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17 Jesuits’ Convent

18 Notre Dame

19 Landing place for Steamers

13 Hotel de Trois Suisses

14 Posting House for Ems

15 Church of St. Florin

liThe Electoral Palace
1 Forts Alexander and Constantine
1 Hotel Belle Vue

7 Island of Oberworth

8 Bridge of Boats

9 The Rhine

5 Stolzenfels

6 Village of Pfaffendorf, beyond

which is Hockheim

1 Town of Ehrenbreitstein

2 Hotel de Ville, Ehrenbreitstein

3 Cheval Blanc

20 Rheinberg Hotel

16 Hotel de Ghent

4 Pfaffendorf

US W Sm

35 John Tower

36 Ehrenbreitstein

37 The House of the Commandant

32 Neuendorf

33 Neiderwerth

34 Ballendier

Fort Francis
A Raft

A Dutch Yacht

Steam Boat, Leopold
Moselle Bridge

24 Infant School

25 Church of St. Castor

26 Dutch House

21 Hotel de Coblentz

22 Protestant Church

23 Hotel de Paris

■ ’ ■ 1 ■■ ■

D E S C li I P T I O N

?IS'W

THE CITY OF

S C 0 w,

WITH THE

GORGEOUS ENTRY OF

HIS IMPERIAL MAJESTY

THE EMPEROR ALEXANDER II.

INTO THE

KREMLIN.

♦

THE PANORAMA, LEICESTER SQUARE.

PAINTED BY THE PROPRIETOR,

ROBERT B IT R F O R D,
HENRY c” SELOUS

AND ASSISTANTS.

From Drawings taken hg a, Russian Artist .

Mention:

PRINTED BY TV. J. GOLBOURN, G, PRINCES STREET, LEICESTER SQUARE-

PRICE SIXPENCE.

1857 -

Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2018 with funding from
Getty Research Institute

https://archive.org/details/descriptionofvie00burf_20

M O S C O W.

Moscow, the ancient metropolis of the vast Empire of Russia, is a most
unique and interesting city, remarkable for its fine position, for its
great extent, and for the semi-Asiatic barbarism exhibited in a great
portion of its architecture. At the time the present Panorama was taken
the city was more especially worthy of admiration, from the extensive
and gorgeous preparations, made for the reception and coronation of the
absolute sovereign of sixty millions of Russians. Every thing was made
to look as gay as gold, paint, varnish, and whitewash, could make them,
whilst the presence of the ambassadors extraordinary, with their splendid
retinues—the assembling of the various wild tribes from the most distant
portions of the empire—the vast influx of strangers from all parts of the
world—together with the unparalleled military display, produced a scene
of pomp and magnificence unknown in other countries. The first of these
important events, His Imperial Majesty’s solemn entry into the city,
forms the principal feature in the view.

From the esplanade of the Kremlin, whence the view was taken, a
tableau is presented, with which no view of any capital in the world
can be compared for variety and beauty. The fortress itself presents
models of architecture, without designating names or known models,
heaped together at the caprice of the various builders, without order
or plan, whilst beyond it, on all sides, stretching apparently to the very
horizon, the grand masses and extraordinary forms of the edifices, assisted
by the inequalities of the surface, produce singularly picturesque and re«
markable effects. All the architecture of all the nations of the globe is here
to be found: the fantastic Chinese, the massive Gothic, the graceful Sara¬
cenic, the elegant Grecian, are strangely mixed with private dwellings,

modern and elegant as tlioso of Paris and London; whilst from a vast mosaic
of green and red house tops, spring a rich profusion of gold and star-spangled
domes—each of the five hundred churches having at least three, some as
many as twenty—delicate green spires, strangely shaped towers of the
fortress-like monasteries, and airy turrets, intermixed with and finely
relieved by the majestic trees of the several boulevards, gardens and
shrubberies, and enlivened by the silvery line of the Moscowa river ; the
whole presenting a marvellous ensemble, which the vast area of the
Panorama alone can exhibit with fidelity and effect.

The immediate foreground of the picture, looking towards the north, is
occupied by the gorgeous procession accompanying the Emperor into the
ancient fortress palace of his ancestors, the long line of which is seen
winding across the esplanade, from the sacred gate of Our Saviour, to the
square of the palace; every detail being distinctly visible. On the plateau
formed by the highest ground, are seen the three Cathedrals of the
Assumption, the Annunciation and St. Michael, two of the vast imperial
palaces, and the singular tower of St. John, with the far-famed great bell of
Moscow at its base; also the treasury, arsenal, two large monasteries, and
several of the other churches of the Kremlin; together with a long line
of the walls, two of the principal gates, and many of the towers and spires
by which they are adorned.*

To the left of the Kremlin is seen the new Cathedral, vast masses of the
second division of the city, and a considerable extent of the river, crossed
by two bridges. Towards the right is the Chinese Town, the most pro¬
minent buildings in which are the Cathedral of St. Basil, with its
towering spire and twenty domes, each of different form, ornament and
colour, radiant in sunshine with all the tints of the rainbow; and the
enormous Greek facade of the Foundling Hospital. Towards the south¬
east, below the walls of the Kremlin, is the river gay with boats, beyond
which is seen a portion of the fourth division of the city, closely crowded
with buildings. In the middle distance all round, various portions
developo themselves, not crowded together nor heaped in dense masses,
but broken by gardens and open spaces planted with trees, amongst
which the white houses, softened in their outline, harmonize most

* When the view was taken, every building in the Kremlin was encumbered with a
framework for the purpose of illuminating; these have been omitted, as they very much
impaired the general effect.

agreeably. Many large buildings also attract attention from tlieir great
size, and from their style being so strikingly different to tho surrounding
objects. Several of the monasteries still farther off, are conspicuous also,
from the space their various buildings and gardens occupy, especially
towards the Sparrow Hills, the only eminences of any consequence that
vary the general monotony of the surrounding country.

Moscow, the ancient Capital of the vast Russian Empire, is said to
have been founded in 1147, and is first spoken of as a small place on the
river Moscowa, which was enclosed by palisades of wood by the Great
Duke George II. (evidently the site of the present Kremlin), to which he
subsequently added a second enclosure, which he called the Kitai, after his
son. These, together, formed in those times a considerable military
station, which was soon surrounded by numerous dwellings of wood. In
its early days, Moscow suffered from the most fearful calamities, perhaps
of the same character, but of greater intensity than has befallen any other
capital. In 1238 it was sacked and burnt by the cruel Batou Khan, and
in 1293 it met with a similar fate at the hands of Nagai Khan, who sent
a great portion of the inhabitants into slavery. Several princes afterwards
disputed possession of the city, which was now become of considerable
importance; it also became a prey to internal disasters: finally Demetrii,
surnamed Donskoi, became sole master; he died there in 1389, after
having done more for its prosperity than any one into whose hands it had
previously fallen. From this time it became the sole capital of Muscovy,
and subsequently of the whole Russian Empire, and continued to advance
in wealth and prosperity, notwithstanding repeated interruptions from
war, pestilence, and fire, especially the latter, having in 153G been
partially burnt, when 2000 inhabitants perished in the flames, and again
in 1571 when fired by the Tartars, when it is estimated that at least
100,000 were killed by sword or fire.

Peter the Great, in 1703, removed the court to his new capital,
St. Petersburg; but despoiled as it is of its religious honors, deprived of
its Patriarch, abandoned by its Sovereign, and by the most courtly of its
ancient Boyars, it still has an importance in the eyes of all Russians, such
as no other city has for any other people; it is the centre of all the
national and religious feelings, hallowed by seven centuries of historical
associations; they speak of it with reverence and affection as tho
“ Holy Mother,” arid regard it with deep aud enthusiastic love, Tho

Russian Peasant, when he sees it for the first time, takes off his hat
reverentially, and blesses himself that he lias lived to do so.

In 1812, the most important event in the history of Moscow occurred.
On the 15th of September, in that year, Buonaparte, at the head of a
victorious army, entered the city; but not a soul was seen in the streets
to give him welcome; not a chimney smoked; three hundred thousand
inhabitants had deserted their homes, and had given up their holy,
beautiful, and much-loved city to the flames, leaving behind only the
infirm and those who, from sickness or other causes, were incapable of
moving, amounting, altogether, to not more than twenty thousand.
The same evening, a fire broke out in the Chinese city, and a few hours
after, in many parts of the city and suburbs, which, by the night of

the 16th, had extended in all directions, and assumed the most serious

and menacing aspect. For six days the flames spread with the most
devouring fury, defying all the efforts of the French to subdue them,
when tho wind, which had been blowing strongly during that time,
suddenly dropped, and the fires gradually burned out. The means the
Russians thus employed to repel the enemy was a sublime deed of
despair—the greatest sacrifice that was ever made by a people to a
country’s cause. All holy, rich, and beloved as it was, Moscow was
rendered a willing offering to the safety of Russia. At least, three-
fourths of the houses were destroyed ; in many parts a few of the more
solid buildings, such as churches and large mansions, alone escaped.

The fire, a dreadful calamity in itself, had ultimately an important and
valuable influence, being directly beneficial in causing the streets to be
made wider, and the substitution of brick in place of the former wooden
tenements; at the same time, without destroying altogether the original
character of the city, which, on the return of the Russians, rose from
its ruins with extraordinary celerity, so that, in a very few years, there
remained little or no evidence of this disastrous event.

The Kremlin, the cradle of the Empire, is to Moscow what the Capitol
was to Rome—it is the very hoart and soul of all Russia; it contains all
that is most sacred and precious, and in it have occurred many of tho
great events that serve as landmarks in her history. It stands on a
considerable eminence on the north side of, and near the centre of a
crescent curvature of the river, and is of a triangular shape, surrounded
by strong, irregular crenelated walls, from thirty to sixty feet in height,

and from twelve to sixteen feet in thickness, carried over hills and
ravines, and broken by high round towers at each angle, tapering steeples
at four of the gates, and nine smaller turrets of different forms, with
pointed spires in other parts. In this varied style strength takes the
place of beauty, caprice, of elegance. Altogether there are seven gates of
entrance, but five only are in general use.

The space thus enclosed, which is about a mile in circumference, is a
perfect labyrinth of churches, palaces, convents, museums, and other
public buildings, there being no private dwellings; all, therefore, that is
most ancient, interesting, and historically important in architecture, as
well as all the most sacred national memorials, are here concentrated and
preserved, and here, also, the three great powers, political, spiritual, and
commercial, have their seats.

The Kremlin contains the three most holy cathedrals, besides fifteen
other churches, venerated by the Russians as much for their sacred relics
as for their worldly riches, and the many trophies of conquest they possess ;
also the three imperial palaces, two convents, the Patriarchal and other
palaces, the senate-house, museum, arsenal, and barracks—all placed in
the most picturesque disorder, without regularity, and with but few open
spaces of any size, excepting a fine esplanade on the southern side,
which rather abruptly slopes towards the river, and, having been laid out
with walks, grass, &c., forms an agreeable promenade.

The French attempted to blow up the walls of the Kremlin by mining
them in several places, but their great strength defied all their efforts ;
two small portions, two towers, and a steeple only, were thrown
down, but the old palace and several other buildings were much
shaken.

Round the exterior of the walls, on what was formerly the glacis, a
garden has been formed, which is much frequented in fine weather.

On the eastern side of the Kremlin, and also on one side bordering
the river, is the Kitai Gorod or Chinese town; the merchants’ quarter, in
which are situated the bazaars and markets, and most of the best shops.
It is also surrounded by walls with towers and buttresses, and, together
with the Kremlin, still forms a somewhat triangular figure.

Round these two portions of the city have been drawn two circles,-—
one with a radius of one mile, the second of about one mile and a half,
each being surrounded by a planted boulevard. The first circle stops

short at the banks of the river, where it makes its principal bend, the
enclosed portion being called the Bieloi Gorod, or white city ; whilst the
second crosses the Avatcr, and encloses a considerable space on the south
bank, the whole circle forming the Zemliannoi Gorod, or earthen town,
from its having been formerly surrounded by earthen ramparts. These
enclosures form what may be properly called the city, but beyond, in all
directions, stretch the slobords or suburbs, thirty-five in number, abounding
in monasteries with large gardens, hospitals, barracks, and other large
establishments. In some parts regular streets of bouses reach to the very
boundary wall; in others, there are large open spaces, and but few
buildings. The whole is enclosed by a rampart of earth, varying from
six to ten feet in height, and a ditch of irregular form, furnished with
many barriers, tbe whole being above thirty-seven versts, or more than
twenty miles in circumference.

The Moscowa, a small navigable river, traverses the city, entering at
the western side, and after making a series of remarkable serpentine
windings, quitting it again at the south-eastern corner. Within the city
it receives a small tributary stream called the Jaousa, which joins it
from the north-east, also the waters from three other small streams,
and nearly two hundred ponds and rivulets, all within the walls.

Moscow is more irregularly built than almost any other city in Europe,
and it is a matter of some astonishment that the fire did not occasion
more improvement in this respect. The site is a series of gentle eleva¬
tions, intermixed with many large level spaces. The main streets,
although of tolerable width, are uneven, undulating, and tortuous, none
being of a sufficient length to form a perspective, yet, in their windings,
constantly presenting some singular or pleasing feature. Small lanes and
alleys are numerous, turning and twisting in every direction, like the
meanderings of a river. They are mostly badly paved—some not at all:
they are consequently dirty, and dangerous from the unceasing passage of
vehicles. There are twenty-five squares, markets, or open spaces, one
hundred and sixty-four principal streets, and five hundred and thirty-nine
cross streets.

It is very difficult to estimate the number of churches in Moscow ; at
one time there were sixteen hundred, when the rage for building them
was so great, that a law was passed forbidding the erection of any more.
Weber, in 1730, estimated the number at fifteen hundred; Coxe, in 1778,

at four hundred and eighty-four, which was probably nearer the fact, as
the former number no doubt included all the chapels attached to the
cathedrals, monasteries, &c., several of which have from three to twelve
perfectly distinct from each other. In 1819 there were six cathedrals,
twenty-one monasteries, two hundred and sixty-seven Greek parish
churches, seven of other denominations, and innumerable small churches
and chapels; the number of which has not greatly increased since that
time. All the churches, large and small, very much resemble each other,
the architecture being confined to a fixed principle, from which very little
deviation is ever made; they are perhaps not quite so bizarre as before
the fire, nevertheless, many still present some singular features. The
form is a Latin cross, externally very plain, and with but little to admire
in their architectural decorations; some are whitewashed and coloured,
others painted to resemble marble, or in fresco, with images of saints or
events from Scripture ; they are generally surmounted by five or more
domes richly gilt or coloured. In a few instances there is only one dome,
in some fifteen or twenty. The interiors of some are divided into a
summer church above, with a winter church below; and although they
are generally small and dismal, they are all very rich in decorations and
relics.

The houses, except in the business parts, are not built contiguous or in
regular rows, but are mingled somewhat confusedly together. After the
fire the object was to get them rebuilt as quickly as possible, so that every
one erected his house as nearly as could be on the spot where it previously
stood, and according to his own taste, before any settled plan had been
formed. Thus they frequently form singular combinations and discord¬
ancies, one being large and magnificent, the next, perhaps, small and
paltry; one stands boldly forward, another is scarcely seen in its court¬
yard or little garden, and surrounded by mean one-story tenements.

Although Moscow can boast of but very few ancient buildings or extra¬
ordinary monuments of architecture, and scarcely a structure that can be
called a perfect work of art, yet it presents many, that from their vast
size and superfluous profusion of ornaments, strike with astonishment,
from their strange mixture of the Asiatic and European styles. The most
ancient buildings, excepting in the Kremlin, were mostly destroyed by the
fire, or were so damaged that the necessary renovation changed their

character;, the fires also that constantly occur, occasion as constant

A 5

renewal. Even the stone of which many are built is of so soft a texture,
that it rapidly decays, so that it is only in the suburbs and bye-streets
that the houses are completely national, and even here the ancient log-
houses are few and far between. The best houses are generally two or
three, sometimes four stories in height; some are of stone, but the
majority are of brick, plastered, and very much ornamented; they are
painted or washed all the colors of the rainbow, but as fashion regulates
taste, there is generally one or two prevailing tints; some have a base¬
ment story for servants, others are surrounded by the offices or small
gardens. In the leading streets, the floor even with the road is let off as
shops or stores, the first door contains the reception rooms, which are
large, well proportioned, and elegantly furnished, and the upper story
forms the bed chambers. In the smaller houses there are no bed chambers
properly so called, the couches in the saloons being used for repose.
The roofs are covered with sheet iron, usually painted green or red.
Altogether, Moscow may be said—-with the exception of the Kremlin—to
be devoid of what are termed “ Lions;” there are no very antique edifices,
no public buildings of very fine architecture, no public galleries of art, nor
private cabinets of any merit.

The regular resident population of Moscow is estimated at about three
hundred and fifty thousand, of which number about five thousand are
clergy and military, and about ten thousand foreigners—principally
Germans, French, and English. At the coronation the population of the
city was considerably more than doubled, by visitors from foreign
countries, and by natives from all parts of the vast empire. The military
force alone encamped in the neighbourhood amounted to above one
hundred and fifty thousand.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATE.

THE SOLEMN ENTRY OF THE EMPEROR ALEXANDER II.

The procession which escorted the Emperor Alexander II. from the palace of Petrovsky
into Moscow, and to the ancient palace of his ancestors, was a gorgeous and solemn
spectacle of the most striking description, of an almost barbaric splendour little known
to modern times, and to which few historical pageants can claim superiority. The
whole road, nearly five miles in length, was lined on both sides by infantry three deep
and close file, whose steady bearing, varied costume, and diversity of equipments, were
very imposing. No army in the world can offer the same contrasts of costume as the
Russian, for besides every form and colour of modern European uniform, there are some
regiments of the guards which have retained such as have been long obsolete, and are
now striking from the novelty of their antiquity; one regiment especially still
retains the peaked caps of scarlet cloth with the original sheet of solid brass in front,
shaped like a bishop’s mitre, most of them shewing by one or more bullet holes that
many of the unfortunate wearers must have perished beneath them. Behind the lines
of soldiers, stages and scaffoldings were erected, filled with gaily-dressed spectators,
and every available spot, both within and without the city, where there was the least
chance of catching the most distant sight, was crowded to excess by the admiring
people. Within the city the winding streets and the quaint buildings strangely
combined with the pageant, and together produced a most extraordinary result. The
houses were decorated with muslin and colored draperies, intermixed with gay carpets,
rugs, and flags of every shape, size, and country; whilst the windows and balconies
were filled with the elite of the female aristocracy in full dress. The day was
remarkably fine, and the sunshine added much to the brilliancy of the scene. The
firing of the artillery, the constant pealing of all the bells, and there are several
thousands in Moscow, the crash of the numerous bands, and the rolling of drums, but
above all, the mighty roar from two hundred thousand men, women, and children, full
of homage and ectasy, shouting welcome to their sovereign, or joining in the noble
swell of the national anthem of “ God bless our Emperor,” formed a strange mfilange,
stunning to the ear, like the raging surf on a storm-beaten shore, that will never be
forgotten by those who heard it.

At the entrance to the city,the Emperor was received by the Military Governor-General
of Moscow, with his staff and attendants; at the entrance of the Zemliannoi Gorod by
the magistrates and chief burghers; at the Bieloi Gorod by the Marshal of the Nobility
and chief nobles of Moscow, and at the gate of the Resurrection of the Kitai Gorod by
the Civil Governor and authorities, where their Imperial Majesties alighted to salute
the image of the Virgin of Iversk, which decorates the gate. At the Holy Gate of the
Kremlin the Emperor was received by the Commandant of Moscow and his staff, and
the procession then crossed the esplanade to the Church of the Assumption, in the order
seen in the Panorama.

First came a body of mounted police, headed by their chief; they are fine looking men,
well mounted, and their closely fitting uniforms of light blue give them a very soldier¬
like appearance.

An escort of the Imperial Horse Guards came next. These Guards have always been

the hobby of the Russian sovereigns, and nowhere in the world can be found a finer
looking body of men. The cavalry number about fifteen thousand men, few, if any,
being less than 6 feet in height; they all also bear a most remarkable similitude to
each other, their hair being dyed black, and even their faces stained of a dusky color
when fair; their horses are all powerful animals, and their equipments of the most
gorgeous description.

A squadron of the Black Sea Cossacks followed, on their small but fiery little horses.
The Cossacks of the Guard are the picked men of a fine race ; they wear w r ide plaited
trousers, a close-fitting jacket, over which is a second, fastened in front, without
buttons, and with the sleeves hanging loose, and a cap of Astrachan lambskin, with
the Imperial arms in front; their arms are a sabre, a large pistol slung to the back,
and a long and heavy lance.

The Marshal of Nobility of Moscow and a body of the principal nobles on horseback,
all richly habited in military, naval, or civil costumes, followed, forming a rich display.

Then came perhaps the most interesting feature of the whole procession—the represent¬
atives of the Asiatic and various other nations and principalities subject to Russia—-
a species of ovation almost unknown in modern days, presenting a gorgeous display
of eastern magnificence. Imeretians with black turbans, armed with slings. Tcher-
kesses and Leschians of the Caucasus, in chain mail and bright scarlet pelisses, with
head-gear of beautifully wrought steel, battle-axe in hand, resembling knights of
the olden time. Pale thin Circassians, in white caftans and splendid turbans, armed
with bows and arrows. Handsome Persians of Ecrivan, in conical black caps glitter¬
ing in the gold brocades of Shiraz and Teheran. Tartars in flowing robes of green
velvet embroidered with gold, and Mingrelians in red tunics and flat little caps,
Kourds,Turcomans, and Cossacks of the Guart.the Ural, the Don, and the Black Sea,

Next followed a perfect host of servants of every description, headed by the chief officer
of the palace. Grooms, footmen, runners, huntsmen, jagers, and negroes, all in state
liveries, richly embroidered in gold.

Next in order were Masters of the Ceremonies, in carriages; Gentlemen of the Chamber
on horseback ; Officers of the Stables and grooms ; Officers of the Court of the second
rank in splendid carriages ; the Court Marshal in a carriage ; Officers of the Court of
the first rank, the Members of the Imperial Council, and the chief Court Marshal,
with his sceptre of office, all in state carriages.

Next in succession came a strong body-guard of the celebrated Chevalier Guard, the
most magnificent cavalry in the world, in person, mount, and equipments. Their
uniforms are white, with a cuirass and helmet of burnished gold, and all their equip¬
ments are most resplendant.

Then came His Imperial Majesty Alexander Nicolaievitch II., Emperor of all the
Russias, on a grey horse. His Majesty is a very fine man, in the fortieth year of his
age, his countenance, although of a serious cast, beaming with intelligence and
kindness. He was habited in a general’s uniform, and appeared much affected by
the loud and enthusiastic plaudits of his subjects. His Majesty was attended by the
minister of the household, the minister of war, and a general and aide-de-camp of the
Imperial suite ; and was closely followed by their Imperial Highnesses the Heir
Apparent Nicholas Alexandrovitch, a fine young man in the fourteenth year of his
age; the Grand Dukes Alexander, Constantine, Nicholai, and Michael; the Prince
Romanoff, Duke of Leucbtenberg, Prince Peter of Oldenburg, and other foreign
princes on horseback; and a brilliant staff of generals of various grades.

Her Majesty the Empress-mother came next, in a splendid antique carriage drawn bv
eight horses, each attended by a groom ; on the right of the carriage rode the chief
equerry, and, on the left, the adjutant-general attached to her Majesty. Four
Cossacks of the chamber were behind the carriage, and two pages on the footboard in
front, all in state uniforms. Behind the carriage were six pages of the chamber, and
two grooms on horseback. Alexandra, the Empress Dowager, is still a very fine
woman, although sixty years of age ; she appears, however, to be suffering much
from sorrow and ill health. The carriage somewhat resembles a sedan chair,
suspended from enormous springs bv thick bands of leather; the decorations are in
the style so much in vogue in the time of Louis XV. The top is surmounted by a
crown, and at each corner are eagles with outstretched wings. Every part of the
carriage is elaborately ornamented with particularly delicate carving, richly gilt, and
the panels are finely painted.

The carriage of the present Empress immediately followed, containing Her Majesty
and His Imperial Highness the Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovitch, in all respects
similarly attended as the preceding. The Empress of Russia is a fine and handsome
woman—one of the most amiable and perfect of wives—the best and kindest of
mothers ; she was attired in a most splendid robe, a sort of compromise between the
ancient Sclavonic and the modern French toilettes, and wore the Kakochnik or
national Russian head dress, studded with jewels. The Imperial carriage was a most
sumptuous affair of English manufacture, upon which the skill of the celebrated
Grinling Gibbons is displayed in some of the finest wood carvings. At the back are
two groups of St. George and the Dragon, and all round the carriage runs the most
delicate and beautiful flowers and foliage. A French artist has endeavoured to emulate,
in the paintings on the panels, the efforts of the great master of carving; it is probable
they were executed by Boucher himself, or by his pupils ; and they have most
wonderfully resisted the ravages of time, owing, doubtless, to the varnish used by
Martin, the famous coach-painter of the time of Louis XV. Between the coach-box
and the front of the carriage is a seat suspended from the enormous springs, on which
was seated two pages with their backs to the coachman, their faces, of course, looking
towards the front window of the carriage. The Emperor himself selected both these
carriages from the Imperial collection, and ordered them to be regilt and embellished
for the occasion : the other state carriages, thirty in number, were expressly built for
the purpose; they are of the newest and most elegant designs, and are one mass of
highly burnished gilding. The panels of some are finely painted, and the linings
and hammercloths are of rich Genoa velvet, elaborately embroidered in gold and silver
by the Greek nuns, as hard and as solid as metal; the trappings are of red leather,
almost hidden in gold and gems.

After the Imperial carriages came those of the six Grand Duchesses and the Princess
of Oldenburg, all similarly attended, escorted by the Chevalier Guard, and followed
by a squadron of the Cuirassiers of the Guard.

Then came the carriages of the Ladies of the Bedchamber and Maids of Honour,
squadrons of the'Guards and Lancers closing the procession.

Having reached the cathedral of the Assumption the Emperor was received by the
Senate, the Holy Synod, and the clergy of the cathedral, at the parvis, and, after
having passed a brief space in this and the two adjoining cathedrals, kissing the Holy
relics, and prostrating himself before the tombs of his ancestors, he entered the palace,
at the gate of which he was presented with bread and salt by the Archbishop of
Moscow,

No. 1 .—River Moscow a.

This river takes its rise in the province of Smolensko, and passing through the
territory of Moscow, enters the city on its western side, through which it winds so
much that it remains for nearly three miles within the walls ; after quitting the city it
flows in a south-eastern direction until it joins the Oka, a tributary of the mighty Volga,
after a course of 210 miles. It is navigable from its mouth to a short distance above
Moscow, where the navigation is stopped by a considerable cataract.

No. 3 .—Kamennoi Bridge ,

The only stone bridge that crosses the Moscowa. It was commenced in 1687, and was
completed in five years. It is a plain but very substantial structure of five arches, and
considerable breadth, having a broad footpath on either side, protected by a double
parapet, as a defence against carriages and equestrians. 1 he pillars of the Bridge
between the arches are very strong and project considerably, so as to resist the
sweeping force of the masses of ice that descend the river in the spring.

No. 4 .—Krasnolcholmskoi Bridge ,

Formerly one of the primitive bridges, formed of vast beams of wood floating on the
water, covered by planks and opening in the centre to admit the passage of boats. It
has recently been replaced by a handsome structure in iron. Above, in the distance,

may be seen the Sparrow Hills, of trifling elevation, but still of a sufficient height to
form conspicuous objects in the midst of the surrounding level plain; they afford a
most magnificent view of the city, and from hence the French army first beheld the
glories of Moscow, and all the toils and dangers they had passed were forgotten as
they gazed on its gilded domes, which gave them promise of wealth and luxury. In
two short months how changed the scene, when the grand army, houseless, starving,
and beaten by the elements, turned its back on a heap of ruins,

A T o. 6.—-Brovitskiya Gate.

Unlike most of the Gate3 of the Kremlin, this is not surmounted by a Steeple, but the
Tower and very elegant Steeple, stands a little on one side. Over the eastern side of
the Gate is a miraculous picture of our Saviour, not made by hands, and on the western
side is a picture of the Virgin, surrounded by many Saints and Prophets. Without the
Gate is a flight of steps descending to the Kremlin Gardens, which are of considerable
extent and well planted. Here fireworks are displayed on festivals and public rejoicings.

No. 7 .—Church of lJar the Martyr.

Here are two small churches under the same roof, that of the Martyr U4r, and that
of the Birth of the Precursor John; they are both very small, but are perfectly distinct ;
externally the building is very plain, and it is surmounted by a single dome of
variegated slates of many colors. They were built by the Grand Duke Vasilii
Yasilievitch the blind, in 1462, and contain coarse and very ancient pictures of the
two Saints.

No. 9 .—Imperial Palace of Nicholas.

The Imperial Palaces of the Kremlin are four in number, but they are so closely
connected with each other, that they form one vast interior. The Terema, or ancient
Tartar Palace—which unfortunately cannot be seen in the present view—is a perfect
gem of its kind. It is of a square foim four stories in height, each story gradually
diminishing in size, somewhat like a Chinese Pagoda, the upper story being a single
apartment like a tent; each story has a wide terrace or balcony with an overhanging
roof supported by slender pillars ; the whole being gaily' painted presents a light and
elegant appearance amongst the heavy buildings that surround it. The ground floor
contains the Throne Boom and Audience Chamber of the ancient Czars, the uppermost
were appropriated to the use of the Czarinas and Princesses. On the fourth story is
the curious old Court Chapel called that of “Our Saviour behind the Golden Rail,”
which is surmounted by eleven gilt domes, and is extremely rich in plate and
ornaments. From the upper belvedere projects a small Observatory, from which,
during the conspiracy of Vasilii Shuiskii, the false Demetrii fell and broke his thigh in
attempting to escape from his enemies.

The Granovitaya Palata, the second Palace, was originally erected in 1367, to replace
the ancient Moorish wooden Palace. Having become dilapidated, it was rebuilt by the
F.mpress Elizabeth, the only portions of the old structure retained being the ancient
Banquetting Hall and a few rooms beneath, and the ancient entrance. This Palace
having been burned by the French in 1812 was entirely' pulled down with the
exception of the ancient portions, which are still intact. The Banquetting Hall is a
vaulted chamber 65 feet square, the vaulted roof uniting in the centre, where it is
supported by an enormous square pillar; after a lapse of 370 years it preserves
its entirety, and has during that long period been always used as the Audience
Chamber and Banquetting Boom at the Coronation. On the present occasion,
the walls were hung with crimson velvet embroidered with gold ; a magnificent
throne was placed on one side, and the central pillar was surrounded by shelves,
on which were arranged the finest specimens of the Imperial plate, and all the
Coronation regalia. The Krasnoye Kriltso, the beautiful or red stairs, forms the grand
ntrance to the State Apartments, It is 16 feet in width.

The third Palace was erected by the Emperor Alexander, immediately after the
retreat of the French, on the ruins of the old "palace burned by them, In 1817 it was
greatly augmented, and raised to fire stories in height. It is an immense pile, of great
height and size, without any pretensions to architectural beauty, having mor8 the
appearance of a large manufactory than an Imperial residence; its decorations as well as
style being also in bad keeping with the venerable buildings by which it is surrounded.
The centre and wings are surmounted by the Imperial arms ; and from a small turret in
the centre rises a flag-staff, on which the Imperial standard is hoisted when any of the
family are resident.

The fourth or Little Palace was erected by the late Emperor Nicholas, and was
completed in 1850, It is commodious, elegant, and most superbly furnished.

The suite of State Apartments which traverse these Palaces may vie with any in the
world for number, immensity and magnificence. The grand staircase is as splendid as
parian, porphyry, jasper, and malachite can make it ; and amongst the gorgeous saloons
especially worthy notice, may be mentioned the Hall of St. George, a vast apartment
finished in white and gold, adorned with pillars, and a fine statue of the Saint killing
the dragon; the Arms of the Order, with notices of important events in Russian history,
and the names of some of the greatest Generals who have deserved well from their
country, are emblazoned on the walls. The Hall of St. Andrew, another vast saloon, is
fitted with blue and gold, and is embellished with the armorial bearings of all the
Kingdoms, Duchies, and Principalities subject to Russia, and a magnificent throne with
purple and gold hangings. The Hall of St. Alexander Newski, lined with rose
coloured marble, and embellished with the Arms of the Order, emblazoned in gold, gems,
and lapis lazuli; and the Hall of St. Vladimir, another beautiful apartment; to these
may be added the State Bed Chamber of Catherine II., the ancient Concert Room, and
the Halls of the Terema and Granovitaya, and numerous rooms of less note. In these
Halls many very splendid fetes were given during the Coronation Festivities, which
terminated on Sunday, Sept. 21st., with what was called a Masked Ball to the People.
It was, however, neither a Masquerade, for no masks were worn, nor a Ball, for there
was no dancing; nor could it well be called a Promenade, for there was scarcely room to
move. The whole suite was, on this occasion, thrown open and brilliantly illuminated ;
the state plate and regalia were exhibited, numerous bands enlivened the scene, and
refreshments of the best quality were profusely served the whole evening, to upwards
of 25,000 persons.

No. 10 .—Cathedral of the Annunciation,

A small church, the proportions and ornaments of which are in much better taste than
is generally observed in most of the other churches of Moscow. It was erected in
1397, almost wholly rebuilt in 1484, and repaired, and the paintings renewed in 1770.
The whole roof is copper strongly gilt, from which rises in the centre a turret
surmounted by a large dome, surrounded by four others of smaller dimensions, with a
similar dome at each angle of the building; the whole nine are richly gilt, and are
crowned by crosses with chains, altogether presenting a most splendid appearance.
The cross on the large dome is said to be of solid gold. The exterior is painted with
scenes from the Parables, in which his satanic majesty figures in propria personre. 'The
interior is rich in painting and jewels. The bindings of the Gospels and the vestments
of the priests are especially rich. The frame of the sacred picture of the Annunciation
is said to weigh 18lbs. weight of pure gold, and it is thickly studded with costly gems
and pearls. The paintings on the walls are inferior hut the pavement is rich, being a
mosaic of precious stones, agate, jasper, cornelian, &c. The French are said to have
used this Church as a stable, and in it to have slaughtered many of their horses.

No. 11.— St. Michael.

The Cathedral of the Archangel Michael is an edifice presenting but very little
external beauty, the style being that of most of the other churches of Moscow. It was
erected in 1333 by the Grand Duke Johann Danilovitch Kalita, in gratitude for the
cessation of a great famine ; was partially rebuilt in 1509, and was repaired and
restored by the Empress Catherine II» in 177 T. At the west end it is ornamented with

paintings representing the Last Judgment* &c. The interior is antique and sombre,
the windows being so few and so small that the light they admit seems to render the
obscurity alone visible. A portion of the screen is pure gold, and it is filled with richly
ornamented paintings; there is also a grand display of gold and silver ornaments,
jewellery, precious stones, and many sacred relics. In this Church all the Sovereigns
of Russia, from the time that Moscow became the Metropolis to the time of Peter the
Great, are entombed in large square Sarcophagi, ranged along the nave; they are
usually covered by palls of red velvet embroidered with gold, but on grand festivals
with gold or silver brocade studded with costly jewels. The portraits of the Czars are
also painted in fresco on the walls. Amongst the most remarkable are those of the
Grand Duke Michael and his Boliarin Phedor, the Miracle-workers of Chernigoff;
also of the unfortunate Demetrii Uglitch, the last of the old Rurik dynasty, who was
murdered by the emissaries of Goris Godunoff. The latter tomb is of beaten silver,
surmounted by a rich canopy. The body, that of a lad about eight years of age, is
displayed on festivals in an open coffin covered with jewels, above is a portrait of the
Prince in a richly embossed frame of pure gold. On the return of the Coronation
Procession the Emperor and Empress entered the Church, and remained a short time
in prayer at the tombs of their predecessors.

No. 12 .—Twelve Apostles.

This Church, which is a small neat building in the accustomed style, was erected by
Peter the Great, and was consecrated in 1723. It presents little more than its five
gilt domes to recommend it to notice.

No. 13 .—Cathedral of the Assumption.

The "Great” Cathedral, originally founded in 1325, was wholly reconstructed by an
Italian architect named Fioravanti, in 1475. The exterior is a plain, simple, half¬
oriental building, of no particular style of architecture ; its form is a long rectangle,
very lofty for its size, but small. In detail, it is any thing but beautiful, yet as a
whole it is somewhat imposing; the five domes, richly gilt, and surmounted with
crosses and dependant chains, add much to its appearance. The east and west fronts
are adorned in three compartments, with paintings of the Virgin and Child, with
Angels, Apostle, &c. The interior is dark, and the nave is encumbered by the
enormous bases of six immense pillars that support the roof, and are disproportionately
large to the size of the Church. The whole of the walls and pillars are richly gilt from
the pavement to the roof, and are decorated with gigantic paintings in fresco, executed
in 1515, and regilt and repaired in 1773, comprising 249 whole-length figures, and 2066
half-lengths and heads of Angels, Saints, Apostles, Sovereigns, &c., &c,, in a stiff
monotonous style, whilst from the dome, a colossal head of the Saviour looks
benignantly down. This being the Church in which the Sovereigns are crowned, it is
extremely rich in precious metals, jewels, and relics ; it was plundered by the French,
but the priests managed to make a good salvage. The screen is embellished with gold
and silver, the shrines are covered with costly jewels, and the plate, curiosities and
vestment, are gorgeous. There is a Mount Sinai of pure ducat gold, weighing 120,000
ducats ; a picture of the Virgin, said to be by S. John, covered with the rarest jewels ;
and a Bible of extraordinary size, weighing upwards of 1201bs., the gold and precious
stones in the binding of which are said to have cost 1,200,000 roubles ; it was
presented to the Church by the mother of Peter the Great. The crown and numerous
chandeliers suspended from the roof, are said to weigh SOOOlbs. of fine silver. For
such a spectacle as the Coronation the Church was inconveniently small, not holding
moro than five hundred persons, one half of whom were Ambassadors, Ministers of
State, and high functionaries. The costly estrade on which the ceremony took place,
was raised in the centre of the Church, and all the art, taste, and resources of the
Empire were lavished upon it ; crimson velvet, gold brocade, gems of immense value,
and gold and silver furniture contributed to its magnificence; and a gorgeous canopy,
ornamented with white Ostrich feathers, was suspended by gold cords from above.

The three Cathedrals with the old and new Palaces form three sides of aq irregular

square, the fourth side, as seen in the view, being open to the Esplanade ; round this
square was the platform on which the Coronation Procession passed from the Palace to
the Church, The fourth side was on this occasion fitted with a temporary wooden
screen, handsomely draped and pierced with two lofty Gateways, through which at the
termination of the ceremony the Procession, emerging by on$ and re-entering by the
other, returned to the Palace,

J\ r o. 41 .—Sacred Gate,

A large heavy looking building, surmounted by a square spire, terminated by a
double imperial eagle bearing a crown, above which there is a cross, all gilt; there are
also two clocks, and a chime of many bells. This is considered the sacred, holy, and
triumpal gate of the Kremlin, in passing which every male individual, from the poorest
peasant to the Emperor, either riding or walking', takes off his hat, or he is compelled to
do so by the guard on duty; a rather annoying ceremony in winter, as the distance
through is above twenty paces. On the western side of the gate is a picture of the
Virgin, and another of the Saviour, not made by hands, and on the eastern side is
another picture of the Saviour, in a richly gilt frame, supported by four angels, rudely
painted on the walls, before which is a large glass lantern, in which candles are burned
night and day. Many curious stories are told of wonderful miracles performed at this
gate; some, more amusing than truthful, are said to have occurred during the occupation
of the Kremlin by the French; one is that each time Buonaparte attempted to pass, his
horse reared, and fell with him.

The small tower immediately to the south of the gate is interesting, from the alarm
bell of the garrison having been formerly suspended in it; but having been employed to
assemble a vetche, when the Archbishop Ambrosius was murdered, the Empress
Catherine ordered its removal. The tower was also used by the ancient sovereigns as
a resting place on public or holy processions, and from it they viewed public executions
in the square without, called the red place.

No. 42.— Voxnesenskoi Nunnery ,

Erected in the year 1329,by the Grand Duchess Evdokia, and rebuilt in 1721, by Peter
the Great, The various buildings of the nunnery surround a large square, at the corner
of which stands a newly-built church, which is conspicuous in the view. In the centre
of the square, surrounded by trees, stands the Cathedral of the Ascension, erected in
1407. It somewhat resembles the Cathedral of the Assumption, but the domes are of
polished tin instead of being gilt. It contains the tombs of several of the Czarinas and
Princesses, including those of the Grand Duchess Evdokia, four of the wives and several
of the daughters of Ivan the Terrible, and the first wife of Peter the Great.

No. 44 .—Chudoff Monastery ,

A vast mass of building, in the range of which are included the old metropolitan
palace, subsequently the palace of the late Emperor, and in which the present
Emperor was born, also six churches which, with the dwellings of the monks, the
houses of the clergy, and the various offices of the monastery, surround several
spacious and pleasant courts. The monastery is of the first class, and contains thirty
monks ; it was erected in 1365. The Cathedral of St. Catherine, the largest church,
is as old as the monastery, but it was partly rebuilt in 1811. It is an elegant Gothic
structure surmounted by a large dome, the whole rather too much overladen with
ornament. The French used this church as a bake-house for one division of the army.
The church next in size is dedicated to St. Alexii; it is of two stories, surmounted by
a number of small gilt cupolas. The handsome Ionic portico is finished with two
Gothic turrets. It contains the shrine and relics of St. Alexii, the celebrated miracle
worker, which are held in the highest reverence. The remains of many of the most
noble families of Russia repose in the Chudoff Monastery, and are covered by some fine
monuments.

No. 45.— Arsenal,

An edifice two stories in height, covering an immense area; the front having a
noble vaulted entrance, embellished with ionic columns and sculptured ornaments.
It was erected in 1702, but having been partly destroyed by fire, was repaired and
enlarged in 1801. It was sacked by the French and the roof blown off, but the walls
remained entire. The whole has been restored, and it contains a vast collection of the
arms, &c., of all nations, from the earliest dates.

The Arsenal and Treasury form two sides of a large triangular space, the third
side of which is occupied by the Senate House, a large and handsome building erected
by Catherine II., which, besides the great Council Chamber of the Senate, contains
other State and Public Offices.

No. 46.— Treasury .

The Imperial Museum was erected in 1806. It is an edifice of some pretensions,
consisting of a basement with one very lofty story above, surmounted by a large
cupola. The portico is ornamented with eight columns, and the wings with pilasters
of the Corinthian order. The interior contains a vast and wouderfully rich collection
of national objects of Russian splendour and glory; vases, jewels, &c., arranged in five
finely ornamented saloons ; amongst them are the Crowns worn by all the Sovereigns
from the earliest times to the present day, commencing with that of Monomachus in
1116, with their accompanying Sceptres, Globes, Crosses, Insignia, Robes, and other
regalia; forming a constellation of jewels of singular beauty, remarkable size, and
immense value. Also the crowns of Kazan, Poland, Astrachan, and other conquered
states, and a collection of thrones in gold, silver, and ivory, and costly armour, arms,
&c. In addition, there is a marvellous accumulation of fine plate, vases, and cups of
gold, silver, and ivory, enriched with costly jewels; curious furniture, models, articles
of mechanism, and the costumes of the Russian Princes of every age, especially many
memorials of Peter the Great; the whole forming a singular historical collection, and
a mine of wealth, the value of which is beyond estimation. On the basement is a
curious exhibition of the State Carriages of the various Emperors and Empresses.

No. 47 .—Office of the Holy Synod.

The ancient Palace of the Partriarcbs of Moscow, is now used as a section of the
Russian Holy Synod, and contains a fine Library rich in curious old Manuscripts, the
Treasury, and the Wardrobe. It is also the depository of the holy oil with which all
Russian children are anointed at their christenings ; also of the vast silver vessels
wherein it is made, purified, and kept until distributed through the provinces.

No. 48 .—Church of St. John.

The Belfry or Church of St. John as it is sometimes called, from its containing a
Church dedicated to St. John the writer of the Stair, is a large brick stuccoed edifice
of five stories in height, the upper part of which is formed into arches, in which are hung
a number of large bells. In the centre of the building is a handsome round tower with
a cupola, cross and chains richly gilt, and at the northern end a spire covered with
green tiles terminating in a gilt cross. The bells are 33 in number, varying in size
from 124,2891bs. downwards. On festivals they are all tolled without intermission
during the whole day.

No. 49.— Great Bell.

Near the base of the Tower stands, broken aud silent, the Czar Kolokol, or Emperor
of Bells, the celebrated great bell of Moscow. This fine bell was cast in the year 1733,
by order of the Empress Anna Ivanowna, and it is said to contain a considerable
quantity of precious metal; most persons who were permitted to see the process,
throwing into the melting mass some article of plate, or ornament of gold or silver.
It is ornamented with an image of the Empress in flowing robes on its surface. The

bell is said to weigh 193 tons, and a piece which is broken off shews the thickness of
the metal near the rim to be 23 inches. The diameter on the inside is 22 feet 5 inches,
and the height is 21 feet. It is said that soon after it was suspended (if it ever was)
a fire caused its fall, and it remained buried in the ground until 1836, when by order of
the Emperor Alexander it was raised to its present position on a granite foundation,
and was consecrated as a chapel.

No. 50.— St. John's Tower ,

The most lofty and conspicuous building in Moscow, and as it can be seen from a
considerable distance from the city, it is an object of great veneration to the peasantry.
It is an elegant structure of four stories, the three lower being octagonal, the upper one
round, which is surmounted by a bulbous-shaped cupola and cross richly gilt, making
the extreme height 269 feet 8 inches. Under the head of the cupola is an inscription in
Russian of three rows of gilt letters, so large that they have the appearance of an
ornamental frieze, which states that the tower was built by the Czar Boris Phedorovitch in
1600. The Tower was formerly the campanile to the Church of St. Nicholas the
Magician ; each division is pierced with open arches, in which are hung bells of great
size, one weighing 64 tons ; numerous other bells of smaller size are also suspended
within, which all being rang or rather tolled at one time, after the manner of Russian
bell-ringing, make a terrific noise. The Tower can be ascended, and a most extensive
view is commanded from openings in the dome. The French attempted to blow up this
Tower, and succeeded in destroying several of the surrounding buildings ; but the great
strength of the tower resisted all their efforts, and although it was rent from the top to
the bottom, not a single stone fell; the explosion has, however, slightly affected its
perpendicularity.

No. 52 .—Cathedral of the Virgin.

The cathedral of the protection of the Holy Virgin, or St. Basil, as it is most
commonly called, is a most extravagant specimen of architecture, without a parallel;
certainly the most singular, if not the most beautiful edifice in Moscow. It stands on
a fine esplanade in the red place, and is approached by a flight of steps; the form is the
usual Greek cross, and the architecture is of no particular style, ornamented with
emblematical paintings in fresco. There is one high tower and spire 150 feet in height,
with no internal division whatever ; there are also twenty small towers, round, square,
six, and eight sided, each surmounted by a dome, no two being alike in size, form or
ornament: some are round and smooth, others are coned like a pine apple, ribbed like
a melon, scaled like a serpent, or rayed like a zebra ; they are all striped, speckled,
chequered and embossed, with gold, silver or colours of the brightest hue, presenting the
whimsical combinations of a Kaleidoscope, the play of light on which does not shock
the eye, but produces an extraordinary and unique effect. The spire is not in the
centre, and there is no regularity whatever; all seems thrown together in the most
capricious and fanciful disorder. The interior is equally without symmetry or character,
confined, dark, and paltry, a perfect honeycomb of gloomy passages and dismal
churches ; of the latter there are twenty, the walls of which are painted in arabesque,
but are much faded. This singular building was erected by Ivan the terrible, to
commemorate the capture of Kazan; and his design seems to have been, to see how
many places of worship could be crowded under one roof, where religious services
could be performed at one time, without interfering with each other; and having
accomplished his desire, as a reward to the ingenious architect, he caused his eyes to be
put out, that he might never erect such another chef d’oeuvre elsewhere.

No. 54 .—Constantine and Helen ,

A small church erected by the Czaritsa Natalya Kiriloona in 1662. It was nearly
destroyed in 1812, and, although partially rebuilt, is a very mean looking edifice,

No. 55.—Foundling Hospital.

The Foundling Hospital of Moscow is conducted on the usual scale of Russian
magnificence, and the kindness and attention paid to the helpless and deserted inmates
is beyond all praise, Catherine II., called the mother of her country, was the foundress,
and it is in great part supported by a bank of loan and deposit established on the
premises, and by a tax on all public amusements. The building is enormously large,
but the Grecian fapade, os seen in the view, although of noble proportions, contrasts
badly with the surrounding buildings. The children generally average about 25,000
in the building and out at nurse ; the wet nurses are about seven or eight hundred.
Some parents pay a small sum, the greater part however pay nothing. The education
is sound and good ; the girls, if they shew talent, are taught music, painting, and the
finer arts, others are sent out as governesses, or to some light trade; the boys go into
the army, or are taught such trades or professions as their talents or inclinations may
fit them for. The expenses of the establishment are not less than one million sterling
per annum.

No. 56.—School for the Nobles.

The institution for the orphan children of the poorer nobles is an establishment
unrivalled in the world ; there are generally about 300 inmates, who receive the best
possible education, and many marry into the highet families.

No. 51.—Moskvaretskoi Bridge,

A wooden bridge, erected on a vast number of piles ; it is wholly removed early in the
spring, and as soon as the floating ice has passed away, is reconstructed.

No. 58.—Secret Gates,

A double flight of narrow stairs, descending to the river, for foot passengers only.

Printed by W. J. Golboubn, Princes Street, Leicester Square.