PORN EEN PETES SSIES FO PRS MO TN PML HAS AEST 
 
a 
 
GALATEO 
 
 OF MANNERS AND BEHAVIOURS 
 
 « 
 
 $n Familiar Conversation 
 
 BY 
 
 GIOVANNI DELLA CASA 
 
 ARCHBISHOP OF BENEVENTO 
 ges 
 eho NKers 
 
 A Faithful Reproduction of the English Translation made 
 by ROBERT PETERSON of Lincoln's Inn 
 in the Year 1576 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 HERBERT J. REID, F.S.A, F.RS.L,, 
 Librarian and Member of Council, Royal Society of Literature. 
 
 PRIVATELY PRINTED, 
 1892. 
 
vinted. 
 
 p 
 
 = 
 
 2 
 
 $ 
 
 SS 1S ie 
 : 
 
 . 
 
ab oy (226, Wh. 
 
 cha first English version of the 
 
 Galateo of Maister Iohn della Casa 
 was published in 1576, the 18th year of 
 Queen Elizabeth, by Raufe Newbery, ‘in 
 Fleetestreate a litle aboue the Conduit,” 
 Robert Peterson, of Lincolnes Inne, being 
 the translator. 
 The volume is now very rare, and 
 appears to have been unknown not only 
 to several so-called translators of a later 
 period, but also to the majority of biblio- 
 eraphers; Watt, who records it without 
 mentioning the price, and Lowndes, being 
 exceptions. That the Galateo is now al- 
 most forgotten, may be offered as suff- 
 cient justification for the reproduction of 
 what is virtually a sixteenth century 
 ‘‘ Book of Etiquette.”” The contents are 
 of curious interest, being in effect plain 
 spoken exposuresand criticisms, both of the 
 rude and uncultured habits prevalent in 
 society at the period, and of its offensive 
 and indecorous forms of speech. 
 
 Giovanni della Casa, an accomplished 
 Italian writer, was born at Florence in 
 
IV PROEM. 
 
 1503, and educated both there and at 
 Bologna, his instructor in the art of poetic 
 diction being one Ubaldino Bandinelli. 
 In 1538 he became clerk of the Apostolic 
 Chamber, and in 1544, Archbishop of 
 Benevento. As Papal Nuncio to Venice, 
 several important negotiations were en- 
 trusted to him, until the disgrace of 
 Cardinal Alexander Farnese compelled 
 his retirement from politics. Upon the 
 accession of Pope Paul IV. he returned to 
 Rome, spending in literary pursuits the 
 remainder of his life, and dying there in 
 1556-7. The Galateo is generally accepted 
 as his most celebrated work in Italian 
 prose, but he was held in high repute 
 among his contemporaries as a graceful 
 ‘and eloquent writer, both in the Latin 
 and Italian tongues. The esteem in 
 which the Galateo was held caused it to 
 be frequently reprinted, and translated 
 more than once into almost every 
 European language before the close of 
 the sixteenth century. 
 
 It has been asserted that some indis- 
 creet or improper publications in his early 
 youth militated against the author’s ele- 
 vation to the Cardinalate, but since these, 
 whatever they may have been, did not 
 prejudice his rise to a certain eminence 
 in the Church, tt is not improbable there ~ 
 were other, and more potent reasons for 
 his being denied the higher preferment. 
 
ee  EEEEEEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEEe—E—E=emeaaoEE Ee 
 
 PROEM. Vv. 
 
 The earliest editions of the Galateo we 
 have met with in the original Italian were 
 published at Milan in 8vo, in 1559, and at 
 Florence in 8vo, in 1560: this latter edition 
 being a choice specimen of the typography 
 Pete place and period. ‘There is a 
 Venetian edition dated 1562, and another 
 issued at Padua in 1728. The first 
 edition in the French language seems to 
 have been issued at Paris in 8vo, 1562, 
 and bears the dedication of Jean de 
 Peyrat to Prince Henry of Bourbon. The 
 Galateo was again issued in Italian at 
 Lyons in 8vo, 1573 and 1598, Florence 
 
 In I12mo, 1574, and Rome, a Latin version 
 
 in 8vo, 1595, by Chytrceus, afterwards 
 reprinted at Hanover, 1603, and Oxford, 
 1630 and 1665. 
 
 The choicest editions are, I Bele in 
 16mo, by Jean de Tournes, Geneva 1598, 
 having the text in Latin, Italian, Rrench, 
 and Spanish in parallel columns upon a 
 double page, and in 1609 in I2mo, a 
 German translation replacing the Italian. 
 
 The foregoing are a few of the principal, 
 but by no meansall of the editions known. 
 There are many others in various langu- . 
 ages and of various dates which do not 
 call for particular remark. 
 
 The Galateo has been repeatedly para- 
 phrased in English, and may be so found 
 in Ihe Epitome of Good Manners, con- 
 
 tained in the Rich Cabinet in 8vo, 1616, 
 
vi PROEM. 
 
 and again in The Refined Courter, printed 
 for Royston in 12mo, 1663, a very 
 inferior production, no whit more refined 
 than the original, notwithstanding that it 
 was professed all coarse language had been 
 eliminated. This volume was dedicated 
 to the Duke of Monmouth, as was also 
 another in I2mo edition published by 
 Matthew Gilliflower at the Spread Eagle 
 and Crown in Westminster Hall, which 
 has for frontispiece a portrait of the Duke 
 by Van Houe. , : 
 We are aware of but two other English 
 renderings, Newbery’s edition of 1576 
 excepted. One of these is the far from 
 accurate or complete so-called transla- 
 tion for which the notorious Bernard 
 Lintott made himself responsible. This 
 was issued in 8vo, 1703, the ‘‘translator”’ 
 offering apology in his preface for any 
 errors, adding complacently, ‘‘I was not 
 a little discouraged by the badness of the 
 Latin.” Yet no allusion is made by him 
 to the original, or to the numerous trans- 
 lations and paraphrases in various lan- 
 guages previously made, which might 
 have, and probably did, in a measure 
 assist him. It is, moreover, scarcely . 
 credible that he could have been so com- 
 pletely in ignorance respecting Peterson’s 
 translation and the other English render- 
 ings mentioned above, as he wished his 
 readers to believe. The other so-styled 
 
PROEM. vil 
 
 translation is by the Rev. Richard Graves, 
 London, 16mo, 1774. A copy of this, 
 together with Newbery’s edition, was in- 
 cluded in the bequest in 1834 of Francis 
 Douce to the Bodleian Library, and in- 
 serted in his copy is a note to the effect, 
 not only that Mr. Graves was unaware 
 (page 7) Peterson had already translated 
 the Galateo, but that Graves’ work was 
 only a paraphrase of the original and had 
 no claim to be described as a translation, 
 a perfectly warrantable statement. 
 
 The first and only complete translation 
 into English is therefore Peterson’s, 
 _which, in marked contrast with his imi- 
 tators, bears internal witness to the care 
 bestowed by him upon it, and of his 
 efforts to render into the English lan- 
 guage Della Casa’s expressions, without 
 destroying their originality or identity. 
 Against this unfortunately, must be set the 
 book itself, and of its production there is 
 nothing to be said in praise. It appears 
 to have been both hastily and carelessly 
 put together, and cannot be termed even 
 a’fair example of the printing of the 
 period. With the present reproduction 
 many blemishes in the original will not be 
 apparent, for while reproduced page for 
 page, line for line, and without alteration 
 of a single contracted word, punctuation 
 or signature, the original table of errata 
 has been utilised and typographical errors 
 
vill PROEM. 
 
 amended. All such corrections have 
 been marked by italics. Slovenliness is 
 manifested in the different sizes of the 
 page, which vary from 28 to 32 lines, 
 while as far as Sig. B.itil., the type is set 
 in a different measure of greater width 
 than the remainder, which suggests that 
 marginal notes were not contemplated at 
 first, but that provision had to be made 
 subsequently in order to avoid injury to 
 the notes in cutting, which has actually 
 occurred to the copy used for this 
 edition. All such marked peculiarities 
 of size have been adhered to in the 
 reproduction, the sole alteration being 
 the substitution of Roman type for the 
 original Gothic or Black Letter, with the 
 necessary consequence of italics in places 
 where Kkoman type was employed. 
 
 With regard to the translator, Robert 
 Peterson, little is now known beyond 
 the fact ascertained from title page 
 alone, that he was a ‘‘ Gentleman of 
 Lincoln’s Inn.” After an interval of some 
 thirty years, viz., 1606, we again meet 
 with him as the translator of Botero’s 
 Iveatise Concerning the Causes of the 
 Magnificencies of Cities. We know, indeed, 
 from his book, that he had rich and 
 influential friends, but we know nothing 
 more. 
 
 Of those whose eulogistic verses follow 
 the dedication to Lord Leicester of the 
 
PROEM. 1X 
 
 Galateo, two at least had in 1576 attained 
 to some eminence, and had offered ad- 
 dresses to Queen Elizabeth. First in 
 
 order (we notice the English writers 
 
 only) stands Edward Cradock, (whose 
 Latin sapphics are reprinted in their 
 place,) Lady Margaret Professor, 1565— 
 1594, author (1571-2) of the Shippe of 
 Assured Safetie, which passed through two 
 editions; a skilful alchemist, when 
 alchemy was still a science; a treatise 
 upon this, in English verse he dedi- 
 cated to Queen Elizabeth, the MS. 
 being now in the Ashmolean Collection. 
 Thomas Drant is ascertained to have 
 
 been Archdeacon of Lewes for some years 
 
 anterior to 1578. He was a not infre- 
 quent writer upon various subjects, and 
 moreover a sturdy preacher against the 
 sensuality of the Citizens and the exceed- 
 ing vanity of rich attire. Upon the occa- 
 
 sion of Queen Elizabeth’s visit to Oxford 
 
 in 1564, he composed for and presented 
 to that Monarch laudatory verses in 
 English, Latin, and Greek. In 1578 the 
 Archdeaconry of Lewes was vacant, and 
 he is believed to have either died or 
 vacated his office in that year. 
 
 Concerning Peterson’s third English 
 sponsor, we write with some trepidation 
 and in considerable doubt. Beneath 
 some verses prefixed to the Galateo of 
 1576 he describes himself as ‘‘ Thomas 
 
x PROEM. 
 
 Browne of L(incoln’s) I(nn), Gent.” 
 Mr. Goodwin, in the Dictionary of 
 National Biography, maintains that 
 this versifier is the identical Thomas 
 Browne, styled by Wood, Doctor of 
 Divinity, and in Alumni Etonensis, Pro- 
 fessor of Theology ; an occasional writer 
 of verses, who, having been educated 
 at Eton, became, twelve years before Peter- 
 son’s translation of the Galateo was pub- 
 lished, that is to say in 1564, Head-Master, 
 and the following year Canon of Westmin- 
 ster. It seems scarcely possible that twelve — 
 years after obtaining his Canonry he 
 should, without ostensible motive, ignore 
 his elevated position both in Church and 
 School, and out of pure friendship or 
 fellowship write himself down simply as 
 a ‘* Gentleman” of Lincoln’s Inn; the 
 more so when his evident desire was to 
 assist his friend. As a Canon of West- 
 minster, his words would have assuredly 
 carried greater weight than those of a 
 ‘‘Gentleman”’ of Lincoln’s Inn. Besides, 
 we have no actual proof that the Canon 
 was ever of that Inn ; within two years of 
 the publication of his verses he had been 
 presented to the Rectory. of Chelsea 
 (1574), having previously resigned that 
 of St. Leonard’s, Foster Lane. 'Who- 
 ever wrote these laudatory verses, it 
 seems, to say the least, extremely doubt- 
 ful that they emanated from the writer to 
 
PROEM. xl 
 
 whom they are attributed by Mr. Goodwin. 
 Yet, other claimant bearing the same name 
 there is none; the personality of the author 
 of those lines (if he were not indeed the 
 ‘Canon of Westminster) appears to be as 
 completely lost as is that of Peterson’s 
 fourth sponsor, the poetaster, ‘‘ J. Stough- 
 ton, student ;”’ as to whom history is, it 
 may be discreetly, silent. 
 
 HERBERT J. REID. 
 
{ter 
 
 Lohn Della Ca/fa, 
 Archebishop of Be- 
 
 meuenta. 
 
 Or ratber, 
 A treatife of the ma- 
 
 ners and behautours, it 
 
 behoueth a man to vfe and ef- 
 chewe, in his familiar conuer- 
 
 fation.. A worke very 
 neceffary & profitable for 
 
 all Gentlemen, or 
 other. 
 
 Firft written in the Italian tongue, and 
 now done into Englifh by Robert 
 Peterfon, of Lincolnes Inne 
 Gentleman. 
 
 Satis, ft fapienter. 
 
 Lmprinted at London 
 
 for Raufe Newbery dwel- 
 
 ling in Fleetestreate a litle 
 aboue the Conduit. 
 
 An. Do. 1576. 
 
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 xs Ka PRS RASS? eee : LSS 
 A ip RSO7 Gs YY Va . : Ne, 
 Gy « (RIS) ROG NEM ye X so 8514 62) Be 
 
 2. 
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 f 
 CY 
 
 SOO 
 os; Oo S 
 
 DERE 
 
 AVL TASS: 
 
 PIES cr) 
 
 SOAP) aS) & (28 Ss 
 Essays 
 
To the Right Honorable my 
 
 singular good Lord, the Lord Ro- 
 
 bert Dudley, Earle of Leycefter, Baron of Den- 
 bigh, Knight of the Honorable order of the Garter, 
 Maifter of the Queenes Maiefties Hor- 
 fes, one of hey Highneffe priuie Counfell : 
 Robert Peterfon wifheth 
 perfect felicitie. 
 
 ee=i| Iehting of late 
 @eall| (Right Hono- 
 rable) vpon this 
 4N\ WZ sxoea| | treatise of cour- 
 | Ne ae CA | tesie, penned by 
 Se} an experienced 
 Italia, & drawn rie the profit ther- 
 of,in to so many laguages: I thought 
 his lessons fit for our store, C” sought 
 to make him speake Englishe. 
 Wise was that Cato, that ended 
 bothe his learning, and liuing day 
 together. And truly, Courtesie and 
 Courtiership, be like Hippocrates 
 A.y. - twinnes 
 
Epistle 
 
 twinnes, that laughe together, and 
 grow together: and are so one affec- 
 ted, that who so diuorceth them, de- 
 stroieth them. But yet, seeing moe ~ 
 redie to condemne the least trip then 
 commend the best meaning, and 
 knowing that the Scarre sticketh 
 thogh good desert do hele the woud: 
 cy perceiuing that Weuus wn arts 
 culo puert delectat Alcaeu, & Ko 
 scyy ocule peruersisstmt catulum, 
 That is, many dote on their fansie: 
 I durst not séd this, mine Heyre & 
 firste fruites of my toile, to the view 
 of the world, without the guarde of 
 your Patronage, wherin there is no 
 presumption to teach them that are 
 perfected, but may serue either as 
 Szmonides Characters, to stablish 
 
 me- 
 
Dedicatorce. 
 memory, or asan Index, to point the 
 to other behauiours enrolled wher- 
 soeuer. Spread therefore(I beseeche 
 your honour) the winges of wel ly- 
 king ouer this worke, which presseth 
 to you, as not only the patrone to pro 
 tect, but the patterne to expresse a- 
 ny courtesie therin coteined. Mine 
 Authour reporteth one JM/aestro 
 Chiarisstmo a perfect Maso, whe 
 he had described the finest precepts 
 of his art, to haue made his Regolo 
 _apyller so exactly, as would beare 
 the proofe of euery demonstration, 
 thinking it learned speedely, where 
 the mind and the eye, precept and 
 experience toyned hands together: 
 whose steps I tread (though with bet 
 ter successe then mine Author, who 
 
 A. 1. could 
 
Etprstle 
 could not finde a Regolo) hoping, 
 when others shall come to trie these 
 preceptes, not by showe or sound, as 
 fooles do their Golde: but, by your 
 behauiour, as by the touchstone: whe 
 they shal come, not to ken aloofe, but 
 at hand, to view your so singular de- 
 meanour, so ciuil, so courteous, as ma 
 keth you renoumed abrode, and ho- 
 nored at home: coueted of the No- 
 blest, & wonderful of the learnedst: 
 when they shall in the glasse of © 
 your courtesie, see the blots that ble- — 
 mishe the dignitie of their estate: 
 when they copare these lessons with 
 the Regolo, they shal herein see no 
 lesse commoditie, then was in Alci- 
 biades Sileni (wherevnto Socrates 
 was compared) whiche though they 
 bare 
 
Dedicatorte. 
 
 bare not, in the front, any shewe of 
 singularitie: yet within, bare they 
 pictures of excellent wit & delight. 
 This worke, if it please your honour 
 to vouchsafe as a companion of ease 
 to trace the pathes, which you haue 
 already so well beaten, (which pre- 
 sumeth not to be guide for conducti- 
 on) or if your honour daine at highe 
 leasure to peruse it (whiche is nct 
 cuningly but faithfully translated) 
 I doubt not, but your countenance 
 will so credit the Author, as wil em- 
 bolden him to presse amongst the 
 thickest throng of Courtiers: And 
 herewithall beseeche your honour, 
 to accept the humble and dutifull 
 meaning minde of him: who, not sa- 
 tisfied, till he might by some meanes 
 
 giue 
 
Epistle dedicatorve. | 
 giue shewe of his thankefull minde, — 
 for your honorable fauours shewed 
 vnto him, hathe offered this small, | 
 though as faithfull a gyfte as Szve@- 
 les did to Cyrus : hoping, that your 
 honour will take it as well in worth, 
 as Artaxerxes did his poore Per- 
 stans handfull of water. Thus with 
 hartie prayer, for the aduauncemet 
 of your estate, increase of honor, & - 
 attainement of perfect and perpe- 
 tual felicitie: 1 comend your Lord- 
 ship, to the patronage and protectio 
 of the Almightie. Your Lord- 
 ships moste humble to dispose and 
 -commaunde. ; | 
 
 Robert Peterson. 
 
Al Signor Ruberto Peterson, 
 
 efortandolo A tradurre im 
 
 Inghilese il Galateo. 
 
 Ben posson dirsi auuenturate carte 
 Quelle ch’ el dotto, e gentil Casa spese : 
 Quand’ in breue discors’ 4 insegnar prese 
 Del honesta creanza la prima arte. 
 Poi che tanto si apprezz’ in ogni parte 
 Quel ch’ ei ne scrisse, e ch’ ei si ben intese 
 " E ch’ ogn’ vn con maniére pit cortese 
 Dal bel trattato suo tosto si parte. 
 Esso,a Donn’ e donzelle, & cauallieri 
 Non sol d’ Italia; ma di Francia, e Spagna 
 Di gentilezza mostr’ i modi veri. 
 Venga per voi felice anco in Brettagna 
 E parli Inglese ne Palazzi alteri. 
 Del regn’ inuitto che l Tamigi bagna. 
 
 ‘Francesco Pucci 
 
 Le creanze, @ i costumi, © 
 
 Tanto,splendenti lumi, - 
 
 * Ch’ a gli huomini fan ’ huom superiore, 
 
 Eccoli tratti fore 
 
 De I’ Italico seno 
 
 E piantati ne |’ Anglico terreno. 
 
 Or se li goda ogniun, che porta amore 
 
 A ‘| suo decoro, é a ‘1 suo compiuto onore. 
 
 Alessandro Citolini. 
 q 
 
Edouardus Cradoccus, S. 
 Theologue Doctor & 
 
 Professor. 
 
 Moribus quisquis rudis est ineptis, 
 
 Nescit is vitam placidam tueri : 
 
 Nemini eratus, sociusque nulli 
 Charus habetur. 
 
 Quisquis at pulchre simul & decore 
 _Se gerit, mentis studio repellens 
 esse mores, popularis ille 
 
 Ture videtur. 
 
 Hoc Petersoni liber Hic venustus 
 
 Prestat, ostendens habitu decoro 
 
 Possit vt quisque probitate splendens 
 Vtilis esse. 
 
 Idque dum magno satagit labore, 
 
 Italum fecit patria loquela 
 
 Hunc perornatas meus hic amicus 
 Fundere voces. 
 
Thomas Drant, ere deachi 
 nm prarfe of this Booke. 
 
 An happy turne that Casa once did hatche, 
 
 Of hauiours choice this booke in Ital’ phrase : 
 An Archebishop, and writer without matche 
 
 In this he was, and peereles pight with prayse. — 
 Such he his lore so well and wise doth lend: 
 
 It heare ne reade we can, but must amend. 
 
 This booke by Tyber, and by Po hath past, 
 
 Through all Italia Townes and Country lands. 
 
 Iberus, throughe thy Spanishe coasts as fast 
 
 It after yoade: and Gauls it held in hands, 
 
 Throughe Rhenus realmesit spred in prosperous speede, 
 To Lordes and Ladies reaching comly reede. 
 
 It Peterson, to Britan eyes doth bring 
 Translated true and trimme: and fit to frame 
 Fayre maners fyne for men. This prety Ring 
 Bedecketh feate our life: discourse and game 
 
 * It ordereth apt with grace. The booke is graue, 
 Eke wise and good, for ciuil folke to haue. 
 
 7.11. 
 
To his friend Mayster Robert 
 Peterfon Gent. 
 
 Thy Galateo (Peterson) doth shrowd him selfe to long. : 
 
 What? shall it sleep Endymions yeares ? thou dost thy countrie wrong, 
 She hath a childs parte, Plato saies, and with the Author cries, + 
 
 That both thy toile, and this her gaine, may reare his skill to skies. 
 
 What thoughe thou thinke thy present small, for view of gallant ‘ones 
 This litle Diamond, shall out prize, a quarry full of stones. 
 
 And Noble Cyrus (Man) will daine cold water in Sinzetaes hand : 
 
 Then fray not, if thy booke, in pure, vnfiled termes doe stand. 
 Translatours can not mount: for though, their armes with wings be spread, 
 In vaine they toile to take the flight, their feete are clogd with lead. 
 
 This faith, that makes the Authour, speake his owne in langtage new: 
 Renoumes the more, then if thou blazdst it out, in painted hew. 
 
 For, serpents lurke in greenest grasse, and with a garishe gloze, 
 
 The Stripet pounts in pride, where matrones marche in comelie clothes. 
 Go publishe it, and dreade not scowling Momus poisond spite. 
 
 And though Archilochus Iambes fly, or Theons taunts doe byte: 
 
 Thinke, winds doe haunt the gallauntst trees, and Enuy things of state. * 
 And lightning checks, Cerauniaes tops, whome no hils els do mate. 
 The best haue borne the bob, and Zoiles brutes durst geue the charge : 
 But Zoile hangs, and Callisthen keepes in cage for talking large. 
 
 And yet, wordes they be winde: but as erst Plinies Draconite 
 
 No toole could pierce,or carue: or as the gemme Chalazias hight, 
 Keepes cold, though it in Aetna frie, or Adiantons flowers. 
 
 Drawes not a drop, though skies distill downe euerlastihg showers: 
 So good desert, doth chalenge good reporte by réasons rate, 
 
 Though oft they beare the checkes and taunts, they canot take the mate. 
 Yet seeke Meczenas wings to shroude thy toile: Virgilio 
 
 Found his Augustus: Ennie thou maist finde thy Scipio. 
 
 This trump shall sound thy praise. Syr Phoebus goldé rayes shall turne 
 To foggie mistes, and seas that beare their ysie craft, shall burne: 
 
 And lumpishe lowte, with country shares shall salte Sea fome diuide, 
 
 And sowe his graine in Afrik Syrtes that wallow euery tide, 
 
 Before this worke shall die : .which neither Ioues thundering threate, 
 
 . Nor fierie flames shall waste, nor rustie, cankred age shall freate. 
 
 Nolo Persium nolo Lzlium. ° ' 
 
 Your friend. I. Stoughton, Student R 
 
To the Gentle Reader. 
 
 Being very loathe (Gentle Reader) to varrie, of wilful- 
 nes, or securitie, from the trueth of our written copie: we 
 haue thought it necessarie, to make this compendious & 
 exact retractation of errours escaped in this impression. 
 
 Pag. Lin. Errour. Correction. 
 - \ro |5 |Passing passed. 
 17 |18 |fottering tottering. 
 26 |23 |neither neuer. 
 29 |6_ |easie easily. 
 43 |25 |thoughe then 
 46 |25 jour free our owne free 
 55 15 |so they beare they beare. 
 49 |13 |And To 
 56 |26 |woorse were so 
 57 |9 out one 
 ibi. |19 {bend lend 
 59 «2 |Tuttessale Tuttesalle 
 ibi. {ro" |thou you 
 6x |20 |but . it 
 {62 |17 |doe not I doe not 
 {63 «|26 ~|inamarg.note 297|291 
 ~ 64 |6 |one the one or the 
 69 |25 |Gli fre Et gli fece. 
 ibi. j29 |Barbadomanie |Barbadomani. 
 74 |10 |Grimaldie Grimaldi. 
 75 |9  |LI’ventre Il ventre. 
 ibi. |26 |did set did litle set. 
 94 |27 |in the stone in stone. 
 ibi. jibi. |for singular — [for the singular 
 98 |17 |doe . passe 
 106 |3 |wittes willes 
 ‘ 104 |26 leasie muche easier much 
 
 II5 |21 jouteuery man _ jout to euery man. 
 
 Marginall notes misplaced. _ Amended. 
 46 (12 |Bocc. Nouel6. (Against Admeral in 
 Gior. 5, fol. 259 |the 15. line. : 
 
 m4) ibi. |13 [Peter the King [Against Peter, King 
 of Aragon. of Aragon, line 17 
 
 59 |24 {Counselling & re- Against the 1. Jine in 
 prouing. the 60. Page. 
 
 63 (26 |Bocc. Nouel.5 . |Against Maister Fo- 
 \Gior. 6, fol. 291 |rese, line 12. 
 
 66 |23 |Bocc. Nouel. 8. |Against Biondello in 
 Gior. 9, fol. 430. |the 25. line. 
 
"| He vine is praisde, that daintie grape doth giue 
 Although the fruite more please then holsome be, 
 
 Each fertil tree, is fauord for the fruite, 
 
 So is the hearb that gallant is to see. 
 
 If this be trueth, he needes must merit well, 
 
 That giues vs groundes to guide our erring wayes, 
 And trades vs truely in the golden maze, 
 
 Where vertue growes, and courtlike manner stayes. 
 
 Galateo first did frame this golden booke 
 
 In Ital land. From thence it went to Spaine. 
 And after came into the coasts of Fraunce. 
 And nowe at last in England doth remaine. 
 
 The Authour sure deserueth more renoume, 
 That so could spend his time for our behoofe, 
 Then my poore wit or cunning can recite, 
 
 As thou thy selfe by reading shalt finde proofe. 
 
 And as the Authour merits passing well, 
 
 So doth my friend deserue as greate a meede : 
 That makes a worke so hard to understand, 
 So easie that each simple may it reede. 
 
 I say no more: for (lo) it were in vaine 
 
 To praise good wine by hanging vp a bushe, 
 The best will giue (I hope) my friende bis due. 
 As for the bad, I way them not a rushe. 
 
 Thomas Browne 
 of L. I. Gent. 
 
The treatife of Mafter Ihon Della 
 Cafa, wherin vader the per fon of an 
 
 oldvnlearned man, inftru€tingayoutheofhis, he 
 hath talke of the maners and fafhions, it behoues 
 a man to vfe or efchewe, in his familiar 
 conuerfation : intituled Galateo, 
 of fafhions and maners. 
 
 Oras muche as thou doste 
 |. now enter the iourny, wher- 
 of I haue allredy ronne forth 
 the better parte (as thou 
 <0 bs]. ~seest) meanethetransitorie 
 Sista} waye of this mortall life: I 
 haue determined (suchisthe Loue I bearethee) 
 tosheweallthedaungerousstraightsthou must 
 passe: For my experience maketh me feare, © 
 y‘ walking that way thou mayst easily eyther 
 fall, or by some meanes or other go astray. 
 To the ende thou maist once, taughte both by 
 my instructions and experience, be able to 
 keepe the right waye, as well for the helthe of 
 thy Soule, as the commendation and prayse 
 of the Honourable and Noble house thou 
 doest come of. And bycause thy tender Age, 
 is unfit (as yet) to receaue more principall and 
 higher precepts, reseruing them foi fytter 
 time, I will beginn to discourse of such things 
 
 as many men wyll deeme, perchaiice, but tri- 
 B.1. fles 
 
2 Galateo, of 
 
 fles: I meane what manner of Countenance 
 and grace, behoueth a man to vse, that hee 
 may be able in Communication and familiar 
 acquaintance with mé, to shewe him selfe ple- 
 sant, courteous, and gentle: which neuerthe- 
 lesse is either avertue, or the thing thatcomes 
 very nere to vertue. And albeit Liberali- 
 tie, or magnanimitie, of themselues beare a 
 greater prayse, then, to bea well taught or ma 
 nored man: yet perchaunce, the courteous 
 behauiour and entertaynement with good 
 maners and words, helpe no lesse, him that 
 hath them: then the high minde and courage, 
 aduaticeth him inwhome they be. Forthese be 
 such things as a ma shall neede alwayesat all 
 hads to vse, becausea man must necessarily be 
 familiar with mé at all times, & euer haue talk 
 & communication with them: But iustice, for- 
 titude, and the other greater, and more noble 
 vertues, are seldome put in vse. Neyther is y® 
 liberall and noble minded man, caused euery 
 hower to doe bountifull things: for to vse it of- 
 ten, cannot any man beare the olan by any 
 meanes. And these valiat men y*‘ be so full of 
 hyghe minde and courage: are very seldome 
 driuen to trye their valour & vertue by their 
 deeds. Thenasmucheas these last, doepasse 
 those fyrst, in greatnes (asit were) &in weight: 
 somuch dothe other surmoitthesein number, 
 & ofté occasié to vse thé. And, if Icould welin- 
 
Manners and behauiour. 3 
 
 tend it, I could name you many, whoe, (being 
 otherwise of litle account) haue ben & be styll, 
 muche estemed & made of, for their cherefull & 
 plesaunt behauiour alone: which hath byn 
 suche a helpe & aduauncemét vnto them, that 
 they haue gotten greate preferments, leauing 
 farre behinde them, such men as haue byn en- 
 dowed with those other noble and better ver- 
 tues, spoken of before. And as these plesaiit 
 & gétle behauiours, have power to draw their 
 harts & mynds vnto vs, with whome we liue: 
 so cotrarywise, grosse and rude maners, pro- 
 cure méto hateand despisevs. Wherby albeit 
 the lawes, haue inioyned no payne for vnma- 
 nerly & grose behauiours, as the fault that is 
 thought but light (& to saye a trueth, it is not 
 ereate) yet we see notwithstanding, y' nature 
 herselfe punisheth thé w'sharpe & shrewdecor- 
 rection, putting them by this meanes, besydes 
 y° copanie & fauour of men. And truly eué as 
 greate &foulefaults, doemuche harme: so doe 
 these lyght, much hurt, or hurte at least more 
 ofté. For,as mé doe cémily fere y° beasts y' be 
 cruell & wild, & haue no maner of feare of som 
 litle ones, as y° gnats and the flyes, & yet by y° 
 cotinual noiaiice they findby thé, coplaine thé 
 selues more of thes thé ofy°other: soit chaticeth 
 y' most mé dohatein manerasmuche, y°vnma- 
 nerly & vnsaught, as y° wicked, & more. So y'* 
 
 Bui. there 
 
4 | Galateo, of 
 
 there is no doubte, but who so disposeth him- 
 selfe to liue, not in solitarie and deserte pla- 
 ces,as Heremites, but in fellowship with men, 
 and in populous Cities, will think it a very 
 necessarie thing, to haue skill to put himselfe 
 forth comely and seemely, in his fashions, ges- 
 tures and maners: the lacke of which parts 
 doth make those other vertues lame, and litle 
 or nothing can they work to good effect, with- 
 out other helpes: wheare this ciuilitie and 
 courtesie, without other releefe or patrimo- 
 nie, isriche of itselfe, &hathsubstanceenough, 
 as a thing y' standeth in speache and gestures’ 
 alone. 
 
 And that y" mayst now more easily learne 
 the way vnto it, thou must vnderstand, it 
 behoues thee, to frame and order thy maners 
 and doings, not according to thyne owne 
 minde and fashion: but to please those, with 
 whome thou lyuest, and after that sort direct 
 thy doings: And this must be done by Discre- 
 tionand Measure. Forwho so applieth himself 
 to much, to feede other mens humors, in his 
 familiar conuersation, and behauiour with 
 men, is rather to be thought a Jester, a Jugler 
 or flatterer, then a gentleman wel taught and 
 nourtured: As contrarywise, whoe so hath 
 no care or mindtoplease, ordisplese, isa rude, 
 
 vntaught, 
 
Manners and behauiour. 5 
 
 vntaught, and vncourteous fellowe. For as- 
 muche then, as our maners, have some plea- 
 
 sure in them when we respect other men, and 
 
 not our owne pleasure: if we diligétly searche 
 
 forthe what those things be, that most men 
 
 do generally lyke or dislike: we shall in suche 
 
 sorte wisely and easily finde out, themeanes & 
 
 wayes, to choose and eschewe, those fashions 
 and maners, we are to leaue or take, to liue a- 
 
 mongest men. We say then, that euery act 
 
 thatoffendethany the commonsenses, or over- 
 
 thwarteth a mans will and desire, or els 
 
 'presenteth to the Imagination and conceite, 
 matters vnpleasaunt, & that likewyse, which 
 
 y* mynde doth abhorre, such things I say bee 
 
 naught, and must not be vsed: for vve must not 
 only refraine from such thinges as be fowle, filthy, 
 lothsome and nastie: but vve must not so muche 
 
 as name them. And it 1s not only a fault to dooe 
 such things, but against good maner, by any att 
 or signe to put a man in ‘minde of them. And 
 therefore, it is an ilfauoured fashion, thatsome 
 
 men vse, openly to thrust their hands in what 
 
 parte of their bodye they lyst. 
 
 _  Lykwise, I like it as yll to seea Gentlema 
 settle him selfe, to do theneedes of Nature, in 
 presence of men: And after he hath doone, to 
 trusse him selfe againe before them. Neither 
 Bui. would 
 
o Galateo, of 
 would I haue him (if I may geue him coun- 
 cell) when he comes from suche an occupati6, 
 so much as washe his hads, in the sight of ho- 
 nest company: for y‘ the cause of his washing, 
 puts them in minde of some filthy matter that 
 hath bene done aparte. And by the same rea- 
 son, itisno good maner, when a man chaun- 
 ceth to see, as he passeth the waye (as many 
 times it happeneth) a lothesome thing, y‘ wil 
 make ama to cast his stomacke, to tourne vn- ~ 
 to the company, & shewe it them. And much 
 worse I like it, to reache some stynking thing 
 vntoa man to smell vnto it: as it is many a 
 mas fashi6 to do, wt importunate meanes, yea, 
 thrustingitvnto their nose, saying: Foh, feeleI 
 pray you, hovv this doth stink: vvhere they should 
 rather say,smell not vnto it: for ithathan yll sent. 
 And as these and lyke fashions offend the sé- 
 ses, to which they appertaine: so to grynde 
 the teethe, to whistle, to make pityfull cryes, 
 to rubb sharpe stones together, and to fyle 
 vppon Iron, do muche offend the Eares and 
 would be lefte in any case. Neither must wee 
 refraine those things.alone, but we must al- 
 so beware we do not syng, and specialy alone, 
 if we haue an vntuneable voyce, which is a 
 common fault with moste men: And yet, hee 
 that is of nature least apt vnto it, doth vse it 
 moste. 
 
Manners and behautour. 7 
 
 moste. So there be some kynde of men, that Neesing. 
 
 in coffyng or neesing, make suche noyse, that 
 they make a man deafe to here them: other 
 some vse in lyke things, so little discretion, 
 that they spyt in mens faces that stand a- 
 boutthem: besydesthesetherebesome, thatin 
 yauning, braye and crye out like Asses. And 
 yet such, with open mouth wileuer say anddo 
 what they list,and make such noyse, orrather 
 such roaring, as the dumme man doth, when 
 he striueth with himselfe to speake. All these 
 ylifauoured fashions, a man must leaue, as 
 lothsome tothe eareandtheeye. Andama 
 must leaue to yawne muche, not only for the 
 
 respect of the matter I hauesaidealreadye,as_ 
 
 that it seemes to proceede, of a certaine wery- 
 nes, that shewes that he that yawneth, could 
 better like to be els where, then there in that 
 _ place: as wearied with the companie, their 
 talke,and their doings. And sure, albeita ma 
 be many times disposed to yawne, yet if he 
 be occupied with any delyght, or earnest mat- 
 ter to think uppon: he shall haue no minde 
 to doe it. But if he be lumpishe & idle: it is 
 an easy matter to fallin toit. And there- 
 fore, VVhen a man yavuneth, in place vvhere 
 there bee slouthfull and Idle folkes, that 
 haue nothing to doe, the rest, as you may see 
 
 B.1111. many 
 
 Yawning 
 
Blowing of 
 the nose. 
 
 Looke in the 
 beginning of 
 Corbaccio. 
 
 8 Galateo, of 
 
 many times, yavune againe for compante by & by: 
 as if he that yawned, had put them in minde 
 to doe it, which of them selves they would 
 haue done first, if hee had not begoone unto 
 them. And I haue many tymes heard lear- 
 ned and wise men say, that A yavuner meaneth 
 as much in Latin as a careles and Idle bodie. Let 
 us then flye these condicions, that loathe (as 
 I sayd) the eyes, the Eares, & the Stomacke. 
 For in vsing these fashyons, we doe not only 
 shewe that we take litle pleasure in the com- 
 pany, but we geue them occasion withall, to 
 iudge amis of vs: I meane y‘ we hauea drow- 
 sye & heuie nowle, which makes vs yll well- 
 com, to all cOpanies we come vnto. And whé 
 thou hast blowne thy nose, vse not to open thy 
 handkercheif, to glare vppon thy snot, as ify" 
 
 hadst pearles and Rubies fallen from thy 
 
 braynes: for these be slouenly parts, ynough to 
 cause men, not so much not to loue us, as if 
 they did loue vs, to vnloue vs againe. As 
 the Sprite of Labirintho doth testifie (who so- 
 euer he were that made it) who (to quenche y° 
 heate wherwith Master John Boccase burned 
 in desyre and Loue of his Lady vnknowne) 
 tells, how she cowred her taile ouer the ashes, 
 sytting vppon her heeles, and coughed and 
 spatte out Collops. 
 
 It 
 
 4 
 
Manners and behautour. 9 
 
 It is also an vnmanerly parte, for a man to pare eo 
 lay his nose vppon the cup where another a 
 must drinke: orvppon the meate y‘ another 
 must eate, to the end to smell vnto it: But 
 rather, I would wish he should not smell 
 at all, no not to that which he himselfe 
 should eate and drinke: because it may 
 chaiice there might fall some droppe fri 
 his nose, that would make a man to loath 
 it: although there fall nothing at all in 
 deede. Neither, by mine aduise, shalt thou 
 reache to any man, that cup of wine wher- 
 of thyselfe hast fyrst dronke and tasted: w'- 
 out he be more then a familiar friend vnto 
 thee. And much lesse must thou giue any 
 parte of the peare or the fruite, which thou 
 hast bitten in thy mouth before. And es- 
 
 -teeme not light of my talke, for that these 
 things be of little account: For euen light 
 stripes (their number may be such) be able 
 to slaye fast ynoughe. 
 
 Now you shall vnderstad, there was in Giouanni. 
 Verona, a bishop a wise ma,a learned & of a Giberti, bi- 
 singular good wit by nature, whose name pr 
 was Gioudni Matheo Gibertt: Amogst ma- ~ 
 ny good parts y' were in him, he was ve- 
 ry courtious & liberall, to all gentlemen & 
 noble men that came vnto him, doing thé 
 
 all y° honor he could in his hot, not with 
 C. 1. ouer 
 
Count Ri- 
 chard. 
 
 10 Galateo, of 
 
 ouer much pompe and cost, but with con- 
 uenient entertainement and measure, such 
 as besemed well a man of the Clergie. It 
 chaunced in his time, a noble gentleman 
 called Count Richard, passed that way, to 
 spend a fewe dayes with the Bishop and 
 his householde together : -which was tho- 
 roughly furnished w‘ honest gentlemé and 
 very well learned. And bycause they found 
 him a Noble gentleman, courteous and 
 well beseene in all good behauiour, they 
 praysed him muche, and made muche of 
 him, saue that one vnmanerly fashion they 
 muche misliked in him. When the By- 
 shop was aduertised of it, consulting with 
 some of his familiars about it (as he wasa 
 wise man in all his doings) straite they cé- 
 cluded, itshould be necessary to let y°Count 
 haue knowledge of it: albeit they feared, 
 they should offend him. Upon this, y°Count 
 taking his leaue, and redy to ryde away 
 the next morning, the Byshop called one 
 of his seruants unto him, (a man of good 
 discretion) and gaue him in charge to take 
 his horse,to beare the Count company,some 
 parte of his waye: And when he sawe his 
 time, after an honest sorte, to tell him, that 
 which they had determined betwene them 
 selues. The same gentleman that had 
 
 this 
 
Manners and behautour. v1 
 
 this charge, was a man well strooken in 
 yeares, very lerned, and meruailous plea- 
 
 saunt, welspoken, comely, and had muche 
 
 frequented in his time, y* Courtes of greate 
 
 Princes: who was (perhaps) and is, called 
 
 Galateo: at whose request and councell, I 
 
 “first tooke in hand to set forth this present 
 treatise. Ryding with the Count, he found 
 
 him plesaunt talke ynoughe, and passing 
 
 frd one matter to another, whé he thought 
 
 it tyme to returne to Verona, in taking leaue 
 
 at parting, with a gentle & cherefull coun- 
 
 -tenaunce, he vsed this speache vnto him. 
 Syr Count, my Lorde yealdeth you many 
 
 thanks for the honour you haue done him, in 
 
 that it hath pleased you to vouchesafe his poore 
 
 house: and that he may not be vnthankfull, for 
 
 this your greate courtesie shevved vnto him, he 
 
 hath geuen me in charge, that I must leaue a 
 
 present vvith you in his behalfe: and he sends 
 
 it unto you vvith earnest request, that you 
 please to take it in good vvorthe: and this 1s 
 
 the gift. You are a goodly gentleman, and 
 
 the best manered man my Lorde hath euer 
 
 seene: So that very heedefully beholding 
 
 your behauiours, and particularly considering 
 them all, hee findeth no one that 1s not very 
 | CHE = "comelte 
 
 Galateo. 
 
Greedy 
 feeding. 
 
 12  Galateo, of 
 
 comely and comendable, only one vnsemely 
 trycke alone excepted, vuhich you make vvith 
 your lippes and your mouth together, feeding 
 at your meate vuith a certaine straunge noyes, 
 vnpleasaunt to all men that heareit. This my 
 Lord willed me to tell you, and prayes you to 
 endeuour your selfe to leaue it, and vuithall to 
 accept in levve of a beter present, this louing ad- 
 monition and councell of his: for he 1s sure, 
 there 1s none in the vvorlde, would make you 
 the like present. The Count (that neuer 
 wyst of his fault till now) hearing himselfe 
 reproued, chaunged his countenance a lit- 
 tle, but (as a mf full of stomacke ynough) 
 taking hart at grasse, he said: Tell your 
 Lorde, that yf all the gifts that men vvont to 
 geue eche other, vvere such as his, men should 
 be muche more riche then they are. And for 
 his greate courtesie and liberalitie to mee, geue 
 him many thanks I pray you, and let him be 
 sure, I will not fayle from henceforthe to mend 
 my fault, and God be vuith you. 
 
 Now what shal we thinke this Bishop, 
 his modest and honest company about him 
 would say, if they sawe these whome wee 
 see other while, (like swyne w' their snouts 
 in the washe, all begroined) neuer lyft vp 
 their heads nor looke vp, and muche lesse 
 keepe their hands from the meate, and w' 
 
 both 
 
Manners and behautour. 13 
 
 both their cheeks blowne (as if they should 
 ~ sound a trumpet, or blowe the fyer) not eate 
 
 _ but rauon: whoe, besmearing their hids, Fyling the 
 
 almost up to their elbowes, so bedawbe ee 
 y° napkyns, that y°cloathes in the places of 
 easement, be other while cleaner. And to 
 mend these slouenly maners, be not asha- 
 med, many tymes with these filthy nap- 
 kyns, to wype awaye the sweat that trick- 
 
 leth and falleth downe their browes, their sweating 
 
 face and their necke (they be such greedy With feeding. 
 guts in their feeding) and otherwhile to, 
 (when it comes vppon them) spare not to 
 snot their sniueld nose vppon them. Tru- 
 ly these beastly behauiours and fashions, 
 deserue not alone, to be thrust out of this 
 noble bishops house, that was so pure and 
 cleane: but to be throughly banished all 
 places, where any honest men should com. 
 Let a man then take hede, hee doe not be- 
 grease his fyngers so deepe, y* he befyle the 
 napkins to much: for it is an yll sight to see 
 it: neither is it good maner, to rubbe your 
 eresie fingers vppo y° bread you must eate. 
 The seruaunts that bee appointed to 
 waite vppon the table, must not (in any 
 : é Precepts for 
 
 wise) scratche and rubbe their heades, nor seruaunts. 
 any parte els in the sight of their Lorde & 
 Master: nor thrust their hads in any those 
 Cuil. parts 
 
Breathing in 
 a mans face. 
 
 -& Galateo, of 
 
 partes of their body that he couered, no not 
 so muche as make any proffer: as some 
 careles fellowes doo, holding their hands 
 
 -in their bosome, or cast vnder the flappes of 
 
 their coates behind them. But they must 
 beare them abroade without any suspicion 
 and keepe them (in anycase) washt &cleane 
 without any spot of durt vppon them. And 
 they that cary the dyshes,or reache the cup, 
 must beware at that time, they doe notspit, 
 coughe or neese: for in such doings, Suspic10 
 1s as greate, and offendeth asmuche, as the very 
 deede wt selfe: and therefore, seruants must 
 forsee, they geue no cause to Maisters to 
 suspect: For that which might chaunce, a- 
 noyeth asmuche, as if it had chaunced in- 
 deede. 
 
 And if thou do roaste any fruite, or make 
 a toaste at the fyer, thou must not blowe 
 of the ashes, (if there be any) for it is an old 
 saying, that, vvinde vas neuer voithout wa- 
 ter. Buty" must lyghtly stryke it vppé the 
 plate, or after some suche sorte or other 
 beate of y°ashes. Thou shalt not offer thy 
 hadkerchiefe to any mi to vse it, albeit, it be 
 very cleane washed: for he to whome thou. 
 doest offer it, can not (perhaps) awaye w' 
 it, and may be to curious to take it. © 
 
 When a man talketh with one, it is no 
 
 good 
 
 SS oe = 
 
Manners and behauiour. 15 
 
 good maner tocome so neere, that he must 
 needes breathe in his face: for there be ma- 
 ny that can not abyde to feele the ayer of a- 
 nother mans breathe, albeit there come no 
 yll sauour from him. These and lyke fa- 
 shions, be very vnsemely, and would be 
 eschewed, because their senses, w' whome 
 we acquaint our selues, cannot brooke nor 
 beare them. 
 
 Now, let vs speake of clic things which 
 (without any hurt or anoyaiice to the sen- 
 ses) offende the minds of most men, before 
 whome they be doone. You shall vnder- 
 stand, that The appetites of men, (throughe a 
 naturall instinct and inclinatzo ) be verie strange 
 and diuers: Some be cholerike & hasty, & 
 may not be satisfied with out reuenge: o- 
 ther doe giue them selues cleane ouer, to 
 pamper the belly: this ma sets his delighte 
 in lust and sensualitie: that man is carried 
 away with his couetous desires: and ma- 
 ny suche appetites more there are, to 
 which mans mynde is too subiect: but 
 you shall not inany company, easily iudge 
 or discerne betweene them, where and 
 in what, they bee moste affected. For, 
 these matters doe not cdsist in the maners, 
 the fashions and speacheof men: but rest in 
 
 some other point. They seeketopurchasey' 
 ~ G.iait. which 
 
16 Galateo, of 
 
 which the benefit of mutuall conferrence 
 may yeald them, & that doe (as I weene) 
 good will, honour, comforte and pleasure, 
 or some other thing lyke vnto these: & ther- 
 fore we must neither say or doe the thing, 
 that may give any signe of litle louing or 
 esteming them, we hue withall. 
 
 So that, it is a rude fashion, (in my co- 
 ceipte) y‘som merrvse,to lye lolling a sleepe 
 in that place, where honest men be met to- 
 gether, of purpose to talke. For his so do- 
 ing, shewes that he doth not esteeme the 
 company, and little rekoneth of thé or their 
 talke. And more then that, he that slee- 
 peth (and specially lying at litle ease, as he 
 must) wonts (for the moste parte) to doe 
 some fowle thing, to beholde, or heare: and 
 many tymes they awake sweating and 
 driueling at the mouth. And in like ma- | 
 ner, to rise vp where other men doe sit and 
 talke, and to walke vp and downe the cha- 
 ber, it is no poynt of good maner. Also 
 there be some that so buskell them selues, 
 reache, streatch and yawne, writhing now 
 one syde, and then another, that a man 
 would weene, they had some feuer vppon 
 them: A manifest signe, that the compa- 
 ny they keepe, doth weary them. 
 
 Likewise doe they very yll, y'now & thé 
 
 pull 
 
Manners and Behautour. 17 
 
 pull out a letter out of theyr pocket, to 
 reade it: as if they had greate matters of 
 charge, and affaires of the common weale 
 committed vnto the. But they are much 
 more to bee blamed, that pull out theyr 
 knyues or their scisers, and doe nothing els 
 but pare their nayles, as if they made no 
 account at all of the company, and would 
 seeke some other solace to passe the time a- 
 waye. Theis fashions to, must be left, yt 
 some men vse, to sing betwene the teeth, or 
 playe the dromme with their fingers, or 
 shoofle their feete: For these demeanours 
 shewe that a body is carelesse of any man 
 ells. : 
 
 Besides, let not a manso sitthat he turne 
 his tayle to him that sitteth next to him: 
 nor lye ¢ottering with one legg so hygh a- 
 boue the other, that a man may see all bare 
 that his cloathes would couer. For such 
 parts be neuer playde, but amongst those 
 to whome a man needs vse no reueréce. 
 It is very true, that if a gentleman should 
 vse these fashions before his seruants, or in 
 the preséce of some friende of meaner con- 
 dition then him selfe : it would betoken no 
 pride, but a loue and familiaritie. 
 
 Let a man stand vppright of himselfe, 
 
 and not leane or loll vppon another mans 
 Dit. shoulder 
 
Apparell. 
 
 18 Galateo, of 
 
 shoulder: and when he talketh, let him not 
 pounche his fellow with his elbowe, (as 
 many be wont to doe) at euery worde they 
 speake, saying: Did not I say true Sirra. Mas- 
 ter.N.Itis Master.H. And still ey be iot- 
 
 ting with their elbowe. 
 
 iwanidercue euery man well appare- — 
 
 led, meete for his age and calling: for other- 
 wise, they seeme to haue men in contempt 
 
 that be better attyred then themselues. 
 And therefore the Citizens of Padua,were 
 woont to take it done of spighte vnto thé, 
 when any gentleman of Venice walked up 
 & downe their citie in his coate, as though 
 he thought him selfe in the countrey. And 
 a mans apparell, would not be made of 
 fine cloathe alone: but he must frame it, all 
 that he may, to the fashions that other men 
 weare, and suffer him selfe to bee lead bycé- 
 mon vse: although (perchaunce) it be, and 
 seeme to belesse commodious, lesse gallant, 
 
 and lesse faire in shewe, then his oulde. 
 And ifall men els, doe weare their heads 
 powled: it shalbe an yll sight for thee alone, 
 to weare a longe bushe of haire. And 
 where other men, make muche of their 
 beardes and weare them longe: thou 
 shalt not doe well to cut thine of, or shaue 
 it 
 
Manners and behautour.. 19 
 
 it. For that weare to be ouerthwarte in 
 euerything: which thou must (in any case) 
 beware of, except necessitie require it, as- 
 thou shalt heare hereafter. For this sin- 
 gularitie, beyond all other yll customes, 
 makes vs generally spyted ofall mé. Thou 
 must not then go against common cus- 
 tome in these things, but vse them measure- 
 ably: that thou maist not bee anodd mana 
 lone in a countrey: that shall weare a long 
 Gowne downe to the foote, where other 
 men weare them very shorte, litle beneath 
 the waste. For as it hapens to him, that 
 hath a very crabbed ylfauoured face, (I 
 meane suche, as is more harde and sower: 
 thé most mennes be, for nature doth mostly 
 shape them well in moste men) that men 
 will wonder and (with a kinde of admira- 
 tion) gape most vppon him: So fares 
 it with thé that attire themselues, not as 
 most men doe: but as they are egged by 
 their owne fantasticall heads, with lég 
 heare spred downe to their shoulders, 
 their beardes short and shauen, and weare 
 quaiues or greate cappes after y* Flaundres 
 fashion: that all men doe gaze vppon them, 
 as wodering at suche, whome they weene 
 haue taken vppon them, to conquer all 
 
 D.i. countries 
 
Table. 
 
 20 Galateo, of 
 
 countries wheresoeuer they come. Let 
 your apparell then, be very well made, and 
 
 fit for your body: for they that weare rich 
 and coastly garments, but so illfauouredly 
 shaped, thata man would weene the mea- 
 
 sure had byn taken by another: geue vs to 
 iudge one of these twaine, that eyther 
 
 they haue no regarde or consideration how 
 
 to please or displease: or els haue no skillto 
 
 iudge of measure or grace, or what doth 
 become them. 
 
 Such maner of people, te their rude 
 behauiours and fashions, make men with 
 
 whome they liue, suspect, they doe es- 
 
 teeme them but light. And that causeth 
 thé worse welcome whersoeuer they com 
 and yll beloued amongest men. 
 
 But there be some besides these, that de- 
 serue more then bare suspicion: their deeds 
 
 and their doings be so intollerable, that a 
 man cannot abide to liue amégest them by 
 any meanes. For they be euer a let, a 
 hurt and a trouble to all the companie, they 
 
 be neuer redie: euer a trimming: neuer 
 
 well dressed to their mindes. But when 
 
 men be readie to sit downe to the table,. 
 the meate at the boorde, and their handes: 
 
 washed: then they must write or make 
 
 water 
 
Manners and behautour. 21 
 
 ‘water, or haue their exercise to doe: saying, 
 It 1s too early: vue myght haue taryed a 
 vvhile: vvhat haste is this, this morning ? 
 And thus they disquiet all the company, as 
 men, caring for them selues alone & theyr 
 owne matters, without consideration in 
 the worlde of other men. Besides this, 
 they will in all things be preferred aboue 
 others : they must haue the best bed, and 
 best chamber: they must take vppon them 
 the highest place at the table, and be first 
 set and serued of all men. And they be so 
 deintie and nice, that nothing pleaseth 
 them, but what they them selues deuise: 
 ‘they make a sower face at any thing ells. 
 And they be so proude minded, that they 
 looke that men should waite vppon them 
 when they dyne, ryde, sporte, orsolace them 
 selues. 
 
 There be other so furious, testie & way- 
 warde, that nothing you doe can please 
 them: and what soeuer is said they aun- 
 swer in choler, and neuer leaue brauling wt 
 their seruants, and rayling at them, and 
 continually disturbe the company with 
 their vnquietnes: vsing such speeches: 
 Thou cauledst me vvell vp this morning. 
 Looke heere hovv cleane thou hast made these 
 
 D.i. pynsones 
 
Pryde. 
 
 Vbaldino 
 
 Bandinelli. 
 
 22 Gatlateo, of 
 
 pynsons. Thou beaste, thou diddest vvaite 
 voell vppon me to Churche. It vuere a good 
 deede to breake thy head. These be vnseme- 
 ly and very fowle fashions: suche as euery 
 honest man will hate to death. For, albeit 
 a mans minde were full fraught with all 
 humilitie, and would vse these maners, not 
 vppon pride or disdaine, but vppon a reche- 
 lesse care, not heeding his doings, or elles 
 by meanes of yll custome : yet notwithsta- 
 ding, because his outward doings, woulde 
 make men thinke him proude: it cannot be 
 chosen, but all men woulde hate him for it. 
 For, Pride is none other thinge, then to des- 
 pise and disdaine another. And as I haue 
 saide from the beginning: Eache man dest- 
 reth to bee vvell thought of, Albeit there bee 
 no valoure or goodnes in hym. 
 
 It is not long, synce there was in Rome 
 a worthy gentleman, of singular good witt 
 and profound learning, whose name was 
 Vbaldino Bandinelh. This gentleman was 
 woont to say, that as ofte as hee went or 
 came from the Courte, although the stretes 
 weare ever full .of gallant Courtiers, of ° 
 Prelates and Noble men, and likewise of 
 poore men, and people of meane and base 
 condition: yet he thought he neuer encoun- 
 
 tred any, that was eyther better or worse 
 then 
 
Manners and behauiour. 23 
 
 then himselfe. And without doubte hee 
 could meete with fewe, that might bee 
 compared in goodnes to him: respecting 
 his vertues, that did excel beyond measure. 
 But we must not alwayes in these things 
 -measure men by y° Elne: We must rather 
 waye them in the millers scoles, then in 
 the goldsmythes balaunce. And it isa 
 courtious parte, redily to receaue them in 
 to fauour: not bycause they bee woorthe it: 
 but.as men doe with coynes, bycause they 
 be currant. 
 
 To go further, wee must doe nothing in 
 their syght whome wee desire to please, 
 that may shewe wee couet, rather to rule 
 and to reigne, then to liue ina familiar 
 equalitie amongest them. For hautines 
 of harte and ambitious disposition, as it 
 kindleth an yll opinion: so it ministreth 
 muche cause of contempte, which in con- 
 ~ clusion will so woorke against thee, y' thou 
 shalt bee cleane cast out of honest compa- 
 ny. But our dooings must rather beare a 
 signe and shewe of reuerence, meekenes, & 
 respect to y® company, in which wee fellow: 
 ship ourselues. So that, what so euer is 
 doone in meete and conuenient time, may 
 hapely deserue no blame: but yet in res- 
 
 pect of the place and the persone, it 
 D..1iii. may 
 
 A lowly 
 minde. 
 
Boccaccio. 
 Gior. 6. nouel. 
 4. fo. 194. 
 
 Chiding at 
 the Table. 
 
 24 —Galateo, of 
 
 may be reproued well: althoughe for it self, 
 y° matter deserue no rebuke. As to brawle 
 and to raile at your seruaunts (which we 
 haue talked of before) but muche more to 
 beate them. Because these partes, are as- 
 muche as to reigne and to rule: which no 
 honest and ciuil gentlem4 wyll vse, in pre- 
 sence of them he doth respect with any re- 
 uerence or courtesie. Besydes this, the cé- 
 pany is muche offended with it, and their 
 meetinges are broken, and especially, if it 
 be done at the table, which is a place of so- 
 lace and myrthe, and not of brawle and 
 scolding. So that I must nedes cémend 
 Currado Gianfigliazzt for his ciuil behauiour 
 in y‘ he multiplied no words with Chichibio 
 to trouble his guests: albeit he deserued to 
 be sharply punished for it, when he would 
 sooner displease his master then Brunetta. 
 And yet if Currado had made lesse adoe a- 
 bout it then he did: it had byn more his 
 prayse. For then he should neuer haue ne- 
 ded, to call vppd God, to witnes his threat- 
 nings so muche as he did. 
 
 But to returne to our matter: it is not 
 good fora man to chide at the table for any 
 cause. And if thou be angrie, shew it not, 
 
 nor make no signe of thy greefe, for the rea-' 
 
 son | have tolde thee, and specially yfthou 
 haue 
 
Manners and behautour. 25 
 
 haue straungers with thee: because thou 
 haste called them to be merry, and this wil 
 make them sad. For, as the sharpe and 
 tarte things yt other men doe feede vppo in 
 thy sight, doe set thy teeth likewise on edge: 
 so to see other men vexedand out of quiet,it 
 maketh vs vnquiet too. I call them 
 FROMVVARD people, which will in all- 
 things be ouertwhart to other men: as the 
 very worde it selfe doth shewe. For, 
 
 Fromewarde, signifieth asmuche, as Shorne 
 
 against the wooll. Now, how fit a thinge 
 this frowardnes is, to wyn the good will 
 of men, and cause men to wyshe well vnto 
 them : that you your self may easily ludge, 
 in that it cosisteth in ouertwharting other 
 mens desiers: which qualitie neuer mayn- 
 teineth friendship, but maketh friends be- 
 come foes. And therfor let them that de- 
 sire to be well thought of and welcome a- 
 _ mongst men, endeuour thé selues to shunne 
 
 this fault: For it breedes no good lyking 
 nor loue, but hatred and hurt. I would 
 
 councell you rather to measure your plea-. 
 
 sures by other mens willes: where there 
 shal come no hurt norshame of it: and ther- 
 in alwayes to doe & to saye, more to please 
 other mens myndes and fansies, then your 
 owne. 
 
 ks Agayne 
 
 Fromewarde. 
 
 Frowardenes 
 
Clownishe 
 and Lumpishe 
 
 26 Galateo, of 
 
 Agayne, you must be neither clownishe 
 nor lumpishe: but pleasaunt and familiar. 
 For there should bee no oddes, betweene 
 the Mystell and the Pungitopo: but that the 
 one is wilde: the other growes in gardens. 
 And you must vnderstand, that he is plea- 
 saunt and courteous: whose manners bee 
 
 suche in his common behauiour, as practise 
 
 to keepe, and maintaine him friendeship 
 amongst them: where hee that is solleyne 
 and waywarde, makes him selfe a strati- 
 ger whersoeuer hee comes: a straunger, I 
 meane,asmuch as a forreigne or aliéborne: 
 where contrariwise, he that is familiar & 
 gentle, in what place so euer he comes: is 
 taken for a familiar and friend with all mé. 
 So that it shalbe necessarie for a man, to 
 vse him selfe to salute, to speake, and to an- 
 swer after a gentle sorte, and to behaue 
 him selfe w' all men so: as if hee were their 
 countryman borne,&of their olde acquaint- 
 tance. Which some can yll skill to doe, 
 that newer giue a man a good counte- 
 naunce: easily say, No, to all things: neuer 
 take in good worthe, the honour and cour- 
 tesie that men doe vnto them (like to the 
 people I spake of before, rude and barba- 
 rous) neuer take delight in any pleasaunt. 
 
 conceites or other pleasures: but euer re- 
 fuse 
 
Manners and behautour. 27 
 
 fuse it all, what soeuer is presented or offe- 
 redvntothem. Ifamansay: Siz, suchea 
 one willed me to commend him vnto you: 
 They aunswere straite: vvhat haue I too 
 doe vuith is greetings ? And if a man say: 
 Sir, suche a one your friend,asked me hovv you 
 did. They atiswer againe in choler: Let him 
 come feele my pulse. These carterlyke and 
 clownishe aunswers and maners, and the 
 men them selues that doe vse them : would 
 bee chased and hited away, out ofall good 
 and honest company. 
 
 It yll becomes a man when hee is in 
 company, to bee sad, musing, and full of 
 contemplation. And albeit, it may bee 
 suffered perchaunce in them that haue long 
 beaten their braines in these Mathematicall 
 studies : which are called (as I take it) the 
 Liverall Aries: yet without doubte it may 
 not be borne in other men. For, euen these 
 studious fellowes, at suche tyme, when 
 they be so fulof their Muses: shouldbemuch 
 wyser to get them selues alone. 
 
 Againe, to bee to nyce or to deyntie: it 
 may not be abiden, and specially in men. 
 For, to liue with suche kinde of people: 
 is rather a slauerie then pleasure. And sure 
 
 there bee som such,sosofte &tender: y‘toliue 
 Fs dh, and 
 
 Museing.’ 
 
 Nycenes and 
 Deyntines. 
 
28 Galateo, of 
 
 and deale with such people, it is as daun- 
 gerous: as to medle with the fynest and 
 bryttelest glasse that may be: So muche 
 they are affrayde of euery light touche. 
 And they wilbe as testy and frowarde, if 
 you doe not quickly and readily salute 
 them, visite them, worship them, and make 
 thé answer: as some other body would be, ~ 
 for the greatest iniurie y‘ can be donne vnto 
 them. And if you doe not giue them all 
 the due reuerence that may be: they will 
 presently take a thousand occasions to qua- 
 rell and fall out with you. Yf you chatice 
 to Master him, and leaue out his title of Ho- 
 nour or worship: he takes that in dougeon, ~ 
 and thinkes you doe mock him. And if 
 you set him beneath as good a’‘man as him 
 self at the table: that is against his honour. 
 If you doe not visite him at home at his 
 house : then you knowe not your dutie. 
 Theis maner of fashions and behauiours, 
 bring men to such scorne and disdayne of 
 their doings: that there is no man, almost, 
 can abyde to beholde them: for they loue 
 them selues to farre beyonde measure, and 
 busie them selves so muchin that, that they 
 fynde litle leysure to bethinke them selues 
 to loue any other: which (as I haue saide 
 from the beginning) men seeke to fynde in 
 
 the 
 
Manners and behauiour. 29 
 
 the conditions and maners of those with 
 whome they must liue: I meane, that they 
 should apply them selues to the fansies & 
 mindes of their friendes. But to liue wt 
 suche people, so hard to please: whose loue 
 and friendship once wonne, is as easily lost, 
 as a fyne scarfe is lightly caryed away 
 -with the winde: that is no lyfe but a ser- 
 uice: and, besydes that it yealdeth no plea- 
 sure, it geues a man greate disdayne and 
 horror. Let vs therefore leaue these softe 
 and wanton behauiours to women. 
 
 In speach a m& may fault many wayes. 
 And first in the matter it selfe that is in 
 talke, which may not be vayne or filthye. 
 For, they that doe heare it, wyll not abyde 
 it: as y° talk they take no pleasure to heare: 
 but rather scorne the speache and the spea- 
 ker both. Againe, a man must not moue 
 any question of matters that be to deepe & 
 to subtile: because it is hardly vnderstoode 
 of the moste. And a man must warely 
 foresee, that thematter bee suche, asnoneof 
 the company may blushe to heare it, or re- 
 ceaue any shame by the tale. Neyther 
 must he talke of any filthy matter, albeit a 
 manwould take a pleasure to heare it: for, it 
 yll becomes an honest gentleman, to seeke 
 
 to please, but in things that be honest. Nei- 
 Ha, ther 
 
 Talke and 
 Communica- 
 tion. 
 
 a 
 
Holie thinges 
 muste not bee 
 Teasted at. 
 Cicero. Mala 
 & impia est 
 Consuetudo, 
 contra deos 
 disputandi: 
 siue serio sit, 
 siue dissimu- 
 late. 
 
 Talke out of 
 time. 
 
 30 Galateo, of 
 
 Neither in sporte nor in earnest, musta 
 man speake any thing against God or 
 his Saintes, how witty or pleasaunt so e- 
 uer the matter be. Wherein, the company 
 that Giouan Boccaccio hathe brought to 
 speake in his Nouvelles and tales, hath faul- 
 ted so muche: that me thinkes euery good 
 body, may iustly blame them for it. And 
 you must thinke J¢7s not only a token of great 
 detestation & Impietie in a man, to talke in tes- 
 tinge wise of God: but hee 1s avoicked G sinfull — 
 man, that will abyde to heare it. But you 
 shall finde some suche good men, as will flie 
 asmuche as the plague, the companyofsuch 
 as talke so vnreuerently, and without res- 
 pect, of the incomprehensible Maiestie of 
 God. And vvee must not alone speake reli- 
 giously of him: but in all our talkes wee must 
 auoyde what vvee may, that our vvordes may 
 not vuitnes against our life and our vvorkes. _ 
 For mé doe hate their owne faultes other- 
 while, when they see them in another. 
 
 Likewise it is vnsauourie, to talke of 
 things out of tyme, not fitting the place 
 and company: although the matter it selfe, 
 and spoken in tyme, were otherwise both 
 sood and godly. We must not then reherse 
 Fryers sermones to young gentlewomen, 
 when they are disposed to sporte thé selues: 
 
 as 
 
Manners and Behauiour. 31 
 
 as y' good man did, that dwelles not farr 
 hence, nere toS. Brancatio. Andinfeastes & 
 at table, wee must beware wee doe not re- 
 hearse any sorowfull tales, nor put them in 
 minde of woundes, of sicknes, of deathes, 
 of Plagues, or of other dolefull matters. 
 But if another man chaunce to moue suche 
 matter: it shalbe good, after an honest and 
 gentell sorte, to exchaunge that talke, and 
 thrust in some other, y' may giue them more 
 delighte and pleasureto heareit. Albeit, not 
 * long since I heard it said to a worthy gen- 
 tleman our neighbour, that Men haue many 
 times more neede to weepe then to laugh. And 
 for that cause hee said, these dolefull tales, 
 which wee call Tragedies, were deuised at 
 first, that when they were plaid in the Theatres 
 (as at that time they were wot) they might draw 
 fourth teares out of their eyes, that had neede to 
 sped tht. And so they were by thew weeping, 
 healed of their infirmitie. But albeit it bee 
 good to doe so: yet it will il becdevs to driue 
 men into theyr dumpes: especially where 
 they bee mett to feaste and to solace them- 
 selues, & not to mourne. For if there be any 
 y'hath suche weeping disease: itwill bee an 
 easie matter to cure it, w' stronge Mustard 
 or a smoaky house. 5o that, in no wyse, 
 F.iui. I can 
 
Bocce. Gior. 4. 
 fol.183. In the 
 beginning. 
 
 Dreames. 
 
 32 Galateo, of 
 
 I can excuse our friend Philostrato, for his 
 worke that hee made full of dule and of 
 death, to suche a company as desired no- 
 thing more then myrthe. Wee must the 
 rather vse sylence, then discourse of suche 
 sorrowfull matters. 
 
 Andthey doeasmucheamissetoo,that ne- 
 uer haue other thing in their mouthe, then 
 their children, their wife, and their nourse. 
 My litle boy, made mee so laughe yesterday : 
 heare you : you neuer savve a svveeter babe in 
 your life: my wyfe ts such a one, Cecchina told 
 mee: of troth you vvould not beleeue vvhat a 
 vuit shee hath: There is none so idle a bo- 
 dy, that will eyther intend to answer, or 
 abyde to heare suche foolishe pryttle prat- 
 tle. For it yrcks a mans eares to harken 
 vnto it. 
 
 There be some againe, so curious in tel- 
 ling their dreames from point to point, v- 
 sing such wonder and admiration withall, 
 y' it makes a mans harte ake to heare them: 
 & specially because (for y° most parte) they 
 be such kinde of people: as it is but labour 
 lost to heare, eué the very best exployts they 
 doe, when they be most awake, and labour 
 most to shew theirbest. Wherforewe must 
 not trouble men with so base and absurde 
 
 matter as dreames bee: especially suche 
 foolishe 
 
Manners and behautiour. 33 
 
 foolyshe things, as most tymes men haue. 
 Albeit I haue heard say many times, that 
 wisemen in times past, haue leaft in their 
 bookes many sortes of dreames, conteining 
 matters of deepe knowledge and vndersti- 
 ding: it followeth not yet, that wee, the vn- 
 learned and common sorte of people, should 
 vse it in our familiar and common talke. 
 And sure of all the dreames that euer I 
 heard (albeit I hardly listen to any) in my 
 coceit, I neuer heard any, that was worth 
 the hearing but one alone, which the good 
 Master Flaminio Tomarozzo a gentleman of yy. Flaminio 
 Rome did see, a man not vnlearned and Tomarozzo. 
 grosse: but full of knowledge and singular 
 witte. And thus was his dreame, This 
 gentlema Master Flaminio Tomarozzo, thought 
 he was sitting mm a very riche A pothecartes 
 shop,aneere neighbourof his. And after hehad 
 byn there a while (what soeuer the occas was) 
 the people vvere up in a rore one a sodayne, and 
 fell to spotlyng of all that vvas in the shoppe. 
 One tooke on Electuarie, another a Confectio, 
 some one thing, some another, and presently 
 eate tt vppall : So thatwithina while, there was 
 neither virell glasse, ertherne pot, wodden boxe, 
 nor any pot els of drugges, that wasnot emptied 
 broken, or ouerthrowne. But amongest them 
 all, ther vvas one verye small glasse, full to the 
 Fi. | toppe 
 
34 Galateo, of 
 
 toppe of verie cleare vvater, vuhich many did 
 smell to, but no man vvould taste. He stoode 
 not there long, but there came in a tall man, an 
 aged and very graue man, to look vnto. This 
 Aged father beholding this unfortunate A po- 
 thecaries boxes and pottes, and finding some 
 emptyed, some ouerthrowne, and the better 
 parte broken : Atlength casting hiseye asyde, he 
 chaunced to see the smal glasseI spake of before, . 
 and setting the same to his mouthe, hee dranke 
 it vp so cleane: that he leaft not one droppe. And 
 this doone, he went from thence as the rest did 
 before. Master Flaminio vvas abashed and mar- 
 ueled muche at this matter. And therefore 
 turning to the Apothecarie he sayed vnto him : 
 Syr, whoe ts this that came laste? and why 
 did he drinke vp so sauourly, all the vvater in 
 that litle glasse, vvhich all the rest refused. To 
 vvhome the Apothecarie seemed to make this 
 aunsvver. My sonne, this is the Lord God. 
 And the vvater, that hee alone dranke, and all 
 the reast refused and vvould not taste as you savvu 
 vuas discretio : vuhich, you knovv vvell ynough 
 men voll not taste of, by any meanes. 
 
 Such kind of dreames, I hould well 
 aman may rehearse, and heare with much 
 pleasure and profit. Bycause they doe 
 more resemble, the Cogitations & thoughts 
 of an awakened minde: or better, I 
 
 should 
 
Manners and Behauiour. 35 
 
 shoulde say, the vertue sensitiue : then the 
 visions and syghts of a drowsie head. But 
 those other dreames, without shape, fashid 
 or sense: (which the moste parte of suche 
 men as we are, bee wont to haue) would be 
 forgotten cleane, and lost with our sleepe. 
 Howbeit, I doe not deny but the dreames 
 of good men and learned, be better and wi- 
 ser than theires of the wicked and more 
 vniearned sorte. ° 
 And albeit a man would weene; there 
 can bee nothing in the worlde more vaine 
 
 then Dreames: yet there is one thing more 
 
 light then they, and that are Lyes. For there 
 is yet some shadovve, and, as it vuere, a certaine 
 
 _ feeling of that vvhich aman hath seene in his 
 
 dreame. But there is neyther shadovve nor 
 bodye of atrueth in alye. And therfore we 
 should lesse busie mens eares, and their 
 mindes to harken to lyes, then to dreames, 
 because they bee otherwhile receiued for 
 truethes. But tyme, in the ende, disco- 
 uers suche pelfe: that lyers, not only doe 
 gayne no credite, but no man vouche- 
 safes to harken vnto them, in otherwise 
 (as the men that carry no substaunce in 
 their woordes) then if they had sayde no- 
 thing or blowne a litle wynde. And you 
 
 shal vnderstid,ther bemany y'‘vsetolye,not 
 Fit, minding 
 
 Lyes. 
 
 Men haue a 
 pleasure tolye 
 othervvhile. 
 
 “ 
 
Lesinges and 
 Countrefec- 
 tinges. 
 
 36 Galateo, of 
 
 minding any yll purpose in it, or to make 
 their owne peculiar proffit by it, to hurt o- 
 ther men or shame their neighbour: onely 
 they doe it, for a pleasure they take to tella 
 lye: as men that drinke not, all for thirst : 
 but for a pleasure they take, to taste of the 
 wine. Other some doe tell lyes, to make 
 a vaine glorious boasting of them selues: 
 vaunting and telling in a brauery, what 
 wonderfull exploits they haue doone, or 
 bearing men in hand, they be greate doc- 
 tours and learned men. 
 
 In Silence too, after a sorte, without 
 speache, a m& may tella lesynge: I meane 
 with his gestures and grace: as some you 
 shall see, that being of meane, orrather base 
 condition and calling, vse suche a solem- 
 nitie in all their doings, and marche so 
 stately, and speake with suche a preroga- 
 tiue, or rather discourse lyke Parleament 
 men, setteling them selues, as it were, ina 
 place of Judgement, proudly prying about 
 thé like Peacockes: that it is a very death 
 to behold them. 
 
 And some suche you shall fynde, that all- 
 though they bee combered with no more 
 wealthe then easily serues their turne: yet 
 
 will they neuer appeare vnles their neckes 
 
 be laden with chaines, their fingers full of 
 ringes 
 
Manners and behautour. 37 
 
 tings, their cappes beset with agletts, and 
 euery other parte bespangled, as though 
 they would defie y* King of Castiglio. Whose 
 behauiours be full of follies and vaine glo- 
 tie, which cometh of pryde, growing of va- 
 nitie it selfe. So that wee must eschew 
 these faults, as foule and vnseemely things. 
 ‘You shall vnderstand, in many Cities, and 
 those of the best, the lawes doe not suffer, 
 that riche men should go muche more gor- 
 geously attyred, then the poore. For poore 
 men thinke they haue a wrong: when mé 
 seeme, but in countenafice alone, as it were 
 Imperiously to reigne ouer them, So that 
 we must carefully beware we fall not in- 
 to these follies. 
 
 Neither must a man boaste of his No- 
 bilitie, his Honour or riches: muche lesse 
 vaunt of his witt, or gloriously reherse to 
 much of his deedes & valiaét Actes, or what 
 his Auncestors haue done, nor vppé euery 
 occasion, fall in rehersall of suche thinges, 
 as many men doe. Forin suche case, a ma 
 would weene, they seeke, either to contend 
 with the Company, (if they be, or will take 
 vppon them to bee, as good Gentlemen, & 
 of as muche wealthe and worthines, as 
 they bee:) or elles to ouercrowe them, (if 
 they liue in meaner condition and calling, 
 
 Pi. then 
 
 Glorious bo- 
 stinge and 
 braggeing. 
 
Exalting and 
 embasing. 
 
 Bocc Nouel. 5 
 Gior.6. fo. 291 
 
 38 Galateo, of 
 
 then they doe) And as it were to vpbraide 
 them, their poore and base condition of life. 
 A man must neither embase, nor exalte 
 
 him selfe to muche out of measure: but ra- © 
 
 ther bury in siléce some parte of his merits, 
 then arrogate to muche vnto him. Bycause 
 Goodnes it selfe, vvhen it excedeth muche, ts e- 
 uer enuyde of some. And you may be sure, 
 they that embase them selues thus beyond 
 measure, refusing that worship and honour 
 that is but duely their owne of very right: 
 shewe more pryde in this contempte, then 
 they that vsurpe those things, that are not 
 so due vntothem. So y'a man perchatice, 
 might saye, Giotto hath not deserued those 
 Comendatids y'some beleue,in y‘he refused | 
 to becalled Master: being not onlya master 
 but without doubt a singular and cunning 
 master in his art in those daies. But be 
 it blame, or praise y'‘ he deserued: it is most 
 sure, he that refuseth that which euery ma 
 els doth hunt for: sheweth therin, he repro- 
 ueth or contemneth the common opinion 
 
 ofmen. And, to contemne the honour & 
 
 renowne, which other mé gape for so much, 
 is but to glorie and magnifie him selfe a- 
 boue other. For asmuche as there is no 
 man (without he be mad) will refuse and 
 reiect things that be deare and of price: vn- 
 les 
 
 & 
 
Manners and behauiour. 39 
 
 les hee be suche, as hathe plenty and store 
 of those deare and deintye things. 
 Wee must not boast of those good things 
 that be in vs, nor set them to lyght: for in y® 
 one, wee doe upbraide men their faults: In 
 the other, wee scorne to muche their ver- 
 tues. But it behoueth euery man to speake 
 his owne praise, as litle as hee may. And 
 if occasion driue him vnto it: itshalbe good, 
 modestly to speake the truethe, as I haue 
 told you before. 
 And therefore, they that desire to doe n mé 
 a pleasure: must needes leaue one faulte, y' 
 is to common withall men: they must not 
 shewe them selues so afraide and fearefull 
 to speake their mindes, when a man dothe 
 -aske their aduise. For, itisadeadly paineto 
 here thé,& specialy if they be mé,iny°]udge 
 mét of y* world, of good vnderstanding and 
 wisedée. What a fetchig about is this, ere 
 they cdetoy*mater? Sz I beseche you pardon 
 mee, if I doe not say vvell. I vvill speake like a 
 gros maas Iam: & grosly according to my pore 
 skil. And Sir,I amsure youvvill but mocke me 
 for tt. But yet,to obey you: & they drawe their 
 words forth so lig, & put thé selues to suche 
 paine: y',whilethese ceremonies bea doig,y° 
 hardest questio y' is, might haue byn deter- 
 mined with fewer words and shorter time : 
 Fi. bycause 
 
Abiecte 
 Minde. 
 
 Ceremonies. 
 
 AO Galateo, of 
 
 bycause they cannot get out of these protes- 
 tations, when they bee in. 
 
 They bee also very tedious to men, and 
 their conuersation & maners are very trou- 
 blesome: whoe shewe too base and abiect a 
 minde in their doings. And where the che- 
 fest and highest place, is apparantly due 
 vnto them : they will euer creepe downe to 
 the lowest. And it is a spitefull buisynes 
 to thrust them vp :_ For they will straite 
 logge backe againe, like a resty Jade, 
 or a Nagge that startleth a side at his sha- 
 dowe. So that, there is muche a dooe w' 
 them, when wee meete at a doore. For 
 they will not (for all you can dooe) in any © 
 case enter before you, but so trauerse their 
 ground, go backe, and so fray and defend 
 with their armes and their handes: that 
 at euery thirde steppe, a man must be rea- 
 dy to wage battell with them: and thus 
 they breake of, all solace and pleasure, and 
 otherwhile, the buisynes they meete a- 
 boute. 
 
 And therfore, Ceremonies, which wee 
 name, as you heare, by a straunge terme, as © 
 lacking a worde of our owne, bycause our 
 elders, hauing no knowledge of those su- 
 perstitious fashions, coulde not well giue 
 them a proper name. Ceremonies, I saye, 
 
 in 
 
Manners and behautour. 41 
 
 (in my Judgement,) differ not much from 
 lyes & dreames, for their own very vainesse 
 it selfe. So that wee may couple and 
 ioyne thé together in this our treatise, sithe 
 occasion serues so fytt to speake of them 
 here. Asa good man hath often shewed 
 me: those solemnities that church men doe 
 vse at their Altars, and in their diuine ser- 
 uice bothe to God and his holy things, are 
 properly called Ceremonies: but after, men 
 did begyn, to reuerence eche other with cu- 
 rious entertaynements, more then were 
 conuenient, and would be called masters 
 and Lords, amégest them selues, yealding 
 _ bending, and bowing their bodyes, in toké 
 of reuerence.one to another, vncouering 
 their heads, vsing highe titles and Styles 
 of honour, and kyssing their hands as if 
 they were hollye things : some body, by like 
 considering all these things well, and fin- 
 ding these newe founde curious follyes 
 without any name: thought good to Chris- 
 ten and call them Ceremonies, but sure in 
 aiest as I take it: as to be mery and make 
 good cheare, we terme it in sport, a triiph: 
 _ which custome, no doubt, tooke not his be- 
 ing at vs, but elles where, as barbarous & 
 straunge : and not long since, from whence 
 I knowe not, transported into Italie: 
 
 | i. whose 
 
 Ya 
 
42 Galateo, of 
 
 whose deedes being wretched, and effects 
 base and vile, hath gotten encrease and ho- 
 nor, in vayne woords alone, and superflu- 
 ous titles. 
 
 Ceremonies then, if we cosider well their 
 intéts that vse them: are but vaine shewes 
 of honour and reuerence, towardes him to 
 whome they be doone: framed of semblance 
 and wordes touching their titles and cour- 
 tious offers. I say vaine: In that we ho- 
 nour mé to their face, whome we reuerence 
 not in deede, but otherwhile cdtemne. And 
 neuertheles, because we may not go agaist 
 custome, wee giue them these titles: The 
 most honorable Lord suche a one: the Noble 
 Lord suche a one. And so otherwhile wee ~ 
 offer them our humble seruice: whome wee 
 could better vnserue then serue, &cdmaund 
 then doe them any duety. 
 
 Thé not Lesznges alone, but also Treache- 
 vies and Treasons, shalbe called Ceremonies. 
 But because these wordes and these titles 
 aboue rehersed, haue lost their strégth: and 
 waste, (as a man may say of Ird) their té- 
 per, w'such continuall occupying of it as we 
 doe vse: we must not so precisely way them 
 as other wordes, nor so strictly construe the 
 meaning of them. And, that this is true, 
 
 that which allwayes happens to all men, 
 doth 
 
Manners and behauiour. 43 
 
 dothe shewe it playne inoughe. For if wee 
 meete with a man, we neuer sawe before : 
 with whome, vppon some occasion, it be- 
 houes vs to talke: without examining wel 
 his worthines, most commonly, that wee 
 may not offend in to litle, we giue him to 
 much, and call him Gentleman, and other- 
 while Szv, althoughe he be but some Souter 
 or Barbar, or other suche stuffe: and all by- 
 cause he is appareled neate, somewhat gen- 
 tleman lyke. | . 
 
 And as men in tymes past, were wont to 
 
 haue vnder the Priuilege of the Pope & Em- 
 perour, peculiar & distinct titles of honour, 
 which might not be vntouched, without 
 ‘doing wrong to the priuileged men: nora- 
 gaine attributed & geuen without a scorne, 
 to them that were no such priuileged per- 
 sones: So at this daie, wee must more 
 freely vse those titles, and the other signi- 
 fications of honour, like to those titles: by- 
 cause Custome the mightiest Lorde, hathe 
 largely therewith, priuileged men of our 
 time. 
 
 This vse and custome, then so fayre 
 and gallant without, is altogether vaine 
 within, and consisteth in semblance with- 
 out effect, & in wordes without meaning. 
 
 ) G.il. But 
 
 Titles by 
 Priuilege. 
 
Custom must 
 not bealtered. 
 
 The end why 
 ceremonies be 
 vsed. f 
 Ceremonies 
 for profit. 
 
 AA Galateo, of 
 
 But this notwithstanding, it is not lawful 
 for vs to chaunge it : but rather, bycause it 
 is not our fault, but the fault of our tyme, 
 wee are bounde to followe it: but yet wee 
 must discretely doe it. 
 
 So that wee are to noate, that Ceremo- 
 nies are vsed, eyther for a Profit, or for aVa- 
 nitie, or for a Duetie. And euery lye that is 
 told for a mans priuate profit: is a deceite, 
 a sinne, and a dishonest parte: for, in what 
 so euer it bee, A man can neuer honestly lye. 
 
 And this is a common fault with flatte- 
 rers, that counterfet them selues to be our 
 friendes, and apply them selues euer to our 
 desiers, what soeuer they be: not bycause 
 wee would haue it so, but to the ende wee 
 should doe them some pleasure, for it. And 
 this is not to please vs, but to deceiue vs. 
 And albeit this kind of fault be, peraduen- 
 ture, by reason of custome sufferable : yet 
 notwithstanding bycause of it selfe, it is 
 fowle and hurtefull, it yll becomes a gentle 
 man to doeit. For itis no honestie to seeke 
 a pleasure by the hurt of another. And if lyes 
 and false flatteries, may bee termed Ceve- 
 montes (as I haue sayde before:) so oft, as 
 we vse them for respect of our gain & profit: 
 so oft wee doe hazard our good name and 
 credite: so that this consideration alone, 
 
 might 
 
Manners and behautour. 45 
 
 myght moue vs well to leaue all Cerenvo- 
 nies, and vse them no more. 
 
 It resteth now that I speake of those y' 
 bee done of Dutie,and of those that be done 
 
 ofa Vainesse. As touching y° first, V Ve must 
 
 not leaue them vndone in any wise. For he 
 
 that faileth to doe them, dothe not onely dis- 
 
 please, but doth a wrong to him, to whome they 
 be due. And many times it chaunceth yt 
 
 -men come to daggers drawing, eué for this 
 
 occasion alone, that one man hath not done 
 the other, that worship and honour vppon 
 the way, that he ought. For to say a trueth 
 
 _ The power of custome is great & of much force, 
 
 (as I said) and would be taken for a lawe, in 
 these cases. And that is the cause we say: 
 You : to euery one, that is not a man of ve- 
 ry base calling, and insuche kindeof speach 
 wee yealde sucha one, no maner of courte- 
 sie of our owne. Butif wee say: Thou: to 
 suche a one, then wee disgrace him and of- 
 fer him outrage and wronge: and by suche 
 speach, seeme to make no better reconing of 
 him, then of a knaue and a clowne. 
 
 And although the tymes past, and other 
 countryes, haue vsed other maners: let vs 
 yet, keepe our selues to our owne: And let 
 not vs dispute the matter, which is the bet- 
 ter of twaine. For wee must obserue, not 
 
 G.ill. those 
 
 Dutifull cere- 
 monies. 
 
 Custome is a 
 lawe. 
 
 You. 
 
 Thou. 
 
A6 Galateo, of 
 
 those, that we Judge in our owne conceits 
 to be good: but suche, as be currant by cus- 
 tome, & vsed in our owne tyme: as lawes, 
 
 which we be bound to keepe, thoughe they 
 
 Bocc. Nouel. 6 
 Gior. 5. fo. 259 
 
 Peter the 
 King of Ara- 
 gon. 
 
 be not all of the best, tyll suche tyme,as the 
 magistrates, the Prince, or they that haue 
 power toaméd them, haue chaunged them 
 
 to better. 7 
 So that It behoues vs, hedefully to marke 
 the doings and speache, wherewith daily prac- 
 tise and custome, wonteth to receaue, salute, & 
 name in our owne country, all sortes and kinds 
 of people, and in all our familiar communicatio 
 with men, let vs vse the same. And notwith- 
 standing the Admerall (as peraduéture the 
 maner of his time was suche) in his talke 
 with Peter the King of Aragon, did many 
 times: Thou him: Let vs yet saye to our 
 King : Your maiestie: and your highnes: as- 
 well in speache as in writing. And if 
 they haue followed the vse. of their time: 
 then let not vs breake the fashions of ours. 
 And these doe I call Duetifull Ceremonies, 
 bycause they proceede not, as we would, or 
 of our owne free willes: but arelayde uppovs 
 by the Lawes: I meane, Common custome. 
 And in suche things, as carry no euill mea- 
 ning in them, but rather some face of courteste: 
 reason would and commaudeth, vve shoulde 
 rather 
 
Manners and Behautwour. 47 
 
 rather obserue common Custome, then dispute 
 and lay the lawe for them. 
 
 And albeit, to kisse in shewe of reuerence,of 
 very right appertayneth to the reliques of 
 
 Saints and there holy matters: yet if it bee © 
 the maner of your country, at parting, to ~ 
 
 say: Signort, Io v1 basciola mano. Or: Io son 
 vostro seruidore: Or els: vostro schiauo tn cate- 
 na: you must not disdaine it, more then 
 other. But, In farewelles and writings, you 
 must salute and take leaue, not as reason, butas 
 custome will haue you: and not as mz wont in 
 times past, or should doe: but as men vse at this 
 _day: foritisachorlishe maner tosay: VVhat 
 greate gentleman is he I pray you, that I must 
 master him: Or: ishe becom master parson,that 
 I must kisse his hands? for he that is wont to 
 be (Sird) and likewise (Szrreth) other: may 
 thinke you disdaine him, and vse some out- 
 rage vnto him, when you call him to his 
 face, by his bare name, and giue him no 
 addition. 
 
 And these termes of Seignory, seruice, & 
 duetye, and such other like vnto these, as I 
 haue sayde: haue lostagreate’parte of their 
 harshnes, and (as hearbes lig steepte in the 
 water) are sweetened, and made softe and 
 tender, by reason of muche speache inmens 
 mouthes, and coétinuall vse to speake them. 
 
 G.iili. So 
 
 I kisse your 
 hande: I am 
 your seruaut : 
 _your slaue in 
 chayne. 
 
Vanitie and 
 pryde. 
 
 Respect of | 
 countrey. 
 
 A8 Galateo, of 
 
 So that we must not abhorre thé, as some 
 rude and rusticall fellowes, full of foolishe 
 simplicitie, doe: that would fayne beginne 
 the letters we write to Kinges and Empe- 
 rours after this sort, vz. Yf thou and thy 
 children be in healthe it 1s well: I am also in 
 healthe : saying, that suche was the begin- 
 ning of the letters, the Latins did write to 
 the magistrates of Rome. If men should 
 liue bytheir measure,andgo backeto those 
 fashions and maners, our first fathers dyd 
 vse: the worlde thé by litle and litle, would 
 come so about, that we should feede vppon 
 
 - acornes againe. 
 
 And im these Duetifull Ceremonies, there 
 be also certain rules and precepts,we must 
 obserue: that wee may not bee touched w' 
 Vainesse and Pride. And first of all, wee 
 must consider the country where wee doe 
 liue. For all customes be not currant alyke in 
 all countreys. And peraduenture that 
 which they vse in Naples, which is a Citye 
 replenished with gentlemen, of good hou- 
 ses, and Lordes of*greate power, were not 
 so fitte for Florens and Luke: Which are in- 
 habited, for the most part, with Merchats 
 and plaine gentlemé, without any Prince, 
 Marques, or Barone amongest them. So 
 that the braue and Lordelike manners of 
 
 the 
 
Manners and behautour. 49 
 
 the gentlemé of Naples transported to Filo- 
 vence: should be but waste, and more then 
 needes : like a tall mans gowne cast ouer 
 a dwarfe: as also the manners of Florence 
 shoulde be to pinchinge and straite, for the 
 Noble natures and mindes of the gétlemé 
 _ of Naples. And although the gétlemé of Ve- 
 nice vse great embracings and entertaine- 
 mentes amongst themselues, and fawne 
 without measure the one on the other, by 
 reaso of their offices, degrees and fauours 
 they looke to finde when they meete and as- 
 semble ¢o choose their officers: yet for all 
 _ this, it is not conuenient, that the good 
 men of Rowigo, or the Citizens of Asolo, 
 should vse the lyke solénities, embraceings 
 and entertaineméts one to another, haue- 
 ing no such kinde of cause amongst them : 
 Albeit all that same countrie (if I bee not 
 deceiued) is falnea litle, into these kinde of 
 follies, as ouer carelesse and apt inough by 
 nature, or rather learning those maners of 
 Venice their Lady and Mistris: because 
 Euerie man gladly seeketh to tread the steps of 
 iis better: although there be no reasé for it. 
 Moreouer we must haue a regarde to 
 the time, to the age, and the condition of 
 him, to whom we vse these ceremonies, and 
 
 likewise respect our owne calling: and with | 
 
 £421. ' men 
 
 Time, age, 
 condicion & 
 calling must 
 be respected. 
 
In what case 
 Ceremonies 
 be cumber- 
 some. 
 
 59 tineSeatene ar 
 
 men of credite maintaine them: but wt men 
 of small account cut them of cleane, or at 
 least,abridge them as muche as wee may,& ” 
 rather giue them a becke thé a due garde: 
 Which the courtiers in Rome can very 
 well skill to doe. 
 
 But in some cases these Ceremonies be ve- 
 ry combersome to a mans busines, and ve- 
 ry tedious: as Couer your head, sayes the 
 Judge,y' is busied w' causes, and is scanted 
 of time to dispatche them. And this fellow 
 so full of these Ceremonies, after a number 
 of legges and shuflinge curtesis, aunswers 
 againe: Sir I amvery well thus. But sayes 
 the Judge agayne, Couer your head I say. 
 Yet this good fellow tourning twise or 
 thrise to & fro, making lowe conges downe 
 to the grounde wt muche reurence and hu- 
 militie, aunswers him, still: J beseache your 
 worship, let me doe my duette. ‘This busines 
 and troublelasteth solong,& so muchetime 
 is trifled: that the Judge might very nere 
 haue dispatchedall his busines within that 
 space. Then, although it be euery honest 
 mans parte, and the duety of euery mea- 
 ner body, to honour the Judges, and mé y' 
 be called to worship & honour: yet, where 
 time wyll not beare it : it is a very trouble- 
 some thing to vse it, and it must be eschew- 
 
 ed 
 
Manners and behauiour. 51 
 
 ed, or measured with reason. 
 
 _ Neyther be y° self same Ceremouies seme- 
 _ ly for young mé, respecting their Age: y‘ould 
 mé doe vse together. Nor yet can it becom 
 men of meaneand base condition, to vse the 
 very same, y‘ gétlemé & greate men may vse 
 one to another. And if wee marke it well, 
 we shall find,y'the greatest, y°best men,&mé 
 of most valour, doe not alwayes vse y® most 
 Ceremonies thé selues, nor yet louenor looke 
 ama should make many goodly curtsies 
 vnto them, as men tbat can ill spend their 
 thoughts one matters so vaine. _ 
 
 Neither must handy crafts men, nor mé 
 _ of base condition, busie thé seluestomuche, 
 in ouer solemne Ceremonies to greate men, 
 and Lordes: it isnotlookt for in suche. For 
 they disdaine them, more then allowe thé : 
 because it seemes thatin such,they seeke,& 
 looke, rather for obedienceand duetie, then 
 honour. And thereforeit is a foule faulte in 
 a seruait, to offer his master his seruice: for 
 he coiits it his shame, &hethinks the seruat 
 doth make a doubt,whether he is master or 
 no: as it were not in him to imploy him, 
 & cémaiid him too. These kinde of Ceremo- 
 mies would be vsed frankely. For, VVhat 
 aman dothe of duetie, is taken for a debte, 
 
 and hee finds him selfe litle beholding to 
 H.ii. him 
 
Vanitie. 
 
 52 Galateo, of 
 
 him that dothit. But he that dothe more 
 then he is bound to: it seemes he parteth 
 with somewhat, and that makes men to 
 loue him, and to commende him for a libe- 
 rallman. And I remember mee well, I 
 haue hearde it sayde, that a worthy Grecia 
 a greate versifier, was-euer wont to saye: 
 that He that could skill to entertaine men with 
 a small aduenture, made.a greate gayne. 
 
 You shall then vse youre Ceremonies, as 
 the tailer shapes his garments, rather to 
 large then to litle: but yet not so, that hee 
 cutteth one hose large inough to make a 
 cloke. And if thou doe vse in this point, 
 some litle gentle behauiour, to suche as be 
 meaner then thy selfe: thou shalt be coun- 
 ted lowly. And if thou doe asmuche to 
 thy betters: thou shalt bee sayde a Gétlema 
 well taught, and courtious. But hee that 
 dothe herin to muche, and is ouer lauishe, 
 shalbe blamed as vaine and light: and per- 
 haps worse thought of too: counted a busie 
 body, a fidging fellowe, and in wise mens 
 sight, a flatterer: which vice, our elders 
 haue called, (if I doe not forget me) dowble 
 diligence. And there is no faulte in the 
 worlde, more to bee abhorred, or yt worsse 
 beseemes a gentleman, then this. And this 
 is the thirde maner of Ceremonies, which 
 
 simple 
 
Manners and behauiour. 53 
 
 simply procedeth of our owne will, and not 
 of custome. 
 
 Let vs thé reméber, that Ceremonies, (as 
 I haue alwayes sayd) were not so necessa- 
 rie by nature, but a man might doe well 
 inough without them: As for example, our 
 cotitrie liued (it is not long since) in maner 
 cleane without any. But other mens di- 
 seases haue infected vs, with these infirmi- 
 ties and many mo. So that, custome and 
 vse obserued : the rest that is more, is but 
 waste: and such a sufferable leesing, as if 
 it be more in deede then is in vse, it is not 
 - only vnsufferable, but forbidden: and so 
 vppon the matter, a cold and vnsauourie 
 thing to noble mindes, that cannot brouse 
 vppon shrubbes and shewes. 
 
 And you shall vnderstand, that trusting 
 my owne skill but little, in wryting this 
 present treatise: I thought good to consult 
 with many, and to take the Judgement of 
 better learned men then my selfe. And 
 this in my reading I finde. There wasa 
 King, they call him Oedipus: being bani- 
 shed and driuen out of his countrie (vppon 
 what occasion I know not) he fled to King 
 Theseus at Athens, the better to saue him 
 selfe and his life, from his enemies, that 
 mainely pursued him. ‘This Oedipus now 
 
 Hii. comming 
 
 Oedipus. 
 
 Theseus. 
 
54 Galateo, of 
 
 comming before the presence of Theseus, by 
 good chaiice hearing his daughter speake, 
 (whome he knew by her voice, for he was 
 blind and could not beholde her with his 
 eyes) he was so presently striken with ioy, 
 that, not tarying to doe his allegeaiice and 
 duetieto the King,he did presétly embrace, 
 & make much of his daughter before him :. 
 his fatherly affection so led him, and rulde 
 him so. But in the end finding his fault, 
 and better aduising him selfe of his doings: 
 he would needs excuse it to Theseus,& hum- 
 bly prayd his grace to pardon his folly. The 
 good and wise King, cut of his talke, and 
 bad him leaue his excuses, and thus saide 
 vnto him: Comfort thy selfe Oedipus, and bee 
 not dismayd at that thou hast done. For I will 
 not haue my life honoured with other mens 
 woordes, but with my owne deedes. Which 
 sétéce a man should haue alwaies in mind. 
 And albeit men be well pleased, that mé 
 doe giue them worship & honour: yet when 
 they find them selues cuningly courted, 
 they be soone weary of it,and also disdaine 
 it. For these glauerings, or flatteries I 
 should say, toamend their knaueries & false- 
 hoodes, haue this fault withall: that these 
 glauering fellowes doe plainly showe, they 
 count him, whome they court in this sorte, 
 but. 
 
Manners and behautour. 55 
 
 but a vaine, and arrogant bodie, an asse 
 of grose capacitie, and to simple, y‘it should 
 be an easie matter to bayte him and take 
 him too. And these Vaine and Curious Cere- 
 montes, besides that they be superfluous : they 
 beare withalla shapeofflattery,so slenderly co 
 uered, that euery man doth opély see them, 
 and know them plaine: in suche sorte, that 
 they that doe them, to the end to make a 
 gaine, besides that ill that is in them, wher- 
 of I spake before: shewe them selues also, 
 gentlemen ill taught, without good maner 
 or any honest fashion. 
 
 But there is another sorte of Ceremont- 
 ous people, who make it an arte and mer- 
 chandise, and keepea booke and a reconing 
 of it. One these men (they say) they must 
 smile,on suchmen theymust laughe: and y° 
 better man shall sit in the chayr, and the o- 
 ther vppon a lowe stoole: which supersti- 
 tious Ceremonies, I beleue, were transpor- 
 ted out of Sfaine into Itale. But our 
 country, hath geuen them but colde en- 
 tertainement, and as yet they haue ta- 
 ken but slender roote here: for this pre- 
 cise difference of worship, and gentry, is 
 not liked of, with vs. And _ therefore 
 it is but ill maner, for a man to make 
 him selfe Judge, which is the better man. 
 
 H.iiii. But 
 
56 Galateo, of 
 
 But it is much worse for a man to make 
 a sale of his Ceremonies and entertainméts, 
 (after y® maner of harlots) as I haue seene 
 many gentlemen doe in the court, geuing 
 good wordes and faire countenaunces for 
 a rewarde and recompence, of the goods 
 and the tyme, their seruaunts haue spentin 
 their seruice. | 
 And sure they that take a pleasure to vse 
 ouer many Ceremonies, more then neede: 
 shewe they doe it vppon a lustines and bra- 
 uery, as men that haue nothing elles in thé 
 of any valour. 
 And bycause these follies are learned w 
 ease inough, and carry withall a litle fayre 
 glose in shewe: they bestowe all their whole 
 mindes none other waye. But graue 
 matters they can not abide to weelde, as 
 things to farre aboue their reache: and 
 coulde finde in their harts to dwell in these 
 toyes and tryfles, as men whose capacitie 
 conceiueth nought of Importaunce: like 
 tender mylkesops that can beare no brit: 
 or that, besidea glorious outside, haue not 
 mettall inough in thé to abide a flea byting. 
 And therfore, they could wishe it were so: 
 that these entertainments and acquaintice 
 with mé, should go no further then the first 
 sight. And of these there bee an infinite 
 number 
 
 t 
 
Manners and behauwur. 57 
 
 number. 
 
 And some againe be to full of words, 
 and abound to muche in curtious gestures 
 to couer and hyde the defe¢ts and faults of 
 their treacheries, and their vile & base na 
 tures: For they see,if they should beas baré 
 & rude in their woords, as they be in their 
 deeds & their doings, mé would in nocase 
 abidethem. And to sayea trueth,yowshall 
 finde y‘ one of these two causes, drawe most 
 men one, to vse these wast and needles Ce- 
 
 _remonies, and nothing els: which lightly | 
 
 most men cannot away withall, bycause 
 they be hindered by them, & their meanes, 
 to liue as they would, and lose their liber- 
 tie: whiche a ma dothe preferre above any 
 thing ells. 
 
 Wee must not speake yll of other mé,nor 
 of their doings: althoughe it plainely ap- 
 pere, that men do willingly /2d good eare 
 to heare it,as easily moued therto, by y° na- 
 ture of malice and enuy, that pynes at our 
 Neighbours prosperity and rising to 
 worship & honour: for at légth mé will es- 
 chewe the acquayntaiice of Slaiiderous 
 people, as much as they shunne the Oxe, y' 
 goreth with his horns, or strikes w*‘ his 
 feete: making their reconing, that what 
 they tell them of vs, asmuche they will tell 
 
 Rae os vs 
 
 "> 
 
 Slaundering. 
 
Quareling. 
 Wrangling. 
 Ouerthwar- 
 ting. 
 
 58 Galateo, of 
 
 vs, of them. 
 
 ‘And some ther be, that so quarel at eue- 
 ry word, question, and wrangle, that they 
 shew they haue litle skill'in other mens 
 natures: for, Euery man desireth the victory 
 
 ' should go one is syde: and hates tt asmuche 
 
 to be mastered in words, as to be vanquished in 
 any other acte that he dothe. So y‘ willfully to 
 ouerthvvart a man, it workethe no Loue and 
 good vuill: but rather displeasure, rancoure 
 and malice. And therfore, he that sekes 
 to be well thought of, and would be taken 
 for a pleasaunt and good Companion, 
 must not so redily vse these speaches: I 
 wasnotso: And,Nay: itis as I tell you. Iwil lay 
 a vuager vith you: But he must rather take 
 payns, to apply himself to other més mids 
 cécerning such things, as haue matter of 
 small importaunce: Bycause the victorye, 
 in such cases, is daungerous: for, the gay- 
 ninge the cause, in tryfling questions, 
 dooth often loose the Loue of a faithfull 
 friend. And men are so farre out of loue & 
 liking, of such hot fellowes: that they will 
 by no meanes growe acquaynted with 
 suche, least they be dryuen euery hower to 
 bralle, to chide, and to fighte with them 
 for it. And suche kinde of people doe 
 
 pur- 
 
Manners and behauiour. 59 
 
 purchase these names: Maister Vuiciguer- 
 va: Or, Sir Contraponi: Or, Sir Tuttesalle : 
 And sometime: 7 Dottor suttzle. 
 
 And if you chaunce otherwhile, to be in- 
 treated of the cépany to speake your mind: 
 I would haue you doe it after a gentle sort, 
 without shewing your selfe so greedie 
 to carry the bucklers away, as if you 
 would eate them vp for haste. But 
 you must Leaue to euery man his parte: 
 And bee it right or vvronge, consent to the 
 minds of the most, or the most wmportunate : 
 and so leaue the fielde vnto them: that 
 some other, and not your selfe, may beate 
 and sweat, and chace in the winning of 
 
 Conquerour. 
 Ouerthwarter 
 Know all. 
 The subtile 
 Doctour. 
 
 the cause. For these quarelous conten- — 
 
 tions, bee foule and ill fauoured fashions 
 for gentlemen to vse: and they get them 
 ill will and displeasure of all men for it: 
 and they bee vncomely for their owne 
 vnseemelines, which of it selfe offendeth 
 euery good honest minde, as it may chaiice 
 you shall heare hereafter. 
 
 - But the common fault of men is such, 
 and eche man is so infected with this 
 selfe loue and liking of him selfe: that he 
 hath no respect or care to please any man 
 
 ells. 7 
 I.il. And 
 
Counceling 
 and veprouing. 
 
 He that coun- 
 selleth hath 
 euer a good 
 conceite of 
 him selfe. 
 
 60 Galateo, of 
 
 And to shewe them selues fine headed, of 
 muche vnderstanding, and wise: they 
 counsell, reproue, dispute, and bralle, to 
 daggers drawing, and allowe nothing els 
 but that they say them selues. 
 
 To offer aduyse, vnrequested : what isit 
 els but to vaunt youre selfe wiser then he 
 is, whom you do counsell : nay rather it is 
 a playne checke to him, for his Ignoraunce 
 and folly. And therfore, you must not do 
 so, with all your acquaintance generally : 
 but only with you very friendes, or suche 
 who you are to gouerne & rule: or els, whé 
 a man hapely standes in daunger & perill, 
 how muche a stranger so euer he be. But 
 in our common Acquaintance and conuer- 
 sation, Let vs not busy our selues, and medle 
 to muche vvith other mens dongs. In which - 
 fault many doe fall: but most of all, the 
 men of least vnderstanding. For, Men of 
 grose capacities consider but litle: And they 
 take no longe time to debate with them 
 selues, as men that haue litle busines to 
 doe. ? 
 
 But how so euer it be, hee that of- 
 fereth and geueth his counsell : geues 
 vs to thinke, hee hathe this conceite of 
 him selfe: that all the witt is in him, 
 
 | and 
 
Manners and behautour. 61 
 
 and other poore men have none at all. 
 
 And sure there bee some, that stand so 
 muche in conceite of their wit: that they 
 will be in maner, at warres, with him, that 
 wil not follow the counsell they giue them. 
 And thusthey willsay. Very vvell: a poore 
 mans counsell vvill not be taken: suche a 
 one vuill doe as he list: suche a one giues no 
 heede to my vvordes. As though there were 
 not more Arrogancie in thee, that sekest to 
 bring a man to followe thy Counsell: then 
 there is in him, that followes his owne 
 aduise. 
 
 _ And they doe also make the like fault, y* 
 take vvppon them to reproue and corre¢t 
 mens faults, and to geue a definite sentéce 
 in all things, and lay the lawe to all men. 
 Suche a thing would not be done: You spake 
 suchwoordes: Doe not so: say not so: The wine 
 that you drinke is not good for you: it would 
 be red vuine. You should vse suche an Electua- 
 rie, and suche pilles: And they neuer leaue 
 to reproue and corre¢t. And let vs passe 
 that ouer, that otherwhile, they busy them 
 selues so much, to purge other més groiids: 
 that their owne is ouergrowen, and full of 
 thornesand nettles. For itisa meruailous 
 payne vnto them, to heare one that syde. 
 
 And as there be few or none, whose mids 
 [.iu. can 
 
 Reprouing 
 and correc- 
 ting of faults. 
 
Scornes and 
 Scoftes. 
 
 62  Galateo, of 
 
 can frame, to spend their lyfe with a Physi- 
 tion, a Confessour, and muche lessea Iudge 
 that hath iurisdiCtion and power to con- 
 trowle and correct all criminall faultes: 
 so is ther not one, that can take any plea- 
 sure to lyue, or make himself familiar with 
 suche Censors: sohard,andseuere. Foreue- 
 vy man loueth libertye: and they woulde 
 robbe vs of it, and get to be our masters. 
 So that it is no good mfner to be so redye 
 to corect and giue rules vnto mé : we must 
 geue Scholemasters and Fathers leaue to do 
 that. And yet that notwithstanding, 
 experience doth shewe, the childeren and 
 scholers both, do often hide them selues fré 
 them, you see. 
 
 I doe not allow, that a man should scorne 
 or scoffe at any man, what so euer he be: 
 no not his very enimy, what displeasure so 
 euer he beare him: for, zt 2s a greater signe of 
 contempt and disdaine, to scorne a man, then 
 to do him an opt.vorog : forasmuch as vvrongs 
 may be done, eyther of choler, or of som couet- 
 ous mynde or other. And ther is no ma 
 will take a displeasure with that, or for 
 that, he doth not set by: nor yet couet that 
 thing, he doth altogether contemne. 
 So that, a man doth make some accopt of 
 
 him 
 
Manners and behauiour. 63 
 
 him he dothe wronge: but of him that he 
 scoffes and scornes, he makes no reconing 
 at all, or as litle as may be. 
 
 And the Nature and effect of a scorne, ts 
 properly to take a contentation and pleasure to 
 do another man shame and villany : thoughe it 
 do our selues no good in the world. So 
 that, good maner & honesty, would vs be- 
 ware we scorne no man in any case: wher- 
 in they be much to be blamed, that reproue 
 men those blemishes they haue in their 
 person, eyther in woords, as Master Forese 
 da Rabattadid, laughing at the cotiitenaunce 
 of Master Gzotia : or in deeds, as many doe, 
 counterfeting those that stutter, haulte, or 
 be crookte shoulderd. And _ likewyse, 
 they that scoffe at any man, that is defor- 
 med, ill shapen, leane, litle, or a dwarfe, ar 
 much to be blamed for it : or, that makea 
 gybing and iesting at such follyes as an- 
 other man speaketh, or the woordes 
 that escape him by chaunce: and with all, 
 haue a sporte and a pleasure to make a ma 
 blush: all these spitefull behaviours and 
 fashions, worthely deserue to be hated,and 
 make them that vse them, vnworthy to 
 beare the name of an honest gentleman. 
 
 And such as vse to lest at a man, be ve- 
 ry lyke vnto these: I meane them that 
 
 ].1i11. haue 
 
 The Nature 
 of a scorne 
 or a scoffe. 
 
 Bocce. Nouel. 5. 
 Giot. 6. fo. 
 291. 
 
Mockes. 
 
 Difference be- 
 twen a scorne 
 and a mocke. 
 
 64 Galateo, of 
 
 haue a good sport to mocke and beguile mé, 
 notin spite or scorne, but ona merriment a- 
 lone. And you shall vnderstand, There 1s 
 no difference betvveene a scorne and amocke : 
 but the purpose alone and intent a man hath, 
 the meaning the one or the other. Fora man, 
 mockes and laughes otherwhile, in a sport 
 and a pastime: but his scorne is euerina 
 rage and disdaine. Althoughin common 
 speache and wryting, wee take the one 
 woorde sometyme for the other. But He | 
 that doth scorne a man: feeleth a contentation 
 im the shame he hath done him : And heethat 
 dothe mocke, or but laughe : taketh no con- - 
 tentation in that he hath done: buta sport 
 to be merry & passe the time away : where 
 it would be, both a greefe and a sorrow, per- 
 chaunce, vnto him, to see that man receaue 
 any shame, by any thing he said or did vnto 
 him. 
 
 And althoughe I profited litle, in my 
 Grammar in my youthe; yet I remember 
 that Mitio, who loued Aeschines so muche, 
 that he him selfe had wéder at it ; yet other 
 while, toke a sporte &a pleasure to mocke 
 him : as when he said to him selfe: I vvzll 
 go to giue him a mocke: so that, I must in- 
 ferre, that the selfe same thing, done to the 
 
 very selfe same body : according to the in- 
 tent 
 
Manners and behauiour. 65 
 
 tent of him that doth it, may be eythera 
 mocke or scorne. 
 
 And bycause our purpose, cannot be 
 plainely knowne vnto other men: it shall 
 not be good for vs to vse such parts, as 
 bring men in doubt and suspicion, what 
 our intent and meaning is in them: but 
 rather let vs eschewe them, then seeke to 
 be counted lesters. For, Jt many tumes 
 chaunceth, in boording and Testing, one tackes 
 im sporte, the other strykes againe in earnest: & 
 thus from playing, they come to fraying. 
 So, he that is familiarly mockte in pas- 
 time, recons it, otherwhile, to be done to 
 his shame & dishonour, and therat he takes 
 a disdaine. Besides this, A mocke 1s no bet- 
 fer, then a deceyte. And naturally, it gre- 
 ueth euery man to erre and be deceyued. 
 So that, many Reasons ther be to proue, 
 That He that seekes to purchase goodwill, 
 and be well thought of: must not make him 
 selfe to cunning in mockes and Testes. 
 
 _ Itis very true, we are not able, in no 
 wise, to leade this paineful lyfe, altogether 
 without some pleasure and solace: And by- 
 cause lestes do geue vs some sporte, and 
 make vs merry, and so cosequétly refreash 
 our spirits: we loue them that be plea- 
 saunt, merry conceited, and full of solace. 
 
 K.1. So 
 
Bocc. Nouel.8- 
 
 Gior. 9. fo. 430 
 
 No Iesting 
 
 in matters of 
 weight or of 
 shame. 
 
 66 Galateo, of 
 
 So that a body would thinke, I should ra- 
 ther persuade the contrarie: I meane, I 
 shoulde say : It 1s conuentent and meete in 
 
 company, to vse prety mockes, and otherwhile 
 
 some Testes and taunts. And without doubt, 
 they that can stint after a friendly and gé- 
 tle sort, be muche more made of, and bet- 
 ter beloued then they that cannot skill or 
 haue no wit to doe it. Howbeit, it is neede- 
 
 ful in this, to hauea respect to many thigs. 
 
 And forasmuche as itis the intét of him 
 that doth Test: to make a sport and pastime 
 at his faulte, whome he doth loue and es- 
 teeme, and of whom he doth make more thé 
 a comm) account: it must be well lookte to, 
 that the fault, wherin his friend hath fal- 
 len, be suche, as he may sustaine no slaun- 
 der or shame, or any harme by any talke or 
 Teste he makes vppon it: otherwise, his skil 
 doth ill serue him, tomake a good diffe- 
 rence betweene a pleasaunt lest, and a ve- 
 ry plaine wronge. 
 
 Andthere besomemen,soshort &sotesty, 
 that you must, in no wise, be merry, nor vse 
 any iesting with them. And that can Bion- 
 dello well tell, by Master Philippo Argent 
 in the gallery of Cauicciolt. 
 
 And moreouer, It cannot be good to ieaste 
 in matters of weite, and muche lesse in matters 
 of shame. For, men will weene that wee 
 haue a goode sporte (as the common saying 
 
Manners and behautour. 67 | 
 
 is) to bragge and boast in our euill: as itis Boce.Nouel.7 
 said, the Lady Philippe of Prato,tookasin- 294. 
 gular pleasure and contétation in the plea- 
 sait & prety aiiswer she made,to excuse her Lupo is the 
 loose and wanton life. And therefore, I 5fman as- 
 cannot thinke that Lupo of Vberti did any “%;25? 
 thing extenuat orlesséhisshame: butrather 
 increaste it greater, by the leste that hee 
 made to excuse his faulte, and qualifie the 
 Opinion of his cowardly minde. For, 
 where he might haue kept him selfe safe 
 ‘ without daunger in the castle of Laterin, 
 wherein he was besieged round about, and 
 shutte vp: hee thought hee had plaide 
 the man good inoughe, in that hee could 
 say at the yealding it up: that A wolfe 
 doth not loue to be besieged and shutte vp. For, 
 where itis out of time for to laughe, there to 
 use any Lestes or daliaunce, it hath avery colde 
 Grace. 
 And further,you shall vnderstad,there be 
 some lestes y' bite,& some y* bite not at all. 
 For the first sorte: let y' wise counsell that 
 t occ Nouel. 3 
 Lauretta gaue for that point,suffice to teach Gior.6. fo. 288 
 you: That estes must bite the hearer like a x3 on" 
 Sheepe, but not like a dogge. For tf it pinche, 
 as the byte of a dogge: tt shalbe no more 
 a Teste but a vvronge. And the lawes al- 
 most in all countries, will, that who saith 
 Kil. any 
 
68  Gatlateo, of 
 
 any villanie vnto a man, shalbe greuously 
 punished for it. And, perchaunce, it were 
 not amisse, to prouide with all, some sharp 
 correction for him, that should byte in way 
 of iesting, beyond all honest measure. But 
 gentlemen should make account, that the 
 lawe that punisheth wronges, extendeth as 
 farre to iestes, and that they shouldseldome 
 or very easily nyp or taunt any man. 
 
 And besides all this, you must vnderstad, 
 that a iest, whether it bite, or bite not, ifit 
 be not fine & full of wit, men take no plea- 
 sure at al to heare it, but rather are wearied 
 with it: or at least wise, if they doe laughe, 
 they laughe not at the iest, but at the iester. 
 him selfe, that brings it forthe so colde. 
 
 And bycause, Jestes be no other thing but 
 deceites: and deceite (as a thing that is fra- 
 med of subtilenes & craft) cannot be wrought 
 but of men, that haue fine and redy wittesy and 
 very present: therefore they haue no grace 
 in men that be rude, and of grose vndersta- 
 ding: nor yet in them alwayes, that haue 
 the best and floweing wittes: as, peradué- 
 ture, they did not altogether becée Master 
 John Boccaccio. 
 
 And taiites and Iestes be a special redi- 
 nes and aptnes of wit, and quicken the 
 
 motions of the minde: wherefore they that 
 haue 
 
Manners and Behauiour. 69 
 
 haue discretion, doe not in this point, consi- 
 der their will, but their disposition of na- 
 ture: and after they haue once or twise tried 
 
 their wittes, and finde them vnfit for suche © 
 
 purpose: they leaue to labour them selues 
 any further in that kind of exercise: that it 
 may not chaunce vnto them, that hapt to 
 the knight of the lady Horetta. And if you 
 looke in to the maners of many, you shall 
 easily see, this that I tell you is true: I 
 say, that To Jest or to taunt, 1s not currant 
 with euery man that will, but onely with them 
 that can. And there be many that for euery 
 purpose, haue in their mouth redy, many of 
 these wordes, which wee call Biéticcichi: 
 that haue no maner of sense or meaning in 
 them. And some, that vse very foolishly 
 and fondly to chaunge Sillables into woords. 
 And some you shall heare speake and make 
 answer, otherwise thé a man would light- 
 ly looke for, without any wit or pleasure in 
 the world in their talke. And if you doe 
 aske them, Doue e il signore? they answer a- 
 gaine. Doue eglihai piedi: and likewise Et 
 gli fece unguer le mani conte grascia di signore 
 Giouan Boccadoro. Doue mi manda egli? Ad 
 Arno. Io mi voglio radere, Sarebbe meglio ro- 
 
 deve. Vachiamail Barbieri. Et perrhenonil. 
 
 Barbadomani. Al which be to grose, to rude 
 K. iil. and 
 
 Bocce. Nouel. 
 2. Gior, 6. fo. 
 287. 
 
 Bycause these 
 speaches haue 
 no grace in 
 our English 
 touge, I leaue 
 them in the I- 
 talian. But 
 our toung 
 hath such ab- 
 surd iests as 
 plentifully as 
 any other 
 toung. 
 
Bocce. Nouel. 
 to. Gior. 5. fo. 
 
 281. 
 
 70 Galateo, of 
 
 and to stale: and such were almost, all the 
 pleasaunt purposes and iestes of Dioneo. 
 But I will not take vppon me at this 
 tyme, to discourse of the best and the worst 
 kinde of iestes,what they be: aswel for that 
 other men haue written treatises thereof 
 much more lernedly and better thé I can; 
 as also, bycause iestes and tauntes, haue at 
 first sight, a large and sure proofe of their 
 grace or disgrace : such, as thou canst not 
 do much amisse in this point, w‘out thou 
 stand to much in thy owne conceyte, and 
 think to well of thy selfe : for where the iest 
 is prety and pleasaunt, there a man straite 
 is merry, and shewes a liking by laughig, 
 and makes a kinde of admiration of it. So 
 that, where the company geues foorth no 
 liking of thy sportes and conceites, by their 
 mirthes and their laughing: hould thy 
 selfe still then, and iest no more. For itis 
 thy owne faulte thou must think, and not 
 theirs that do heare the : forasmuch as the 
 hearers, as it were allured, with the redye, 
 pleasaunt, and subtile aunswers or que- 
 stions (do what they can, will they or nill 
 
 they) cannot forbeare their laughing, but © 
 
 laughe in spyte of their teeth. From whom 
 as from our right & lawfull Iudges, wee 
 must not appeale to our selues. 
 
 Neither must a man, to make other men 
 merie, speake foule and filthie wordes, nor 
 
 % 
 
Manners and behautour. 71 
 
 make ilfauoured gestures, distorting his coi 
 tenaiice, & disfiguring his bodie: For no ma 
 should,for other més pleasures, dishonest & dis- 
 honour him’self. Itis an arte for a Iuggler & 
 iester to vse: it doth not becomea gentleman 
 todoso. Wemustnotthen,imitate y°cOmon 
 and rude behauiours of Dioneo. Madonna 
 Aldruda Alzate La coda. 
 
 Nor we must notcoiterfet ourseluesto be 
 fooles & vnsauorie doltes: but as time & oc- 
 casio serueth,tell sde pretietale or sde news, 
 neuer heard of before, he y'ca: &he y'‘canot,let 
 him holdhis peace. For, these be y* partes of 
 y° wit: which,if they be sodain & prety,giuea 
 proofe & a shew ofy® quicknesof y° wit,&the 
 goodnes of y® maners of him y‘ speakes thé: 
 which thing doth verie much please men & 
 makes thé our louers & friends. But if they 
 be otherwise, they woorke thé a cotrary ef- 
 fect. For,a ma would weene the asse would 
 play his parte: ory‘ sde hody dody & louberly 
 lout would friske and daice in his doublet. 
 There is another plesaite kind of cémuni- 
 catid, &y'is whé y* pleasure & grace doth not 
 césist in one merrie coceite alone, but in log 
 & cotinued talke: which would be well dis- 
 posed, well vttered, & very wel set forth, to 
 shewy°maners,y’ fashiés,y° gestures & beha- 
 uiours of thé we speke, of so properly & liue- 
 
 K. ii. ly, as 
 
 Bocce. Nouel. 
 to. Gior. 5. fo. 
 281. 
 
 It is the begin 
 ning of a sdg 
 
 Long talke & 
 discourse. 
 
Bocc. Nouel. 
 2. Gior. 6. fo. 
 
 287. 
 
 72. Galateo, of 
 
 asy® hearershouldthink that he heareth thé 
 not rehearsed,but seeth them with his eyes | 
 do those very thigs he heares them to speak 
 of : which be very well obserued by the gen- 
 tlemen and gentlewomen both, in Boccace: 
 although yet otherwhile (if I be not decei- 
 ued) they do affect andcounterfet, more thé 
 is sightly for a gentleman or gentlewoman 
 to doe, like to these Comedie Players. And 
 to doe this well, you must haue the matter, 
 the tale, or the story, you take vppon you to 
 tell, perfect in your minde: and woordes so 
 redy and fit, that you neede not say in the 
 end: That thing, and tother thing: This man, 
 what doe you call him: That matter, helpe me 
 to terme it: And, remember what his name ts. 
 For this is iust the trot of the knight of 
 the lady Horetta. And if you doe reherse 
 any chaunce, in which there be many spea- 
 kers: you must not say, He sad and he aun- 
 swerved: bycause this worde (He) serueth for 
 all men. So that the hearer that harkens 
 vnto it, is easily deceiued, and forgets whée 
 you meane. Then, zt behoues them that dis- 
 course matters at length, to vse propern names, & 
 not to chaunge them after. 
 
 And more ouer, a ma must beware that 
 he say, not those things, which vnsaide in 
 
 silence would make y° tale plesaiit inoughe 
 and 
 
Manners and behauiour. 73 
 
 and peraduenture, geue it a better grace to 
 leaue them out. As to say thus. Such 
 a one, that was the sonneofsuch a one, that dwelt 
 in Cocomer Streete: do you knowe him? he 
 maried the daughter of Gianfigliazzi, the leane 
 scragge, that went so much to Saynt Laraunce. 
 No? do not you know him? why? do you not re- 
 member the goodly strayght old man that 
 ware long hatre dovune to his shoulders? For 
 if it were nothing materiall to the tale, 
 whether this chaunce befell him, or him: 
 all thys long babble, and fond and folishe 
 questiés, were but a tale of a Tubbe: tono 
 purpose, more then to weary mens eares 
 that harken to it, and long to vnderstand 
 the end. As peraduenture our Dant 
 hath made this fault otherwhile, where he 
 sayeth : | 
 
 And bornemy parents were of yoarein Lubardie, 
 And eke of Matuaes soyle they both by coutry be. 
 
 For, it was to no purpose, whether his 
 ‘mother were borne at Gazuolo, or ells at 
 Cremona. 
 
 But I lerned once ofa stratiger,a Rethort- 
 cian very lerned, anecessarie lesson cocern- 
 ing this poinct: that Men must dispose and 
 order their tale, first vvith by names, and then 
 
 Lat. rehearse 
 
Bocc. Nouel 6 
 Gior. 1. fo. 41. 
 
 74 Galateo, of 
 
 rehearse them (as neede 1s) that be proper. For, 
 the bynames alwayes beare the respect of 
 the persones qualitie: but the other are to 
 be vsed at the Fathers discretion, or his 
 whome they concerne. 
 
 And therfore, that bodie whome in your 
 thought and imagination to your selfe, you 
 doe coceiue,might be Lady Couetousnes her 
 selfe: in speache you shall call Maister Er- 
 minio Grimaldi : if suche be the common o- 
 pinion, the countrie hathe of him. And, if 
 there be no man in place where you dwell, — 
 so notoriously knowne as might serue the 
 turne fit for your purpose: you must then 
 imagine the case further of, and set him a 
 name at your pleasure. It is very true, 
 that VVith muche greater pleasure we harken 
 and better beholde (as 1t were with our eyes) 
 what soeuer ts told vs of mé of our acquaintace, 
 uf the matter be suche as toucheth their maners:. 
 then vohat vve doe heare of straungers and men 
 unknovone vnto vs. And the reason is this: 
 when wee doe knowe, that suche a man is 
 woont to doe so: we doe easily beleeue, he 
 hathe doone so indeede: and wee take as- 
 muche knoweledge of him, as if wee were 
 present : where it chaunceth not so with vs, 
 in the case of a straunger. 
 
 Our 
 
Manners and behautour. 75 
 
 Our vvordes (be it in long discourses or 
 - other communication) Must be so plaine, that 
 all the companie may easily understand them: 
 and withall,for sounde and sense they must 
 be apt and sweete. For if you be to vse one 
 of these two wordes: you shall rather say, 
 Il ventre: then L’Epa. And where your 
 country speache will beare it, you shall ra- 
 ther say: La Pancia, then il Ventre: Or, il 
 Corpo. For, by these meanes you shalbe 
 vnderstoode,and not misse vnderstoode, as 
 we Florentines say, nor be. darkeand obscure 
 tothe hearers. The which thing our Poet, 
 meaning to eschewe: in this very woorde 
 it selfe (I beleue) sought to fide out another, 
 not thinking muche of his paynes (bycause 
 it lyked him wel) to seeke farre to borrow it 
 els where. And sayd: 
 
 Remember hovo the Lorde 
 a man vvas fayne to be, 
 
 For nvans offence and sinne in Cloy- 
 ster of virginitie. 
 
 Andalbeit Dantthe learned Poet,did/itle set 
 by suchekindeof rules: I doe not think yet, 
 
 a ma should allow well of him in doing so. 
 
 And sure, I would not coicell you to make 
 L.ii. him 
 
 Words would 
 be plaine. 
 
 The, Bellie. 
 The Lyuer. 
 The Paunche. 
 The Bellie. 
 The Bodie. 
 
Old woordes 
 out of vse. 
 
 Gergo is a ve- 
 ry doubtfull 
 manner of 
 speache, as it 
 were in Rid- 
 dles: and very 
 ambiguous. 
 
 Apt wordes 
 and proper. 
 
 76 - Galateo, of 
 
 him your Maister in this point, to learne A 
 Grace: forasmuche as he himselfe had none. 
 For, this I finde in a Chronicle of him. 
 
 This Dant, was somewhat proude for his knowledge, scorne- 
 full and disdainfull, and muche (as Philosophers be) without 
 any grace or courtesie: hauing no skill to behaue him selfe in 
 company. 
 
 But to come to our purpose agairie: I 
 say, our speache must be plaine : which will 
 be easie inough to doe: if you haue wit to 
 choose those wordes that be naturally bred 
 inoursoyle : and with all not so olde w‘ Age, 
 that they are become rotten and withered: 
 and as ouerworne apparell, leaft of and 
 cast aside. As,Spaldo,and Epa,and Vopo, 
 and Sezzaio,& Primaio. And moreouer, the 
 wordes you shall vse, must haue no double 
 vnderstanding, but simple. For by coupling 
 suche wordes together: wee frame that 
 speache that is called Aenigma. And to 
 
 speake it plainer in our owne language, we 
 
 call it Gergo. As in this verse: 
 
 Lo vidi vn che da sette passatot 
 Fu da vn canto all altro trapassato, 
 
 Againe, our wordes would be, (as nere 
 as they myght be) aptly and properly appli- 
 ed to that thing we go about to deliuer, & 
 
 as 
 
 es 
 
Manners and Behautour. 77 
 
 as litle as may be, common to other mat- 
 ters: for, in so doing, a man shall weene, 
 the matter it selfe is openly laide before 
 him: & that it is not expressed with wordes, 
 but pointed foorthe with the finger. And 
 therefore we may more properly say: A man 
 
 1s knowen by his countenaunce, then by his | 
 
 jigure or counterfet. And Dant did better 
 expresse the matter, when he saide, 
 
 The weightes 
 That perze the weight doemake the balacecreeke, 
 
 Then if he had saide 
 
 Crie out and make a noise. 
 
 And it is a more proper and peculiar 
 speache tosay, Theshiuering of an ague, then 
 to call it The Colde. And flesh that is Tidie, 
 to terme it rather, Fatte: then Fulsome. 
 
 Ther be some woordes more in this place to like effect, 
 which I meane not to stande vppon now: bycause our 
 Englishe touge canot hansomely deliuer their perfect mea- 
 ning. Lor the Italians haue (as we haue; and all other 
 Countrets elis as well as wee) certaine peculiar wordes 
 andtermes, so naturallyand properly thetrowne, as tt isnot 
 
 possible to expresse them aptly and perfectly in any other 
 Language. And therefore the Author him selfe 
 Searing, or knowing asmuche tn the sense of these wordes, 
 
 Aaklt which 
 
 Dant 23.Infer. 
 
Dant. 28. 
 Infer. 
 
 78 Galateo, of 
 
 which he hath inferred in this place (as it were preuenting 
 a blame) in maner excuseth and speaketh asmuch as I say, 
 as the matter it selfe that insueth doth shewe. For, the 
 Author him selfe following his purpose saithe thus. 
 
 I am vvell assured, if some straunger 
 should, vnhappely for my credite, hit vppon 
 this treatise of mine: he vvould laughe mee 
 to scorne, and say that I taught to speake in 
 riddles, or els in Ciphers. For as muche 
 as these vvordes, be almost so properly our 
 ovune, that other countries haue no ac- 
 guaintance vvith them: or, of they vvoulde 
 use them, yet they cannot tell hovv to vn- 
 derstand them. For, vvho is it that knovves 
 vvhat Dant mentin this verse. 
 
 Gia veggia per Mezzul perdere o Lulla. 
 
 Sure, I beleeue no man ells but vve that 
 are Florentines can vnderstandtt. Notvvith- 
 standing, for any thing that I haue saide, uf 
 there be any fault in this text of Dant: it is 
 not in the vvordes. But, f he haue faulted, 
 it 1s rather in this: that (as aman somevvhat 
 vuilfull) he vvould take vppon him, a matter 
 harde to be vttered in vvordes, and perad- 
 uenture unplesaunt to heare: then that he hath 
 exprest it ill. 
 
 It 
 
Manners and behauiour. 79 
 
 It is not then for a man to vse any talke, 
 with him that vnderstandeth not that lan- 
 guage you talke vnto him. Nor yet, by- 
 cause a Douche man vnderstandes not the 
 Italian tounge, must wee (for that cause) 
 breake of our talke, to holde talke with him, 
 to make our selues counterfets, as Maister 
 Brusaldo did, and as some other be woont, 
 that fondly and coldly, without any grace, 
 thrust them selues in to Chat in their lan- 
 guage with whome they talke, what so e- 
 uer it be, and chop it out euery worde pre- 
 posterously. And manytimes itchaunceth, 
 the Spamard talkes Italian with the Italian, 
 and the Italian babbles againe in a braue- 
 uery and gallantnes, the Sfanishe toung 
 with the Spaniard. And yet, it is an easier 
 thing to know, y*‘ they both talke like stran- 
 gers: then to forbeare to laugh at the folish 
 
 folliesthatscapethem bothin speache. Let . 
 
 vs not therfore vse our forreigne language, but 
 vvhen it is needefull for vs to be vnderstoode, 
 for some necessitie or other, that appertaineth vn 
 ‘to vs: And in common vse, vse our owne 
 tounge, thoughe not altogether so good: 
 rather then a forreigne language, better 
 then our owne that is naturall vnto vs. 
 For a Lumbarde shall speake his owne 
 
 L..1111. toung, 
 
 Talke in a 
 forreigne 
 Language. 
 
Woordes 
 
 that haue no 
 honest mea- 
 ning in them. 
 
 Rinculare, is 
 to drawe back 
 warde, arse- 
 longe. 
 
 80 Galateo, of 
 
 tounge more aptly (which i is, notwithstan- 
 ding, but base and hachemadte) then he shall 
 speake the Tuscane, or otherlanguage: euen 
 bycause he hath notsoredily, so proper and 
 peculiar wordes, althoughe he studie much 
 for them, as wee our selues that be Tus- 
 canes. 
 
 But yet, if a man haue a respect to them 
 with whome he talkes: and for that cause 
 forbeare & leaue out those singular wordes, 
 (which I haue spoké of) and in stede of thé 
 vse the generall and common: his talke, by 
 suche meanes,shall haue the lesse pleasure& 
 delight. 
 
 Besides this, it becometh euerie honest 
 gentleman, to eschewe those wordes that 
 haue no honest meaning. And, The goodnes 
 of wordes consisteth either in their sound, or 
 pronouncing : or, in their sense and meaning. 
 For as much as som wordes speake an ho- 
 nest matter, and yet, perchaunce, there isa 
 certaine vnhonest sense perceaued to stand 
 in the pronouncinge of the worde it selfe: 
 as Rinculare: which, notwithstanding, is 
 daily vsed of all men. But if a man or 
 woman should speake after this sorte, & at 
 that verie warning doe it in sight of any (I 
 meane shuffle backwarde vpon their taile) 
 
 then would the grosenesse of the worde 
 plainlie 
 
Manners and behauiour. 81 
 
 plainlie appeare vnto them. But our Pa- 
 late, throughe Custome and Use, happilie 
 tasteth y° wine (as it were) and the bestnes 
 ofthesense of the worde, andnoty* Dregges 
 or Leeze. 
 
 She gaue the Spanish figge 
 
 with both her thumbes at once. 
 Saith Dant. 
 
 But our women, would be much asha- 
 med to speake so: yea toshinethis ambigu- 
 ous woord,y'signifieth a worse matter,they 
 rather say Le casiagne. Albeit yet some of 
 them at vnwares, many times, name that 
 vnaduisedly, which if another man had 
 spoken to trie them,would hauemade them 
 blushe to heare that remembred in way of 
 blasphemie, which makes them women. 
 And therefore,suche asbe, or would be bet- 
 ter mannered or, taught, take good heede 
 they doe eschewe, not only things vncleane 
 andvnhonest,but woordes also: and not so- 
 muche those that be euill indeede,but those 
 that may be, or doe but seeme to be vnho- 
 nest, foule & filthie: as some men say these 
 are of Dant. 
 
 She blewe large blastes of winde 
 Both im my face and onder. 
 Or els these. 
 M.1. I pray 
 
 Dant. 25.infer 
 Fiche, is the 
 thrusting of 
 the thumbe 
 betvveene the 
 forefinger : 
 whiche eyther 
 for the vvorde 
 or the remem- 
 brance of som 
 thinge therby 
 signified, is 
 reputed a- 
 mongfte the 
 Italians asa 
 vvorde of 
 Shame. 
 
 Potta di me 
 
 Dant. 17. 
 Infer. 
 
82 Galateo, of 
 
 I pray thee tell mee vohere about 
 the hole doth stand. 
 And one of the Spirits said. 
 Then come behinde and vvhere the hole 
 1s, 1t may be scand. 
 
 And you must knowe, that albeit two, or 
 moe wordes, otherwhile chaunce to tell 
 one selfe thinge, yet the one is more cleanly 
 then the other. As for example, to say: 
 She lay-vvith him: and she satisfied his desire 
 vuith her person. For this selfsame speach, if 
 it were in other termes, would be to broad 
 before &tofilthie to heareit. And speaking 
 of Endymion, you may moreaptly say: [/Va- 
 go della Luna: then you can say Il Drudo,al- 
 thoughe both these wordes doe import and 
 signifie a louer, anda Friend. Andamuch 
 honester speache isit, if you talke of Aurora 
 to call,her. Tvitons prety gerleand louer,then 
 Concubine. And it better becomes a mas 
 and womans mouth, to call Harlots, vvo- 
 mé of the vvorlde (as Belcolore did, who was 
 more ashamed to speake it then to doe it) 
 then to vse their common name: Thais is 
 a Harlot. And as Boccace declared y* power 
 of whores and boyes. For, if he had ter- 
 med the males,by their beastly occupation, 
 as he termed the women: his talke would 
 haue byn foule & shamefull. And withall, 
 
 A 
 
Manners and behautour. 83 
 
 A man must not alone bevoare of vnhonest and 
 (filthie talke : but also of that vvhicheisbaseand * 
 vile,and especially vohere a man talketh & dis- 
 Seth of greate and high matters. And for 
 this Cause, perchaunce, woorthely some 
 blame our Beatrice, sayeing : 
 To passe throughe Lethes floud, 
 the highest Fates vvould blott, 
 Yf man mighte taste the Viandes suche, 
 as there dooe fall by Lott, 
 And not pay firste a due 
 vepentaunce for his scott. 
 
 For, in my conceite, these base wordes 
 that come out of the T auernes,bee verie vn- 
 comely for suche a worthy discourse. And 
 when a manhathe like occasion to speake of 
 y® Sunne, it shall not be good to call it. The 
 Candell or the Lampe of the world: bycause 
 ‘such woordes do put vs in minde of y°Oyle, 
 & the stuffe of the kitchyn. Neyther should 
 a man that is well aduised, say that Sainéte 
 Dominicke was Il Drudo della Theologia : 
 Nor yet talke, that the glorious Sainétes 
 hhaue spoken suche base and vile woordes : 
 as for example to say. 
 
 And leaue to scratche whereas 
 the scabs of sinne breake out, 
 
 For they sauour of y°dregges,& y° filth of 
 y° cém6 people,aseuery man may easilysee. 
 M.u. Againe 
 
 Base vvords 
 and Vile. 
 
 Dant. 30. 
 Purgato. 
 
 Drudo, signi- 
 fiethe a lasci- 
 uious louer. 
 
 Dant 22. 
 Infer. 
 
Gentle wordes 
 in Communi- 
 cation. 
 
 84 Galateo, of 
 
 Againe,in your long and large discourses, 
 you must haue y°like césideratiés &cares,& 
 some more: y°which you may more cémodi- 
 ously learne of your Maisters y' teache you 
 y' arte, that iscommonly called Rhetortke. 
 
 And amongest other things, You must 
 accustome your selfe, to vse suche gentle and 
 courtious speache to men, and so sweete, that it 
 may haue no maner of bitter taste. And you 
 shall rather say, [ cannot tell how to say wt: 
 Thé say : you are decetued: Or, it 1s not true : 
 Or, you know it not. For, itisa courteous 
 and friendly parte to excuse a mans faulte, 
 euen in that very thing, wherein you know 
 how to blame him. And withall, it doth 
 well,to make the proper and peculiar fault 
 of your friend, indifferent and common to 
 you both: and first,to take one piece to your 
 selfe, and then after, to blame and reproue 
 him forit. VVee were deceiued and failed 
 muche: we forgot our selues yesterday to doe 
 so. Although suche negligence & errour, 
 or what soeuer it be: be altogether his fault 
 and not yours. And festagnone forgat. 
 him selfe muche, when he saide to his com- 
 panions: If your wordes doe not lie. For, 
 A man should not bring another mannes faithe 
 and honestie in question and doubte. But, if 
 aman promise you any thing, and doe not. 
 performe it: it shall not doe well, for you to: 
 
Manners and behautour. 85 
 
 say vnto him. You haue lost your credite with 
 mee: without some necessarie cause doe 
 driue you to say so, as to saue your owne 
 credite and honestie. But, you shall ra- 
 ther say: You could not doit: Or, you did not 
 vemember to doe it: Thé, you have cleane for- 
 gotten mee. For, these kinde of speaches, 
 haue some prickles & stinges of Complaint, 
 Anger and Choler. So that, suche as vse 
 them selues to speake suche churlishe and 
 fumishe woordes, are taken for sharpe and 
 sower fellowes : & men doe asmuche shunne 
 their acquaintace : as to thrust them selues 
 vppon thornes and thistles. 
 And bycause I knowe som, of this naugh- 
 tie coditid & qualitie: 1 meane some y‘ be so 
 hastie and greedy to speake,y' they take not 
 the sense with them, but ouer passe it and 
 runne before it, as the grehound, that doth 
 not pinche by ouershooting his game: ther 
 fore I will not spare to tell you that, which 
 may be thought needeles to touche, asa 
 thing to well knowen: and that is, that 
 You shall neuer speake, before you haue first 
 considered & laide the plot in your minde what 
 it 1s you haue to sate. For in so doing, your 
 talke shalbe well deliuered and not borne before 
 the time. I trust, straungers will easily 
 beare with this worde: if at least they 
 M.111. vouchesafe 
 
 Parto & non 
 Isconciatura. 
 
86 Galateo, of 
 
 vouchesafe toread these trifles of mine. And 
 if you doe not skorne my preceptes: it shall 
 neuer chaunce you to say : vvelcome Maister 
 Agostino, to sucha one, whose name is Ag- 
 nolo, or Bernardo. Andyou shal neuer need 
 to say,Tell me your name: Nor say againe, 
 I saide not well: Nor, Lorde vvhat doe I call 
 him: Nor to hack and to stutter long toge- 
 ther,to finde out a worde,MaisterArrigo: no 
 Master Arabico: Tushe, what doe I call him 
 Ishould say, Maister A gabito. These fonde& 
 foolish behauiours & fashions, paine a man 
 as much to heare thé, as to be drawne and 
 
 haled with cordes. 
 Voyce and The voyce would be neither hoarse nor 
 ppenee shrill. And,vvhen you laugh and sporte in any 
 sorte: you must not crye out and criche like 
 the Pullye of a well: nor yet speake im your 
 yavoning. I knowe well it is not in vs, to _ 
 geue our selues a ready tongue or perfect 
 voyce at our owne will and pleasure. Hee 
 y' doth stutter, or is hoarse : let him not al- 
 wayes bable and gabbe, and keepe a courte. 
 alone : let him rather amend the defect of 
 his tounge with silence, and hearinge: and 
 withall (if hee can) with studie diminishe 
 the fault of Nature. Jt 1s an yll noyse to 
 heare a man rayse his voyce highe, lyke to a 
 common Cryer. And yet I would not 
 haue 
 
Manners and behautour. 87 
 
 -haue him speake so lowe and softly, that 
 he that harkens, shall not heare him. And 
 if he benot heardat y°first time he speaketh, 
 he must speake, the next time, somewhat 
 plainer: but yet, not yoape out aloude,that 
 he make not men thinke he 1s woode and 
 angry with them: for hee shall doe but 
 well, to rehearse that againe he hath spo- 
 ken, y' men may vnderstand what he said. 
 
 Your wordes would be disposed, euen 
 as the common vse of speache doth require 
 and not vnsorted, disordered and scattered 
 cofusedly : as many be woont to doe vppon 
 a brauery, whose maner of talke is more 
 like a Scriuener (me thinke) that readeth 
 in his mother tounge, the Indéture he hath 
 written before in latine: then a man that 
 reasoneth or talketh in his Naturall lan- 
 guage: as this for example. 
 
 They drawe by sent of false 
 and fained steps of truth. 
 
 Or if a man should preposterously place 
 his wordes thus. 
 Those tunes did blossomes geue 
 before their time of soothe. 
 
 Which maner of speache, may be other- 
 while allowed in versifiers: but is is vtter- 
 
 ly forbidden in common talke. 
 M.ilil. And 
 
 Manner of 
 Speache. 
 
88 Galateo, of 
 
 And,it behoues a ma, not onely to shtine 
 this versifying maner of speache, in his fa- 
 miliar and common discourse,or talke: but 
 likewise eschewe y* pompe, brauery, &affec- 
 tation, that may be suffered and allowed 
 to inriche an Oration, spoken ina publike 
 place. Otherwise, mé that doe heare it, will 
 but spyte it,andlaughe him to scorne for it. 
 
 Albeit perchaunce, a Sermon may shewe 
 a greater cunning and arte, then common 
 talke. But, Euerie thing must haue his tume 
 and place. For, he that walkes by the way 
 must not daunce, but goe. For,euery man 
 hath not the skill to daunce, and yet euery 
 ma ca skillto goe. But,Dauncing is meete for 
 Jeastes & weddings: 1t1s not to vse in the stretes. 
 You must then take good heedeyou speake 
 not with a maiestie. 
 
 It 1s thought by many Philosophers. 
 
 And suche is all Filocolo, and the other 
 treatises of Maister John Boccace, except 
 his greater woorke, and litle more per- 
 chaunce Corbaccio.° 
 
 I would not for al this, that you should 
 vse so base a speache,as y® scum,as it were, 
 and the froth of the meanestandvilest sorte 
 of people, Launderers & Hucksters: but suche 
 
 as 
 
Manners and behauiour. 89 
 
 as gentlemen should speake & talke, which 
 I haue partly told you before, in what sort 
 it may be done: that is,if you talke of mat- 
 ters that be neither vyle, vaine, fowle, nor 
 lothesome. And if you haue skill to choose 
 amongest the woords of your owne céutrie 
 speache, the purest and most proper, suche 
 as haue the best sounde, and best sense, 
 touching nor remembring, in no case, no 
 matter that is foule, vile and base: & if you 
 can place your woords in good order, and 
 not shoofle them together at randon, nor 
 yet, with ouer muche Curious studie, file 
 _ them (as it were) one your beades. More- 
 ouer, if you do dispose such things as you 
 haue to say with discretion. And take good 
 hede that you couple not vnfit & vnlikely 
 matters together : as for Example. 
 
 As sure as God is in Heauen : 
 So stands the staffe in the chimny corner. 
 
 And if you speake not so slowe, as if you 
 were vnlustie: norso hasty,as ifyou werehi 
 grie: but as a wise and a temperate man 
 should doe. Likewise, if you pronounce 
 youre woords and your sillables witha 
 certaie grace & sweetnes: not asa Schole- 
 maister y‘ teacheth yoig Childrz to read & to 
 
 Ni. spell, 
 
Talkatiue 
 Fellovves. 
 
 90  Galateo, of 
 
 spell. Neyther must you mumble them nor 
 supp them vp, as ifthey were glued & pas- 
 ted together one to another. If you 
 remember these and such other rules and 
 precepts: youre talke will be liked, andi 
 heard with pleasure enoughe: and you 
 shall well maintaine the state and counte- 
 naunce, that well besemeth a gentleman 
 well taught and honest. 
 
 Besids these, there be some, that neuer 
 hould their tounge. And as the shippe 
 that sayles, doth not presently stand still, 
 by taking downe the sayles : So doe 
 they runne forward, as caried away with 
 a certaine brayde: and loosing the matter 
 of their talke, yet leaue notto babble, butei- 
 ther repeate that againe that is said, or els 
 speake still they cannot tell what. . 
 
 And there be other so full of babble, that 
 they will not suffer another to speake. And 
 as wee doe see otherwhile, vppon the flow- 
 ers in the countrie where they thresh corne, 
 one Pullet pull the corne out of the others 
 beake: so doe they catche the tale outof his 
 mouth y* beganne it,and tell it them selues. 
 And sure, suche maner of people, induce 
 men to quarell and fight with them for it. 
 For,if you doe marke it wel: Nothing moues 
 
 aman 
 
Manners and Behautour. 91 
 
 ama sooner toanger: then when he is soudaine- 
 ly cut short of his will and his pleasure,be it of 
 neuer so little and small importaunce. As whé 
 you gape wide with yawning : another 
 should thrust his hand in your mouth: or 
 when you doe lift your arme redy to hurle 
 a stone: it is soudainly stayde by one that 
 stands behinde you. Euen then, as these 
 doings, and many moe like vnto these, 
 which tend to hinder the will and desire 
 of another (albeit but in way of sporte & 
 of play) are vnseemely, and would be es- 
 chewed: So in talke and communication 
 
 _ with men, wee should rather pull one, and 
 
 further their desiers, by what meanes 
 we can, then stop them and hinder them 
 in it. } 
 
 And therefore, [fany man be in a redines to 
 tell his tale: 1t 1s no good maner to interrupte 
 him : nor to say that you doe knowe tt vvell. 
 Or, if hee besprinckle his tale here and 
 there, with some prety lye: you must not 
 reproue him for it, neither in wordes nor 
 in gesture, as shaking your hed, or scow- 
 ling vppon him, as many be wont: 
 gloriously vaunting them selues, that 
 they can, by no meanes, abide the taste 
 of a Lye But, this is not the 
 
 N.u. reason 
 
gg Galateo, of 
 
 reason of this, it is the sharpenes and sow- 
 ernes of their owne rusticall & eager Na- 
 tures, which makes them so venemous & 
 bitter in all companies they come: that no 
 man cares for their acquaintance. 
 Likewise, [tis an ilfauoured condition to 
 stopanother mas tale in his mouth: and tt spites 
 him asmuche, as if ama should take him by the 
 sleeue & hould him backe, euen whe he ts redte 
 to runne his course. And when another man 
 is in a tale, itis no good maner for you, by 
 telling the company some newes, & draw- 
 ing their mindes to other matters, to make 
 them forsake him cleane, and leaue him a- 
 lone. For,it is an vncourtious parte for you 
 to leade and carry away the cdpany: which 
 the other (not you) hath brought together. 
 And, whé a mi tells his tale, you must 
 geue good eare vnto him: that you may not 
 say otherwhile, O what?: Or, how ?: which is 
 many a mans fashiontodoe. And this is 
 asmuch trouble and paine to him that spea- 
 keth : asto shoofle against y® stones, to him 
 that goeth. All these fashions, and ge- 
 nerally, that which may stoppe, and that 
 which may trauerse the course of another 
 mans talke, must be shunned. 
 And, if a man tell his tale slowe like a 
 drawelatche : you must not yet hasten him 
 forwarde, 
 
Manners and behautour. 92 
 
 forwarde, nor lende him woordes, although 
 you be quicker in speache then hee. For, 
 many doe take that ill, and specially suche, 
 as persuade themselues they haue a Ioly 
 grace in telling a tale. For, they doeima- 
 gine you thike not so well of thé,as they thé 
 selues doe: And that you would geue them 
 instructions in their owne Arte : as Mer- 
 chaunts that liue in greate wealth & plen- 
 tie, would count it a greate reproche vnto 
 them, that a man should proffer them mo- 
 ney, as if they liued in lacke, & were poore 
 and stoode in neede of releefe. And you 
 - must vnderstad, that, Euery man in his owne 
 conceite, thinkes he can tell his tale well: al- 
 thoughe for modestie sake he deny it. And I 
 cannot gesse how it cometh to passe, that 
 the veriest foole doth babble most : which ouer 
 muche prattle, I would not haue a gentle- 
 man to vse, and specially, if his skill be but 
 scant in the matter in talke : Not onely, 
 bycause it isa hard matter: but, He must ru 
 in many faults that talkes muche: but also,by- 
 cause a man weenes, that, He that talkes all 
 the talke tohim selfe, woulde (after asorte) pre- 
 ferrehim selfaboue them all that heare him,as a 
 Mayster would be aboue his scholers. And 
 therfore, It is no good maner fora man to take 
 uppo him a greater state, tht doth become him. 
 
 N.1il. And 
 
Silence. 
 
 Maeftro 
 
 94 | Galateo, of 
 
 And in this fault, not men alone, but many 
 countryes fall into, so cackling and prat- 
 ling: that, woe be their eares that geue thé 
 hearing. 
 
 But, as ouer muche babble makes a ma 
 weary : so doth ouer muche Sz/ence procure 
 as greate disliking. For, To vse silence in 
 place vohere other men talke to and fro: 1s in 
 maner ,asmuche a fault,as not to pay your share 
 and scot as other men doe. And as speache 
 is ameane to shewe men your minde, to 
 whome you speake : so, doth Silence againe 
 make mé wene, you seke to be vnknowne. 
 So y', as those people which vse to drinke 
 muche at feastes, and make them selues 
 drunke, are wont to thrust thé out of their 
 companie, that will not take their drinke 
 as they doe: So be these kinde of mute & 
 still fellowes, coldly welcome to pleasait 
 and merycompanie, that meete to passe the 
 time away in pleasure and talke. So that, 
 It is good maner for a man to speake, and like- 
 vuiseé to hold his peace, as it comes to his turne, 
 and occasion requires. 
 
 As an old Chronicle maketh mention. 
 There was in the parts of Morea, a very 
 good workma in y*stone: Who for y°sigular 
 good skill he had in his Art, was called (as 
 
 Chiarissimo. [ take it) Maestro Chiarissimo. This man 
 
 (now 
 
Manners and behautour. 95 
 
 (now well strooken in yeares) made a cer- 
 taine treatise, & therin gathered together al 
 y* precepts & rulesofhis arte: asthe many' 
 had very good skill to doe it : shewing in 
 what sorte the proportions and lineaments 
 of the body, should be duely measured, as 
 well eueryonea parte by it selfe, as oneres- 
 
 pecting another: y‘ they might iustly &due- 
 
 ly be answerable y° one to the other: which 
 treatise of his, he named fregolo. Meaning 
 to shewe, that according to that, all the I- 
 mages and pictures, that from thensforth 
 _ any workema should make, should be squa- 
 red & lined forth: asy* beames,and y° stones, 
 and the walles, are measured by y* rules & 
 precepts of that booke. But, for that it isa 
 muche easier matter to speake it, then to 
 worke it, or doe it: and besides that, The 
 greatest number of men, especially of vs that be 
 prophane and not learned haue our senses much 
 quicker then our understanding, and conse- 
 quently, better conceiue particular things and 
 Examples, then the generall propositions and 
 Syllogismes (which I might terme in plai- 
 ner speache, Reasons) for this cause this 
 worthy man I speake of, hauing regard 
 to the Nature of workemen : whose 
 capacities are vnfit and vnable to weeld 
 the weighte of generall Precepts and 
 
 N.iil. Rules 
 
 Regolo. 
 
96 Galateo, of 
 
 rules : and to declare more plainely, with 
 all his cunning andskill: hauing found out 
 for his purpose, a fine marble stone, with 
 muche labour and paine, he fashioned and 
 shaped an Image of it, as perfectly propor- 
 tioned in euery parte and member: as the 
 precepts and rules of his treatise had be- 
 fore deuised. And as he named the booke, 
 so did he name that Image, and called it by 
 name of FRegolo. ' 
 Now, (and it pleased god) I would I 
 could but one parte of those twoe points, 
 which that noble Ingrauer & worckeman I 
 speake of, had perfect skilland knowledge 
 to doe: I meane, that I could gather toge- 
 ther in this treatise, after a sorte, the due 
 measures of this Art I take vppon me to 
 treate of. For, to perfourme the other, to 
 make the second Regolo: I meane, to vse 
 and obserue in my maners, the measures I 
 speake of, framig and forming, as it were, 
 A Visible Example, and a materiall Image of 
 them : it were now, to muche for me to doe. 
 For asmuch as, It is not inough to haue know 
 ledgeand Art, inmatters concerning maners& 
 fashions of men: Butitis needefull withall, to 
 workethem toaperfeci effect, to practise and vse 
 them muche : which cannot be had vppon the 
 soudaine, nor learned by & by: but it 1s number 
 
 of 
 
Manners and behautour. 97 
 
 of yeares that must winneit: &y° beste parte 
 
 of mine be runne fourth alredy, you see. 
 But for all this, you must not make 
 y° lesse reconing of these precepts. For, A 
 man may well teache another the way: although 
 he haue gone out of the way himself. And 
 peraduenture, they that haue lost their wayes, 
 do better remember the hard wayes to fynd: 
 then they that neuer went a misse. And, if 
 in mine infancie, when minds be tender 
 and pliable, like a young twigge, they that 
 had y*charge & gouernemét of me, had had 
 the skill to smoothe my manners, (perhaps 
 of Nature somwhat hard and rude) and 
 would haue polished and wrought them 
 fine: peraduéture I should haue beene such 
 A one, as I trauaile to make thee Nowe, 
 whome I loue no lesse then if thou were 
 my sonne. For albeit, the power of Nature 
 be greate: yet 1s she many tymes Mastered and 
 corrected by custome: But,we must in tyme 
 begin to encounter and beate her downe, 
 before she get to muche strégth and hardi- 
 nes. But most men will not doe so: but 
 rather yealding to their appetite without 
 any striuing, following it where so euer it 
 leades thé, thinke they must submitte thé- 
 selues to Nature: As though Reason were 
 not a naturall thing in man. But, Reason 
 ite hath 
 
 Nature must 
 be maystered 
 by Reason. 
 
Reason dothe 
 chaunge olde 
 Customes & 
 helpeth Na- 
 ture. 
 
 98 Galateo, of 
 
 hath(as a Lady and Mistris )povver to chaunge 
 olde customes, and to helpe & hold vp Nature, 
 when she doth at any time decay and fall. But 
 very seldome we harken vnto her. And y‘ 
 for y° moste parte, maketh vs like vnto thé 
 whome god hath not endued w‘ Reason: I 
 mean brute beastes, in whome notwith- 
 standing, something yet worketh: not their 
 owne Reasons (for they haue none of them 
 selues) but ours: as in horses you see it: 
 which by nature would be euer wilde, but y' 
 their ryder makes them tame, and withal, 
 after a sorte, redy & very well paced. For 
 many of them would haue a hard trot, but 
 that the rider makes them haue an easier 
 pace. And some he doth teache to stand 
 still, to galopp, to treade the ringe, and passe 
 the carreere: And they learne to doe itall 
 well you see. Then, if the horse, the dog, y*® 
 hauke, & many other beastes besides,more . 
 wylde then these, be guided and ruled by 
 
 Reason, and learne that which their owne 
 Nature cannot attaine, but rather repug- 
 neth : and becomeafterasortecunning and 
 skilfull, so farre as their kinde doth beare it, 
 not by Nature, but by custome & use : how 
 
 -muche then may we thinke wee should ex- 
 
 cell them, by the precepts and rules of our 
 Reason, if wee tooke any heede vnto it. 
 
 But 
 
Manners and behautour. 99 
 
 But, The Stses desire & couet preset delightes, 
 what soeuer they be: and can abide no paines, 
 but puts them of. And by this meanes, they 
 also shake of Reason, and thinke her unpleasant, 
 forasmuche as she sets before them, not plea- 
 sure, many times, hurtfull: but goodnes and 
 vertue, euer paynfull, sower and vnsauoury in 
 taste. For, while we line according to the Sense, 
 wee are like to the selly sickma, to whomal cates 
 neuer so deinty & -sweete, seeme vntoothsome : 
 and he chideth still with his Cater and Cooke, 
 in whome there is no fault at all for it. For, itis 
 the Nature of his disease, and the Extrenutie 
 of his sicknes, and not the faultof his meate, that 
 he doth not sauourly taste what he eates. So Rea 
 son, which of it selfe 1s suveete and sauourte : 
 seemes bitter in taste unto vs, though it haue no 
 ill tasteondede. And therforeasnice&deitie 
 felowes, we refuse to make anytaste of her: 
 & couer our grosnes, w' saying that Nature 
 hath no spurres nor raines y'can pricke her 
 forth, or hold her backe. Where sure, if an 
 Oxe or an Asse, or a Hogge, could speake: I 
 beleeue, they could not lightly tell a more 
 fowle & shamefull tale thé this. V Ve should 
 be childré still all the time of our riper yeares,& 
 in our extreame age: and vvaxe as very fooles 
 vuith gray hoary heads,as vvhen vve voere very 
 babes: 1f ttvvere not that reaso,vvhichincreaseth 
 im vs voith our yeares, subdueth affections in vs 
 
 O.i1. and 
 
Custome & 
 Reason, tvvoe 
 brydles of 
 Nature. 
 
 Diodato. 
 
 100 Galateo, of 
 
 and growen to perfection, transformeth vs from 
 beastes in to men. So that it 1s well seene, shee 
 ruleth our senses and bridleth our willes. And 
 itis our owne Imperfection and not her 
 faulte, if we doe swarue fré vertue, good- 
 nes, and good order in life. 
 
 It is not then true, that there is not a 
 bridell and Master for Nature. Nay, she 
 is guided and ruled by twaine: Custome I 
 meane, and Reason. But, as I haue tould 
 you a litle before: Reason without Custome 
 and vse, cannot make an vneiuile bode, well 
 taught and courtious: Which custome and 
 vse, 1s as it were, bred and borne of tyme. 
 And therefore they shall doe well, to harké 
 betime vnto her, not only for that, by this 
 meanes, a man shall haue more time and 
 leasure to learne to be such as she teacheth, 
 and to become as it were a houshould ser- 
 uaunt of hers, and one of her traine: but al- 
 so bycause The tender age, as pure and cleane, 
 doth easily receaue all Impressios, and reteineth 
 more liuely, the colours vuherevoith she is dy- 
 ed: then vuhen a man comes to ryper yeares : 
 And also, bycause The things vuherein vvee 
 haue byn nourished and trained fro our youth, 
 doe ordinarily please vs, aboue all other things. 
 And for this cause, it is said that Dzodato, a 
 man that had a-singular good gift & grace 
 
 of 
 
 —s) 
 
Manners and behauiour. 101 
 
 of vtterance, would euermore bee the first | 
 that came fourth vppon the stage to shewe 
 his Comedie: allthoughe they were all but 
 coiterfets vnto him, whosoeuer they were 
 that should haue spoken before him. But 
 he would not his voice should occupie o- 
 ther mens eares, after they heard another 
 man speake. Although, in respect of his 
 doings, it were'a greate deale Inferiour 
 to his. Seing then, I cannot agree my 
 workes and my wordes together, for those 
 causes I haue shewed you before, as Maes- 
 _tro Chiarissumo did: whoe had as good a skil 
 to doe it, as he had knowledge to teache it : 
 let it suffice that I haue tould in some part 
 what must be done, bycaufe I am not by a- 
 ny meanes able to doe itindede. Hethath- 
 ueth in darkenes, may very voell Iudge vvhat 
 comfort it 1s to enioy the benefit of light. And 
 by an ouer long silence, vve knovve vohat plea- 
 sure ut is to speake: so when you beholde my 
 grose and rude maners: you shall better 
 ludge, what goodnes and vertue there is 
 in courtious behauiours and fashions. 
 
 _ To come againe then to this treatise, 
 which growes now to some end: wee say 
 that Those be good maners and fashios, which 
 bring a delight, or at least, offend not their sen- 
 ses, their mynds, and conceits, vvith vvhom vve 
 
 O.1i1. liue 
 
Bevvtie. 
 
 Deformitie. 
 
 e 
 
 102 Galateo, of 
 
 line. Andof these, wee haue hitherto spoken 
 inoughe. 
 
 But you must vnderstand with all this, 
 that, Men be very destrous of bevotifull things, 
 vvell proportioned and comely. And of coun- 
 terfet things fovule and ill shapen, they be as 
 squemish againe, on the other side. And this 
 is a speciall priuilege geuen to vs: that o- 
 ther creatures haue no capacitie, to skill 
 what bewtie or measure meaneth. And 
 therefore, as things not common w*' beastes 
 but proper to’our selues: we must embrace 
 them for them selues, and holdethem dere: 
 &yet those,much more, y‘drawenerest to y® 
 knowledge of man: as which are most apt 
 and inclined to vnderstand the perfection 
 which Nature hath lefte in men. 
 
 And albeit, it be a hard matter, to shewe 
 precisely, Bevvtie, what maner of thing it is: 
 yet y' you may haue sée marke, to know her 
 by: you must vnderstand, y‘ V Vhere toimtlyS 
 seuerally, euery parte & the whole hath his due 
 proportion and measure, there 1s Bevvtte. And 
 that thing may wstly be called fayer, in vvhich 
 the saide proportionand measure 1s found. And 
 by that I did once learne of a wise & a lear- 
 ned man: Bevvtiehe said, would consist but 
 of one, at the moste. And Deformitie con- 
 trarywise, measured her selfe, by Many. As 
 you may see by the faces of fayer & goodly 
 
Manners and behauiour. 103 — 
 
 women. For, the euen lineaments and 
 due proportions of euery of them: seeme 
 to haue byn created & framed by the iudge- 
 ment and sight of one face alone. Which 
 cannot be thought inthem that be foule & 
 deformed. For, when you beholde a woma, 
 that hath, peraduenture, bigge and bowle 
 eyes, a little nose, blubbe cheekes, a flat 
 mouth, an out chinne, & a browne skinne: 
 you thinke straite that that face is not one 
 womans alone: but is moulded of many 
 faces, and made of many peeces. And yet, 
 you shall finde amongest them, some such, 
 whose partes cosidered-alone by thé selues, 
 bevery perfect tosee to: but all.set together, 
 be foule and ill fauoured: not for any other 
 cause, but that they bey® lineaments of ma- 
 ny fayer women, and not of one: So that 
 a ma would weene, she had borrowed her 
 partes, of this and that woman. And it 
 may be, that Painter that had all the fayer 
 maides of Calabria, naked before him: had 
 none other intent therein, then to iudge & 
 discerne in many, y° partesy‘they haue, asit 
 were, borrowed heere one, & there another, 
 of one, alone : to whome restoring fré eache 
 y' was her right : imagining y* Venus bewty 
 should be such, and so proportioned: he set 
 him selfe to paint her. 
 
 And,you must not thik,y‘thisisto be seene 
 O. iil. in the 
 
104 — Galateo, of 
 
 the faces, the partes, and the bodies of wo- 
 men alone: but it happeneth more or lesse, 
 in speache, in gestures & doings. For, if you 
 should chaunce to see a Noble woman gor- 
 gius and gallant, washing of cloutes ina 
 Riuer by y* highe waye side: Althoughe if 
 this were not, you might hapely passe away 
 by her, w' little heede to her pers6 or state: yet 
 this would not brook you nor lke you, y‘her 
 seruile doings doe shewe her more thé one. 
 For her state should answer her honourable 
 condition and calling. But her woorke 
 is suche, as is meete for women of base and 
 seruile life: & although you shall feele, ney- 
 ther yll sauour nor sent come from her, nor 
 heare any noyse that should offend you, nor 
 any thing els to trouble your minde: yet . 
 the foule and filthy maner of doing it; and 
 the vnseemely act it selfe: will make you 
 muche to loathe it. You must then beware: 
 of these fowle and vncomely behauiours, 
 asmuche, nay, more then of those other, I 
 haue spoken all this while. For, itisa har- 
 der matter a greate deale, to knowe whéa 
 man faulteth in these, then when he faul- 
 tethinthem. Bycause, [tis easter much, vve 
 see, to feele then to vnderstande. But yet, it 
 may chaunce otherwhile, that euen that 
 which offendeth the senses, may also offend 
 
 the 
 
Manners and behautour. 105 
 
 the minde: thoughe not altogether af- 
 ter one sorte, as I haue told you be- 
 fore : Biawiie you that A man must ap- 
 
 parell him selfe, according to the fashions that 
 
 other men vse: that it may not be thought 
 he doth reproue and correct their doings: 
 The which thing offendeth most men that 
 seeke to be commended: And thewisest mé 
 that be, mishke it too. For, the garments 
 of the olde world, haue lost their date, for 
 men of this age sat; this season-to weare. 
 And it is suche an ill shapen sight, to see a 
 man clad with other mens cloathes: that 
 a man would weene there would be a fray 
 betwenethedoublet&y* hose: theircloathes 
 doe sit vppon them so vntowardly. 
 
 So that, many of those matters I haue 
 
 spoken of allredy, or peraduéture all, might 
 be aptly rehersed here again: forasmuch as 
 this measure I speake of here, is not obser- 
 ued in these thigs: northe time, nor y° place, 
 nor the worke, nor the worker, accorded & 
 fitted together, so well as it should be. For 
 mens minds and fansies doe like it, & take 
 a pleasure and delight in those things. But 
 I thought it good to apply & speake these 
 matters, rather vnder y* badge, as it were, 
 of the Senses and desires: then properly 
 assigne them to the minde: that a man may 
 
 age the 
 
 Apparelling 
 according to 
 the Time. 
 
A Grace, 
 vvhat it is. 
 
 106 Galateo, of 
 
 the more easily perceiue them: bycause It zs 
 anaturall thinge, for euerte man to feele and de- 
 sive: but euery man cannot so generally 
 vnderstand, and especially that, whiche 
 we call bewtie, gallantnes or entertaine- 
 ment. | 
 
 It is not inoughe for a man, to doe things that 
 be good: but hee must also hauea care, hee doe 
 them with a good grace. And a good grace 1s 
 nothing els, but suche a maner of light(as I may 
 call tt) as shineth in the apines of things set in 
 good order and wel disposed, one with another: 
 and perfectly knit and united together. V Vith- 
 out which proportion and measure, euen that 
 which is good ts not faire: & the fairenes it self, 
 1s not plesaunt. And as meates, though they 
 be good & sauourie will giue men no minde 
 to eate thé, if they haue no pleasaunt relish 
 and taste: So fares it with the maners of 
 men other while (althoughe in them selues 
 in no respect they be ill, but foolishe a lit- 
 tle, and fond) if a man doe not season them 
 with a certaine sweetenes, which you call 
 (as I take it) Grace, and Comlines. 
 
 So that, euery vice of it selfe, without 
 any further matter to helpe it (it cannot 
 be chosen) must needes offend a man. 
 For, Vices be things so foule and filthie: that 
 honest and modest mindes, will greeue to see 
 
 their 
 
Manners and behautour. 107 
 
 their shamefull effects. And therefore, it shall 
 behoue them that seeke to be well thought of, 
 with their familiar acquaintace,aboue all things 
 els to eschewe vices, and especially those, that 
 be foulest and worst: as Leachery, Couetous- 
 nes, Crueltre, and other. Of which, some be 
 beastly, as Drunkennes, and Gluttonie : some 
 uncleane, as Leacherie : other some horrible, as 
 
 Murther, and such other: all which for them. 
 
 selues, and for the very naughtines, that is pro- 
 perly in them al, all men eschewe more, or lesse: 
 But, as earst I said, generally al, as thigs 
 of greate disorder, make a man misliked 
 muche of all men. | 
 
 But, bycause I haue not taken vppon 
 me to shew vnto you, més sinnes, but their 
 Errors: it shalbe no parte of my charge at 
 ' this time to entreate of y° Nature of vices & 
 vertues: but onely of the seemely & vnseeme 
 ly fashions and maners wee vse une with 
 another. One of the which vnseemely 
 
 Counte Ri- 
 
 fashions was, that Cout Richard did vse : of charde. 
 
 which I tould you before. Which, as vn- 
 seemely and vnfitting with those other his 
 good and faire maners hee had besides: 
 that same worthie Bishop (as a skilfull 
 and cunning Mayster in musicke.will ea- 
 
 ee Par sily 
 
Beardes and 
 Heades cur- 
 led with 
 bodkins. 
 
 Sweetesmeles 
 
 Apparell ac- 
 cording to 
 the fashion & 
 calling. 
 
 108 Galateo, of 
 
 easily here a note out of Tune) had qnicity 
 founde out. 
 
 It shalbe then, necessarie for gentlemen and 
 men of good behauiour, to haue a regard to this 
 measure I speake of : in going, m standing, in 
 sitting ,in gesture,in porte, in apparell, im talke, 
 in silence, in rest and in atthion. For,a man 
 must not apparell him selfe ike a woman: 
 that the Attire may not be of one sorte, and 
 the person of another: as I doe see it in 
 some that weare their heads & their beards 
 curled with bodkins, and haue their face, 
 and their necks, & their hands, so starchte 
 and painted, that it were to muche for a 
 girle, nay, harlot, that makes a mercha- 
 dize of it, and sets her selfe to the sale. 
 
 You must smell, neither of sweete nor of 
 sower: for a gentleman would not sauour’ 
 nastily like a begger: nor yet should a man 
 carry a sauour and sent about him, like a 
 harlot or whoore. I doe not by this for- 
 bid, but you may very well vse some sweete 
 smelles of sweete waters. 
 
 Your apparell must be shaped according 
 to the fashion of the time, and your calling, 
 for the causes I haue shewed you before. 
 For, V Ve must not take vppon vs to alter cus- 
 tomes at our will. For time doth beget them, 
 and time doth also weare them out. 
 
 3 Euery 
 
Manners and behautour. 109 
 
 Euery ma may applie those fashids, that 
 be in common vse, y* moste to his owne ad- 
 uantage that he can. For, if perchaunce 
 your legges be very long, duel men vse but 
 short garments: you may vse a meane, not 
 to long, nor to short. And if your legges 
 be to small, to greate, or crooked: make 
 not your hosen of to light and garishe a co- 
 lour, that it may not call men to looke and 
 to gawre vppo your deformitie. Thou must 
 weare no garment that shall be to light, or 
 ouermuche daubde with garding: that mé 
 may not say, thou hast Ganymedes hosen, or 
 wearest Cupides doublet. But, whatsoe- 
 uer it be thou wearest, let it be fit and well 
 made for thy bodie: least thou seme to braue 
 it, in another mans cloathes. 
 
 But with all, thou must in any case res- 
 pect thy condition orestate. For, A man of 
 the Clergie, must not be attired like a Souldier: 
 nor a Souldier goe like a Player. When Cas- 
 truccio was in Rome with Lodouico Bauero 
 at a greate Pompe, and triumphe: who 
 was both Duke of Lucca, and Pistota, and 
 Count of Palazzo, and Senatour of Rome: 
 this Castruccio, being Lorde greate Mays- 
 ter of the saide Ludouico Bauero his house- 
 houlde: for his brauery, made him a coate 
 of crimsin, vppon the brest wherof, there 
 
 P.ili. was | 
 
Apparel acor- 
 ding to the 
 Countrey. 
 
 110 Galateo, of 
 
 was this deuise, in letters of Golde 
 It 1s euen as God will. 
 
 And vppon the backe behinde. 
 
 And it shalbe as God will. 
 
 I beleeue, you thinke this garment, 
 would haue become Castruccio his Trum- 
 peter better, then it could become him. 
 
 And although Kings be free fré checke, 
 and may doe what they list: Yet, I could 
 neuer commend King Manfrede, Whoe 
 euer-more vsed, to suite him selfe in greene. 
 Wee must then hauea care, that our appa- 
 rell be not onely wel made forthe bodie: but 
 that it be meete for our calling. And with- 
 all, it be suche, as the countrie doth vse, 
 where wee liue. For, As im diuers places be 
 diuers measures, and yet bying and selling eue- 
 ry vuhere vsed: So in sundry landes be sundrie 
 customes, and yet euery vvhere a man may be- 
 haue him, and apparell him selfe, soberly and 
 comely. 
 
 These same feathers, which the Neapoh- 
 tanes and Spaniardes be wont to weare, and 
 braueries and Embroderies: haue but ill 
 place amongest graue gowned men, & the 
 attires that Citizens doe weare. But their 
 Armour and weapons become suche place 
 
 a greate 
 
Manners and behautour. 111 
 
 a greate deale worse. So that, looke what 
 hapely might be allowed in Verona, would 
 not, perchaunce, be suffered in Venice. For 
 as muche as these gallants, all begarded, 
 and huffing in fethers, & warlike fellowes, 
 would not doe well, in this Noble Citie so 
 peacefull & Ciuil. Suche kinde of peo- 
 ple be rather, in maner, like nettles and 
 burres, amongest good and sweete garden 
 flowers, And therefore, they come out of 
 season to mé that medle with grauer mat- 
 ters then they doe. 
 
 I would not haue a gentleman to runne 
 in the streate, nor go to fast: for that is for 
 lackies, and not for gentlemen to doe. Be- 
 sides that, it makes a man weary, sweate, 
 and puffe : which be very vnsightly 
 things for suche men to doe. I would 
 not yet haue a man go so softe and de- 
 murely, as a maide or a wife. And when 
 a man walkes, it is no good sight to see a 
 man shake his bodie to muche, nor to hold 
 his hands bare and emptie: nor yet cast & 
 fling hisarmes up & downe, 1n such sort as 
 a man would weene, hee were soweing of 
 Corne in the field: nor Stare in a mans 
 face, as if he had spied a mares nest. 
 
 Running and 
 going in the 
 streat and 
 other such 
 gestures. 
 
 Ther be soe again, in their gate pul up their» 
 feteashighasahorsey‘hathy*spaué: y'ama: 
 would thik they did pluck their fete forth of,, 
 
 P. iii. a Bushell,, 
 
112 Galateo, of 
 
 , bushell. Other againe stampe their feete so 
 ,harde on the ground: that they make all- 
 ,moste asmuche noyseasacarte. Another 
 goes as if he were splay footed. And suche 
 a one quiuers with his legges, as he stads. 
 ,,90me other againe, at euery foote, stoope 
 ,,to stroke vp their hose as they goe. And sée 
 », set their handes to their sides, and iet vp & 
 »,downe like a Pecocke: which fashions doe 
 »muche offend men: not as well, but as ill 
 » beseeming amantovsethem. For, if your 
 horse, perchaunce, doe champe and play on 
 the bit, and gape or lll out his tounge, al- 
 beit this geue little proofe of his goodnes: 
 yet it commends him well to the sale: and 
 you shoulde finde a misse of it, if it were o- 
 therwise: not bycause y° horse should be ther 
 fore the worse: but bycause he should shew 
 the lesse courage and pleasure. Now, if it 
 stand so, that Comelines and Grace, be so 
 much made of in beasts, and also in things 
 without life or sense, as experience doth 
 shewe, that, Two things of equall goodnes & 
 comodities, beare not for all that, a like price, 
 if a man doe beholde a finer proportion & 
 bewtie, more in the one then he sees in the 
 other: How muche then more, should it 
 be estemed and commended in men, capa- 
 
 ble of Reason. 
 It 
 
Manners and behaurour. 113 
 
 1€46'a rude fashion for a man to Cla WE). sores ae 
 or scratche him selfe, when he sitteth at the,, Fashions, at 
 
 table. Anda man should at such time haue,, 
 a very greate care y'he spit not atall. But, 
 if neede inforce him, then let him doe it, af-, 
 
 ter an honest sorte. I haue heard tell, many 
 times, of suche countries that be so sober: 
 that they doe neuer spitt. And what should 
 then let vs, but we may well forbeare it for 
 suche alittle while. We must also beware 
 we doe not eate so greedily, that wee get 
 the hicket, or belche withall: as some that 
 feede so fast, that they noy the cdpany with 
 it: they blowe and puffe so loude. Like- 
 ' wise, you must not rubbe your teeth with 
 your napkyn, & much lesse with your fin- 
 gers. For these be trickes fora slouen. Net- 
 ther must you openly rynce your mouth w' 
 the wine, and then spit it fourthe. Neither 
 is it gentleman like, to carrya sticke in your 
 mouth from the table when you rise, like y° 
 birde that builds her a nest: or put it in 
 your eare, for that is a Barbars tricke. 
 And to weare a toothpicke, about your 
 necke: of all fashions that is y° worst. For, 
 besides that it is a bauld Jewell for a gen- 
 tleman to pull forth of his bosome, and put- 
 teth mé in mind of those Toothdrawers, that 
 sit one their benche in the stretes: it makes 
 
 Oui. 
 
 men - 
 
 the Table. 
 
 , Spytting. 
 
 ? 
 
 ~ 
 
 Greedie 
 Eating. 
 
 Scovvring 
 of the teethe. 
 
 VVashing 
 the mouthe. 
 
 Carrying a 
 Sticke, in the 
 Mouthe. 
 
 To vveare a 
 Toothepicke 
 about your 
 Necke. 
 
114 Galateo, of 
 
 _ y,men also to thinke, that the man loues his 
 » belly full well, and is prouided forit. And I 
 ,,see no reason, why they should not aswell 
 carry a spoone, about their neckes, as a 
 
 toothepicke. 
 
 cheating It is a rude fashion besides, to leane 
 
 at the table. ouer the table, or to fill your mouth so ful of 
 meate, that your cheekes be blowne vp w'- 
 all: neyther must you by anymaner of mea- 
 nes, giue another man to know what plea- 
 sure you take,in the meate orthewine. For 
 yt is for Tauerners and Bousers, to vse 
 
 suche fashions. And to entertaine men y‘ 
 sit at your table, with these wordes: You 
 eate nothing this morning. There ts nothing 
 that likes you. Or, tast you of this or of that: I 
 doe not allowe of these fashions, although 
 they be commonly receiued and vsed of all 
 men. For, albeit by these meanes, they 
 shewe they make much of those they haue 
 inuited vnto them: yet, many tymes, they 
 make mé to leaue to eate wher they would. 
 ,,For, it geues them to thinke, they haue 
 , their eyes, allwayes vppon them, and that 
 , makes them ashamed to feede. 
 
 Carueing Againe, I doe not like it, that a man shall 
 take vppo him to be a caruer of any meate 
 that stands before him: if he be not muche 
 the better ma, that isthe caruer: that he to 
 whome he carues, may thinke he receiueth - 
 some credite & honour by it. For, A mongest 
 men that be of like coditio and calling tt makes 
 
Manners and behautour. 115 
 
 ahart burning : that he that playes the caruer, 
 should take more vppo him then another. And 
 otherwhile, y' which hee carueth, doth not 
 like him to whom it is geuen. And more thé 
 this, by this meanes he sheweth, that the 
 feaste is not sufficiétly furnished, or at least 
 not well disposed in order, when some haue 
 muche, & other none at all. And y* Mayster 
 of the house, maychauncetotakedisplesure 
 at that, as if it were done to doe him shame. 
 Neuerthelesse inthese matters,a man must 
 demeasne him self,as common vse and cus- 
 tome will allowe,and not as Reason & due- 
 tie would haue it. And I would wishea ma 
 rather to erre in these poits with many, thé 
 to be singular in doing well. But whatsoe- 
 uer good maner there be in this case, thou 
 must not refuse it, whatsoeuer is carued 
 vnto thee. Foritmay be thought thou doest 
 disdaine it, or grunt at thy caruer. 
 
 Now, to drink all out fo euery ma: which is 
 a fashi6 as litle in vse amogst vs, asy° terme 
 it selfe is barbarous & straiige: I meane,Ick 
 bring you, is sure a foule thing of it selfe, & 
 in our countrie so coldlyaccepted yet: y'we 
 must not go about to bring it in for a fashio. 
 If a man doe quaffe or carrouse unto you, you 
 may honestly say nay to pledge him, & geueimg 
 lim thankes, confesse your weakenesse, that 
 you are not able to beare it: or else, to 
 
 O.11 doe 
 
 Drincking & 
 Carrovvsing. 
 
Drincking, 
 
 muche vsed 
 in Grecia: 
 
 and by So- 
 crates. 
 
 Socrates. 
 
 Aristophanes. 
 
 116 Galateo, of — 
 
 doe him a pleasure, you may for curtesie taste tt: 
 and thz set downe the cup to them that will,and 
 charge your selfe no further. And although 
 this, Ick bring you,as 1 haue heard many 
 learned men say, hath beene an auncient 
 custome in Greece, andthat the Grecians doe 
 muche commend a goodman of that time, 
 Socrates, by name, for that hee sat out one 
 whole night long, drinking a vie with ano- 
 ther good man, Aristophanes: andyety* next 
 morning in the breake of.the daye, without 
 any rest vppon his drinking, made suche a 
 cunning Geometricall Instrument, that there 
 was no maner of faulte to be found in the 
 same: And albeit they say besides this, that 
 Euen as tt makes a man bould and hardy, to 
 ihrust him selfe venterously otherwhile, in to 
 daungerous perils of life: so likewise 1t brings 
 a man in to good temper and fashion, to enure 
 him selfe otherwhile, with the daugers of things 
 not euer chauncing: And bycause the drin- 
 king of wine after this sorte, in a vie, in such 
 excesse and waste, 1s a shrewde assault to 
 trie the strength of him that quaffes so lus- 
 tily: these Grecians, would haue vs to vse 
 it for a certaine proofe of our strength and 
 constancie: and to enure vs the better, to 
 resist and master all maner of strong temp- 
 tations. 
 
 All 
 
Manners and behautour. 117 
 
 All this notwithstanding, I am of a cé- 
 trary mind: and I doe thinke all their rea- 
 sons to fond, and to foolishe. But, we see 
 that Learned men haue suche art and cunning 
 to persuade, and such filed wordes to serue their 
 turne: that wrong doth carry the cause away, 
 and Reason cannot preuaile. And therefore 
 let vs giue them no credite in this point. 
 And what can I tell, if they haue a secret 
 drift herein, to excuse and couer the fault of 
 their countrey, that is corrupt with this 
 vice. But it is daungerous, perchaunce, 
 for aman to reproue them for it: least as- 
 much happen to him as chaunced to Socra- 
 tes him selfe, for his over lauish controuling 
 and checking of euery mans fault. or, 
 he was so spited of all men forit: that ma- 
 ny articles of heresies & other foule faultes 
 were put vp against him, and he cddemned 
 to die in the end: allthough they were false. 
 For in truthe, he was a very good man, & 
 a Chatholike: respecting y® Religion of their 
 false Idolatrie. But suer, in that he drunke 
 so muche wine that same nyght: he deser- 
 ued no praise in the worlde. For, the hog- 
 eshead was able to holde & receiue a great 
 deale more, then his companion and hee 
 were able to take: if y'may get any praise. 
 And though it did him no harme, that was 
 
 Q.i11. more 
 
Inuiting of 
 strangers. 
 
 A recapitula- 
 
 tion of sun- 
 drie precepts. 
 Vncasing. 
 
 118 Galateo, of 
 
 more, the goodnes of his strong braine: thé 
 the continencie ofa sober man. And let the 
 Chronicles talke what they list of this mat- 
 ter, -I giue God thankes, that amongest many 
 the Plagues that haue creapt ouer the Alpes, to 
 infect vs: hitherto this worst of all the rest, is 
 
 not come ouer: that vve should take a pleasure | 
 
 and pratse,to bedrunke. Neither shall I euer be- 
 leue, that a man can learne to be temperate, of 
 suche a Mayster as vvine and drounkennes. 
 The Stewarde of a Noble mans house, 
 may not be so bolde to inuite straungers, 
 
 vppon his owne head, and set them downe _ 
 at his Lorde & Maysters table. And there _ 
 
 is none that is wise, will be intreated to it, 
 
 at his request alone. But otherwhile, the 
 seruaunts of the house, be so malepert and 
 saucie, that they will take vpp6 them, more 
 then then Maister: of which things wee 
 speake in this place, more by sana then 
 that the order we haue taken from the be- 
 ginning, doth so require it. 
 
 A man must not vncase him selfe, in the 
 
 »presence of any assembly. Foritis aslo- 
 »uenly sight, in place where honest men be 
 »met together of good conditié and calling. 
 ,,And it may chaunce he doth vncouer those 
 parts of his bodie, which work him shame 
 ,,& rebuke to shewe thé: besides y‘, it maketh 
 
 other 
 
 | 
 : 
 : 
 } 
 
 ¢ 
 
 oe ee 
 
od 
 
 Manners and behauiour. 119 
 
 other mé abashed to looke vpé thé. Againe,,,washing 
 I wold haue no ma to’ combe his head, nor,, bs sala 
 washe his hads before mé. For such things, ,heades. 
 would be done alone in your chamber, and,, 
 not abrode: without it be, I say, to washe,, 
 your hands when you sit dowad to the ta-,, 
 ble. For, there it shall doe well, to washe, 
 them in sight, although you haue no neede: 
 that they with whonie you feede, may Ast 
 sure them selues you haue done it. A man f 
 must not come forthe with his kercheif, or, 
 quaife one his head, nor yet stroke vp his. 
 hosen vppon his legges in company. ss 
 
 Some men there be, that haue a pride OF, Gestures of 
 a vse to drawe their mouthes a little awry,, fhe face and 
 or twinckle vp their eye, & to blow vp their, ,and other 
 cheekes, and to puffe, and to make, with, ise 
 their countenaunce, sundrie such lite foo-, 
 lishe and ilfauoured faces and gestures. | 
 councell men to leaue them cleane. For, 
 Pallas her selfe, the Goddesse (as I haue hearde payas. 
 sod vuise me say ) tooke once a greate pleasure to 
 sound the flute & the cornet : & therin she vvas 
 verie cuning. It chaust her, one day, souding her 
 Cornet for her plesure ouer a fontain, she spide 
 her selfe in the vvater: and vovhi she beheld those 
 strage gestures she must nedes make vvith her 
 mouthas she plaid: shevvassomuch ashded of it 
 that she brake the cornetin peces & cast it away. 
 
 O.1i11. And truly 
 
 of hands and | 
 
Mopping or 
 mowing. 
 
 Vnseemely 
 Laughinges. 
 
 Laughing 
 at his owne 
 Gestes. 
 
 120 . Galateo, of 
 
 truely she did but well , for it 1s no wnstrumet for 
 
 a vvoman to vse. And it becomes men as ill, 
 ,,1f they be not of y‘ base conditi6 and calling, 
 , that they must make it a gaine, &an art to. 
 ;liue vppon it. And looke what I speake, 
 ,,concerning the vnseemely gestures of the 
 , countenance and face: concerneth likewise, 
 ,,all the partesand members of man. For it 
 , 1S an ill sight, to lill out y® tounge, to stroke 
 , your bearde much vp and downe (as ma- 
 ,ny doe vse to doe) to rubbe your hands to- 
 , gether: tosighe, & to sorrowe: to tremble 
 ,,or strike your selfe, which is also a fashi6 w' 
 ,,some: to reatche and stretche your selfe, & 
 ,80 retching, to cry out after a nice maner, ~ 
 , Alas, Alas: like a coititry cloune, yt should 
 ,,rouse him selfe in his couche. 
 
 And he that makes a noyse w' his mouth 
 in a token of wonder, and other while of cd ~ 
 ,,tempte and disdaine: counterfeteth an il- 
 , fauoured grace. And Counterfet things, dif- 
 fer not muche from truethes. 
 A man must leaue those foolishe maner 
 of laughings, groase and vncomely. And 
 let men laughe vppon occasié, and not vp- 
 ,,pon custome. But a man must beware he 
 ,,doe not laughe at his owne gestes, and his 
 , doings. For that makes men weene hee 
 , woulde faine praise him selfe. It is for o- 
 ther 
 
Manners and behautour. 121 
 
 other men to laughe that heare, and not for,, 
 him that telles the tale. f 
 
 Now, you must not beare your selfe in,, 
 hand, that bycause eache of these mat-,, 
 ‘ters considered a parte, is but a small fault, 
 y’ hole therefore together should beas light: 
 but you must rather persuade your selfe y'* 
 Many a litle doth make a mickle, as I tould 
 you from the beginning. And how muche 
 lesse they be,so much the more needea ma 
 hathtolooke well in tothé: bycause they be 
 not easily perceiued afar of, but creepe in to 
 vs by custom, before we bea ware. And, As 
 light expences often vsed, in Continuance of 
 tine, doe couertly waste and consume a greate 
 masse of wealth and riches: So doe these light 
 faultes with the multitude and number of thé, 
 in secret ouerthrow all honest and good ciuilrtee 
 and maner. So y‘ we must not make a light 
 reconing of them. 
 
 Moreouer, it is a nedefull obseruation 
 to bethinke your selfe, how you doe moue 
 your bodie, and specially in talke. For, it 
 many times chaunceth, a man is so ernest,, 
 in his tale, that hee hath no minde of any,, 
 thing els. One wagges his head. Another,, 
 lookes bigg and scowles with his browes.,, 
 That man pulls hig mouth awry. And to-,, 
 ther spittes in and vppon their faces with,, 
 
 R. 1 whome,, 
 
 Mouinges 
 and gestures 
 of the bodie. 
 
Pindarus. 
 
 122 Galateo, of 
 
 ,»,;whom he talkes. And som suche there be 
 » that moue their hands in suche a sorte, as 
 ,if they shouldchasey’fliesas they go: which 
 , bevery vnhandsome & vnseemely manersto 
 ,vse. And I haue heard it saide (for you 
 ,knowe I haue byn familiarly acquainted 
 with learned men in my time) that Pinda- 
 rus that worthy man was wot to saye: that 
 1 V Vhatsoeuer tt were that had a good & sauou- 
 ,,rle taste: voas seasoned by the hands of theGra- 
 ,ces. Now, what shall I speake of them y* 
 ,,coe forthe of their studies with their penne 
 ,,in their eare: and nibble their hankercheifs 
 ,,in their mouthe, or by lolling w' their legge 
 , ouer the table, or spit one their fingers, and 
 of a niber of other blockishe gestures 
 and fashids more then these, which 
 cinot be all rehearsed well: nor 
 shal not, I meane, put me to 
 further paines to tel thé al 
 if I could. For, there be manie 
 perchaunce will say this is to 
 muche, that I haue 
 said allredie. 
 
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