L.\ :v - MiVHBI ■ - ; _.' - ; g0sS Thornton & Son, Booksellers, ii The Broad, Oxford. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/storyofoxford00head_0 The Story of Oxford The Medieval Town Series ASSISI.* By Lina Duff Gordon. [4 th Edition. BRUGES.! By Ernest Gilliat-Smith. [3 rd Edition. BRUSSELS.! By Ernest Gilliat-Smith. CAIRO.! By Stanley Lane-Poole. [2nd Edition. CAMBRIDGE.! By Charles W. Stubbs, D.D. CHARTRES.! By Cecil Headlam. CONSTANTINOPLE.* By William H. Hutton. [2nd Edition. EDINBURGH.! By Oliphant Smeaton. FERRARA.! By Ella Noyes. FLORENCE.! By Edmund G. Gardner. [8 th Edition. LONDON.! By Henry B. Wheatley. [2nd Edition. MOSCOW.* By Wirt Gerrare. [2nd Edition. NUREMBERG.* By Cecil Headlam. [4 th Edition. PARIS.! By Thomas Okey. PERUGIA.* By Margaret Symonds and Lina Duff Gordon. [5 th Edition. PRAGUE.* By Count Lutzow. ROME.! By Norwood Young. [4th Edition. ROUEN.! By Theodore A. Cook. [3 rd Edition. SEVILLE.! By Walter M. Gallichan. SIENA.! By Edmund G. Gardner. [2nd Edition. TOLEDO.* By Hannah Lynch. [2nd Edition. VERONA.! By Alethea Wiel. [2nd Edition. VENICE.! By Thomas Okey. The prices of these (*) are 35. 6d. net in cloth , 4s 1 . 6d. net in leather ; these (!), 45-. 6d. net in cloth , 55. 6 d. net in leather. ■LyVe^e^' ’ffer/Ze 71 s/utt^^^iseforri &*/^crri/ ye^di^e/ ^%zSi-tdzsris The Story of Oxford by Cecil Headlam Illus- trated by Herbert Railton London ; J. M. Dent Co, Aldine House , 29 and 30 Bedford Street Covent Garden W.C. ^ 1907 All rights reserved PREFACE JN revising my “Story of Oxford” for a new and cheaper edition, I have made some corrections, for which my best thanks are due to the Reviewers who suggested them, and some additions, which are mainly intended to render this volume more serviceable as a guide-book. In the beginning of Chapters II. and V. I have traced the development of Oxford as a city, and the significance of Carfax as the centre of her municipal life and the meeting point of her two main thoroughfares. The Itinerary on the following pages is based upon that conception. The reader who arrives at the railway station, should imagine himself at the foot of p. xiv., and, advancing boldly up the page, he will be able, without much fear of losing time or himself, to visit the various Colleges, Churches, and University buildings, which lie to right or left of the High Street. Compact information as to these build- ings and their contents will be found in Appendices I. and II., a commentary upon them, together with an endeavour to place them in the history of Oxford, will be revealed in the text by a reference to the Index. On p. xv. is represented the street which, starting from Folly Bridge, runs at right angles (“or as near as makes no difference ”) to the High Street, and inter- sects it at Carfax. The visitor who has but a few hours to spare in Oxford would perhaps do best if, on arriving at the railway station, he made straight for Carfax, and turning to his right down S. Aldate’s, first visited v Christ Church and the Cathedral. Then, returning to Carfax, he should gain his impression of the High Street, as, leaving S. Martin’s, All Saints’, Brasenose, S. Mary’s (with Radcliffe’s Dome behind), All Souls’, and Queen’s on his left, and University College and the New Examination Schools on his right, he makes his way to Magdalen. Here he should at least pass through the Cloisters, and stroll along Addison’s Walk, even if he does not see the Chapel. Returning from Magdalen let him take the first turn to the right (Long Wall), and passing into Holywell, enter the College on his left — New College. Here he must see the Gardens, the City Walls, and the Chapel, and passing through into New College Lane, he will find the Bodleian awaiting him. From the Sheldonian Theatre he will find access to Broad Street, and turning to the left pass the gates of Trinity and Balliol on his right The first turning to the right will bring him to S. John’s College, and there is in its way nothing in the world better worth doing than to rest in the gardens of S. John’s ; and so home. vi CONTENTS Preface Itinerary . CHAPTER I S. Frldes’wide and the Cathedral . PAGE v xiv 1-22 Approach to Oxford -S. Frideswide — The Cathedral. CHAPTER II The Mound , the Castle and some Churches . 23-67 The formation of Oxford — Folly Bridge — Carfax— S. Martin’s — The Mound and the Danes — Robert D’Oigli, the City Walls and Castle — The Flight of Matilda — S. Michael’s Tower — S. Peter's in the East — S. Aldate's — Other Churches — Portmeadow — Osney Abbey — The “Bonny Christ Church Bells” — Tom Tower — The Bishop’s Palace — The Oxford Jewries — The Physic Garden — The King’s Palace at Beaumont — Rosamund and Godstow— Crafts and Guilds. CHAPTER III The Origin of the University . . 68-104 Mythical Derivations — The Cambridge Boast — The Alfred Myth — The Rise of Mediaeval Universities — The Rise of Oxford — Students migrate thither from Paris — Migration to Cambridge — The University triumphs over the Town — University College and King Alfred— The Story of S. Edmund — The Schoolmen. vii Contents CHAPTER IV PAGE The Coming of the Friars . . . 105-169 The Black Friars — The Grey Friars — The Franciscan Scholars — Grossetete, Adam Marsh, Roger Bacon, “Friar Bacon’s Study” — The White Friars— Beaumont Palace — The Austin Friars and others — The Benedictines, Gloucester Hall (Worcester College), and Durham Hall (Trinity College)— Richard de Bury— Rewley Abbey and the Cistercians — Chichele and the Bernardines (S. John’s College) — Smaller Religious Foundations — S. Bartholo- mew’s— Hospital of S. John Baptist (Magdalen College) —The Friars’ Schools — Walter de Merton , founds a College for the training of Secular Clergy — Merton College — Exeter College and Oriel College, likewise bul- warks against the Friars — Canterbury College — Balliol College due to the influence of a Franciscan Friar — Scotists and Thomists — John Wycliff — Archbishop Arundel suppresses Lollaraism — Lincoln College founded to combat it. CHAPTER V The Mediaeval Student. . . . 170-273 High Street — S. Mary’s Church — The Old Congrega- tion House — Mediaeval Libraries — The University Chests — The Chancellor’s Court — The Mediaeval Student — The Old Halls — Initiation of Students — Their poverty — Dis- cipline — Cap and Gown — Commoners (Magdalen College) — Proctors — Northerners and Southerners — Wild Irish- men — Migration to Stamford — The Brazen Nose Knocker — “Oxford Scholars fall to fight ’’—Migration to North- ampton — The Black Death — The Riot of S. Scholastica’s Day — Charter of Edward III. — Queen’s College — Law- lessness of Students leads to the development of the College System — William of Wykeham and New College — Archbishop Chichele and All Souls’ College — The Divinity School — The Duke Humphrey Library — William of Waynflete and Magdalen College — Lambert Simnel— Lady Margaret and Women’s College — May Morning on Magdalen Tower. CHAPTER VI Oxford and the Reformation . . 274-314 The New Learning — The Oxford Press — Linacre, Grocyn and Colet — Erasmus at Oxford — Greeks and Trojans — Foundation of Corpus Christi College — The viii Contents rir^r i w O x fo r d-John Skelton, Poet Laureate- rni d /-> i- W r S< ^T, The Charter of Henry VIII.— Wolsey ^i Car ^ mal sC°l Ie ge— Henry VIII. and Christ Church I he downfall of Scholasticism— The Edwardine Statutes — Magdalen College School. PAGE CHAPTER VII The Oxford Martyrs . 315-328 • Cathol T ic Reaction— Cranmer, Ridley and Latimer in Bocardo-Latnner and Ridley at the stake-Cranmer an i, s ~ And ^cants hls recantation— His martyrdom— The Colleges of Trinity and S. John mark this epoch. CHAPTER VIII Elizabeth , Bodley and Laud 329-354 The Visits of Elizabeth-The Earl of Leicester, Chan- fu °d ^my Robsart— Foundation of Jesus, the first of i 16 ui Pr u St r nt C°IIeges-Bodley-Wadham College- ArchHshop Laud— The Caroline Statutes— Convocation House— Charles I. at Oxford. CHAPTER IX The Royalist Capital . 355-398 Parliament at Oxford— Puritans in a minority— The £°± geS f P ? W1 ? t , heir P 1 f e r[ 0r ,. the King-A monstrous regiment of scholars — Ihe Parliamentarians occupy and evacuate Oxford-It becomes the Court and Camp of the King— Chalgrove Field- Charles eludes Essex— Oliver Cromwell— Fairfax lays siege to Oxford— Lord Claren- don s History— The Sheldonian Theatre and Clarendon Press Anthony Wood — The Parliamentary Visitors — Cromwell, Chancellor — The Restoration — Science be- W^n S ^ shl ? na T b T le -The Royal Society-Christopher Wren— Charles II. and his Court at Oxford— The Wicked arhament S. Edmund’s Hall — Restoration manners — James II. tries to make Oxford a Roman Catholic Semi- nary Expulsion of the Fellows of Magdalen Colleee— Jus suuni cuique. * IX Contents CHAPTER X PAGE Jacobite Oxford — and after . . . 399-408 Addison and Sacheverell — Hanoverians and “ Honest ” Men — Dragooning the University — A brilliant retort — Periwigs and patches — Coaches and Highwaymen — A Revival — Keble College. Appendix . 409-424 Index 425-436 x ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE William of Wykeham ( photogravure ) . Frontispiece Reproduced by kind permission of the Rev. IV. A. Spooner , D.D. , Warden of New College , Oxford Hall Stairway , Christ Church l 7 Abingdon Abbey ..... 26 Cornmarket Street .... facing 28 The Bastion and Ramparts in New College » 3 2 City Walls . 33 Chapel of Our Lady .... 35 Bird’s-eye View of Oxford facing 36 Oxford Castle .... 39 St Peter s in the East facing 49 Gables in S. Aldate* s Street 56 William Camden ..... facing 86 Reproduced by kind permission of the Rev. C. H. 0. Daniel , D. D. , Provost of W orcester College , Oxford Radcliffe Library from Brasenose Quadrangle 97 Oriel College ..... f acin g 1 1 3 Gables in W orcester College . . . . 1 1 7 Gateway in Garden of Worcester College . 120 Doorway in Rewley Abbey . . . . 124 xi Illustrations Oxford Cathedral PAGE . facing 128 Old Gateway , Merton College • Monastic Buildings , Worcester College . H 4 St Mary’ s Porch • facing 148 Oriel Window , Lincoln College . 168 The High Street . 173 S. Mary’ s Spire from Grove Street . 179 A Scullion of Christ Church . . facing 220 Reproduced by kind permission of the V try Rev. T. B. Strong , B. D. , Bean of Christ Church , and the Clarendon Press , Oxford Oxford, Gables and Tower , Magdalen College . 223 Magdalen College . facing 226 Open-air Pulpit , Magdalen . . 228 Kemp Hall .... . facing 239 In New College • 2 55 Magdalen Bridge and Tower . 267 Niche and Sundial, Corpus Christi College and Spire of Cathedral . 283 The Grammar Hall , Magdalen College • facing 289 President’ s Lodge , Trinity College • jj 304 The Chapel and Quad, Jesus College • ? 5 3°9 The Gardens, Exeter College • ?> 3 l6 Cook’s Buildings, St John’s • >> 322 Oriel Window, St John’s College . • >> 326 Courtyard to Palace . • » 335 Chapel in Jesus College • 337 xii Illustrations The Cloisters , New College . Queen Elizabeth . facing 346 „ 348 Reproduced by kind permission of the Rev. IV. H. Hughes , M.A., Bursar of Jesus College , Oxford , and the Clarendon Press , Oxford From the High Street . . . .357 Charles /. ..... facing 372 /raw the picture by Ed-ward Bower, 1 648, reproduced by kind permission of Sir William Anson, Bart , D.C.L. , Warden of All Souls 9 College } Oxford Fiew from the Sheldonian Theatre Oriel Windows , Queen 1 s Lane Dr Radclijfe . • 383 • 389 facing 402 From an engraving of Sir Godfrey Kneller's portrait, reproduced by kind permission of W. Hatchett Jackson , Esq . , Librarian of the Radcliffe Library , Oxford xni Broad St. Holywell St. ITINERARY T3 it Magdalen Bridge (R. Cherwell.) Magdalen College, | Magdalen College School Long Wall Street leading to Holywell Street and Broad Street S. Edmund's Hall, S. Peter's in the East, Queen Street New College Hertford Queen’s College, All Souls’, Bodleian Radcliffe S. Mary’s Library, Camera, Church, Brasenose College, Divinity Schools Botanic Garden, Merton Street Examination Schools, Logic Lane University College, Exeter, Lincoln, Jesus, All Saints’ Church Turl Street Market S. Giles’ Cornmarket Worcester College, W Railway Station. Grove Street Merton, Oriel Street Oriel, Corpus King Edward Street Alfred Street Cathedral (Chi Christ Churcl c S. Aldate’s St. , leading to Folly Br Pembroke Colleg< S. Ebbe’s Church Prison J Castle and J- Mound, f S. Thomas’ Church XIV 'nerary Post Office I Municipal Buildings Pembroke Street