slowly; moreover, the sab- batic year terminated the operations entirely. At length, Ptolemy slew his mother-in-law and fled the country. Antiochus VII. had by now established order in his realm and took the conduct of the war against the Jews into his own hands. Jerusalem was thoroughly invested; food began to be scarce within; those that could not bear arms were sent out of the city, and many of these perished of hunger{ As the Feast of Tabernacles (131) was approaching, Hyrcanus was 152 SIMON. JOHANAN HYRCANUS. ALEXANDER JANNAI ready to capitulate. Counsel was divided in the camp of the enemy; but in the end Antiochus realized that the Greek party was extinct and that behind the high priest stood now the entire people. He granted a seven days’ armistice and besides sent in cattle and incense for offerings. Peace was concluded on condition that the Jews were to recognize the Syrian overlordship, pay an annual tribute over and above an indemnity of five hundred talents, and surrender Jaffa, Gezer, and the other occupied cities. Antiochus was minded to place a garrison in Jerusalem, but upon the representa- tions of the high priest he accepted instead hostages, among them the brother of Hyrcanus. A turn for the better came with the death of Antiochus in his campaign against the Parthians (129). Demetrius II., who had been released from his Parthian captivity, was in- volved in war with Ptolemy VII. (Physcon) and with the pretender Alexander Zabinas; when Demetrius was murdered (125), his descendants fought with those of Antiochus Sidetes for the possession of the throne (Antiochus VIII. Grypus 125-113 and again 111-96—Antiochus IX. Cyzicenus 113-95). Practically Syria was powerless to act and therefore Judea was once more an independent state. Hyrcanus, tak- ing advantage of his opportunities, not only reoccupied the cities of the coast, but, reinforcing his army of Jews with mercenary troops, he prosecuted the policy of territorial expansion begun by his predecessors. The Idumeans, the old enemy on the south, were subdued and forced to accept Judaism. East of the Jordan, Medeba and the neighboring localities were conquered. The hated Samaritans were over- come, their temple on Mount Gerizim was razed to the ground; despite the repeated intervention of Cyzicenus, Sa- maria was taken by the sons of Hyrcanus, Antigonus and Aristobulus, and completely destroyed. A legend narrates that intelligence of the decisive victory of-his sons was con- veyed to the high priest, as he was officiating in the Temple, by a heavenly voice. Further northward, Scythopolis (Beth- shan) fell into the hands of the Jews through the treachery of the Syrian general. in Ge | be AoiaTH Or AYRCANUS i veh as Paces priest ee Sea ef the ss tio b, like'the Pictists, #ise enough to fight ise of their balighan, toate, now that the the ity. We mens “neasnn 4p. 144) how im to the high priestiy s#fee. The principle Prior claim was parame On the other np even Ln ae ri a ? oe oS eo 7 A .* . ee © : a ~ a Zs ry ad ~~. Xie ae “ae Pm eee ‘a it? . 7 re a” ‘ —" a € = 4 Hs } : i: 5 "2 , f T 4 + K as ni ; a} iv 7 ~ r toe et Sis ers 3 | ‘ . ' =, yt Pode. - . 4 cay < rat ‘ , + ir = ‘¥ 2 fea “5 e es = i %. Cee we oe he Listen ; : ene a ie Bt ae ae Os ‘ ‘ ; wt ot Fa As . , » ee jie OP ie ol r * (7 “ \ - ad arvte, weit 4 e uae ; aes pth CR ue." s + Vert, ARE Salta Z r ’ rs ~ ae J £ ifate 2% Mis ny ee? on * . obs ee hy tay Le i : hate r ee ™ to ies Ng ey, baer calcd co Hane peepee: ih i tohcian Saree eg eins ated een . oa ye LSS AOS, PORAN AN WY ROARDE. 4 : i wort at he so wereupy y amet, Shak Antigorus lon, Sibreoindies oscaned the: tay the wae strech by hin 7 ah 5 Maire he a ee Cores he follows ie ave ces Feb m AWE ep Aree y ' be ‘ ( i \aet . . ‘ lee - ‘ sie » 7 Bug “ <5 Mrmdrinking, which aM@uaw see StS uy see ce (75-16), Wolke anne odie. ce Bthe district of Cetus. ive sercingts was | mbed to the fever {7M The chee tant ot his antaputicm Je the Tharinwk * J ears f ts ‘ ; ‘ ge his Wile to mane tees wilt them, hat et the Pharisees nov -ibris apricots, hax! who, pretending fey $24 P actosese, cami r (| > ina +4 ¥, « 9 ‘: L pri: ai ers 4 eek y { , a ae ss 3 | a ; ; ; ee ie Ly’ MAAROO ANE RULERS. ao al. 4 na ‘ st} ‘ i, tee ‘ee: 1 Views (Ge). Fs artentign was rad 3 weeh and Jerusa em ant ng: nes ¥ ef they «3 a Fh oes te i Re- singe (6 y, \ Arlicobalie : “ing end inflicted apenas niauate himself wath Pe cut, avine w = of When the : - ‘2 rh th , . es. v a : } thy eTh, f he Bi ey. . ch ration of ‘the old hi 2 bt . : is ie a ; er ; i on the fe a Ee = ik oa ok Mt ‘ oo toric My ‘} Sy, - ROD DISTINed We. eH fe Opposed tap aided Sytner EH, er Hes esis bea. 85, Se? ed . ' A. This HU He: ¥ : ie Hie eee : me y : ¢ Council of Siete. hte | - Pane, tar isi Aa Sec. | aire, i ral He appooms? 4: aes ee eee it rab ty- d, The Phat ise. * ne | ae a Thee, ‘ ved for on vation. Clow grates TR ae Pw As serve from Se Panel \ Sea egeih spies At Pf odd’ : S acquittal. 3 ¢ ae Sint “rat Rt - Herod ws Tees pantad? ype a aR i batt incanwhiie ticor Seed oy or! i Yidsiee e a ect of the wide of *<2 tegers i, ae a ed ; 3 ‘. 7 with an a7 ijaa e NY 4 fs = ae nie, 4 i eo Bie plana for revenge: fiom of Cacsar ‘vst See SARA pe Ags \ formed with Leoiduw adh Vth vase OW! oéopeaele ee ators agaitin! < MOE , Kuk wae Peo , ‘hula Fitestine Was com peland Gr Gane: Yow The : | the rebel army a cum at sae) APs, Neat hi ae $ras raise Q thret eh ye viraex a Asaes- mn Herod. Soon thercatier Aritipstes gm. Yow fof a persona: tend (4.33; Phered cmctae a the 's death. Wher Asjigonus; with the and al ‘Chaicis, atternp: ed to regain the throne, be -¢ d by. Herod, who, however, was unable tp pre- ° he from annexing certain parts of Galilean Of Philippi the combined forces of Octavian Bea the last hapes of the republican party W shew mastero! fthewholeof Asia: Repeatedly tations appeared before him with complaints 1 ad his elder brovherr but Herod’s personal ~ Antony's irexiship for the father, phe had previously enjoyed, and a good rca mas, turried the weatew in favor of the two » were appolnies iwtearchs (co-rulers) of tie jo @ i oy : bere =_ OF aes CP Ss OP Ee ee Oe aS, ie or * ata ort oe Paps, irae wes executed’ ni Attach & 4 the express order oa hereditary head of the Jewlelm Way > ee eee . 7 7 said senna Tiss fae sh nan ‘and bvhigaindeet: 2 Hasty SW a ienot. to wh ecu tuiey tar Ane citented- 4 “wwe of chem were sold inte Seppe P33-~$ 34 Peieniine with | the entire Rae bree Po re and dC Aesar Sides : £ Geged <5 gt 7 Dpex : wh germce was ead ties de he met sail foc Syria. Hig eon Mbarsalus ae the death of Pox Veer eter Aanpa ter openly S When hard pressed in Egypt: auniliery force of three thous ihe omeviin ngents of acight Mithrada serie { Pergamunna Moreover, the Jewish hight a myvpiian jews to bring them: war with Prolemy XPV, Ee restoring the “ we? al positi¢ back the territery ‘abe awe important port of Jaffa (47 4 reward Roman citizenship and | | the favor of bata ie pices. ‘gi their ates Hyrcanus was but ie nowrite recat in the hands of. the astup 3 he mere ag prefects, Phezabab. in 2 fpaliler, Merod was then a you ane gave proof! of the energy upon the throne. in Galilées; a pu hig) having for its aim the came indepenmience. lust then a srs peame of the district by the nee ; 42) HEROD DISTINGUISHED BY ANTONY 165 those who were opposed to their extreme position. Herod seized the leader Hezekiah and a number of his followers and had them executed. This summary action met with the dis- approval of the Council of State in Jerusalem or, as it was now called by a Greek name, the Sanhedrin. Herod was sum- moned to stand trial. He appeared clothed in purple and with a body-guard. The Pharisee Shemaiah, a noted teacher, moved for condemnation. However, Hyrcanus had received a.peremptory order from Sextus Caesar, the governor of Syria, for Herod’s acquittal. He therefore adjourned the sitting and advised Herod to remove himself secretly from the city. Herod had meanwhile been named by the Roman governor prefect of the whole of Southern Syria; he came back to Jerusalem with an army, but was persuaded by his father to abandon his plans for revenge. After the assassination of Caesar (on the Ides of March, 44), Mark Antony formed with Lepidus and young Octavian the coalition known as the Second Triumvirate (43). Cassius, one of the conspirators against Caesar, had made himself master of Syria; Palestine was compelled to deliver for the maintenance of the rebel army a sum of nearly seven thou- sand talents, which was raised through the efforts of Anti- pater and his son Herod. Soon thereafter Antipater died by poison as the victim of a personal feud (43); Herod quickly avenged his father’s death. When Antigonus, with the aid of the king of Chalcis, attempted to regain the throne, he was defeated by Herod, who, however, was unable to pre- vent Mari of Tyre from annexing certain parts of Galilean territory. | In the battle of Philippi the combined forces of Octavian and Antony destroyed the last hopes of the republican party (42). Antony was now master of thewholeof Asia. Repeatedly Jewish deputations appeared before him with complaints about Herod and his elder brother; but Herod’s personal charm, coupled with Antony’s friendship for the father, whose hospitality he had previously enjoyed, and a good - word from Hyrcanus, turned the scales in favor of the two brothers. These were appointed tetrarchs (co-rulers) of the 166 THE LAST HASMONEAN RULERS [39 . Jewish territory, thus succeeding to the political functions held by Hyrcanus, albeit nominally. Antony granted free- dom to the Jews enslaved by Cassius for failure to con- tribute their share towards the maintenance of his army and ordered the Tyrian ruler to restore the annexed localities. While Antony was detained in Egypt by the charms of Cleopatra (VII.), the Parthians invaded Syria and Palestine. Antigonus realized the opportunity for regaining the throne. He allied himself with the Parthians, found supporters among his own people and entered Jerusalem, engaging in daily action with Phezahel and Herod. A Parthian detach- ment appeared before the city, and Hyrcanus together with Phezahel was inveigled into meeting the Parthian com- mander at his headquarters. Both were forthwith put in chains. Hyrcanus was mutilated to unfit him for the high priestly function, and was carried away into captivity. Phezahel committed suicide. Herod, however, fled from Jerusalem in good time; the women of his family and the children he sent on to the fortress of Masada (on the western shore of the Dead Sea) in charge of his brother Joseph, while he himself set out for Petra in Arabia. Mattathiah Antigonus (40-37), by the grace of the Par- thians king and high priest, marched against the Idumeans, who as Antipater’s kinsmen were unfriendly, and took the important town Mareshah. Even after the expulsion of the Parthians from Syria by Antony’s legate Ventidius (39), Antigonus remained unmolested, though a high tribute was exacted of him. Thus the Romans were bought off when they had come within sight of Jerusalem; but Masada remained in the hands of Joseph, who successfully repelled all attacks. In the meantime Herod had embarked from Alexandria for Rome. His lavish gifts and personal adroit- ness went a long way in winning the favor of those in power, notably of Antony and Octavian, who both recognized in him a devoted friend of Roman rule, ready to bear down all the opposition at home and to assist in warding off the Parthian peril. Accordingly he was named by the Senate in solemn session King of the Jews. He landed at Acco (39), 7 | RGD OAPTCRES JERUSALEM a “peomives! instructions co aid the new Sale entet assistance, but was th amen and mercenaries, Gali- oH agian, presented difficulties: os Seyi’ be way of Samaria to Jaffa, Ae Lig teach . “to jadea and raise the siege : G =f Hy charge of his brother Joseph, ay sitee tt fecueaiem; but the scant help gai mathe th « widertaking hopeless. in ¢ wat mi no wise minded to panies re FE hptored © Sexpher i, the mast Piscean Me sgAAL Fictory over the forces of Antig- haunted down che patriots in their hiding- G @usistance was still half-hearted, and aplshed:. an a second invasion of Judea, mped at Sem wata on the | ca guna ? tic rad to j etiod: Youeh had meanwhile fh Antigonus and Galilee had revolted. ad at. his disposal two Roman legions; ered: at Jericho the forces of Antigonus : Heros was wounded; but at Jeshanah in saria he annihilated-a part of the army of $. Now Biss was able to lay sp to ~ a ora a short - period to saith at sptials with Miriam, daughter of Alexander Hus ff., and of Alexandra daughter of Hyr- Eidlience with the Hasmonean house was Gispel apposition to his revel status on the rs, and i in Jerusalem the Pharisee leaders, who he union of regal and sacerdotal power in the wus. actually counseled surrender. Jeru- tak s by atorm, the Reman soldiers slaying and | ely a — Herod had to call a halt by buying the 4 Ay ae 4 3 Oe [Prose rte” Ae. ENE in person to Antony, who had returned to- f * a c ; it7. tc ki CBA al tes of oe Ah - a THe LAR . ‘ : dhesirsioadl thus ave 4 or. sibaig, ise slic sere ee Minah epee the’ Bb bance) onhenahle : * bh) , ike « Parthians Aetigocias realaod the . He caties himecll with: che flatky actou with Phegahel Quad “Pant eppeared betore the eity Pheeahe} wens hae ¢ inn wader at “hi Griivie. Huyrian preatty fusctHas, Pherae! comit ated ) titikdren he seni an be the fi whore of the Dead Seapane - hurts “ki ne and bigh priest, chs as Antipater s iemen: IOS tant town ‘Sareshali: Parthians from Spa fy Amtigonus rained nemo exacted. of him. Thus the: they’ had come within sight hands af Josey ai attacks. In chs mua ehh Ptexaudnia for Rome. Hig Javis iaiweta long way in winning: meetly of Antony and Oetay ‘Mew a dewited friend of Roma rie cui 1 jon at home tad: to. Partiaa peril. Accordingly he We sien semion King of the few a OC a TOTNES 1 Loe "—_ -”, 37] HEROD CAPTURES JERUSALEM 167 Though the legate received instructions to aid the new titular king, he met with lukewarm assistance, but was allowed, without hindrance, to gather an army consisting chiefly of Idumean fellow-tribesmen and mercenaries. Gali- lee, the center of anti-Roman agitation, presented difficulties; but he was able to descend by way of Samaria to Jaffa, which he took, then to march into Judea and raise the siege of Masada. With Idumea in charge of his brother Joseph, he attempted to lay siege to Jerusalem; but the scant help furnished by the Romans made the undertaking hopeless. In the city, Antigonus was in no wise minded to. abdicate, certainly not in favor of Herod, who was but a half-Jew. Herod, however, captured Sepphoris, the most important city in Galilee, won a signal victory over the forces of Antig- onus at Arbela, and hunted down the patriots in their hiding- places (38). Roman assistance was still half-hearted, and nothing was accomplished on a second invasion of Judea. So Herod appealed in person to Antony, who had returned to Asia and was encamped at Samosata on the Euphrates. Peremptory orders were given to Sosius, the new governor of Syria, to lend energetic aid to Herod. Joseph had meanwhile fallen in battle with Antigonus and Galilee had revolted. But now Herod had at his disposal two Roman legions; Galilee was reconquered; at Jericho the forces of Antigonus fought bravely and Herod was wounded; but at Jeshanah in the district of Samaria he annihilated a part of the army of Antigonus under Pappus. Now he was able to lay siege to Jerusalem (37). The inhabitants held out for full five months. Herod absented himself for a short period to celebrate at Samaria his nuptials with Miriam, daughter of Alexander son of Aristobulus II., and of Alexandra daughter of Hyr- canus II. The alliance with the Hasmonean house was counted upon to dispel opposition to his royal status on the part of the Jews, and in Jerusalem the Pharisee leaders, who were averse to the union of regal and sacerdotal power in the person of Antigonus, actually counseled surrender. Jeru- salem was taken by storm, the Roman soldiers slaying and pillaging freely, until Herod had to call a halt by buying the . 168 (+ pa LAST Romans off. Antigonus was Antony at the request of H Seas ag oie of the Bois eans é P ; , i \ Vas oe | 7% j e P Wey hie sg 7 L pew rai Fi) ‘7 ti We ae mig "hit alae ac ¥ ar ' —— biteots q 4a us bi eke hoya $e bah ee Pourmiix xx io eee em oy d the Great, Siaes Keges ERE ily, ble e} agent 4) a clemsems [piety 2b Sa | en master Qt Saws igs Ce a | g pare 7m which he omit. ily shown which he fem ae ey Mice tiprig'e: \\ E ts Suey x Sana OV Santer? | reas y eas, A eg @ Pel: Mie hy = oie : . y Ss ae eT aE an ® ra TM) Aah a od Ae Valter oe is ~ JA 4 10° ar ae ad at a Or “ * # | i< rod ws ul oy i ehahcdon Aston ; jailetors was prevent { 4 29-28] MIRIAM AND HER MOTHER EXECUTED 171 Egypt. As soon as Octavian set out for the East, Herod hastened to present himself in person. So uncertain was he of the outcome that before his departure he had the aged Hyrcanus, who in 36 had been released from Parthian cap- tivity, executed. He sent his children to Masada under the care of his mother Cyprus and his sister Salome, while his Hasmonean wife and her mother Alexandra were placed in the fortress of Alexandrium in charge of the commandant Soémus, with instructions to put the two women to death if he failed to return. The meeting between Herod and Octa- vian took place in Rhodes. The abject humility of the king of the Jews, who left off his crown, paved the way for a favorable reception, the more so since the sagacious Roman discerned in him the right man for the difficult border terri- tory. On Octavian’s march to Egypt (in the summer of the year 30), Herod rendered valuable assistance in facilitating the provisioning of the army; the grateful Roman, on the ~ successful termination of the campaign in the autumn of the same year, conceded Jericho and Gaza to Herod, then the coastal cities Jaffa and Straton’s Tower, as well as the cities of Susitha (Hippus) and Gedar (Gadara) east of the Sea of Galilee. A portion of Cleopatra’s Celtic body-guard was like- wise turned over to Herod. There was no love lost between Herod’s mother and sister on the one hand and his favorite Hasmonean wife on the other. Miriam showed openly her bitter condemnation of the execution of her maternal grandfather, and the king’s family fed his jealousy by trumped up charges of conjugal infidelity with Soémus and of plotting to poison her husband. Both the queen and her supposed lover were punished with death (29). Herod’s grief over the loss of his wife was uncontrollable and he gave himself over to wild dissipation and drinking bouts, until he fell sick and took to bed in Samaria. Alexandra thought the moment opportune to restore the Hasmonean rule and sought to win over the commandants of the Jeru- salem citadels; but the king was speedily informed and the dangerous mother of Miriam was executed (28). Similar punishment was meted out to Salome’s second husband, the 172 | HEROD THE GREAT [25 Idumean Kosgobar, and his confederates, the sons of Baba, a family distantly related to the Hasmoneans (25). Herod was now at the height of his power. He cultivated assiduously the friendship of Augustus—as Octavian was now called after being invested with imperial powers—and paid him deferential visits in Rome or during the emperor’s presence in Syria; he maintained personal contact with Agrippa, the son-in-law of Augustus and his presumptive heir. It was a great honor for Herod to receive the second man of the empire in his own capital and then to accompany him on his expedition to Asia Minor. Herod’s position was that of a friend and ally of the Roman people, and, while naturally restricted in the exercise of sovereign powers in external affairs, he possessed unlimited freedom in his own domain, whether in the management of army and navy, in judicial affairs, in the administration of finances, or in mat- ters of internal government. Thanks to repeated grants from his high patrons, the borders of the Land of Israel were again extended to the limits of the Davidic kingdom; Perea, thatis, Transjordania, constituted a separate tetrarchy with Phe- roras, the king’s brother, as administrator. The direct con- tact with the sea and the construction of ports opened up maritime trade, which in addition to the inland commerce increased the wealth of the country. The soil was intensively cultivated; colonies were settled in the newly won territory to the northeast; barren land was rendered fruitful through large waterworks and aqueducts. The royal revenue, by direct taxation or by imposts, was considerable; in addition the king commanded resources of his own, from private domains, from interest on loans to neighboring rulers, from working the imperial copper mines in Cyprus. Herod spent money lavishly. Like Solomon he had a pas- sion for building. The old sites which he restored or enlarged and the new cities constructed by him served both strategic and economic purposes. Thus he rebuilt Samaria and called it in honor of Augustus (Sebastos in Greek) Sebaste; on the site of Straton’s Tower he built a new city and named it Caesarea; toward Arabia he erected two new fortresses, both Seinen bent" re me aye ob), himself bel raecg’, gy Shee eg Se wie f t eywesteri: Wai eye a aie aioe ie ee " Say i hug halls, ‘resplentlisa: EET OS ae Re ¥ rhe Siaiwning a actos aapigare 4 ne pips, phere A | cpap Pies i es se eg besten sai LRAT : ¢ beatiful eights iid Wade Mets Vey eee. ¢ Be ileastc arrangement Patt ae Dae 3 uple proper, or the nieve se MCT PaO Pbellt of tuce blocks af ete wome, and in eh thos parts maccunstia ny layisen, none ie @aptoved. In front ran a wrye Porch, from br aed niall descended tq the Court of the @ Altar and the great Laver . Then follewed 2 te men-worshipers, amd, separated by a nen. Lower down, peieaton yt “i wae fews Snot to peiepaie within the ene idmare on. Hf that is left of this glory i she frrendation of 4 Wall (Koihe! Maarabt, the mist sacred 46 the Jew. Here to this dav he believes e rel ref: fsrael’ s Sanctuary. Sestine, from Antioch to the idles of the sea and s, Lacedaemon, and Mic opolt {on the site od was remembered fdr his fommdations of adles, and public edifices. He piayed the part ic adtinre and friend of Catear both abroad a Samaria he erected. a temple for the wor- emperor; in the Holy City itself he built a theater sdvome and introduced athletic games. He sur- imself with pomp; at bis court he entertained Greck 10 n ‘the most notable was his eourt-bistorian rod ped to Greek phileseplry, rhetoric, and his- d Greek tutors for his sons, ; To complete Shel { the Divine Presence hovering as of ni amastus. At.an age past bivy the monarch tet = ‘e +8 ‘ ~ a) are ag ba siledien g | cand #hé new cities cons tructed & vy 9 HEROD Tae omar ait: oats el a Ati a i ae ut eee eee mae ies pee. the RAR IC I MISSY za i ne 9 catiert a pastel beicy, cle! ere tl eh Rea & a: ae BAY ial: 4 wei aes ‘pormaerdas ie Seyt » be maintained. eer Sia, tite aon-in-d ets of ANE eect eT: 8 Pere naturally restricted in the oxen exteryial sais rs, he possessed 1 (hoacias nh, stoop art in the maa juteial aflairs, in the ale 4 eake t j . zs . { < ‘ we MITYon: eta teri gers £7 +b is Sash wack Pee} .¢3 Litt ifansjordania, coms titted & wot with the sealand the €; Bais hi a i te oti northeast; barren land was 1 arge waterworks and aqued weet taxation or DV. Sapa base SPE commande resources. ; Merod © apert and ecomanic purposes. Thre be Mehowdr of Augustus (Sebast vip si maesmide so ats he ejiat HEROD’S TEMPLE AND OTHER BUILDINGS 173 of which received the name of Herodium. He erected magnifi- cent residences for himself in various localities, and in Jerusalem, on the western hill (the Upper City), a vast palace, with huge halls, resplendent with gold, marble, and rare stones. The crowning achievement of Herod’s building operations was the reconstructed Temple, which was not really completed:till six years before its final destruction. It was said that no more beautiful sight was ever seen by man. The ground-plan and interior arrangement were left as they had been, but the Temple proper, or the House, was increased in height. It was built of huge blocks of white stone, and in the construction of those parts inaccessible to laymen, none but priests were employed. In front ran a large Porch, from which twelve broad steps descended to the Court of the Priests with the Altar and the great Laver. Then followed the Court of Israel for men-worshipers, and, separated by a wall, a gallery for women. Lower down, divided by a wall and fenced-off terrace from the Inner Sanctuary, lay the Court of the Gentiles, and a tablet with a Greek inscription warned non-Jews not to trespass within the enclosure on pain of death. All that is left of this glory is the foundation of the outer Western Wall (Kothel Maarabi), the most sacred spot in the world to the Jew. Here to this day he believes himself nearest to the Divine Presence hovering as of yore over the lone relic of Israel’s Sanctuary. | Outside Palestine, from Antioch to the isles of the sea and beyond to Athens, Lacedaemon, and Nicopolis (on the site of Actium), Herod was remembered for his foundations of temples, colonnades, and public edifices. He played the part of patron of Greek culture and friend of Caesar both abroad and at home. In Samaria he erected a temple for the wor- ship of the emperor; in the Holy City itself he built a theater and a hippodrome and introduced athletic games. He sur- rounded himself with pomp; at his court he entertained Greek savants, of whom the most notable was his court-historian Nicholas of Damascus. At an age past fifty the monarch let himself be introduced to Greek philosophy, rhetoric, and his- tory. He had Greek tutors for his sons. To complete their 174 HEROD THE GREAT education, he sent them to Rome and had them lodged with prominent Roman families that they might improve their manners and establish connections at the source of political power. Herod was in reality king of the Jews rather than a Jewish king. It is true that he made concessions to Jewish suscepti- bilities; he likewise used his influence to better the condition of the Jews in the Dispersion. But just as often he wounded Jewish feeling, as when he had the Temple surmounted by an eagle. He remitted taxation in times of distress, mag- nanimously perhaps, but just the same with calculated fore- thought that upon recovery the people would be able to bear the burden so much the more readily afterwards. He named and deposed high priests in quick succession and, by keeping the sacred robes in his own custody, made it under- stood that the office was subject to kingly authority. His absolute power was felt in the communal administration which was supervised by a royal commissary. Matters of state and jurisdiction over life and death were committed to an inner council of courtiers. The Sanhedrin was shorn of all prerogatives as a participant in executive functions; it was useful as an instrument whereby the king might carry un- popular measures. Its prestige was still weighty, but its activity was more and more confined to the religious sphere. Herod was not loved by the Jewish people. There was a class of irreconcilables who twice refused the double oath which he demanded to himself and to Caesar. The majority of the Pharisees found satisfaction in the pursuit of the Torah, and Herod was content to have them thus occupied. The two most noted exponents of Pharisaism during the reign of Herod were Shammai and Hillel. The latter came to Palestine from Babylonia, and of the two his influence on the development of Judaism was by far the more lasting. To both piety meant the strict observance of the Torah, the written Word of God and the unwritten teachings of its authoritative interpreters. This body of law constituted the norm of religious obligation (Halakah). In its application Shammai stood for extreme rigorism. He demanded of his SHAMMAY AN SH &, 3 . nt, When fis fit tees Seti Si. Ae ie ACIE es, he hael figs - vis a Pgs et - ye we: mn semua in a booth-like Se nani Ce RO hate BS TR 1a: peer lenient aval | ities bpcglah es Ey tHe ah Porah prescribes ciety) a Sa tee ve A COnsequene pve | aes bcd Ae. — approach. j iilhe na Ripe cy Ags mt by which the creekiet: - done cle tee tion of the debts and es pals Hts sive riok ey. Hillel made use of defiaits yes of inter- rtic principles) by mgite ot. which new - id from the Torah. {nstead of laying aside al for the coming sabbath, as Shammai was sl took thoughi of each day as it came along, sé Hiconings which came from Cod. Hillel was | ident and meek. Once a heathen approached De instctic ied in the Tewish religion in the € time. ‘Do not unto others what i is hateful to fhe whole of the Torah, all the rest 1s com- the answer. ‘The cammentary, of course, must Leper person cannot be Leger mvery man yet in his teen, iS 7 roe ae: Sok x winth. Palace intrigues, fostered by Salome, | qa domestic differences which ended tragi- ie intended the sons of his favorite wife, the ean mn Miriam, to be his successors. Alexander was te the Capes docian princess Glaphyra, and Aristo- F ks A: er Salome's daughter Berenice: The king’s policy was to wel together the two families, the }dumean smonean. The princes of Hasmonean blood looked mntempt upow those of other strains, and the old * eBalome did her worst to disturb the peace by 4 : = At length the king had Alexander and Aristo- Psy os . i" » ae be. SMe ets re 2 Seat PA + Le Pad At hi Bie a Cate ar Dt OR aren Pe tee os “o ae Si he fh Sasi ways i ; f i Det § i Dea ie p aga sitebiinh ; connections at. + cities ae omnes ha reality king of the ae eT Erde fans he made commer hie te; Skewine used his infige | Boece rwe ot the Diepergion, But 12 ft ne hay, . cling, as when he had the | ytiabe. He reenitted taxation det | perhags, b rut just: sais: Y. ee - as > ahr ayy } ‘ i Pret . ‘ : ; “1 eae eal mee gid SUR # ; ® a bie at nA: | Tas | mr | Was ‘felt | int the « iach | Sig, Wes waxes vised * a) ’ =e "4 ie j be - we We “Av inst. noted exponents, | as | > age: wat igen? were Shasatal: rh haneeiie trom Babylomaz and 4 Tucaiem we the sprintcol ety Wey God and the? cot ele whys interpreters, This b awl Dany yan oe obligs tian (He “ate eel for extreme rigor SHAMMAI AND HILLEL 175 young boy, not yet in his teens, that he should fast on the Day of Atonement. When his grandson was born during the Feast of Tabernacles, he had the roof opened so that the infant might sleep in a booth-like dwelling. Hillel, on the other hand, was more lenient and had an eye to changing conditions. The Torah prescribes the remission of debts in the sabbatic year. As a consequence people refrained from making loans on its approach. Hillel therefore devised a formal document by which the creditor assigned to the courts the collection of the debts and thus avoided the risk of losing his money. Hillel made use of definite rules of inter- pretation (hermeneutic principles) by means of which new laws were deduced from the Torah. Instead of laying aside every good morsel for the coming sabbath, as Shammai was wont to do, Hillel took thought of each day as it came along, content with the blessings which came from God. Hillel was exceedingly patient and meek. Once a heathen approached him and begged to be instructed in the Jewish religion in the shortest possible time. ‘Do not unto others what is hateful to thyself; this is the whole of the Torah, all the rest is com- mentary,’ was the answer. The commentary, of course, must be mastered; an ignorant person cannot be pious. Every man should make himself a disciple of Aaron, be a lover of man- kind, and by gentle persuasion bring men nigh to the Torah. The last decade of Herod’s reign was overcast with gloom. Warfare with the Arabs led to an estrangement from Augus- tus; though a reconciliation followed, their relations lacked the original warmth. Palace intrigues, fostered by Salome, involved the king in domestic differences which ended tragi- cally. Herod had intended the sons of his favorite wife, the Hasmonean Miriam, to be his successors. Alexander was married to the Cappadocian princess Glaphyra, and Aristo- bulus to Salome’s daughter Berenice. The king’s policy was apparently to weld together the two families, the [dumean and the Hasmonean. The princes of Hasmonean blood looked down with contempt upon those of other strains, and the old mischief-maker Salome did her worst to disturb the peace by her calumnies. At length the king had Alexander and Aristo- 176 . HEROD THE GREAT [4 bulus put to trial; they were condemned and strangled to death (7). Antipater, the son of Herod’s first wife Doris, who had a hand in the intrigue, was likewise executed shortly before his father’s death (4). While the king lay sick, the people, led by two scholars, tore down the eagle from the Temple gate; but despite his illness, the king had enough strength to see to it that the revolt was put down and the chief ringleaders burned alive. Herod died of cancer of the intestine, unmourned by his own and hated by the entire people. " ~ will, Archelaus, the elder son of his a wife Malthace, was named king, her a Antipas tetrarch of Galilee and sshncend Ouirse, to. obtain for these appointments im- mn. Behoxe Archelave, as head of the family, Jepa ome, the people demanded satisfaction for vcons ‘their beloved teachers ‘p. 176). When this seed, @ revolt broke out which was suppressed after shed No sooner was Archelaus gone than there ic “h eh required the intervention - the Syrian _ Jerusalem; | 0 2 eomseduerce of the aciteda miscedtale the tempora \per i governor of Palestine, Sabinus, there g which led to heavy fighting, especially A “between the people and the Roman We offered stubbori resistance; but they were ad the Temple treasury was plundered, ping himself to four hundred talents, A a Herod now joined the insurgents, and bai Ache in Herod's palace. At the same time, of f that Hezekiah whom Herod had executed ga “a band of patriots, armed them with fr am royal arsenal at Sepphoris, and operated ut Galilee. Varus came down with two legions and elf of Arab auxiliaries dispersed the Galilean of Sepphoris was set'on fire and the popula- Eee then marched inte Judea, caught up ee ee a 177 tr arch ‘of the sinetheasters di jatrieta, it was - ye wy * eres rh ee ate 4 ve *: Aig; 7 j pots ‘ 1% Sa: HON TB, bedine put to tial; they were e death (7), Antiparer, the-son oF had & hand in ihe iuingue, Was before his Exther’s death GD peapte, hed bey rw scholars, tore Permple gate: but deapite his stretigt h Pos ome oe. it that chiet ringleaders burned aliv 3 intestine, unmourned by his own : 8 - Dk Setar LER XOX ROME TIGHTENING ITS HOLD (4 BEFORE—41 AFTER THE CHRISTIAN ERA) B Herod’s last will, Archelaus, the elder son of his Samaritan wife Malthace, was named king, her younger son Antipas tetrarch of Galileeand Perea, and Philip, son of another of the king’s wives, Cleopatra of Jerusalem, tetrarch of the northeastern districts. It was necessary, of course, to obtain for these appointments im- perial confirmation. Before Archelaus, as head of the family, could depart for Rome, the people demanded satisfaction for the execution of their beloved teachers (p. 176). When this was refused, a revolt broke out which was suppressed after much bloodshed. No sooner was Archelaus gone than there were fresh riots which required the intervention of the Syrian legate Varus. He left behind a legion to maintain order in Jerusalem; but in consequence of the ruthless conduct of the temporary imperial governor of Palestine, Sabinus, there was a new uprising which led to heavy fighting, especially about the Temple, between the people and the Roman soldiers. The Jews offered stubborn resistance; but they were overwhelmed and the Temple treasury was plundered, Sabinus alone helping himself to four hundred talents. A part of the army of Herod now joined the insurgents, and -Sabinus was shut up in Herod’s palace. At the same time, Judah, the son of that Hezekiah whom Herod had executed (p. 165), gathered a band of patriots, armed them with weapons from the royal arsenal at Sepphoris, and operated throughout Galilee. Varus came down with two legions and with the help of Arab auxiliaries dispersed the Galilean rebels. The city of Sepphoris was set on fire and the popula- tionsold asslaves. Varus then marched into Judea, caught up the groups of patriots and had as many as two thousand of them nailed to the cross. 177 178 ROME TIGHTENING ITS HOLD Meanwhile, in Rome, Antipas, who in a previous will of Herod’s had been designated as his successor, was disputing the claims of his brother Archelaus, while a delegation from the people argued in favor of an autonomous priestly govern- ment directly subject to Rome. Augustus, however, con- firmed Herod’s last will, except that Archelaus was shorn of royal dignity and received the title of ethnarch (ruler). Salome was granted, in accordance with her brother’s testa- ment, the palace at Ashkelon and the cities of Jabneh, Ashdod, and Phasaelis, which upon her death she bequeathed to the empress Livia. Of the three rulers, Philip was the only one who led a peaceful and honorable life and died at home (34 of the Christian era); his lands, at first annexed to the Syrian province, were turned over to Agrippa in 37. The reign of Archelaus lasted but ten years (4 before the Christian era until 6 after). He pursued the absolutistic policy of his father, whom he resembled in character but not in ability. At will he named, and just as quickly deposed, high priests. He avoided on the whole offending Jewish religious sentiment, save when it interfered with satisfying his passions. Thus he wedded his sister-in-law Glaphyra. Not only had she born children to her first husband, but she had since Alexander’s death been married to Juba, king of Mauretania. She died shortly after reaching Palestine; the people saw in her death divine retribution for the unlawful marriage. Archelaus must have had ambitious projects which made his loyalty to Rome suspicious; when both the Jews and the Samaritans joined in complaints about his régime, he was banished to Vienne in Gaul where he died: some twelve years later. His territory, that is, Judea, Sama- ria, and Idumea, was annexed and placed under imperial governors or procurators, who took up their residence in Caesarea. On occasion, especially during the high festivals when masses of pilgrims streamed into the Holy City from all parts of the Dispersion, these procurators repaired to Jeru- salem and had their residence in the Herodian palace. Under normal conditions the procurator was master in his own pone Pacing are vi “179 ‘. 3 he subertinacod ferifie Syrian legate who . ind, anon Me s easier: had ee ie font POR 4 abil Yeathermore th st atex of the tage srt: oho taxes, how- {to private Ce ae & ees -(publicans). i aduiinistraieir sige rot interfered atic cor stitvinyy vine vestored. The pay vous tits pact wae acted asa er, i who was 5 gue Saal ty: om tele priest. ous affairs, ade. deg eiv ss: hief and L $S predominate The Si srovincial ler Sanhedrins a PF. «Seree mem- Gworship wae we ites i+? waperial Priests were appeastal es wep pracura- irs of the Herod mut: Barc «> Fae office y a ationed. thal big te ‘euhie was, é custody of the seme. otic and nthe year, on the ‘is sce: eatiade and e) nent. As far aa pene. preian Sus~ - standards ae iripewiar cen: tent at all 2 personal rectitude gout ata ahetimne of these often were ke hine + é for friction was furnpukefty aa enerial Or 7 for purposes & Gaiat anicworment. ite aversion fo beiasy yume, a 3d), che > ta the people theaies Agere wie sitbagocy zar showed | enw fats dae: setesfion-axald submitted 49 Gectner Gad te: But oo) < peared bee Kee edger diastok, si ee 3 of a vied sane ers ey wey bin ide * the trace Ha ee, Dilip ‘eresalem ‘ Wet with universsitentaece:. sowever, . ripen Fd s last sill, ecune agtel / “ dierity ceived the tide of ; Rr We iat ET Wi her prent, the [NVacCe ¢ | lees! and Pha is whieh rentiee ea to The Lrapress Livia. © as or three n aid of the Ch h ican era) his ta bitin selees i Archelaus | ested bu nv ae = ; VWeuretania. She people saw. in her deat Fate ‘ MATriAge. detente r must) a jews ang sa Sat nine pu révime, he was bas — to” aoene i iwe iy “3 ve aFS ater. His 4 4e. and Idumea, was annexed RO meres OF procaratorsy, web u ieee. | Ses nets 4 encasion, €s specially. d raisers of pilgrims streamed pasty of the Dispe sions ee ; | antqun ant te ach the gir reside * yestmpal conditions the Lo a . THE PROCURATORS 179 domain; still he was subordinated to the Syrian legate who might intervene in exceptional cases. The procurator had his own troops; garrisons were stationed in the various districts; in Jerusalem there was just one cohort. Furthermore the procurator was administrator of the finances; the taxes, how- ever, were farmed out to private contractors (publicans). Otherwise, the internal administration was not interfered with. The old aristocratic constitution was restored. The high Sanhedrin in Jerusalem made the laws and acted as a court of appeal; it consisted of seventy members in addition to the presiding officer, who was generally the high priest. In the division of religious affairs, with its own chief and his deputy, the scholars predominated. In the provincial towns there were smaller Sanhedrins of twenty-three mem- bers each. The Temple worship was an object of imperial protection. The high priests were appointed by the procura- tor or by the members of the Herodian dynasty; the office remained in the hands of a few families, among which that of Boéthus, whose daughter was one of the wives of Herod, may be specifically mentioned. The high priest’s robe was, as a rule, kept in the custody of the appointive power and delivered four times in the year, on the three festivals and on the Day of Atonement. As far as possible, Jewish sus- ceptibilities were respected; the troops entering Jerusalem left behind their standards and imperial images. Still it all depended upon the personal rectitude and good intentions of the procurator, and these often were lacking. Immediate cause for friction was furnished by the imperial census of the year 6 or 7 for purposes of fiscal assessment. Apart from an innate aversion to being counted (p. 53), the order brought home to the people their ignominious subjec- tion to Rome and met with universal resistance. However, the high priest Joazar showed how futile open rebellion would be, and the majority submitted to the inevitable. But in Galilee, Judah (p. 177), together with the Pharisee Zadok, called for an uprising in the name of religion. Nothing came of it just then, except that a body of intransigent patriots branched off from the large mass of the Pharisees and organ- 180 ROME TIGHTENING ITS HOLD ized themselves as the party of Zealots. As in the days of the Syrian persecution, the old cleavage came into life. The rank and file of the Pharisees looked for the termination of foreign dominion in God’s own time, but the Zealots were deter- mined to accelerate the end by direct action. Another, and distinctly exaggerated, form of Pharisaism was Essenism, a new name for the old Pietism. The Essenes lived in villages of their own or dwelt together in large estab- lishments in the cities. After a double novitiate they passed to full membership; children were admitted to be trained early in the ways of the Order. Celibacy was an absolute rule, also community of goods. The members tilled the soil or pursued a craft; commerce was shunned. They performed frequent ablutions and wore white garments. Votive offer- ings were sent to the Temple, but no animal sacrifices; their own meals, eaten in common, partook of the nature of sacra- ments. They rejected all manner of oaths. The sabbath they observed strictly. They had a secret lore about angels and other mystic matters. They cultivated prophetic clairvoy- ancy and practised healing in accordance with their studies of the medicinal properties of roots. They conceived the soul as immortal and believed unconditionally in Providence. Still another variety of Pharisaism was that of the apoc- alyptists, the revealers of the end of things. With these visionaries the figure of Messiah tended to become more and more other-worldly: a celestial being, preéxistent and eter- nal, the judge of sin and even demons, and the bearer of salvation to the pious in a transformed world-order. From these or kindred circles came John (Johanan) the Baptist. He announced himself as the forerunner of the Messiah, of one mightier than himself. He summoned the people to repentance and led them to the Jordan for purification through immersion (baptism)—such as the Essenes and other Pietists practised and such as the Torah prescribed for certain cases of impurity. The tetrarch Antipas (4 before the Christian era to 39 after), whose subject the Baptist was, possessed neither the knowledge nor the interest to dis- tinguish between one kind of Messianism and another. He Sy PRSUS OF MARKER RY 181 hs. father's energy: BGS mower; but he efor building the’ gare. % notable opera- ation od btipaser gh ape peers nature, | a his life. “Bambee tne oe ven motives, he lanic moveinent a dakgeri vhe good rela- : god go had the Bepiig & eset. The stern Lonstrated agdime:: 5 ali ita unlaw- Merodias, whom: he tock aad. elias fate living on d.-Antipas had contrachet 4 enti cal mar- ghter of the Nabateas ere poarm ie now: « to please the ambiticas ws hk whom ae pi Bee Be Set Was Fi had received bemeih Purge saa oe eee of an Jesus (Jeshua), som

, Heinrich Gra hed translation of the History Pie a) j Flei “inrich Gr resin E, _gphandings Loeb, Situation des ‘fuils en ies ex Serhie et 877. ae oe Nem Edmond Since dois i has Schwarafeld), Traité de Berlin, 1911. 5 HAPTER xen earlier, "0 rael among | a3 nian josenn ci The! Pp oe ion of bay s Jean Russi 3 tz ca ; CHAPTS 2K. [xeny a6 1 Ene yclopedia; Histore de Patfaire Dr yius,'7 vols. 1901-1 A 2 Ex Seyhecs low, A x " fe what fsotthei jk “ bes | Priedtiaender, Ahad Hab iit: 1 Past wa : nariew > Bernheimer, The anit evn :: {'vrws Ader, Solomon Scher hier, t915, pee; CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES PALESTINE EGyPt Before the Christian Era 1785 End of XII. dynasty 1700-1580 The Hyksos domination 1550 Amenhotep’s campaign in Palestine 1530 Thutmose I. in Palestine 1459 Conquest of Palestine by Thutmose ITI. 1375-1358 Amenhotep IV. 1313-1292 Seti I. 1292-1225 Ramses II. 1225-1215 Me(r)neptah 1220 The Exodus 1198-1167 Ramses III. Hebrew Settlement The Conquest of Canaan under Joshua 1150 Deborah The Period of the Judges 1100 Gideon. Abimelech 1100-1020 Samuel 1080 Battle of Aphek 1028-1013 Saul 1013 Battle of Gilboa 1013-1006 David, king of Judah 1006-973 David, king of all Israel - 973-933 Solomon 947-925 Shishak JupaH ISRAEL 933-917 Rehoboam 917-915 Abijah 915-875 Asa 933-912 Jeroboam 912-911 Nadab 911-888 Baasa 888-887 Elah 887-876 Omri 876-853 Ahab. Elijah 875-851 Jehoshaphat 853 Battle of Ramoth in ead ese oe —84 851-844 Jehoram aor 844-843 Ahaziah 843-837 Athaliah 843-816 Jehu Elisha 837-798 Jehoash 816-800 Jehoahaz 800-785 Jehoash Wires Jeroboam Amos Hosea 798-780 Amaziah 780-740 Azariah (Uzziah) 744 Zechariah. Shallum 744-737 Menahem 737-736 Pekahiah 736 Syro-Ephraimitic War 740-736 -Jotham 754 Ba 2160 End of Old Kingdom | 2100 H 860-825 DET e 842 Jehu pays trib: nalmane * p i‘ ihe sate J P “ hae ths P, ae . i oe . ; “ta f = hina cnnentions sm pane enn ema ne x pace ee Bye ay ee * . 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J . = ‘ AMERICA FRANCE ENGLAND IraLy (PoPEs) ews arrive in New Amsterdam Dutch possessions 164 Judah Monis in- structor at Harvard ews naturalized in New York | | 1648-1678 France acquires Alsace and Lorraine from Germany 1723 Portuguese Jews’ resi- dence legalized by royal patent 1649 England becomes republican 1654-1728 David Nieto 1655 Manasseh Ben-Israel in London Readmission of Jews 1664 Jacob Sasportas in London . 1685 Jews given freedom to exercise their religion 1699-1762 Samson Abudiente (Gideon) 1702 David Nieto haham 1592-1605 Clement VIII. 1593 Jews banished from the Papal States 1597 Jews expelled from Cre- mona and other cities . Duchy of Ferrara added to the Papal States 1624 Ghetto instituted at Ferrara 1707-1747 Moses Hayim Luzzatto DENMARK HOLLAND GERMANY (PRUSSIA) TURKEY POLAND AUSTRIA 1593 Maranos arrive in Amsterdam 1604-1657 Manasseh Ben- Israel 1612 (1615)-1640 Uriel da Costa at Amsterdam 1632-1677 Baruch ( Benedict Spinoza 1656 Spinoza excommuni- cated 1664-1728 Solomon Ayllon 1670-1744 Moses Hagiz 1614 Temporary expulsion from Frankfort 1618-1648 Thirty Years’ War 1619-1637 Ferdinand IT. 1640-1688 Frederick William, the Great Elector 1648 Jewish expulsion from Hamburg 1648 Peace of Westphalia 1658-1718 Zebi Ashkenazi (‘Haham Zebi’) 1665 Jacob Sasportas in Hamburg 1671 Jews admitted to the Mark 1680-1756 Jacob Joshua Falk 1690-1764 Jonathan Eybeschiitz 1697-1776 Jacob Emden 1701-1713 Frederick I, king of Prussia 1704-1762 David Frankel 1711 Eisenmenger’s ‘Judaism Uncovered’ republished 1712 First public synagogue in Berlin founded 1713-1793 Ezekiel Landau pee teO Frederick William 1609 Death of Judah Loew at Prague 1629 Heller incarcerated 1664-1736 David Oppenheim 1670 Jews of Vienna expelled 1626-1676 Sabbatai Zevi 1648-1687 Mohammed IV- 1665 Sabbatai proclaims him- self the Messiah in Smyrna 1666 Sabbatai turns Moslem a 1612 Death of Mordecai Jaffe, 1614 Death of Joshua Falk * 1618 Attacks on the Jews of Posen 1623 Lithuanian Jews havea Council of their own 1631 Death of Samuel Edels 1632-1648 Vladislav IV. 1635-1636 Cossack risings 1640 Death of Joel Serkes 1646 David ha-Levi at Lem- berg and Sabbatai Cohen at Vilna 1648-1669 John Casimir 1648-1649 Chmielnicki Mas- sacres (Nemirov, Tulchin, etc.) 1650 Council of Four Lands “meets at Lublin 1655 Russians take Vilna 1655-1656 Massacres during Russo-Swedish war 1669-1673 Michael Wisniowecki 1674-1696 John Sobieski 1687 Jews of Posen attacked 1697-1733 Augustus II. axon king 1700-1760 Israel Baal Shem Tob 1710-1772 Dob Baer preacher of Mezdyrzecz 1720-1797 Elijah of Vilna (Gaon) RussIA NORTH AFRICA 1645-1676 Alexis 1654 Cossack region incor- porated into Musco- vite empire 1724 Death of Gliickel of H 1 1725-1805 Naphthali Herz Sad Wessely 1729-1786 Moses Mendels- sohn 769 1726 Death of Nehemiah Hayun PALESTIN 1620- 1674 Jay B 1644-1680 Nathan o 1700 Judah the Sa: Jerusalem Haste ‘ b J hOd41680° Nite of - a 4 | ae jee { ; A eres tae if 7 e : Fj . c 4 i : * ; 3 } i ite ; a ; pt 2. f A i7@ Judah the Sains. ‘eee Jerusslem : . Fs tt x te ANS hs ; 7 Re 4 eee ee he ed | AMERICA FRANCE ENGLAND public synagogue in New ive in Georgia ced from voting for bly of New York : ization of Jews in America in Charleston Gershom Mendes Seixas and Indian War 4) Declaration of lependence Rebecca Gratz Mordecai Manuel Noah itution of the United States congratulate Washington 1730-1793 Cerf Berr 1745-1812 David Sinzheim 1756-1816 Abraham Furtado 1789 States General convoked 1791 All Jews become full citizens 795-1799 The Directory ; eat Isaac Adolphe Crémieux | | 1756-1764 Hirshel Levin in London 1790 Portuguese Jews become citizens 1 1 7 7 60 Accession of George III. 60 (after) Board of Deputies 1740-1758 Benedict XIV. | 1758-1769 Clement XIII. dum against ritual murder Ivay (Popes) HOLLAND GERMANY (PRUussIA) Ganganelli submits memoran- accusation organized 1765-1792 David Tevele Schiff in London 1772-1823 David Ricardo 1777-1836 Nathan Meyer Rothschild 1784-1885 Moses Montefiore 1797-1873 David Salomons 1775 Pius VI. issues cruel edict 1798 Roman republic 1799 Restoration of papal rule 1795 Batavian republic formed 1796 Jews given full citizenship 1740-1786 Frederick II. the Great 1743-1812 Mayer Anshel Rothschild 1747-1803 Marcus Herz 1750-1834 David Friedlander 1750 Draconic legislation against Jews 1753-1800 Solomon Maimon 1761-1837 Akiba Eger of Posen 1768-1828 Israel Jacobsohn 1771-1833 Rachel Levin 1778-1783 Mendelssohn translates Pentateuch 1781 Dohm pleads for Jewish emancipation 1784-1862 Gotthold Salomon 1786-1797 Frederick William IT. 1786-1837 Ludwig Borne 1787 Frederick William II. abrogates body tax 1789 Commission concedes privileges to Jews 1789-1867 Eduard Kley 1792-1849 Isaac Bernays 1793-1797 First Coalition 1793-1860 Isaac Marcus Jost 1794-1886 Leopold (Yom Tob Lipmann)| Zunz 1795-1874 Zebi Hirsch Kalischer 1797-1840 Frederick William III. 1797-1856 Heinrich Heine 1797 Some disabilities removed 1799 Epistle to Pastor Teller AUSTRIA-HUNGARY POLAND 1749-1841 Herz Homberg 1763-1829 Mordecai Benet 1763-1839 Moses Sofer 1766-1844 Aaron Chorin 1772 Galicia joined to Austria 1782 Joseph II.’s Patent of Tolerance 1784-1855 Isaac Samuel Reggio 1785-1840 Nahman Krochmal 1788 Joseph ITI.’s rescript 1790-1868 Solomon Judah Loeb Rapoport 1792-1835 Francis II. (as Francis I. 1806-1835) 1793-1865 Isaac Noah Mannheimer 770 1733-1763 Augustus III. 1746 Death of Jehiel Heilprin y 1747-1812 Shneor Zalman of Liady 1756-1791 Jacob Frank 1759 Disputation at Lemberg 1764 Stanislav Poniatovski elected king, Council of the Four Lands abolished 1772 First partition of Poland Vilna rabbis proceed against Hasidim 1793 Second partition of Poland 1794 Berek colonel under Kosciusko 1795 Third partition of Poland 1800-1870 Berush Meisels | 1788-1860 Isaac Baer Levinsoh 1762-1796 Catharine II. 1786-1874 Abraham Firkovich 1789-1878 Abraham Dob Leb 1796-1801 Paul I. 1799 Napoleon's campaign ‘ty¥aby #Paprs efohe lee nee te 5G ‘te Bemehiet XIV, y? Ciement MYT. Bem agednat retuat ENE GN ih eietithdhtenh aieah Lh tee tdeeniade teen ae tien ered ech; « gar’ Sahota tox He = i { ois 14 AME yw hd gn er See 5 784-1874 Abraham Pirkei {796-1861 Paul f, ee ee Rusa Fay em en orl nln tn mre ai goat agg 763-1708 Catharing (5. . . 1783-1860 Tenne Baer Levine } 780-1873 Abraham Den Le FRANCE f Bernard Gratz Leeser _ Michael Gratz id Einhorn lah P. Benjamin fax Lilienthal c Mayer Wise oses Aaron Dropsie Society of Israelites in on, S. C. ‘Maryland full citizens * loses Mielziner 1803-1867 Solomon Munk 1806-1807 Assembly of Notables at aris | 1807 Grand Sandhedrin convoked at ‘aris 1808 Decree of Napoleon 1809-1893 Adolphe Franck 1811-1895 Joseph Derenbourg 1813 Equal rights conferred on Jews Fall of Napoleon 1828-1882 Charles Netter ENGLAND ItaLy (Pops) 1802-1840 Solomon Hirschel 1803-1890 Marcus Nathan Adler 1804-1881 Benjamin Disraeli 1806-1879 Baron Lionelde Rothschild 1820-1890 Solomon Schiller-Szinessy SWITZERLAND 1800-1808 Pius VIT, 1800-1865 Samuel David Luzzatto 1798 Helvetian republic in Switzerland HOLLAND 1806-1810 Reign of Louis Bonaparte GERMANY (PRUSSIA) 1801-1828 [srael Jacobsohn’s reform activities 1801-1875 Zechariah Frankel 1806-1812 Napoleon’s sway in Germany 4 1806-1863 Gabriel Riesser_ 1806-1860 Samuel Holdheim 1807 Kingdom of Westphalia formed 1808 Consistory at Cassel Lae 1808 Jewsof Westphalia full citizens 1808-1864 Michael Sachs f 1808-1888 Samson Raphael Hirsch 1810-1874 Abraham Geiger 1811 Removal of disabilities of - Frankfort Jews | 1811-1889 Ludwig Philippson 1812-1875 Moses Hess 1812 Deathof Mayer Anshel, founder of the House of Rothschild | 1812 Act of Emancipation in Prussia 1813 Battle of Leipzig ; 1813 Jews of Mecklenburg receive equal rights 1814-1815 Congress of Vienna 1816-1907 Moritz Steinschneider 1816 Closing of private synagogues 1817-1891 Heinrich (Hirsch) Graetz 1818-1883 Karl Marx 1818-1893 David Cassel 1818 Dedication of the Hamburg Temple 1819 Excesses in Wiirzburg and elsewhere 1819-1882 Eliezer Lipmann Silber- mann 1820-1899 Israel Hildesheimer | 1820-1884 Eduard Lasker 1821 Isaac Bernays chief rabbi in Hamburg 1823-1899 Heymann Steinthal 1824-1903 Moritz Lazarus 1825-1864 Ferdinand Lassalle AUSTRIA 1804-1890 Solomon Sulzer 1811 Jews of Vienna erect a synagogue 1815-1905 Isaac Hirsch Weiss RUMANIA 1809-1879 Meir Loeb Malbim 771 POLAND 1815 Polish Constitution leaves out Jewish rights 1822 Imperial ukase abolishes Kahals 1826 School for training of rabbis opened 1801-1825 Alexander I. 1801-1863 Isaac Benjacob 1801-1864 Simhah Pinsker 1803 School founded at Volozh 1804 ‘Pale’ established 1807 Provincial assemblies of ewish representatives 1808-1867 Abraham Mapu 1812-1878 Baron Joseph Giinz burg 1812 War against Napoleon 1815-1825 Alexander 1. 1818-1825 College of Jewish deputies 1819-1911 Daniel Chwolson 1821-1891 Leo Pinsker 1824 Jews expelled from villa 1824-1898 Samuel Mohilever 1825-1855 Nicholas I. 1827 Jewish ‘Cantonists’ > ' 4! 7 ae s, j 7 te “ : es ‘ o y rf 1 NM } . Phe ; \ F } e 7 hd mt . ’ W Oe ‘ ye ae Ne Ow ‘. i bana ae eee eT ht Wal ni ae es - “ . r ea ae Ss dN meee sy ‘ . . : bP iseodh - ; ' pe % es song: ed E | a “~ int - ‘ >. | aimee Bee See Mac ete vas ie tye: PRES) She ee ; 2 . : + APA iie yp 1, Fig BR Yee ong ; a LR NR SaRiee of jewish TA pS, obtain See (24 =" “PEA Me Cownlenn ey eS Rae i 259% Lee i naka Oe exoeled froeg Villages Oe Barauel Mobiievee $35 Nichwias i te a 4 be Pe | ‘ - sEoe SUM “Can tonicee! German Jews ma Lazarus Cyrus Adler | FRANCE ENGLAND ITALY SWITZERLAND GERMANY PRUSSIA AUSTRIA RUMANIA 1830 July Revolution 1831 Judaism placed ona par with other religions 1831-1896 Baron Maurice de Hirsch 1833-1915 Narcisse Leven 1834 Benoit Fould deputy in the Chamber 1839-1905 Zadoe Kahn 1844-1908 Hartwig Derenbourg | 1845 Birth of Baron Edmond de Rothschild 1848 Second Republic 1849-1923 Max Nordau 1852-1870 Napoleon IIT. | 1859 Rabbinic Seminary at Paris | 1859 Birth of Alfred Dreyfus | 1860 ‘Alliance Israélite Universelle’ founded 1829 Catholics achieve removal of disa- bilities 1831-1907 Adolph Neu- bauer 1832-1911 Lord Swayth- ling 1833-1910 Michael Fried- lander 1835 David Salomons sheriff of London 1837-1901 Queen Victoria 1837 Moses Montefiore knighted by Queen Victoria 1839-1911 Hermann er 1840 West London Synagogue 1845 New form of oath for Jews 1846-1904 Colonel Albert Goldsmid 1847 Baron Lionel de Rothschild elected} to Parliament 1856 Birth of Moses Gaster 1856 Jews’ College opened 1857 Birth of Lucien Wolf 1858 Baron Lionel de Rothschild seated | in Parliament 1858-1925 Israel Abrahams 1858 Birth of Claude G. Montefiore 1864-1926 Israel Zangwill 1865 Birth of Sir John Monash 1867 Birth of Adolph Blichler 1829 ‘Istituto Rabbinico’ opened at Padua 1846-1877 Pius IX 1858 Mortara case 1845 Expulsion of the Jews from Basel 1866 Emancipation of Jews 1832 Zunz publishes ‘Die gottesdienstlichen Vortrage’ 1833 Jews granted eman- cipation in Hesse 1833-1915 Adolph (Abra- ham) Berliner 1840-1861 Frederick Wil- liam IV. 1843-1921 David Hoff- mann 1847-1917 Israel Lewy 1847 Provincial Diets convoked 1848 Revolution. Full emancipation 1850 Reaction sets in 1851-1914 Jacob Barth 1853 Philippson Bible 1854 Rabbinical Seminary opened at Breslau 1856 First Hebrew weekly (Ha-Maggid) founded 1856-1914 David Wolff- sohn 1859 Birth of Otto War- burg 1861-1888 William I. 1862 Equality in Baden 1864 Equality in Wiirt- temberg 1867-1922 Walter Rathenau 1869 Synod of Leipzig. mancipacion of ews north of the ain 1831-1908 Meir Fried- mann 1835-1918 Moritz Giide- mann 1848-1916 Francis Joseph 1850-1913 Wilhelm Bacher 1850-1925 Joseph Bloch 1852-1899 David Kauf- mann 1860-1904 Theodore Herzl 1868 Emancipation of Jews 1859 Rumania becomes a state 1866 Prince Cuza abdicates TURKEY POLAND RUSSIA EGyptT 1839-1861 Abdul-Mejid 1830 Revolution 1863 Polish Revolution 1831-1892 Judah Loeb ordon 1833-1909 Baron Horace Giinzburg 1835 Harshstatuteconcerning the Jews 1836-1917 Solomon Abramo- vich 1839-1910 Albert (Abraham) Harkavy r 1839-1915 Isaac Jacob Reines 1840-1845 Lilienthalin Russia 1842-1885 Perez Smolenskin 1842 Military service for Jews 1843-1910 Moses Loeb Lilienblum 1844 Establishment of crown | schools for Jews 1846 Montefiore comes to Russia 1853-1856 Crimean War 1855-1881 Alexander II. 1856-1927 Asher Ginzberg (Ahad Haam) 1860 Birth of Simon Dubnow 1863 Society for the Spreading of Enlightenment founded 1864 Jews admitted to legal profession 1832 Mehemet Ali takes Syria and Palestine 1840 Damascus libel 772 _ PALESTINE 1858-1922 Eliezer Ben- Jehuda ee A rete dati athe irl oe ee 1698-1922 Klleper Bem Jehuda FRANCE ENGLAND ITALY | SWITZERLAND GERMANY (PRUSSIA) AUSTRIA-HUNGARY | FAmerican He- Congregations ed Union College, fat Cincinnat! Theological ary opens in pardoned lomon Schechter lent of the Jewish (logical Seminary merica fan Jewish Com- é called into fation bill | ent Wilson vetoes ation bill 1919 Versailles Peace on-Lodge Immigra- n Bill signed by sident Coolidge astruction Pro- imme of The J. D. C.! 1894-1900 Dreyfus Affair 1899 Dreyfus retried and | 1870 Birth of Sir Herbert | Louis Samuel 1891 Jewish Colonization As- sociation incorporated | | 1899 Jewish Colonial Trust 1901 Jewish Religious Union | 1901 ‘Jewish National Fund’ | created 1902 Anti-alien legislation 1905 Law restrains alien paupers 1905 Jewish Territorial Organization 1910 Liberal Jewish Synagogue | | 1914-1918 World War 1917 Balfour Declaration | | 1903-1914 Pius X 1870 Unification of Italy. End of ghetto 1897 First Zionist Congress meets at Basel 1870 Unification of Germany 1870 ‘History of Jews’ completed by Graetz 1871 Emancipation in Southern Germany 1872 ‘School for Jewish Learn- ing’ opened at Berlin 1873 Rabbinical Seminary opened at Berlin 1876 The Orthodox permitted to set up Congregations 1878 Congress of Berlin 1879-1880 Anti-Semitic move- ment 1884 Hobebe Zion meet at Kattowitz 1888 Frederick IIT. 1888-1918 William II. 1890 Society against Anti- Semitism founded 1891 Ritual murder charge at Xanten 1892 Anti-Semites in the Reichstag 1893 Central Society of German | Citizens of the Jewish Faith | 1900 Ritual murder charge at | Konitz 1901 Relief Society of German Jews founded 1902 Society for Promotion of | Jewish Learning 1904 Union of German Jews 1877 Rabbinical school at Buda- pest opened 1882 Tisza-Eszlar 1896 Herzl's ‘Jews State’ appears 1904 Death of Herzl 1876-1909 Abd-ul-Hamid 1G 1908 Turkish Revolution RUMANIA Russia& EGYPT ———— PALESTINE | 1871-1872 Attacks by mobs | 1879 A number ot Jews natural- | ized 1895 Anti-Semitic League organized 1873 Birth of Hayim Nahman | Bialik ‘ 1874 General military service 1877-1878 Russo-Turkish War | 1878 Kutais trial 1881-1894 Alexander III. 1881 Pogroms at Elisavetgrad, etc 1882 Pogroms. May Laws 1882 Pinsker’s ‘Self-Emancipa- tion’ 1887 Small percentage of Jews admitted to colleges 1889 Jewish graduates not ad- mitted to the bar | 1891 Jews expelled from Moscow | | 1902 Plehve minister of interior 1003 Pogrom at Kishinev | 1905 Exodus of Jews 1905 Russian Revolution 1906 Pogrom in Bielostok 1906 Duma dissolved 1907 Second Duma 1909-1910 Polish boycott insti- tuted against Jews 1910 Jews expelled from Kiev 1911-1913 Beilis trial 1917 Russian Revolution Bolsheviks oust the Keren- sky government 1918 Treaty of Brest Litovsk 1919 Pogroms under Petlura government in Ukraine 1915 Palestinian refugees form ‘Zion Mule Corps’ 1902-1914 Zionist colonies 1906 Hebrew High School in Jaffa 1006 School for Arts and Crafts | (Bezalel) | 1909 Tel Aviv founded 1917 (Dec. 11) Allenby enters Jerusalem 1918 Corner stone of Hebrew University of Jerusalem laid 1920 Arab riots 1920-1925 Sir Herbert Samuel High Commissioner in Palestine | 1921 Repetition of anti-Jewish | riots in Jaffa 1922 ‘White Paper.’ | Mandate drafted | 1923 Mandate confirmed by League of Nations 1924 Technicum opened at Haifz 1925 Hebrew University dedi- cated .¢ ee ee 847) (feo. $t) Alleabe enters fermen LEN Crarne: etansies ol There eng) ; . University of Jerwialen ; ch a Arwehe rice LO ARR Sis lerhert Semel ‘ eats Conti oceans ir Padestine 197) Reogetitaan of antl Seeded) foe i Jatt, 1974 7 ro a hel Re Bei nice ee ee 9 4 \ ’ SE Eaen toe Nec Wee" i) SSP See ee > ee Poet Baer he Brg ete at a Sy ga en staal, tei en Aimee ae 1 7 , ; i . { i ; sy 1 4 7 i : as VO Tis. Zionist oolonios | tobrew High School in Jaffa! "> - ' Sitvoont for Arts ata Cratts 9 ¢ Pega teh) SNe Tel Avy founded : \ oy INDEX Aaron, brother of Moses, 15, 34, 199, Aaron of Bagdad, cabalist, 299, 300 Aaron, son of Joseph, ha-Levi, 430. Aaron, son of Moses son of Asher, Masorete, 267. Aaron of Lincoln, 385, 386. Ab, Ninth of: destruction of Tem- ples on, 112, 202; Jews lament loss of nationhood on, 215; cele- brated by Sabbatai Zevi, 564. Abarim, Joseph, of Valencia, 447. Abaye, Babylonian Amora, 242- 243, 2706. Abba Arika, 236. (See Rab.) Sere son of Moses, of Lunel, Abbasids, dynasty of, 259, 277. a hcasrepaan I., ruler of Spain, 307. Abdarrahman III., ruler of Spain, 308, 313. Abd-ul-Hamid II., sultan of Tur- key, and Zionism, 708. Abdul-Mejid, sultan of Turkey, 652. Abel-Meholah, Palestine, 74. Abiathar, the priest, 42, 56, 59, 64. Abiezer, clan of Manasseh, 26. Abigail, wife of David, 42. Abijah, king of Judah, 68. gee son of Gideon, 27-29, Sts Abishai, brother of Joab, 46-48, 51,57: Ablat, Gentile friend of Samuel of Nehardea, 239. Abner, Saul’s general, 41, 46, 47. Abner of Burgos (Alphonso of Val- ladolid), apostate, 437. Aboab, Isaac, rabbi, 473, 474. Aboab, Isaac de Fonseca, of Am- sterdam, 489, 519, 562. Abrabanel, Benvenida, wife of Samuel, 503, 505. Abrabanel, Isaac, scholar and statesman, 471, 472, 491, 501- 502. Abrabanel, Isaac, son of Judah, 502. Lad / 75 Abrabanel, Isaac, son of Joseph, 503. Abrabanel, Joseph, son of Isaac, 501 Abrabanel, Judah Leo Medigo, | 502. Abrabanal, Samuel, son of Isaac, 502-503, 505. Abrabanel, Samuel, at court of Henry II. of Castile, 443, 446. Abtaham, patriarch, 9, 2.) hae es, 253, 328. Abraham, covenant of, and the Reformers, 639. Abraham, Jewish merchant of Sara- gossa, 349, . Abraham of Bohemia, ‘senior’ of Jews of Poland, 532. Abraham of Bristol, 388. Abraham, son of David, of Pos- quiéres, 393. Abraham, son of Hiya, of Spain, 325. Abraham, son of Isaac, of Nar- bonne, 393. Abraham, son of Maimonides, 345. Abraham, son of Samuel, of Stah- leck, 366. Abraham, son of Sherira, Gaon of Pumbeditha, 258. Abrahams, Israel, 722. Abramovich, Solomon, 686-687. Abravallo, Samuel, of Valencia, 447, Absalom, son of David, 52, 55-58. Abu-Ali Hasan, of Bagdad, 265. Abudarham, David, of Toledo, 428. Abu Isa Obadiah, Messianic pre- tender, 259. Abu-l-Abbas, caliph, 259. Abulafia, Abraham, son of Samuel, Messianic pretender, 431, 440. Abulafia, Meir, son of Todros ha- Levi, 394, 395. Abu Manzur, Samuel, son of Han- aniah, Nagid of Fustat, 330. Abu Said, son of Halfon ha-Levi, 330. Abydus, fortress of, 564, 565. Abyssinia, 505. ae ne eo 776 Acco (Ptolemais), 70, 102, 143, 154, 166, 337, 370, 379, 397. Achish, king of Gath, 42, 43. Actium, 170, 173. Adadnirari IV., king of Assyria, 83. Adalbert, bishop of Worms, 360. Adam, 328. Adiabene, royal house of 211. Adler, Cyrus, 720, 724. * Adler, Hermann 721-722. Adler,(Marcus{Nathan} 664. Adolph o Ssau, 402. Acoton II, ,archbishop of Mayence, Adoasat son of David, 59, 61, 64. Adoniram, master of levy under Solomon, 62, 07,2000: Adoni-zedek, king of Jerusalem, 23. Adrianople, Turkey, 229, 514, 565. Adullam, stronghold of, 41, 47. Aegean Sea, 512, 515. Aelia Capitolina, new city on site of Jerusalem, 215. Africa, North, Jews in, 277-283, 486, 560. Agag, king of Amalekites, 39. Aghlabid princes of North Africa, 277, 280. Agobard, bishop of Lyons, 350- 351. Agrigentum, Sicily, Jews in, 292. Agrippa, son of Aristobulus, king of the Jews, 178, 184-188, 189- 191, 201, 205. Agrippa IT, 190, 191-196, 211, 295. Agrippa, son-in-law of Octavian, 172. Aguilar, Spain, 442. Aguilar, Alonso Fernandez de, 462. Aguilar, Raphael Moses d’, Sabba- tian, 562. Aha, of Shabha, author of ‘Sheel- toth’, 256, Ahab, king of Israel, 71-77, 78, 79, 80. Ahad Haan, spiritual Zionist, 713- 714 Rakai Lei. Ahaz, king of Judah, 96-98, 100, 102, 104. Ahaziah, king of Israel, 77. Ahaziah, king of Judah, 79, 81. Ahijah, the prophet, 65. Ahimaaz, son of Zadok, 56. Ahimaaz, grandson of Paltiel, of Italy, 301. _ Alexander Severus, INDEX Ahimelech, priest at Nob, 41, 42. Ahithophel, councilor of David, AY iF Marsh German Anti- Semite, Ai, Palestine, 22. Aijalon, Valley of, in Palestine, 23, 295.400; Akabah, gulf of, 5, 53, 84. { Akiba, son of Joseph, Tanna, 213- 214, 216-220, 221, 223. Akrish, Isaac, scholar, 516-517. Alaric, 207, Alaric IT, , 304. Albalag, Isaac, philosopher, 434. Albania, 567. Albany, New York, 676. Albert, duke of Bavaria, 415. Albert I. , of Austria, 402, 403. ee II., of Austria, 404, 406, Albert V., of Bavaria, 413. Albigensians, 396, 425. BLES procurator of Palestine, ee Joseph, author of ‘Dogmas’, Albuquerque, John Alphonso de, minister of Castile, 440. Alcana, Jewish quarter in Toledo, 441, : Alcimus, high priest, 143, 144, 146, 133) Aldobrandini, cardinal, 504. Alemanno, Johanan, 482. Alenu, prayer of Adoration: writ-- ten by Rab for New Year, 239; object of calumny, 367, 411, 591. Aleppo, Syria, 267, 344, 427, 561. Alessandria, Italy, 508. Reise the Great, 128, 142, 211, 379. Alexander, son of Aristobulus I1., 163, 164, 167. Alexander, son of Herod, 175, 178. Alexander, brother of Philo, 186. Alexander, a Zealot leader, 191. Alexander Balas, king of Syria, 147-148. | Alexander Jannai (Jonathan), king © and high priest, 154-157, 158, 161. Roman em- — peror, 224, 290, 293. ; Alexander Zabinas, pretender to — Syrian throne, 152. see coBRS. so, Parmed Alp honso de oie ea jewish actin? + Alps, Jewish aeii% S01, Alsace, Jews ia, Bath oP aib Py”, 643, Pome ' 3 Alte a, i 4 bi a * ° is Al-Sheik, } Mo Adva, duke OS, Gas ey Ps Ama uiekites 3, SH, GS a ee . e ei apey 8 # 2 ’ : " efroes, Arab phi the ee gopher, 3 7G, 400, 201. lewe im, 40, ats, $50, Rant », 863: O10 oe . ‘Bene : Avitos, bishop af Clermont, 347. Awakening Magyers,' A ungat ian Anti-s Semites, 736, “Ayllon, Solomon, Portuguese rabbi in Ainsterdarm, 3725573. Arah dyn asty, Jat. ng of Judah, 84. (See) . Aziz, k ng fe mesa, 191, pI e pr ince, 301, t of, in Pales tine, 3 32, th, 8. 92. lestine. as. lis, king of Ammon, 113) Baasa, Kang of Tere, 68, G9, Bahenberes; dakes of A ustria 3? 377 ae Babylonia (B: abylon'\, Ki iadhians: of, 102, 105, 107, 109-147: Pap gE Babylonia, Jews.in, 114-120/.200, 233—276, 237) 278, 279, 220, a9. Racan, Ris nania, 688, 3 hi 2 : Bas ides, Syrian ge neral, 140, 144, ; 146, harach, Germany, 366). re chep, Wi thele, OS48) eet dv. oe eae rs Bi aeNn, ‘378 ¥ O75, 678, 768. zat a "hee Baden , Jews ia, 617-618, 035-636, = Ba op ; b 655,. ; is on aa Jey vo", int troduced, 375; jn a Eagland thy 388 989: th ‘Castile, 7 a. 20, 443; in Spain, 456,465, - : is, Berber prince in Spain, at, S21; SAB. 825 i Nisbet 145, 267,269, 278, 278, a £99, 301, 311, 316, 343, 344, 345, 527, ioe" Bagoli, Persian governor of Judea, on’ Bahyve, son af Asher, 432, ais cl Cth 4 ye" ke +, i ¥ ae ty oe ; : TS ie Wa or, eu aay ed ‘ at: sy Sher “yy ut ¥ INDEX Bassus, governor of Syria, 203. Bathory, Stephen, king of Poland; 542, SSL. Bath-sheba, wife of David, 55, 57, 59. Bavaria, Jews in, 353, 382, 402- 403, 406, 414, 418, 618, 636, 655. Bayazid II., sultan of Turkey, 473, 513. Bayazid, Turkish prince, 515. Bayonne, France, Jews in, 608. Beatrice of Portugal, 445. Beer, Jacob Herz, reformer, 634. Beer-sheba, 4, 32; 52, 57, 62, 73, 91, 731. Beilis, Mendel, blood libel case of, 716-717. Beirut, 518. Belgium, Jews in, 680, 726. Belgrade, 504. Belitz, Germany, Jews attacked at, 80. Belshazzar (Belsharuzur), king of Babylon, 117. Belvedere, Turkey, 515. Benaiah, commander under Solo- mon, 53, 59, 61. Bendavid, Lazarus, 621. Benedict of York, 386, 387. Benedict XII., pope, 404. Benedict XIII.,anti-pope, 420, 449, 453, 454; bull forbidding study of Talmud, 455. Benedict XIV., pope, 580. ‘Benedictions, Eighteen’, 208, 239. Benet, Mordecai, 635. Ben-hadad I., of Syria, 75. Ben-hadad II., of Syria, 75. Ben-hadad III., of Syria, 83. Benjacob, Isaac, 686. Benjamin, tribe of, 9, 24, 25, 33, 36, 37, 39, 40, 44, 49, 58, 67. Benjamin of Canterbury, 386. Benjamin, son of Jonah, of Tudela, medieval traveler, 336. Benjamin, of Nehawend, founder of Karaitic sect, 262, 263. Benjamin, Judah P., 677. Benjamin of Tiberias, 266. Ben-Jehuda, Eliezer, reviver of Hebrew, 713-714. Ben Meir, Aaron, Palestinian Gaon, 267, 271; dispute over calendar, 267-268, 353. Ben Sira, 132, 307, 722. 781 Benveniste, Abraham, chief rabbi of Castile, 457, 514. Benveniste, Isaac, physician to James I., 419. Benveniste, Judah, of Saloniki, 514. Benveniste, Shesheth, physician and statesman at Barcelona, 335. Benveniste, Vidal, 455. Benveniste, family of, 486. Benzeeb, Judah Loeb, 621. Berab, Jacob, rabbi, 519-520, 521. pees 307, 314, 315, 316, 321, Berdiczev, 672. . Berengar, count of Narbonne, 356. Berenice, daughter of Ptolemy, 129. Berenice, daughter of Salome, 175. eis sister of Agrippa II., 193, Berkovicz, Joseph, of Poland, 666. Berlin, Congress of, 689-690. Berlin, Jews in, 406, 572, 590-599, sim 634-635, 661-662, 682, Berliner, Adolph, 682. Bern, Switzerland, Jews massacred at, 406. Bernal, Jewish physician on Colum- bus’ ship, 472. Bernard, Saint, of Clairvaux, 365. Bernardinus, of Feltre, Franciscan monk, 417. Bernhard, Isaac, of Berlin, 594, 635, 659, 663. Berr, Cerf (Herz), of Strassburg, 608, 609. Beruriah, wife of Meir, 219. Besht, founder of Hasidism, 582— 588. Bessarabia, 669, 709, 735. Bethel, Palestine, 22, 32, 68, 90, 91, 92, 100, 106. Beth-horon, Palestine, 23, 62, 123, 139, 145, 195. sree, Palestine, 33, 40, 41, 4 Beth-shan (Scythopolis), 24, 29, 38, 44, 143, 152. Beth-shearim, Palestine, 221. Beth-shemesh, Palestine, 84. " Beth-ther, Bar Kokeba at, 215. Beth-zechariah, Palestine, 144. Beth-zur, Palestine, 119, 140, 142- 143, 147, 148. peor art school at Jerusalem, 13. 782 Bezek, Palestine, 38. Bezetha, suburb of Jerusalem, 195. Béziers, Jews, of, 333, 352. Béziers, Councils of, 395, 396, 397. Bialik, Hayim Nahman, 710-711. Bible. (See Scriptures.) Bielostok, pogrom of, 714-715. Bielsk, Poland, 541. ‘Bilu,’ organization of Russian Jew- ish students, 697. Bishr, son of Aaron, of Babylonia, 269. Bismarck, 690, 691. Black Death, Jews persecuted dur- ing, 404-407, 440, 528. ‘Black Hundreds,’ Russian Anti- ' Semites, 714-716, 736. Blanche, countess of Champagne, 369. Blanche of Bourbon, queen of Cas- tile, 440, 411. Bloch, Joseph, of Vienna, 705. Bloch, Mattathiah, cabalist, 561. Blois, Jews of, annihilated, 367. B’nai B’rith, independent order of, 676, 689, 720. Board of Deputies of English Jews, 645, 730. Bockel, German Anti-Semite, 699. Bodleian library, 572, 722. Bodo, French deacon, convert to Judaism, 351. pee Re family of, high priests, 179 Bohemia, Jews. in, 353, 363, 547- 550, 625— 626, ree Boleslav the Pious, of Poland, 528, 530, 531. Bologna, 292, 480, 483, 678. Bolsheviks, 732. Bomberg, Daniel, of Venice! pub- lisher of Hebrew books, 481, 482, 483, Bonafoux, Daniel Israel, 568. Bonaparte, Jerome, 6106. Bongoron, David Bonet, Jewish apostate, 450. Bonfils, Joseph, son of Samuel, 356. Bonn, Germany, S72 Say 663. Boppard, Germany, 372. Bordeaux, Jews in, 608-610. Borne, Ludwig, 632, 643. Boston, Massachusetts, 604, 736. Botarel, Moses, cabalist, 452. Brabant, duke of, 381. Brafman, Jacob, 685. INDEX Braganza, duke of, 501. Brandeis, Louis D., 730. Brandenburg, Jews in, 547. Bratianu, John, Rumanian states- man, 688-689. Bray, Champagne, 369. Brazil, Jews in, 489, 492, 603. Breisgau, Germany, 406. Bremen, Jews:in, 618, 636. Brescia, Italy, 292, 480. Breslau, Jews in, 662, 663, 680, 681. Bresselau, Meir Israel, 634. arr Litovsk, 530, 535, 542, 550, Brest Litovsk, Treaty of, 732. Bristol, England, 388. British East Africa, 711. Briviesca, Spain, 441. Brody, Galicia, 584, 694.: Bruna, Israel, rabbi, 416. Brunhild, queen of France, 348. Briinn, Moravia, 416. Brunswick, 616, 662. Brussels, 689. Brussilov, Russian general, 727. Bucharest, 688, 690. ' Buchholz, Carl August, German attorney of Liibeck, 632. Biichler, Adolf, of London, 722. Buchner, Abraham, of Poland, 666. Buda, Hungary, 512, 570. Budapest, rabbinical seminary at, 681-682. Buenos Aires, Jews in, 701. Bukowina, Jews in, 717-718. Bulan, king of Chazars, 525. Bulgaria, Jews in, 706. Bull, the Golden, German consti- tution, status of Jews according to, 407. Bulls, papal: Benedict XIII., 455; Eugenius IV., 458; Gregory IX.., 378; Gregory X., 382; Gregory XIII., 504; Innocent III., 374; Innocent IV., 381; Martin V., 413,414; Paul IV., 507-508; Pius VI., 611; Sixtus IV., 417, 463, 465. , Burgos, Spain, 396, 429, 437, 441, 442, 444, 449, Burgundy, Jews of, 347, 348, 398. Bury St. Edmonds, Jews at, 386, 387. Bush, burning, Moses’ vision of the, 14. ee ee ee ee ee ee == a so a ara ia3 (_appadeandy Soe. sas che Lean i tenant. Bh BF A Canaiee = dpe Toh ages nde Srafman, Jacob, G85. ~: 8 ” INDEX Bustani (Bustanai), exilarch, 254- Byblus, 71. Byzantium, 526. Cabala: Philo’s influence on, 186, origin of, 423; in Spain, 423-424, 431-434, 452; studied by Chris- tians, 482-483; at Saloniki, 511, 514; Safed school of, 521-524; Luria’s system of, 523-524; in general, 299, 558, 566, 572, 574— 576, 643. Cabballeria, Alphonso de la, 468. Cabes, Africa, 282. Cabrera, Andreas de, chief justice of Segovia, 462. Caceres, Simon de, Marano, 492. Cadiz, Maranos flee to, 463. Caecilius, Roman Jewish rhetori- cian, 295. Caesar, 288. Caesar, Julius, 163-165. Caesarea, 154, 172, 178, 183, .190, 193, 194, 200, 205, 206, 216, 226. Caesarea Philippi, 182. Cain, 434. Cairo, Jews in, 486, 517, 518, 519, 522, 557, 559, 560, 568, 722. Calabria, Italy, 291, 501, 523. Calahora, Loeb, martyred rabbi of Posen, 580. Calahorra, Spain, 334, 442, 468. Calatrava, Spain, 332. Caleb, 22, 119. Calendar: fixed by Sanhedrin, 207; of Karaites, 261, 262-263; dis- pute between Ben Meir and Babylonian scholars over, 267. California, 675. Caligula, Romanemperor, 184, 187, 189, 289. Seok (western), in Spain, 307- 14 Calonymus, of Lucca, Italian Jew- ish scholar, 299. Calonymus, son of Meshullam, 360, 362. Calonymus, son of Mordecai, 366. Calonymus family in Mayence, 353, 359, 370. Cambray, League of, 482. Cambridge, Jews at, 386. Cambridge, University of, 722. Cambyses, king of Persia, 119, 120. Campo Formio, Peace of, 612. 783 Canaan, land of, 4, 12; Israelitish conquest of, 22-30. Canaanites: at war with Israel, 23- 25; religion of, 10-11, 17, 68, 92; its influence on Israel, 31-34. Canada, Jews in, 605, 647. Candia, island of, 473, 481, 517, 524, 564. Canossa, 359, 691. Canterbury, England, Jews at, 386, 388. ‘Cantonists,’ in Russia, 668-669. Capetian rulers in France, 352, 356. Capistrano, John, Franciscan monk, 414, 415, 530. Cappadocia, Jews in, 224. Capsali, Moses, chief rabbi of Tur- key,913. Captivity, Israel in, 97. (See also Deportations. ) Capua, Italy, 292, 300. Caracalla, Roman emperor, 224, 290. Caraffa, cardinal, 507. Paul IV., pope.) Carcassonne, 396. Carchemish, 109. Cardoso, Abraham Michael, Sab- batian, 566, 568, 573. Cardoso, Elijah Aboab, of Ham- burg, 493. Carenton, France, 366. Carlsruhe, Jews attacked at, 635. Carmel, mount, 6, 24, 35, 73, 108, 310,979, Carmona, Spain, 446. Carolingians, rulers of France, 349, 351 (See also Carpathian Mountains, 582, 726. Carrion, Spain, Jews of, 429. Carthage, 297. Carus, Roman emperor, 225. Casal Maggiore, Italy, 480. Casimir, the Great, of Poland, 528- 529, 530, 531. Casimir IV., king of Poland, 530- 531% Caspi, Joseph, of Argentierd 400. Caspian Mountains, 379. Caspian Sea, 140. Cassel, David, 682. Cassel, Westphalia, 616. Cassius, Roman general, 165, 166. Castile, Jews in, 332, 334, 335, 427-429, 435-450, 458-467, 470- 472, 486, 784 Castro, Rodrigo de, physician, 493. Catacombs, Jewish, at Rome, 294- 295. Catalayud, Spain, 420. Catalonia, Jews in, 334-336, 420- 431, 447, 454-456, 472, 486. Catargiu, Rumanian minister, 689. Catharine of Castile, 453, 460. Catharine II., of Russia, 585. Catholicism, religion of State in Spain, 305. Caucasus, 525, 629, 685. Census: of Israel, by David, 51; of Jews in Palestine, by Romans, 179; of Jewsin Germany, during World War, 727. Central Conference of American Rabbis, 724. Centralization, religious, in Israel, 19, 48, 49, 68, 101, 106. Cervera, Spain, Jews massacred at, 406. Chalcis, province in Lebanon, 191. Champagne, France, Jewish learn- ing in, 356, 368-369, 396. Charlemagne (Charles the Great), 299, 403; Jews under, 349-350, 353. Charles the Bald, of France, 351. Charles the Simple, of France, 352. - Charles IV., of France, 399. Charles V., of France, 399, 400. Charles VI., of France, 400. Charles X., of France, 642. Charles III., of Navarre, 449. Charles IV., German emperor, 404, 406. Charles V., emperor, 482, 486, 487, 507, 510, 547. Charles X., of Sweden, 556, 578. Charles, of Hohenzollern-Sigmar- ingen, 688. Charles, Austrian emperor, 733. Charleston, South Carolina, Jews in, 604-605, 607, 648. et Jacob de, of Amsterdam, 576 mee Moses de, of Amsterdam, 576. Chazars, Jewish kingdom of, 328, 329, 525-526; Hasdai Ibn Shap- rut corresponds with, 309-310. Chebar, river in Babytoiia, 114. Chelebi, Raphael Joseph, support- er of Sabbatai Zevi, 559-560. INDEX Chemosh, god of Moab, 78. Chepharsaba, 156. Cherethites, David’s body- guard, 48, Cherith, brook of, 73. Chernigov, 527, 669; Cossacks mas- sacre Jews at, 554. Childebert I. , Merovingian ruler of France, 347. Chillon, Switzerland, 406. Chilperic I., Merovingian ruler of France, 347, 348. China, 490. ~ . Chinon, France, Jews massacred at, 399, Chintila, king of Spain, 306. Chiquitilla, Joseph, cabalist, 432. Chlotar II., Merovingian ruler of France, 348. -Chmielnicki, Bogdan, Cossack het- man, massacres of, 551-556, 559. Chora. Aaron, 635. Christian IV., of Denmark, 563. Christianity: Jewish basis of, 229; becomes state religion of Roman Empire, 229. Christina, queen of Sweden, 489, 404, Chwolson, Daniel, 685. Cicero, 288. Cimmerians, 105. Cincinnati, Ohio, 648, 676, 681, 723. Circumcision, prohibited by Ha- drian, 213. '(See Abraham, cove- nant of. ) City of David, Jerusalem topailed 49, 59, 101. Civil War: David and descendants of Saul, 46-47; David and Absa- lom, 56-58; David and Ben- jamites, 58; Solomon and Jer- oboam, 66; Rehoboam and Jer- oboam, 67-68; in Kingdom of Israel, 68-70, 79-80, 95, 97; under Alexander Jannai, 155- 156; Aristobulus and Hyrcanus, 161-163; Alexander and Hyr- canus, 163; Herod and Hasmone- ans, 167-168. Civil War, in the United States, 6 Ciudad Real, Spain, 466. Seria also Villa Real. ') Clairvaux, France, 368. Clara, Argentine, 701. Cohumhes. {oiurit Mar crew i aoystal ett use f,, Grr ensinie Cooksigs Coj yer?! De raga wy es — € = eg 1k, Pi revarpcces in Lebar HOM, 191, at Nae phe aa oes rain ‘ Fi , sy | 784 [ND z x. “astro, Rodrigo de physi chan, 4953, Chem osh, a: : 4 Catacombs, fewish, at Rome, 294— Chephiars O5 Cherettiins Da Cataionia, Jews in, $34-336, 420- t31, 447, 484456, 47 2, 486. Chernigov, $28 ¢ £ C — Rumanian minister, 689, re Jews ats 354, Catharine of Castite, 454, 460, tuldek yy : ati arime TEs of Russia, : S&S oR Catholicisn ", religion of State in , Chi Niort, '§ Sonin % : Chiiperte A 8, S25, 629, 685. France, 347, by Da wid, $f of China, 490, ae je ws i s tine, by Roman ne, Chinen, Fra } 793 of Jews 16, Ge rinany » dis ‘ing °\ deine rid W ar, 727. erie z: ee - Cent rat nets ace of heoihstegan ; tx: ib bis, ” ‘ j " - i Fatt rake pebieldens iti fsract, ‘ %, 48, 49, 68 101 106, Cervera, Spain, Je WS massacred at, + *.% Fee Champagne, Ir ree lewish learn~ ing in, » 359) 368--469, 396: F : G Charlemagne ( Charles the Great), 199, 408- flows ander, oe gr $53) bai -h ar les the Bald, of F rance, 351. hi Ps rle sthe: SHES apie, oli i ‘Tane e, kh Pao y Ch: are oS Ty. ot fer ANOQY, as ao: Charles V., gl rance, 399, 400.. Charles VI, of { France, €00, Charles X., of France, » 42. Charlies 1 iT. , of Navar. 6, 449, Charles [V.; German emperor, ADA, 406, ee Charles V., emperor, 482, 486, 487, Oe S07, 510, 547. ra Charles X., of Sweden, 5: 6, VE. Mae Charies, of Hohenzollemn- Se fh Zen, O88, ¥ - Chaz aston, South Carolina, Jews. in, 604- ~605, 607, 648. . Charles, Austrian emperor, 733. ei. ar ty Chaves, Jacob de, ‘of Ams sterdam, S76, aes. enn & “ha ves, Moses he, i Amsterdam, Bre $7 7 6, ; f mes Chazars, Jewish kingdom of, 328, 329, $25-526; | Hasdai bn Shape rut corresponds with, 309-316, Cheba, tiver in Babylosia, ila. Chelehi, Raphael Joseph, support. er of Sabbatai Zevi, 559~ 500, INDEX Claudius, Roman emperor, 187, 188, 190, 191, 211, 289, 346. Clemens, Flavius, cousin of em- peror, Jewish proselyte, 207, 290. Clement IV., pope, 426. Clement V., pope, 437. Clement VI., pope, 401, 404. Clement VII., pope, 504, 505, 506. Clement VII., anti-pope, 449. Clement VIII., pope, 504. Clement XIII., pope, 580. Cleopatra III., of Egypt, 154. pe peer VII., of Egypt, 166, 169- 171. Cleopatra of Jerusalem, wife of Herod, 177. Clermont, Council of, 347. oe Conference of rabbis at, 677. Clovis, founder of Frankish mon- ‘ archy, 347. Cluny, church reforms of, 365. Coblenz, Jews of, 381. Codes, Jewish religious: in the Torah, 17-18, 19, 83; the Mish- nah, 222; the Talmud, 245-256; of Jehudai Gaon, 256; the Great Halakoth, 256; of Saadiah, 270; of Hai Gaon, 275; of Al-Fasi, 322; of Maimonides, 339, 342- 344, 393, 394-395, 424: of Moses of Coucy, 379; of Isaac of Cor- beil, 379; of Isaac, son of Meir of Vienna, 380; of Abraham, son of Isaac of Narbonne, 393; of Solomon Ibn Adret, 430; of Asher, son of Jehiel, 435; of Jacob, son of Asher (Turim), 438-439; of Joseph Karo (Shul- han Aruk), 521, 537, 546, 581; of Solomon Luria, 536; of Moses Isserles, 537; of Mordecai Jaffe, 546; of Anan, founder of Ana- nites, 261; of Karaites, 262; of Eldad the Danite, 279-280. Code, of Justinian, 265, 297; of Theodoric, 297; of Theodosius the Great, 304; of Receswinth, 306. Code Napoleon, 623. Cohen, Jacob Joseph, Hasidic leader, 588. Cohen, Judah, son of Moses, of Toledo, 428. Cohen, Nehemiah, Messianic preacher, 565. 785 Cohen, Raphael, chief rabbi of Altona, 593, 654. Cohen, Sabbatai, 546, 555-556. Cohen, Simhah, of Worms, 361. Cohen-Zedek II., Gaon of Pumbe- ditha, 264, 268, 269, 275, 278. Coinage: of Simon Maccabee, 151; of Johanan Hyrcanus, 153; of Bar Kokeba, 214. Colmar, Germany, 382, 408. Cologne, Jews in, 346, 353, 362, 366, 406, 413, 414. Colonization of Palestine by Jews, 679, 697-698, 713. Columbia College, 607. Columbus, Christopher, helped by Maranos and Jews, 472; Jews in crew of, 472. Commerce, Jews in, 48, 62-63, 71, 87, 116, 172, 230, 249, 292, 303, 335, 346, 357, 359, 420-421, 486, 511, 512, 527, 532, 604, 605. ane governor of Palestine, Compiégne, in France, 351. Conat, Abraham, printer, 480. Conat, Estellina, wife of Abraham Conat, 480. Confederation of Rhine, 381; Jews in states of, 617-618. Conferences, rabbinical, in Ger- many, 662-663. Conrad III., German emperor, 365. Conrad IV., German emperor, 380, 381. Consistory of Jews, in Paris, 615, 642; in Italy, 615; in Holland, 615-616; in Westphalia, 616, Constance, Council of, 413, 454. Constantine the Great, 228, 353. Constantinople, Jews of, 486, 512, 513-517, 552, 559. Constantius II., 229. Conversions to Christianity, in Berlin, 622. (See also Baptism, enforced.) Coolidge, President, 736. Copenhagen, 597, 659. Cordova, Jews in: golden period of, 307-314; 327-330; decline of, 332, 437, 446, 464. Cordovero, Moses, 523. Corfu, 473, 501. Coronello, Spanish governor of Naxos, 515. 786 Cortes, Spanish legislature, anti- Jewish measures of, 429, 437, 443, 444, 452, 459, 460, 461. Cossacks, Russian freebooters, massacres of Jews by, 551-556, 581, 684, 726. Council of Four Lands, governing body of Jews of Poland, 537, 538-540, 550, 555, 580, 585. Council of State, 130, 153, 160, 165. (See also Sanhedrin.) Courland, 727. Coutinho, Ferdinand, bishop of Portugal, 474. Cracow, Poland, Jews in, 527, 529, 530- 521, 533 535, 537, 543, 544, 547, 550, 556, 570. Crassus, 163. ‘Creation, Book of,’ mystic work, 272, 280, 300, 320, 423, 431. Crémieux, Isaac Adolphe, 642, 651— 652, 657, 674, 679, 688. Cremona, Jews of, 509, 522. Crescas, Hasdai, philosopher, 447, 450, 451-452, 456, 496. Crete, island of, 8. Crimea, 512, 526-527, 530,627, 685. Crimea, Jews in, 525. Crimean War, 673. Cromer, Lord, 708. Cromwell, Oliver, 491-493. Cromwell, Richard, 604. Crusades, 407, 527,547,550; First, 359-364, 365, 371, 479, 699; Sec- ond, 364, 365, 372-373; Third, 369, 371, 372-373, 386, 387. Crusades, persecutions during the, chronicled, 372-373. Ctesiphon, capital of Persia, 211, 241. Cuenca, Spain, Jews in, 429. Cumanus, procurator of Palestine, 190, 191. Curacao, 604. Cuza, Alexander, prince of Ruma- - nia, 687-688. Cyaxares, king of Media, 107. Cyclades, islands of, 515. Cyprus, Jews in, 211. Cyprus, mother of Herod, 171. Cyrenaica, Africa, 712. Cyrene, Jews in, 211. Cyrus, king of Persia, 117—120, 254, 491. Czecho-Slovakia, 733. INDEX * Dante, ‘Divine Comedy’ of, 480. Dagobert I., Merovingian ruler of France, 348. . Dagon, Philistine god, 147. ¢ Dalberg, Karl von, grants civil rights to Jews of Frankfort, 617. Damascus, kingdom of, 62, 68, 69, 70, 71, 75, 76, 79, 82, 83, 84, 86, 95-98, 99,156,161. Damascus, Jews in, 486, 651-653; Sie libelagainst, 651-653, 679, 03. Damietta, 330. Dampierre, Jewish learning at, 370. Dan, tribe of, 4, 9, 24, 33, 57, 62, 68, 91. Daniel, Book of, last book to enter collection of Scriptures, 138, 159. aE os head of Jerusalem school, olds Danube, river, 353, 363, 512. Dardanelles, 564, 728. Darius I,, king of Persia, 120. Darius II., king of Persia, 126. Darius III., king of Persia, 128. Dauphiné, Jews settle in, 398. David, king of Israel, 40-44, 44- 49, 51-54, 55-60, 61, 62, 63, 67, 69, 70, 84, 92, 94, 97, 100, 101, Se 114, 116, 264, 268, 269, 276, 523. David, Tower of, in Jerusalem, 337. David, brother of Maimonides, 342. David, Jewish merchant of Lyons, 349. David ha-Levi, Polish rabbi, 546. David, son of Meshullam, 359. David, son of Saul, of Provence, opponent of Maimonides, 394. David, son of Zaccai, exilarch, 264, 268, 269, 276. Davila, John Arias, bishop of Sego- via, 461, 468. Davis, Jefferson, Confederate president, 677. ‘Day of the Lord,’ also ‘Day of Judgment,’ in prophecies of Amos, 91-92; of Isaiah, 96; of Malachi, 122. Dead Sea, 5, 6, 83, 90, 157, 166. Debir (Sanctuary), i in ‘Temple, 22, 64, 65. Deborah, prophetess, 24; song of, pA Decentralization, religious, in Israel, 68; in Judah, 69, 160. reynn es 702-703, iit nae Drohobicz, Gaticsay Fi ij Ty aysie, Moses Ay hy 74 Dropsic College, 72a, Druniont, Fregch Sebi. - 702. . As Drusilla, daughter of Agee: Tier, 191, Dubno, Poland, #78 Dubnow, Simon, masters Pa. P Praia, designing yy ts: i | Me co) oa | Tee y* ery ‘3 ae nf Ne he fe te i an Tiamainn Depryice Ser’ a ee Sere 425 ; Levers Pele Te es - era Kips le ll ‘ ities oF ame Me wat ar ia 47h. ded aS gig. wea ae sh nae Dometi tary SE peak SH7e) yg tees re 207, hy Fa | Don, river, 24 Vane me) Danin, Nici ae * Gime es" a. Vege J 3 <« Donmech, aero ReGen 429 >: . 371, $8b. = Donnoia, Fizy betes ue, Tarps +2 ok = scholar, SRA 3. Dor, Palestime, Ti Sua) Doris, wife of Hiewead: ach. ; ; Dormide, M She? ghetto ais” England, #9) Dosa, ‘son af Sura, 275. Dositheus, Je wish grate vy Kayp- a, tian army. 34% ‘le Dothas, plam ta) fh) ae} Drenteln, govermar af Bien, GOK, Dresticn, lows of, eth. e Dreux, Fr: ance, 25, Coe Dre yius, Capt: nin Altes, eRRetr «a, Sombie hs. 4 ee. at Duero, Spain, 294, Puichipns, Albarn. $e. Duma, Rusdiaa paar anaes a, 716, 717. : Bre) Dunash (Adoniaa ee ia } ; i a grennnar bas, cai Dunash: Re Ra ae 220. ‘ rte tae ir aly Pek Ai 4. is, Jews in, 21 : , Het of rte DB Dovid: Jowish merchan? of b + fa “ he See) 'P erie sie 1, ais: ETN, Philistine rod, 147. Pe) Dalberg, Kark won.) grants end rights to Jewsof frankiart, $it. Damascus, 7. Jingdem of, ids 68 2, i 06.-O8. 00) 156. 14. rae: ‘Nae Pay > amascus, fews tay 486, 651-653 . lood tibet met shies, G _ 203: . ee padhe aeD ra niet tta, S36, ne Se i ; Jampierre, jewhea icarningat,370, lan, tribe ‘of. 4, 9, 24, 33, Bi, 6 6k Ot, Daniel, Book of, lane boule to ‘eter collection of Scriptures, 158, 199. Lane ty head if Jenson: school, Siz: ng Dante; ‘Divine Comedy! of: 480, : Danubd, river, 453, 368, 512, ry Dardanelles, 564, 72 28. Darius I, king of Persia, 120. Das ius It. king of Persia, 126). « Dartas TES 4 nag g of Persia, 12S. Da Gera Jews settie m, 398. - Da wid, king of Israel, 40-44, , 51-54, 55-60) GL G2, G3) 6 oo 70, 84, 92, 4, 97, 100, 101, 110, 114, 116, 264, 268, 269, 523, ae Leds il, Towels of, im : hercandignds ; 37. ried, bor other of Maimonides, ie 349: oe ee id has Lew, Polish rabble, David, son.of Meshullata, 359) David sow of Saat, of Pro 3 opponent af Maimonides, ane Davie, son of Zaccai, e | 263, 269, APG. ees Davila, Toba: Arias, bisho via, 461) 468 Sues Davie, Jefferson, pres ident, ye ee ‘Day of the Lond,’ ‘alo. judgment,” in Anos; 94-92; Maladhi,. IZ: - Desc =| Sea, s. 6, ‘3, % 5 Debir (Sant vary), in = A, sas) acre me. n be vs. atentiaauiele e israel, oa am in Joaeee INDEX Deckendorf, Jews of, 403, 404. Declaration of Independence, of America, 599, 606, 609. Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizens, of France, 609. Deioces, king of Medes, 105. Delilah, 35. Dembovski, Polish bishop, 584. Demetrius I., of Syria, 144-147. Demetrius II., of Syria, 147-150, 152, Demetrius III. Eucaerus, of Syria, 156. Denikin, Russian general, 733. Denmark, 576, 594, 727. Deportations: Assyrian, 99; first Babylonian, 110; second Baby- lonian, 112, 233. Derenbourg, Hartwig, of Paris, 705. Derenbourg, Joseph, 705. Derzhavin, Russian statesman, 627-628. Descartes, French philosopher, 497. Dessau, Germany, 592, 616. Detmold, Germany, 638. Devil’s Island, 702. Dhu-Nuwas (Joseph), ruler of southern Arabia, converted to Judaism, 248. Dictionaries, biblical:of Menahem, son of Saruk, 310-311; of Samuel ha-Nagid, 317; of Jonah Ibn Janah, 317; of David Kimhi, 395. Dictionaries, talmudic: of Nathan of Rome (Aruk), 302; of Mar- cus Jastrow, 681; of Alexander Kohut, 699. Diego, Neo-Christian of Segovia, 461. Diet, Coronation, in Poland, 538. Dietrich II., archbishop of May- ence, 416. Diniz, of Portugal, 429. Diocletian, Roman emperor, 228, 229. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 295. Disraeli, Benjamin, 645, 658, 690. D’Israeli, Isaac, 645. Dmowski, Polish statesman, 718. es ee wegetoa1, Do2, 594,)555, 578. Dob Baer of Mezdyrzecz, Hasidic leader, 585, 586. Dohm, Christian Wilhelm, Prus- sian diplomat, 596, 598, 608. Dok, Palestine, fortress of, 151. 787 Dolza, Jewess of Worms, 372. Domatus, Jewish merchant of France, 349. Dominic, founder of Dominicans, 25 Dominicans, conversionist activ- ities of, 390, 396, 413, 414, 417, 426, 463, 465, 471, 484, 485, 529. Domitian, Roman emperor, 203, 207, 290, 291. Don, river, in Russia, 525. Donin, Nicholas, apostate, 378. Dénmebh, sect of Sabbatians, 570, 571, 583. Donnolo, Sabbatai, Italian Jewish scholar, 300, 357. Dor, Palestine, 154, 163. Doris, wife of Herod, 176. Dormido, Manuel Martinez, of England, 492. Dosa, son of Saadiah, Gaon of sta. 2/5, Dositheus, Jewish general in Egyp- tian army, 148. Dothan, plain of, 6. Drenteln, governor of Kiev, 695. Dresden, Jews of, 636. Dreux, France, 333. Dreyfus, Captain Alfred, affair of, 702-703. Drohobicz, Galicia, 717. Dropsie, Moses Aaron, 724. | Dropsie College, 724. Drumont, French Anti-Semite, 702. ‘ Drusilla, daughter of Agrippa, 189, 191. Dubno, Poland, 570. Dubnow, Simon, historian, 714. Duero, Spain, 314. Dulcigno, Albania, 566. Duma, Russian parliament, 715, 716, 717. Dunash (Adonim), son of Labrat, grammarian, 311-312, 356, 357. Dunash (Adonim), son of Tamim, 280. ; Duport, French statesman, 610. Duran, Prophiat, Marano, critic of Christianity, 450. Durnovo, Russian minister, 700. Dury, John, English missionary, 490. Dutch West India Company, 603. pare 788 Eber, ancestor of Hebrews, 3. Ebro, river in Spain, 335. Ecbatana, Persia, 117, 120. Ecija, Spain, 437, 446. Economic condition of the Jews: in Palestine, 85-88, 119, 120, 151, 172, 209-210, 221, 230, 518, 713, 728; in Babylonia, 116, 233-235; in Alexandria, 185; in Arabia, 249; in Italy, 292, 508, 511; in Spain, 303, 420-421, 438, 452, 471; in France, 346, 378, 392; in Germany, 359, 371-372, 403, 405, 409-411, 413, 590, 592, 636; in Austria, 377, 381; in England, 384, 385-386, 388-390, 645, 646; in Turkey, 512; in Russia, 528, 529, 627-629, 669, 683, 735; in Poland, 532, 543, 551-552, 578- 579, 709, 718; in Rumania, 688; in the United States, 604-607. Edels, Samuel, Polish rabbi, 546. Eden, Garden of, 434. Edessa, Syria, 365. Edom, 18; used to denote Rome, 329, 569, 585. Edomites, 65, 91, 114, 121. Education: in early Israel, 88; in Palestine, 210-211, 225; of Jews in Babylonia, 234; in Poland, 544-546; in Austria, 597; in Germany, 597-598; in West- phalia, 616-617. Edward I., of England, 390. Edward, Black Prince, of England, 442. Eger, Akiba, Prussian rabbi, 635, 679. Egica, king of Spain, 306. Egidio di Viterbo, cardinal, 482. gilbert, archbishop of Treves, 362. Egypt, ancient, 6, 8, 9, 12, 15, 18, 20, 37, 39, 48, 53, 61, 62, 64, 65, 112, 46, 91, 93. 95."97, 90, fu: 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 109, 110, 111,112,113, 118. 119361 under the Ptolemies, 129, 134- 137, 154, 163, 166, 170, 171, 190, 214, 215; under the Arabs, 254, 264, 268, 275, 277, 279, 280, 301, 324, 330, 332, 338, 341, 342, 345; under the Turks, 512, 515, 522, 560, 571, 612;.under: indepen- ° INDEX on government, 651, 652, 728, 0. Egypt, Jews in, 113, 115, 126-127, 128-130, 147-148, 164, 184-187, 211, 265. Ehud, Judge, 25. Einhorn, David, American rabbi, 677, 698. Eisenbaum, Anton, of Poland, 666. Eisenmenger, Johann Andreas, German Jew-baiter, 591. Eisenstadt, Hungary, 682. Eisner, Kurt, Jewish communist i in Bavaria, 732-733. Ekron, 102, 147. Elah, son of Baasa, king of Israel, 69 Elam, 105. El-Arish, district of, 708, 730. Elath, port on the gulf of Akabah, 53, 84, 96. Elbe, river, 353, 570, 623, 676. Eldad, son of Mahli, the Danite, in Kairawan, 278-280, 282, 309; ritual of, 279. Elders of Zion, Protocols of, 736. Eleazar, high priest, 130. Eleazar, old teacher, killed by Anti- ochus, 138. Eleazar, a zealot leader, 191, 192. Eleazar, Maccabee, 144. Eleazar, uncleof Bar Kokeba, priest in Jerusalem, 214. Eleazar, son of Azariah, Tanna, 207. Eleazar, son of Hananiah, 195. Eleazar, descendant of Judah the Galilean, 203, 204. Eleazar, son of Judah, cabalist, 372, 424, Eleazar, son of Pedath, Amora in Palestine, 228. Eleazar, son of Simon, third Lee tor in Jerusalem, 201. Eleazar, son of Simon, Tanna, 220. Elephantine, Jewish military col- ony at, 126. Elhanan, Abe Bs Isaac the Elder, tosaphist, 3 Eli, priest of Shiloh, 36, 37, 41, 43, 64. Eliashib, high priest, 124, 126. Eliezer, son of Hyrcanus, Tanna, 207; 212- 213, 219. Eliezer, son of Samuel, 370. Elijah, ‘the prophet, ee 74, 79, 94, 122, 452, 522; 560, 572. tN oy FRO . uacintdnon, of Amsrrin, BO4, ah Ses Gisen. aF%, $e kaka, Mea weit, ad Coparpetle 044. Ce homens ‘ahta, 558-559. a ee) tee ee Teale oll oan Vawstqar, & pes } s ie ere fasres Mie ef} Westie owteee!, Packie, oF. S photig.. Pagers eaeal weg, Saigneer ee, 2%, % 5 oh Sper GES oe a 322. Ba Se; ee ee | we Veet. ¢, paws i, 678, 721-123. Ba cea ed sh, aes See 2 - o sires of, 78 aah ake <4 23) 494-495. ied CRant ¢ aint BB : “ft jewe in Fe elite: 5 ewia> Kawato. ef i an werd ia, - ie : of i ape isms: ais. & gh te b tawny: Ly rary in me Ausirta, oi amy aoe es a ae Bad ies 470-473; Hamas Teens | om “yon, Prussia 475: from Dae OMG athe eS oe fro: Rossa OS) hi ees Eybeactuta, jose Kon 3, 24, 38, 37. 504, 18S hes Wk is, Cae ms ate northern — thee ceca SO Pie Ezion-gs . _ Ales 3 Ezra, t che’ 5 jews in, ais, Palestiak, | leads, Ly . = the A aces me a Dis, 308, ig ae 38, rity Bags sie vals 512, S33, BEE, 4 GE. under inaiepiike e INDEX Elijah, of Treves, 362. Elijah, Gaon of Vilna (son of Sol- omon), 586-588, 592, 630. Elim, 16. Elimelech, of Lizensk, Hasidic leader, 585. cay ional Russia, pogrom of, 94, Elisha, the prophet, 74, 78, 79, 94. Elisha, son of Abuiah, heretic, 218. . Eller, Germany, Jews massacred at. 303. Elvira, Spain, Council of, 304. Emancipation, of Jews: in Europe, 596, 632-633; in Austria, 596- 597, 624-626; in France and de- pendencies, 608-618; in Prussia, 619-624; in America, 648; in Germany, 654-658; in England, 658; in Poland, 665-667. Emanuel I., of Portugal, 474, 516. Emden, Friesland, Jews in, 487, 488, 663. Emden, Jacob, opponent of Eybe- schiitz, 576, 593-594. Emesa, 191. Emicho, count of Worms, leads mob against Jews, 361-363. Emmaus, Palestine, 140. Encyclopaedia, Jewish, 724. Ende, Franz van den, 496. En-dor, Palestine, 43. England, attitude to Zionism of, 708, 711, 730-731, 734, 737. England, Jews of, 364, 384-391, 397, 643-647, 665, 678, 721-723, 726, 736; their expulsion, 479; their readmission to, 491-493; emancipation of, 658. Enlightenment in Russian Jewish center, 631. (See Haskalah.) Enoch, son of Moses, talmudist of Cordova, 314, 315. ae spring in Jerusalem, 49, Ense, Varnhagen von, Prussian diplomat, 622. Ensisheim, Alsace, 382. Ephraim, tribe of, 23, 24, 35, 37, 39, 40; used to denote northern kingdom, 93, 97, 116. Ephraim, Mount, 6, 75. Ephraim, rabbi of Tyre, 341. Ephraim, son of Jacob, 372-373. Erfurt, Germany, Jews in, 375, 406, 415. 789 Esarhaddon, of Assyria, 104. Esau, 434. Escafa, Nehemiah, of Granada, 316. Escapa, Joseph, rabbi, 558-559. Esdraelon, plain of, in Palestine, 6, 148. (See also Jezreel, Plain of.) Eshtaol, Palestine, 33. Eskeles, Bernhard von, financier, of Vienna, 632-633. Eskeles, Cecilia von, of Vienna, 632-633. Essenes, sect of, 180, 182. Essenism, old Pietism, 180. Este, dukes of, 503. Estella, Navarre, Jews massacred at, 436. Esterhazy, French major, in Drey- fus affair, 702. Esther, queen, 127, 158. Esthonia, Jews in, 735. Ethbaal, king of Tyre, 71. Ethiopia, 118, 278. Ethiopians, 91, 113. Eugenius III., pope, 365. Eugenius IV., pope, 414, 458. Euphrates, 51, 52, 53, 107, 109, 167, 170, 212, 233, 427. Eupolemus, son of Johanan, leads embassy to Rome, 145. Euric, king of Spain, 306. Europe, Jews of, 283. Everard, ‘master of Jews’ in Gaul, 350. Evil-merodach, king of Babylon, 116-117. Exeter, Synod of, anti-Jewish mea- sures of, 390. Exilarch (Resh Galutha), head of Jews in Babylonia, 235-276. Exodus, of Israelites, from Egypt, 15. Expulsions: from England, 391; from France, 398, 399, 400; from Austria, 413-414; from Spain, 470-473; from Portugal, 474- 476; from Lithuania, 530-531; from Russian villages, 630, 667. Eybeschiitz, Jonathan, rabbi, 593— 594, 595. Ezekiel, the prophet, 115-116, 158, 329. Ezion-geber, port, on the gulf of Akabah, 53, 61, 71. Ezra, the Scribe, leads return to Palestine, 122-123; as religious leader, 131, 158, 159, 233, 266. 790 Fadak, fore settlement in Ara- bia, 249, 253. Fadus, Roman procurator of Pal- estine, 190. Fagius, pupil of Levita, 482, 483. Falces, Spain, Jews massacred at, 436. Falk, Jacob Joshua, talmudist and rabbi, 593, Falk, Joshua, Polish rabbi, 546. Famagosta, Cyprus, 516. Fatimites, Arab dynasty of, 277, 280, 329, Faure, President, 703. Faustina, Jewish actress, 292. Fayum, Egypt, 264. Federation of Swabian cities, 409. Felix, Roman procurator of Pales- tine, 191-193. Ferdinand I., of Castile, 323. Ferdinand Lid of Castile, 395. Ferdinand IV., ‘of Castile, 436, 437. Ferdinand L., of Aragon, 453, 454. Ferdinand Il. of Aragon (V. of Castile), 461-471, 502; marries Isabella of Castile, 461; intro- duces Inquisition, 463. Ferdinand |., of Portugal, 445. Ferdinand I. , of Naples, 501. Ferdinand i. of Austria, 548. Ferdinand II., of Austria, 549. Ferrara, Jews in, 480, 487, .502- 504. Ferrer, St. Vincent, friar, 453, 454, 455. Festus, Roman procurator of Pales- tine, 193. Fez, Africa, Jews in, 282, 337, 473, 486, 519. Pibovick Abraham, scholar, 685-686. Fischel, Moses, chief rabbi of Lit- tle Poland, 533. Flaccus, Roman prefect in Alexan- dria, 185, 186, 288. Flagellants, persecutio-s of Jews by the, 406-407. Flanders, Jews settle in, 391. Florus, Roman procurator of Pales- tine, 193, 194, Foch, General, of France, 73”. Forsyth, John, United States secre- tary of state, 652. France, Jews in, 348-352, 356-364, 365-371, 377, 378-379, 398-400, Dominican Karaite INDEX 402, 404, 408, 479, 608-618, 642- 643, 657, 665. Francis I., of France, 482. Francis I., of Austria, 624. Francis II., emperor, 624. (See also Francis I., of Austria.) Francis Ferdinand, Austrian arch- duke, 725. F C78. Joseph, of Austria, 658, 678 Francis, Mordecai, tax-farmer in Cairo, LWA Franciscans, incite against Jews, Franck, Adolphe, scholar, 643. Franco, Niccolo, papal nuncio to Spain, 463. Franco, Samuel, cabalist, 514. Franco, Yuce, of Avila, 468. Franconia, Jews of, massacred, 382, 402-403; expelled, 415. Frank, Jacob, Sabbatian and Mes- sianic pretender, 583-584. Frank, Ludwig, German Jewish socialist, 725. Frankel, David, Geren rabbi, 592, 595, 616. Frankel, Zechariah, 663, 680. Frankfort (-on-the-Main), Jews in, 379, 380, 383, 406, 413, 417, 484, 556, 557, 570, 575, 590, 591, 593, 596, 635-636, 641, 645, 657, 662, 663; emancipation of, 617, 632. es Reform Society, 660- ik Frankfort-on-the-Oder, 581. Frankists, followers of Jacob Frank in Poland, 584. Franks, tolerant towards Jews, 346, 347, 351, Franks, David, of Philadelphia, 605, 606. Franks, Jacob, of Philadelphia, 605 Frederick I. Barbarossa, Versa emperor, 371, 372. Frederick IL., ’German emperor: 375.37, 377. Frederick IIl., emperor, 416, 483. Frederick, the Wise, elector of Sax- ony, 484. Frederick III., of Brandenburg, 590. (See Frederick I., of Prussia.) Frederick I., of Prussia, 590-591. Frederick IL., the Great, of ca 591, 592, 619, cia : ay we) abe * oh 195 phe eth Sa — of; ke Sree 45 L9G POS shy Mareeba, Oe a pases spiritual mer bey. ates, eas) ae. : synagogia: Mule ih; PGFs ack closed, 366. ae Galiiee, Sea of, 4, 32, (7A eae Gall dpoli, Turkey, a at Gathus, governar og Syria, \ Gallus, emperor in thee Bnet, 27% Roe - Galveston, Texus, 72 1 ae Gamata, in Golan, 155, 197, 2 ( Gamatiel I, v anna, SEe3, ; 7A Gamaliel U1. (of Jabra, “acta id ear Sainen, Tanna, head ef thw Sip ’ ut “hedtin, 206-268, 793. ‘sae Gamalel iLli., een of judy 4 | oa patriarch, 22%,- ays Gamiatliel 1V., patriarch, 2a. oe Gatmaliel V., patriar ch, 25, ae Gamaliel Vf... last patriarch, 2%) Bie ‘Gamrat, Polish bishop, S34. ee Gunganelli, cardinal, investi bleed accusation, 580-581, Gans, David, 549, Gans, Edkard, parhet, O58. . Gaon (Geonim}, beads of Batee ‘ - lonian acade mies, 235, 247- 2? é, 357+ in Palestine, 267. ; Gaster, Moses, haham nm Lendan, 707 ,. 721-722 Gascony, Noo of, 397, Gath, Philistia, 42, 48, #2. meee ‘Gatherer, The' (Ha-Me RSET? >, —_ Hebrew periodical, B21, ‘or Sa Gandiocus, Jew ai Freace, 351. Mente tt Gaul, jews in, under Christian em- . Meee 2 perors, 346. | t Gaza, Palestine, 42, 90, 100, 101. WOK, 128, 148, 154 17k, 235, $60, 561, 562, 612, 730, 731. sf Gedaliah, governor af Fuciea, it3- 143. Jape’? "amet ancestor of the Jagetion, Brees eS (Geiger, Abrabam, ethiler and te- ie eae former, 660-663, 681. GARI. - na i ey a sapere 3, sermany, Jeweralenetnn pao Genizah of Carre, 725-928. oe Bp iB Genoa, tushy, . lews inj. wits 4, aaa re ey re 502, 503, A. rf Gkde fre oe len Sears George ith. ot Bughand: BOBS 8 er Georgia, United Stage, Bald “ See ye ah at in, 603, 604. cee Gerasa, Transiordinns: * = A Tete. pte ait, BMG ro ones ; et > a 5 Geet Mya Bay GS eee a 2 . aut 'F ‘ae Bw iy ; Sans hee aed patie Pmeete, Dee tp, & INDEX pepcenCl III., German emperor, 699, Frederick II., duke of Austria, 377, S28, Frederick, grand duke of Baden, and Zionism, 707-708. Frederick William, Great Elector of Brandenburg, 590. Frederick William I., of Prussia, 591, Frederick William II., of Prussia, 619. Frederick William III., of Prussia, 620. . Frederick William IV., of Prussia, 656. Freiburg, Germany, Jews mas- sacred at, 4006. French Revolution, 599, 608, 610— 611, 616, 654, 657, 703. Friedberg, Germany, 547. © Friedlander, David, of Berlin, re- former, 619, 622-624, 632. Friedlander, Michael, of London, scholar, 722. Friedman, Meir, of Vienna, schol- ar, 704, 722. Friesel, governor of Vilna, 627. Friesland, Netherlands, 487. Fulda, Germany, Jews massacred at, 3/6, 381. Fulvia, Roman proselyte to Juda- ism, 290. Funes, Spain, Jews massacred at, 436 F urtado, Abraham, of France, 608, Ol dig Firth, Germany, 556, 596. Fustat, Jews in, 265, 280, 330. Gabinius, proconsul of Syria, 162- 1 Gad, tribe of, 9, 19, 278. Bet Transjordania, 154, 171, 18. Galante, Moses, of Jerusalem, 561. Galatz, Rumania, 689. | Galba, Roman emperor, 200. Galicia, Spain, Jews of, 323; scat- tered after expulsion, 486. Galicia, Jews in, 625-626, 709, 717- 718, 726. Galilee, Palestine, 6, 23, 97, 143, 154, 179, 181, 182, 518, 524; patriotic movement in, 164-165, 167, 177, 183, 191, 192, 195-198; 791 patriotic bands of, in Jerusalem, 199-203; in Masada, 203-204; spiritual center in, 217, 226; synagogue ruins in, 265; schools closed, 266. (salilee, Sea Of, 5,102.0) Ula athe Gallipoli, Turkey, 728. Gallus, governor of Syria, 195. Gallus, emperor in the East, 229. Galveston, Texas, 712. Gamala, in Golan, 156, 197, 198. Gamaliel I., Tanna, 206. Gamaliel II. (of Jabneh), son of Simon, Tanna, head of the San- hedrin, 206-208, 293. Gamaliel III., son of Judah I., patriarch, 225. Gamaliel IV., patriarch, 225. Gamaliel V., patriarch, 230. Gamaliel VI., last patriarch, 230. Gamrat, Polish bishop, 534. Ganganelli, cardinal, investigates blood accusation, 580-581. Gans, David, 549. Gans, Eduard, jurist, 638. Gaons (Geonim), heads of Baby- lonian academies, 235, 247-276, 357; in Palestine, 267. Gaster, Moses, haham in London, 707, 721-722. Gascony, Jews of, 397. Gath, Philistia, 42, 48, 82. ‘Gatherer, The’ (Ha-Measseph), Hebrew periodical, 621. Gaudiocus, Jew of France, 351. Gaul, Jews in, under Christian em- perors, 346. Gaza, Palestine, 42, 99, 100, 101, 108, 128, 148, 154, 171, 215, 560, 561, 562, 612, 730, 731. Gedaliah, governor of Judea, 112- 1138: Gedymin, ancestor of the Jagellos, 530. Geiger, Abraham, scholar and re- former, 660-663, 681, 682. Geldern, Germany, Jews massacred at, 363. Genizah of Cairo, 722-723. Genoa, Italy, Jews in, 292, 473, 502, 503, 509. George III., of England, 645. Georgia, United States, 605; Jews in, 603, 604. Gerasa, Transjordania, 156, 157. 792 Gerizim, Mount, Samaritan tem- ple on, 28, 121, 124-125, 137, 152, 183. Gerlach, archbishop of Mayence, 407. Germany, Jews in: beginnings of, 352-355, 359-366; during Cru- sades, 371- Ks 377, 527; ser- vants of the treasury, S714 eae in the 13th century, 379-383, 528; in the 14th century, 402- 412: in the 15th century, 413- 418, 440, 485; Jewish learning of, 408, 415- 416, 595.. 537, ceuice 15th century, 530, 547— 548, S10; 576, 580, 581, 592- 596, 603, 616-618, 632, 638- 639, 649, 659- 664, 675, 679- 682, 724: eman- cipation of, 654-— 658, 665; ‘Anti- Semitic excesses against, OF 1— 693, 699-700, 736. Gerona, Spain, 336, 393, 395, 421, 426, 444, 447. Geronimo de Santa Fe, Jewish apostate, 449, 454, 455, 468. Gershom, son of Judah of Mayence, founder of talmudic learning in Germany, 302, 352, 353-354, 355, 356, 357. Geshur, in Golan, 52. oy Palestine, 48, 61, 62, 150, 152 Ghazali, Arab theologian, 320, 328, 331 Ghettos:in Germany, 407; in Italy, 509; in Poland, 531. Gibbethon, fortress of, 68, 69. Gibeah, Palestine, 36, 37, 38, 39, 45, 46, 48, 54, 69; outrage of, 33. Gibeon, Palestine, 7, 22, 23, 59, 195 Gibraltar, Straits of, 307, 331. Gideon, judge, 26—27, 29, 32, 37. Gideon (Abudiente), Samson, of England, 644. Gihon, spring, near Jerusalem, 49, 59, 101. Gilboa, mountains of, 6, 26, 43, 45. Gilead, Transjordania, 5, 19, 24, 29, 33, 38, 45, 72, 79, 97, 156. Gilgal, Palestine, gi 32: 38, 58,91. Ginsberg, Asher, vis ‘(See Ahad Haam.) Gish-halab, Palestine, 197, 198. lagerons. British prime-minister, INDEX Glaphyra, Cappadocian princess, 175 178: Gliickel of Hameln, 563. Gneist, leads in protest against Anti- Semitism, 699, Gnesen, Poland, 528. Godard, leader in the Paris Com- mune, 610. Godfrey of BbuiltoH: 359. Godfrey of Wiirzburg, expels Jews from Franconia, 415. Goethe, animosity towards Jews of, 617, 636 Golan, Transjordania, 5, 156. ‘Golden penny of offering’, Jewish tax, 403, 411. Goldsmid, Colonel Albert, of Lon- don, 706. Goliath, Philistine giant, 40, 41. at Cossacks massacre Jews at, 554. Gonzalo de Cordova, viceroy of Naples, 488, 502. Gonzalo de Santa Maria, Jewish apostate, 450. Gonzales, Diego, Neo-Christian, treasurer of Castile, 457. Gorchakov, Russian chancellor, 690. Gordon, Jekuthiel, supporter of Luzzatto’s Messiaship, 575. Gordon, Judah Loeb, Hebrew writ- er, 686. Gorgias, Syrian general, 140, 143. Gorz, Jews in, 548, 639. Goshen, Egypt, 12, 14. Gradis, David, of France, 608-609. Graetz, Heinrich, historian, 680. Granada, Spain, Jews in, 282, 315, 316-321, 325, 326, 330, 336, 393, 438, 442, 448, 470. Grant, President, 689. Gratz, Bernard, of Philadelphia, 606. Gratz, Michael, of Philadelphia, 606. Gratz, Rebecca, of Philadelphia, 650. Greek civilization introduced into Palestine: by Antiochus Epiph- pe 135-136, 138; by Herod, 173 Grégoire, Abbé, favors Jewish emancipation, 609. Gregory I., the Great, pope, 298, 305, 348. INDEX i te Haifa, Paletian, © Ae PER Hakam ff... elnth a Det, ao. 310, Fi ‘Hakentowusier, Cire ait aie -trian AptiSemites, 726 | Halakat (rekg ine ties; dmmde smerny #: ape dennaies ha a, ox eV RaQ TPS, 4 eR, pcan pre Be i a. St es . corke, 244, Halévy, consponer, agg Halle, Germany, Soja Halle, Jews of, cation, ae Halperin, banker of Bardacaty. a? Ham, breather ai Shere, 3 Ham, France, Jes? miternceety 406, Harman, Pe rsian taxtyiat ie. 2iF ae Haimath, Syria, 82. 35, 4, tee i). . Hamburg, Jews in, 4, 204 de $52, 563, $90, 644-45, ae Be pmanci nx tion Of G86. Marauudlites, Aral: tearsiy, 375 Rammurstpi. Palylaaree he ale of, +. Hamon, Jost: physsowen icoatye? turta, St3 Haxistie, Maree goat’ ri cece th Ses pmiman Li, 467,214, Sia Hamet, xins of, erin ev Lopes ae at Mhecheet, 27 ea * es Haast, bg ertipet, it ee Haouried. hugh portant. See 1 ? ers Hanan. cam gi 8 Fesbimt ag Kats e vs wats, 28b-262, Mi, BAP net Hanaivah, tae re ypngett, 25% é Hananiah, hath piicct, OF Henania. Sih. is c ae > Ea ; : Ria % . Maoder in Eeyptian SOE 5 Li = ane lop agg foondls sichienat wy begee ee iN 4 igoia, 2 . | eae Hoaaninh, exilareli, 260; 7 as +Tananiah, son 0 ai. putas fee i Punsbediths, 273 , Hanina, con Gi Teradies.. 1 eee: 21%, 2419; 326 Hanne, bing of x wes Voie, See Hanuver, fowes of 29 agen e "Hanseatic cities jets oh. tacklt | Me ec Havua, knig of Stee, Sb ree kar 2 Maadixkah, 14% +7) Mara» +, 17. FO, a, Vs, Se : “th é fos © flarby, {aune. ot i. Rrigghema chin, He ee > gee Hardenber. Peerage neater... 623, a Ai hs Z a ae Pmt i eel oe ade ds « Seay, Soy. ae a ae " puet ; oi ae Maher dh A ‘ Mabths te t aye Mie WHER, ’ ‘ ? f ¢ Reg nae s s ; ye Stee eee ek EEE Re 7 . . a a i eS AREER, : ihe’ Seqet 7 “ee *< on 28) he te by ag ¢ 10R cemtaren ¥ coy Gee a its seeks (bs "4 i rae % Se re eek” eee ee slice “A rere. SA Sas i te STS, Br Mae. bn eam oe $05,” “te page a. : wae rb OER, SSS y hatte rs ii): ene i oyainet, GUIS . = % | ae 1 A, atl t ales ‘ot, San si a ee a SES ee we eae eae ee i Tn ee : INDEX Gregory VII., pope, 323, 358. Gregory IX., pope, 375, 378, 380, Gregory X., pope, bull against rit- ual murder, 382. Gregory XIII., pope, 504. Gregory, bishop of Tours, 348. Grodno, Lithuania, 530, 669, 727. Giidemann, Moritz, 704, 705, 706. Guesclin, Bertrand de, 441-442. ‘Guide of the Perplexed,’ of Mai- monides, 344-345, 393, 394, 395, 396, 400, 424, 643. Guido, cardinal, 381, 528. Guiscard, Robert, brother of Roger II., of Italy, 299. Guizot, French statesman, 642. Gumbiner, Abraham, rabbi of Po- land, 581. . Gumperz, Aaron Solomon, 594. Gumprecht, Isaac Joseph, of Frank- fort, 632. Guntram, of Burgundy, 348. Giinsburg, Mordecai Aaron, 672. Giinzburg, Baron Horace, 686. Giinzburg, Baron Joseph, 686. Guzman, Alvar Perez de, 446. Guzman, John Alphonso de, 446. Guzman, Leonora de, 440. Habad, intellectual Hasidism, 586. Habakkuk, the prophet, 158. Habbus, Berber prince in Spain, 5157310: Habsburgs, 547, 725. Hadad, Edomite prince, 61. Hadad, king of Damascus, 68. Peete king of Zobah, 51, 52, 2 Hadadezer, king of Damascus, 76, 79. Hadashah, Palestine, 145. Hadid, Palestine, 156. Hadrian, Roman emperor, 212- 215, 216; 217, 290. Hagenau, diet of, on ritual murder question, 376. Haggadah, homiletic teachings of Tannaim, 223, 281. Haggai, the prophet, 120, 158. Hagiz, Jacob, rabbi of Jerusalem 560, 561, 573-576. Hague, Netherlands, 499. Hai, Gaonof Pumbeditha, 274-276, Ate 280, 281, 301, 314, 317, 357, 793 Haifa, Palestine, 6, 379, 427, 724. Hakam II., caliph in Spain, 308, 310, 314. ‘Hakenkreuzler,’ German and Aus- trian Anti-Semites, 736. Halakah (religious law), legal teachings of Tannaim, 174, 223; developed and arranged, 270. Halakoth, Great, compendious code, 256. Halévy, composer, 632-643. Halle, Germany, 581, 591, 638. Halle, Jews of, expelled, 366. Halperin, banker of Berdiczev, 672. Ham, brother of Shem, 3. ee France, Jews massacred at, Haman, Persian minister, 217, 434. Hamath, Syria, 52, 76, 84, 100, 109. Hamburg, Jews in, 486, 493-496, 552, 563, 590, 634-635, 637; emancipation of, 636. Hammudites, Arab dynasty, 315. Hammurapi, Babylonian king, code of, 7. Hamon, Joseph, physician to sul- tans, 513. Hamon, Moses, physician to Sul- aiman IJ., 487, 513, 514. Hamor, sons of, aristocratic family at Shechem, 27. Hanan, high priest, 193, 195, 199. Hananel, high priest, 169. Hananel, son of Hushiel, of Kaira- wan, 281-282, 302, 317. Hananiah, false prophet, 111. Hananiah, high priest, 194. Hananiah, son of Onias IV., com- mander in Egyptian army, 154. Hananiah, founds school in Baby- lonia, 216. Hananiah, exilarch, 260. Hananiah, son of Judah, Gaon of Pumbeditha, 273. Hanina, son of Teradion, Tanna, 21, 2197220; Hanno, king of Gaza, 99, 100, 101. Hanover, Jews of, 636. Hanseatic cities, Jews of, 632. Hanun, king of Ammon, 51. Hanukkah, 141. Haran, 4, 107, 108, 109, 334, 335. Harby, Isaac, of Charleston, 648. Hardenberg, Prussian minister, 623, 633. 794 Harkavy, Abraham, 686. Harmhab, king of Egypt, 12. Harod, well of, Palestine, 26. Harrison, President, 700. Harun ar-Raschid, caliph, 349, Harvard College, 604. Hasadiah, scholar of Oria, Italy, 300. Hasan (Josiah), appointed exilarch by Saadiah, 269. Hasidism, 581-588. Haskalah (enlightenment), in Rus- sia, 671-672, 686-687. Hasmoneans, Maccabean dynasty in Judea, 151-168. Havilah, land of, 278. Hayim, of Volozhin, head of school, 630, 672. Hayun, Nehemiah Hiya, cabalistic imposter, 571-574. Hayyuj, Judah, Hebrew gramma- rian, 315, °317;,357. Hazael, of Damascus, 79, 82-83. Hazor, in Naphtali, 62. Hebraists, Christian: in Italy, 395, 479, 482-483; in Germany, 483-— 485. Hebrew literature, modern, begin- nings of, 576, 639-641; in Russia, 671-672, 686-687. Hebrew Union College, at Cincin- nati, 681, 698, 723. Hebrew University, of Jerusalem, 131, JSP. Hebron, Palestine, 9, 22, 42, 45, 46, 47, 48, 56, 119, 140, 143, 200, 215, 338, 571, 687. Hechler, British chaplain, 707. Hegel, German philosopher, 641. Heidelberg, 499, 635. Heilprin, Jehiel, historian, 581. Heilprin, Michael, 694. Heine, Heinrich, 318, 639, 643. Hejira, Mohammed’s flight to Me- dina, 250. Ee as treasurer of Seleucus, 135. Heliopolis, Egypt, 147. Hellenists, in Jerusalem, 138, 142, 146. Heller, Yom Tob Lipmann, 547— 550/555, Helmstedt, Germany, 594. Henry II., emperor, 354. Henry IV., German emperor, 359. Henry VI., German emperor, 372. INDEX Henry I., of England, 384. Henry II., of England, 385, 386. Henry III., of England, enforces wearing of ‘Badge,’ 388, 389. Henry II., of Castile, 442-443, 445. Henry III., of Castile, 446, 448, 449, 452, 453. Henry IV., of Castile, 460, 461, 462. Henry IV., of France: 488. Henry, bishop of Ratisbon, 418. Henry, duke of Bavaria, 404, Henry de Trastamara, 440-441. (See Henry II., of Castile.) Henry, French colonel, in Dreyfus affair, 703. ete Byzantine emperor, 266, 8. Hercules I., duke of Este, 503. Hermeneutic principles, taught by Hillel, 175. Hermon, mount, 52 301. Herod, the Great, king of the Jews, 154, 164, 165, 166-168, 169-176, 179, 188, 193, 205. Herod, half-brother of Antipas, 181. Herod, uncle of Agrippa I1., 191. Herodias, wife of Antipas, 181, 187. Herodium, fortress, 173, 200, 203. Herrera, Alonzo de (Abraham), cabalist of Amsterdam, 488. Herz, Henrietta, Berlin salon of, 622. Herz, Leopold Edler von, 633. Herz, Marcus, of Berlin, 621-622. Herz, Marianna von, 633. Herzl, Theodore (Benjamin Zeeb), founder of Zionism, 703- 709, 711-712, 730. Heshbon, Transjordania, 18. Hess, Moses, 679-680, 703. Hesse, Jews in, emancipation ‘of, 635-636, 656. Hesse- Cassel, landgrave of, 645. Hezekiah, king of Judah, 100-103, 104, 109, Hezekiah, patriot leader in Gales executed by Herod, 165. Hezekiah, exilarch, Gaon of Pum- beditha, 276, 317. Hezekiah, of Treves, 362. High priest, head of Judean com- monwealth, 130. Hilary, of Poitiers, 346. Hilarion, metropolitan of Kiev, B27. in Palestine, 4, bh x ws Holland. fewa ia, de. Soh, de, 603, O04, GMS, 74% PE ¢ eextanie: pation ey, OTR, Witte. -. Hoimes, Nathanied Lug hy yay sion! ary, 4190, ar, Holy of i oles, ix thie Faas, 0 entered by high Gragt Gres year, 64: entered py Antiorhe aa t\ io ee a ob Dielatis Oes- os s * r" SeHAtStins = e¥ Sener ié ALT G63 Homber y. Herz, G2£5-4m) Homen, Loperx, Marans, $87, Henoriua [11. prep, 375, 2 Hophni, son of Hii, priest, 3% Flephra, king at Baryyn whl : . Herace, Roman poet. 92 a, are Pana) HOU aa Se { yet: c 14, 16, 72, 74, (See alee Sia, Hormn2ii rt . king at Perea, 222 Hosea, the prophet, 92-4. 807 ere e i Hoshaish, author of Tasepdex. 225. 226, 2238. Fleshea, king af Israei, OF, 2. ya Hourwitz, Zalkind. of Paria, G1 Bette Hubertueburg, Peace of, 595. as Bagh, chancellor of France, 93! “A Hugh, of Lincoln, bit ahel af wom FRO--490) ; Maco. Vieton F rench [eset, #55. é Hutiiah, ihr orophetrss, 106 ; —- ha fiuich, Jake, in Paws ne, 4, LS. noe os Mismanisen,reviwal od by ning, 47%, Hiumboteti, Wihbebn wun Prassiag giatesman, 623,635. — . . Haina, exilarch, 235. ! ae Huna, Babylonian Amora, 246, sre & : 244. . wey Hungary, Jews in, 377, G2, +, oon Ont 693, 736. ; a Hurwitz, Isaiah, cabattst, 24. Pe, Hushei, councilor of Dawnt, “7 Hushiet, gon of Ethanan, of Rasta wan, 286, St7. Hussites, waca of the, 433, 4a5 Hutten, Uirich von, raat rtrd : | ‘Reuchlin, 484... Fat We "hoe Aa Hyvksos, Syrian beaut, 8... 2 fe Gs Hyreanis, fortress of, 170 a eae, iS ee Hyrceanus it., hi prinety 1095 >» rt 163, 167; ethaare 16 wh Hyrcanus, of family oe Tohts 134, 138. iter 19% biarkavy, Abraham, 696, 07 (0 Marmbab, bag of Egypt, 12. he Harod, weil oi, Palestine, 26, Harrison, President, 700, Harun ar-Raschid, caliph, 440.) Harvard College, 604. Hasadigh, echola¢ of OWwia, ttaly, 300 Hasan ( Josiah), appatntyd exilarch by Saadiah, 269. ee ; asidiam, 581-988: tHankalah (enlightement), ia Rus: os sia, 671-672, -GR6RB7, i ee Hasmoneans, Macoabean 2 thn Adonijah, Jacwb, scn'of Hayim, compuer of Masoretay wotes, tbe Br apks Solomen ai Barcelona, , 450-432, 435, 94, thn nig Sir Jaseph, ‘aga. lon Adamant, Aare Benzion, 3a0:, Litt a- at jn, Rare, W275, $37. Hin al Balin, isaac, son of Baril i Oa van Aiaatiah: 301: lh LF at 4, , Abraham, cx? Oe ibn Abi Acer (4A bmanaDS ste i" tien Ada, Ae sain, Nagid ott wry eh Mae iB . Elesanr ; oa the He site, Bahye, 3 { bs Rom eankites jong 80x of Aw Bek treasurer, . Gy: rt eo waitila, Monae 8 Bae ss: CRS, Abiat a” rs joha DL, of Aragon aah ‘ig: Uswareh, Abwrahaatn, 3m, $33, isn, xray) Abraham, 302, alt Se, 3 “5, MBG, 395, 477 478, 49, icles pte . ea, Isaac, 326,” Sheu Sere, Judah, 3 the Forni. Moses, — fost xt 2 argsal, Selamen; a. - i 3» tehinol, Soloman, #az 782, Ab= 326, 394, 4248, OE, si . age, Shera Tob: so obra | z +, cabalist, 432, Cae tua (ahapyath, beam, 320) Se i ve teeta, Jacob, of Salonik, iwi Fal ists, Levi,’ rabbi of Gee A ” Rie 520, j be Smee Lions PE eat, . Jekuthiel, 38. i $a tal, Hasdai, 321 eee ibe fae, dy; B14. an 3 os eae “coches Ba Uber} in’ a as bs eG L Abrabain, ‘se "ij f by ie ne se he Pe juddabe, ~*~ Limes tht t eg 1a of Cc ’ 4 es % a ts * . 3: - rictions 5 against, ree Adee, 719-720, es z% " \ ee a Rady a ee ea ‘ ey aad ; Ison’ arte a: . ‘S81; buil Laituaane ey: oi murder Tsiterancs - A Cr | . ¥ ; Ish a ee vw bias Wis ’ a ay | Ishtar, « gh , ee ae om A = , of, a eri: ‘S Oe ; y : paitinre ie ee * Matar, ee ables ae na #3 = ‘ Sethian: cathe rit oath. Be is, “sf re h Psa Pera " ont 2 ae he rag fect fo Ap my ys INDEX Ma North Africa, Jews in, i PoeRe™ Ignatiev, Russian minister, 695, 696. Immanuel, of Rome, Hebrew poet, 480. Immigration, restrictions against, af the United States, 719-720, 6. Imola, Italy, 508. Speen Arab king and poet, 250. Indies, West, 472, 491, 492. Inigo, Martin, Inquisitor, 467. Innocent III., pope, 369, 373, 374, 419, 615. Innocent IV., pope, 380, 581; bull | condemning ritual murder charge, 381, 382. Innocent VIII., pope, 470. Inquisition: introduced into Ara- on, 425; introduced into Cas- tile, 460-461; made general in Spain, 463-469; introduced into Portugal, 475-476; introduced into Netherlands, 487-488; in- troduced into Italy, 502, 506, 507, 569. Irak (Babylonia), 254. Iran, Persia, 254. Isaac, patriarch, 9. Isaac, Jew of France, in embassy to Harun ar-Raschid, 349. Isaac, son of Abraham, rabbi of Gerona, 430. rn son of David, of Mayence, 62. Isaac, son of Eleazar ha-Levi, of Worms, 356. Isaac, son of Eliakim, of Worms, 361. Isaac, son of Eliakim, rabbi of Wiirzburg, 366. Isaac, son of Eliezer, carries Has- dai’s epistle to Chazar king, 310. Isaac, son of Joseph, of Corbeil, Isaac, son of Judah, rabbi of May- ence, 356. Isaac, son of Leon, of Cordova, 316. Isaac, son of Meir, Rashi’s grand- son, 364. Isaac, son of Moses, rabbi of Vi- enna, 380, 381. Isaac, the Elder, son of Samuel, of 797 Dampierre, cosaphist, 368, 370. Isaac, the younger, of Dampierre, tosaphist, 370. Isaac (Maestro Gaio), papal phy- sician, 480. Isaac, rabbi of Chernigov, 527. ae of Volozhin, Polish rabbi, Isabella, the Catholic, of Castile, 459, 461, 462, 463-471. Isabella, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, 474. Isaiah, the prophet, 96-98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 117, 138, 158, 640. ' Isenburg, Germany, 416. Ishbaal, son of Saul, 45, 46, 47, 51. Ishmael, son of Nethaniah, 113. Ishmael, Tanna, 213, 216, 218, 223. Ishtar, Babylonian goddess, 10, 104, 110. | Isidore of Seville, 305, 309. [spahan, Jews in, 245. Israel: early history of, 4-21; in Palestine, 22-99; relation to God of, in prophecies of Amos, Hosea and Isaiah, 91-94, 96-97, 118; according to Meir Tanna, 218; according to Judah ha-Levi, 329. Israel, Kingdom of, 67-100. Israel Baal Shem Tob, 582. (See - Besht.) Israel, of Enns (Austria), 413. ‘Israel, of Krems, ‘chief rabbi’ of German Jews, 412. Israeli, Isaac, of Toledo, 435. Israeli, Isaac, son of Solomon, phy- sician and philosopher, 265, 285. Issachar, tribe of, 9, 24. Isserlein, Israel, of Neustadt, 408, 414, 415, 416. Isserles, Moses, Polish rabbi, 537, 546, 549, 556, 581. ‘Istituto Rabbinico,’ of Padua, 640. Istéczi, Hungarian Anti-Semite, 693. Italy, Jews in, to the 12th century, 287-302; to 1492, 479-482; to 17th century, 501-511; since, 552, 569, 597, 615, 639-640, 678, 730. Itil, Chazar capital, 526. Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela, 336. ts Ittai the Gittite, general of David, 57, 798 Itureans, forced to accept Judaism, 154, Itzig, Daniel, 619, 632. Ivan III., czar of Moscow, 531. Izdundad, Persian princess, wife of exilarch Bustani, 255. banker, of Berlin, Jabbok, river, in Palestine, 5, 26, 45, 51. Jabesh, Transjordania, 33, 38, 44, 45. Jabneh, Palestine, 143, 151, 178, 187; academy at, 205, 206, 217, 221. Jabotinsky, Vladimir, 731, 734, Ee Jacob, patriarch, 9, 21, 557, 599. Jacob, son of Amram, Nagid of Kairawan, 278. Jacob, son of Asher, author of ‘Turim,’ 438-439, 520, 545. Jacob, son of Jakar, of Mayence, pupil of Gershom, 356. Jacob, son of Gaudiocus, of France, 551% Jacob, son of Nissim, of Kairawan, 280, 317. Jacob, of Orleans, rabbi in London, 386. - Jacob, son of Shullam, 362. Jacob Tam. (See Tam, Jacob.) Jacobins, in France, 610. Jacobs, Joseph, scholar, 720. Jacobsohn, Israel, educator and reformer, 616-617, 633-634. Jael, wife of a Kenite, 24. Jaen, Spain, 308, 442, 462, 466. Jafta, Palestine, 8, 65, 139, 143, 147, 148, 150, 152, 156, 164, 167, 171, 612, 679, 697, 713, 731, 736. Jaffe, Mordecai, Polish rabbi, 546. Jagello, Polish socialist, 718. Jagellos, Polish dynasty of, 529, 530, 534. Jair, Manassite clans of, 19. Jakini, Abraham, Sabbatian, 559. Jamal Pasha, governor of Pales- . tine, 726. Jamaica, island of, 492. James I., of Aragon, 419, 420, 425. James ee of England, 644, Jannai, Tanna, 226-228. Jannai, liturgist, 270. Japheth, son of Elijah, rabbi of Acco, 337, IND E-X Japan, 714, 729. Jarmuch, river, in Palestine, 5. Jaroslav, Poland, 538, 726. Jason (Jeshua), Hellenizer, high priest, 135-137. Jason, son of Eleazar, leads em- bassy to Rome, 145. Jassy, Rumania, 688. Jastrow, Marcus, scholar, 681, 684. Jazdegerd II., Sassanian ruler, 245. Jazdegerd ite 247. Jeanne I., of Navarre, 436. Jeanne iis of Navarre, 436. Jeb, 126. (See Elephantine.) Jebusites, 7. Jedaiah, son of Abraham, of Béz- iers, 397, Jefferson, Thomas, President, 606. Jehiel, son of Abraham, head of school at Rome, 301. Jehiel, of Paris, 378, 379, 427. Jehiel, Michael, of Nemirov, 553. Jehiel, of Pisa, 505. Jehoahaz, king of Israel, 83. Jehoahaz, king of Judah, 108, 109. eee king of Judah, 81- 83, 83- 106. Jehoiachin, eee of Judah, 110, 114, 116, 119. Jehoiada, chief priest, 81. Jehoiakim, king of Judah, 109, 110. Jehoiarib, priestly class of, 139. Jehoram, king of Judah, 76, 77, 78. Jehoram, king of Israel, 78, 79, 80. Jehosteenae king of Judah, 71, 76, Jehu king of Israel, 79-80, 82, 83, 95. Jehudai, Gaon of Sura, 256, 263, 266, 277. Jephthah, judge, 29, 30, 38. Jerahmeel, Judean clan, 119. Jeremiah, the prophet, 106-107, 109-113, 114, 139, 158. Jericho, Palestine, 19, 22, 25, 74, 112, 119, 151, 161, 167, 169, 170, ii Jeroboam, king of Israel, 65, 67, 68. Jeroboam II., king of Israel, 84, 90, 92, 95, 96. Jerusalem, 7, 22, 33, 41, 47, 48, 49, 365, 369, SH, 408, 475, 486, 522, 563, 569, 573, 612, 613, 649, 708. Jerusalem, Jews in, in 12th cen- tury, 337-338; in 13th century, 345, 426-427; in 15th-16th cen- he a 524: in t/th i es SINC, Pia, arti an m- Poth o~ t S& van Joba CPi £ op” oe 3 ah, A Ory. ; join, of Ninwaers quae Pene ae am ) P / Sik john f., of Atepi. pecadiees Gees + heh, é , jonn fi., of Arai, eae son i 7 C tity ee a RA ioha }1., of Costtey $27 O58, ae 25%. 459. john C, of Portugal, 4 Joba if. af Ho tea eb, $2.4. Oo. G28 S01 ' john THl., of gat, hi fohn T.., ot Pyar ") Rite john Castmir, of Poluad, aa DEG; jatin Sobiesh t al Poles : ST, pote 1f., archbishep of Mase 41}, ; Johason-todge momnigratiat- 2 736, jon! iNetribution Core nitensee. oF Anwerica, 728, i738 ee agg fortress of, &3, gpsh, prophet, p43, Jonah, son of Abvatiam of ¢ aaa: telat, $24. 421, 422, 482 jJonathe:, Maccsbee, high wees adiiitulter, 243, 346. }45+544 onathan, h ie pies, 1ST, onathan, oo ef Abiatyar £6 unat haz, eon mM Daviel eof ee of Limel, 393. Jonathan, soo of Saul, SR, Jo, 4 44,47, 54, ; pean river, 4, 5, 6, 14, 19, 3a 24, 25, 26, 30, 33, 35, 48, 46.54. 56,57, $9, 65, 67, 14, 3. Me. ‘AR, 120, 134, 243, 146, 148, £25, 154, 156, 63, 189, 1#7, 298, am 201, 252, 697, 741. ese, son of Halaphthe, Tarnow, 2 ie son of en Hrargiet, re eet age », Abrubauit, of Pruksca, Josefovics, Michaes, ‘sonice” hoe in Lithuania, S50. Joseph, tyile of, %, +f: “63, $1, $22. § ae ‘ Y pahyeeceet. See es. (ae 2wttam, wile of. , Kae ti.. Peay $45) FS) ie is aoe 4 ee a bea, 205, 206, ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘s ; y ‘ * PD, tadirnir, BB ae x ee , pt eee er a 24, $57. 590. z i as » | Giameee ry 6 Peiabots Nagid of ~ TR eae. SPR: a Ce aes Av teh Asher. auch? of ‘ i Powe: Gab Fs a, 2G, 548° ; ‘ ait oa ‘Jal war, of Mayence, a a at tsersh Noni, SSG ee ee | (int rdioc ipa, af Fran’. Wek war at N in iasinn, ad Karas. c4 rans, rabbi it Lone ah 4 oy + af Shullam, 382, ote vat Paw, See Tan, Jacob.) th ae rance, 610), sa eae ae aS | wh, schok: ae, 720. pee SEAR, Tersel, oacnaor» come sear, 616-627, 633-634, er, ahh ofa Kenite, 24. (ie ik, Ta 208, 442, 462, 466. iwta, ONtestine, 8, 63, aR gas, ee ey 150, 152/456, Lik. hat, Pot, BHS,.079, 697; 71S 2G8, 736. - 2 Oi, WiGst decai, Polish rami, 540. ge, Path sociale, TRL oe bap Menke Psdiiks dynasty” eA Fees pale, Mebane ie clanaol: 19, pao Abe sheets Sabbatian, LeARs é oa, emer’ of tine, 750.4 Baral Jamaleca, sah ail ih, 492, om lames L., af has agua, 419 James ite aT Sea pated, Junmal, "Vonks Tiss ; lannai, liturgia, pots, a Japheth, son 4 eye rabbi 5 Acco, 337, ? on 4 PEND: BX tury, 518-519, 520, 524; in 17th century, 559, 560-561; in 18th century, 5/0-571; since, 713, 1S 4 TS 1: Jeshanah, Palestine, 167. Jeshua, brother of high priest Jo- hanan, 126. Ieee son of Dannai, high priest, 193. Jeshua, son of Gamaliel, high priest, 193, 199. Jeshua, son of Sappha, in com- mand at Idumea, 195. Jesse, father of David, 97. Jesus of Nazareth, 181-183, 199, 228, 341, 367, 378, 456, 498, 604, 622. Jewish Colonial Trust, Zionist bank, 707. Jewish Colonization Association, 700-701. Jewish National Fund, 707, 724. ‘Jewish Peril,’ or ‘Protocols of Elders of Zion,’ 736. Jewish Publication America, 724. Shatabe Territorial Organization, 12 Society of Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 699, 723. Jews, origin of name, 112. Jews’ College, of London, 722. Jezebel, wife of Ahab, 71-73, 74, 76, 79, 81. | Jezreel, plain of, 24, 35, 43, 74, 79, 86, 87, 108. (See also Esdraelon, plain of.) Joab, son of Zeruiah, David’s gen- eral, 46, 47, 49, 51-53, 55-59, 61. Joazar, high priest, 179. Jodephath, fortress of, 197. Joel, prophet, 158. Johanan, of Gish-halab, 196, 198, 199-203. Johanan, high priest, 126. Johanan, Maccabee, 146. Johanan, Palestinian Amora, 226- 228, 239. Johanan (Hyrcanus), son of Simon, high priest and king, 150, 151, 152-153. Johanan, son of Zaccai, Tanna, leader of Pharisees, 205-207. John (Johanan) the Baptist, 180, 181 John, bishop of Spires, 360. 799 John the Good, of France, 399. John, of Navarre, expels Jews, 472. John I., of Aragon, protects Jews, 448. ; John I1., of Aragon, 460. John I., of Castile, 444, 445. John II., of Castile, 449, 453, 457, 458, 459. John I., of Portugal, 445. dae of Portugal, 473, 474, 476, John III., of Portugal, 505. John I., of Poland, 531. Pies Casimir, of Poland, 554-555, 578. John Sobieski, of Poland, 578. John II., archbishop of Mayence, 411. Johnson-Lodge immigration bill, 736. Joint Distribution Committee of America, 728, 735. Joktheel, fortress of, 83. Jonah, prophet, 158. Jonah, son of Abraham of Gerona, talmudist, 394, 421, 422, 430. Jonathan, Maccabee, high priest and ruler, 143, 146, 147-148. Jonathan, high priest, 191-192. Jonathan, son of Abiathar, 56. Jonathan, son of David ha-Cohen, of Lanel 7393 6m Jonathan, son of Saul, 38, 39, 40- 44, 47, 54. Jordan, river, 4, 5, 6, 18, 19, 22, 24, 25, 26, 30, 33, 38, 45, 49, 54, § 630534009 909 0! all See eel 112, 129, 134, 143, 146, 148, 152, 154, 156, 163, 180, 182, 190, 200, 201, 252, 097, 751. Jose, son of Halaphtha, Tanna, 220. Jose, son of Jose, liturgist, 270. Josefovicz, Abraham, of Poland, De 1s Josefovicz, Michael, ‘senior’ of Jews in Lithuania, 532. Joseph, tribe of, 9, 11, 12, 22, 27, 65,91, 922, Joseph, brother of Herod, 126, 167. Joseph, Babylonian Amora, 241- 242, 276. Joseph Caiaphas, high priest, 182. Joseph, Chazar ruler, 526. Joseph, of Lyons, 349. Joseph, rabbi of London, 384. Joseph, leader of Jews of York, 387. 800 Joseph (Joselmann), of Rosheim, lay head of German Jews, 507, 547-548. Joseph, son of Abba, Gaon of Pumbeditha, 258. Joseph Bar Satia, Gaon of Sura, 269, 273. Joseph, son of Berechiah, of Kaira- wan, 280. Joseph, son of Calonymus, of May- ence, 362. Joseph, son of Gorion, 195, 199. Joseph, son of Tobiah, 134. Joseph, son of Zechariah, 143. Joseph ha-Cohen, of Genoa, physi- cian and historian, 509. Joseph II., emperor, 596-598; Pat- ent of Tolerance of, 624. Josephus, Flavius, historian, 195- 197, 295-296. oshua, successor of Moses, 22, 73, 158, 275)-2798 Joshua, high priest, 120, 214. Joshua, son of Hananiah, Tanna, 207/212, 243):216, 261: Joshua, son of Perahiah, Pharisee teacher, 155. Josiah, son of Amon, king of Judah, - 105-106, 108, 110, 160. Josippon (Little Josephus), histor- ical digest of, 300. Jost, Isaac Marcus, 641. Jotham, son of Gideon, 27. Jotham, king of Judah, 96. Juan de San Martin, Spanish In- quisitor, 463. Juan Ruiz de Medina, Spanish In- quisitor, 463. Juana, daughter of Henry IV. of. Castile, 462. ; Judah, tribe of, 9, 22, 24, 33, 39, 40, 41, 45, 48, 49, 58, 62. Judah, Kingdom of, 67-111, 563. © Judah I. (Rabbi), patriarch, 220; codifies Mishnah, 221, 222, 224, 225, 226, 233, 235, 236, 244. Judah II., patriarch, 225-227. Judah ITI., patriarch, 225, 228. Judah IV., patriarch, 230. Judah, son of Asher, of Toledo, 436, 438. Judah, descendant of Asher son of Jehiel, 446-447. Judah, son of Baba, Tanna, 216. Judah, son of Calonymus, 359. INDEX ine son of David, exilarch, 269, 270. Judah, son of Ezekiel, founds school at Pumbeditha, 241. Judah, son of Hezekiah, Galilean, 177, 179, 190, 203. Judah, son of Hai, Tanna, 219- 220 Judah, son of Isaac (Sir Leon), of Paris, 370. Judah, son of Nathan, son-in-law of Rashi, 363, 364. Judah, son of Simon Maccabee, 151 Judah, son of Solomon ha-Cohen (Ibn Matkah), of Toledo, 375. Judah, the Maccabee, 139, 140, 142-145, 148. Judah, the Saint, son of Samuel Calonymus, 370, 372, 424. Judah, the Saint, Polish cabalist, 570-571. Judah ha-Levi, of Cordova, 322, - 324,-325, 326, 327-331, 394. Judah, chief rabbi of Portugal, 429. Judah, treasurer of Portugal, 445. Judah Aristobulus, son of Johanan — Hyrcanus, 153; high priest and king, 153-154. Judea: under Babylonian rule, 113, 114; under Persian rule, 122; under Greek dominion, 129-145; independent, under Hasmone- ans, 146-168; under Herod the Great, 169-176; under Rome, 177-215. ‘Judeans,’ members of Jewish le- gion, 731.) ‘Judges’ in early Israel, period of the, 24-30, 35-36. Judith, empress of France, 351. — Juglar, Gaspar, Inquisitor, 467. Jugo-Slavia, 733. Julian, the Apostate, 229-230, 291. Julian, metropolitan of Spain, 306. Julius II., pope, 504. July Revolution, in France, 642, Jupiter Capitolinus, templein Jeru- salem to, 135, 205, 215, 291. Jupiter, Olympian, temple in Jeru- salem dedicated to, 135, 137. Jupiter Xenius, Mount Gerizim Temple dedicated to, 137. bar Byzantine emperor, 265, 297. INDEX 80] ay ‘ Klausner, Abraham _ Kosaath, Hungariah: states miak, > etiam Khowrai tl, king of Persia, 247, 266, : Kiera, Esther, favorite at Turkdeh . court, S16, Mev, Jews of, 552,694, 700. Kimbhi, f RA tevirl, £0n or jose shi gram marian and leneinoara nhdes I95- 396, ¢&3. Kimhs, Joseph. son-of Tenac, gpam: marin ane) translator, BY5. Kimbi, Moaea se a of Josmpin 395, Kiriath-se pher, Palestine, 16. Rishiney, Russia, whe Kishinev, pogrom of, 709-711, 715: ishon, river, in Palestine; 6, 24. Sak 76. “4 Kitzingen, Germany, Jews at- ‘, tacked at, 380. Kiuprilt, Ahmad, vazir of Turkey, S64. Kienber, image, Polish rabbi, 535. scncar, 408. Klev, Eduard, refarrm er, Gt. Kohler, Kaufmann, scholar and re- . former, 698, 723, : Kohut, Alexander, scholar, 698- ota ovo... f 2 Koidanover, Samuel Aaron. Potish oe rabbi, 556, Kolon, foseph, of Mantua, 484, wa Kénigsberg, Prussia, 591, 595, G86, ee 694, Konitz, Prussia, Jews accused of ritual murder at, 709, Konstantinoy, Cossacks mavsacre’ Oia Jews at; 554. Koran, 251. Kose iusko, Polish general, 666, 658, | tee Kowno, Poland, 669, 687... = Re Kavne. fews of, 556, “— fis: ties Kremenez, Ruséa, 571. i Krems, Austria, Jews magencred at, Krochmal, Nahraa, 640-041, § > | Te as gi Russias Anti- Basie A Kuhn, Loeb, & Company, Ameri- SSR Pit as can bankers, 720. je ee A Ku Klux Klen, 7360) 9 + wit aR a ara pier ba Bela, Heogarian @ Miher ies sy Fie Zz ears af he -, Arabia bi: 249, oes “a \ ake fi ag { tty euyie ry 2) of Re alpen AG, ‘ms hes : 01 Leeariat ews, Sab? r ho Fo i Judah, hoa adn hie. tine Of school ior Satie, Caen of Sura; toy 73 ? yah op of eoretitab: of Katra- en Ee ae Goris 195 190, ines yeneD 295 mia ) a i RR, wry pe noa, phy: ae Git. wi Sake ian, 509: . mepete. oy bis. anna 590-5 5aRs Pat . . mance of, G24. > 7% a + invins, historia, 5 Tame 5 : pide aC of Moan a 73, Loh Wee Mee Pe jushva, Sete priest; 420, ny ae fit: 42 i, Soe OF aE anarviady, “Panne, eee: 243.2 216, BEA tT erahiah, Phariver: e985, tye oa ef Amon, Ieingetal Tistnbs, HES, 08; 110, IA ae Cp ee » [om phew), Paerer< i PRUNES. tha, 300, 3 rod . és aie Marcus, 644% ee ae a . Coik Jeon, 27): ae Aleeuy y's of Judah, Gh; Be cS Sian Marin. Spawn F tps ee #68 eo : Mecina, See fr Pusha, he aM Mee & +g. ge 3 2,8 r = a 4h. 5a. 6, a a ig ae ion 6T-ATE: $64. ve: ; ae schid. grr * AI impiety 3 Laat, 221, 222; aa ie? rg bap Ps 236, 2 244, Pathak 4K fp insadhoub 0 25-227. joked £5): jouhieaehy 225, 2280, ; mat | es rents Bet a 250. j er rig wim ed beet ih T ewe 46-3 AT : : Pi yole & ‘t b ea hh { tla hy » WATE ol & bal o. ? ol aby = ~ jodah, son of Eudaey ties, AMAL INDEX Justus of Tiberias, historian, 296. Justus of Narbonne, 349. Kaaba, at Mecca, 251. Kaddish prayer, 160, 243, 341. Kadesh, 16. Kadir, caliph, 274. Kadir, last Mohammedan king in Spain, 323. ere , Zadoc, chief rabbi of France, 05. Kahana, Yom Tob, Gaon of Sura, . 264. Kainuka’, Jewish tribe in Arabia, 249, 251. Kairawan, Jews in, 277-283. Kalir, Eleazar, liturgist, 270. Kalischer, Zebi Hirsch, nationalist rabbi, 679. Kalisz, Russia, 527, 529, 530, 556, 581. Kalla, months of study, in Baby- lonian academies, 237, 244. Kameniec-Podolsk, Poland, 584. Kant, Immanuel, 595, 621. Karaites, 262, 263, 265, 268, 271, 276, 332, 342, 365, 411, 433, 514, 518, 530, 627, 644, 685-686. Karkar, 76, 100. Karo, Ephraim, 520. Karo, Isaac, son of Joseph, 475. Karo, Joseph, of Safed, cabalist and codifier, author of the ‘Shul- han Aruk,’ 475, 519, 520-522, 536, 537, 546, 556, 581. ae Babylonian scholar, 236, Se Kattowitz, Silesia, 698. oe ah ok eg ald Meir, of Padua, 537: Kaufmann, David, scholar, 681. Kazan, Russia, 556. Kavadh I., king of Persia, 246. Kavadh II., king of Persia, 247. Keilah, Palestine, 42, 119. Kenites, 22, 24. Seer yges Russian statesman, 729, 32. Kerpen, Germany, Jews massacred .. #ati36s; Khaibar, Arabia, Jews in, 249-253. Kharkov, Russia, 697, 711. Khazraj, Arab clan, 249-252. Kherson, Russia, 669, 709. Khnub, Egyptian god, 126. Khosrau I., king of Persia, 246. 801 eevee II., king of Persia, 247, Kiera, Esther, favorite at Turkish court, 516. Kiev, Jews of, 552, 694, 700. Kimhi, David, son of Joseph, gram- marian and lexicographer, 395- 396, 483. IXimhi, Joseph, son of Isaac, gram- marian and translator, 395. Kimhi, Moses, son of Joseph, 395. Kiriath-sepher, Palestine, 10. Kishinev, Russia, 715. Kishinev, pogrom of, 709-711, 715. Kishon, river, in Palestine, 6, 24. 13907 5h Kitzingen, Germany, tacked at, 380. Satya Ahmad, vizir of Turkey, 64. Klauber, Isaac, Polish rabbi, 535. Klausner, Abraham, scholar, 408. Kley, Eduard, reformer, 634. Kohler, Kaufmann, scholar and re- former, 698, 723. - Kohut, Alexander, scholar, 698- 699, Koidanover, Samuel Aaron, Polish rabbi, 556. Kolon, Joseph, of Mantua, 481. K@6nigsberg, Prussia, 591, 595, 686, 694. Konitz, Prussia, Jews accused of ritual murder at, 709, Konstantinov, Cossacks massacre Jews at, 554. Koran, 251. Kosciusko, Polish general, 666. Kossuth, Hungarian statesman, 658. Kovno, Poland, 669, 687. Kovno, Jews of, 556. Kremenez, Russia, 671. Krems, Austria, Jews massacred at, 406 Jews at- Krochmal, Nahman, 640-641. Krushevan, Russian Anti-Semite, 709. Kuhn, Loeb, & Company, Ameri- can bankers, 720. Ku Klux Klan, 736. Kun, Bela, Hungarian Jewish com- munist, 733. Kuraiza, Jewish tribe in Arabia, 249, 252, 253. 802 INDEX Kutais, Russia, Jews accused of ritual murder at, 685. Lachish, Palestine, 84, 103. Lackland, John, of England, 388. La Guardia, ritual murder case at Avila, 468, 470. Laish, Palestine, old name of Dan, 33% Lamel, Simon von, of Vienna, 633. Lafiado, Joseph, of ¥amascus, 651. Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 606. Landau, Ezekiel, rabbi of Prague, 593, 598. Langton, Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, anti-Jewish enact- ments of, 388, 389, Languedoc, Jews of, 352, 392-401. Lapapa, Aaron, anti-Sabbatian, SO 2 Lara, David Cohen de, rabbi at Hamburg, 494. Lasker, Eduard, German Jewish statesman, 691. Lassalle, Ferdinand, German Jew- ish socialist, 691. Lateran Council, third, 367; fourth, 374, 388, 419. Latvia, Jews in, 735. Law, Written and Oral, 159. Lazarus, Emma, 695. Lazarus, Moritz, philosopher, 681. League of Nations, 734, 735. Leah, wife of Jacob, 9. Leander, bishop of Seville, 304, 305. Lebanon, 4, 6, 7, 52;20 2,7 G2j465, 154, 184, 191. Lebensohn, Abraham Dob, 672. Leeser, Isaac, rabbi, of Philadel- phia, 650, 652, 677, 681. wie Italy, 488, 557, 560, 562, 66. Legion, Jewish, in Palestine, 728, 730-731. Leibniz, 499. Leiden, 499. Leipzig, 624, 680. Lemberg, Poland, Jews in, 529, 533, 546, 554, 564, 584, 625. Lenczyca, Poland, ritual murder charge at, 544. Lenin, Nikolai, Bolshevist, 732. Leo IV., Byzantine emperor, 526. Leo X., pope, 484, 504. Leon, Spain, 308, 323, 334, 335. Leon, Jews of, 419. Les Judah Messer, of Mantua, 81. Leon, Moses de, compiles Zohar, 432. Leon, Rodrigo Ponce de, governor of Cadiz, 463. Leonora, regent of Portugal, 445. Leonora, duchess of Tuscany, 503. Leontin (Leon), Judah, son of Meir ha-Cohen, of France, 352, 354. Leontopolis, Egypt, .Temple of Onias in, 147, 204. Leopold I., emperor, 590. Leopold I., of Austria, 370. Leopold H., of Austria, 370. Leovigild, Visigoth ruler of Spain, 304, 305. Lepidus, in Second Triumvirate, 165. Lessing, German poet, 594, 590. Leven, Narcisse, 705, Levi, tribe of, 9. Levi, son of Abraham of Ville- franche, 397. Levi, son of Gershon, philosopher and scientist, 400-401, 490. Levi, son of Habib, 475. Levi, son of Shem-Tob, Jewish apostate, 474, Levi, Abraham, physician, 428. Levi, Nathan Benjamin, Sabba- ‘tian, 560-561, 562, 5606. Levi, Samuel, physician, 428. Levin, Hirschel, rabbi of London, 645. . Levin, Mendel, of Satanov, 631. Levin, Rachel, Berlin salon of, 622. Levinsohn, Isaac Beer, 671. Levita, Benedict, of Cracow, 535. Levita, Elijah, 482-483. Levites, brotherhood of priests, 34, 122-124, 130. © Levy, Hayman, of New York, 605. Lewy, Israel, scholar, 682, 722. Libnah, Palestine, 78. Library, National, at Paris, 483. Licinius, co-emperor, 229. Lida, Russia, 709. Liebmann, Jost, court jeweler at Berlin, 572, 590. Lilienblum, Moses Loeb, 687, 697. Lilienthal, Max, American rabbi, 671-672, 675-676. Limoges, France, Jews banished from, 352. stints 6 in, 385, INDEX gtd Louis iX.. of Havarw, 444. Louis of } hungary, king wf eed §29, paveeas Zion,’ 6937-498, 9 By, ANT Liberk, jews in, 61%, o. Lubtia, Poland, Jews j int, $3.3, 345 537, 538, $43, S44 544 S584 ate 580, . j iibay, ‘Russia, Jews masseceiad af 552. Lucva, Italy, 299. 333, 38% Lutena, Spain, fews is, Mk, Age 3524, 325, 326, 327, 332, 586. Luc alles, Romany general, i6f, Luczk, Lithtiania, S30. Ludd, Palestine. 265, Gee aise Lod.) Laeger, Austrian Anti-Sernine, 703 Luis dé Tarren, interpreter in Columbus crew, 472. Lumbroze, jn ‘ob, Pwarcian Ft Maryland, Lima. Alvaro de. 4% SF, 4h%, Gh. Lunel, 395, BG7. Line, | ewe cif; exigarn| ' He ot, 393. Luria, Isaac f'Avt, dao). eshatiat and uio-~Mesuiah, 12-524, $58, 574, 581, S82. Ana. Luria, Solomon, Potish rabid, 535- 537, 546. nati ee 434-485, S47 atti at * artin, ‘ Lutostanski, Hippenyie, Kastan Anti-Semite, 685... Luzzatto, Muses Haim, cabaiter, §74-577, 593, 644, Luzzatto, Sainte! Daved, oobi, 729, hone Eaghaot, jews. aitechesh ate | Lom, inges i, 3, p, Sas, as a ~~” t eet, Sewn in, 75Se oe) ~ Abrahain: Holy :: , Heaac, rabbi, of ae Gt Lian, wt Vienna, 643. “wt damascus, 651. , Teemedeania, 606. 4: be ai it Ps abhi of Pr mia igiate. Seqgheu, art bhishop a anti-jfe ‘wish emu ek Cat % 3 at, S68, 389,» me; REE: Pew & Of S52, anz we E wn, Raven, anti-Sabheatioes Mead Coben ¢ ley wali. at pe eo 494. ie thaaleas ee ae Ldunrd, Germae ‘Tevise di aot ee ae 691 ‘ : ma rdinand, ¢ serve jee site tuk. G9i. : recone { ouncil, thi ject, $6 s. 4 1%. - xe, VWeyseten and Oral ie : jocae, Srama, 695. aa ov, Moritz, phile ipl, as eh, Nations, 734, FB, + , Z we ig of 4s acob. ee or Pee bee, bishop of Ses Adie, We, Os. isin yO, Ty Sy GE Be = : , ike, 191, ing, 490, 652, 677, 66 ‘i ( cue pes. ofa Asa 48s, S87, fi eb yin Palestee " ¢ ss ulin, peter in a6 Wi S04, 584, 625. ; ’ Nae se cl Mat mi at, ey) Lenin, Fait qr enes Leo f¥., Byahetoe’ esperar, 826, Len &.) pope, 284. aba teem. spain, 08. 923 INDEX Limousin, France, 356. Lincoln, England, Jews in, 385, 387, 389-390, Lipkin, Israel, Polish rabbi, 687. Lipman, Yom Tob, of Miihlhausen, defender of Judaism, 411. Lippomano, Ludovico, papal nun- cio in Poland, 541. Lisbon, Portugal, 475, 486, 501. Lisbona, Samuel, of Gaza, 560. Lissauer, Ernest, 725. Lithuania, Jews in, 529, 530-546, 555, 556, 578, 586, 588, 627, 629, 669, 672, 735. Liturgy, 239, 256, 270, 318, 326, 327. (See also Synagogues, prayers for.) Lloyd George, David, English statesman, 729. Loans, Jacob, physician to Fred- erick III., 483. Lod, Palestine, 156, 229. Syne Italy, Jews expelled from, 509. Loew, Judah, chief rabbi of Prague, 548-549, Lokhvitza, Russia, Jews massacred at2552: Lombards, in Italy, 297, 299, 390. Lombardy, 382. London, Jews in, 333, 384-391, 491, 492, 643-647, 652, 664, 673, Ly 700, 704, 705, 707, 719, 722, 36. Longchamp, chancellor of England, 388. Longinus, governor of Syria, 164. Lopez, Aaron, of Newport, 605. Lopez, Moses, de Fonseca, rabbi at New York, 605. Lorenzo, the Magnificent, 482. Lorraine, 357, 366. Lorraine, Jews in, 353, 360, 364 370, 398, 608-609. Loubet, President, 703. Louis, the Pious, of France, son of Charlemagne, 349-350, 351. rere VII., king of France, 365, 367. Louis IX. (St. Louis), king of France, 378, 390. Louis X., of France, 398. Louis XIII, of France, 488. Louis-Philippe, of France, 642, 651. Louis the Bavarian, emperor, 403. Louis, duke of Bavaria, 415. 803 Louis LX., of Bavaria, 416, Poe of Hungary, king of Poland, ‘Lovers of Zion,’ 697-698, 706, 707. Lubeck, Jews in, 618, 636. Lublin, Poland, Jews in, 554,q90008 537, 538, 543, 544, 546, 554, 555, 580. ase Russia, Jews massacred at, Lucca, Italy, 299, 333, 353. Lucena, Spain, Jews in, 256, 322, 324, 325, 326, 327, 332, 336. Lucullus, Roman general, 161. Luczk, Lithuania, 530. Ludd, Palestine, 266. (See also Lod.) Lueger, Austrian Anti-Semite, 705. Luis de Torres, interpreter in Columbus’ crew, 472. Lumbrozo, Jacob, physician in Maryland, 604. Luna, Alvaro de, 457, 458, 459. Lunel, 395, 397. Lunel, Jews of, cultural life of, 393. Luria, Isaac (‘Ari,’ Lion), cabalist and pseudo-Messiah, 522-524, 558, 574, 581, 583, 586. Luria, Solomon, Polish rabbi, 535- 537, 546. Lusitania, 729. Luther, Martin, 484-485, 547. Lutostanski, Hippolyte, Russian Anti-Semite, 685. Luzzatto, Moses Hayim, cabalist, 574-577, 593, 640. Luzzatto, Samuel David, scholar, 640, 660, 690. Luzzatto, Simhah (Simeone) rabbi of Venice, 511. Lvov, Prince, Russian statesman, 729. Lynn, England, Jews attacked at, 387 Lyons, Jews in, 349, 350-351, 356, 400 Lyons, Synod of, 351. Lysias, governor of Syria, 140, 142- 144. Lysimachus, brother of Menelaus, 136. Maacah, wife of David, 51, 52. Maccabees (Hammerers), 64, 139- 151. (See also Hasmoneans. ) Macedonia, 136. 804 Machaerus, fortress of, 181, 200, 203. Machir, Manassite clans of, 19, 57. Machir, brother of Gershom, 354. Mack, Julian W., jurist, 734. Macon, Council of, 347. Madrid, Spain, 509. Magdeburg, Jews in, 353, 366, 381. Maghreb, 277, 340, 344. Magians, fire- worshipers, 240, 245. eee ig Transjordania, 45, 46, 5 Mahoza, Babylonia, academy at, 233, 241-244, 247. Maimi, Simon, chief rabbi of Por- tugal, 475. Maimon, Solomon, philosopher, 621. Maimonides (Maimuni), Moses, 325, 338-345, 393-397, 400, 401, 422,424, 425, 430, 433, 435, 439, 451, 456, 480, 482, 491, 496, 519, 520, 521, 536, 640, 643. Maimonides College, at Philadel- phia, 681, 698. Maimun, father of Maimonides, Jam; 337, 338, 345. Maimunists and anti-Maimunists, 394-396, 430. Main, river, in Germany, Jews set- tled along, 382, 417. Majorca, island of, Jews of, 447. Malachi, the prophet, 122, 158. Malaga, ‘Spain; 315316, 318, 470. Malak, Hayim, Polish cabalist, 570-571, Malbim, Meir Loeb, rabbi, 690. Malea, Isaac de (Zag), son of Meir, of Castile, 428. Malea, Joseph de, son of Meir, of Castile, 428. Malea, Meir de, of Castile, 428. Malebys, Richard, English noble- man, 387. Malesherbes, French statesman, 608-609. Mallorca, Jews of, 421. Manasseh, tribe of, 19, 23, 24,.26. Manasseh, king of Judah, 104-106. Manasseh, priest of Gerizim tem- ple, 124-125, 126. Manasseh Ben- ‘Israel, rabbi of Am- sterdam, 489-491, 496; and re- admission of Jews to England, 491-493. INDEX Manhattan Island, 603. Manicheism, 258. Mannheim, German Mannheimer, Isaac Vienne, 659. Manrique, Ifiigo, of Spain, 465. Mansur, caliph, 259. Ne , Jacob, physician i in Italy, Mantua, Italy, 333, 480, 481, 504, , 511, 635, oah, rabbi of Manuel, Don John, regent of Cas- tile, 437. Mapu, Abraham, 686. Marah, 16. Maranos (Crypto-Jews), dual life of, 448, 458-469, 476, 486-489, 491-493, 495-496, 502-505, 507- 508, 520, 608. . sere governor of Palestine, 8 Marco, Jewish surgeon on Colum- bus’ ‘ship, 472. Marduk, god of Babylon, 99. Mareshah, Palestine, 166. Margalioth, Jacob, rabbi, 418. Margalioth, Moses, rabbi, 587. Margarita, ‘Antonius, Jewish: apos- tate, 548. Mari, successor of Ben-hadad III., 83. Mari, king of Tyre, 165. Maria of Castile, 437. Marlborough, duke of, 644. Marsus, Syrian governor, 190. Marseilles, Jews in, 347, 348, 392, 608. Marshall, Louis, communal leader, 720, 734. Martin V., pope, 413. Martinez, Gonzalo, minister of Castile, "437-438. Martinez, Ferrand, 445-446, 448. Martini, Raymund, Dominican, 426, 431. Martyrs, Ten, suffer death under Hadrian, 216. Marx, Karl, Socialist, 691. Maryland, Jews i in, 604, 648. Masada, fortress of, 166-167, 170, 171, 194, 200, 203. Masaryk, Thomas, President of Czecho- Slovakia, 733. Masorah, safeguard of Scriptures, - 266! two schools of, 266-267, 483. Masovia, Poland, 535. ter of of | Macca a Messiastic | pretenders: in, as END EX 205 Menahem, son of Heibo, 356. Mutiahens, soa of Judah, 302, Menahem, sow of Saruk, gram fan, 345, $14—312, 356, 357. Meaaheri, son of Solomon ba» Meiri, ebbi of Perpignan, $97 Menadetssohn, Abrali: am, 622. Mendelseolin, Dorothea, 622. Mendeiseshn, Henrietta, 622, Mendelssohn, F apagg 623, Memdelssobn. Moses, 592-599, 608, 616, 619, 621, 622, 023, 628, 631, 654. Mendelssohn - Bartholdy, Vy ux, f 27 Mendelssohntaas, disciples ot Mosea Mendeissoin, 671. Mendes, Dioga, in Antwerp, 436. Mendes, Kranciseo, 486. M endez. (aracia, Mareno, 486 ~487, $03, 514. Mendez, Reyna, 514. Menecls us, high-priest, 136-127, ph2, 145, : s % Menton, Ratt, Preach conan, BRGY, ‘ag me Menz, Furiahy rabtn, 483, 513. . Merab, daughter of Saul, 54. Meribaal, son af ‘Jonathan, 47, 57, . a Meritla, SE in, 503 Merlato, ; usirian coneal, O81, > : | Spee Merlo, Diewo, I najuiastor, 40, Ue Me(rjneptah, king al Egypt, 34 $ Merodach-baladan, king of Baby- ec lon, 162, : oe a ae Merom, Palesting, 23,522. er. ie ste Franiesh ruleeaaehs Se 5. ae ais 4 - Messoburs, Jews ia, 355. . | Merwan il., calioh. 79%". » Ree Mesha, king of 2 uals 74. le hae Moshullam, sort of Jasob, 394, | Aiea Piemrccane, 4, ath, 232. 512, 7 Messiah: ideal King-as, oT) Isiah’ i tae conception of, 490; Neonat, Te} > 5 182; Bar Kokiba as ee: yk sm etce hy 4 244; ascording t@ ates Seely oe 434. 256-260) in Spain, 434; 84 = Motko, 505-507; abut Juria and Vit Ree. “ale. Zewi, 358-567; Suits ai ot anhalt Matich ; hd se ee : “ ie 3 nity 7 ’ ; a ahd of r, a Masal Via ys ést rani ot Pee paren . jitRoM, “phil salier, ial Dak ho Poa! a, | 2 7 fit). Tlscs. eer el co} 934397, : An, 451, , Rie BOS AO SSR ESS, $39, 4°), 32% GL 482, 298, AMG, B18, . £98 1 886, 640, 642. ae dio tpi College, at? Phinaei- cyhict a nue e. teeR : Cain, tevher pt Ma & 338, 44355 in a n he Pye ea and ante: Mas simvunists, Des RN ray . a Mein, Goeth G srmany, ews ‘pete ra bend wa) Aig $82, 407 > ; i at 3 «t aa ria af, Tews ‘al, 447. i Se Vintuctes Use prophet, 222 458. te ey jabsga, Spain, 318, 306) 318; 470. ood iatak, Bayim, ‘Poligh: abalist Mab ideir ap pee: vabbt, 600. fay ‘“ t cesar oe (Lag) pte il eatle. 428. {ERR SES: baenh de, Son | Audis, “Muar do, of Costitesaaae MS Moths, Minhard, Esai noble Me Viewes ND | Sahin aif 19, 43. 242 4 Mavaaweh, Ringed indats, 104 “106, Manaserd, pete wf spas dh pe, pie, PZ ENS, | 13%, 191 493 z INDEX Massachusetts, ley in, 604. Matilda (Maud), empress, mulcts Jews of England, 384. Mattathiah, Hasmonean, father of Maccabees, 139. Mattathiah, son of Simon Macca- bee, 151. Matthiah, son of Heresh, founds Jewish learning at Rome, 294. Maurice, Byzantine emperor, 247. Mauricio, Argentine, 701. Maury, abbé, 609. Maximilian I., emperor, 484, 547. Maximilian IJ., emperor, 515. ‘May Laws,’ of 1882, in Russia, 696. Mayence, Jews in, 352-354, 356, 360-363, 406, 407, 411, 416. Mazdak, communist teacher of Persia, 246. Meaux, Council of, 351. Mebasser, Gaon of Pumbeditha, 268, 273. | Mecca, Arabia, 250, 251, 253, 569. Mecklenburg, Jews of, 618, 636. Medeba, 70, 152. Medes, 95, 109, 117, 127. Media, 99, 107, 145. Medici, Maria de, 488. Medigo, Elijah del, 481-482. Medigo, Joseph Solomon del, 524. Medina (Yathrib), in Arabia, 249, Bau od, eos. Mediterranean (or Great) Sea, 4, 5, 48, 71, 421, 486, 512. Megiddo, Palestine, 24, 62, 79, 108. Mea ne Ali, Pasha of Egypt, 651- ee Mehr, Germany, Jews massacred at 363 Meiningen, Germany, Jews at- tacked at, 380. Meir, Tanna, 217-219, 221, 222. Meir, son of Baruch, of Rothen- burg, 378-379, 382, 383, 402. Meir, son of Baruch ha-Levi, in- troduces system of ordination, 408. Meir of Lublin, 546. Meir, son of Samuel, of Rameru, Rashi’s son-in-law, 363. Meisel, Mordecai, philanthropist, of Prague, 548. Meisels, Berush, rabbi, 684. Memphis, Egypt, 86, 104. Menahem, king of Israel, 95. 805 Menahem, son of Helbo, 356. Menahem, son of Judah, 302. Menahem, son of Saruk, gramma- rian, 310, 311-312, 356, 357. Menahem, son of Solomon ha- Meiri, rabbi of Perpignan, 397. Mendelssohn, Abraham, 622. Mendelssohn, Dorothea, 622. Mendelssohn, Henrietta, 622. Mendelssohn, Joseph, 622. Mendelssohn, Moses, 592-599, 608, O10, O19; 621,022,020; b2o1001, 654. Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Felix, 622 Mendelssohnians, disciples of Moses Mendelssohn, 671. Mendes, Diogo, in Antwerp, 486. Mendes, Francisco, 486. Mendez, Gracia, Marano, 486-487, 503, 514. Mendez, Reyna, 514. Menelaus, high-priest, 142, 143. Menton, Ratti, French consul, 651. Menz, Judah, rabbi, 481, 513. Merab, daughter of Saul, 54. Meribaal, son of Jonathan, 47, 57. Merida, Spain, 303. Merlato, Austrian consul, 651. Merlo, Diego, Inquisitor, 463. Me(r)neptah, king of Egypt, 14. Merodach-baladan, king of Baby- lon, 102. Merom, Palestine, 23, 522. Merovingians, Frankishrulers, 347, 348, 349. Merseburg, Jews in, 353. Merwan II., caliph, 259. Mesha, king of Moab, 78. Meshullam, son of Jacob, 393. Mesopotamia, 4, 99, 211, 212, 512, 712. Messiah: ideal king as, 97; Isaiah’s conception of, 100; apocalyptic conception of, 180; Jesus as the, 182: Bar Kokeba as the, 213- 214: according to the Cabala, 434. Messianic pretenders: in Persia, 258-260; in Spain, 431; Solomon Molko, 505-507; in Palestine, Luria and Vital, 522-524; Sab- batai Zevi, 558-567; Sabbatians, 568-574; Jacob Frank, 583-584. Messina, Sicily, 299. 136-137, 806 Metternich, Prince, Austrianstates- man, 632, 652. Metz, Jews in, 353, 354, 360; rab- binical seminary of, 640. Mexico, 509, 729. Meyerbeer, Giacomo, composer, 634, 643 Mezydyrzecz, Poland, 585. Micah, the Ephraimite, 32-33. Micah, son of Imlah, prophet, 76. Micah, of Moresheth, the prophet, 100-101, 109, 158. Micah, rabbi of Treves, 362. Michael Wisniowecki, of Poland, 515; Michaelis, Johann Heinrich, 591. Michal, wife of David, 41, 42, 46, 50. Michmas, Palestine, 38, 146. Miczinski, Sebastian, Polish Jew- baiter, 543. Midian, 14, 15, 16. Midrash, commentary on Penta- teuch, 223, 302, 425. Mieczyslav III., duke of Poland, 527-528. Miedzyboz, Podolia, 582. Mielziner, Moses, scholar, 681. Miguel de Murillo, Inquisitor, 463. Milan, Italy, Jews in, 292, 509. Milcom, god of Ammonites, 52 Miniamin, priest-class of, 136, Minna, Jewess of Worms, 361. Minna, Jewess of Spires, 366. Minority rights of Jews, 734-735. Minsk, Poland, 581, 669, 685. Minsk, Jews of, 556. Mirabeau, count, 609. Miranda, Isaac, judge in Pennsyl- vania, 606. Mirandola, Pico della, 482, 502. Miriam, Hasmonean, wifeof Herod, 167169) 1715448). Mishnah, codification of, 213, 219- 223; studied, 226, 227, 237, 238, 243; gives rise to Talmud, 245, 261, 274, 276, 279, 302, 316. Mississippi, river, 605, 697. Mithradates I., of Parthia, 140, 150. Mithradates VI., 164. Mizpah, Palestine, 30, 32, 37, 69, 112-013; L290; 139. Mizrahi, Elijah, chief rabbi of Tur- key, 513. of Persia, 162, INDE xX Mizrahi, Zionist faction, 708-709. Moab, 4, 5, 18, 19, 20, 25, 37, 39, 52, 70, 78, 83, 84, 91, 96, 102, 110, 124. Modein, home of Judah the Mac- cabee, 139, 141, 145, 146, 148. Modena, Italy, 504, 569. Modena, Judah Leon, rabbi of Ven- ice, 495, 510-511, 524, 575. Modena, Mordecai, 510. Moghilev, Russia, 667, 669; Jews expelled from, 555. Mohammed, 248, 250-254, 324, 339, 340, 341, 485. Mohammed II., of Turkey, 513. Mohammed IV., of Turkey, 565. Mohammedanism, rise of, 248-257. Mohilever, Samuel, rabbi, 698. Moiseville, Argentine, 701. Moldavia, 512, 687, 688. Molko, Solomon, Marano, pseudo- Messiah, 505, 507, 521. Molin, Jacob Levi, 408, 414. Monarchy; beginnings of, i in Israel, 27-29; rise of, under Saul, 36- 44; made permanent under Da- vid, 47, 50, 59-60; division of, 67. Monarchy, F ifth, 489, Monash, Sir John, Australian Jew- ish general, (PAE Monis, Judah, 604. Monopoli, Italy, 501. Montagu, Sir Samuel, 706. (See Swaythling, Lord.) Montalto, Elijah, Marano, physi- cian to Queen of France, 488. Montefiore, Claude G., 722, 734. Montefiore, Sir Moses, 646-647, 652, 673, 678, 698. Montezinos, Antonio de (Aaron Levi), 490. Montferrat, Italy, 509. Montpellier, Jews in, 392, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398. Morais, Sabato, rabbi of Philadel- phia, 681, 699, 723. Moravia, Jews in, 377, 549, 556, _ 568, 570, 585, 625. Mordecai, of Persia, 127. Mordecai, son of Hillel, of Nurem- berg, 402, 403, 408. Mordecai of Eisenberg, Messianic pretender, 568-569. Morea, 558, 559, 561. Moresheth, Palestine, 100. Morgenthau, Henry, 733. Saltiman, Babylonian Auton. bt) : ea S Nabari (Nateuasierbene, Nee. a wr TOS, GE) 27 450, ARE, +h ) ae Neha. ‘the - pls 18, ee) oe trie af; 9, Oe. ei; Pa] re nm teats, Fewe pr Pad, ged / “5 Ba #0, BG, SH, in) iat oe a GAS. Oo ae Napoleon 1: 624, 630; Wp av, i, a ro and Jeo APOE, evel Ao a . As Nassoheams: 141, 67%, 680 236, ae Narbont, Moses, phinsww ed, ai, Re. Narbonne, Tews iss, ati 33d, 34% oe 449, 352,356,391 S03 as a Peres, katnity et Bi gcanos, tite at Pe Sesh, Jucin, duke of Saxce, ROT, |. “| an 49}. StF. at Tdttosh Lat ark Sig af F “ r } ry 513; akeoonpee: arable: + thea, ae AtT~3t% oy Natit, tite pcoptiee: 64, $3, $2. ; heen Nathan, of Babyion, Teri, me BEF a Nathan, san of ie nore gag 2 a Nathan, son of lehiol. of Rave. ek "eae 404-302, 387, 479. | oF Nathan, aon of Sospaed, 33%, : a Nationalian, fowtsh, o9-661, 687, ‘a 697-698, (Soa uleo Zionism. ) nS Natronai, Guon of Sura, 256, _ i Nazarenes, tollowers of Jesus, 199, ek .+ 208. Phin i 4 Nazareth, Palestine, i61. rh) ey Navarre, Spsiw, Jowa in, 408, 434, 3 2 $35, 444. 446, 442, 249,457, 427 en Navarro, Movs. chief rebbted Pur a tugail, 445, : , Navigation Ait, Fb 90. on Nehuchadreaver, wey of fabytat, Sell, Grae oe £iG-1 18, Tes, B38 Taian Nebuchadruray: = tipe, (22 ; eee 4 Nebusivadan. fiat Nasa pence ns, ‘oa 132. eee oe Necoh Li, ving ot Bayes, HER, TOR 2a fi. Moe Nehardea, Ralston: canthenity aki oo a, £34. 2 thi E44 M4 -eT, 4 : vl = oe i Nehenish, gn wept jude 285: + a L3A, 126, 358 an heer : ree Nehe:wiials, aon. oh © - (aie of Pumientlite Newitov, Mnwhaiia, $, 86 Adetiernich, Prince, Austrian atom MAK, 632, oA. Meiz, Jews. in, £53, 354, 300; rab tinica? sniitary of, 640, Mexico, soe, PEt : Mey apres Crarnin, composer, O24, ¢ Meerayraten, Potdrad, S85. : Micalt Gee hg terre 327-33.) Micah, so et tadal, prophet, 76, Al iat, of vi crenbect th, the prophet, ae » jt -S4, FOR, PSS. Miosk, raboty ok Treves, 362. batik Fiat! vir sak acca of Poland, oy Fa Stechwariia fohann ‘Helnrich, 9% Michal wie ot David, 4i, a Mie *‘slestine, 38, 146. i? hese ts Sebastian, Polish lew ied ? it ut, BA 3, a aaah, .oOn amentar on Ponte: amt, 223, 302; 2. HL eoyaay uit., duke of et £i- $28; sedation, Podotia, 382 ' elaine, Moses, schotar, 681. "i cat de Murillo, Taquisiter, $b. . Lan italy, Jews i in, 292; a Mout, god of Ammonites, 52 ye sdsons iin; privat’ clase of; ‘136 . fewess of Worms, ; viva, Jewess of Spivesy’ 565. Hie mrity rights of Jews,’ $4735. aM ie it, Poland, 58f, 609, G85, ve ahk, hews of, 556. sai a jean, Count, 609. es Vt onivia, isaac, judge iad Peansyt ta, hss aitia 482, 502. : tiilan: tO Ce he a, PS eONean, wifool Herod, LAT, RR ASL AES oo a A sehotgh &, needification of, 243, 219- f 33 weadtied, 226, 227, +3 Fema it. aed let to Talmud, | » eg ie &. - et, 279, 302, “Sibe. ae: (cd ony dé tng 605,’ 697. Tae Ei de tit smh of Parthia, 140, boglaiee Viasat Persia, 162, : Starts, Po ‘8 a 32, i, 69, iv sis \ ct rertatie, bh 2% i A what of Tur INDEX Morocco, 331, 334, 438. Morris, Robert, financier of Amer- ican Revolution, 606-607. pears: Edgar, affair of, 678-679, 03 Morteira, Saul Levi, rabbi at Am- sterdam, 488, 489, 496. Mosaism, 65, 68, 75, 104, 105, 106: displaces prophecy as basis of religious life of Judean state, 131-133; abrogated by Paul, 228. Moscow, Jews of, expulsion of, 700. Moses, 14-16, 19-21, 22, 25, 32, 33, 34, 36, 48, 49, 72, 105, 106, L1G) dee, 183,259 275, 276, 279, 329, 337, 339, 345, 433, 452, 456, 509, 521, 561, 564, 621. Moses, treasurer of Castile, 437. Moses of Coucy, composes ‘Great Book of Commandments,’ 379, Mae son of Enoch, of Cordova, 13; Moses, son of Jekuthiel, 359, 360. Moses, rabbi of Kiev, 527. Moses, son of Menahem, 302. Moses, the Preacher, teacher in Provence, 301, 356. Mstislav I., prince of Kiev, 526. Muizz, Zirid ruler, 277, 301. Muktadir, Arab prince, 321, Munich, 406, 655, 671, 704, 706. Munk, Solomon, scholar, 643, 652. Miinster, Westphalia, 650. Miinster, Sebastian, 483. Murcia, Spain, 458. Murcilla, Spain, Jews massacred at, 436. Murviedro, Spain, Jews submit to baptism at, 447. Mussafia, Benjamin, 494, 563. Mu'tamid, Arab king of Seville, 2s, J2at 534 Mysticism, 258. (See also Cabala.) Naar, Isaac, of Amsterdam, 562. Nabateans, 142, 146, 162. Nablus, 426. (See Shechem.) Nabonassar, king of Babylon, 99. Nabonidus, king of Babylon, 117... Nabopolassar, king of Babylon, 107. Naboth, of Jezreel, 74, 79, 87. Nadab, king of Israel, 68. Nadhir, Jewish tribe in Arabia, 249. Nahash, king of Ammon, 51. 807 Nahman, Babylonian Amora, 241. Nahmani (Nahmanides), Moses, 395, 422-427, 430, 431, 455. Nahum, the prophet, 105, 158. Reon tribe of, 9, 24, 26, 62, 8 Naples, Italy, Jews in, 292, 297, ne 480, 486, 501, 502-503, 508, Di Napoleon I., 624, 630, 632, 646, 680; and Jews, 612-617; code of, 623. Napoleon III., 678, 680, 736. Narboni, Moses, philosopher, 400. Narbonne, Jews in, 301, 333, 348, 349, 352, 356, 392, 393, 395. Nasi, family of Maranos, 486. Nasi, Joseph, duke of Naxos, 487, 491, 503; at Turkish court, 514— 517; attempts to rebuild Tiberias, 517-518. Nathan, the prophet, 50, 55, 59. Nathan, of Babylon, Tanna, 217. Nathan, son of Ephraim, 299. Nathan, son of Jehiel, of Rome, 301-302, 357)'479; Nathan, son of Samuel, 330, Nationalism, Jewish, 679-681, 687, 697-698. (See also Zionism.) Natronai, Gaon of Sura, 256. Nazarenes, followers of Jesus, 199, 208. Nazareth, Palestine, 181. Navarre, Spain, Jews in, 308, 334, 335, 424, 436, 442, 449, 451, 472. Navarro, Moses, chief rabbi of Por- tugal, 448, Navigation Act, 491-492, Nebuchadrezzar, king of Babylon, 110-113, 116, 139. Nebuchadrezzar, a new, 120. Nebuzaradan, Babylonian general, iM ie Necoh II., king of Egypt, 108, 109- 111 Nehardea, Babylonia, academy at, 233, 236, 237, 239, 241. Nehemiah, governor of Judea, 123— 124, 126, 158, 300. Nehemiah, son ‘of Cohen-Zedek, Gaon of Pumbeditha, 273, 274. Nemirov, Podolia, Cossacks mas- sacre Jews of, 550, 552-553, 555. Neuss, Germany, Jews massacred at, 362,372. Neustadt, Austria, 377, 408, 415. 808 INDEX Nero, 192,.196, 200, 229, 290. Nerva, Roman emperor, "291. Netherlands, Maranos settle in, 486, 491, 603; Inquisition in, 487. Netter, Charles, 679. Neubauer, Adolf, scholar, 722. New Amsterdam (New Nether- lands), 603, 604. New Year’s day, festival of, 131. New York, Jews in, 603, 604, 605, 648, 652, 675— 677, 694, 698, 699, 700, 719, 720, 723. Newport, England, Jews in, 386. Newport, Rhode Island, 606, 607; Jews in, 604, 605. Nicanor, Syrian general, 140, 144, 145. Nicea, Council of, 229. Nicolai, German rationalist, 594. Nicholas of Damascus, 173. Nicholas I., of Russia, 668, 688. Nicholas IL., of Russia, 715, 729. Nicholas ity pope, 431, 504. Nicholas V., pope, 414, 459. Nicopolis, Asia Minor, 520. Nicopolis, Jews in, 514. Nieszava, Statute of, 530-531. Nieto, David, rabbi, 644. Niger, governor of Palestine, 224. Nikolaev, Russia, 669. Nikolsburg, Germany, 549, 635, 663, 680. ae river, in Egypt, 14, 126, 186, 8. Nineveh, Assyria, fall of, 86, 102, 105, 107. Nisibis, Babylon, 233. Nissi Naharwani, 264. Nissim, son of Jacob, of Kairawan, 281-282. Nissim, son of Reuben, rabbi at Barcelona, 444, 451. Nizhni-Novogorod, Russia, 670. Noah, 3, 328. Noah, Mordecai Manuel, 649. Nob, Palestine, 41, 42. Nordau, Max, journalist and Zion- ist, 704-705, 709, 712. Nordlingen, Germany, Jews mas- ~ sacred at, 409. Normans, 352, 384. North Sea, 486. Norwich, England, blood libel of, 384, 385. Norwich, Jews in, 384-387. Novosti Russian statesman, ‘Numerus clausus’: in Russia, 716; in Hungary, 736. Nufiez, Manuel, Marano, 487. Nufiez, Maria, Marano, 487. Nuremberg, Germany, 366, 412; diet of, 407. Nuremberg, Jews of, 402, 403, 406, 409, 410, 415. Obadiah, minister of Ahab, 71, 73. Obadiah, prophet, 158. Obadiah, of Bertinoro, 518-519. Obadiah, Chazar ruler, 526. Ocassa, Spain, 461. ‘Occident,’ edited by Isaac Leeser, 650. Octavian, Roman emperor, 165— 166, 170, 1710 tie Odainath, prince of Palmyra, 225, 241. Odessa, Russia, 667, 672, 686, 698; pogrom of, 694. Odoacer, 297. Offenbach, Germany, 585. Og, king of Bashan, 18. Oglethorpe, James Edward, found- er of Georgia, 604. Olbia, Russia, Jews at, 525. Oldenburg, Germany, 663, 680. Olesnicki, archbishop, 530. Olives, Mount of, a 267. } Olligoyen, Peter, 4 Pee caliph, nae O64, 255; #802, 30 Omar II., caliph, 259. Ommayads, dynasty of, 259. Omri, king of Israel, 69, i iS, 76, 78, 79, 82. Onias i; high priest, 134. oe Ill., high priest, 135-136, 147. Onias, son of Onias III., builds Temple in Leontopolis, 64, 147, 204. Onias IV., high priest, 154. - Onias, Tanna, 161-162 Onias, Jewish general in Egyptian army, 148. Onkelos, Aramaic version of Scrip- tures by, 344. Ophrah, Palestine, 27, 32. Ophir, Arabia or Africa: 63ictk , “Pd , INDEX S89 rh 703, 786, 707, We, 7h, Hz. ] Palestine: gengiagy a, 47> aneh: | history, @-i4s Gaed ot Tenet, eae 22-113: under the Bebytaaies a 114-116: - under. -dhe -Peaaane . 147-124; uncer Che Cieten, fe te t43; under the . Nareecteneeh, be 146-168; under Hered, 166.474, h under the Rowians, De i. ori der the Arabs, ae S F Christian rule, 337, 365; trv ie Salachin, 337, 370; under Mewa- es liatis, 426-427 - - uncer tet 2 dee, / ao §12, 518-524, 679, 097-008, Me, ee 733, 726, 728; vader the Biogiet ue maidatory, 730- F31, 734 Man, 652. i - ie Palmyra, 225, 241. . 1 Palquera, Shem Tot. 434. ie Pajtiel, vizir to Mulvz, 301. OER Paitoi, “Jadn of Purnbectith fsb, rk: Pampiona, Spain, bishop of, 3 a sa nga Russia, foe: “2 me Papal States, Jews of, weil treated ae ae ai first, 504; ‘oppressed, 507-308. St Pappus, general of Antigoniss, iG? Sl Paregorus, few of ep SHR, co ly in Pardo, David, rabbi, 459. 7, Paris, councils of, 348)3$ir Con <>) an vention of, 688. i Saal, Paris, Jews in, 368, 37%, Cai, oS aa . 614, 624, , 660, 659, Passover, celebrated bv King od vee f= tir a3 657, 679, GBS, 76%, “Talmed burned publicly at, “S78, > ete Parthians, 152, 166, 183, 1579, 208. ge Paskevich, Russian statesman, 687, peat siah, 106) festival of 150, ita Pastoureaux "ot omg ot, ager? Patent of Toeteast, of Joseph fig: << 5904-598, - inte a was: Patriarch (naal)}, head ce se i eae Palestine, 220-29Q. or of t ;4 Paul I1f., pope, 2 © TA Guaeta lead ae sities: rabbi at Neuhaaer. “cde, weber, 732. lew Amiterdan tear Nether- rativai of 131 b ae Sa tot Fe 4 New Mork 53, 6, 608, +4 . : ie oe low ¢ san general, 140, 1, pars - ie ‘0 mv MEN rationalist, ot uf ties las, 17S ‘..of Russia, 668, GRE L.of Russia, TiS, a29. , : ik POPS, ) $43; Sfibs : Ve pepe 414, ve NL ees ou MS linge, 52 28 LVAREA,. + pity | t La ax) ee af * : a Aide 530 & © gg ii, tabbi, Gad ‘ SM te iy “eae at Pales cine: el ; 2 GOD: Germany, — Setevsin, Salk of, 86, 30 724 : tH PA [Sea cay. yt Bie aoe er wat, 2O4.. i # Jacob, of Kairawan, it eyige. 4s GA AST, ; ae ss abated Rus 3318, 670. & Ngan, aes peilien Meruel, AD, a 4 “4 oy ws, nee: hao @ we iy scree ai rey @ ie ar mans, Sai. wih Sea, 4h0. 4 orwieh, Caghind, diet Sa, 385. a Notwich, Jews in, 846-087 9 ’ g ‘ d} INDEX Oporto, Portugal, Spanish Jews settle in, 473. Oppenheim, David, of Prague, 571-— 572; library of, 572. Oppenheim, Joseph, 572. Oppenheim, Samuel, court Jew of Vienna, 570, 571, 591. Oppenheimer, Anshel, 381. Orabuena, Joseph, chief rabbi of Navarre, 449. Ordination, of rabbis, 206, 216; at- tempt to revive, 519-520. Ordofio III., of Leon, 308. Oria, Italy, School of, 300. Orleans, France, 386; Council of, 347. Orleans, Jews in, 348. Orontes, valley of, 76, 84. Ortenburg, Germany, Jews mas- ‘sacred at, 380. Osorio, David, of Amsterdam, 489. Osorkon II., of Egypt, 76. Ostrog, Jews of, 554. Ostrogoths, 297. Othniel, Kenite, 22. Otranto, Italy, Jewish learning at, 299, Otto I., German emperor, 308, 309, Bist Otto II., German emperor, 299. Otto, brother of Henry VI., 372. Oudekerk, Netherlands, Jewish cemetery at, 488. Oxford, England, 572. Oxford, Jews in, 384, 386; synod of, 388. Oxford, University of, 722. Pablo Christiani, converted Jew, disputes with Jews, 425-426. Padua, 481, 482, 513, 537, 574, 575, 581, 640. Padua, University of, 482. Pahlen, Russian statesman, 697, Palache, Samuel, Moroccan Jew, consul to Netherlands, 487, 488. ‘Pale of Settlement,’ for Jews in Russia, 627, 629-630, 669-670, 673, 687, 696-697, 716. Palermo, Sicily, 292. Palermo, Jews of, 431. Palestine, 342, 353, 365, 382, 397, 427, 432, 437, 450, 517, 520, 524, 533, 558, 571, 577, 599, 614, 624, 643, 649, 650, 651, 655, 660, 659, 809 687, 703, 706, 707, 708, 711, 712, 731. Palestine: geography of, 4-7; early history, 8-14; Land of Israel, 22-113; under the Babylonians, 114-116; under the Persians, 117-128; under the Greeks, 128- 145; under the Hasmoneans, 146-168; under Herod, 169-176; under the Romans, 177-230; un- der the Arabs, 265-268; under Christian rule, 337, 365; under Saladin, 337, 370; under Mongo- lians, 426-427; under the Turks, 512, 518-524, 679, 697-698, 701, 713, 726, 728; under the British mandatory, 730-731, 734-735, 736-737. Pallas, brother of procurator Felix, 191, 192. Palma, Jews of, attacked, 447. Palmerston, Lord, English states- man, 652. Palmyra, 225, 241. Palquera, Shem Tob, 434. Paltiel, vizir to Muizz, 301. Paltoi, Gaon of Pumbeditha, 257. Pamplona, Spain, bishop of, 449. oe Russia, Jews at, oe Papal States, Jews of, well treated at first, 504; oppressed, 507-508. Pappus, general of Antigonus, 167. Paragorus, Jew of Narbonne, 349. Pardo, David, rabbi, 489. Paris, councils of, 348, 351; con- vention of, 688. ty Paris, Jews in, 368, 370,. 608-618, 657, 679, 688, 703; Talmud burned publicly at, 378. Parthians, 152, 166, 183, 190, 200, 2113220, Paskevich, Russian statesman, 667. Passover, celebrated by King Jo- siah, 106; festival of, 130. Pastoureaux, persecutions of, 399. Patent of Tolerance, of Joseph II., 596-598. Patriarch (nasi), head of Jews in Palestine, 220-230. Bee OY Colonel John Henry, 28. Paul of Tarsus, founder of Chris- tianity, 228. Paul I., of Russia, 627-628. Paul III., pope, 507. e 810 Paul IV., pope, 507, 508, 517, 615. Paul de Santa Maria, Jewish apos- tate, 449, 450, 453-454, 456, 457. Pavia, Italy, Jews expelled from, 509 Peace Conference, of World War, 734. Peasants’ War, in Alsace, 547. Pechera, monastery of, 527. Pedro de Toledo, Don, 502. Peixotto, Benjamin F., American consul to Rumania, 689. Pekah, son of Remaliah, king of Israel, 95, 97. Pekahiah, king of Israel, 95. Pelethites, David’s body-guard,48, Pella, 156, 200. Pellicanus, Conrad, Hebraist, 483. Peloponnesus, 512, Pelusium, 164. Pena, Hayim, anti-Sabbatian, 5062, Penn, William, 604. Pennsylvania, Jews in, 603. Penuel, 26, 32, 67. Perea (Transjordania), 172, 177, 192. Pergamum, 164. Pereiaslav, Russia, Jews massacred aoe: Pereyra, Abraham, 502. Pernambuco, 492, 603. Peroz, Sassanian ruler, 245. Perpignan, Jews of, 397. Persia, 224, 247, 260. Persia, Jews of, 341. Persian Gulf, 211. Pesaro, Italy, 506, 508. Pestel, Russian revolutionist, 668. Peter, Simon, disciple of Jesus, 182, 228 first German Peter, St., seat in Rome of, 298, 504. Peter, converted Jew, 411. - Peter II., of Aragon, 419. Peter (the Cruel) of Castile, 440- 442. Peter IV., of Castile, 444-445. Peter de Aranda, bishop of Cala- horra, 468. Peter d’Epila, Inquisitor, 467. Petit, Solomon, cabalist, 397. ‘Petlura, Ukrainian general, 733. Petra, 166. Petrarch, humanist, 480, 487. Petrograd, Russia, 728, 729. INDEX Petronius, governor of Syria, 187. Pfefferkorn, Johann, Jewish apos- tate, 484; controversy with Reuchlin, 484-485. Pforzheim, Germany, tacked at, 380. Phanagoria, Russia, Jews in, 525. Pharhi, Estori, account of French expulsion by, 398. Pharisaism, 158, 180, 260. Pharisees (Separatists), 153, 158- 161, 167, 174, 179, 180, 182, 189, 194, 199, 205, 498. Phasaelis, 178. Phatir, converted Jew, 348. Pheroras, Herod’s brother, 172. Phezahel, Herod’s brother, 164, 166. Philadelphia, Jews in, 605, 607, 648, 650, 652, 681, 720, 724. Philip, regent of Syria, 144. Philip, son of Herod, tetrarch, 177, 178, 182, 184, 191, Philip, archbishop, 372. Philip II., Augustus, of France, 367-368, 369, 387. arts III. the Bold, of France, 396, Philip IV. the Fair, of France, 396, 403, 436. Philip V. the Tall, of France, 399, Philip, king of Navarre, 436. Philip II., of Spain, 487, be Ror Philippson, Ludwig, 662, 676, 678, 682 Jews at- Philistia, 36, 48, 96. Philistines, at war with Israel, 33- 70. Philo Judaeus, of Alexandria, 186, 190, 263, 424, 598. Phinehas, son of Eli, 36. Phinehas, high priest, 199. Phinehas, son of Jair, Tanna, 221. Phoenicia, 81, 82. Phoenicians, 31, 70, 71, 72, 76. Picciotto, Isaac Levi, 651. Pichon, Joseph, chief tax-collector of Castile, 443, 444, 445. Picquart, French colonel, in Drey- fus affair, 702. Piedmont, Jews of, 678. Pietists (hasidim), 133, 138, 139, 144, 153, 180,205. Pieve de Sacco, Italy, 480. Pilate, Pontius, procurator, 183. ‘Pilpul,’ talmudic gymnastics, 533. » 4388, 259, Sebbaten, , nn 8 533-534, 586; la, Jews massacic! Pomues st ieee “Feoish Pes, by iNDEX 4 Partugal, jewn ra! ty os aa ye a ‘ Sé7-$49, S71-572, SOP et : rayars arranged iyi ( sa@btie fect 9 ray Geen af Signa, 256: bt Saad 276. Fe ee Pressbury, Germany, 4% Prevas, by ign, sletesnauin. 732 Priesis: juciged ist rohyious affun 32: guar a ‘6 Gt Ark of 4) Covenant, 34: in ‘Te pie we ship, 64, 93, 130-202. Primo, Samuel, éupmacier of Sal batai Zevi, 561, Sek 574 Printi ale He? OTaW: =m f+ of P why eis iG Tart Kc ¥; Le 74 Pa %.. 533. in Ainsterdas ” Prise Us, Jew oO tain. > im Procurators, Reman, +2aPP% 199-194, Prophecy \ : begins with Mow 14 defined. 37 ening quia =F under Amos and Howes ME ARR gives way to VMowhiarm, ee Prophet, nature of, defined, 37, 72 Sa-—A9, 94, Prophets: Moses, 14-21: Deborah 24-25; Nathan, 35- Ahijah, 63; Elijah, 72-74; Elisha,. 74, 78- 79; Micoh, son of imiak, oe Amos, 2-92, 94. Hosea, 92-9 Isaiah. oy AR, 160-104. Mich: 100, 104: Nattiem, 105: Lavobe aniah, 10%) Pisidakh, te: Jere. miah, HO 157, 1-11t- Ew. kiel, 115-146: Zechariah, 130 | Hany i, {2s Matachi, 422. Pepegd riers, Jowish, in Rome, 28% 2% ja s+ COPE by Roath diet Ag uel, 239- afranged by Anan Elders of Zin, - ah ol yi. - m a = igi ti ¢. --* er ie ack S a ™ =e oP estar igs Tae Liss tae Ue ar: Moving (de Pishetho, BA vt aC. ae Pexonts, Beran} =H American a canshl to Bowed, GHD: Fie at Beh. t. £o oe. er taltah, king of * Pookahionhs rig af ft teal 35a ae Pelethites, Larsud’s body Buard 4,48 Fast Rica ee S arad, Posi Goria: “a % : z . Y 5 1 that $ Say ¥ * £ Peta, Ti wie, aint ef Sats than ‘Sa, erg 4 - at «A al, 604. 3 & A ‘consyivenia, Jews in, O03. | re. ; a ae 7 atta ? + We i ‘ee Fraasjordanic a DTZ, Bie i “3 Eee Perprnnannryy £64, ae eT RR is " it tapasi: i, 8 L's. asec i Ga PD Pah a 2, 60 g; ‘ . * 5 > x ; Vevoe Sitpaanian rufer, 245.0% +> . ie) “y 7 2 PUTTS, pean ad, Fi. ae ? Mek co’ t. a at, 260. Bows, fees of, 341, Re 4 a. £1, a a ae at hp SOB. 208s. ae Phinda, on revolutionst, 668, Ppt Be oh, disciple of Jesus, 182, Ae hig, BRO 1 Rome of, 28, * ae ae ehh ess wit Widow. Ath. Mec TE. od Avagomy 4105. ony, M3 Pew ube, tare of Castile, eye: Af; Barer}... ot 4 a hihi. 146-445, at a Peter de Avawidy . Sishop of c ~ horra, ¥ . es Peter d' Em! hanya, 7. Petit, Solonue orutiae, SRS : Petr a) EReraliantieti ® wry bes Petra, 166. Ne Petcnich, hurmaniat. 58 Meteugrad, Russia, 72) Bier. INDEX Pina, Paul de, of Amsterdam, 488, Pinheiro, Moses, Sabbatian, 559, 562, 566. Pinsk, Russia, Cossacks massacre Jews at, 554. Pinsker, Leo, Jewish nationalist, 697, 703. Pinsker, Simhah, 685-686, 697. Piotrkov, diet of, 533-534, 556. Piriatin, Russia, Jews massacred at, 552. Pitholaus, leader of revolt against Crassus, 164. Pithom, Egypt, 12. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 698. Pius IV., pope, 548, Pius V., pope, 517. Pius VI., pope, 611, 615. Pius VII., pope, 612. Pius LX., pope, 678. Pius X., pope, 711. Plato, 186, 319. Pobiedonostzev, tussian states- man, 693. Podolia, Jews in, 538, 550, 552- 554, 571, 578, 581, 585, 588, 669, 696. Pogroms: in Russia, 693-696, 709— 711, 714-715; in Ukraine, 733. Poitiers, 396, 399. Poland, Jews in: to Chmielnicki massacres, 527-546; during Chmielnicki massacres, 55 1-557; after Chmielnicki massacres, 570, 578-588; under Prussian rule, 620-621; under Russian rule, 665-667, 688; in recent times, 706, 718, 733, 735. Poland, Great (Posen and Katisz), 528, 535, 580. Poland, Little, 528, 533. Pollak, Jacob, rabbi of Prague, 533. Polna, Bohemia, Jews accused of ritual murder at, 709. Polock, Russia, 556. Polonnoe, Volhynia, Cossacks mas- _ Sacre Jews at, 554. Poltava, 669. Polygamy, abolished by Gershom, 354, 75! Pompeii, Italy, 291. Pompey, 162-164, 287. Poppea, empress, 290.. Porte, Turkish, 515, — 811 Portugal, Jews in: 429, 445-448, 473; expulsion of, 474-475, 479, 486, 487. | Posen, Poland, Jews in, S2Ae529. 930, 531,°533, 535, 5441, 542, 546, 556, 578, 580, 635. Posquiéres, France, 393, Poznanski, Gustav, 649, Prague, Jews in, 353, 410, 415, 547-549, 571-572, 590, 625. Prayers: arranged by Gamaliel Il.. 207; composed by Rab and Sam- uel, 239; arranged by Amram, Gaon of Sura, 256; by Saadiah, 270. Pressburg, Germany, 635, Preuss, Hugo, statesman, 732. Priests: judges in religious affairs, 32; guardians of Ark of the Covenant, 34; in Temple wor- ship, 64, 93, 130-202. Primo, Samuel, supporter of Sab- batai Zevi, 561, 563, 571. Printing, Hebrew: in Italy, 480- 481; in Turkey, 517; in Poland, 535; in Amsterdam, 562. Priscus, Jew of Paris, 347, 348. Procurators, Roman, 178-179, 190-194, Prophecy: begins with Moses, 14; defined, 37; under Samuel, 37; under Amos and Hosea, 90-94; gives way to Mosaism, 131. Prophet, nature of, defined, 37, 72, 88-89, 94, Prophets: Moses, 14-21; Deborah 24-25; Nathan, 55; Ahijah, 66; Elijah, 72-74; Elisha, 74, 78- 79; Micah, son of Imlah, 76; Amos, 90-92, 94; Hosea, 92-94; Isaiah, 96-98, 100-104; Micah, 100, 101; Nahum, 105; Zeph- aniah, 105; Huldah, 106; Jere- miah, 106-107, 109-113; Eze- kiel, 115-116; Zechariah, 120; Haggai, 120; Malachi, 122. Proselytism, Jewish, in Rome, 289- 290. Protocols of Elders of Zion, or ‘Jewish Peril’, 736... Provence, southern France, Jews in, 352, 392-401, 419, 424-425, Prussia, Jews in: 589-592, 619- 624; emancipation of, 623, 636- 637, 656-658. 812 INDE K’ Prynne, English Anti-Semite, 492. Przemysl, ie cia, 726, Psammetich I., king of Egypt, 105, L086 - Psammetich II., Ptolemais (Acco), 143, 147, 148, 187, 196. Ptolemy, general of Alexander, 128. Ptolemy 1., of Egypt, 128, 129. Ptolemy II., of Egypt, 128, 129, Ptolemy III. Euergetes, of Egypt, 129. Ptolemy IV. Philopator, of Egypt, 129. Ptolemy V. Epiphanes, of Egypt, 129, 134. Ptolemy VI. Philometor, of Egypt, 136, 147. Ptolemy VII. Physcon, of Egypt, 152. Ptolemy, Lathurus, heir of Egyp- tian throne, 154. Ptolemy XIV., of Egypt, 164. Ptolemy, son-in-law of Simon Mac- cabee, 151. Ptolemy, Syrian general, 140. Pulcinella, Jewess of Rameru, 367. Pumbeditha, Babylon, academyat, 233,244, 241-276, 277, 278, 280. Purim, 127, 210, 269, 369, Puritans, in America, 490. Puteoli, Italy, 291. Pyrenees, 304, 311, 349, 356, 395, -) 426. king of Egypt, Quadratus, governor of Syria, 191. Quemadero, stake of auto- da- fé, 464. Querido, Berechiah, Messianic pre- tender, 569. Querido, _Jacob, Messianic pre- tender, 569. Quietus, Lusius, governor of Pales- tine, 212. Rab, Babylonian Amora, founder of Jewish learning in Babylon, 226, 228, 236-239, 240, 241, 244, 257, 275, 276, 411. Raba, Babylonian Amora, founds school at Mahoza, 242-244, 276. Rabaud-Saint-Etienne, 609. Rabbah (Amman), 51, 52, 55. Rabbah, son of Nahmani, Baby- lonian Amora, 241-243, 276, Rabbanites, traditionist opponents of Karaites, 262, 268, 42, 365, 513,685. Rabbi. (See Judah I., patriarch.) Rabina II,, Babylonian Amora, edits Babylonian Talmud, 245. Rachel, wife of Jacob, 9 Radulph, German monk, 366. Radzivil, prince of Poland, 524, 555, 556. Ramadhan, Mohammedan month of fast. 254; Ramah, Palestine, 32, 37, 68. — Rameru, France, 363, 364, 367, 368, 386. Ramiro II., king of Leon, 308. Ramleh, Palestine, 266. Ramoth, fortress of, 76, 79, 143. Ramses, Egypt, 12, 14. Ramses II., of Egypt, 12. Ramses III., of Egypt, 23. Ramusio, Gian Battista, 506. Raphael, Sabbatai, Sabbatian, 561, 566. Raphia, Palestine, 100, 129. 154, 163. . Rapoport, Judah Loeb, scholar, 641, 660. Rashi (Solomon, son of Isaac), 302, 333, 357-364, 379, the commen- tator, 395, 483, 513, 545; Tal- mud commentary of, 368. Rathenau, Walter, statesman, 736. Ratisbon, Jews in, 353, 363, 370, 381, 403, 409, 415-418. Ratisbonne, Alphonse, 643. Ratisbonne, Theodore, 643. Ravenna, Italy, 292, 297, 508. Raymund, of Pefiaforte, chief agent of Inquisition, 425. Reading, England, Jews at, 386. Bee I., king of Spain, 304, Ry ; Repenny king of Spain, code of, Rechabites (Nazirites), 72, 80. Red Sea, passage of, by Israelites, bes | 53, 61. Reform: in Germany, 634-637. 659-664, 680-681; in England. 664; in the United States, 648~- 650, 676-677, 698-699, 723-724. Reformation, of Catholic Church, Reggio, Italy, 480, 501, 569. Reggio, Isaac Samuel, 639-640. ' * a INDEX $13 a - : RindAeisch, mastacres ee Crett ‘ia many, 402, $2a. a Riahor ler Zion, Palestine, 657, aS Ritual -murder, charyes oi: in ‘ta France, 367-368; in Baglend ia * Rothachiid, M er Anshel, founder ae FS44345 289..390- iy ena + 375. $36, 4)7~418, 499, TH; Spain, #61, 468, 470. in Polsad : aid Ragesia. $41, 542-545, -Sa4, 579-534, 674, 685, 70-717; coe Pra masons, 651-633; in Hungary, 695; chirped of, examined : by ee Rist of Haggtian, 376: by cae z dinal fangaoeili, 580-581; Chwelsoa, 689: be Strack, bad. papal bart ayainet, 380-588; iin. “perial sanbtiag of bull, 382. Rives, Moses, Poliah rabbi, 556, Rizpalt, concubine of Saul, 54. Robespierre, Preseh statesm ats, 609, 610, Robles, Antonie Redrigues, Ma- ee te rano In England, 493. | —. Ausirian » Anti-Semite, _ an i035 ae Roger 1., king of Sicity, 277, 299. aa Roger i Jang of Sicily anc Ttaly, Romanus i, Byzantine emperor, SOY, Roms: treater with Fides, 145,148, 130: influence of, in Palestine, ' $62- a4 4. alestine Wh des rule of, 177~2.30; ad? Rome, Jows in, 287-302, 504-805, a 611—Ai2. [ae Roosevelt. President, 719. a Rosai, Azariah dei, 503-504, 639. ie Rostock, Universiy of, 618. ia Rothschilds, iq England and other ih ae countries of Barone, 645-646. Ae Rothschild, Baron Raniond de,and 9 02a ae Palestinian colonization, 714. | a ahiaee Rothschild, Baron Lionel de, Mo poe y P., 658, 665. Mae ii Rothschild, Lord, of Englared, $e) i ot House, 64 kg Sk eae ole Rothsctild,. Nathan i ef, ol M cuter’ and. es . oe a mf ae . ty bes 4 y 7 om a oie : Nie Ae eRe % BAe. me hes ; vy ; he ce } . PRS aga i ° ¢ salioh A rts. Serute:, AD ae Cee acel, « scan nee ear V@ememetich |., king of Rgypty) + ‘vs * - pm Vexdametcoh {1 King of Egypt, et i 3 teorTiais i NEES}, L453, 14 ‘7 { S, # 187, 196. ie a wmiemy, genera ef Ale mare enh 128. Ftolemy 1.. of Laypt, 128,229. z Ptolemy 1! vit, ‘$28, 12 ee } Peolemy 1 getes, of Eavege. | + fj Mi ; £ " a lemry i hilopator, of ts EYE 2 4 ae ~ ae he te Proaleary x cay iene Fes. of eer. ; nee hee : 120) 54 i= is Be cunt Prolemy Vf, Philametoe, of Egypt, eee Seto mtp H. Physcon; of Beyer, a Ptolers sthurus Ente it of a * "ke * ; bay ecco: tsa, ; ‘ieee Proleny mas. of Egypt, Miki) % } Rie nee | Protoss, seit -iaw of Simm Mace bs : ; ' 4 aa 2. a ~ Cave ‘ st. ane Ber ne Prolene, Sveian- general, 10. ; : Pulcinevid, Je wess.ol Ramerus: rey ots . Vumbeditha, Babylon, academyat, oo oe 234, Jel, 241-276, 277 eRe 280. . rege ae i +e 6, 269, 368." : ; . rune, gevernor of Syria Cin erls, Ske of autod ad = is gee Sart 3 } ay er be Cpe Ps ee ae 4 Pe, Pigs geaeay Breen ianic i r at Pe al = : hey, aga » foreenor a Palos: Jeistiesy. 3 hekora, founder: a8 ic 43 Babyion,. oe ie Mh.’ * Naboo esiggiche » DA, ! oh 4 pe conk: taeuts ‘ hoes ela i Be. shy: CRM ate Ben “oer aot Raha ud-Seuet-7 1 iene 2 abbah (Ammtaay,, 2¥i) Re . Rabbah, son of Satine, Vee lonian Amora, Mté PSs; SRR CN DEX Rehob, Aramean province, 51. Rehoboam, king of Judah, 67. Rehoboth, Palestine, 698. Rehum, governor of Samaria, 123. Reines, Isaac Jacob, founder of Mizrahi, 708-709. Relief and reconstruction, of Jews, during World War, 727-728, 735. er Society of German Jews, 24 Renan, Ernest, 692. Renaissance, in Italy and Ger- many, 479-485. Renascence of Jewish learning, 638-641. Rephidim, 16. ‘Resh Galutha’ (Head of the Cap- tivity), 235. (See Exilarch.) ’ Responsa, of Gaons, 255. Restoration of Judah: under Shesh- bazzar, 119; under Zerubbabel, 120; under Ezra and Nehemiah, 122-125. Resurrection, belief in, 159. Reuben, tribe of, 9, 19, 24, 25, 490. Reubeni, David, Jewish adven- turer from Arabia, 505-507. Reubeni, Joseph, supposed king of tribe of Reuben, 505. Reuchlin, Johann, German human- ist and Hebraist, 483-485. Revolutionary War, in America, 603. Rezin, king of Damascus, 95, 97. Rezon, son of Eliada, 62. Rhine, Jews in the lands along the, 356, 360, 381, 382. Rhode Island, United States, Jews in, 603, 604. Rhodes, 171, 504. Rhone, river, 396. Rhijnsburg, Holland, 499. Riblah, Syria, 109, 111, 112. Ricardo, David, economist, 645. Richard I., king of England, 342, 369, 386, 387, 388. Richard of Cornwall, 389. Richmond, Virginia, 607. Rickert, Heinrich, 699, Ries, family of, in Berlin, 590. Riesser, Gabriel, 654-657, 660. Rieti, Moses da, Italian Hebrew poet, and papal physician, 480. Riga, Russia, 727 Riga, Jews in, 671. 813 Rindfleisch, massacres Jews of Ger- many, 402, 528. Rishon le-Zion, Palestine, 697. Ritual murder, charges of: in France, 367-368; in England, 384-385, 389-390; in Germany, 375, 376, 417-418, 699, 709; in Spain, 461, 468, 470; in Poland and Russia, 541, 542-543, 544, 579-581, 674, 685, 716-717; in Damascus, 651-653; in Hungary, 693; charges of, examined: by Diet of Hagenau, 376; by Car- dinal Ganganelli, 580-581; by Chwolson, 685; by Strack, 700; papal bull against, 380-381; im- perial sanction of bull, 382. Rivkes, Moses, Polish rabbi, 556. Rizpah, concubine of Saul, 54. Robespierre, French statesman, 609, 610. Robles, Antonio Rodrigues, Ma- rano in England, 493. Soe Austrian Anti-Semite, Roger I[., king of Sicily, 277, 299. Roger II., king of Sicily and Italy, 299, Romanus II., Byzantine emperor, 309. Rome: treaty with Judea, 145, 148, 150; influence of, in Palestine, 162-176; Palestine under rule of, 177-230. Rome, Jews in, 287-302, 504-505, 611-612. Roosevelt, President, 719. Rossi, Azariah dei, 503-504, 639. Rostock, University of, 618. Rothschilds, in England and other countries of Europe, 645-646. Rothschild, Baron Edmond de, and Palestinian colonization, 713. Rothschild, Baron Lionel de, M. P., 658, 663. Rothschild, Lord, of England, 730. Rothschild, Mayer Anshel, founder of House, 645. Rothschild, Nathan Meyer, of Manchester and London, 645, 658. Rotteck, minister of Baden, 655. Roéttingen, Jews of, massacred by Rindfleisch, 402. Rouen, Jews of, taken to England, 814 Roussillon, counts of, 397. Roussillon, Jews settle in, 398. Rtidesheim, Germany, 362. Riidiger, bishop of Spires, 359. Rudolph, of Habsburg, 381-382. Rudolph, duke of Austria, 403. Rudolph II., of Austria, 548. Rumania, Jews in, 687-690, 709, Pome Rupert, German emperor, 411,412. Russia, Jews in, 525-527, 627-632, 667-674, 683-687, 693-698, 700— 701, 709-711, 714-717, 724, 726- 728, 729. Russia, Soviet, Jews in, 735. Russia, White, Jews in, 555, 628. Russia, United States abrogates treaty with, 721. Russian Rev olution, 714, 717, 729. Russo- Turkish War, 689, Ruthard, bishop of May ence, 360. Saadiah, son of Joseph, Gaon of Sura, 264-265, 267-269, 270- 273, 275,:280; 281, 282.3 hiesoo. 340, 345, 394. Sabbatai Zevi, pseudo-Messiah, 558-567, 568, 569, 572, 583, 585, 593, 704. Sabbatians, followers of Sabbatai Zevi, 568-575, 583, 584, 593-594. Sabinus, imperial governor of Pal- estine, 177. Saboraim (Ponderers), of Amoraim, 246, 247. Sachs, Michael, rabbi, 662. Sacrifices: attitude of prophets to- wards, 107; attitude of Johanan, son of Zaccai towards, 206. Sacrifices, human, 32, 104. Sadducees, priestly aristocratic class, 153, 155, 159, 260, 261. By Pateseng’ 220, 475, 486, 505, successors Safed, Jews in, 518- 524. Saint ‘Thomas, island of, Spanish Jewish refugees settle on, 474. Saladin, 337, 342, 369, 371. Salamanca, 460, ciky Salome Alexandra, queen of Judea, 154, 160. Salome, Herod’s sister; 170, here Lio, 178. Salomon, Gotthold, of Berlin, 634. Salomon, Haym, 607. DE - x Salomons, David, sheriff of Lon- don, 646 Saloniki, Jews in, 486, 502, 505, 514, 519, 521, 559, 561, 569, 570, efi 6 I Br gl Salt, valley of, Palestine, 52, 83. Samaria (Sebaste), Palestine, 80, 83, 99, :100,, 104;.12%9 123,124, 126, 128, 163, 167, 171-173, 178, 188, 191. Samaritans: origin of, 100; in Pal- estine, 121-123, 128, 152, 178, 183, 191, 212, 20h 228, 228.505. 518, 685. Sambation, 278, 431, 561 Samson, judge, 35. Samson, son of Abraham, of Sens, tosaphist, 370. Samson of Ostropol, cabalist, 554. Samson, Isaac Herz, educator, 616. Samuel, prophet, 37-39, 43, 39, V2; 94, 158. Samuel, Babylonian Amora, 235- 241, 2 Samuel, of Falaise, tosaphist, 382. Samuel, diplomatic agent of Fer- dinand IV., of Castile, 437. Samuel, son of Adiya, Jewish poct in Arabia, 250. Samuel, son of Ali, Gaon of Bag- dad, 343, 527, Samuel, son of Calonymus, 370. Samuel, son of Hananel, 300. Samuel, son of Hophni, Gaon of Sura, 275; 26s Samuel, son of Meir, commentator, grandson of Rashi, 333, 364, 366. Samuel, son of Meir ha-Levi, treas- urer of Castile, 440-441. Samuel, son of Paltiel, of Italy, 301. Samuel ha-Sullami, 397. Samuel, Sir Herbert Louis, High Commissioner of Palestine, 734- 735, 736-737. Samuel, Sir Stuart, 733. Sanballat, leader of Samaritans, 123, 124, 126. Sanchez, Gabriel, Spanish Marano, treasurer of Aragon, 472. Sanchez, Rodrigo, in Columbus’ crew, 472. Sancho, king of Leon,, 308. Sancho, son of Alphonso X., 428. Sancho IV., of Castile, 428, 429. Sandomir, Polaud, 580... mythical river, PXDREX : a Scopas, Exvptian g grein 20 FE Nias oat mount, a: -jereasiee. it Scribes, ‘Teachers of the kaw, £24 - an as -Haly: coMtechineol. ? e.- delimited by Surtasdlens, Sciptaies, ay 4 transiurionsé ad: tuagint, (reek Luiaretiaet ne, oe 130, 313; Aguila's Gouek translation, 212: Saadiah'w Ave bic translation, 272; King farnwex’ English translation, 395: Men aed German translation. \ 595; “gpio's italian traneia. tion, ane teser's English — lation, 650; Shcmges rem ve man translatton, 662; Towish Publication Society English Ver. -. sion, 650, 724, Seythians, 105, 107, Seythopolis (Beth -shan), 143, 132, Sebaste, 172, (See Samaria.) Sehastian, of Portugal, 476, 480. Swesen, Westphalia. 616. Segovia, Jews of, 442, 453, 442. Seixas, Gershom Mendes, 607. Sejanus, Roman senator, 288, 289, Pers Seleucia, 156; ue . Seleucus, general of Alexander, 128. , Seleucus f- png. of Syria, it. Seleucus [V ing of Syria, 1324, :: #35, 144. Selim I., of Turkey, S13. ae Selim Ii. of Turkey, $10, 515, S16. a Selve, George de, French. ambas- . — sador, iricad of Levita, 482, 483. aa Semender,. Chazar city, 526. Seminaries, rabbinical, 640, 663, 681-682, 699, 704, 722, cs : Semites,; origia of, 3. 4. Senate, Roman, 145, 150, ee Seneca, Roman p hilosopher, 290, Ps foe Senegal, $23. Senior, Abraham, chief rabbi ‘of Castile, 461, 471, 515, a. Sennacherib, king of Assyria, 102-9 | it Oa L03; 104, 278. iano tee a0 eae Sens, France, Jemy bafhed sm, (55 1 5 Seppheria, Galilee. “154 467, £77, Sate Ca aes 08, 220, 221; “tinea Le eetenes Sentinins Sever tis, Wi a ir Septnsgint, Greek tr en. 8 Sermptures, I 129-430, ; hy er. eA aw oe arm bbeanenest aves, HE EG <, 97, 1 c Rounailion, fews prbtde sn, 398. ae | miitles aheim, Germany, $62, fae | i ddizer, bishop ef Syerea, 339. r: ndolee., of Hal shurg, 34)- 382. penne duke ol Anetria, 403. Rudolph 1!.. of Austria, $485” Runwania, Jows. iny 687-690,.709, 205. Pao Riven rt, Crerear emperor, AtL ATE es ¥4 4 rat : Kussia, le eR a, S§25~+527, 627 tr, i bites ey: 667-674, 6&3-GR7) 693-698, 700. vedi ete ip Lisi tae Raesra, Soret, Jews in, 7355> | Rusia, Whete, ae in, 555,628 Russkt, Uegeed States abrogates mi. treaty with, 21, ee . Kiowa Revolution; 7h, 7%, B29, pie ee B eank ao Uprkish War, 689,005 ae Kaviard, ‘bishop of Mayentce, 360, 704, 708-714, 714-717, 724, Fl Soaitiah, sons of Joseph. Sides. oi. dsr i, 204- a 267- 269); 270: iY, £75,280, 281, 282 , SU, 333 r4Q 545, 394. rar Pat devi: peeude- Sveslale SSS&-S67, 568, 569, $72, BS, S85, Sipe: dm ‘ Satbrietiacs, followers of ee es Zyl 368 575,583, 584, 993-54. wo “abet ly imperial governor of Pai- joer ‘ Ome se $F y Fat wire Svan LPonderers), suc@teeore iis im Ff wie rein), 246, 247. Bae “hael, rabbi, G2. area a Sooniaew: atiteade of ‘prophepy ie SS : ‘ en 107; attitude of Johanne, pias hs ait et al rit towards, 206, : i ae Saorihces, imam, 32: 104, US bebrcaes peiest ly aristocratie lass, 153, 15S, 189, 260, 361, | Safed Palestine, 220, 475, 486, 505,. zi ae dates + Si gS 24. Saint ‘Lhemas, ‘alan: of, Spania Tewish refugous stele on, 474.0%, Saladin, 337, 342, #69: 37f: a} Sala miaeirde: 460, 5135. - Salome Alexandra, queen of Judea, . : 154, LGD ae i ‘a | eee, ih ak & seater, if 8. oi 2 eS case, Seeackisfa of Bertin, ht pr eae. Flay, 607. INDEX Sanhedrin, Greek name of Council of State, 165; in Jerusalem, 174, 179, 182, 205; in provincial towns, 179; reorganized at Jab- neh, 206-207; reorganized at Usha, 217, 221, 237; attempts to revive, 520, 613. Sanhedrin, Grand, of Paris, 613- 615, 617, 630. San Remo, Conference of, 734. San Stefano, Treaty of, 689. Santangel, Luis de, finances Colum- bus’ voyage, 472. Saracens, 297, 299, 300, 306, 314, 356, 359, 375, 387, 392, 420. Saragossa, Jews of, 420, 451. Saragossi, Joseph, cabalist, 518. Sarah, Jewish poet, 250. Sarah, spouse of Sabbatai Zevi, 557,560. Saratov, Russia, Jews of, accused of ritual murder, 674. Sardinia, Jews of, expelled, 471. Sardis, Asia Minor, 303: Sargon, king of Assyria, 99-100, 102 Sarkel, Chazar fortress, 526. Sarmiento, Peter, chief justice of Castile, 459, Sasportas, Jacob, rabbi, 493, 494, 563. Sassanids, dynasty of Persia, 224, 240, 248. Satanov, Isaac, scholar, 621. Saul, king of Israel, 37-44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 54, 56, 57. Saul, son of Judah, head of Jews of Brest, 542. Savannah, Georgia, 606, 607. Savannah, Georgia, Jews in, 605. Savoy, Jews settle in, 398. Saxe-Weimar, Jews in, 636. Saxony, Jews in, 547, 595. Scaurus, Roman general, 162. Schechter, Solomon, 722-723. Schiff, David Tevele, rabbi, 645. bee Jacob H., 712, 720-721, 723, 24 Schiller-Szinessy, Solomon, 722. Schleiermacher, 623. Schlettstadt, Samuel, rabbi, 408. Schmalkaldic war, 547. yer: Schénerer,: von,. Austrian Anti- Semite, 693. | . Schwarz, Peter, of Ratisbon, con- versionist activities of, 416. 81s Scopas, Egyptian general, 129, 134. ae mount, in Jerusalem, 195, t5h. Scribes, Teachers of the Law; 159. Scriptures, Holy: collection of, 158- ae delimited by Sanhedrin, Scriptures, Holy, translations of: Septuagint, Greek translation, 129-130, 313; Aquila’s Greek translation, 212; Saadiah’s Ara- bic translation, 272; King James’ English translation, 395; Men- delssohn’s German translation, 595; Reggio’s Italian transla- tion, 640; Leeser’s English trans- lation, 650; Philippson’s Ger- man translation, 662; Jewish Publication Society English Ver- sion, 650, 724. Scythians, 105, 107. Sah P pols (Beth-shan), 143, 152, 163. Sebaste, 172. (See Samaria.) Sebastian, of Portugal, 476, 486. Seesen, Westphalia, 616. Segovia, Jews of, 442, 453, 462. Seixas, Gershom Mendes, 607. Sejanus, Roman senator, 288, 289. Seleucia, 156. Seleucus, general of Alexander, 128. Seleucus I., king of Syria, 128. Seleucus IV., king of Syria, 134, 135, 144. Selim I., of Turkey, 513. Selim Ii., of Turkey, 510, 515, 516. Selve, George de, French ambas- sador, friend of Levita, 482, 483. Semender, Chazar city, 526. Seminaries, rabbinical, 640, 663, 681-682, 699, 704, 722. Semites, origin of, 3, 4. Senate, Roman, 145, 150, 166. Seneca, Roman philosopher, 290. Senegal, 323. Senior, Abraham, chief rabbi of Castile, 461, 471, 515. Sennacherib, king of Assyria, 102- 103, 104, 278. Sens, France, Jews banished from, 352, 370. Sepphoris, Galilee, 154, 167, 177, 196, 220,221,226 ..229: .. Septimius Severus, 224. Septuagint, Greek translation of Scriptures, 129-130, 212. 816 Sepulcher, Holy, Church of the, in Jerusalem, 359, 555. Sepulveda, Spain, Jews accused of ritual murder at, 461. Serafinovicz, apostate Jew, 580. Serajevo, 570, 571, 725. Serbia, 725. Serkes, Joel, Polish rabbi, 546. Seron, Syrian general, 139. Seti I., of Egypt, 12. Sevastopol, 669. Seve, king of Egypt, 99, 100. Seven Years’ War, 595. Severus, Roman general, 214. Seville, Jews of, massacred, 440, 446; expelled, 464. Sextus Caesar, governor of Syria, 165. Sforno, Obadiah, teacher of Reuch- lin, 483, 505. Shakna, Israel, Polish rabbi, 535. Shakna, Shalom, chief rabbi of Lit- tle Poland, 533, 535, 537. Shalmaneser III., king of Assyria, sper is Seo? Shalmaneser V., king of Assyria, 99, Shallum, king of Israel, 95. Shalom, son of Isaac, 408. Shammai, Tanna, 174, 175, 182; school of, 206. Shaphan, chancellor under Josiah, 105, 106. Shapur I., king of Persia, 224, 240. Shapur II., king of Persia, 244. Sharon, Plain of, in Palestine, 6, 35, 43. Shear-jashub, son of Isaiah, 97. Sheba, son of Bichri, 58. Sheba, queen of, 63. Shechem, Palestine, 9, 23, 27, 28, 29, 32, 38, 67, 70, 156, 426. Sheftall, Benjamin, 606. Sheftall, Mordecai, 606. Shem, son of Noah, 3, 328. Shemaiah, Pharisee teacher, 165. Shemoneh-esreh. (See ‘Benedic- tions, Eighteen’.) Shephatiah, son of Amittai, Italian Jewish cabalist, 300. Sherif Pasha, governor of Damas- cus, 651. Sherira, Gaon of Pumbeditha, 273- 275, 280, 396. Sheshbazzar, leads return to Pal- estine, 119-120, 233. INDEX Shiah, in Yemen, 340. Shihin (Asochis), Galilee, 154. pa Babylonian Amora, 236, 237, Shiloh, Palestine, 37, 41, 49, 65, 109; sanctuary of, 23, 34, 36. Shimei, son of Gera, 57, 59. Shishak, king of Egypt, 65, 67. Shklover, Nathan, 628. Shneor Zalman, of Liady, Hasidic leader, 586, 588, 630, 672. Shneorsohn, Mendel, Hasidic lead- er, 672. Shobach, Aramean, 51, 52. Shobi, son of Nahash, king of Am- mou sli | ‘Shulhan Aruk’ (Prepared Table), ~ code of Joseph Karo, 521, 536, 537, 546, 655. Shullam, Samuel, physician, 516. Shunem, Palestine, 43. Sicily, Jews of, expelled, 471. Sickingen, Franz von, 484. Sidon, Phoenicia, 31, 71, 95, 102, 110,127,510 Sijilmasa, Africa, Jews of, 282, 314. Sigismund, German emperor, 412, 413. Sigismund I., of Poland, 532. Sigismund II. Augustus, of Poland, 516, 534. Sigismund III., of Poland, 542- 543. Sihon, king of Amorites, 18. Silbermann, Eliezer Lipmann, 686. Silesia, Jews of, murdered and ex- pelled, 415. . Siloam, Pool of, 101, 203. Silva, governor of Syria, 203. Simeon, tribe of, 9, 22. Simeon, the Saint, of Treves, 366. Simon I., the Just, high priest, 131, 132, 134. Simon II., high priest, 134. Simon, temple-treasurer, 134-136. Simon, Maccabee, high priest and pe 143, 146, 148, 149-151, 287. Simon, son of Gamaliel I., Tanna, 199, 206, 217-218. Simon, bar Giora, 200-203. Simon, son of Isaac, rabbi, 354. Simon, son of Johai, Tanna, 220, 433, 522. Simon, son of Judah, Galilean, 190. | Eledss Bri a + Semen bt a. sei as Sor eae “as pai tans Palestine, 44 G7. onitane M7334; einegney Christian ki "3M ae %, '- +26, 4 $10-49 6, ai0 esctadidene j vd. | Spain, ewe of, fees on ade es ee cit the 26 Parts. Mose Russian dtntearay 629, Spina, Alph phoned ude, Franmcaecag friar, 46%), a Spinoza, Baruch (Bonciax), BL 492, 406-2 0x3, $62, S63. Bpindea, RY ichael, 496, Syvres, Jews in, 559, 360, 406. St, Petersburg, 588, 628, 631, 671, BBA, 686, 696, 706, 709, #10, 223, Pd, 715, 717, 228, (hee ferto- grert.).. es, Stafiord, Eagiand, Jews dr, 398. Btakleck, Germuns, jee avhahkes at, 366. Mtamtor?, Ragland, silt utiag hen at, SRF. Stanistay Ponti, of Tuten! 485 Marodub, Rusia, Corecess mre- rere jews at, SS¢ Sratiute,od 144, for b messes fewry,y 2-635: af $433, bw Kawsian fewry, 629-170 Stein, Prucdan tumister, 623. Sreentha!, livyinana, 682, Steahen, king of: England, 584, 385 Sten, Ee ralel, of Chteosa, 672 Sern, M.A, of Frankfort, 60. Sri des, t2ra, pres nient of Yale Col e see, 05-0006. Stiener, Geomant Anti-Senite, 692 Sash} iz, Reseaian acinwster, 715 7 0G, Strack. Hermase L., 796. Sirassineg, Jews iy. t0e~-4D5, Son 547, GOR. Stratun’s Tower “ates, 1) 174,432 hair Straus, Oscar §., steered, +i? 730 SrrogeRe ¥; Bigs PMO #7 Ark vewarit, P CP Wis Sul batriki,’ reKugst tae putt Of, SGT, Suc eoth, Pui Cahier, Ze, Suex, £9. imei, son of ‘Beishak, king: Of ae Over, . Serer} iews i, moseacred, ss a 2 eR ied, ht, fe i b, r La Coed nd Aer tt overnor of & ‘* sf ~ t b fal ee BL Let. bi rh ici ng € ont t Anaya, Shatownemer Vi Ri WE Assoyet wn. Ree of bay ‘ih fine “aly < want, Of Ts c, SER si: Pape ome. Faona,. tf 5, he: ihe gs] 206, ; Show cua, ” padre Sy ( “a ’ gs Pau 2 CLUS rls d 7. a es ‘Benodig- Re vat ras cove cabal’ se: fe a tao es if Pasha, ¢ gover ae om? Parmar ae oe SA : a * Si at i iy : 3 saci ih. i, ivi af Pp, sea seadtoha 3 ta i ‘ ee a Ban. 396. i se eamehy ; ‘feadds retuen eR rab , 5: ; 516 ate 243 &, ia : INDEX Simon, son of Lakish, Tanna, 227- 228 Simon, son of Shetah, leader of Pharisees, 160. Simon, Christian lad of Trent, 417. Simon, of Cozeba, 213-214. (See Bar Kokeba.) Sinai (Horeb), mountain of God, 14, 16, 25, 322, 328, 610. Sinzheim, David, president of _ Grand Sanhedrin, 613. Sinzig, Jews of, expelled, 381. Sisebut, king of Spain, 305, 348. Sisera, 24, Sisinand, king of Spain, 305. Sixtus IV., pope, 417, 463, 465, 482. , Slobodka, Poland, talmudic acad- emy of, 687. Smerdis, brother of Cambyses, 120. Smerdis, Magian pretender, 120. Smolenskin, Perez, 687. Smyrna, Jews in, 486, 557, 558, 562, 563, 568, 569. Sochaczev, Poland, Jews of, at- tacked, 541. Sofer, Moses, rabbi, 635. Sokolli, Mohammed, vizir of Tur- key, 516. . SOROeF, Nahum, Zionist leader, 30. Solal, Isaac, head of Jews of Egypt, 518 Solomon, king of Israel, 52, 54, 59, 61-71, 84, 106, 113, 172, 275. Solomon, exilarch, 273. Solomon, nephew of Nathan of Rome, 302. Solomen, of Vienna, agent of duke of Austria, 372, 376. Solomon, son of Abraham of Mont- pellier, 394, 395, 396, 421. Solomon, son of Meir, Rashi’s grandson, 364. Solomon, Sir, de Medina, first Eng- lish Jew knighted, 644. Soncino, Italy, 480. Soncino, family of printers, 548. Song of Songs, in Scriptures, 158; Akiba’s interpretation of, 158. Sophronius, Christian patriarch of Jerusalem, 266. Sorbonne, University of, Paris, 643. Sorek, valley of, in Palestine, 84. Sosius, governor of Syria, 167. South America, 646, 729. 817 South Carolina, Jews in, 503, 604, 648. Spain, Jews in: under Romans and Goths, 303-307; under the Mo- hammedans, 307- 334; under the Christian kings, 334— 336, 399, _ 406, 419-476, 479; expulsion of, 470-472. Spain, Jews of, plight of, after ex- pulsion, 473: settle in Turkey, 513-514. Speranski, Russian statesman, 629. Spina, Alphonso de, Franciscan friar, 460. Spinoza, Baruch (Benedict), 401, 492, 496-500, 562, 563. Spinoza, Michael, 496. Spires, Jews in, 359, 360, 406. St. Petersburg, 588, 628, 631, 672, 684, 686, 696, 700, 709, 710, 711, 714, 715, rahe 728. (See Petro- grad.) Stafford, England, Jews at, 386. Stahleck, Germany, Jews attacked at, 366. Stamford, England, Jews attacked at, 387. Stanislav Poniatovski, of Poland, 585. Starodub, Russia, Cossacks mas- sacre Jews at, 554. Statute, of 1804, for Russian Jewry, — 629-630; of 1835, for Russian Jewry, 669-670. Stein, Prussian minister, 623. Steinthal, Heymann, 682. Stephen, king of England, 384, 385. Stern, Bezalel, of Odessa, 672. Stern, M. A., of Frankfort, 660. Stiles, Ezra, president of Yale Col- lege, 605-606. Stécker, German Anti-Semite, 692. Stolypin, Russian minister, 715, 716 ‘ Strack, Hermann L., 700. © ar OO Jews in, 404-406, 408, 54 Straton’s Tower (Caesarea), 154, 171 «1 #2: Straus, Oscar S., statesman, 719- 720. Stroganov, Russian minister, 670. Stuyvesant, Peter, 603. ‘Subbotniki,’ religious sect of, 667. Succoth, Palestine, 26. Suez, 15. 818 Sulaiman II., of Turkey, 504, 508, 513, 514, SiS: Sullam, Sarah Copia, Jewish poet, of Venice, 510. Sully, France, Jews massacred at, . S66: Sulzberger, Mayer, of Philadelphia, 720. Sulzer, Solomon, cantor, 659. Sunday Schools, in America, 650. Sura, Babylon, academy at, 233- 216) 2972279 POTS STF: Surinam, 492. Susa, Persia, Jews in, 127. Susitha (Hippus), 171. Siisskind of Trimberg, Jewish min- nesinger of Germany, 373. aaa II., prince of Kiev, 52 Svyatoslav I., prince of Kiev, 526. Swabia, Jews persecuted in, 403. Swaythling, Lord, 706. Sweden, 489, 494, 556. Swinthila, king of Spain, 305. Switzerland, Jews of, 406, 595, 611. Syene, 126. (See Assuan.) Synagogues: spread of, in Pales- tine and Dispersion, 160; place of, in Jewish life, 160; prayers for the, 207-208: order of ser- vice in, 209. Synagogue, Great, 131, 222. Synods, Reform, 680-681. Syracuse, Sicily, 292. Syria, ancient, 6, 7, 8, 12, 48, 71, 75, 95, 100, 107, 109, 128; under Seleucids, 135, 139, 140, 148, 152; under Rome, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 172, 187, 190, 195, 203, 214, 220, 228; under Neo- Persians, 240; under Moham- medans, 254, 365; under the Turks, 512, 612, 651, 652. Syro-Ephraimitic War, 96. Szuchovski, Father, Polish Jew- baiter, 580. Taanach, Palestine, 24 Tabernacles, festival of, 130. Tabor, mount, in Palestine, 6, 26, 197, 198, 221. Taft, President, 719-721. Tahert, Africa, Jews in, 282. Taima, Arabia, 249, 250, 254. Talleyrand, Frenchstatesman, 610. Talmai, king of Geshur, 52, 56. IND E X Talmud, supplement to Mishnah: compilation of Palestinian, 226, 227-228; of Babylonian, 238- 246; Babylonian, published at Venice, 481; Palestinian, pub- lished at Venice, 481. Talmud, burned publicly in Paris, 378; burned in Italy, 508; study proscribed in Spain, 455. Tam, Jacob, son of Meir, tosa- phist, Rashi’s grandson, 333, 364, 366, 367, 368, 386, 595. Tamar, daughter of David, 55. Tammuz, Babylonian god, 110. Tanis (Zoan), Egypt, 12. Tannaim, teachers of Mishnah,- from Hillel to Judah I., 222. Tardiola, Samuel, rabbi, 489. Tarentum, Italy, 292. Taricheae, Transjordania, 196, 197. Tarik, Arab chieftain, 307. Tarnopol, Galicia, 641. Tone Spain, Jews massacred at, 06. Tatars,379, 426, 527, 528, 551, 552. Tatary, 490, 505. Tattenai, Persian satrap, 120. Tauber, river, in Germany, 375. Tauberbischofsheim, in Baden, Jews attacked at, 375. Taurida, Russia, 669. Taurus, 4, 7, 135. Taytazak, Joseph, cabalist, 514. Tekoa, Judea, 90, 119. Tekoa, Galilee, 220. Tel-abib, Jewish colony in Baby- lonia, 114 Tel Aviv, Palestine, 713, 737. Teller, Pastor, of Berlin, 622. Temple, First, built by Solomon, 63-65; destruction of, 112. Temple, Second, building of, 120; place in religious life, 130- Tao: rededication of, by Judah Mac- cabee, 140-141; reconstructed by Herod, e332 destroyed by Ro- mans, 202-203. Temple, of Onias, in Leontopolis, 147, 204. Ter, river, in Spain, 336. Terah, father of Abraham, 3. Texas, United States, 712. Texeira, Manuel (Isaac), of Ham- burg, 494, 563. Thebes, 12, 14, 104. 192, tN ui, 367. idge Jewish am imurdes 31, ye: 189, paas, tor Dex Rte - ta : . Pitus, Roman ergy. a 2h 7 US, 4Q3; Ea beret or fAar CUR ‘eu e , of, 196-198, 20)= 764 om Tlenwen: North Alena. 283. 48 “a 5 19, b ‘5 Tobiads, 134. a Yoah, Ammontte. tnader of Sa- me tartans, 725-124, £34. ta 402, Ring of Hanah, 32 a? Toles, Sciunia, Dewe ty of Std > ae ROG, 374 = Tolede,, Joes in: giiebon pe wie Q ‘i. S32~354, 424, 22 47%. $20, tens - a oe bat AO, +B Wester, Josiah, fi0- PH") Grete = : religious [fa ley tae 4 Bet ae (31-133; detmmant. theta 6 | ie ; fa the Bible, 28S: teenie Mei - aks nah and Midrash, 274. 74 ; ess Ee . Tortlesilian, Moses a> 443 a ee Toro, Spain, 44', $44, Se Toryuemads, Thormas ue bathe ter Genenal ae Srain, Heh, SHS 469, 470-477 Tortosa, Spain, #18 4F% Tortosa, disputneinr hert and apostabes, At peo Tosaphists, Sapywhrviewtons fs + Rashi'’s Tala -migeaceiary, 369, 435, Sak i Tosephta (Sarppiewa.se prdehar s eas dent. Misha otisavites; SAR. © eae. 387 7 ayer Ge Tosaphoth Mra ORES 3 hte . eae ticnts: tyr Binves« bakaed oe = +g: sek aa Pe , >% 4 mentary, 2 ethos Tota, gRamy tt eontet Nacerre 30 omit we > Totletum, geo enet of hare, HOA ates Toulotan, piwe4 eae ig eee Tours, F range, ai eee aa Trajan, Rosia: onipenat, hil & 290, whe’ Trani, David da, ae ae Trani, Eltial da, 479, be Trani, Isaiah da? the’? RIB feds yc Sdiaiman It, of Turkey, $64, 308, 513, 514, 515. Sullam, Sarah Copia. feveith poet, of Venice, 510 Bac Sully, France, Jews atassyered at, $66. Sulzberger’, Mayer Philadelphia, 720, noel oe Ppa, canker, 659. Sunde Sache aohe. im Arterica, 650. Sura Dubeytead, academy at, 253- — 276, iy S39. S13. at? Surine im Fire ae Susa, Perea Jews i in, P27; Sisitea § & ‘mess, Yb Reem raitayys. | Sijse nastel Lal Feberg, reiral inin- . hosing a Germany; SSS. Svyategn ak’ Li. prince of. Whew, ; ee tg 1., prince of Kiew, Sh. “i aig. Fowe persecuted inj Sewage tag Lord, 706; Nia Soneethe gent 459, 494, 556, AS % ve wate king of Spain, wae sew! ete rarland, P SebP id 106, 5 i ey { mm, { {3Ce 7 asian. } pas a gE spread ef, 4g Putes ant Dispersion, LORE place | at. ia Jewish fife, 160; prayers saat the, 207-208; ordes: ble ser ow He, ae ; vwacogue, Creat, 131, 2a : gion. Reform, 680-681. cs De ts Sicily Ra tS ata sim, wpctent, 6,°7, 5, 12 i. vie 5 WR, 100, 107, 109, tele wnder ‘ehearite, 135, 139, ee das, : SP apeder Rome, 161, ih. 164, Li, $a 167/172, 187, 1, 195 ae, 234, 220; 228+ wader” vada, 2402 ander i eee, 254, 365: unset th 2 St3, 612, 651, Sigs Bs ek » inal War toes Saucheveld, Father; Paton Jem a fp eer Ta, Taanact, tu hatine, yo pe kes eee Taberaactes, joutival Of “1300s ‘Tabor, mowyt Gp Palen 6. 26, as 197, 198, ok an Taft Pres bidity 9-721," Tahert, Africa. bewey ie 982. Taima, Arabi, 5a 28, 254, Talley rand, Free ieté ‘See rRan, 610, Tulmal, king of Ce shur, SE 56, 4, = INDEX Thebez, Palestine, 29. Theobald, count of Rameru, 367. Theobald, of Cambridge, Jewish convert, invents ritual murder charge, 384. pe ae king of the Franks, Theodoric, king of the Franks, 348. Theodoric, Ostrogoth, king of Italy, 297. Theodosius I., the Great, Christian emperor, 230, 304. eee II., Christian emperor, 30. Theodosius, Russian abbot, 527. Theudas, false prophet, 190. rae Jewish teacher in Rome, Thiers, French minister, 652. Thirty Years War, 549. - Thomas, Father, of Damascus, 651. Thorowgood, Thomas, English missionary, 490. Thuringia, Jews massacred in, 414. Thutmose I., of Egypt, 8. Thutmose III., of Egypt, 8. Tibbonids, as translators, 394. (See Ibn Tibbon.) Tiber, Italy, 287, 506. Tiberias, Palestine, 181, 187, 189, - 192, 196, 197, 219, 225, 226, 228, 229, 266, 296, 337, 345, 515-518, 524, 577. Tiberius, Romanemperor, 183, 184, 189, 290. Tiberius Alexander, Roman pro- curator of Palestine, 190. Tibni, Israelitish general, 69. Tiglath-pileser IV., king of Assyria, 95, 97, 99. Tigranes, Armenian king, 161, 162. Tigris-Euphrates, valley of, 8. Tigris, river, in Babylonia, 211. Tiktin, Solomon, rabbi, 662. Tilly, Austrian general, 549. Tilsit, Treaty of, 623, 630. Timarchus, satrap of Media, 145. Timotheus, Syrian general, 140. Tineius Rufus, governor of Pales- tine, 214. Tirado, Jacob, of Amsterdam, 488. Tirhakah, king of Egypt, 104. Tirzah, capital of Baasa, 69, 95. Tishbeh, Gilead, 72. Tisza-Eszlar, Hungary, Jews ac- cused of ritual murder at, 693. 819 Titus, Roman emperor, 190, 295, 303, 403; Palestinian campaigns of, 196- 198, 201-203. Tlemcen, North Africa, 282, 486, 9. Tobiads, 134. Tobiah, Ammonite, leader of Sa- maritans, 123-124, 134. Toi, king of Hamath, 52. Toledo, Spain, Councils of, 306, 374. Toledo, Jews in: golden period of, 332-335, 419, 422, 428-429, 440- 441; decline of, 441-442, 440, 453. Tolstoi, Dmitri, Russian minister, 696. Tolstoi, Leo, Russian writer, 710. Torah, of Moses: code of religious laws, 17-18, 19-20, 32, 34, 93, 101; destroyed by Manasseh, king of Judah, 104; copy found in Temple in reign of Josiah, 106; proclaimed law of land by Josiah, 106-107; made basis of religious life by Ezra, 122, 124, 131-133; dominant position of, in the Bible, 158; basis of Mish- nah and Midrash, 213, 223. Tordesillas, Moses de, 443. Toro, Spain, 441, 443. Torquemada, Thomas de, Inquisi- tor General of Spain, 463, 465- 469, 470-471. Tortosa, Spain, 310, 419. Tortosa, disputation between Jews and apostates at, 454-455, 456. Tosaphists, Supplementers to Rashi’s Talmud commentary, 369, 435, 536. Tosephta (Supplement), indepen- dent Mishnah collections, 223, Sis Tosaphoth (Supplements), addi- tions to Rashi’s Talmud com- mentary, 364. Tota, queen regent of Navarre, 308. Totleben, governor of Vilna, 695. Toulouse, Jews of, 352, 399. Tours, France, 348, 488. Trajan, Roman emperor, 211-212 290. Trani, David da, 479. Trani, Elijah da, 479. Trani, [saiah da (the Elder), 479. 304- 820 Trani, Isaiah da (the Younger), 479 Trani, Moses da, 519. Transjordania: Alexander Jannai’s conquests in, 154, 155, 156-157; added by Rome to Syrian prov- ince, 163; Herod’s conquests in, 170; ceded to Herod, 172. (See also Perea.) eeoneercnly Jews in, 143, 146, 157. Trebizond, Asia Minor, 512. Treitschke, German Anti-Semite, 692. Trent, blood libel of, 417-418. Trent, Council of, 504. Treves, Jews of, 362, 366. Treves, Mattathiah, 400. Triana, castle of Inquisition, at Seville, 463. Tribes, Ten Lost, restoration of, 490. Trier, Solomon Abraham, rabbi of Frankfort, 660. Triest, Jews of, 597. Tripoli, 568. Triumvirate, First Roman, 163; Second, 165. Troki, Lithuania, 530. Trotsky, Leon, Russian Jewish communist, 732. Troyes, France, 357, 363, 364, 396. Tryphon, Syrian general, 148-149; king of Syria, 149-151. Tudela, Spain, 335, 336, 436. Tulchin, Russia, Cossacks mas- sacre Jews of, 553. Tulunid governors of Egypt, 265. Tunis, North Africa, 277, 486, 516, 649, Turbo, Roman general, 211. Turkey, Jews in, 473, 487, 512-517, 517-524, 558-570, 651-653. Tuscany, Italy, 375, 503. Tutenkhamon, of Egypt, 12. Tyre, Phoenicia, 31, 63, 65, 71, 72, 79, 81, 83, 86, 95, 110, 111, 128, 165, 331, 341. Tychsen, German scholar, 618. Ubaid, Arab chieftain, 155. Uganda, offered to Zionists, 711. Ukba, exilarch, 278. Ukba II., exilarch, 235. Ukraine, Jews in, pogroms of, 733. Ulm, diet at, 409. INDEX ere esh-Shert Ford, in Palestine, 1. Uniformity, Act of, of England, 643. Union of American Hebrew Con- gregations, 698, 720. Union of German Jews, 724. United States, Jews in, 648-650; arrival of German Jews, 675- 677; arrival of Russian Jews, 681, 694, 695; in recent times, 698, 699, 719-721, 723-724. (See also America, Jews in.) Ur, of the Chaldees, 3, 4. Urban II., pope, 358, 359. Urbino, duke of, 506, 508. Uri, son of Joseph, 362. — Uri, Moses ha-Levi, rabbi, 488. Uriah, captain in David’s army, 55 Uriah, priest, in Jerusalem, 98. Uriah, prophet, 109. Uriel, bishop of Mayence, 484. Uriel da Costa, Marano, of Am- sterdam, 495-496, 510. -Ursicinus, Roman general, 229. Urusov, Prince, of Russia, 715. Usha, Galilee, 217, 220. Usque, family of Maranos, in Italy, 487, 503. Usque, Abraham, printer, 487. Usque, Samuel, historian, 487. Usque, Solomon, 487. Ustrugov, Russian official, 709 Usury: Jews driven to, 365-366; Jews engaged in, 369, 372, 378, 385, 390, 405, 410, 421, 437, 532; laws against, 374, 437, 438. | Utrecht, Union of, 487. ike te Russian statesman, 670- 1. Uzziah (Azariah), king of Judah, 84, 96. Uzziel (Adiel), ruler of mythical four tribes, 279. Gy Uzziel, Isaac, rabbi, 488, 489. Valencia, Spain, 323, 420, 447, 451, 465, 467. Valerian, Romanemperor, 224, 240. Valladolid, Spain, 429, 437, 442, 457, 461. Van Buren, President, 652. Vandals, 297, 303. Varus, Syrian legate, 177. Vasa, Polish dynasty of, 542. te pies *; ¥ Lin es 4 73}. Tras Muces in. 5 Transiardaaw: Alsaencder fannal’s 643... - : peste wry DE40LSS, 286-457; Union of died ty Rome ty Syrian prove ) 403. ipeext's comquestein, 1): condor te Herod, £72. (see Lransiadua, fewd in, 443, 146, 507 Firetivoal,. Agia Minor, a + < Pieiechkie, iattmen Ant oem, ce ex? bel of, , AIR-418 SAE Tctat, Gommell of, 504. yok” ernie a id ewe of, 362, 366. . hae sth, Mattathiah, ~ nie, tastle of Ingeisit a, hen Last, restoration os, . Solomon Abraham, abhi ws. . makiort, At). | ext, Jews af, 597 pet, 568. BES <3 aevirate, First. Roman, 164; oma. 165, Pare ih ose ~ oe ' an j ; Wy, Gof NBA, Waar BY, Leon, Russian iw pate oe cotpraunist,.73 i ; ey Mrance, G54, Re os, $64. 404. pephon, Sytian gen arial iad 14%; Rag of Sy 149-151. 55 i Seain, 335, 336. £36." ’ asia, Cossainta. ‘. - 5 RPS CP. ee 4 meve Jews of 35 . i “saga governors of Eggi, bes oe Sete caer | North Afrien, pak 4G, Sto, Pret. F FIs z oman general, Fite. shee Ae. Firkin, fewest ie £73; 437, Sty ost), vin , . kh $58-870, 651 -o8a nes Samceny, Healy, 378; 503, 7 = recaunnes, of Egypt, T2ne: ere. toi. Pyeeakcia, 34,68) 65,78 RB fai? Fine Tiere aes 7 Be th £10, i 11, 228 : y ar, Lt. een es ees . PT yrchsrrty (pera scholar, ot8 b Feenits, 7. ah ri ae eS eee r 474. a ace, INDEX KS | Vihar dav 1 king of Polqrel send Thy heaven. 416, Visdielev LI. of Poland, §20-540 Viadisiat WwW » Of Poland. $43<464 Sst Volliwnis. $34, $38. 550. SAH, b?7. COV. 7277. Vologar ons fll, Parthian king, 236 Veluanin, Lithuania. teimeadii acacnray at, Gt, 67 2, Vette ire, AGT Volga, river, in Russia, 525. 524 . : Wad) Kura! Valeci Villages’ bia, Jews in, 28, 251, 253, 254 Wagner, Sachard, com power, 647. Wall, Meir, ou si Saul vals. FAT Wahdeck-Rousseau, French ter, 703. Wall, Western, of Teseplearsa, 17 | 4 Walls c ita, GR? Waleastei in, Anutrinn general, 54° W Abit st bin, Bavaria a Watpole: Sir Robert, Enyiishiotates man. 644 y Wamba, king of Spain, 34% a aC, lin Wanidetock, Jews of, 494 Veins “ ‘tiberation "623-474 Warburg, Orto, Ziomist teqcler, 712- 7t3, Warsiw, Jaws in, 620-421, 425, “OSA, Washingtog, George, Vresiie a Gk, letters from }« wish Gata grhions to, 607. W. pata EON, Db. C., 700,722. “Weeks, jestrval of, 130. Wereiin, convert to Jadziem, 4M. Wreiria:, Germany, 732 Weiss, foeac Hirsch, «whole, 74. Weireenburg, Gerraaary, SRE, 409, Weizmann. Chasm, Zineist lesser, (a0, 72 Pdncenkion. i averterns ect 408, a0, STE Wesley, Niggictisadi Herz, Hishraint oni advvaay, WEI, INDEX Vasco de Gama, explorer, 474. Vayol, Hans, Jewish apostate, 416. Veit, family of, in Berlin, 590, 622. Venice, Jews in, 509-511, 612. Venosa, Italy, 292, 299. Ventidius, Roman legate, 166. Verdun, Treaty of, 352. Verdun, Jews massacred at, 399. ‘Verona, Italy, 480. Versailles, France, 691. Verus, co-emperor of Rome, 220. Vespasian, Roman emperor, 196- 197, 200-201, 403. Vesuvius, mount, 291. Viana, Spain, Jews massacred at, 436 Victoria, queen of England, 646. Vienna, Congress of, Jewish ques- tion at, 632-633, 665. . Vienna, Council of, 376, 380, 381. Vienna, Jews in, 377, 403, 408, 451, » 590, 596, 624-625, 632-633, 659, (‘isea eye Villadiego, Spain, Jews of, massa- cred by English, 442. Villa Real, Spain, 467. (See Ciudad Real.) Ville-Parisis, France, 400. Vilna, Jews in, 542, 543, 546, 575, 579, 586, 587, 592, 627, 669, 670, 672, 686, 687, 695, 714, 727. Vilna, Cossacks massacre Jews of, Visconti, papal nuncio at Warsaw, 581. Visigoths, 297, 303, 304, 307, 323, 348 Visznievecki, Polish count, 553. Vital, Hayim, cabalist and pseudo- Messiah, 522-524, 559. Vital, Samuel, son of Hayim, 559. Vitebsk, Russia, 667, 669. Vitebsk, Cossacks massacre Jews of, 555. Nal rae Syrian legate, 183, 184, 8 Vitellius, Roman emperor, 200. NOUS (Vitold), duke of Lithuania, Vivacius, son of Gaudiocus, of France, 351. Vladimir, Lithuania, 530, 550. rere the Great, prince of Kiev, Vladimir II., prince of Kiev, 527. 821 Vladislav, king of Poland and Bo- hemia, 416. Vladislav IJ., of Poland, 529-530. ined IV., of Poland, 543-544, Volga, river, in Russia, 525, 526. Volhynia, 535, 538, 550, 578, 580, 588, 627, 669, 727. Vologaeses III., Parthian king, 220. Volozhin, Lithuania, talmudic academy at, 630, 672. Voltaire, 591, Wadi-l-Kura(Valeof Villages) ,Ara- bia, Jews in, 249, 251, 253, 254. Wagner, Richard, composer, 643. Wahl, Meir, son of Saul, rabbi, 550. Waldeck-Rousseau, French minis- ter, 703. Wall, Western, of Temple area, 173. Wallachia, 687. Wallenstein, Austrian general, 549. Wallerstein, Bavaria, 547. Walpole, Sir Robert, Englishstates- man, 644. Wamba, king of Spain, 349, Wandsbeck, 593. Wandsbeck, Jews of, 494. ‘War of Liberation,’ 623-624. Wejburs: Otto, Zionist leader, 712- 13 Warsaw, Jews in, 620-621, 623, 684. Washington, George, President, 606; letters from Jewish congre- gations to, 607. Washington, D. C., 700, 720. Weeks, festival of, 130. Wecelin, convert to Judaism, 354. Weimar, Germany, 732. Weiss, Isaac Hirsch, scholar, 704. Weissenburg, Germany, 381, 409. Weizmann, Chaim, Zionist leader, 730, 21343 Wenceslaus, German emperor, 408, 409, 410. Wessley, Naphthali Herz, Hebraist and educator, 597-598. Westminster Abbey, London, 386. Westphalia, Jews in, emancipated, 616-617. Westphalia, Peace of, 589. Wevelinghofen, Germany, Jews massacred at, 363. Wiesbaden, 662. 822 William the Conqueror, brings Jews of Rouen to England, 384. William I., of Germany, 691, 699. William II., of Germany, 699; and Zionism, 708. William of Norwich, Jews accused of murder of, 384. ‘Williams, Roger, founder of Rhode Island, 604. Wilson, President, 720, 732, 733, 734, Wimpfen, Alexander Siisskind, 383. Windsor, England, Jews at, 386. Winchester, England, Jews at, 386. Windsheim, Germany, Jews mas- sacred at, 409. Wise, Isaac Mayer, American rabbi and reformer, 676-677, 681. ‘Wissenschaft des Judentums,’638. Witchcraft, prohibited by Saul, 43. Witiza, king of Spain, 307. Wittenberg, Germany, 484. Wolf, Aaron Benjamin, rabbi, 572. Wolf, Lucien, communal leader, in England, 734. Wolfenbiittel, 616, 638. Wolffsohn, David, Zionist leader, 712. Wolkenburg, in Lorraine, 366. Worcester, England, 389. World War, 717, 724, 725-731; Jews in, 725-732. Worms, Jews in, 353, 356-357, 359- 361, 406. Writings (Ketubim), third part of Scriptures, 158. Wiirttemberg, 678. Wiirttemberg, Jews in, 635-636. Wiirzburg, Jews of, 366, 380, 402, 406, 547, 635. Xanten, Germany, Jews massacred at, 363; Jews accused of ritual murder at, 699. Xerez, de la Frontera, Spain, 307. Xerxes, king of Persia, 121. Yale College, 605. Yathrib (Medina), Arabia, Jews in, 249-250. Yazid II., caliph, 259. Yemen, Arabia, Jews in, 248, 271, 340, 341. Yom Tob of Joigny, rabbi, 387. York, England, Jews in, 386, 387- 388. INDEX Yudglian, of Hamadan, Messianic pretender, 259. Zacuto, Abraham, astronomer and historian, 474, 475, 516. Zacuto, Moses, cabalist, 562. Zaddik, title of Hasidic leader, 585. Zadok, priestly family of, 56, 59, 64, 115, 153. Zadok, Pharisee, leads Galilean re- volt against Rome, 179. se of Worms, ‘Jews’ bishop,’ Zalmunna, Midianite king, 26. Zamora, Council of, 437, 514. Zamosz, Israel, scholar, 592. Zangwill, Israel, 705, 712. Zarephath, Sidonian town, 73. Zaslav, Jews of, 554. Zawi, Berber prince in Spain, 315. Zealots, party of patriotic Phar- isees, 180, 181, 191, 192, 199, 2056— Zebah, Midianite king, 26. Zebul, governor of Shechem, 28. Zebulun, tribe of, 9, 24. Zechariah, king of Israel, 95. Zechariah, the prophet, 120, 158. pe yre last king of Judah, 110- Zeeb, Midianite chieftain, 26. Zeeland, Netherlands, Jews barred from, 487. Zelig, Jacob, spokesman of Polish Jews before pope, 580. Zemah, son of Hayim, Gaon of Sura, 279. tei son of Isaac, Gaon of Sura, De Bee Zemah, Mordecai, head of Jews of Prague, 548. Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, 225. Zephaniah, the prophet, 105, 158. or ha-Levi, of Gerona, 393, Zerubbabel, succeeds Sheshbazzar, 120, 214. Zeruiah, sister of David, 46. Zhitomir, pogrom of, 714-715. Ziklag, Palestine, 42, 43, 44. Zimri, king of Israel, 69. Zion, 49, 50, 63, 101, 103, 105, 116, ae 204, 278, 329, 330, 331, 706, Zion Mule Corps, 728. * foie Se oem, ty gees aye " ona Lad. cme at MAb Pe é #4, ng Pe ‘ee Copan oe Furich, Sattonta dt. [ras anes a i PCO ch > UME, sie | ie esi poevap ah is Bae | oe Se iia sae aie ig pe ee ¥ ‘ . P : Pe i ; d ; BN. en 5 earite sy: Pv, ieee ay en Jacek hister ani, Zacuta, Mose Pee tithe \ brik fon, Aehee ag ‘Siserined, 383, TAT rut? eet , Jews at, Kase ber, dat o. Jews at, 386, : eae ey: a, er niany’, Jee, mas- ‘ (eats Vir-w, tego: Ble per, ‘American rabbi «eka corer 676- 677, GAL, ee hait ches jude nd wins,’ 634. hepaft, arohibired by Saal, 43. tn i Sark) of | Sw itt, aoe toby "3 Be TEE CTs Kc, Cermany, 484, oad Asi wn Benjamin, t i Ty ek, Lamven, communal emer, ig mhteel, 616, 648," age uwiteean, David, Zi jonist is par’, . ieee ar, } it, TSS «, Tews in,333 390-557, 38%" HR. = ings GXetublin), diird part ie a ¢ {55 ” | we. ows lab 866: 380, see Fh, \ Surneen Chectnany, lews aipaamanied Figs teas accused of vituai % cm 1 y ean ¥ CEPAL TS 248 420, > ; Som “Tob of jo igi cis, tytai, 367, York, Eni '5 ae why Pee wR ai, a7 ar JSR, IND E-X Zionism, 703-709, 711-714, 728, 730-731, 734-737. Zionist Congresses, 706-707, 708- 709, 711. Zionist Federation, 730. Zionist Organization, 713, 737. Zirids, Arab dynasty of, 277. Ziyadat-Allah III., Aghlabid prince, 280. Zoan (Tanis), 12. Zobah, Syria, 51, 52. ‘Zohar’ (Brightness), compilation of cabalistic teaching by Moses de Leon, 432-434, 482, 522, 558, 561, 566, 574, 584. 823 Zohar, the new, by Moses Hayim Luzzatto, 575. Zola, French novelist, 702-703. Zolkiev, Poland, Cossack massacre at, 554. Zoroastrianism, 240, 245, 271. Zunz, Leopold, father of Renas- cence of Jewish learning, 638- 641, 660-661. Zurich, Switzerland, Jews mas- sacred at, 406. Zutra, exilarch in Babylonia, 266. Zutra, son of Zutra, head of Jews in Palestine, 266. ~ » . 94 ee i r] ih “ § ‘ . ‘ eS Pe a i ‘Ge: a oe as > ‘ y ® 7 te 4 ¢ Ry AoA EE Se * i ap eeay veq T stot tends Nes ee Ares ey alee 4 tet 3 * OD. . . ree S7epe Brevi at x aot oe ai Pizasiat a ti ‘World, about 1400 bet. ome Bie e@ Reign of Padward I sia and Northern Afri MAPS Egypt and the Semitic World, about 1400 before the Christian Era Palestine: (a) In the time of David (b) Physical Map » (c) In Roman Times Persia and Arabia, about 700 England and Wales in the Reign of Edward I France, 1376 Germany, 1378 Spain, 1469 Italy, about 1494 Ottoman Empire, 1566 Poland and Lithuania, 1564 _ europe, Southwestern Asia and Northern Africa, 1810 United States, 1848 Europe, Southwestern Asia and Northern Africa, 1926 1 cf . : é Oe . 1 \ e * \ oJ fr ; . . whee oo wr * ’ . 47 : 4 ‘ be Ws i ' ‘ ‘ Re A PO IGT, NEN Re a rae sf Hormone Senir, Sirion R- o Endor o Shunem = ezree o Taanachy Bethfhean Pella © o Jabesh-Gilead abanaim ©Melbollah Tishbeh R. = Jad, nuel \2 bs] bow 1] ‘° Gibbethon~° Baal Hazor 3 by ° OOphrah in) lode “4a, Bethel, Oh Ss on Poo ash Jabrleh \Bhaslabbing ALS wieh™ EE doe tera Mea ale Zora’ es 4! ae areas h Miepel one rp -~ I Timnah -FUD A D Ho e Ascaloh Libnaig” Sosgeth Al tege R Mexteh, ——— —— /Mareshaho Kellaho a 2Gara ach ish Hebrong Gerar Ziklag Ziph, ny } Socoho °°, =— of si aitey —— Lg bhaleis © # & Zidon f a{ « SYRIA @ Zarephath rz i BEDE agsarea’ Philippi = fPauras) ee ~ ~ & --<—-< sonia o i, ‘aters of Merom PALESTINE in Roman Times Seale of miles giao a 0 10 20 30 pe o Gish-ha lab Epelous = = gy Akko / gi °> Charazin { Bethsaida-“ «| Q < ’ a ro) /Gabara__o Capernaum 49 Hazor 4 i Mingaai S90 OF GESAUR YJ, otn. lodephatho - 6a _— Halts R Prbhons oe eo oGolan Bey, /GACSI L-EE Nazaretho.. 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