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ARCHITECTURE 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
Printed by GEORGE SMITH, Liverpool. 
 
Digitized by the Internet Arciiive 
 
 in 2010 witii funding from 
 
 Research Library, The Getty Research Institute 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/architectureinenOOrick 
 
RUIHTSID CHAPKIL 
 
 SoiTTH ?;inK OF r-HF CmiHrH OF S'' LAWRK.N'CK_KVKSHAM. 
 
ATITEMPT. 
 
 DISCRIMINATE THE STYLES 
 
 ARCHITECTURE 
 
 ENGLAND, 
 
 FROM THE 
 
 (SToiKjurftt to ttfc lirformation 
 
 WITH A SKETCH OK 
 
 THE GRECIAN AND ROMAN ORDERS ; NOTICES 
 
 OF NUMEROUS BRITISH EDIFICES; 
 
 AND SOME REMARKS ON THE ARCHITECTURE OF 
 
 A PART OF FRANCE. 
 
 By THOMAS RICKMAN, F.S.A. Architect. 
 
 FOURTH EDITION, 
 
 With very coiisiderable additions, and new Plates 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 LONGMAN, REES, ORME, GREEN & LONGMAN. 
 
 MDCCCXXXV. 
 
l&ntereD at stationers' fi^all 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 An outline of the present essay was written by the 
 Author for Smith's " Panorama of Science and Art,"' 
 and pubhshed in that work many years ago, but having 
 been frequently requested to enlarge and republish it, 
 he has performed that task, and has subjoined a 
 copious list of buildings for the student's instruction. 
 The object of the present publication has been to 
 furnish, at a price which shall not present an obstacle to 
 extensive circulation, such a view of the principles of 
 Architecture, more particularly that of the British Isles, 
 as may not only be placed with advantage in the hands 
 of the rising generation, but also afford the guardians 
 of ecclesiastical edifices such clear discriminative re- 
 marks on the buildings now existing, as may enable 
 them to judge with considerable accuracy of the 
 restorations necessary to be made in those venerable 
 edifices that are under their peculiar care ; and also, 
 by leading them to the study of such as still remain 
 in a perfect state, to render them more capable of 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 deciding on the various designs for churches in imita- 
 tion of the English styles, which may be presented to 
 their choice. 
 
 As a text-book for the architectural student, little 
 need be said of this publication. The want of such a 
 work, particularly as it respects the English styles, is 
 generally acknowledged ; and it has been the aim of 
 the Author, by a constant reference to buildings, to 
 instil the principles of practice rather than mere 
 theoretical knowledge. 
 
 This essay is by no means intended to supersede 
 that more detailed view of English architecture which 
 the subject merits and requires : an undertaking of 
 this nature must necessarily be expensive, from the 
 requisite number of plates, without which it is impos- 
 sible to give a full view of this interesting subject ; but 
 if his life be preserved, and time and opportunity be 
 afforded him, the author may perhaps again intrude 
 himself on the public, with a more comprehensive 
 view of Gothic Architecture in Europe. If he be not 
 so permitted, it is a satisfaction to him to know that 
 he will now leave behind those fully capable of inves- 
 tigating a subject which will richly reward the philo- 
 sophic investigator. 
 
ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 1 HE Author of this work cannot, in justice to his feelings^ 
 appear a fourth time before the Public, without gratefully 
 acknowledging the very flattering communications he has 
 received from several eminent Prelates, and from various other 
 distinguished Personages, both of the Clergy and Laity, in 
 approbation of the plan he has pursued ; and he indulges the 
 hope, that under the present circumstances the elucidation 
 which he has attempted, of the real principles and essential 
 differences of the styles of ancient English Architecture, will 
 derive an increasing degree of interest. 
 
 By these principles the Author has been enabled to adapt the 
 beautiful details and decorations of ancient work to modern 
 purposes, both ecclesiastical and domestic. How he has suc- 
 ceeded, an examination of the Edijlces committed to his charge 
 for design and execution, may best speak. Among many of the 
 former may be enumerated — 
 
 The New Court of St. John's College, Cambridge. 
 
 The restoration of Rose Castle, Cumberland, the Palace of the Bishop of 
 Carlisle. 
 
vl. ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 Oulton Church and Parsonage, near Leeds, founded and endowed by the 
 late John Rlayds, Esq. 
 
 Hampton Lucy Church, near Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. 
 The New Church, in the parish of St. Philip and St. Jacob, Bristol. 
 The Churches of St. George, Birmingham, St. George, Chorlcy, and St. 
 George, Barnsley. 
 
 The Churches of Mellor, Over Darv\^en, Lower Dar^ven, and Tockholes, in 
 the parish of Blackburn. 
 
 The Churches of St Peter and St. Paul, Preston. 
 
 Two Churches in the Cit}^ of Carlisle. 
 
 St. David's Church, in the Citj- of Glasgow. 
 
 St. Matthew's Church, Kingsdown, Bristol. 
 
 St. Jude's Church, Liverpool. 
 
 The Church of Lower Hardress, near Canterbury. 
 
 The New Church, added to the ancient Steeple of the Grey Friars, 
 Coventry. 
 
 The New Belfry and Spire to the Church of Saffron Walden, Essex. 
 
 The Church at Wliittle-le- Woods, in the parish of Leyland, Lancashire. 
 
 The Church of Ombersley, Worcestershire. 
 
 The Roman Catholic Chapel at Redditch. 
 
 The Chapel and Asylum for the Blind, Bristol. 
 
 Ja applied to Private Residences and Domestic purposes, the 
 following, amongst others, will suffice : — 
 
 Matfen, Northumberland, the seat of Sir Edward Blackett, Baronet. 
 
 The Grove, near Dumfries, the seat of Wellwood Maxwell, Esq. 
 
 Brunstock, near Carlisle, the seat of George Saul, Esq. 
 
 Burfield Lodge, near Bristol, the seat of Edward Bowles Frij)p, Esq. 
 
 Tettenhall Wood, Staffordshire, the seat of Miss Hinckes. 
 
 The Residences of Colin Campbell and George Smith, Esqrs. Liverpool. 
 
ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 In addition may he mentioned. Monuments erected in the 
 following Churches. 
 
 In Everton Church, near Liverpool. 
 
 Three in the Parish Church of Preston. 
 
 In the Parish Church of Warrington. 
 
 Gloucester Cathedral. 
 
 Durham Cathedral. 
 
 Buckden Church, Huntingdonshire. 
 
 King's Norton, Worcestershire. 
 
 Hampton Lucy Church, Warwickshire, &c. &c. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS i 
 
 GRECIAN ARCHITECTURE « 
 
 11 
 
 TUSCAN ORDER 
 
 DORIC 15 
 
 IONIC 21 
 
 CORINTHIAN -^ 
 
 COMPOSITE 80 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES OF GRECIAN ARCHITECTURE- • 36 
 
 ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE 37 
 
 THE FIRST, OR NORMAN STYLE 46 
 
 THE SECOND, OR EARLY ENGLISH 56 
 
 THE THIRD, OR DECORATED ENGLISH 71 
 
 THE FOURTH, OR PERPENDICULAR 89 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS ON BUILDINGS OF ENGLISH ARCH- 
 ITECTURE, AND A COMPARISON OF THE PRINCIPLES OF 
 
 GRECIAN AND ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE 108 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES OF ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE- • US 
 
 ENUMERATION OF BUILDINGS ILLUSTRATING THE PRINCI- 
 PLES OF ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE 121 
 
 ON SAXON ARCHITECTURE 299 
 
 ON THE ARCHITECTURE OF A PART OF FRANCE 309 
 
 INDEX OF BUILDINGS 323 
 
9ln9ittempt (|c. 
 
 JL HE science of Architecture may be considered, in 
 its most extended application, to comprehend building 
 of every kind : but at present we must consider it in 
 one much more restricted ; according to which. Archi- 
 tecture may be said to treat of the planning and 
 erection of edifices, which are composed and embel- 
 lished after two principal modes, 
 
 ] st, the Antique, or Grecian and Roman, 
 
 2nd, the English or Gothic. 
 
 We shall treat of these modes in distinct disserta- 
 tions, because their principles are completely distinct, 
 and indeed mostly fomi direct contrasts. But before 
 we proceed to treat of them, it will be proper to make 
 a few remarks on the distinction between mere house- 
 building, and that high character of composition in 
 the Grecian and Roman orders, which is properly 
 styled Architecture ; for though we have now many 
 nobly architectural houses, we are much in danger of 
 having our public edifices debased, by a consideration 
 of what is convenient as a house ; rather than what is 
 correct as an architectural design. 
 
 In order properly to examine this subject, we must 
 consider a little, Avhat are the buildings regarded as 
 our models for working the orders, and in what 
 climate, for what purposes, and under what circum- 
 stances they were erected. This may, perhaps, lead 
 to some conclusions, which may serve to distinguish 
 
 B 
 
that description of work, ^vhich, however rich or 
 costly, is still mere house-building, in point of its 
 composition. 
 
 It is acknowledged, on all liands, that our best 
 models, in the three ancient unmixed orders — the 
 Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, are the remains of Gre- 
 cian temples. JNIost of them were erected in a climate, 
 in which a covering from rain was by no means 
 necessary, and we shall find this circumstance very 
 influential; for as the space within the walls was 
 always partially, and often wholly open, apertures in 
 those walls for light were not required; and we find, 
 also, in Grecian structures, verj^ few, sometimes only 
 one door. The purpose for which these buildings 
 were erected, was the occasional reception of a large 
 body of people, and not the settled residence of any. 
 But, perhaps, the circumstances under which they 
 were erected, have had more influence on the rules 
 which have been handed down to us, as necessary to 
 be observed in composing architectural designs, than 
 either the climate or their use. It is now pretty gene- 
 rally agTced, that the Greeks did not use the arch, at 
 least in the exterior of their public buildings, till it was 
 introduced by the Romans. Here then we see at 
 once a limitation of the intercolumniation, which must 
 be restrained by the necessity of finding stones of 
 sufficient length to form the architrave. Hence the 
 smaller comparative intercolumniations of the Grecian 
 buildings, and the constant use of columns ; and 
 hence the propriety of avoiding arches, in composi- 
 tions of the purer Grecian orders. 
 
 TheKomans introduced the arch very extensively, 
 into buildings of almost eveiy description, and made 
 several alterations in the mode of working the orders 
 they found in Greece, to which they added one order, 
 by mixing the Corinthian and Ionic, and another by 
 stripping the Doric of its ornaments. Their climate, 
 also, was so far different as to require more general 
 roofing, but still, from the greater necessity of pro- 
 
viding a screen fi-om the heat of the sun, than aper- 
 tures to admit the hght, it does not appear that large 
 windows were in general use, and hence an important 
 difference in modern work. Although, by roofs and 
 arches, much more approximated to modern necessi- 
 ties than the Grecian models, still those of Rome 
 which can be regarded as models of composition, are 
 temples, or other public edifices, and not domestic 
 buildings, which, whenever they have been found, 
 appear unadapted to modern wants, and therefore 
 unfit for imitation. 
 
 In a few words, we may sum up the grand distinc- 
 tions between mere building and architectural design : 
 the former looks for convenience, and though it will 
 doubtless often use architectural ornaments, and pre- 
 serve their proportions, when used as smaller parts, yet 
 the general proportion may vary very widely from the 
 orders, and yet be pleasing, and perhaps not incorrect ; 
 but all this is modern building, and not architecture 
 in its restricted sense ; in this the columns are essential 
 parts, and to them and their proportions all other 
 arrangements must be made subservient ; and here we 
 may seek, with care and minuteness, amongst the 
 many remains yet left in various parts, (and of which 
 the best are familiar to most architectural students, 
 from valuable delineations by those who have accurately 
 examined them,) for models, and in selecting and 
 adopting these, the taste and abilities of the architect 
 have ample space. 
 
 As an introduction to the dissertations, it may not 
 be amiss to take a hasty sketch of the progress of 
 Architecture in England. 
 
 Of the British architecture, before the arrival of the 
 Romans in the island, we have no clear account ; but 
 it is not likely it differed much from the ordinary 
 modes of imcivilized nations; the hut of wood with 
 a variety of coverings, and sometimes the cavities of 
 the rock, were doubtless the domestic habitations of 
 the aboriginal Britons; and their stupendous public 
 
edifices, such as Stonehenge and others, still remain to 
 lis. The arrival of the Romans was a new era ; they 
 introduced, at least in some degree, their own archi- 
 tecture, of which a variety of specimens have been 
 found ; some few still remain, of which, perhaps, the 
 gate of Lincoln is the only one retaining its original 
 use. Although some fine specimens of workmanship 
 have been dug up in parts, yet by far the gTeatest part 
 of the Roman work was rude, and by no means com- 
 parable with the antiquities of Greece and Italy, 
 though executed by the Romans. The age of purity, 
 in the Roman architecture, reaches down to several of 
 the first emperors, but very early with a degree of 
 purity of composition, there was such a profusion of 
 ornament made use of, as soon led the way to something 
 like debasement of composition. The palace of Dio- 
 clesian, at Spalatro, has descended to us sufficiently 
 perfect to enable us to judge of the style of both com- 
 position and ornamental details; and the date of this 
 may be considered from A.D. 290 to 300; and Constan- 
 stine, who died in A. D. 337, erected the church of 
 St. Paul, without the walls of Rome, which, in fact, in 
 its composition, resembles a Norman building, and it 
 is curious to observe that the ornament afterwards used 
 so profusely in Norman work, is used in the buildings 
 of Dioclesian, whose Corinthian modillions are capped 
 with a moulding cut in zigzag, and which only wants the 
 enlarocment of the moulding to become a real Norman 
 ornament. AVhen the Romans left the Island, it was 
 most likely that the attempts of the Britons were still 
 more rude, and endeavouring to imitate, but not exe- 
 cuting on principle, the Roman work, their architecture 
 became debased into the Saxon and early Norman, 
 intermixed with ornaments perhaps brought in by the 
 Danes. After the conquest, the rich Norman barons, 
 erecting very magnificent castles and churches, the 
 execution manifestly improved, though stiU with 
 nnich similarity to the Roman mode debased; but the 
 introduction of shafts, instead of the massive pier, first 
 
began to approach that lighter mode of building, 
 "vvhich, by the introduction of the pointed arch, and 
 by an increased delicacy of execution, and boldness 
 of composition, ripened, at the close of the twelfth cen- 
 tury, into the simple, yet beautiful Early English style. 
 At the close of another century, this style, from the 
 alteration of its windows, by throwing them into large 
 ones, divided by niullions, introducing tracery in the 
 heads of windows, and the general use of flowered 
 ornaments, together with an important alteration in 
 the piers, became the Decorated English style, which 
 may be considered as the perfection of the English 
 mode. This was very difficult to execute, from its 
 requiring flowing lines where straight ones were more 
 easily combined; and at the close of the fourteenth 
 century, we find these flowing lines giving way to per- 
 pendicular and horizontal ones, the use of which 
 continued to increase, till the arches were almost lost 
 in a continued series of pannels, which, at length, in 
 one building — the chapel of Henry the VII — covered 
 completely both the outside and inside; and the eye, 
 fatigued by the constant repetition of small parts, 
 sought in vain for the bold grandeur of design which 
 had been so nobly conspicuous in the preceding style. 
 The reformation, occasioning the destruction of many 
 of the buildings the most celebrated, and mutilating 
 others, or abstracting the funds necessary for their 
 repair, seems to have put an end to the working of the 
 English styles on principle; the square pannelled and 
 muUioned windows, with the wooden pannelled roofs 
 and halls, of the great houses of the time of Queen Eli- 
 zabeth, seem rather a debased English than any thing 
 else ; but during the reign of her successor, the Italian 
 architecture began to be introduced, first only in 
 columns of doors, and other small parts, and after- 
 wards in larger portions, though still the general style 
 was this debased English. Of this introduction, the 
 most memorable is the celebrated tower of the schools 
 at Oxford, where, into a building adorned with pin- 
 
6 
 
 nacles, and having mullioned windows, the architect 
 has crowded all the five orders over each other. Some 
 of the works of Inigo Jones are little remoAed beyond 
 this barbarism. Longleat, in Wiltshire, is rather 
 more advanced, and the banqueting-house, Whitehall, 
 seems to mark the complete introduction of Roman 
 workmanship. The close of the seventeenth century 
 produced Sir Christopher Wren, a man whose powers, 
 confessedly great, lead us to regret he had not stvidied 
 the architecture of his English ancestors with the suc- 
 cess he did that of Rome ; for while he has raised the 
 most magnificent modern building we possess, he seems 
 to have been pleased to disfigure the English edifice 
 he had to complete. His works at St. Mary Alder- 
 mary, and St. Dunstan in the east, prove how well he 
 could execute imitated English buildinj^s Avhen he 
 chose, though even in them he has departed, in several 
 respects, from the true English principles. By the 
 end of the seventeenth century, the Roman architec- 
 ture appears to have been well established, and the 
 works of Vitruvius and Palladio successfully studied; 
 but Sir John Vanbrugh and Nicholas Hawksmoor 
 seem to have endeavoured to introduce a massiveness 
 of style which happily is peculiar to themselves. The 
 works of Palladio, as illustrated by some carpenters, 
 appear to have been the model for ^\ orking the orders 
 during the greatest part of the eighteenth century ; but 
 in the early and middle part of it, a style of ornament 
 borrowed from the French was much introduced in 
 interiors, the principal distinctions of which were the 
 absence of all straioht lines, and almost of all regular 
 lines. The examples of this are now nearly extinct, 
 and seem to have been di'iven out by the natural ope- 
 ration of the advance of good workmanship in the 
 lower class of buildings. 
 
 All ornamental carvings were with difficulty execut- 
 ed in wood, and were very expensive ; but towards 
 the latter end of the eighteenth century, the Adams 
 introduced a style of ornament directly contrary to the 
 
heavy carving of their predecessors. This was so flat 
 as to be easily worked in plaster and other composi- 
 tions, and ornament was sold very cheap, and pro- 
 fusely used in carpenters' work. This flatness was 
 more or less visible in many considerable buildings; 
 but near the close of the century, the magnificent 
 works of Stuart and Revet, and the Ionian antiquities 
 of the Dilletante Society, began to excite the public 
 attention, and in a few years a great alteration was 
 visible; the massive Doric, and the beautiful plain 
 Grecian Ionic began to be worked, and our ordinary 
 door-cases, &c. soon began to take a better character. 
 The use of the simple, yet bold mouldings and orna- 
 ments of the Grecian models, is gradually spreading, 
 and perhaps we may hope, from the present general 
 investigation of the principles of science, that this will 
 continue without danger of future debasement, and 
 that a day may come when we shall have Grecian, 
 Roman and English edifices erected on the principles 
 of each. 
 
GRECIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 The many valuable treatises and excellent delinea- 
 tions of the Grecian and Roman buildings, and the 
 details of their parts, will render unnecessary, in this 
 dissertation, that minuteness which, from the total 
 absence of a previous system, it will be proper to 
 adopt in the description of the English styles. But 
 in this sketch a similar plan will be followed, of first 
 giving the name and gTand distinctions of the orders, 
 then describing the terms and names of parts necessary 
 for those who have not paid attention to the subject 
 to understand, and a concise description of each order 
 will follow ; with respect to the examples in England, 
 it will be most proper to leave the reader to select 
 his own, because in this country we have not, as in 
 the English architecture, the originals to study, but a 
 variety of copies, adapted to the climate, and to the 
 convenience of modern times. 
 
 In dividing the Grecian and Roman architecture, 
 the word order is used, and much more properly than 
 style; the English styles regard not a few parts, but 
 the composition of the whole building, but a Grecian 
 building is denominated Doric or Ionic, merely from 
 its ornaments ; and the number of columns, windows, 
 &c. may be the same in any order, only varied in their 
 proportion. 
 
 The orders are generally considered to be five, and 
 are usually enumerated as follows: 
 
 Tuscan, 
 
 Doric, 
 
 Ionic, 
 
 Corinthian, 
 
 Composite. 
 
 Their origin will be treated of hereafter. Theii* 
 prominent distinctions are as follow: 
 
 Tlie Tuscan is without any ornament whatever. 
 
The Doric is distinguished by the channels and pro- 
 jecting intervals in the fi'ieze, called triglyphs. 
 
 The Ionic by the ornaments of its capital, which 
 are spiral, and are called volutes. 
 
 The Corinthian by the superior height of its capital, 
 and its being ornamented with leaves, which support 
 very small volutes. 
 
 The Composite has also a tall capital with leaves, 
 but is distinguished from the Corinthian by having the 
 large volutes and enriched ovolo of the Ionic capital. 
 
 In a complete order there are three grand divisions, 
 which are occasionally executed separately, viz. 
 
 The column, including its base and capital. 
 
 The pedestal, which supports the column, 
 
 The entablature, or part above and supported by the 
 column. 
 
 These are again each subdivided into three parts : 
 
 The pedestal into base, or lower mouldings ; dado or 
 die, the plain central space; and surbase, or upper 
 mouldings. 
 
 The column into base, or lower mouldings ; shaft, or 
 central space; and capital, or upper mouldings. 
 
 The entablature, into architrave, or part immedi- 
 ately above the column; frieze, or central flat space; 
 and cornice, or upper projecting mouldings. 
 
 These parts may be again divided thus : the lower 
 portions, viz. the base of the pedestal, base of the 
 column, and the architrave, divide each into two 
 parts; the first and second into plinth and mouldings, 
 the third into face or faces, and upper moulding or 
 tenia. 
 
 Each central portion, as dado of the pedestal, shaft 
 of the column, and frieze, is undivided. 
 
 Each upper portion, as surbase of the pedestal, 
 capital of the column, cornice of the entablature, 
 divides into three parts: the first into bedmoidd, or the 
 part under the corona ; corona, or plain face ; and cyma- 
 tium, or upper moulding. 
 
 The capital into neck, or part below the ovolo; 
 
10 
 
 ovolo, or projecting round moulding; and abacus or tile, 
 the flat upper moulding, mostly nearly square. These 
 divisions of the capital, however, are less distinct than 
 those of the other parts. 
 
 The cornice into bedmouIcJ, or part below the corona; 
 corowcf, or flat projecting face; cymatium, or moulding 
 above the corona. 
 
 Besides these general divisions, it W' ill be proper to 
 notice a few terms often made use of. 
 
 The ornamental moulding rimning round an arch, 
 or round doors and windows, is called an architrave. 
 
 A horizontal moulding for an arch to spring from, 
 is called an impost. 
 
 The stone at the top of an arch, which often pro- 
 jects, is called a key-stone. 
 
 The small brackets under the corona in the cornice, 
 are called mutules or modillions ; if they are square, or 
 longer in front than in depth, they are called mutules, 
 and are used in the Doiic order. If they are less in 
 front than their depth, they are called modillions, and 
 in the Corinthian order have carved leaves spread 
 under them. 
 
 A truss is a modillion enlarged, and placed flat 
 against a w^all, often used to support the cornice of 
 doors and windows. 
 
 A console is an ornament like a truss carved on a 
 key-stone. 
 
 Trusses, when used under modillions in the frieze, 
 are called cantalivers. 
 
 The space under the corona of the cornice, is called 
 a soffit, as is also the under side of an arch. 
 
 Dentils are ornaments used in the bedmould of cor- 
 nices : they are parts of a small flat face, which is cut 
 perpendicularly, and small intervals left between each. 
 
 A flat column is called a pilaster; and those which 
 are used with columns, and have a different capital, are 
 called antcE. 
 
 A small height of pannelling above the cornice, is 
 called an attic; and in these pannels, and sometimes 
 
11 
 
 in other parts, are introduced small pillars, swelling 
 towards the bottom, called balustres, and a series of 
 them a balustrade. 
 
 The triangular portion over a series of columns is 
 called a pediment, and the plain space bounded by the 
 horizontal and sloping cornices, the tympanum ; this is 
 often ornamented with figures or other work in relief. 
 
 Pedestals and attics are far from settled as to their 
 proportions, or the mode of their execution, depending 
 almost entirely on circumstances connected with the 
 particular design, rather than the order they are used 
 with. However, for pedestals, about one-fifth of the 
 whole height, including pedestal and entablature, is a 
 good proportion, though it may be often necessary to 
 to alter it from local circumstances. In general an order 
 looks much better, executed without pedestals 
 
 Columns are sometimes ornamented by channels, 
 which are called Jiutes. These channels are sometimes 
 partly filled by a lesser round moulding ; this is called 
 cabling the flutes. 
 
 If the joints of the masonry are channelled, the 
 work is called rustic, which is often used as a basement 
 for an order. 
 
 For the better understanding the description to be 
 given of the orders, it will be proper first to notice the 
 mouldings which, by different combinations, form their 
 parts. 
 
 The most simple mouldings are, 
 
 1st, The ovolo, or quarter round. 
 
 2nd, The cavetto, or hollow. 
 
 3rd, The torus, or round. 
 
 From the composition of these are formed divers 
 others, and from the arrangement of them, with plain 
 flat spaces between, are formed cornices and other 
 ornaments. A large flat space is called a corona, if in 
 the cornice; a face oy fascia in the architrave; and the 
 frieze itseif is only a flat space. A small flat face is 
 called a fillet, and is interposed between mouldings to 
 divide them. 
 
12 
 
 A fillet is, in the bases of columns and some other 
 parts, joined to a face, or to the column itself by a 
 small hollow, then called apophi/ges. 
 
 The torus, when very small, becomes an astragal^ 
 which projects; or a bead^ which does not project. 
 
 Compound moiddings are, the ci/ma recta, which has 
 the hollow uppermost and projecting. 
 
 The cyma reversa, or ogee, which has the round 
 uppermost and projecting. 
 
 The scotia, which is formed of two hollows, one 
 over the other, and of different centres. 
 
 In the Roman works, the mouldino;s are orenerallv 
 worked of equal projection to the height, and not 
 bolder than the above regidar forms; but the Grecian 
 mouldings are often bolder, and worked with a small 
 retiu'n, technically called a quirk, and these are of 
 various proportions. 
 
 The ogee and ovolo are most generally used with 
 quirks. 
 
 Several beads placed together, or sunk in a flat face, 
 are called ree dings. 
 
 All these mouldings, except the fillet, may be 
 occasionally carved, and they are then called enriched 
 mouldings. 
 
 From these few simple forms, (by adding astragals 
 and fillets, and combining differently ornamented 
 mouldings, faces, and sofhts,) are all the cornices, 
 pannels, and other parts formed, and the modern com- 
 positions in joiners, plasterers, and masons' work, are 
 very numerous, and too well known to need describing. 
 
 There are several terms applied to large buildings, 
 which it is proper also to explain. 
 
 A series of columns of considerable length, is called 
 a colonnade. 
 
 A series of columns at the end of a building, or 
 projecting from the side of a building, is called a 
 portico. 
 
 A portico is called tetra style, if of four columns ; 
 hexa style, if of six; octo style, if of eight. 
 
13 
 
 Tuscan (Drtier* 
 
 Though this is not, perhaps, the most ancient of the 
 orders, yet, from its plainness and simplicity, it is 
 usually first noticed. Its origin is evidently Italian, for 
 the Grecian work, however plain, has still some of the 
 distinctive marks of massive Doric, whilst the Tuscan 
 always bears clear marks of its analogy to the Roman 
 Doric. 
 
 The pedestal, when used, is very plain, but the 
 column is more often set on a plain square block plinth, 
 which suits the character of the order better than the 
 higher pedestal. This block projects about half the 
 height of the plinth of the base beyond its face. 
 
 The column, including the base and capital, is about 
 seven diameters high. The column, in the Roman 
 orders, is sometimes only diminished the upper two- 
 thirds of its height. This diminution is bounded by a 
 curved line, which is variously determined, but does 
 not differ much from what an even spring would 
 assume, if one part of it were bound, in the direction 
 of the axis of the shaft, to the cylindrical third, and 
 then, by pressure at the top only, brought to the 
 diminishing point. The Grecian columns are mostly 
 diminished from the bottom, and conically. The 
 quantity of diminution varies from one-sixth to one- 
 fourth of the diameter just above the base. 
 
 The Tuscan base is half a diameter in height, and 
 consists of a plain torus with a fillet and apophyges, 
 which last is part of the shaft, and not of the base, as 
 indeed all apophygse are considered to be ; and also all 
 the astragals underneath the capitals, as well as the 
 upper fillet of the base in all the richer orders, and in 
 masonry should be executed on the shaft stones. 
 
 The capital of the Tuscan order is (exclusive of the 
 astragal) half a diameter in height, and consists of a 
 neck on which is an ovolo and fillet, joined to the neck 
 by an apophyges, and over the ovolo a square tile, 
 which is ornamented by a projecting fillet. 
 
14 
 
 The shaft is never fluted, but many architects have 
 given to this order, and some have even added to the 
 richer orders, large s(|iiare blocks, as parts of the 
 shaft, which are called rustications, and are sometimes 
 roughened. 
 
 The Tuscan entablature should be quite plain, 
 having neither mutules nor modillions. Tlie arrlr.- 
 trave has one or sometimes two faces, and a fillet; 
 the frieze quite plain, and the cornice consisting of 
 a cyma recta for cymatium, and the corona with a 
 fillet, and a small channel for drip in the soffit. The 
 bedmould should consist of an ovolo fillet and cavetto. 
 
 This Tuscan is tliat of Palladio ; some other Italian 
 architects have varied in parts, and some have given a 
 sort of block modillions like those used in Co vent 
 Garden church, but these are of wood, and ought not 
 to be imitated in stone. 
 
 This order is little used, and will most likely, in 
 future, be still less so, as the massive Grecian Doric is 
 an order equally manageable, and far more elegant. 
 
 Having explained the parts of one order, it will be 
 necessary to make a few remarks, which could not so 
 Avell be previously introduced. If pilasters and columns 
 are used together, and they are of the same character, 
 and not anta:, the pilasters should be diminished like 
 the columns ; but where pilasters are used alone, they 
 may be undiminished. 
 
 The fillet and moulding under the cymatium, which, 
 in rich orders, is often an ogee, is part of the corona, 
 and as such is continued over the corona in the hori- 
 zontal line of pediments, where the cymatium is omit- 
 ted; and is also continued with the corona in interior 
 work, where the cymatium is often with propriety 
 omitted. 
 
 In pediments, whose cornices contain mutules, 
 modillions, or dentils, those in the raking cornice 
 must be placed perpendicularly over those in the hori- 
 zontal cornice, and their sides must be perpv ndicular, 
 though their under parts have the rake of the cornice 
 
15 
 
 Baric (Bvtjtx, 
 
 The ancient Grecian Doric appears to have been an 
 order of peculiar grandeur; simple and bold, its orna- 
 oients were the remains of parts of real utility, and 
 perhaps originally it was worked with no moulding but 
 the cymatium, to cover the ends of the tiles, its triglyphs 
 being the ends of the beams, and its mutvdes those of 
 che rafters. In after times, its proportions were made 
 '•ather less massive, and its mouldings and ornaments, 
 chough not numerous, were very beautiful. The 
 Romans considerably altered this order, and by the 
 regulations they introduced, rendered it peculiarly 
 difficult to execute on large buildings. As the exam- 
 ples of the two countries are very different, we shall 
 treat of them separately, and therefore first of the 
 
 Grecian Doric. 
 
 The columns of this order were, in Greece, generally 
 placed on the floor, without pedestal and without 
 base ; the capital, which occupied a height of about 
 half a diameter, had no astragal, but a few plain fillets, 
 with channels between them, under the ovolo, and a 
 small channel below the fillets. The ovolo is generally 
 flat, and of great projection, with a quirk or return. 
 On this was laid the abacus, which was only a plain 
 tile, without fillet or ornament. 
 
 In the division of the entablature, the architrave 
 and frieze have each more than a third in height, and 
 the cornice less. The architrave has only a plain broad 
 fillet, under which are placed the drops or guttae, 
 which appear to hang from the triglyphs. 
 
 The triglyph, in Greece, appears to have been gene- 
 rally placed at the angle, thus bringing the interior 
 edge of the triglyph nearly over the centre of the 
 angular column. The metope, or space between the 
 triglyphs, was nearly the square of the height of the 
 frieze, and a mutule was placed not only over each 
 
16 
 
 triglyph, but also over each metope. The cornice of 
 tliis order, in Greece, consisted of a plain face, under 
 the mutiile, which was measured as part of the frieze, 
 and then the mutule, which projected sloping forward 
 under the corona, so that the bottom of the mutule in 
 front was considerably lower than at the back. Over 
 the corona was commonly a small ovolo and fillet, and 
 then a larger ovolo and fillet for the cymatium; and 
 below the corona a fillet about equal in height to the 
 mutule. 
 
 The ornaments of this order, in Greece, were, 1st, 
 the flutings of the colimm, which are pectdiar to the 
 order, and are twenty in number, shallow, and not 
 with fillets between them, but sharp edges. These 
 flutes are much less than a semi-circle, and should be 
 elliptic. 
 
 '2nd, At the corner, in the space formed in the 
 soffit of the corona, by the interval between the t\\ o 
 angidar mutules, was sometimes placed a flower, and 
 the cymatium of the cornice had often lions' heads, 
 M'hi:;h appear to have been real spouts. 
 
 3rd, In addition to the drops under the triglyph, 
 the mutules also had several rows of drops of the same 
 shape and size. 
 
 This order appears in general to have been worked 
 very massive ; the be-st examples are from five to six 
 diasneters high, which is lower than the Italians usually 
 worked the Tuscan ; but this gave peculiar grandeur 
 to the temples in which it is thus employed. 
 
 Our present authorities for the Grecian orders are 
 scattered through a variety of very expensive works, 
 and in them presented in very irregular succession, 
 whether we regard their supposed dates, their purity, or 
 their orders ; and it would be a valuable present to the 
 architectural student, if the good authorities of each 
 order were collected, figured, and some account given 
 of their variations. With respect to the Doric order, 
 this has been ably done in a treatise by Edmund 
 Aikin, from which we shall take the liberty of extract- 
 ing a few remarks. 
 
17 
 
 '* On viewing and comparing the examples of the 
 Doric order, the first emotion will probably be 
 sui-prise, at beholding the different proportions, — a 
 diversity so great, that scarcely any two instances 
 appear which do not materially differ in the relative 
 size of their parts, both in general and in detail, and 
 presenting differences which cannot be reconciled upon 
 any system of calculation, whether the diameter or 
 the height of the column, or the general height of the 
 order be taken as the element of proportion. At the 
 same time, they all resemble one another in certain 
 characteristic marks, which denote the order ; the 
 differences are not generic, but specific, and leave 
 unimpaired, those plain and obvious marks, which 
 enable us to circumscribe the genuine Doric order, 
 within a simple and easy definition. 
 
 " Interesting would be the investigation, could we 
 trace the history of the Doric order in its monuments, 
 and mark what progressive improvements it may have 
 received in the course of time ; but of the monuments 
 of antiquity few, comparatively, have survived the 
 injuries of time, and the more speedy and effectual 
 destruction of violence; and of these still fewer retain 
 either inscriptions, or, in the records of history, the 
 dates of their erection." 
 
 The examples of Grecian Doric, of which we have 
 accounts and figures, that may be depended on, are : 
 
 The temple of Minerva at Athens, called the Par- 
 thenon. 
 
 The temple of Theseus, at Athens 
 
 The Propylea, at Athens. 
 
 The temple of Minerva, at Sunium. 
 
 The portico of the Agora, at Athens. 
 
 A temple at Corinth. 
 
 The temple of Jupiter Nemeeus, between Argos 
 and Corinth. 
 
 The temple of Apollo, at Delos. 
 
 The portico of Philip, at Delos. 
 
 The temple of Jupiter Pannellenius, in ^gina. 
 
 c 
 
18 
 
 The temple of Minerva, at Syracuse. 
 
 The temple of Juno Lucina, at Agrigentum. 
 
 The temple of Concord, at Agrigentum. 
 
 Tlie temple of Jupiter, at Selinus. 
 
 A smaller temple, at Selinus. 
 
 A temple at iT!,gcsta. 
 
 Three temples at Pcestum. 
 
 Our limits will not permit us to enter minutely into 
 the question, which of these examples might be now 
 considered as the most valuable for imitation ; but one 
 circumstance it is requisite to notice, which is, that in 
 the Athenian examples, and many of the others, the 
 architrave projects over the top of the shaft, so as to 
 be nearly perpendicular to the front of the bottom of 
 the shaft, an arrangement never seen at Rome, but 
 which contributes much to the boldness of the Grecian 
 temples : and it is curious to observe, that in the 
 temple of Apollo at Delos, of Concord at Agrigentum, 
 and the temple at ^Egesta, this projection is very small, 
 compared with that of the other examples; and that 
 in the portico of Philip, at Delos, and all the temples 
 at Poestum, there is no projection, but the face of the 
 architrave is set over the diminished part of the shaft, 
 the same as in Roman examples. 
 
 Two of the temples at Poestum have capitals, with 
 some trivial additions about the neck, and such a gTeat 
 projection of the echinus and abacus, as well as some 
 appearances in the entablature, that take very much 
 from their beauty. 
 
 The other temple at Poestum has (excepting the 
 projection above spoken of) all the characters of the 
 Grecian examples. 
 
 On the whole, the temples of ^linerva and Theseus 
 at Athens, and INIinerva at Sunium, appear those 
 examples which deserve the most attentive considera- 
 tion, as well from the general beauty of the composi- 
 tion, as the excellence of the details and execution. 
 But in this order, as well as in Architecture generally, 
 the duty of the Architect is not to be a servile copyist 
 
19 
 
 of any example, however fine, but by seizing the 
 principles and spirit, of the age of his best models, 
 to form such a composition as, by its fitness for the 
 purpose to which it is applied, should appear that 
 edifice which, for a similar purpose, the great Archi- 
 tects, whose works he seeks rather to renew than 
 imitate, would have erected. 
 
 Roman Doric. 
 
 This differs from the Grecian in several important 
 particulars, which will appear from the following rules : 
 from the strictness of which follows that extreme 
 difHculty of execution which has been so often com- 
 plained of in this order: 1st, the triglyphs must be 
 precisely over the centre of the columns; 2d, the 
 metopes must be exact squares; 3d, the mutules also 
 must be exact squares. 
 
 As, therefore, the intercolumniation must be of a 
 certain number of triglyphs, it will be easily conceived 
 how difficult it will be, in large buildings, where a 
 triglyph is several feet, to accommodate this order to 
 the internal arrangements. 
 
 The Roman Doric is sometimes set on a phnth, and 
 sometimes on a pedestal, which should be of few and 
 plain mouldings. The bases usually employed, are 
 either the attic base of a plinth, lower torus, scotia, 
 and upper torus, with fillets between them, or the 
 proper base of one torus and an astragal ; or, in some 
 instances, of a phnth and simple fille'^ The shaft, 
 including the base and capital, each of which is half a 
 diameter, is generally eight diameters high, and is fluted 
 like the Grecian. The capital has an astragal and neck 
 under the ovolo, which has sometimes three small 
 fiUets projecting over each other, and sometimes 
 another astraoal and fillet. The ovolo should be a 
 
 o 
 
 true quarter round. The abacus has a small ogee and 
 fillet on its upper edge. 
 
20 
 
 The architrave has less height than the Grecian, 
 being only two-thirds of the frieze, which is equal in 
 height to the cornice. In a few instances the archi- 
 trave has two faces, but mostly only one. 
 
 The frieze has nothing peculiar to this mode ; if 
 plain, its metopes being, as before observed, squ^ire. 
 
 The cornice differs much from the Grecian, having 
 its soffit flat, and the mutules square, with a square 
 interval between them. The Grecian drops in the 
 mutules generally appear in front, below the mutules ; 
 but the Roman do not, and are sometimes omitted ; 
 the drops also are of a different shape, being more 
 complete cones. 
 
 The cymatium is often a cavetto, and sometimes 
 a cyma recta, with an ogee under it. The mutules 
 have a small ogee, which runs round them, and also 
 round the face they are formed of; and under the 
 mutules are an ovolo and small fillet, and the flat fiJlet 
 which runs round the top of the trigiyphs here belongs 
 to the cornice, and not, as in the Grecian, to the 
 frieze. 
 
 The Roman Doric is susceptible of much ornament, 
 for in addition to the flutes, the guttee of the trigiyphs, 
 and the roses in the soflit of the corona, the neck of 
 the capital has sometimes eight flowers or husks placed 
 round it, the ovolo carved, and the metopes in the 
 frieze filled with alternate ox-skulls and paters, or 
 other ornaments. In interior decorations, sometimes 
 one or two of the mouldings of the cornice are 
 enriched ; but with all this ornament, the Roman 
 Doric is far inferior, in real beauty, to the Grecian. 
 
 The Doric we have now described, and its rules, 
 should rather be considered Italian than Roman ; for 
 it is in fact the Doric worked by modern Italian 
 architects, rather than the Doric of ancient Rome, 
 of which we have only one example, which is far from 
 giving such a Doric as above described. 
 
 This example is the theatre of Marcellus, which 
 has dentils in the cornice, and of which the corona 
 
21 
 
 was so decayed even near 150 years back, as to give 
 no trace of any thing but an indication of a mutule, 
 which appears a little like a Grecian mutule. This 
 theatre is considered to have been erected by Augustus, 
 and it appears most probable that the portico of the 
 Agora, at Athens, was erected about the same time ; 
 if so, it becomes a curious question, how and why the 
 order should be so altered in Rome. 
 
 The first order of the Coliseum is a much later 
 work, and is extremely poor in its combinations, but 
 has a capital very much like the theatre of JNIarcellus, 
 and its cornice has an uncut dentU face. 
 
 iont'c (f^rtier* 
 
 As the Greeks and Romans differed much in their 
 modes of working the Doric Order, so there was 
 considerable difference in their execution of the Ionic, 
 though by no means so great as in the former. 
 
 The distinguishing feature of this order is the 
 capital, which has four spiral projections called volutes. 
 These in Greece were placed flat on the front and back 
 of the column, leaving the two sides of a different 
 character, and forming a balustre; but this at the 
 external angle producing a disagreeable effect, an 
 angular volute was sometimes placed there, showing 
 two volutes, one flat the other angular, to each 
 exterior face, and a balustre to each interior; but this 
 not forming a good combination, a capital was invented 
 with four angular volutes, and the abacus with its 
 sides hollowed out. This is called the modern Ionic 
 capital. In the ancient, the list or spiral line of the 
 volute runs along the face of the abacus, straight 
 under the ogee; but in the modern, this list springs 
 from behind the ovolo, and in the hollow of the abacus, 
 which is an ovolo, fillet, and cavetto, is generally 
 placed a flower. The abacus of the ancient capital 
 has only a small ogee for its moulding. 
 
 There are examples at Athens of an astragal to the 
 ancient Ionic capital below the volutes, lea^^ng a neck 
 
22 
 
 which is adorned with carvings, but these examples 
 are rare. 
 
 The Ionic shaft, including the base, which is half 
 a diameter, and the capital to the bottom of the 
 volute generally a little more, is about nine diameters 
 high. 
 
 The pedestal is a little taller, and more ornamented 
 than the Doric. 
 
 The bases used to this order are very various ; some 
 of the Grecian examples are of one torus and two 
 scoti^e, with astragals and fillets ; others of two large 
 tori and a scotia of small projection; but the attic 
 base is very often used, and with an astragal added 
 above the upper torus, makes a beautiful and appro- 
 priate base for the Ionic. 
 
 The cornices of this order may be divided into three 
 divisions; 1st, the plain Grecian cornice; 2nd, the 
 dentil cornice; 3d, the modillion cornice. 
 
 In the first, the architrave is of one or two faces; 
 the frieze plain, and the cornice composed of a corona 
 with a deep soffit, and the bedmould moulding hidden 
 by the drip of the soffit, or coming very little below 
 it. The cymatium generally a cyma recta, and ogee 
 under it. 
 
 The second has generally two faces in the architrave, 
 and the cornice, which is rather more than one-third 
 of the height of the entablature, has a corona with 
 a cyma recta and ogee for cymatium, and for bed- 
 moidd a dentil face between an ovolo and ogee. The 
 soffit of the corona is sometimes ornamented. 
 
 The third, or modillion entablature, has the same 
 architrave, frieze, and cymatium of its cornice as the 
 last, but under the soffit of the corona are placed 
 modillions, which are plain, and surrovmded by a small 
 ogee; one must be placed over the centre of each 
 column, and one being close to the return, makes a 
 square panncl in the soffit at the corner, and between 
 each modillion, which is often filled with a flower. 
 
23 
 
 The bedmould below is generally an ovolo fillet and 
 cavetto. 
 
 This modillion cornice is, in fact, as well as the 
 capital, rather Italian than Roman, as the ancient 
 examples have the dentil cornice ; and in point of time, 
 there may be some doubt, whether the modern Ionic 
 capital is not rather a deduction from the Composite 
 than the contrary ; for the angular volute of Greece is 
 not such a one as, if repeated, would make the modern 
 Ionic capital. The alteration of this order is in many 
 respects valuable, for although not equal in simplicity 
 to the Grecian Ionic, yet it is so easily manageable, 
 especially with a dentil cornice, as to be easily adapted 
 to modern wants ; and when executed on a large scale, 
 the modillion cornice has a bold effect. The great 
 difficulty in the Grecian Ionic is the return at the 
 angle ; it does not look well to have a column sideways 
 in a range with others fronting, and this arrangement 
 is so often wanted, and so ill attained by the Greek 
 angular volute, that many times there is no alternative 
 but the use of the modern capital. 
 
 It was once the custom to work the Ionic frieze 
 projecting like a torus, thus giving an awkward 
 weight to an order which ought to be light. The 
 introduction of good Grecian models has driven out 
 this impropriety, and much improved the present 
 execution of the order, which is very beautiful, if 
 well executed. 
 
 The Ionic shaft may be fluted in twenty-four flutes, 
 with fillets between them; these flutes are semi- 
 circular. This order may be much ornamented if 
 necessary, by carving the ovolo of the capital, the 
 ogee of the abacus, and one or two mouldings of both 
 architrave and cornice; but the ancient Ionic looks 
 extremely well without any ornament whatever. 
 
 Our Ionic examples are not so numerous as the 
 Doric, nor so complete, several of them not being 
 entirely figured without conjecture. They are : 
 
 The temple on the Illisus, at Athens. 
 
24 
 
 The temples in tlie Acropolis, of INIinerva Polias, 
 and Erichtheiis. 
 
 The aqueduct of Adrian, at Athens. 
 
 The temple of Apollo Didymeus, at INIiletus. 
 
 The temple of Bacchus, at Teos. 
 
 The temple of INIinerva Polias, at Priene. 
 
 The temple of Fortuna A'irilis, at Rome. 
 
 Of these, for simplicity and elegance of composition, 
 the now-destroyed temple on the Illissus, is pre-eminent; 
 its volutes plain, but of excellent proportion, and it 
 had an angidar Aolute to the external capital ; its base 
 was in mouldings the attic, but the tori were large, 
 and the scotia flat ; there was a small astragal above 
 the upper torus, and that torus was cut into small 
 flutes. The entablature was very plain, having an 
 architrave of one face only, a frieze plain, but which 
 there is some reason to suppose was carved in some 
 parts, and a corona with deep soffit, and for bedmould 
 only an ogee, with a fillet above, and astragal below. 
 
 The temples in the Acropolis are small, but extremely 
 rich, having many members carved. The cornice is 
 the same as the last example, but the architrave is of 
 three faces. There are three ranges of columns, and 
 the capitals of each have minute differences, but they 
 may all be described together : they have an ornamented 
 neck and astragal below the volutes ; the fillets of the 
 volutes are double, thus making the volute much more 
 elaborate, though not more beautiful; the bases are 
 enriched with carvings, and the columns fluted ; the 
 bases are nearly those of the last example, but want 
 the astragal. Of these examples, the architraves have 
 a small projection from the top of the column, though 
 not near so much as the Doric. 
 
 The aqueduct of Adrian is plain, but of good com 
 position ; it has a good volute, an architrave of two 
 faces, and a small projection in front of the column; 
 a plain frieze, and a good plain dentil cornice. 
 
 The temples of INIinerva Polias, at Priene, and 
 Apollo, at INliletus, have a base which is curious, but 
 
25 
 
 by no means deserving of imitation ; it consists of a 
 large torus, resting on two scoti^e, which are divided 
 from it, and from each other and the plinth, by two 
 astragals at each division. This base gives the column 
 so unsteady an appearance, that it spoils an otherwise 
 beautiful order. 
 
 The temple of Bacchus, at Teos, has an attic base 
 with an astragal added, and a cornice with dentils of 
 of greater projection than usual. These three last 
 examples have their volutes smaller than those of 
 Athens, which takes much from the grandeur of the 
 order. 
 
 The temple of Fortuna Virilis, at Rome. This 
 example is far inferior to those we have before noticed. 
 The Romans seem to have had a singular predilection, 
 particularly in their declining works, for very large 
 fillets, and it is abundantly shown in this edifice, 
 where the fillet of the tenia of the architrave is very 
 nearly as large as the ogee under it, and larger than 
 one face of the architrave ; this, though the capital is 
 pretty good, spoils the order, and the cornice is poor 
 from the trifling appearance of the corona. The base 
 is the attic of very good proportion. 
 
 The temple of Concord, at Rome, is figured by 
 Deso'odels, but it is only remarkable for its deformity, 
 and having an appearance of the modern Ionic. The 
 capitals have angular volutes, but under the usual 
 ovolo and astragal is a cyma recta, enriched with 
 leaves, and a large astragal and fillet. The entablature 
 is of a very poor character, and has small dentils and 
 large plain modillions. The base is of two tori divided 
 by two scotice, which are separated by a fillet. In this 
 example, the fillet on the bottom of the shaft is nearly 
 as large as the upper torus. 
 
20 
 
 a?0n'ntl)ian #rtrer. 
 
 This order originated in Greece, and the capital is 
 said to have been suggested by observing a tile placed 
 on a basket left in a garden, and round Avhich sprung 
 up an acanthus. All the other orders have, in various 
 countries and situations, much variety ; but the 
 Corinthian, though not without slight variations, even 
 in the antique, is much more settled in its proportions, 
 and its greater or less enrichment is the principal 
 source of variety. 
 
 The capital is the great distinction of this order; its 
 height is more than a diameter, and consists of an 
 astragal, fillet and apophyges, all of which are measured 
 with the shaft, then a l3ell and horned abacus. The 
 bell is set round with two rows of leaves, eight in each 
 row, and a third row of leaves supports eight small 
 open volutes, four of which are under the four horns 
 of the abacus, and the other four, which are sometimes 
 interwoven, are under the central recessed part of 
 the abacus, and have over them a flower or other 
 ornament. These volutes spring out of small twisted 
 husks placed between the leaves of the second row, 
 and which are called cnulicoles. The abacus consists 
 of an ovolo, fillet, and cavetto, like the modern Ionic. 
 There are various modes of indenting the leaves, 
 which are called, from these variations, acanthus, 
 olive, kc. The column, including the base of half a 
 diameter, and the capital, is about ten diameters high. 
 
 Of the Corinthian capital, although the best exam- 
 ples have all some trifling difference, principally in the 
 raflling of the leaves, and the connexion of the central 
 small volutes; yet there is one capital so different from 
 the others that it deserves some remark, more especially 
 as it has been lately introduced into some considerable 
 edifices. This capital is that of the circular temple 
 at Tivoli, called by some a temple of Vesta, by others 
 the Sybils' temple. In this capital the angular 
 volutes are large, so much so as to give the capital the 
 
27 
 
 air of a Composite, till more minutely examined ; it is 
 however a real Corinthian, for it has central volutes, 
 though they are small, and formed out of the stalks 
 themselves, and not as in the ordinary capital rising 
 from them. Its great beauty, however, is the very 
 bold manner of raffling the leaves, which gives it a 
 very different appearance from the other capitals, and 
 one which, in particular circumstances, may make it 
 valuable. The flower over the centre volutes, is 
 very different from the common one, and much larger. 
 
 If a pedestal is used, it should have several mould- 
 ings, some of which may, if necessary, be enriched. 
 The base may be either an attic base, or with the 
 addition of three astragals, one over each torus, and 
 one between the scotia and upper torus; or a base of 
 two tori and two scotise, which are divided by two 
 astragals, and this seems the most used to the best 
 examples; one or two other varieties sometimes occur. 
 
 The entablature of this order is very fine. The 
 architrave has mostly two or three faces, which liaA^e 
 generally small ogees or beads between them. 
 
 The frieze is flat, but is often joined to the upper 
 fillet of the architrave by an apophyges 
 
 The cornice has both modillions and dentils, and is 
 usually thus composed; above the corona is a cyma- 
 tium, and small ogee; under it the modillions, whose 
 disposition, like the Ionic, must be one over the 
 centre of the column, and one close to the return of 
 the cornice. 
 
 These modillions are carved with a small balustre 
 front, and a leaf under them; they are surrounded at 
 the upper part by a small ogee and fillet, which also 
 runs round the face they spring from. Under the 
 modillions is placed an ovolo, and then a fillet and the 
 dentil face, which is often left uncut in exterior work. 
 Under the dentils are a fillet and ogee. In some cases 
 this order is properly worked with a plain cornice, 
 omitting the modillions, and leaving the dentil face 
 uncut. 
 
2B 
 
 The enrichments of this order may be very con- 
 siderable; some of the moiddings of the pedestal and 
 base may be enriched ; the shaft may be fluted, as the 
 Ionic, in twenty-four flutes, "vvhich may be filled one- 
 third high by staves, which is called cabling the flutes ; 
 the small mouldings of the architrave, and even 
 some of its faces, and several mouldings of the cornice, 
 may be enriched; the squares in the soffit of the 
 corona pannellcd and flov>ered, and the frieze may be 
 adorned Avith carvings. But though the order will 
 bear all this ornament without overloading it, yet, for 
 exteriors, it seldom looks better than when the capitals 
 and the modillions are the only carvings. 
 
 The principal Corinthian examples are in Rome; 
 there are, however, some Grecian examples, which we 
 shall first notice : 
 
 A portico, at Athens. 
 
 The arch of Adrian, at Athens. 
 
 The Incantada, at Salonica. 
 
 A temple at Jackly, near Mylassa. 
 
 Of these, thefii'st has an entablature, which is almost 
 exactly that W'hich has been generally used for the 
 Composite; the others have all dentil cornices, wdthout 
 modillions. In two examples, the horns of the abacus, 
 instead of being cut off" as usual, are continued to a 
 point, wdiich gives an appearance of w^eakness to the 
 capital. The bases are mostly attic, wdth an additional 
 astragal, and at Jackly the tori are carved. 
 
 The temple of Vesta, at Tivoli, has the capital 
 noticed above ; its entablature is simple, with an 
 uncut dentil face, and the frieze carved in festoons. 
 The astragal, under the capital, has a fillet above, as 
 well as below, and the base has a fillet under the upper 
 torus omitted. The flutes are stopt square, and not 
 as usual rounded at the ends. 
 
 The remain, called the fi'ontispiece of Nero, has 
 the complete block entablature, usually called Com- 
 posite. The capitals good, with attic base, and the 
 whole of good character. 
 
29 
 
 The temple of Vesta, at Rome, 
 
 The BasiHca of Antoninus, and 
 
 The temple of JNIars the Avenger, 
 are all incomplete; the first has pointed horns, and 
 the two first the attic base. 
 
 The temple of Antoninus and Faustina, and 
 
 The portico of Severus, 
 have both a cornice with dentil face only, and uncut; 
 the first an attic base. 
 
 The baths of Dioclesian have a good entablature, and 
 the attic base ; some of the capitals are Composite. 
 
 The forum of Nerva, 
 
 The inner order of the Pantheon, 
 
 The outer order of the Pantheon, 
 
 The temple called Jupiter Tonans, and 
 
 The temple called Jupiter Stator, 
 are all excellent, and beautiful in their proportions and 
 execution; the fillets small, and the order much 
 enriched. The forum of Nerva, and the temple of 
 Jupiter Tonans, have no bases visible ; the others have 
 the real Corinthian base with two scotiae. The last may 
 be considered the best existing model of Corinthian ; 
 it is one of the most enriched, and nothing can better 
 stamp its value than a minute and rigorous examina- 
 tion of it with any of the other examples. 
 
 These are only a part of the antique remains of this 
 order, but they are the best known, and may be 
 sufficient to induce the student to examine every 
 example for himself. 
 
 It will not be right to quit this order without 
 adverting to two stupendous magazines of it, the ruins 
 of Balbec and Palmyra ; but although they are worth 
 examining as matters of curiosity, they are of com- 
 paratively little value; however rich, they contain 
 much of the faulty and crowded detail of the later 
 Roman work, and to what extent this was cari'ied in 
 very great Roman works, the best evidence is the 
 palace of Dioclesian, at Spalatro, where, amidst a 
 proliision of ornament, Ave meet with great poverty 
 
30 
 
 of composition, and combinations of mouldings so 
 barbarous as to lead to a degree of astonishment, how 
 they could be executed by persons before whose eyes 
 were existing such examples as Home even now 
 contains. In the decline of the lloman empire, it 
 became a fashion to remove columns; there are 
 therefore in Rome, many edifices with a variety of 
 valuable columns erected without their own entablature; 
 and Constantine, in the church of St. Paul without 
 the walls, began the Norman arrangement by springing 
 arches off the columns without an entablature, and 
 carrying up the wall to the clerestory windows, with 
 little or no projection; thus annihilating the leading 
 feature of the orders — a bold cornice. 
 
 iffompasite (BvXitv. 
 
 The Romans are said to have formed this order by 
 mixing the Corinthian and Ionic capitals; like the 
 Corinthian, the capital is its principal distinction. 
 This is of the same height as the Corinthian, and it is 
 formed by setting, on the two lower rows of the leaves 
 of the Corinthian capital, the modern Ionic volutes, 
 ovolo, and abacus. The small space left of the bell is 
 filled by caulicoles, with floAvers, and the vipper list of 
 the volute is often flowered. 
 
 From the great variety of capitals which are not 
 Corinthian, (for it seems most commodious to term 
 those only Corinthian which have four volutes in each 
 face, or rather eight sets roimd the capital; four at 
 the angles and four in the centre,) it may seem at first 
 difficult to say what should be called Composite, and 
 what considered as merely a Composed order; but 
 there appears an easy way of designating the real 
 Composite capital, viz. that of considering the Ionic 
 volute, and the Ionic ovolo and astragal under the 
 abacus, as essential parts; for this ovolo and astragal 
 not existing in Corinthian capitals, forms a regular 
 distinction between the two. 
 
31 
 
 The column is of the same height as the Corinthian, 
 Rnd the pedestal and base differ very little from those 
 of that order, the pedestal being sometimes a little 
 plainer, and the base having an astragal or two less. 
 
 The entablature mostly used with this order is plainer 
 than the Corinthian, having commonly only two faces 
 to the architrave, the upper mouldings being rather 
 bolder; and the cornice is different, in having, instead 
 of the modillion and dentil, a sort of plain doidDle 
 modillion, consisting of two faces, the upper projecting 
 farthest, and separated from the lower by a small ogee ; 
 imder this modillion is commonly a large ogee, astra- 
 gal, and fillet. The assumption of this entablature 
 for the Composite is rather Italian than Roman, for 
 the examples of Composite capitals in Rome have 
 other entablatures, and this is found with Corinthian 
 capitals ; but we must suppose that Palladio and 
 Scammozzi, w^ho both give this cornice to the Com- 
 posite, had some authority on w^hich they acted, and 
 considering the great destruction of ancient buildings 
 for their columns, this is not improbable. 
 
 A plain cornice, nearly like that used to the Corin- 
 thian order, is sometimes used to this order, and also 
 a cornice with the modillions bolder, and cantalivers 
 under them in the frieze. 
 
 This order may be enriched in the same manner as 
 the Corinthian. 
 
 The Composite examples we have to notice are few, 
 and these are. 
 
 The temple of Bacchus, 
 
 The arch of Septimus Severus, and 
 
 The arch of the Goldsmiths. 
 
 These are all at Rome, and all have an attic base ; 
 they have all large fillets. The first entablature is 
 plain, and has no dentil face ; the second has a dentil 
 face cut, as has the third, but the latter has an 
 awkward addition of a second ogee under the dentils, 
 apparently taken out of the frieze, which is thus made 
 very small. 
 
32 
 
 The baths of Dioclesiaii : — this example is placed in 
 the same room with Corinthian colimms ; it has an 
 attic base, and the Corinthian entablature. 
 
 The arch of Titus: — this example has a real Corin- 
 thian base and entablature; in short, it has nothing 
 Composite but the capital. 
 
 On the whole, an attentive examination of the 
 subject will lead us rather to discourage the use of this 
 order than otherwise; it cannot be made so elegant an 
 order as the Corinthian, and can only be wanted when 
 columns are to be in two ranges ; and then the capital 
 of the temple of A'esta, at Tivoli, affords a sufficient 
 alteration of the Corinthian. 
 
 Having ffone throno^h the forms and distinctions of 
 the orders, it is proper to say, that, even in Greece 
 and Rome, we meet with specimens whose proportions 
 and composition do not agree with any of them. These 
 are comprised under the general name of Composed 
 orders, and though some are beautiful as small works, 
 scarcely any of the ancient ones are worthy of imitation 
 in large buildings. Of these composed orders we have 
 two examples in the Pantheon, one in the columns of an 
 altar, and the other in the pilasters of the attic : they 
 have both dentil cornices, with an uncut face ; the first 
 has angular Corinthian volutes, and none in the 
 centres, and water leaves instead of raffled leaves under 
 the volutes ; the other has no real volutes, but a scroll- 
 work gives the appearance of them, and this capital 
 is only fitted for pilasters. JNIodern composition has 
 run very wild, and produced scarcely any thing worth 
 prolonging by description. There was, however, one 
 attempt of a singular kind, made some years since by 
 an architect at ^^^indsor, who published a magnificent 
 treatise, and executed one colonnade and a few door- 
 cases in and near Windsor. This was H. Emlyn, who 
 conducted the restoration of St. George's chapel. His 
 
order, he says, was first brought into his mind by the 
 twin trees in AVindsor forest. He makes an oval shaft 
 rise about one-foiu'th of its height, and then two round 
 shafts spring from it, close to each other, and the 
 diminution affords space for two capitals, which have 
 volutes, and instead of leaves, feathers like the caps 
 of the knights of the garter. His entablature has 
 triglyphs, and his cornice mutules. The triglyphs are 
 ostrich feathers, the guttse acorns, and the metopes are 
 filled with the star of the garter. 
 
 To conceal the awkward junction of the two 
 columns to the lower part, an ornament is placed 
 there, which is a trophy with the star of the garter in 
 the centre. 
 
 It is obvious that this order must be extremely 
 unmanageable, as it is difficult, and indeed almost 
 impossible to make a good angle column, and if its 
 entablature is proportioned to the diameter of one 
 column, it will be too small ; if to the whole diameter 
 it will be too heavy, and a mean will give the capitals 
 wrong; so that in any shape some error arises. In the 
 colonnade above mentioned, the entablature is so light 
 as to appear preposterous. This attempt is not 
 generally known, as the book was very expensive, and 
 the colonnade at a distance from a public road ; but it 
 deserves consideration, because, though the idea was 
 new, its execution seems completely to have failed, 
 and indeed in large designs, no composed order has 
 ever yet appeared that can come into competition with 
 a scrupulous attention to those excellent models of 
 Greece and Rome, now, through the effects of graphic 
 art, happily so familar to almost every English 
 architect. 
 
 There are a few small buildings in and near Athens, 
 Avhich, though not coming within any of the orders 
 precisely, are yet so beautiful in some of their parts, 
 as to require express notice. These are. 
 
 The Choragic monument of Thrasyllus, 
 
 D 
 
34 
 
 The octagon tower of Andronicus Cyrrhestes, called 
 the temple of the Winds, 
 
 The Choragic monument of Lysicrates, called the 
 lantern of Demosthenes, and 
 
 The temple of Pandrosus. 
 
 The first is now merely a face, its intervals being 
 walled up, but was originally the front of a cavern, 
 and consists of an entablature supported by three 
 an tee, and covered by an attic lowered in the middle, 
 on which is a statue in a sitting posture. The mould- 
 ings of the ant® are such as are used in Doric 
 buildings, and the architrave is capped by a plain fillet, 
 with a small fillet, and guttse below; the guttle are 
 continued along with an interval about equal to each 
 drop. The frieze contains eleven wTeaths of laurel, 
 and the cornice and attic mouldings are plain but 
 very good. 
 
 The whole of this monument is so simple, yet 
 possesses so beautiful a character as to render it worthy 
 of very attentive study. 
 
 The temple of the AVinds is chiefly valuable for 
 its sculpture; it had two door-ways of a composed 
 order, and in the interior is a small order of a Doric, 
 of very inferior proportions, which rises to the support 
 of the roof from a plain string, below which are two 
 cornices or rather tablets. The roof is of marble cut 
 into the appearance of tiles. The outside walls are 
 plain, with an entablature, and a string below, foraiing 
 a sort of frieze, on which are the figures of the winds. 
 On the whole, this monument is rather curious than 
 beautiful. 
 
 The lantern of Demosthenes. This is one of the 
 most beautiful little remains of antiquity existing. 
 The whole height is but thirty-four feet, and its 
 diameter eight feet. It is a circular temple, with six 
 engaged columns standing on a basement, nearly as 
 high as the columns, and nearly solid. The capitals, 
 though not like most Corinthian capitals, are very 
 beautiful. The frieze is sculptured, and instead of a 
 
36 
 
 cymatium to the cornice, is an ornament of honey- 
 suckles, and above that on the roof, which is beautifully 
 carved in leaves, is a line of a waved projecting 
 ornament ; on the top is a vase, or rather the base of a 
 tripod. Our limits will not admit of particularising 
 all the singularities of this delicate building, but it 
 well deserves study and imitation. 
 
 The temple of Pandrosus is a building with Cary- 
 atid^e, or figures instead of columns ; they have each a 
 capital of an ornamented square abacus, and ovolo 
 carved. The entablature has no frieze, but an archi- 
 trave of three faces, the uppermost of which has plain 
 circles for ornament, and joins the cornice, which is a 
 dentil cornice, large, and of good mouldings. The 
 statues are good, and stand upon a continued pedestal 
 of two-thirds their own height; and there are two 
 antee which descend through the pedestal, and the 
 entablature is rather proportioned to these antas than 
 the Caryatidas. JNIany of the mouldings are enriched, 
 and indeed the whole of this curious building, which 
 comprises the temples of Eryctheus, Minerva Polias, 
 and Pandrosus, is a fi'uitful source of most delicate 
 enrichment. 
 
 In this essay it has by no means been intended to 
 mention every valuable remaining example ; all that 
 has been aimed at, is to give a general view of those 
 remains which must be considered as standards, and to 
 excite in the pupil that persevering attention to the 
 best models, which is the only way of arriving at a 
 complete knowledge of these very interesting sources 
 of architectural science. 
 
3C 
 Description of the Plates of Grecian Architecture. 
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 The Tuscan order without a pedestal, having all 
 its parts, and their members divided, with the names. 
 
 The various kinds of what are usually considered 
 simple mouldings, with their names, and a portion of 
 an arch with an architrave springing from an impost. 
 
 PLATE II. 
 
 Outlines of the Grecian Doric, Ionic and Corin- 
 thian. The Grecian Doric nearly accords with the 
 best Athenian examples, but on this scale the minute 
 parts cannot be shown of their exact size, particularly 
 the fillets of the capital. The Ionic Order is that of 
 the Ionic Temple on the Ilyssus, but not allowing 
 the introduction of some delicate ornaments. 
 
 The Corinthian is from perhaps the only really 
 Greek Corinthian capital remaining, that of the 
 Choragic monument of Lysicrates, or Lantern of De- 
 mosthenes, with the crowning ornament peculiar to it 
 
 PLATE III. 
 
 This plate exhibits tlie whole five orders as generally 
 worked by the Romans and Italians. In the Tuscan 
 there is a slight variation from the example in plate 1. 
 The Doric is the order as worked by Palladio and 
 most of the Italian architects, and which has been 
 much used in England, though there is no one ancient 
 Roman example exactly like it. The same remark ap- 
 plies to the Ionic order as here given : there being no 
 ancient Roman remain that is not somewhat different. 
 
 The Composite capital is shewn as in ancient Roman 
 examples; likewise the entablature, which differs in some 
 points from the Composite entablature commonly used 
 in England, and which was so at Rome with Corinthian 
 capitals. The Corinthian here given is from that best 
 of Roman examples, the three columns considered the 
 remains of the Temple of Jupitor Stator, omitting, of 
 necessity, various minute and delicate carved ornaments. 
 
.. JPiiiti 
 
 CjrmaJSfetd 
 
 Corona ■ 
 Ovoio 
 
 Fnexe 
 
 J'on.TKl/ 
 
 :« 
 
 JLtnver-pAcia. 
 
 ' Ovolo 
 
 Ifeck 
 
 J'ill.ti.i.. 
 
 J'UnfA 
 
 r 
 
 7^ 
 
 OlcIo 
 
 Cavrtro 
 
 Torn y 
 
 J 
 
 Mpophyy^^ f 
 
 _A.^tra.ga i ~~3 
 
 / 2iead \ ) 
 
 Cyma.£.ectrt J 
 
 Cym ajitvtran ^ 
 
 Quirked Ogee J 
 
 Q'iirkecf Oyolo J 
 
 ^cot^a (^ 
 
 Imtio.ti, 
 
 r.^,\~^r, -^o^. 
 

innL 
 
 ^. 
 
 [^ 
 
 f 
 
 I 
 
 i^- 
 
 ^' L 
 
 Ml-4| 
 
 f^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 """ ' i^. ' '^"^ 
 
37 
 
 ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 In a work like the present, there will be little 
 propriety in a lengthened disquisition on the origin of 
 this mode of building; we shall therefore proceed to 
 the detail of those distinctions, which, being once laid 
 down with precision, will enable persons of common 
 observation to distinguish the difference of age and 
 style in these buildings, as easily as the distinctions of 
 the Grecian and Roman orders. 
 
 It may, however, be proper here to offer a few 
 remarks on the use of the term English, as applied to 
 that mode of building usually called the Gothic, and 
 by some the pointed architecture. Although, perhaps, 
 it might not be so difficult as it has been supposed to 
 be, to show that the EngHsh architects were, in many 
 instances, prior to their continental neighbours, in 
 those advances of the styles about which so much has 
 been written, and so little concluded; it is not on 
 that ground the term is now used, but because, as far 
 as the author has been able to collect from plates, and 
 many friends who have visited the Continent, in the 
 edifices there, (more especially in those parts which 
 have not been at any time under the power of 
 England,) the architecture is of a very different cha- 
 racter from that pure simplicity and boldness of 
 composition which marks the English buildings. 
 In every instance which has come under the author's 
 notice, a mixture, more or less exact or remote, 
 according to circumstances, of Italian composition, in 
 some parts or other, is present ; and he has little doubt 
 that a very attentive observation of the continental 
 buildings called Gothic, would enable an architect to 
 lay down the regulations of French, Flemish, Spanish, 
 German, and Italian styles, which were in use at the 
 time when the English flourished in England. 
 
 On the origin of the pointed arch, about which, 
 perhaps, there may be now more curiosity than ever. 
 
38 
 
 from the numerous accounts given by travellers of 
 apparently very ancient pointed arches in Asia, Africa, 
 and various parts of the Continent ; it will, doubtless, 
 be expected that something should be said ; and what 
 is necessary may be said in a few lines. To say nothing 
 on the impossibility, as flir as at present appears, of 
 fixing an authentic date to those, which if dated, 
 might be of the most importance, there appears little 
 difficulty in solving the problem, if the practical part 
 of building is considered at the same time with the 
 theoretical. Intersecting arches were most likely an 
 early, and certainly a very widely-spread mode of 
 embellishing Norman buildings, and some of them 
 were constructed in places, and with stones, requiring 
 centres to turn them on, and the construction of these 
 centres must have been by something equivalent to 
 compasses: thus, even supposing (which could hardly 
 have been the case) that the arches were constructed 
 without a previous delineation, the centres would have 
 led to the construction of the pointed arch ; and when 
 once formed, its superior hghtness and applicability 
 would be easily observed. To this remark it may 
 be added, that the arches necessarily arising in some 
 parts from Norman groining would be pointed. — 
 A careful examination of a great number of Norman 
 buildings will also lead to this conclusion — that the 
 style was constantly assuming a lighter character, and 
 that the gradation is so gentle into Early English, that 
 it is difficult, in some buildings, to class them, so 
 much have they of both styles : the same may be said 
 of every advance; and this seems to be a convincing 
 proof that the styles were the product of the gradual 
 operations of a general improvement, guided by the 
 hand of genius, and not a foreign importation. 
 
 During the eighteenth century, various attempts, 
 under the name of Gothic, have arisen in repairs and 
 rebuilding ecclesiastical edifices, but these have been 
 little more than making clustered columns and pointed 
 windows, every real principle of English architecture 
 
39 
 
 being, by the builders, either unknown or totally 
 neglected. 
 
 English architecture, may be divided into four dis- 
 tinct periods, or styles, which may be named, 
 1st, the Norman style, 
 
 2nd, the Early English style, 
 
 3rd, the Decorated English style, and 
 
 4th, the Perpendicular English style. 
 
 The dates of these styles we shall state hereafter, 
 and it may be proper to notice, that the clear distinc- 
 tions are now almost entirely confined to churches ; for 
 the destruction and alteration of castellated buildings 
 have been so great, from the changes in the modes of 
 warfare, &c. that, in them, we can scarcely determine 
 what is original and what addition. 
 
 Before we treat of the styles separately, it will be 
 necessary to explain a few terms which are employed 
 in describing the churches and other buildings which 
 exemplify them. 
 
 Most of the ancient ecclesiastical edifices, when 
 considered complete, were built in the form of a cross, 
 with a tower, lantern, or spire erected at the intersec- 
 tion. The interior space was usually thus divided: 
 
 The space westward of the cross, is called the nave. 
 
 The divisions outward of the piers, are called aisles. 
 
 The space eastward of the cross, is generally the 
 choir. 
 
 The part running north and south, is called the cross 
 or transept. 
 
 The choir is generally enclosed by a screen, on the 
 western part of which is usually placed the organ. 
 
 The choir, in cathedrals, does not generally extend 
 to the eastern end of the building, but there is a space 
 behind the altar, usually called the lachj chapel. 
 
 The choir is only between the piers, and does not 
 include the side aisles, which serve as passages to the 
 lady chapel, altar, &:c. 
 
 The transept has sometimes side aisles, which are 
 often separated by screens for chapels. 
 
40 
 
 Chapels are attached to all parts, and are frequently 
 additions. 
 
 The aisles of the nave are mostly open to it, and in 
 cathedrals both are generally without pews. 
 
 In churches not collegiate, the eastern space about 
 the altar is called the chancel. 
 
 To the sides are often attached small buildings over 
 the doors, called porches, which have sometimes 
 vestries, schools, &c. over them. 
 
 The font is generally placed in the western part of 
 the nave, but in small churches its situation is very 
 various. In a few churches a building like a chapel 
 has been erected over the font, or the font set in it. 
 
 In large churches, the great doors are generally either 
 at the west end, or at the end of the transepts, or 
 both ; but in small churches, often at the sides. 
 
 To most cathedrals are attached a chapter-house and 
 cloisters, which are usually on the same side. 
 
 The chapter-house is often multangular. 
 
 The cloisters are generally a quadrangle, with an 
 open space in the centre ; the side to which is a series 
 of arches, originally often glazed, now mostly open. 
 The other wall is generally one side of the church or 
 other buildings, with which the cloisters communicate 
 by various doors. The cloisters are usually arched 
 over, and formed the principal communication between 
 the different parts of the monastery, for most of the 
 large cross churches have been monasteries. 
 
 The lady chapel is not always at the east end of the 
 choir; at Durham it is at the west end of the nave, 
 at Ely on the north side. 
 
 The choir sometimes advances westward of the 
 cross, as at AVestminster. 
 
 The walls in the interior, between the arches, are 
 piers. 
 
 Any building above the roof may be called a steeple. 
 If it be square-topt, it is called a tower. 
 
 A tower may be round, square, or multangular. 
 The tower is often crowned with a spire, and some- 
 
41 
 
 times with a short tower of light work, which is called 
 a lantern. An opening into the tower, in the interior, 
 above the roof, is also called a lantern. 
 
 Towers, of great height in proportion to their 
 diameter, are called turrets; these often contain stair- 
 cases, and are sometimes crowned with small spires. 
 
 Large towers have often turrets at their corners, and 
 often one larger than the others, containing a staircase ; 
 sometimes they have only that one. 
 
 The projections at the corners, and between the 
 windows, are called buttresses^ and the mouldings and 
 slopes which divide them into stages, are called set-off's. 
 
 The walls are crowned by a parapet, which is 
 straight at the top, or a battlement which is indented ; 
 both may be plain, or sunk pannelled, or pierced. 
 
 In castellated work, the battlement sometimes pro- 
 jects, with intervals for the purpose of discharging 
 missiles on the heads of assailants; these openings are 
 called machicolations. 
 
 Arches are round, pointed, or mixed : 
 
 A semi-circular arch has its centre in the same line 
 with its spring. 
 
 A segmental arch has its centre lower than the 
 spring. 
 
 A horse-shoe arch has its centre above the spring. 
 
 Pointed arches are either equilateral — described 
 from tw^o centres, which are the whole breadth of the 
 arch from each other, and form the arch about an 
 equilateral triangle; or drop arches, which have a 
 radius shorter than the breadth of the arch, and are 
 described about an obtuse-angled triangle; or lancet 
 arches, which have a radius longer than the breadth of 
 the arch, and are described about an acute-angled 
 triangle. 
 
 All these pointed arches may be of the nature of 
 segmental arches, and have their centres below their 
 spring. 
 
 Mixed arches are of three centres, which look nearly 
 like elliptical arches; or of four centi'es, commonly 
 
42 
 
 called the Tudor arch; this is flat for its span, and has 
 two of its centres in or near the spring, and the other 
 two far below it. 
 
 The ogee or contrasted arch has four centres ; two 
 in or near the spring, and two above it and reversed. 
 
 The spaces included between the arch and a square 
 formed at the outside of it, are called spandrells, and 
 are often ornamented . 
 
 Windows are divided into lights by mullions. 
 
 The ornaments of the divisions at the heads of 
 windows, &c. are called tracery. Tracery is either 
 Jioiving, where the lines branch out into the resem- 
 blance of leaves arches, and other figures ; or 
 perpendicidar, wliere the mullions are continued 
 through in straight lines. 
 
 The horizontal divisions of windows and pannelling, 
 are called transoms. 
 
 The parts of tracery are ornamented with small 
 arches and points, which are called featherings or 
 foliations, and the small arches cusps ; and according 
 to the number in immediate connexion, they are called 
 trefoils, qiiatrefoils, or cinqnefoils. 
 
 The cusps are sometimes again feathered, and this 
 is called double feathering. 
 
 Tablets are small projecting mouldings, or strings, 
 mostly horizontal. 
 
 The tablet at the top, under the battlement, is 
 called a cornice, and that at the bottom a basement, 
 under which is generally a thicker wall. 
 
 The tablet running round doors and windows, is 
 called a dripstone, and if ornamented, a canopy. 
 
 Bands are either small strings round shafts, or a 
 horizontal line of square, round, or other pannels, 
 used to ornament towers, spires, and other works. 
 
 Niches are small arches, mostly sunk in the wall, 
 often ornamented very richly with buttresses and 
 canopies, and frequently containing statues. 
 
 A corbel is an ornamented projection from the wall. 
 
43 
 
 to support an arch, niche, beam, or other apparent 
 weight, and is often a head or part of a figure. 
 
 A pinnacle is a small spire, generally with four sides, 
 and ornamented; it is usually placed on the tops of 
 buttresses, both external and internal. 
 
 The small bunches of foliage ornamenting canopies 
 and pinnacles, are called crockets. 
 
 The larger bunches on the top are called Jinials, and 
 this term is sometimes applied to the whole pinnacle. 
 
 The seats for the dean, canons, and other dignitaries, 
 in the choirs of coUegiate churches, are called stalls. 
 
 The bishop's seat is called his throne. 
 
 The ornamented open work over the stalls, and in 
 general any minute ornamental open work, is called 
 tabernacle work. 
 
 In some churches, not collegiate, there yet remains 
 a screen, with a large projection at the top, between 
 the nave and chancel, on which was anciently placed 
 certain images ; this was called the rood loft. 
 
 Near the entrance door is sometimes found a small 
 niche, with a basin which held, in catholic times, their 
 holy w^ater ; these are called stoups. 
 
 Near the altar, or at least where an altar has once 
 been placed, there is sometimes found another niche, 
 distinguished from the stoup by having a small hole 
 at the bottom to carry off water ; it is often double, 
 with a place for the bread. 
 
 On the south side, at the east end of some churches, 
 are found stone stalls, either one, two, three, or some- 
 times more, of which the uses have been much con- 
 tested. 
 
 Under several large churches, and some few small 
 ones, are certain vaulted chapels, these are called 
 crypts. 
 
 In order to render the comparison of the different 
 styles easy, we shall divide the description of each 
 into the following sections : 
 
 Doors, 
 
 Windows, 
 
44 
 
 Arches, 
 
 Piers, 
 
 Buttresses, 
 
 Tablets, 
 
 Niches, and ornamental arches, or pannels, 
 
 Ornamental carvings. 
 
 Steeples, and 
 
 Battlements, roofs, fronts, and porches. 
 
 We shall first give, at one view, the date of the 
 styles, and then* most prominent distinctions, and then 
 proceed to the particular sections as described above. 
 
 1st, the Norman style, which prevailed to the end 
 of the reign of Henry II, in 1 189 ; distinguished by its 
 arches being generally semi-circular ; though sometimes 
 pointed, with bold and rude ornaments. This style 
 seems to have commenced before the conquest, but we 
 have no remains really known to be more than a very 
 few years older. 
 
 •2nd, the Early English style, reaching to the end of 
 the reign of Edward I, in 1307 ; distinguished by 
 pointed arches, and long narrow windows, without 
 muUions; and a peculiar ornament, which, from its 
 resemblance to the teeth of a shark, we shall hereafter 
 call the toothed ornament. 
 
 3d, Decorated Enolisli, reaching to the end of the 
 reign of Edward III, in 1377, and perhaps from ten 
 to fifteen years longer. This style is distinguished by 
 its large windows, which have pointed arches divided 
 by mullions, and the tracery in flowing lines forming 
 circles, arches, and other figures, not running perpen- 
 dicularly; its ornaments numerous, and very delicately 
 carved. 
 
 Perpendicular English. This is the last style, and 
 appears to have been in use, though much debased, 
 even as far as to 1()30 or 1()40, biit only in additions. 
 Probably the latest whole building is not later than 
 Henry the VIII. The name clearly designates this 
 style, for the mullions of the windows, and the 
 ornamental pannellings, nm in perpendicular lines. 
 
45 
 
 and form a complete distinction from the last style; 
 and many buildings of this are so crowded with 
 ornament, as to destroy the beauty of the design. The 
 carvings are generally very delicately executed. 
 
 It may be necessary to state, that though many 
 writers speak of Saxon buildings, those which they 
 describe as such, are either known to be Norman, or 
 are so like them, that there is no real distinction. But 
 it is most likely, that in some obscure country church, 
 some real Saxon work of a much earlier date may 
 exist ; hitherto, however, none has been ascertained to 
 be of so great an age. 
 
 Without venturing to fix a date to either, it will 
 be proper here to mention two towers which have 
 hitherto been very httle noticed, and yet are of very 
 singular construction ; the first is, that of the old 
 church, St. Peter's, at Barton, in Lincolnshire ; this is 
 a short thick tower, with very thick walls, originally of 
 three stages ; the two lower of which are ornamented 
 by perpendicular stripes of stone, projecting from the 
 face of the wall, and near the top of each stage break- 
 ing into arches; the lower set of arches semi-circular, 
 and the perpendicular lines springing from a stone set 
 on the top of the arch ; the second set are straight- 
 lined arches, and run up to a flat string or tablet, on 
 which is the third plain stage, with only two small 
 arches, (if so they may be called,) as in the second 
 stage. On the top of these three stages is one evidently 
 early Norman, ha\nng a regular double Norman win- 
 dow in it, with a shaft and capital in the middle ; this 
 stage being clearly Norman, it is evident, the substruc- 
 ture must be of an earlier date; and in the second 
 stage of the lower part is also a double window, with 
 round arches, and divided by something (evidently 
 original, for there are tv/o) exactly resembling a rude 
 balustre ; all this arrangement is so different from 
 Nonnan work, that there seems a probability it may be 
 real Saxon; and it should be noted, that the other, or 
 neiv church, St. Mary's, stands within 150 yards of 
 
46 
 
 the old church, and is principally a Norman building, 
 with an Early English tower, and a chancel of the 
 same ; and a very early Decorated east window, which, 
 of course, renders it necessar^'^ to go back to the con- 
 quest at least, for the date of the old one. The other 
 tower is that of Clapham church, in Bedfordshire ; 
 and this is principally remarkable for the extreme 
 simplicity and rudeness of its construction. It consists 
 of a square tower, without buttress or tablet, about 
 three squares high, with a rude round arch door, and 
 above it two heights of small round arched windows ; 
 above this part of the tower, with a plain set-off, 
 inwards is a Norman portion, with a Norman window 
 divided into two by a central shaft, plain, and of early 
 character ; this part is surmounted by a cornice and 
 battlement of later date. 
 
 We shall now begin to trace the first or Norman 
 style, and first of 
 
 Norman Doors. 
 
 There seems to have been a desire in the architects 
 who succeeded the Normans, to preserve the doors of 
 their predecessors, whence we have so many of these 
 noble, though, in most cases, rude efforts of skill 
 remaining. In many small churches, where all has 
 been swept away, to make room for alterations, even 
 in the perpendicular style, the Norman door has been 
 suffered to remain. The arch is semi-circidar, and the 
 mode of increasing their richness, was by increasing 
 the number of bands of moulding, and, of course, the 
 depth of the arch. Shafts are often used, but not 
 always, and we find veiy frequently, in the same 
 building, one door with shafts, and one without. 
 When shafts are used, there is commonly an impost 
 moulding above them, before the arch mouldings 
 spring. These mouldings are generally much orna- 
 mented, and the wave or zigzag ornament, in some of 
 its diversities, is almost universal, as is a large round 
 moulding, with heads on the outer edge, partly pro- 
 
47 
 
 jecting over this moulding. There are also mouldings 
 with a series of figures enclosed in a running orna- 
 ment ; and at one church at York, these figures are 
 the zodiacal signs. The exterior moulding often goes 
 down no lower than the spring of the arch, thus form- 
 ing an apparent dripstone, though it does not always 
 project so as really to form one. The door is often 
 square, and the interval to the arch filled with 
 carvings. Amongst the great variety of these doors 
 in excellent preservation, Iffley church, near Oxford, 
 is perhaps the best specimen, as it contains three doors, 
 all of which are different ; and the south door is nearly 
 unique, from the flowers in its interior mouldings. 
 South Ockenden church, in Essex, has also a door of 
 uncommon beauty of design, and elegance of execution. 
 Ely, Durham, Rochester, Worcester, and Lincoln 
 cathedrals, have also fine Norman doors. In these 
 doors, almost all the ornament is external, and the 
 inside often quite plain. 
 
 Almost every county in England contains many 
 Norman doors ; they are very often the only part 
 which patching and altering has left worth examining, 
 and they are remarkably varied, scarcely any two being 
 alike. In delicacy of execution, and intricacy of 
 design, the College Gate, at Bristol, seems equal, if 
 not superior, to most ; and indeed is so well worked, 
 that some persons have been inclined to ascribe it to 
 a later date ; but an attentive examination of many 
 other Norman works will show designs as intricate, 
 where there can be no doubt of the date. 
 
 Norman Windows. 
 
 The windows, in this style, are diminutive doors 
 as to their ornaments, except that, in large buildings, 
 shafts are more frequent, and often with plain mould- 
 ings. The size of these windows is generally small, 
 except in very large buildings; there are no muUions, 
 but a double window divided by a shaft, is not 
 
48 
 
 uncommon. In small rich churches, the exterior is often 
 a series of arches, of which a few are pierced, as win- 
 dows, and the others left blank. The arch is semicir- 
 cular, and if the window is quite plain, has generally 
 sloped sides, either inside or out, or both. The pro- 
 portions of the Norman windows are generally those 
 of a door, and very rarely exceed two squares in height 
 of the exterior proportions, including the ornaments. 
 
 The existing Norman windows are mostly in build- 
 ings retaining still the entire character of that style; 
 for in most they have been taken out, and others of 
 later styles put in, as at Durham, and many other 
 cathedrals. 
 
 There are still remaining traces of a very few circu- 
 lar windows of this style; the west window at Iffley 
 was circular, but it has been taken out ; there is one in 
 Canterbury cathedral, which seems to be Norman; 
 and there is one undoubtedly Norman at Barfreston, 
 rendered additionally singular by its being divided 
 by grotesque heads, and something like muUions, 
 though very rude, into eight parts. 
 
 There seems to have been little if any attempt at 
 feathering or foliating the heads of Norman doors or 
 windows. 
 
 Norman Arches. 
 
 The early Norman arches are semi-circular, and in 
 many instances this form of the arch seems to have 
 continued to the latest date, even when some of the 
 parts were (juite advanced into the next style; of this 
 the Tern pie church is a curious instance; here are piers 
 with some of the features of the next style, and also 
 pointed arches with a range of intersecting arches, and 
 over this, the old round-headed Norman window. But 
 though the round arch thus continued to the very end 
 of the style, the introduction of pointed arches must 
 have been much earlier, for we find intersecting arches 
 in buildings of the purest Norman, and whoever con- 
 
49 
 
 structed them, constructed pointed arches ; but it 
 appears as if the round and pointed arches were, for 
 nearly a century, used indiscriminately, as was most 
 consonant to the necessities of the work, or the 
 builder's ideas. Kirkstall and Buildwas abbeys, have 
 all their exterior roinid arches, but the nave has 
 pointed arches in the interior. There are some Nor- 
 man arches so near a semi-circle as to be only just 
 perceptibly pointed, and with the rudely carved 
 Norman ornaments. 
 
 There are a few Norman arches of very curious 
 shape, being more than a semi-circle, or what is called 
 a horse-shoe, and in a few instances a double arch. 
 These arches are sometimes plain, but are much oftener 
 enriched with the zigzag, and other ornameiits 
 peculiar to this style. 
 
 Norman Piers. 
 
 These are of four descriptions, 1st, The round 
 massive columnar pier, which has sometimes a round, 
 and sometimes a square capital ; they are generally 
 plain, but sometimes ornamented with channels in 
 various forms, some plain zigzag, some like network, 
 and some spiral. They are sometimes met with but 
 little more than two diameters high, and sometimes 
 are six or seven. 
 
 2d, A multangular pier, much less massive, is some- 
 times used, generally octagonal, and commonly with 
 an arch more or less pointed. 
 
 3d, The common pier with shafts ; these have 
 sometimes plain capitals, but are sometimes much 
 ornamented with rude fohage, and occasionally animals. 
 The shafts are mostly set in square recesses. 
 
 4th, A plain pier, with perfectly plain round arches, 
 in two or three divisions. 
 
 In some cases, the shafts are divided by bands, but 
 the instances are not many. 
 
 E 
 
50 
 
 Norman Buttresses. 
 
 These reqviire little description ; they are plain, 
 broad faces, with but small projection, often only a few 
 inches, and running up only to the cornice tablet, and 
 there finishing under its projection. Sometimes they 
 are finished with a plain slope, and in a few instances 
 are composed of several shafts. Bands or tablets 
 running; alona; the walls, often run round the buttresses. 
 There are, however, in rich buildings, buttresses 
 ornamented with shafts at the angles, and in addition 
 to these shafts, small series of arches are sometimes 
 used ; occasionally a second buttress, of less breadth, is 
 placed on the outside of the broad flat one. 
 
 Norman Tablets. 
 
 In treating of tablets, that which is usually called 
 the cornice, is of the fbst consideration; this is 
 frequently only a plain face of parapet, of the same 
 projection as the buttresses; but a row of blocks is 
 often placed under it, sometimes plain, sometimes 
 carved in grotesque heads, and in some instances the 
 grotesque heads support small arches, when it is called 
 a corbel table. A plain string is also sometimes used 
 as a cornice. 
 
 The next most important tablet is the dripstone, or 
 outer moulding of windows and doors; this is some- 
 times undistinguished, but oftener a square string, 
 frequently continued liorizontally from one window to 
 another, round the buttresses. 
 
 The tablets, under windows, are generally plain 
 slopes above or below a flat string. In the interior, 
 and in some instances in the exterior, these are much 
 carved in the various ornaments described hereafter. 
 
51 
 
 Norman Niches, &c. 
 
 These are a series of small arches with round and 
 often with intersecting arches, sometimes without, but 
 oftener with shafts. Some of these arches have their 
 mouldings much ornamented. 
 
 There are also other niches of various shapes over 
 doors, in which are placed figures ; they are generally 
 of small depth, and most of them retain the figures 
 originally placed in them. 
 
 Norman Ornaments. 
 
 The ornaments of this style consist principally of 
 the different kinds of carved mouldings surrounding 
 doors and windows, and used as tablets. The first 
 and most frequent of them, is the zigzag or chevron 
 moulding, which is generally used in great profusion. 
 The next most common on door mouldings, is the beak- 
 head moulding, consisting of a hollow and a large 
 round ; in the hollow are placed heads of beasts or 
 birds, whose tongues or beaks encircle the round. 
 After these come many varieties, almost every speci- 
 men having some difference of composition ; a good 
 collection of them may be seen in the Archseologia, 
 and King's Munimenta Antiqua. 
 
 The capitals of piers and shafts are often very 
 rudely carved in various grotesque devices of animals 
 and leaves, but in all the design is rude and the plants 
 are unnatural. 
 
 There is one moulding which deserves mention, 
 from its almost constant occurrence, very nearly of 
 the same pattern and proportions over every part of 
 the kingdom; this is the moulding of the sqviare 
 abacus, over the flowered or cut part of the capital ; 
 it consists of a broad fillet and hollow, which are 
 separated by a little sunk channel, and it is sometimes 
 continued as a tablet along the walls. 
 
Norman Steeples. 
 
 The Norman steeple was mostly a massive tower, 
 seldom rising more than a square in height above the 
 roof of the building to which it belonged, and often 
 not so much. They are sometimes plain, but often 
 ornamented by plain or intersecting arches, and have 
 generally the flat buttress, but that of St. Alban's 
 runs into a round turret at each corner of the upper 
 stage, and at St. Peter's, Northampton, there is a 
 singular buttress of three parts of circles, but its date 
 is imcertain. The towers of Norwich and AVinchester 
 cathedrals, and Tewksbury church, are very fine spe- 
 cimens of the Norman tower. It does not seem likely 
 that we have any Norman spires, but there are some 
 turrets crowned with large pinnacles, which may be 
 Norman — such is one at Cleve, in Gloucestershire, and 
 one of the towers at the side of the west front of 
 Rochester cathedral. 
 
 Norman Battlements. 
 
 From exposure to weather, and various accidents, 
 we find very few roofs in their original state, and from 
 the vicinity of the battlement we find this part also 
 very often not original. It seems difficult to ascertain 
 what the Norman battlement was, and there seems 
 much reason to suppose it was only a plain parapet ; 
 in some castellated Norman buildings, a parapet, with 
 here and there a narrow interval cut in it, remains, 
 and appears original ; and this, or the ])lain parapet, was 
 most likely the ecclesiastical battlement. ISIany 
 Norman buildings have battlements of much later 
 date, or parapets evidently often repaired. 
 
63 
 
 Norman Roofs. 
 
 The Norman wooden roof was often open to the 
 actual frame-timbers, as we see some remaining to 
 this day, as at Rochester and Winchester; but at 
 Peterborough is a real flat boarded cieling, which is in 
 fine preservation, having lately been carefully repainted 
 from the original. It consists of a sort of rude 
 Mosaic, full of stiff lines ; and its general division is 
 into lozenges, with flowers of Norman character, and the 
 whole according in design with the ornaments of that 
 style. This kind of roof, particularly when the exterior 
 was covered with shingles, contributed much to spread 
 those destructive fires we so frequently read of in the 
 history of early churches. Of the Norman groined roof, 
 we have veiy many fine examples, principally in the 
 roofs of crypts, and in small churches ; they consist of 
 cross springers, and sometimes, but not always, of a 
 rib from pier to pier; they are sometimes plain, but 
 oftener ornamented with ribs of a few bold mouldings, 
 and sometimes with these mouldings enriched with 
 zigzag and other carved work of this style. The ruins 
 of Landisfarne, on the Northumberland coast, have 
 long exhibited the great cross springer rib, over the 
 intersection of the nave and transepts, remaining while 
 the rest of the roof is destroyed. 
 
 Norman Fronts. 
 
 The greatest part of the Norman west fronts have 
 been much changed by the introduction of windows of 
 later date (mostly large perpendicular windows.) The 
 ruins of Landisfarne, however, present us with one 
 nearly perfect. This consists of a large door with a 
 gallery or triforium over it, of which some of the 
 arches have been pierced through for windows ; and 
 above, one larger window. Rochester and Lincoln 
 cathedrals, Castle Acre priory, and Tewksbury church. 
 
54 
 
 all show what the Norman west fronts were, with the 
 exception of the introduction of the large window. 
 The east fronts much resembled the west, except the 
 door ; and in small churches we have both east and 
 west fronts perfect. Peterborough and Winchester 
 cathedrals furnish fine examples (except the insertion 
 of tracery to the windows) of transept ends ; these 
 generally rose in three tiers of windows, and had a fine 
 effect, both interiorly and exteriorly. There are a few 
 large buildings, and many small ones, with semi- 
 circular east ends; and of these, the east ends of 
 Norwich and Peterborough cathedrals are the finest 
 remaining, but in both, the windows are altered by 
 the insertion of tracery, and in parts, of new windows. 
 
 Norman Porches. 
 
 There are many of these remaining to small churches ; 
 they are generally shallow, and the mouldings of the 
 outer gate are often richer than those of the inner. 
 
 The general appearance of Norman buildings is 
 bold and massive. A ery few large buildings remain 
 without much alteration and mixture with other styles ; 
 perhaps the nave at Peterborough and that of Roches- 
 ter cathedrals, present as little mixture as any, though 
 in these the windows have been altered ; but of smaller 
 churches, Barfreston in Kent, Stewkley in Bucking- 
 hamshire, and Adel in Yorkshire, have had very 
 little alteration. Tickencote, in Rutland, till within 
 a few years, was one of the most valuable remains in 
 the kingdom ; but it has been rebuilt sufficiently near 
 in its likeness to the original to deceive many, and . 
 so far from it as to render it not a copy, but an 
 imitation ; yet it is still curious, and the interior of the 
 chancel is original. The interior arrangement of large 
 Norman buildings is considerably varied : sometimes 
 the large circular pier is used alone, as at Gloucester 
 cathedral; sometimes mixed with the pier composed 
 of shafts, as at Durham ; and sometimes of that pier 
 
55 
 
 of shafts only, as at Peterborough, Norwich, &c. — 
 The triforia are various; some, as at Southwell and 
 Waltham abbey, a large arch quite open, but oftener 
 broken by small shafts and arches, and the clerestory 
 windows have often an arch on each side of the window, 
 forming a second gallery; of these galleries, which are 
 partly pierced, the tower of Norwich forms the best 
 example. In many large churches we find the Norman 
 work remaining only to the string running over the 
 arches, and later work above that ; this is the case at 
 Canterbury and Hereford. The arrangement at Oxford 
 cathedral is curious, as under the great arches, 
 springing from the piers, are other arches springing 
 from corbels, and between these two are shafts and 
 arches as ornaments, but not open as a gallery. In 
 small churches the gallery is generally omitted. 
 
 Of this style, it wdll be proper to remark two 
 buildings that deserve attention ; the one for its sim- 
 plicity and beauty of composition, the other from its 
 being nearly unique, and being at the same time 
 a very fine specimen of ornament. The first is the 
 vestibule, or entrance to the chapter-house, at Bristol, 
 and the other the staircase leading to the registry at 
 Canterbury cathedral. With respect to ornaments, 
 few surpass those of a ruined tower at Canterbury, 
 generally called Ethelbert's, and those on the front of 
 Castle Acre priory. Norman fronts are very numerous, 
 perhaps as much so as Norman doors, and some 
 are very curious from the rudeness and intricacy of 
 the decorations. There are many fine Norman cas- 
 tellated remains ; of these it may be enough to mention 
 those of Rochester in Kent, Hedingham in Essex, 
 Connisburgh in Yorkshire, and Guildford in Surrey. 
 
 The transition from Norman to Early English w^as 
 gradual, and it is sometimes very difficult to decide 
 on the character of some remains ; in general, the 
 square abacus to the capital is the best mark, for the 
 arch is none, many pure Norman ^vorks having the 
 pointed arch. The mouldings of later Norman work 
 
50 
 
 approach very near to Early English. The Temple 
 church, London, is one of those buildings which seems 
 to belong as much to one style as the other; and two 
 Lincolnshire buildings, not far distant from each other, 
 show a curious crossing of the marks of these two 
 styles : — one, the front of the hospital of St. Leonard, 
 at Stamford, presents a semi-circular arch with pure 
 Norman mouldings, but the shafts are in two rows, 
 stand free, and have a round abacus of several mould- 
 ings, which are quite Early English. The other, part 
 of Ketton church, has the square Norman abacus and 
 semi-circular arch with Norman mouldings, and another 
 pointed one on the side ; but both these have a drip- 
 stone filled with the toothed ornament, which also runs 
 down by the shafts, which are banded and have an 
 Early English base. 
 
 iBt t\)t gecouD, or ISarlp IHugltsI) ^tple. 
 
 Early English Doors. 
 
 As the Norman doors may be said to be all of semi- 
 circular arches, these may be said to be all pointed, at 
 least all the exterior ornamented ones; for there are 
 small interior doors of this style with flat tops, and 
 the sides of the top supported by a quarter circle from 
 each side. The large doors of this style are often 
 double, the two being divided by either one shaft or 
 several clustered, and a quatrefoil or other ornament 
 over them. The recess of these doors is often as deep 
 as the Norman, but the bands and shafts are more 
 numerovis, being smaller ; and in the hollow mould- 
 ings they are frequently enriched with the peculiar 
 ornament of this style — a singular toothed projection, 
 which, when well executed, has a fine effect. But 
 although this ornament is often used, (and sometimes 
 a still higher enriched moulding, or band of open-work 
 
57 
 
 flowers,) there are many doors of this style perfectly 
 plain ; of this kind the door of Christ church, Hants, 
 is a fine specimen. 
 
 The dripstone is generally clearly marked, and often 
 small, and supported by a head. In many doors, a 
 trefoil, and even cinquefoil feathering is used, the 
 points of which generally finish with balls, roses, or 
 some projecting ornament. The principal moulding 
 of these doors has generally an equilateral arch, but 
 from the depth and number of the mouldings, the 
 exterior becomes often nearly a semi-circle. In 
 interiors, and perhaps sometimes too in the exterior, 
 there are instances of doors with a trefoil-headed arch. 
 The shafts attached to these doors are generally round, 
 but sometimes filleted, and they generally, but not 
 always, stand quite free. They have a variety of 
 capitals, many plain, but many with delicate leaves 
 running up and curling round under the cap-moulding, 
 often looking like Ionic volutes. The bases are 
 various, but a plain round and fillet is often used, and 
 the reversed ogee sometimes introduced. The most 
 prevalent base, and what is used not only to shafts, 
 but sometimes as a base tablet, is curious, from its 
 hkeness to the Grecian attic base ; like that it consists 
 of two rounds, with a hollow between, and that hollow 
 is often deepened, so that if water gets into it the water 
 remains, and it is almost the only instance of a mould- 
 ing used in English work which will hold water, they 
 being in general so constructed as entirely to free 
 themselves of rain, and in a great measure of snow. 
 All these mouldings are cut with great boldness, the 
 hollows form fine deep shadows, and the rich bands 
 of open-work leaves are as beautiful as those executed 
 at any subsequent period, being sometimes entirely 
 hollow, and having no support but the attachment at 
 the sides, and the connexion of the leaves themselves. 
 These doors are not so numerous as the Norman, 
 yet many still remain in perfect preservation — York, 
 Lincoln, Chichester, and Salisbury, have extremely 
 
58 
 
 fine ones, and Beverley minster one, of which the 
 mouldings are bolder than most others. The door 
 of the transept at York, and those of the choir-screen 
 at Lincoln, have bands of the richest execution, and 
 there is a fine double door at St. Cross. Litchfield 
 cathedral presents a door curious for its resemblance to 
 some foreign cathedrals ; it is placed in a shallow porch 
 formed in the thickness of the wall, the arch of which 
 is richly feathered, and otherwise ornamented ; the 
 interior aperture is divided into two doorways by a pier 
 of shafts, and this pier, as well as the side piers of 
 both the apertures, has a statue fixed against it, resting 
 on a corbel, and crowned with a canopy. The recess 
 is groined, and the whole is worked with great 
 delicacy, and full of rich ornament ; the interior por- 
 tion is in tolerable preservation, the exterior much 
 decayed; the doors appear original, and are covered 
 with beautiful ramifications of scroll-work, in iron. 
 Indeed there are many wooden doors, both of this style 
 and Norman, which seem to be of the same age as the 
 stone- work. 
 
 Early English Windows. 
 
 These are, almost universally, long, narrow, and 
 lancet-headed, generally without feathering, but in 
 some instances trefoiled. 
 
 A variety of appearance results from the combination 
 of this single shape of window. At Salisbury, one 
 of the earliest complete buildings remaining, there are 
 combinations of two, three, five, and seven. Where 
 there are two, there is often a trefoil or quatrefoil 
 between the heads; and in large buildings, where 
 there are three or more, the division is often so small 
 that they seem to be the lights of a large window, 
 but they are really separate windows, having their 
 heads formed from individual centres, and in general 
 separate dripstones. This is the case even at Westmin- 
 ster, where they approach nearer to a division by 
 
59 
 
 mullions, from having a small triangle pierced beside 
 the quatrefoil, and a general dripstone over all. It 
 appears that the double window, with a circle over it, 
 sometimes pierced and sometimes not, began to be 
 used early in the style, for we find it at Salisbury; 
 and this continued the ornamented window till the 
 latest period of the style ; it was indeed only making 
 a double door into a window. In the more advanced 
 period it was doubled into a four-light window — at 
 Salisbury, in the cloisters and chapter-house ; and the 
 east window of Lincoln cathedral is of eight lights, 
 formed by doubling the four-light, still making the 
 circle the ornament. This window is in fact a Deco- 
 rated window, but together with the whole of that 
 part of the choir is singularly and beautifully accom- 
 modated to the style of the rest of the building. In 
 small buildings, the windows are generally plain, with 
 the slope of the opening considerable, and in some 
 small chapels they are very narrow and long. In large 
 buildings they are often ornamented with very long 
 and slender shafts, which are frequently banded. 
 Most of our cathedrals contain traces of windows of 
 this character, but some, as at Durham, have tracery 
 added since their original erection. Salisbury, Chi- 
 chester, Lincoln, Beverley, and York, still remain 
 pure and beautiful ; at York north transept are 
 windows nearly fifty feet high, and about six or eight 
 wide, which have a very fine effect. Although the 
 architects of this style worked their ordinary windows 
 thus plain, they bestowed much care on their circles. 
 Beverley minster, York and Lincoln, have all circles 
 of this style peculiarly fine; that of the south transept 
 at York, usually called the marygold window, is 
 extremely rich, but the tracery of the circles at West- 
 minster is of a much later date. 
 
 There is in all the long windows of this style, one 
 almost universal distinction ; fi'om the straight side of 
 the window opening, if a shaft is added, it is mostly 
 insular, and has seldom any connexion with this side. 
 
00 
 
 so as to break it into faces, though the shafts are 
 inserted into the sides of the doors, so as to give great 
 variety to the opening. 
 
 At Westminster abbey, there are a series of win- 
 dows above those of the aisles, which are formed in 
 spherical equilateral triangles. 
 
 Early English Arches. 
 
 The window-arch of this style being generally a 
 lancet arch, and some persons having considered the 
 shape of the arch to be a very distinguishing feature 
 of the different styles, it may be necessary in this 
 place to say a few words on arches generally. If we 
 examine with care the various remains of the different 
 styles, we shall see no such constancy of arch as has 
 been apprehended ; for there are composition lancet 
 arches used both at Henry the VII. 's chapel AA^est- 
 minster, and at Bath ; and there are flat segmental 
 arches in the Early English part of York ; and upon 
 the whole it will appear, that the architect was not 
 confined to any particular description of arch. The 
 only arch precisely attached to one period, is the four- 
 centred arch, which does not appear in windows, &:c. 
 if it does in composition, before the Pei'pendicular style. 
 In large buildings, the nave arches of the Early English 
 style were often lancet, but in some large and many 
 small ones, they are flatter, some of one-third di'op, 
 and perhaps even more, and sometimes pointed 
 segmental. 
 
 At Canterbury, in the choir, are some curious 
 pointed horse-shoe arches, but these are not common. 
 
 The architraves of the large arches of rich buildings 
 are now beautifully moulded like the doors, with deep, 
 hollow mouldings, often enriched with the toothed 
 ornament. Of this description, York transepts, and 
 the nave and transepts of Lincoln, are beautiful 
 specimens ; Salisbury is worked plainer, but not less 
 really beautiful, and AVestminster abbey is (the nave 
 
61 
 
 at least) nearly plain, but with great boldness of 
 moulding. 
 
 The arches of the gallery in this style, are often 
 with trefoiled heads, and the mouldings running round 
 the trefoil, even to the dripstone ; Chester choir is a 
 fine specimen, and there are some plain arches of this 
 description in Winchester cathedral which are very 
 beautiful. 
 
 Early English Piers. 
 
 Of the piers of large buildings of this style, there 
 are two distinguishing marks ; first, the almost con- 
 stant division, by one or more bands, of the shafts 
 which compose them; and secondly, the arrangement 
 of these shafts for the most part in a circle. In 
 general they are few, sometimes only four, sometimes 
 eight, set round a large circular one ; such are the 
 piers of Salisbury and of Westminster abbey ; there 
 are sometimes so many as nearly to hide the centre 
 shaft, as at Lincoln and York ; but the circular arrange- 
 ment is still preserved, and there are some few, as at 
 the choir at Chester, which come very near the 
 appearance of Decorated piers. Amongst other piers, 
 one not very common deserves to be noticed; it is 
 found at Beverley minster, and in a few other churches ; 
 it consists of shafts, some of which are plain rounds, 
 others filleted rounds, and some whose plan is a 
 spherical triangle, with the edge outwards ; at Run- 
 corn church, Cheshire, is a pier consisting of four 
 of these triangular shafts, with a handsome flowered 
 capital, which has altogether a very fine effect. 
 
 The capitals of these shafts are various ; in many, 
 perhaps the greater number of buildings, they are 
 plain, consisting of a bell with a moulding under it, 
 and a sort of capping, with more mouldings above, 
 and these mouldings are often continued round the 
 centre pier, so as to form a general capital. The 
 dividing bands are formed of annulets and fillets, and 
 
62 
 
 are often continued under windows, &c. as tablets, 
 and are, like the capitals, sometimes continued round 
 the centre shaft. Another and richer capital is some- 
 times used, which has leaves like those in the capitals 
 of the door shafts. This kind of capital is generally 
 used where the shafts entirely encompass the centre 
 one, as at York and Lincoln, and has a very fine 
 effect, the leaves being generally extremely well 
 executed. The bases used are frequently near 
 approaches in contour to the Grecian attic base, but 
 the reversed ogee is sometimes employed. There is 
 another pier, in buildings that appear to be of this 
 style, which is at times very confusing, as the same 
 kind of pier seems to be used in small churches even 
 to a s^ery late date ; this is the plain multangular 
 (generally octagonal) pier, with a plain capital of a 
 few very simple mouldings, and with a plain sloped 
 arch. Piers of this description are very frequent, and 
 it requires great nicety of observation and discrimina- 
 tion to refer them to their proper date ; but a minute 
 examination will often, by some small matter, detect 
 their age, though it is impossible to describe the 
 minutise without many figures. In general the capitals 
 and bases will carry in their character sufficient marks 
 to determine their date, except in the transition from 
 Early English to Decorated. 
 
 Early English Buttresses. 
 
 These are of four descriptions : 
 
 1 st. A flat buttress is often used, but it is not always 
 so broad as the Norman ; its tablets are more delicate, 
 and it has often the small shaft at the angle like the 
 Norman. 
 
 2nd. A buttress not so broad as the flat one, but 
 nearly of the same projection as breadth, and carried up, 
 sometimes with only one set-ofF, and sometimes without 
 any, and these have often their edges chamfered from 
 the window tablet. They sometimes have a shaft at 
 
63 
 
 the corner, and in large rich buildings are occasionally 
 pannelled. These buttresses have also, at times, much 
 more projection than breadth, and are sometimes, as 
 at Salisbury, filled with niches and other ornaments. 
 
 3d. A long slender buttress, of narrow face and 
 great projection in few stages, is used in some towers, 
 but is not very common. 
 
 4th. Towards the latter part of this style, the but- 
 tress in stages was used, but it is not very common, 
 and is sufficiently distinguished by its triangular head, 
 the usual finish of this style, which can hardly be 
 called a pinnacle, though sometimes it slopes off fi-om 
 the front to a point. From the buttresses of the aisles 
 to those of the nave, choir, &c. now began to be used 
 the flying buttress, of which Salisbury and Chichester 
 cathedrals present various fine examples. 
 
 Early English Tablets. 
 
 The cornice is sometimes rich in mouldiogs, and 
 often with an upper slope, making the face of the 
 parapet perpendicular to the wall below. There are 
 cornices of this style still resembling the Norman 
 projecting parapet, but they consist of several mould- 
 ings. The hollow moulding of the cornice is generally 
 plain, seldom containing flowers or carvings, except 
 the toothed ornament, but under the mouldings there 
 is often a series of small arches resembling the corbel 
 table. 
 
 The dripstone of this style is various, sometimes of 
 several mouldings, sometimes only a round with a 
 small hollow. It is, in the interior, occasionally 
 ornamented with the toothed ornament, and with 
 floM^ers. In some buildings, the dripstone is returned, 
 and runs as a tablet along the walls. It is in general 
 narrow, and supported by a corbel, either of a 
 head or a flower. There are frequently, in large 
 buildings, in the ornamented parts, bands of trefoils, 
 quatrefoils, &c. some of them very rich. Although a 
 
64 
 
 sort of straight canopy is used over some of the niches 
 of this style, yet it does not appear to have been used 
 over windows or doors. In some buildings where they 
 are found, they appear to be additions. The tablets 
 forming the base-mouldings are sometimes a mere 
 slope ; at others, in large buildings, are of several sets 
 of mouldings, each face projecting farther than the 
 one above it ; but the reversed ogee is very seldom 
 used, at least at large and singly. 
 
 Early English Niches. 
 
 The most important niches are those found in 
 chancels, in the walls of the south side, and of which 
 the uses do not yet appear to be decided. Of these 
 there are many of all stages of Early English ; there 
 are sometimes two, but oftener three, and they are 
 generally sunk in the wall, and adapted for a seat ; the 
 easternmost one is often higher in the seat than the 
 others. They have sometimes a plain trefoil head, 
 and are sometimes ornamented with shafts ; they are 
 generally straight-sided. The statuary niches, and 
 ornamented interior niches, mostly consist of a series 
 of arches, some of them slope-sided, and some with a 
 small but not very visible pedestal for the statue. 
 They are often grouped two under one arch, with an 
 ornamental opening between the small arches, and the 
 large one like the double doors ; a straight-sided 
 canopy is sometimes used, and a plain finial. These 
 niches, except the chancel stalls, and the stoup and 
 water-drain, are seldom single, except in buttresses, but 
 mostly in ranges. 
 
 Early English Ornaments. 
 
 The first ornament to be described is that already 
 noticed as the peculiar distinction of this style, to 
 which it seems nearly, if not exclusively confined ; it is 
 the regular progression from the Norman zigzag to 
 
65 
 
 the delicate four-leaved flowers so common in Deco- 
 rated English buildings. Like the zigzag, it is 
 generally straight-sided, and not round like the leaves 
 of a flower, though, at a distance in front, it looks 
 much like a small flower. It is very difficult to 
 describe it, and still more so to draw it accurately ; it 
 may perhaps be understood by considering it a succes- 
 sion of low, square, pierced pyramids, set on the edges 
 of a hollow moulding. This ornament is used very 
 profusely in the buildings of this style, in Yorkshire 
 and Lincolnshire, and frequently in those of other 
 counties. 
 
 Another ornament, which, though not peculiar, in 
 small works, to this style, was seldom but during its 
 continuance practised to so large an extent ; this is the 
 filling of the spaces above the choir-arches with squares, 
 enclosing four-leaved flowers. This is done at West- 
 minster, at Chichester, and in the screen at Lincoln, 
 in all which the workmanship is extremely good, and 
 it has a very rich effect. 
 
 In many parts, as in the spandrels of door-arches, 
 and other plain spaces, circles filled with trefoils and 
 quatrefoils, with flowered points, are often introduced. 
 These are of small depth, and are used in many build- 
 ings very fi-eely. Sometimes instead of sunk pannels 
 a sort of boss of leaves and flowers is used, of which 
 there are some fine examples in the Early English 
 part of York minster. In the early period of the style, 
 crockets were not used, and the finial was a plain 
 bunch of three or more leaves, or sometimes only a 
 sort of knob ; but in small rich works, towards the 
 end of the style, beautiful finials and crockets were 
 introduced. 
 
 Early English Steeples. 
 
 The Norman towers were short and thick, the Early 
 English rose to a much greater height, and on the 
 tower they placed that beautiful addition the spire. 
 
m 
 
 Some of our finest spires are of this age, and the 
 proportions obsers^ed between the tower and spire, are 
 generally very good. Chichester is clearly of this 
 style, and Salisbury, though perhaps not erected till 
 within the period of the Decorated style, is yet in its 
 composition so completely of Pearly English character, 
 that it should be considered as such, notwithstanding 
 the date and the advance of its ornaments ; in beauty 
 of proportion it is unrivalled. The towers of Lincoln 
 and Litchfield, though perhaps not finished withiii the 
 date of the style, are yet of its composition; the spires 
 of Litchfield are of much later date. AVakefield 
 steeple is finely proportioned, though plain, and it is 
 singular for its machicolations in the top of the tower. 
 The towers are flanked by octagonal turrets, square 
 flat buttresses, or, in a few instances, with small long 
 buttresses; and generally there is one large octagonal 
 pinnacle at the corners, or a collection of small niches. 
 When there is no parapet, the slope of the spire runs 
 down to the edge of the wall of the tower, and finishes 
 there with a tablet ; and there is a double slope to 
 connect the corners with the intermediate faces. The 
 spire is often ornamented by ribs at the angles, some- 
 times with crockets on the ribs, and bands of squares 
 filled with quatrefoils, &c. surrounding the spire at 
 different heights. There are many good spires of 
 this style in country churches. 
 
 Early English Battlements. 
 
 During nearly the whole of this style, the parapet, 
 in many places plain, in others ornamented, continued 
 to be used; at Salisbury it has a series of arches and 
 pannels, and at I^incoln quatrefoils in sunk pannels. 
 Perhaps some of the earliest battlement is that at the 
 west end of Salisbury cathedral, plain, of nearly equal 
 intervals, and with a plain capping moulding ; but it 
 may be doubted if even this is original. In small 
 ornamented works, of the latter part of this style, a 
 small battlement of equal intervals occurs 
 
()7 
 
 Early English Roofs. 
 
 The roof of the nave of Salisbury cathedral presents 
 the best specimen of Early English groined roof; it 
 has cross springers, and the rib from pier to pier, but 
 it has no nb running longitudinally or across at the 
 point of the arches. Another description of groining, 
 also pecuhar to Early English works, is one with an 
 additional rib between the cross springer and the wall, 
 and between the cross springer and the pier rib; this 
 has a longitudinal and cross rib at the point of the 
 arches, but it does not run to the wall, being stopt by 
 the intermediate rib. The old groining, in a passage 
 out of the cloisters, at Chester, is a very good speci- 
 men of this roof. Another variety is found at 
 Litchfield, where there is no pier rib, but the two 
 intermediate ribs are brought nearer together, and the 
 longitudinal rib runs between them. The rib mouldings 
 of these groins are not very large, and consist of 
 rounds and hollows, and often have the toothed 
 ornament in them, and at Litchfield a sort of leaf. 
 The bosses in these roofs are not many or very large, 
 the intersections being frequently plain, but some of 
 the bosses are very well worked. There do not 
 appear to be any Early English wooden roofs which 
 can clearly be distinguished to be such. 
 
 Early English Fronts. 
 
 There is, perhaps, a greater variety in the Early 
 English fronts, than in those of any other style ; the 
 west front of Salisbury is, no doubt, the finest ; but 
 the transept ends of Salisbury, York, and Beverley, 
 are very fine, and all different in composition. The 
 ruins of Tynemouth priory, XaWe Crucis abbey, 
 Byland abbey, and AA^hitby abbey, all exhibit the 
 remains of excellent work. Of the smaller works the 
 east end of the lady-chapel at Salisbury, the extreme 
 
68 
 
 east end of Herefi^rcl cathedral, and the north transept 
 of Hcadon church, near Hull, deserve attention. In 
 general the west fronts and transept ends have a door, 
 and one, tv.-o, three, or even four ranges of niches, 
 windows, and arches oA^er them. The transepts of 
 Westminster abbey are very fine, but much of the 
 work is not original. The west front of IJncoln 
 minster deserves minute examination for its details; 
 the old Norman front is encompassed by Early English, 
 the workmanship of which is very superior; and a 
 large feathered circle over the great door is nearly 
 unique, from the exquisite workmanship of its mould- 
 ings, which consist of open-work bands of flowers. 
 The west front of Peterborough cathedral is different 
 from all the rest; it consists of three large arches, 
 forming a sort of screen to the front. These arches 
 have piers of many shafts, and fine architraves, and 
 the o'ables enriched with much small work of circles 
 and arches, and a profusion of the toothed ornament 
 over the whole. 
 
 Eaiily English Porches. 
 
 Of these, which are in general larger than the 
 Norman porches, it will be sufficient to mention two; 
 one the north porch of Salisbury cathedral, and the 
 other the south porch at Lincoln. The first is 
 attached to the north side of the nave, of which it 
 occupies one division, rising as high as the aisles; it 
 consists of a noble plain arched entrance, over which 
 are two double windows, close together, resting 
 on a tablet ; and quite in the peak of the gable, two 
 small niches close together restino; on another string. 
 The interior is o-roined in two divisions, and its walls 
 ornamented with simk pannelling. The porch at Lm- 
 coln is placed in a singular situation, nmning westerly 
 from the west side of the south transept. The lower 
 part is a rich piece of groined work, with three 
 entrances — north, south, and west, over which is a 
 
69 
 
 small room ; the whole of this porch, both interior and 
 exterior, is well worked, and richly ornamented. 
 
 The general appearance of Early English building 
 is magnificent, and rich rather from the number of 
 parts than from its details. In those buildings where 
 very long windows are used, there is a grandeur 
 arising from the heiglit of the divisions ; in smaller 
 buildings there is much simplicity of appearance, 
 and there is a remarkable evenness in the value of the 
 workmanship. There is much of the other styles which 
 appears evidently to be the copy by an inferior hand 
 of better workmanship elsewhere; this is remarkably 
 the case in Perpendicular work, but is hardly any 
 where to be found in Early English work, all appears 
 well designed and carefully executed. 
 
 Of this style we have the great advantage of one 
 building remaining, worked in its best manner, of 
 great size and in excellent preservation ; this is Salis- 
 bury cathedral, and it gives a very high idea of the 
 {-■reat improvement of this style on the Norm.an. 
 j^Iagnificent without rudeness, and rich, though simple, 
 it is one uniform whole. The west front is ornament- 
 ed, but by no means loaded, and the appearance of 
 the north side is perhaps equal to the side of any 
 cathedral in England. The west front of Lincoln is 
 fine, but the old Norman space is too visible not to 
 break it into parts. Peterborough and Ely have 
 perhaps the most ornamented fronts of this style. 
 As interiors, after Salisbury, the transepts of York are 
 perhaps the best specimens, though there are parts of 
 many other buildings deserving much attention. 
 
 In the interior arrangement of large buildings we 
 find the triforium a very prominent feature; it is large 
 in proportion to the work above and below it, and i« 
 generally the most ornamented part of the work. In 
 small churches the triforium is generally omitted. 
 Among the greatest beauties of this style are some of 
 the chapter-houses, of which Lincoln and Litchfield, 
 both decagons, but of very different arrangement; 
 
70 
 
 and those of Chester and Oxford, both parallelograms, 
 deserve particular attention ; but that of Salisbury, a 
 regular octagon, and of a character quite late in the 
 style, is one of the most beautiful buildings remaining. 
 Its composition is peculiarly elegant, and its execution 
 not excelled by any. 
 
 There appear to be fewer fonts of this style remain- 
 ing than of any other, at least of such as can be 
 clearly marked as belonging to the style. 
 
 Not much has been done in either restoring or 
 imitating this style; it is certainly not easy to do 
 either well, but it deserves attention, as in many 
 places it would be peculiarly appropriate, and perhaps 
 is better fitted than any for small country churches. 
 It may be w^orkcd almost entirely plain, yet if 
 ornament is used, it should be well executed ; for the 
 ornaments of this style are in general as well executed 
 as any of later date, and the toothed ornament and 
 hollow bands equal, in difficulty of execution, the 
 most elaborate Perpendicular ornaments. 
 
 If the transition from Norman to Early English 
 was gradual, much more so was that from Early 
 English to Decorated ; and we have several curious 
 examples of this transition on a large scale. West- 
 minster abbey, though carried on for a long time, 
 appears to have been carefidly continued on the original 
 design ; and except a very few parts, some of which 
 are quite modern, may be considered good Early 
 English throuii'hout: but in the cloisters there is much 
 gradation. Ely cathedral presents Early English of 
 several dates, from just clear of Xorman to almost 
 Decorated character. The nave of Litchfield, though 
 clearly Early English in composition, has the windows 
 of the aisles as clearly Decorated. Perhaps the finest 
 piece of accommodation between the styles is the lady- 
 chapel at Lincoln, -which is evidently Decorated, but 
 executed so as beautifully to harmonize with the work 
 about it. 
 
71 
 
 Early English staircases (except round ones in 
 towers) are not common; it is proper therefore to 
 remark a small one, of rich character, at Beverley min- 
 ster ; it leads from the north aisle of the choir to some 
 adjacent building, and consists of a series of arches 
 rising each higher than the former, with elegant shafts 
 and mouldings. There is another in the refectory (now 
 a grammar-school) at Chester, leading up to a large 
 niche or sort of pulpit, for the reader. 
 
 In this style ought to be noticed those beautiful 
 monuments of conjugal affection, the crosses of 
 Queen Eleanor. Of these, three remain sufficiently 
 perfect to be restored, if required, and to do which 
 little would be wanted to two of them. One at 
 Geddington in Northamptonshire, is comparatively 
 plain, but those of Northampton and Waltham are 
 peculiarly rich, and of elegant composition; there is 
 enough of Early English character in them to mark 
 their date, and enough of Decorated richness to 
 entitle them to be ranked as buildings of that style; 
 that of Northampton is the most perfect, but that at 
 Waltham is, on the whole, the most beautiful in its 
 details. 
 
 There are few, if any, castellated remains in which 
 this style can be clearly made out. 
 
 <Bf fte &ixXi, or 33ecorateti iEngUsl) ^tple* 
 
 Decorated English Doors. 
 
 The large doors of the last style are mostly double, 
 and there are some fine ones of this, but they are not 
 so common, there being more single doors, which are 
 often nearly as large as the Eiu-ly English double ones, 
 and indeed but for the or^naments they are much alike, 
 having shafts and fine hollow mouldings. The small 
 doors are frequently without shafts, but the arch- 
 
72 
 
 mouldings run down the side, and almost to the 
 ground, without a base, — the mouldings being set upon 
 a slope, and frequently, when the base tablets consist 
 of two sets of mouldings with a face between, it is 
 only the lower one which runs into the architrave to 
 stop the mouldings. The shafts do not in this style 
 generally stand free, but are parts of the sweep of 
 mouldings; and instead of being cut and set up 
 lengthways, all the mouldings and shafts are cut on 
 the arch-stone, thus combining great strength with all 
 the appearance of lightness. The capitals of these 
 shafts differ from the Early English, in being formed 
 of a woven foliage, and not upright leaves ; this, in 
 small shafts, generally has an apparent neck, but in 
 larger ones often appears like a round ball of open 
 foliage. There are also, in many good buildings, plain 
 capitals without foliage ; these have an increased number 
 of mouldings from those of the last style, and they 
 generally consist of three sets, — one which may be 
 considered the abacus, then a hollow and another set, 
 then the bell of the capital, and then the moiddings 
 forming the astragal: and both in plain and flowered 
 capitals, where the shaft is fllleted, it is common for 
 the fillet to run through the astragal, and appear to 
 die into the bell. Of these plain capitals, the cathedral 
 of Exeter, and the cloisters of Norwich, furnish very 
 fine specimens. The bases to these shafts mostly 
 consist of the reversed ogee, but other moiddings are 
 often added, and the ogee made in faces. Although 
 the doors in general are not so deeply recessed, as the 
 Norman and Early English, yet in many large build- 
 ings they are Aery deep. The west doors of York 
 are of the richest execution, and very deep. 
 
 To the open-work bands of the last style, succeeds 
 an ornament equally beautiful, and not so fragile ; this 
 is the flowered moulding ; there are often three or four 
 in one door-way, and to the toothed ornament succeeds 
 a flower of four leaves, in a deep moulding, v/ith 
 considerable intervals between. This flower, in some 
 
73 
 
 buildings, is used in great profusion to good effect. 
 Over these doors, there are several sorts of canopies; 
 the dripstone is generally supported by a corbel, 
 which is commonly a head; in some instances a plain 
 return is used, but that return seldom runs horizon- 
 tally. The canopy is sometimes connected with the 
 dripstone, and sometimes distinct. The common 
 canopy is a triangle, the space between it and the 
 dripstone is filled with tracery, and the exterior 
 ornamented with crockets, and crowned with a finial. 
 The second canopy is the ogee, which runs about half 
 up the dripstone, and then is turned the contrary way, 
 and is finished in a straight line running up into a 
 finial. This has its intermediate space filled with tracery, 
 &:c. and is generally crocketed. Another sort of canopy 
 is an arch running over the door, and unconnected 
 with it, which is doubly foliated ; it has a good effect, 
 but is not common. On the side of the doors, small 
 buttresses or niches are sometimes placed. 
 
 In small churches, there are often nearly plain doors, 
 having only a dripstone and a round moulding on the 
 interior edge, and the rest of the wall a straight line 
 or bold hollow, and in some instances a straight 
 sloping side only. In some doors of this style, a series 
 of niches with statues afe carried up like a hollow 
 moulding; and in others, doubly foliated tracery, 
 hanging free from one of the outer mouldings, gives 
 a richness superior to any other decoration. The south 
 door of the choir at Lincoln is perhaps hardly any 
 where equalled of the first kind, and a door in the 
 cloisters of Norwich of the other. 
 
 Decorated English Windows. 
 
 In these, the clearest marks of the style are to be 
 found, and they are very various, yet all on one prin- 
 ciple. An arch is divided by one or more mullions, 
 into two or more lights, and these mullions branch 
 into tracery of various figures, but do not run in 
 
74 
 
 perpendicular lines through the head. In small 
 churches, windows of two or three lights are common, 
 but in larger four or five lights for the aisles and 
 clerestory windows, five or six for transepts and the 
 end of aisles, and in the east and west windows seven, 
 eight, and even nine lights, are used. Nine lights 
 seem to be the extent, but there may be windows of 
 this style containing more. The west window of 
 York, and the east M'indow of Lincoln cathedrals, are 
 of eight lights each; the west window of Exeter 
 cathedral, and the east window of Carlisle cathedral, 
 are of nine, and these are nearly, if not quite, the 
 largest windows remaining. 
 
 There may be observed two descriptions of tracery, 
 and although, in different parts, they may have been 
 worked at the same time, yet the first is generally the 
 oldest. In this first division, the figures, such as 
 circles, trefoils, quatrefoils, &c. are all worked with 
 the same moulding, and do not always regularly join 
 each other, but touch only at points. This may be 
 called geometrical tracery; of this description are the 
 windows of the nave of York, the eastern choir of 
 Lincoln, and some of the tracery in the cloisters at 
 AYestminster abbey, as well as most of the windows 
 at Exeter. 
 
 The second division consists of what may be truly 
 called Jiowinrr tracery. Of this description, York 
 minster, the minster and St. INIary's, at Beverley, 
 Newark church, and many northern churches, as well 
 as some southern churches, contain most beautiful 
 specimens. The great west window at York, and the 
 east window at Carlisle, are perhaps the most elabo- 
 rate. In the richer windows of this style, and in both 
 divisions, the principal moulding of the muUion has 
 sometimes a capital and base, and thus becomes a 
 shaft. One great cause of the beauty of fine flowing 
 tracery, is the intricacy and delicacy of the mouldings ; 
 the principal moulding often running up only one or 
 two mullions, and forming only a part of the larger 
 
75 
 
 design, and all the small figures being formed m 
 mouldings which spring from the sides of the prin- 
 cipal. The architraves of windows of this style are 
 much ornamented with mouldings, which are some- 
 times made into shafts. The dripstones and canopies 
 of windows are the same as in the doors, and have 
 been described under that head. Wherever windows 
 of this style remain, an artist should copy them; the 
 varieties are n'luch greater than might be supposed, for 
 it is very difficult to find two alike in different 
 buildings. 
 
 It does not appear that the straight horizontal 
 transom was much if at all used in windoM^s of this 
 style; wherever it is found there is generally some 
 mark of the window originating after the introduction 
 of the Perpendicular style ; but it may have been used 
 in some places, and there are a very few instances of 
 a light being divided in height by a kind of canopy 
 or a quatrefbil breaking the mullion; the church of 
 Dorchester, in Oxfordshire, has some very curious 
 windows of this kind. In some counties, where flint 
 and chalk are used, the dripstone is sometimes omitted. 
 The heads of the windows of this style are most 
 commonly the equilateral arch; though there are 
 many examples both of lancet and drop arches; but 
 the lancet arches are not very sharp. There are a few 
 windows of this style with square heads ; but they are 
 not very common. 
 
 The circular windows of this style are some of them 
 very fine ; there are several very good ones in compo- 
 sition at Exeter and Chichester, and the east window 
 of old St. Paul's was a very fine one; but perhaps the 
 richest remaining is that of the south transept at 
 Lincoln, which is completely flowing. 
 
 Towards the end of this style, and perhaps after the 
 commencement of the next, we find windows of most 
 beautiful composition, with parts like the Perpendicular 
 windows, and sometimes a building has one end 
 Decorated, the other Perpendicular; such is Melrase 
 
7(5 
 
 abbey, whose windows have been extremely fine, and 
 indeed the great east window of York, which is the 
 finest Perpendicular window in England, has still 
 some traces of flowing lines in its head. 
 
 This window has also its architrave full of shafts 
 and mouldings, which kind of architrave for windows 
 is seldom continued far into the Perpendicular style; 
 and therefore when a Perpendicidar window has its 
 architraves so filled with mouldings, it may be con- 
 sidered early in the style. 
 
 Decorated English Arches. 
 
 Though the arch most commonly used for general 
 purposes in this style is the equilateral one, yet this 
 is by no means constant. At York this arch is used, 
 but at Ely a drop arch. The architrave mouldings of 
 interior arches do not differ much from those of the 
 last style, except that they are, perhaps, more fre- 
 quently continued down the pier without being stopt 
 at the line of capitals, and that the mouldings 
 composing them are of larger size and bolder character, 
 though in large buildings still consisting of many 
 mouldings; of this, one of the finest examples is the 
 architrave of the choir-arches at I^itchfield, which is 
 one of the best specimens of the different combinations 
 of mouldings in this style. The distinction between 
 the Eju'ly English small multiplied mouldings and the 
 bold Decorated ones, may be well observed at Chester, 
 where the arch between the choir and lady-chapel is 
 very good Early English, and the arches of the nave 
 as good Decorated work ; and these two also show the 
 difference of character of the two descriptions of pier. 
 
 The dripstones are of delicate mouldings, generally 
 supported by heads. The arches of the galleries are 
 often beautifully ornamented with foliated heads, and 
 fine canopies; and in these arches the ogee arch 
 is sometimes used, as it is freely in composition in the 
 heads of windows. 
 
77 
 
 Decorated English Piers. 
 
 A new disposition of shafts marks very decidedly 
 this style in large buildings, they being arranged 
 diamondwise, with straight sides, often containing as 
 many shafts as will stand close to each other at the 
 capital, and only a fillet or small hollow between 
 them. The shaft which runs up to support the roof, 
 often springs from a rich corbel between the outer 
 architrave mouldings of the arches; Exeter and Ely 
 are fine examples. The capitals and bases of these 
 shafts are much the same as those described in the 
 section on doors. Another pier of the richest effect, 
 but seldom executed, is that at York minster, where 
 the centre shaft is larger than those on each side, and 
 the three all run through to the spring of the roof 
 Three also support the side of the arch; these shafts 
 are larger in proportion than those of Exeter, &:c. and 
 stand nearly close without any moulding between. 
 
 Another pier, common tow ards the end of this style, 
 and the beginning of the next, is composed of four 
 shafts, about two-fifths engaged, and a fillet and bold 
 hollow half as large as the shafts between each ; this 
 makes a very light and beautiful pier, and is much 
 used in small churches. All these kinds of piers 
 have their shafts sometimes filleted, and the architrave 
 mouldings are often large ogees. In small country 
 churches, the multangular flat-faced pier seems to have 
 been used. 
 
 Decorated English Buttresses. 
 
 These, though very various, are all more or less 
 worked in stages, and the set-offs variously ornamented, 
 some plain, some moulded slopes, some with triangular 
 heads, and some with pannels; some with ni-ches in 
 them, and with all the various degrees of ornament. 
 The corner buttresses of this style are often set 
 
78 
 
 diagonally. In some few instances small turrets are 
 used as buttresses. The buttresses are variously 
 finished; some slope under the cornice, some just 
 through it; some run up through the battlement, and 
 are finished with pinnacles of various kinds. 
 
 Of rich buttresses there are three examples which 
 deserve great attention ; the first is in the west front 
 of York minster, and may be considered in itself as a 
 magazine of the style; its lower part, to which it 
 ascends without set-off, consists of four series of niches 
 and pannelling of most delicate execution ; above this 
 part it rises as a buttress to the tower, in four stages 
 of pannels, with triangular crocketed set-offs. The 
 first of these stages contains a series of statuary niches, 
 the rest are only pannelled. This buttress finishes 
 under the cornice with an ornamented pannel and 
 crocketed head ; the projection of the lower part of 
 this buttress is very great, and gives to the whole 
 great boldness as well as richness. The second is a 
 ruin, the east end of Howden church, Yorkshire; it 
 has also some niches, but not so many as that at 
 York. The third is also a ruin, the east end of the 
 priory at ^Valsingham, in Norfolk; this is very late, 
 and perhaps may be considered as almost a Per- 
 pendicular work, but it has so much of the rich 
 magnificence of the Decorated style, that from its great 
 plain spaces it deserves noticing as such ; it is in fact 
 a flat buttress set up against one face of an octagonal 
 turret, and terminates in a fine triangular head richly 
 crocketed. The buttress of the aisles of the nave of 
 York minster are small compared with those at the 
 west end, but their composition is singular, and of very 
 fine effect; they run high above the parapet as a stay 
 for the flying buttresses, and are finished by rich 
 pinnacles. 
 
79 
 
 Decorated English Tablets. 
 
 The cornice is very regular, and though in some 
 large buildings it has several mouldings, it principally 
 consists of a slope above, and a deep sunk hollow, 
 with an astragal under it ; in these hollows, flowers at 
 regular distances are often placed, and in some large 
 buildings, and in towers, &c. there are frequently 
 heads, and the cornice almost filled with them. The 
 dripstone is of the same description of mouldings, but 
 smaller, and this too is sometimes enriched with 
 flowers. The small tablet running under the window 
 
 o 
 
 has nearly the same mouldings, and this sometimes 
 runs round the buttress also. The dripstone very 
 seldom, if ever, runs horizontally, though in a few 
 instances a return is used instead of the more common 
 corbel head. 
 
 The general base tablet of this style is an ogee, 
 vmder which is a plain face, then a slope and another 
 ]:)lain face ; and it is not common to find real Decorated 
 buildings with more tablets, although both in the 
 Early English and Perpendicular styles, three, four, 
 and even five are sometimes used. And here another 
 singularity with respect to tablets may be mentioned; 
 it is common in Early English work for the dripstone 
 to be carried horizontally after the return at the spring 
 of the arch, till stopt by a buttress, &c. and sometimes 
 it is even carried round the buttress : — and the same 
 arrangement is common in Perpendicular work, but 
 very rarely, if ever, is it so used in the Decorated style. 
 
 Decorated English Niches. 
 
 These form one of the greatest beauties of the stvle, 
 and are very various, but may be divided into two 
 grand divisions, which, if necessary, might be again 
 variously divided, such is their diversity, but these 
 two may be sufficient. The first are pannelled niches, 
 
80 
 
 the fronts of whose canopies are even with the face of 
 the wall or buttress they are set in. These have their 
 interiors either square with a sloping side, or are 
 regular semi-hexagons, &c. In the first case, if not 
 very deep, the roof is a plain arch; but in the latter 
 case, the roof is often most delicately groined, and 
 sometimes a little shaft is set in the angles, or the ribs 
 of the roof are supported by small corbels. The pedes- 
 tals are often high and much ornamented. 
 
 The other division of niches have projecting cano- 
 pies; these are of various shapes, some conical like a 
 spire, some like several triangular canopies joined at 
 the edges, and some with ogee heads; and in some 
 very rich buildings are niches with the canopy 
 bending forwards in a slight ogee, as well as its con- 
 tour being an ogee; these are generally crowned with 
 very large rich finials, and very highly enriched. 
 There were also, at the latter part of this style, some 
 instances of the niche with a flat-headed canopy, w^hich 
 became so common in the next style. These project- 
 ing niches have all some projecting base, either a large 
 corbel, or a basement pedestal carried up from the 
 next projecting face below. All these niches are 
 occasionally flanked by small buttresses and pinna- 
 cles ; those of the first kind have very often beautiful 
 shafts. 
 
 The chancel stalls, of this style, are many of them 
 uncommonly rich, their whole faces being often 
 covered with ornamental carving. 
 
 Under this head, though not strictly niches, may 
 be mentioned, what appears to be very rare, some 
 wood carvings of a screen of this style; they consist 
 of ten or more divisions of pannelling in the church 
 of Lancaster; part form at present a screen for a 
 vestry, &:c. and part are in a gallery as a lining to the 
 wall; their composition is alike and simple, being an 
 arched head pannel with a triangular canopy between 
 two buttresses crowned with pinnacles; they are, 
 however, extremely rich, and varied in their details; 
 
81 
 
 the buttresses are pannelled with diversified tracery, 
 and the arch is an ogee canopy doubly feathered, and 
 filled with tracery, as is the space between the ogee 
 canopy and the triangular one, and both canopies are 
 crocketed and crowned by rich finials; though they 
 may be late in the style, yet the diversity of tracery 
 and boldness of character, combined with simplicity 
 of composition, so different from the elaborate and 
 gorgeous screen-work of Perpendicular date, seem to 
 mark them clearly as of the Decorated style. 
 
 Decorated English Ornaments. 
 
 As the word Decorated is used to designate this 
 style, and particularly as the next has been called florid, 
 as if it were richer in ornament than this, it will be 
 necessary to state, that though ornament is often 
 profusely used in this style, yet these ornaments are 
 like Grecian enrichments, and may be left out without 
 destroying the grand design of the building, while the 
 ornaments of the next are more often a minute division 
 of parts of the building, as pannels, buttresses, &c. 
 than the carved ornaments used in this style. In 
 some of the more magnificent works, a variety of 
 flowered carvings are used all over, and yet the build- 
 ing does not appear overloaded ; Vvhile some of the 
 late Perpendicular buildings have much less flowered 
 carvings, yet look overloaded with ornaments, from 
 the fatiguing recurrence of minute parts, which 
 prevent the comprehension of the general design. 
 
 The flower of four leaves in a hollow moulding, has 
 already been spoken of, and in these hollow mouldings 
 various other flowers are introduced, as well as heads 
 and figures, some of them very grotesque ; and the 
 capitals are very seldom found two alike. The foliage 
 forming the crockets and finials is also extremely rich, 
 and the pinnacle, in its various forms, is almost 
 constantly used. The spandrels of ornamental arches 
 are sometimes filled with beautiful foliage. 
 
82 
 
 An ornriment almost as peculiar to the Decorated 
 style as the toothed ornament to tlie Early English, is 
 a small round bud of three or foiu' leases, whicli open 
 just enough to show a ball in the centre; this ia 
 generally ])laced in a hollow moulding, and h?s a 
 beautiful eflcct. On the steeple of Salisbury, knobs 
 are used very profusely in many parts as crockets; 
 these are plain, but are so most likely on account of 
 the distance from the eye; these and some other details 
 show the Decorated date of this steeple, though its 
 composition is assimilated to the Early English build- 
 ing it is raised upon. It is seldom safe to judge of 
 date solely by the character of the ornamental carvings, 
 yet in many instances these Vvill be very clear distinc- 
 tions. It is extremely diflicult to describe, in words, 
 the different characters of Early English and Decorated 
 foliage, yet any one who attentively examines a few 
 examples of each style, will seldom afterwards be 
 mistaken, iniless in buildings so completely transitional 
 as to have almost every mark of both styles. There 
 is in the Early English a certain imnatural character 
 in the foliage, which is extremely stiff, when compared 
 with the graceful and easy combinations, and the 
 natural apjiearance of most of the well - executed 
 Decorated foliage ; in noplace can this be examined 
 with better effect than at the cathedrals of York and 
 Ely, both of which contain veiy excellent examples of 
 each style. 
 
 Decorated English Steeples. 
 
 At the commencement of this style, several fine 
 spires were added to towers then existing, and in after 
 times many very fine towers and spires were erected. 
 Grantham, Newark, and several other T^incolnshire 
 spires are very fine. These are generally flanked with 
 buttresses, many of which are diagonal, and are 
 generally crowned with fine pinnacles. Of these 
 spu-es, Newark deserves peculiar attention, it rises 
 
85 
 
 engaged in the west end of the church, and the lower 
 parts are Early English, but it is the upper story of 
 the tower and the spire which are its principal beauties. 
 This story rises from a band (which completely sur- 
 rounds the tower) of sunk pannels. The story consists 
 of a flat buttress of not much projection on each side, 
 thus making eight round the tower ; these are in three 
 stages, the two lower plain, with small plain set-offs, 
 tlie upper pannelled with an ogee head, and an ogee 
 canopy, above which is a triangular head to the 
 buttress richly crocketed, which finishes the buttress 
 under the cornice. Between these buttresses are two 
 beautiful two-light windows, with rich canopies on the 
 dripstone, and a general canopy over both, crocketed 
 and finishing in a rich finial; in the point of this 
 canopy, between the heads of the windows, is a statue 
 in a plain small niche, and on each side of the windows 
 are other statues in niches with ogee crocketed cano- 
 pies. The tracery of these windows is very good, and 
 the architraves, both of windows and niches, are 
 composed of shafts. The cornice is filled with flowers 
 and other ornaments at small intervals, and from the 
 corners rise short octagonal pedestals, on which are 
 beautiful pinnacles finishing in statues for finials. The 
 parapet is enriched with sunk quatrefoil pannels, and 
 the spire has plain ribs and additional slopes on the 
 alternate sides; there are four heights of windows in 
 alternate faces, all, except the top row, richly crocketed. 
 On the whole, perhaps there are no specimens superior 
 in composition and execution, and few equal. There 
 are many small towers and spires which appear to be 
 Decorated ; but there are so many of them altered, 
 and with appearances so much like the next style, that 
 they require more than common examination before 
 they are pronounced absolutely Decorated; and there 
 does not appear (as far as the author has been able to 
 examine) any rich ornamented tower of large size 
 remaining, that is a pure Decorated building. The 
 west tov/ers of York minster come the nearest to 
 
84 
 
 purity, though the tracery of the belfry windows and 
 the battlements are decidedly Perpendicular. 
 
 Decorated E::glis:i Battlements. 
 
 A parapet continues frequently to be used in the 
 Decorated style, but it is often pierced in various 
 shapes, of which quatrefoils in circles or without that 
 inclosure, are very common, but another not so com- 
 mon is more beautiful ; this is a waved line, the spaces 
 of which are trefoiled; it is well executed at the small 
 church of St. INIary IMagdalen, at Oxford. Pierced 
 battlements are become very common ; of these the 
 nave of York presents a fine specimen; the battlement 
 is an arch trefoiled or cinquefoiled, and the interval a 
 quatrefoil in a circle, the whole covered with a running 
 tablet which runs both horizontally and vertically. 
 This round quatrefoil is sometimes exchanged for a 
 square quatrefoil, as at INIelrose abbey. The plain 
 battlement most in use in this style is one with small 
 intervals, and the capping moulding only horizontal; 
 but there may be some battlement perhaps of this date 
 with the capping running both vertically and horizon- 
 tally. In some small works of this style a flower is 
 occasionally used as a finish above the cornice, but it 
 is by no means common. 
 
 Decorated English Roofs. 
 
 The Decorated groined roof is an increase on the 
 last style in the number of ribs; those of the simplest 
 kind consisted of the longitudinal and crossing rib at 
 the point of the arches, with the cross springers and 
 pier rib, with ilso an intermediate rib between the 
 cross springers and the pier rib and the wall arch ; and 
 these intermediate ribs increased in niuubei', and 
 adorned with small ribs forming stars and other figures 
 by their intersections, give a variety to the groining 
 almost equal to the tracery of windows. In this style. 
 
86 
 
 the rib mouldings are generally an ogee for tlie 
 exterior, and hollows and rounds, with different fillets, 
 towards the ceiling; in come few instances a principal 
 and secondary rib are employed. The bosses are placed 
 at all the intersections, and are often most beautifully 
 carved. Exeter cathedral is a fine example of the 
 plain roof, and the nave of York of the richer descrip- 
 tion, as is also the chapter-house of York. 
 
 There are buildings in which, though the upper 
 roof is shown, there is a preparation for an inner roof; 
 such is Chester cathedral, where only the lady-chapel, 
 and the aisles of the choir, are groined, and the whole 
 of the rest of the church is open ; but on the top of 
 the shafts is the commencement springing of a stone 
 roof. There is a chapel in a church in Cambridgeshire, 
 ^\^illingham, between Ely and Cambridge, which 
 has a very singular roof; stone ribs rise like the timber 
 ones, the intervals are pierced, and the slope of the 
 roof is of stone; it is high pitched, and the whole 
 appears of Decorated character. 
 
 There remain a few roofs, which appear to be of 
 Decorated character, that are open to the roof framing, 
 and have a sort of pannelled work in ogee quatrefoils 
 in timber, between the principals, Vv^hich have arched 
 ornamental work ; of this kind is the roof of Eltham 
 palace. These are getting very scarce, as they are hardly 
 ever repaired but by new work of a totally different 
 kind. 
 
 Decorated English Fronts. 
 
 The east fronts of Decorated buildings consist so 
 often of one large window for the chancel or choir, and 
 two smaller ones for the aisles, if there be any, that 
 little need be said of their composition, as all its 
 variation in general depends on the variety of but- 
 tresses, &:c. used as finishings. Of these it may be 
 sufficient to mention three, the east ends of Lincoln 
 and Carlisle cathedrals, and Howden church. The 
 
86 
 
 first consists of a centre, and side aisles divided, and 
 flanked by tall buttresses -without set-offs, but pan- 
 nelled, with canopy heads and small corbels, the angles 
 finished with shafts, and the tops of the buttresses 
 with a triangular crocketed head ; under the windows, 
 along the whole front, runs a line of pannels divided 
 by small shafts, and above them a tablet. The 
 great centre window has been described before ; it 
 has eight lights, has over it one of five lights, flanked 
 by arch-headed pannels, and the gable has an orna- 
 mented crocketed capping, and a cross; behind the 
 buttresses rise octagonal pinnacles with rich finials : the 
 windows of the aisles are of three lights, and over them 
 the gables are filled with three tier of pannels and a 
 circle, plain capping, and a cross at the point. This 
 front has a very fine effect, and is almost the only east 
 front of a cathedral which can be seen at a proper 
 distance. The east end of Carlisle is evidently a 
 Decorated wall added to an Early English building; 
 its aisles are different from each other, but all the 
 buttresses are rich ; its great beauty is the east windov-% 
 which is of nine lights, and in the composition of the 
 tracery is superior even to the west window of York, 
 to which the centre mullion gives a stiffiiess not 
 visible at Carlisle. At Howdcn, the tracery of the 
 great window is destroyed, and the whole in ruins; 
 but enough remains to show the symmetry of the 
 composition, and the richness and delicacy of the 
 execution. 
 
 The east end of Litchfield cathedral is a semi-hexa- 
 gon, with very fine long windows of rich tracery; this 
 is late in the style, and seems to have been much 
 repaired at a still later date. Of west fronts one only 
 need be mentioned, but that must be allowed to be 
 nearly, if not quite, the finest west front in the king- 
 dom ; it is that of York ; its towers and buttresses have 
 already been spoken of, and it only remains to say, that 
 the three doors are the finest specimens of Decorated 
 doors in the kingdom; its great window is only 
 
87 
 
 excelled by that of Carlisle. The central part over the 
 window finislies bv a horizontal cornice and battlement, 
 above which rises the pierced canopy of the window, 
 and at some distance behind the gable of the roof 
 rises with a front of fine tracery, and a pierced battle- 
 ment. It is to be regretted, that this beautiful front is 
 surrounded by buildings so near, that no good view 
 can be obtained of it, as, from the eye being brought 
 too near, the fine elevation of the towers is almost lost. 
 Of smaller churches, the east end of Trinity church, 
 Hull, deserves attention ; the windows are very fine, 
 but the centre one has a trace of Perpendicular work 
 in it. 
 
 Decorated English Porches. 
 
 There are not many of these remaining, but under 
 this head should be noticed three beautiful gates, which 
 are in some degree assimilated to porches ; these are 
 the gates of the abbey at Bury St. Edmund's, of 
 1 horn con abbey in Lincolnshire, and of Augus- 
 tine's monastery at Canterbury; they have all rich 
 and beautifully ornamented gateways, with rooms over 
 them, and their fronts ornamented with niches, win- 
 dows, &c. and at St. Augustine's, two fine octagonal 
 towers rise above the roof. These three are of very 
 varied composition, but all contain very valuable 
 details. 
 
 The general appearance of Decorated buildings is at 
 once simple and magnificent; simple from the small 
 number of parts, and magnificent from the size of the 
 windows, and easy flow of the lines of tracery. In 
 the interior of large buildings we find great breadth, 
 and an enlargement of the clerestory windows, with a 
 corresponding diminution of the triforium, which is 
 now rather a part of the clerestory opening than a 
 distinct member of the division. The roofing, from 
 the increased richness of' the groining, becomes an 
 object of attention. 
 
88 
 
 Though we have not the advantage of any one large 
 building of this style in its pure state, like Salisbury 
 in the last style, yet we have, besides many detached 
 parts, the advantage of four most beautiful models, 
 which are in the highest preservation. These are 
 at Lincoln, Exeter, York, and Ely ; and though differ- 
 ently worked, are all of excellent execution. Of these, 
 Exeter and York are far the largest, and York, from 
 the uncommon grandeur and simplicity of the design, 
 is certainly the finest; ornament is no-where spared, 
 yet there is a simplicity which is peculiarly pleasing. 
 Lincoln has already been spoken of as assimilated to 
 the Early English work around it ; and Ely has, from 
 the same necessity of assimilation to former Avork, a 
 larger triforium arrangement than common; though 
 not so bold in its composition as the nave of York, 
 the work at Ely is highly valuable for the beauty and 
 delicacy of its details. Amongst the many smaller 
 churches. Trinity church, at Hull, deserves peculiar 
 notice, as its Decorated part is of a character which 
 could better than any be imitated in modern work,- 
 from the great height of its piers, and the smallness of 
 their size. The remains of INIelrose abbey are ex- 
 tremely rich, and though in ruins, its parts are yet very 
 distinguishable. In imitations of this style, great 
 delicacy is required to prevent its running into the 
 next, which, from its straight perpendicular and hori- 
 zontal lines, is so much easier w^orked; whatever 
 ornaments are used, should be very cleanly executed, 
 and highly finished. 
 
 Though not so numerous as the Norman or Perpen- 
 dicular fonts, yet there are many good fonts of this 
 style remaining, and at Luton in Bedfordshire, is 
 erected round the font a beautiful chapel or baptistery, 
 of very fine composition. 
 
 As an example of transition from this style to the 
 next, the choir of York may be cited ; the piers and 
 arches retain the same form as in the Decorated work 
 in the nave, but the windows, the screens, and above 
 
80 
 
 all, the east end, are clearly Perpendicular, and of very 
 excellent character and execution. The windows still 
 retain shafts and mouldings in the architraves, and the 
 east window has a band of statuary niches as part of 
 its architrave. 
 
 There are many fine castellated remains of this style ; 
 of these, it may be enough to mention Caernarvon 
 castle, and the noble gateway to Lancaster castle. 
 
 m tlje ;fFourtI), or |3erpentiifular ^tple. 
 
 Perpendicular English Doors. 
 
 The great distinction of Perpendicular doors from 
 those of the last style, is the almost constant square 
 head over the arch, which is surrounded by the outer 
 moulding of the architrave, and the spandrel filled 
 with some ornament, and over all a dripstone is gene- 
 rally placed. This ornamented spandrel in a square 
 head, occurs in the porch to AVestminster hall, one of 
 the earliest Perpendicular buildings, and is continued 
 to the latest period of good execution, and in a rough 
 way much later. In large, very rich doors, a canopy 
 is sometimes included in this square head, and some- 
 times niches are added at the sides, as at King's college 
 chapel, Cambridge. This square head is not always 
 used interiorly, for an ogee canopy is sometimes used, 
 or pannels down to the arch, as at St. George's, 
 Windsor; and there are some small exterior doors 
 without the square head. The shafts used in these 
 doors are small, and have mostly plain capitals, which 
 are often octagonal, and the bases made so below 
 the first astragal. But there are still, in the early part 
 of the style, some flowered capitals; and in those to 
 the shafts of piers, in small churches, it is common for 
 the capital to have in its hollow one or two square 
 flowers. The mouldings of the capitals often contain 
 
90 
 
 (more particularly in the later dates of the style) a 
 member which is precisely the cy ma-recta of Grecian 
 "vvork. In small works, the bases of shafts have many 
 mouldings, repetitions of ogees are mostly used, 
 intermixed wdth hollows or straight slopes. The 
 architraves of these doors have generally one or more 
 large hollows, sometimes filled with statuary niches, 
 but more often plain; this large hollow, in the archi- 
 traves of both doors and windows, is one of the best 
 marks of this style. 
 
 Perpendicular English Windows. 
 
 These are easily distinguished by their mullions 
 running in perpendicular lines, and the transoms, 
 w^hich are now general. The varieties of the last style 
 were in the disposition of the principal lines of the 
 tracery; in this, they are rather in the disposition of 
 the minute parts; a window of four or more lights is 
 generally divided into two or three parts, by strong 
 mullions running quite up, and the portion of arch 
 between them doubled from the centre of the side 
 division. In large windows, the centre one is again 
 sometimes made an arch, and often in windows of 
 seven or nine lights, the arches spring across, making 
 two of four or five lights, and the centre belonging to 
 each. The heads of windows, instead of being filled 
 with flowing ramifications, have slender mullions 
 running from the heads of the lights, between each 
 princij)al mullion, and these have small transoms till 
 the window is divided into a series of small pannels; 
 and the heads being arched, are trefoiled or cinque- 
 foiled. Sometimes these small mullions are crossed 
 over each other in small arches, leaving minute 
 quatrefoils, and these are carried across in straight 
 lines. Under the transom is generally an arch ; but in 
 Yorkshire, I^incolnshire, and Nottinghamshire, and 
 perhaps in some other parts, there is a different mode 
 of foliating the straight line without an arch, which 
 
91 
 
 has a singular appearance. Tn the later windows of 
 this style, the transoms are often ornamented with 
 small battlements, and sometimes with flowers, which, 
 when well executed, have a very fine effect. Amidst 
 so great a variety of windows, (for perhaps full half 
 the windows in English edifices over the kingdom are 
 of this style,) it is difficult to particularize ; but 
 St. George's, AVindsor, for four lights, and the cleres- 
 tory windows of Henry the VII.'s chapel for five, are 
 some of the best executed. For a large window, the 
 east window of York has no equal, and by taking its 
 parts, a window of any size may be formed. There 
 are some good windows, of which the heads have the 
 mullions alternate, that is, the perpendicular line rises 
 from the top of the arch of the pannel below it. The 
 windows of the Abbey-church, at Bath, are of this 
 description. The east window of the Beauchamp 
 chapel at Warwick, is extremely rich, and has both 
 within and without many singularities. The mullions 
 which divide it into three parts, have a part of the 
 great hollow for their moulding, which on the inside 
 is filled with very rich statuary niches ; the centre part 
 of this window is divided into very minute pannellings 
 in the upper part. 
 
 It is necessary here to say a little of a window 
 which may be mistaken for a Decorated window ; this 
 is one of three lights, used in many country churches ; 
 the mullions simply cross each other, and are cinque- 
 foiled in the heads, and quatrefoiled in the three upper 
 spaces; but to distinguish this from a Decorated win- 
 dow, it will generally be necessary to examine its arch, 
 its mullion mouldings, and its dripstone, as well as its 
 being (as it often is) accompanied by a clearly Perpendi- 
 cular window at the end, or connected with it so as to 
 be evidently of that time. Its arch is very often four- 
 centred, which at once decides its date; its mullion 
 mouldings are often small, and very delicately w^orked ; 
 its dripstone in many instances has some clear mark. 
 
92 
 
 and when the Decorated tracery is become famihar, it 
 will be distinguished from it by its being a mere folia- 
 tion of a space, and not a flowing quatrefoil with the 
 mouldinofs carried round it. 
 
 Large circular windows do not appear to have been 
 in use in this style; but the tracery of the circles in 
 the transepts of Westminster abbey appear to liave 
 been renewed during this period. At Henry the VI I. 's 
 chapel, a window is used in the aisles which seems to 
 have led the way to that wretched substitute for fine 
 tracery, the square-lieaded windows of queen Eliza- 
 beth and king James the first's time. This window is 
 a series of small pannels forming a square head, and it 
 is not flat but in projections, and these, with the 
 octagonal towers used for buttresses, throw the exterior 
 of the building into fritter, ill-assorting with the bold- 
 ness of the clerestory windows. In most of the later 
 buildings of this style, the window and its architrave 
 completely fill up the space between the buttresses, 
 and the east and west windows are often very large; 
 the west window of St. George's, Windsor, has fifteen 
 lights in three divisions, and is a grand series of 
 pannels, from the floor to the roof; the door is amongst 
 the lower ones, and all above the next to the door is 
 pierced for the window. The east window at Glouces- 
 ter is also very large, but that is of three distinct 
 parts, not in the same line of plan. 
 
 AMien canopies are used, which is not so often as 
 in the last style, they are generally of the ogee 
 character, beautifully crocketed. 
 
 Perpendicular English Arches. 
 
 Although the four-centred arch is much used, 
 particularly in the latter part of the style, yet, as in 
 all the other styles, we have in this also arches of 
 almost all sorts amongst the ornamental parts of niches, 
 &:c. and in the composition lines of pannels, are arches 
 from a vcrv fine thin lancet to an almost flat segment 
 
93 
 
 Yet, with all this variety, the four-centred arch is the 
 one most used in large buildings, and the arches of 
 other character, used in the division of the aisles, begin 
 to have what is one of the great distinctions of this 
 style, — the almost constant use of mouldings running 
 from the base all round the arch, without any stop 
 horizontally, by way of capital; sometimes with one 
 shaft and capital, and the rest of the lines running; 
 the shafts in front running up without stop to the 
 roof, and from their capitals springing the groins. In 
 window arches, shafts are now very seldom used, the 
 architrave running all round, and both window arches 
 and the arches of the interior, are often inclosed in 
 squares, with ornamented spandrels, either like the 
 doors, or of pannelling. Interior arches have seldom 
 any dripstone when the square is used. 
 
 Another great distinction of these arches, in large 
 buildings, is the absence of the triforium or gallery, 
 between the arches of the nave and the clerestory 
 windows; their place is now supplied by pannels, 
 as at St. George's, Windsor, or statuary niches, as at 
 Henry the VII.'s chapel ; or they are entirely removed, 
 as at Bath, and Manchester Old church, &;c. 
 
 Perpendicular English Piers. 
 
 The massive Norman round pier, lessened in size 
 and extended in length, with shafts set round it, 
 became the Early English pier; the shafts were mul- 
 tiplied, and set into the face of the pier, which became, 
 in its plan, lozenge, and formed the Decorated pier. 
 We now find the pier again altering in shape, becoming 
 much thinner between the arches, and its proportion 
 the other way, from the nave to the aisle, increased, 
 by having those shafts which run to the roof, to sup- 
 port the springings of the groins, added in front, and 
 not forming a part of the mouldings of the arch, but 
 having a bold hollow between them : this is particularly 
 apparent at King's college chapel, Cambridge, St. 
 
94 
 
 George's, Windsor, and Henry the VII.'s chapel, the 
 three great models of enriched Perpendicular style; but 
 it is observable in a less degree in many others. In 
 small churches, the pier mentioned in the last style, of 
 foiu' shafts and four hollows, is still much used; but 
 many small churches have humble imitations of the 
 magnificent arrangement of shafts and mouldings 
 spoken of above. There are still some plain octagonal, 
 &c. piers, in small churches, which may belong to this 
 age. 
 
 Though filleted shafts are not so much used as ni 
 the last style, the exterior moulding of the architrave 
 of interior arches is sometimes a filleted round, which 
 has a good effect; and in general the mouldings and 
 parts of piers, architraves, kc. are much smaller than 
 those used in the last style, except the large hollows 
 before mentioned. 
 
 Perpendicular English Buttresses. 
 
 These differ ^ery little from those of the last style, 
 except that triangular heads to the stages are much 
 less used, the set-ofis being much more often bold 
 projections of plain slopes; yet many fine buildings 
 have the triangular heads. In the upper story, the 
 buttresses are often very thin, and have diagonal 
 faces. There are few large buildings of this style 
 without flying buttresses, and these are often pierced ; 
 at Henry the VII.'s chapel they are of rich tracery, 
 and the buttresses are octagonal turrets. At King's 
 college chapel, Cambridge, which has only one height 
 within, the projection of the buttresses is so great as 
 to allow chapels between the wall of the nave, and 
 another level with the front of the buttresses. At 
 Gloucester, and perhaps at some other places, an arch 
 or half arch is pierced in the lower part of the buttress. 
 There are a few bTiildings of this style without any 
 buttresses. All the kinds are occasionally ornamented 
 with statuary niches, and canopies of various descrip- 
 
95 
 
 tions, and the diagonal corner buttress is not so common 
 as in the last style; but the two buttresses often leave 
 a square, which runs up, and sometimes, as at the 
 tower of the Old church i^t IManchester, is crowned 
 with a third pinnacle. 
 
 Although pinnacles are used very freely in this style, 
 yet there are some buildings, whose buttresses run up 
 and finish square without any : of this description is 
 St. George's, Windsor, and the Beauchamp chapel. 
 The buttresses of the small eastern addition at Peter- 
 borough cathedral are curious, having statues of saints 
 for pinnacles. 
 
 In interior ornaments, the buttresses used are some- 
 times small octagons, sometimes pannelled, sometimes 
 plain, and then, as well as the small buttresses of 
 niches, are often banded with a band different from 
 the Early English, and much broader. Such are the 
 buttresses between the doors of Henry the VII.'s 
 chapel. 
 
 The small buttresses of this style attached to screen- 
 work, stall-work, and niches, are different from any 
 before used, and they form a good mark of the style. 
 The square pedestal of the pinnacle being set with an 
 angle to the front, is continued down, and on each side 
 is set a small buttress of a smaller face than this pedes- 
 tal, thus leaving a small staff between them; these 
 buttresses have set-offs, and this small staff at each 
 set-off has the moulding to it, which being generally 
 two long hollows, and a fillet between, has on the staff 
 an appearance of a spear head. It is not easy to 
 describe this buttress in words, but when once seen, 
 it will be easily recognised; and as almost every 
 screen and tabernacle niche is ornamented with them 
 in this style, they need not be long sought. The 
 niches in front of Westminster hall, (one of the best 
 and earliest Perpendicular examples,) and the niches 
 under the clerestory v/indovv^s of Henry the VII.'s 
 chapel, (one of the latest) have them almost exactly 
 similar. 
 
96 
 
 Perpendicular English Tablets. 
 
 The cornice is now, in large buildings, often com- 
 posed of several small mouldings, sometimes divided 
 by one or two considerable hollows, not very deep; 
 yet still, in plain buildings, the old cornice mouldings 
 are much adhered to ; but it is more often ornamented 
 in the hollow with flowers, &:c. and sometimes with 
 grotesque animals; of this the churches of Gresford 
 and INIold, in Flintshire, are curious examples, being 
 a complete chase of cats, rats, mice, dogs, and a 
 variety of imaginary figures, amongst which various 
 grotesque monkeys are very conspicuous. In the 
 latter end of the style, something very analogous to an 
 ornamented frieze is perceived, of which the canopies 
 to the niches, in various works, are examples; and 
 the angels so profusely introduced, in the later rich 
 works, are a sort of cornice ornaments. These are 
 very conspicuous at St. George's, AVindsor, and 
 Henry the VII.'s chapel. At Bath, is a cornice of 
 two hollows, and a round between with fillets, both 
 u])per and under surface nearly alike. The dripstone 
 of this style is, in the heads of doors and some 
 windows, much the same as in the last style, and it 
 most generally finishes by a plain return; though 
 corbels are sometimes used, this return is frequently 
 continued horizontally. 
 
 Tablets under the windows are like the dripstone, 
 and sometimes fine bands are carried round as tablets. 
 Of these there are some fine remains at the cathedral, 
 and at the tower of St. John's, Chester. 
 
 The basement mouldimj-s ordinarily used are not 
 materially different from the last style ; reversed ogees 
 and hollows, variously disposed, being the principal 
 mouldings; but in rich buildings several mouldings 
 and alternate faces are used. 
 
97 
 
 Perpendicular English Niches. 
 
 These are very numerous, as amongst them we 
 must inchide nearly all the stall, tabernacle, and 
 screen-work in the English churches ; for there appears 
 little wood-work of an older date, and it is probable 
 that much screen-work was defaced at the Reformation, 
 but restored in queen INIary's time, and not again 
 destroyed; at least the execution of much of it would 
 lead to such a supposition, being very full of minute 
 tracery, and much attempt at stiffly ornamented 
 friezes. The remains of oak screen-work and tracery 
 are much greater than would be conceived possible, 
 considering the varied destructions of the Reformation 
 and civil war. INIost of our cathedrals, and very many 
 smaller churches, contain tabernacle and screen-work 
 in excellent condition, and of beautiful execution ; and 
 amongst this kind of work should be reckoned the 
 great number of stalls with turn-up seats and benches ; 
 these, though many of them are of abominable com- 
 position, are by no means all so; the ceremonies of 
 the church, legends, and above all, figures of animals, 
 flowers, and foliage, admirably designed and exe- 
 cuted, make up by far the greater number. At St. 
 Michael's church, Coventry, are many of the best cha- 
 racter. The benches before these stalls present, in their 
 ends and fronts, combinations of pannelling and flower- 
 work of great beauty. As an instance how late 
 wood-work was executed in a good style, there is some 
 screen-work in the church at Huyton in Lancashire, 
 in which the date is cut in such a way as to preclude 
 any doubt of its being done at the time ; and the date 
 is corroborated by armorial bearings carved on the 
 same work; this date is 1663, a time at which all idea of 
 executing good English work in stone seems to have 
 been lost. Many niches are simple recesses, with rich 
 ogee canopies, and others have over-hanging square- 
 
 H 
 
98 
 
 headed canopies, with many minute buttresses and 
 pinnacles, crowned with battlements ; or, in the latter 
 part of the style, with what has been called the Tudor 
 flower, an ornament used instead of battlement, as an 
 upper finish, and profusely strewed over the roofs, &c. 
 ojf rich late buildings. Of these niches, those in 
 Henry the VI I. 's chapel, between the arches and 
 clerestory windows, are perhaps as good a specimen as 
 any. Of the plain recesses, with ogee canopies, there 
 are some fine ones at Windsor. 
 
 The whole interior of the richer buildings of this 
 style, is more or less a series of pannels ; and therefore, 
 as every pannel may, on occasion, become a niche, we 
 find great variety of shape and size ; but like those 
 of the last style, they may generally be reduced to one 
 or other of these divisions. 
 
 Perpendicular English Ornaments. 
 
 The grand source of ornament, in this style, is pan- 
 nelling; indeed, the interior of most rich buildings is 
 only a general series of it; for example, King's college 
 chapel, Cambridge, is all pannel, except the floor ; for 
 the doors and windows are nothing but pierced pannels, 
 included in the general design, and the very roof is a 
 series of them of different shapes. The same may be 
 said of the interior of St. George's, Windsor ; and still 
 further, Henry the VII. 's chapel is so both within and 
 without, there being no plain wall all over the chapel, 
 except the exterior from below the base moulding, all 
 above is ornamental pannel. All the small chapels of 
 late erection in this style, such as those at Winchester, 
 and several at Windsor, are thus all pierced pannel. 
 Exclusive of this general source of ornament, there 
 are a few peculiar to it; one, the battlement to transoms 
 of windows, has already been mentioned ; this, in 
 works of late date, is very frequent, sometimes 
 extending to small transoms in the head of the window, 
 as well as the general division of the lights. Another, 
 
99 
 
 the Tudor flower, is, in rich work, equally common, 
 and forms a most beautiful enriched battlement, and 
 is also sometimes used on the transoms of windows in 
 small work. Another peculiar ornament of this style, 
 is the angel cornice, used at Windsor and in Henry the 
 VII.'s chapel ; but though according with the character 
 of those buildings, it is by no means fit for general 
 use. These angels have been much diffused, as 
 supporters of shields, and as corbels to support roof- 
 beams, &c. Plain as the Abbey-church at Bath is in 
 its general execution, it has a variety of angels as 
 corbels, for different purposes. 
 
 A great number of edifices of this style appear to 
 have been executed in the reign of Henry the VII, as 
 the angels so profusely introduced into his own works, 
 and also his badges — the rose and portcullis, and 
 sometimes his more rare cognizances, are abundantly 
 scattered in buildings of this style. 
 
 Flowers of various kinds continue to ornament cor- 
 nices, &c. and crockets were variously formed tov/ards 
 the end of the style, those of pinnacles were often 
 very much projected, which has a disagreeable effect ; 
 there are many of these pinnacles at Oxford, prin- 
 cipally worked in the decline of the style. 
 
 Perpendicular English Steeples. 
 
 Of these there remain specimens of almost every 
 description, from the plain short tower of a country 
 church, to the elaborate and gorgeous towers of Glou- 
 cester and Wrexham. There are various fine spires 
 of this style, which have little distinction from those 
 of the last, but theii' age may be generally known by 
 their ornaments, or the towers supporting them. 
 Almost every conceivable variation of buttress, battle- 
 ment, and pinnacle, is used, and the appearance of 
 many of the towers combines, in a very eminent 
 degree, extraordinary richness of execution and 
 grandeur of design. Few counties in England are 
 
100 
 
 without some good examples; besides the two already 
 mentioned, Boston in Lincolnshire, All Saints in 
 Derby, St. JNIary's at Taunton, St. George's, Doncaster, 
 are celebrated; and the plain, but excellently propor- 
 tioned, tower of Magdalen college, Oxford, deserves 
 much attention. 
 
 Amongst the smaller churches, there are many 
 towers of uncommon beauty, but few exceed Gresford, 
 between Chester and AVrexham ; indeed, the whole of 
 this church, both interior and exterior, is worth atten- 
 tive examination. Paunton, near Grantham, has also 
 a tower curious for its excellent masonry. There are 
 of this style some small churches with fine octagonal 
 lanterns, of which description are two in the city of 
 York ; and of this style is that most beautiful compo- 
 sition, the steeple of St. Nicholas, at Newcastle-upon- 
 Tyne, — a piece of composition equally remarkable for 
 its simplicity, delicacy, and excellent masonic arrange- 
 ment. Early in this style also is the steeple of St. 
 ]\Iichael at Coventry, which, but for the extreme 
 destruction of its ornaments, in consequence of the 
 nature of the stone, would be nearly unequalled. To 
 notice all the magnificent towers of this style would 
 take a volume, but the cathedrals at Canterbury and 
 York must not be omitted. At Canterbury, the central 
 tower, which has octagonal turrets at the corners, is a 
 very fine one; and the south-west tower, which has 
 buttresses and fine pinnacles, though in a different 
 style, is little inferior. At York, the centre tower is 
 a most magnificent lantern ; its exterior looks rather 
 flat, from its not having pinnacles, which seem to have 
 been intended by the mode in which the buttresses are 
 finished ; but its interior gives, from the flood of hght 
 it pours into the nave and transepts, a brilliancy of 
 appearance equalled by very few, if any, of the other 
 cathedrals. 
 
101 
 
 Perpendicular English Battlements. 
 
 Parapets still continue to be used occasionally. The 
 trefoiled pannel with serj^entine line is still used, but 
 the dividing line is oftener straight, making the 
 divisions regular triangles. 
 
 Of pannelled parapets, one of the finest is that of 
 the Beauchamp chapel, which consists of quatrefoils in 
 squares, with shields and flowers. 
 
 Of pierced battlements there are many varieties, but 
 the early ones frequently have quatrefoils, either for 
 the lower compartments, or on the top of the pannels 
 of the lower, to form the higher ; the later have often 
 two heights of pannels, one range for the lower, and 
 another over them forming the upper ; and at Lough- 
 borough is a fine battlement of rich pierced quatre- 
 foils, in two heights, forming an indented battlement. 
 These battlements have generally a running cap 
 moulding carried round, and generally following the 
 line of battlement. There are a few late buildings, 
 which have pierced battlements, not with straight 
 tops, but variously ornamented; such is the tomb- 
 house at Windsor, with pointed upper compartments ; 
 and such is the battlement of the eastern addition at 
 Peterborough, and the great battlement of King's 
 college chapel, Cambridge, and also that most delicate 
 battlement over the lower side chapels ; this is perhaps 
 the most elegant of the kind. Sometimes on the out- 
 side, and often within, the Tudor flower is used as a 
 battlement, and there are a few instances of the use of 
 a battlement analogous to it in small works long before; 
 such is that at Waltham cross. 
 
 Of plain battlements there are many descriptions : 
 1st, that of nearly equal intervals, with a plain 
 capping running round with the outline. 2nd, The 
 castellated battlement, of nearly equal intervals, and 
 sometimes with large battlements and small intervals, 
 with the cap moulding running only horizontally, and 
 
102 
 
 the sides cut plain. 3d, A battlement like the last, 
 with the addition of a moulding which runs round the 
 outline, and has the horizontal capping set upon it. 
 4th, The most common late battlement, with the cap 
 moulding broad, of several mouldings, and running 
 round the outline, and thus often narrowing the inter- 
 vals, and enlarging the battlement. To one or other 
 of these varieties, most battlements may be reduced; 
 but they are never to be depended on alone, in 
 determining the age of a building, from the very 
 frequent alterations they are hable to. 
 
 Perpendicular English Roofs. 
 
 These may be divided into three kinds ; first, those 
 open to the roof framing; second, those ceiled flat or 
 nearly so; and thirdly, the regular groined roof. 
 
 Of the first kind are those magnificent timber roofs, 
 of which AVestminster hall is one of the finest speci- 
 mens. The beams, technically called p7'i7icipals, are 
 here made into a sort of trefoil arch, and the interstices 
 of the framing filled with pierced pannellings ; there 
 are also arches from one principal to another. Crosby 
 hall in Bishopsgate-street, is another roof of this de- 
 scription, as is the hall of Christchurch, Oxford, and 
 many others: this roof is not often found in churches. 
 
 The second is common in churches, and is the Per- 
 pendicidar ordinary style of cieling, rich, though easily 
 constructed ; a rib crossed above the pier, with a small 
 flat arch, and this was crossed by another in the 
 centre of the nave, and the spaces thus formed were 
 again divided by cross ribs, till redviced to squares of 
 two or three feet; and at each intersection, a flower, 
 shield, or other ornament was placed. This roof was 
 sometimes in the aisles made sloping, and occasionally 
 coved. In a few instances, the squares were filled 
 with fans, ^c. of small tracery. A variety of this 
 roof which is very seldom met with, is a real flat 
 cieling, like the ordinary domestic cieling of the present 
 
103 
 
 day ; of this, the post room at Lambeth palace offers 
 one specimen, and a room attached to St. Mary's hall, 
 at Coventry, another ; both these have small ribs cross- 
 ing the cieling, and dividing it into several parts. At 
 Coventry, the intersection of these ribs in the centre, 
 and their spring from the moulding, which rvms round 
 from the side walls, are ornamented with carvings. 
 
 The third, or groined roof, is of several kinds. Of 
 this it may be well to notice, that the ribs in this 
 style are frequently of fewer mouldings than before, 
 often only a fillet and two hollows, like a plain 
 mullion. We see in the groined roofs of this style 
 almost every possible variety of disposition of the ribs, 
 and in the upper part of the arch they are in many 
 instances feathered; and these ribs are increased in the 
 later roofs, till the whole is one series of net-work, of 
 Avhich the roof of the choir, at Gloucester, is one of 
 the most complicated specimens. The late monu- 
 mental chapels, and statuary niches, mostly present in 
 their roofs very complicated tracery. 
 
 We now come to a new and most delicate descrip- 
 tion of roof, that oi fan tracery, of which probably 
 the earliest, and certainly one of the most elegant, is 
 that of the cloisters at Gloucester. In these roofs, 
 from the top of the shaft springs a small fan of ribs, 
 which doubling out from the points of the pannels, 
 ramify on the roof, and a quarter or half-circular rib 
 forms the fan, and the lozenge interval is formed by 
 some of the ribs of the fan running through it, and 
 dividing it into portions, which are filled with orna- 
 ment. King's college chapel, Cambridge, Henry the 
 VII.'s chapel, and the Abbey-church at Bath, are the 
 best specimens, after the Gloucester cloisters ; and to 
 these may be added the aisles of St. George's, Windsor, 
 and that of the eastern addition to Peterborough. To 
 some of these roofs are attached pendants, which, in 
 Henry the VII.'s chapel, and the Divinity school at 
 Oxford, come down as low as the springing line of 
 the fans. 
 
104 
 
 The roof of the nave and choir of St. George's, 
 Windsor, is very singular, and perhaps unique. The 
 ordinary })roportion of the arches and piers is half the 
 breadth of the nave ; this makes the roof compartments 
 two squares, but at Windsor the breadth of the nave 
 is nearly three times that of the aisles, and this makes 
 a figure of about three squares. The two exterior 
 parts are such as, if joined, would make a very rich, 
 ribbed roof; and the central compartment, which runs 
 as a flat arch, is filled with tracery pannels, of various 
 shapes, ornamented with quatrefoils, and forming two 
 halves of a star ; in the choir, the centre of the star is 
 a pendant. This roof is certainly the most singular, 
 and perhaps the richest in effect of any we have ; it is 
 profusely adorned with bosses, shields, &c. 
 
 There still remains one more description of roof, 
 which is used in small chapels, but not common in 
 large buildings. This is the arch roof; in a few instances 
 it is found plain, with a simple ornament at the spring 
 and the point, and this is generally a moulding with 
 flowers, &c. but it is mostly pannelled. Of this roof, 
 the nave of the Abbey-church at Bath is a most beau- 
 tiful specimen. The arch is very flat, and is composed 
 of a series of small rich pannels, with a few large ones 
 at the centre of the compartments formed by the 
 piers. The roofs of the small chapels, on the north 
 side of the Beauchamp chapel, at Warwick, are also 
 good examples; and another beautiful roof of this 
 kind is the porch to Henry the VII.'s chapel; but 
 this is so hidden, fi'om the want of light, as to be 
 seldom noticed. 
 
 The ribbed roofs are often formed of timber and 
 plaster, but are generally coloured to represent stone- 
 work. 
 
 There may be some roofs of different arrangements 
 from any of these ; but in general they may be referred 
 to one or other of the above heads. 
 
105 
 
 Perpendicular English Fronts. 
 
 The first to be noticed of these, and by far the finest 
 west front, is that of Beverley minster, a building 
 much less known than its great value merits it should 
 be. What the west front of York is to the Decorated 
 style, this is to the Perpendicular, with this addition, 
 that in this front nothing but one style is seen, — all is 
 harmonious. Like York minster, it consists of a 
 very large west window to the nave, and two towers 
 for the end of the aisles. This window is of nine 
 lights, and the tower windows of three lights. The 
 windows in the tower correspond in range nearly with 
 those of the aisles and clerestory windows of the nave ; 
 the upper windows of the tower are belfry windows. 
 Each tower has four large and eight small pinnacles, 
 and a very beautiful battlement. The whole front is 
 pannelled, and the buttresses, which have a very bold 
 projection, are ornamented with various tiers of niche- 
 work, of excellent composition and most delicate 
 execution. The doors are uncommonly rich, and have 
 the hanging feathered ornament; the canopy of the 
 great centre door runs up above the sill of the window, 
 and stands free in the centre light, with a very fine 
 effect. The gable has a real tympanum, which is filled 
 with fine tracery. The east front is fine, but mixed 
 with Early English. The west fronts of Winchester, 
 Gloucester, Chester, Bath, and Windsor, are all of 
 this style, and all of nearly the same parts; — a great 
 window and two side ones, with a large door and 
 sometimes side ones ; Chester has only one side window. 
 Though in some respects much alike, they are really 
 very different. Winchester has three rich porches to 
 its doors; Gloucester a very rich battlement, with 
 the canopy of the great window running through it ; 
 Chester a very fine door, with niches on each side; 
 Bath, a curious representation of Jacob's dream, the 
 ladders forming a sort of buttresses, and angels filling 
 
106 
 
 the space about the head of the great window ; Wind- 
 sor is plain, except its noble window and beautiful 
 pierced parapet and battlements : but it is curious that 
 in all these examples the nave is flanked by octagonal 
 towers; at Winchester and Gloucester, crowned with 
 pinnacles; at Chester and Windsor with ogee heads, 
 and at Bath by an open battlement. The ends of 
 King's college chapel, Cambridge, are nearly alike, 
 but that one has a door and the other not ; these also 
 are flanked with octagonal towers, which are finished 
 with buttresses, pinnacles, and an ogee top. Of east 
 ends, York is almost the only one which preserves the 
 whole elevation, and this is the richest of all; it is 
 highly ornamented with niches in the buttresses, and 
 has octagonal turrets which finish in very tall pinnacles, 
 of a size equal to small spires, but which, from the great 
 elevation of the front, do not appear at all too large. 
 Of small churches, the west end of St. George, Don- 
 caster, and Trinity church, Hull, are fine examples ; 
 as are the east ends of Louth church in Lincolnshire, 
 and Warwick church, as well as its beautiful com- 
 panion the Beauchamp chapel. 
 
 Perpendicular English Porches. 
 
 Of these there are so many that it is no easy matter 
 to chuse examples, but three may be noticed ; first, 
 that attached to the south-west tower of Canterbury 
 cathedral, which is covered with fine niches ; secondly, 
 the south porch at Gloucester, which has more variety 
 of outline, and is nearly as rich in niches ; the third 
 is the north porch at Beverley, and this is, as a pan- 
 nelled front, perhaps unequalled. The door has a 
 double canopy, the inner an ogee, and the outer a 
 triangle, with beautiful crockets and tracery, and is 
 flanked by fine buttresses breaking into niches, and the 
 space above the canopy to the cornice, is pannelled ; 
 the battlement is composed of rich niches, and the 
 buttresses crowned by a group of four pinnacles. The 
 
107 
 
 small porches of this style are many of them very 
 fine, but few equal those of King's college chapel, 
 Cambridge. 
 
 The appearance of Perpendicular buildings is very 
 various, so much depends on the length to which 
 pannelling, the great source of ornament, is carried. 
 The triforium is almost entirely lost, the clerestory 
 windows resting often on a string which bounds the 
 ornaments in the spandrels of the arches, but there is 
 not unfrequently under these windows, in large build- 
 ings, a band of sunk or pierced panneUing of great 
 richness. 
 
 Of this style so many buildings are in the finest 
 preservation, that it is difficult to select; but, on 
 various accounts, several claim particular mention. 
 The choir at York is one of the earliest buildings; 
 indeed it is, in general arrangements, like the nave, 
 but its ornamental parts, the gallery under the win- 
 dows, the windows themselves, and much of its 
 pannelling in the interior, are completely of Perpen- 
 dicular character, though the simple grandeur of the 
 piers is the same as the nave. The choir of Gloucester 
 is also of this style, and most completely so, for the 
 whole interior is one series of open-work pannels laid 
 on the Norman work, parts of which are cut away to 
 receive them ; it forms a very ornamental whole, but 
 by no means a model for imitation. 
 
 Of the later character, are three most beautiful 
 specimens. King's college chapel, Cambridge, Henry 
 the VII.'s chapel, and St. George's, Windsor; in 
 these, richness of ornament is lavished on every part, 
 and they are particularly valuable for being extremely 
 different from each other, though in many respects 
 alike. Of these, undoubtedly St. George's, Windsor, 
 is the most valuable, from the great variety of compo- 
 sition arising from its plan ; but the roof and single 
 line of wall of King's coUege chapel, Cambridge, 
 deserves great attention, and the details of Henry the 
 
108 
 
 VII.'s chapel will always command it, from the gi-eat 
 delicacy of their execution. 
 
 Of small churches, there are many excellent models 
 for imitation, so that in this style, with some care and 
 examination, scarcely any thing need be executed but 
 from absolute authority. The monumental chapels of 
 this style are peculiarly deserving attention, and often 
 of the most elaborate workmanship 
 
 The fonts of this style are very numerous, and 
 of all sorts of workmanship, from the roughest de- 
 scription, to that most elaborate specimen at Wal- 
 singham church in Norfolk. To some of these remain 
 font covers of wood, of which a few are composed of 
 very good tabernacle- work. 
 
 The castellated remains of this style are generally 
 much altered, to render them habitable; parts of 
 AVindsor castle are good ; the exterior of Tattershall 
 castle, in Lincohishire, remains nearly unaltered. 
 
 %^ %■% ^^^^^-vw^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 iilferellaneous Beinartts on i^uilDings of nnglisj) 
 
 "^.rcljitecture. 
 
 A^< 
 
 Having now given an outline of the details of the 
 different styles, it remains to speak of a few matters 
 which could not so well be previously noticed. As 
 one style passed gradually into another, there will be 
 here and there buildings partaking of two, and there 
 are many buildings of this description whose dates are 
 not at all authenticated. 
 
 There is one building which deserves especial men- 
 tion, from the singularity of its character, ornaments, 
 and plan; this is lloslyn chapel. It is certainly 
 unclassable as a whole, being unlike any other building 
 in Great Britain of its age, (the latter part of the 
 fifteenth century,) but if its details are minutely 
 examined, they will be found to accord most com- 
 pletely, in the ornamental work, with the style then 
 
109 
 
 prevalent, though debased by the clumsiness of the 
 parts, and their want of proportion to each other. 
 There seems little doubt that the designer was a 
 foreigner, or at least took some foreign buildings for 
 his model. 
 
 It will be proper to add a few words on the alter- 
 ations and additions which most ecclesiastical edifices 
 have received; and some practical remarks as to 
 judging of their age. The general alteration is that 
 of windows, which is very frequent ; very few churches 
 are without some Perpendicular windows. We may 
 therefore pretty safely conclude that a building is as 
 old as its windows, or at least that part is so which 
 contains the windows ; but we can by no means say 
 so with respect to doors, which are often left much 
 older than the rest of the building. 
 
 A locality of style may be observed in almost every 
 county, and in the districts where flint abounds, it is 
 sometimes almost impossible to determine the date of 
 the churches, from the absence of battlements, archi- 
 traves, and buttresses; but wherever stone is used, it 
 is seldom difficult to assign each part to its proper 
 style, and with due regard to do the same with plates 
 of ordinary correctness, a little habitual attention 
 would enable most persons to judge at once, at the 
 sight of a plate or drawing, of its correctness, from its 
 consistency, or the contrary, with the details of its 
 apparent style. 
 
 In a sketch like the present, it is impossible to 
 notice every variety; but at least the author now 
 presents the world with a rational arrangement of the 
 details of a mode of architecture on many accounts 
 valuable, and certainly the most proper for ecclesiastical 
 edifices. Still further to enable the reader to distin- 
 guish the principles of Grecian and English architecture, 
 he adds a few striking contrasts, which are formed by 
 those principles in buildings of real purity, and which 
 will at once convince any unprejudiced mind of the 
 impossibility of any thing like a good mixture. 
 
no 
 
 Grecian. 
 The general running 
 lines are horizontal. 
 
 Arches not necessary. 
 
 An entablature abso- 
 lutely necessary, consisting 
 always of two, and mostly 
 of three distinct parts, 
 having a close relation to, 
 and its character and orna- 
 ments determined by the 
 columns. 
 
 The columns can sup- 
 port nothing but an entab- 
 lature, and no arch can 
 spring directly from a 
 column. 
 
 A flat column may be 
 called a pilaster, which can 
 be used as a column. 
 
 The arch must spring 
 from a horizontal hne. 
 
 Columns the supporters 
 of the entablature. 
 
 English. 
 The general running 
 lines are vertical. 
 
 Arches a reaUy funda- 
 mental principle, and no 
 pure Englisli building or 
 ornament can be composed 
 without them. 
 
 No such thing as an 
 entablature composed of 
 parts, and what is called a 
 cornice, bears no real rela- 
 tion to the shafts which 
 may be in the same build- 
 inir. 
 
 The shafts can only sup- 
 port an arched moulding, 
 and in no case a horizontal 
 line. 
 
 Nothing analogous to a 
 pilaster; every flat orna- 
 mented projecting surface, 
 is either a series of pannels, 
 or a buttress. 
 
 No horizontal line ne- 
 cessary, and never any but 
 the small cap of a shaft. 
 
 Shaft bears nothing, and 
 is only ornamental, and 
 the round pier still a pier. 
 
Ill 
 
 Grecian. 
 No projections like but- 
 tresses, and all projections 
 stopped by horizontal lines. 
 
 Arrangement of pedi- 
 ment fixed. 
 
 Openings limited by the 
 proportions of the column. 
 
 Regularity of composi- 
 tion on each side of a 
 centre necessary. 
 
 Cannot form good stee- 
 ples, because they must re- 
 semble unconnected build- 
 ings piled on each other. 
 
 English. 
 Buttresses essential parts, 
 and stop horizontal hues. 
 
 Pediment only an orna- 
 mented end v/all, and may 
 be of almost any pitch. 
 
 Openings almost unli- 
 mited. 
 
 Regularity of composi- 
 sition seldom found, and 
 variety of ornament uni- 
 versal. 
 
 From its vertical lines, 
 may be carried to any 
 practicable height, with 
 almost increasing beauty. 
 
 In the foregoing details we have said little of castel- 
 lated or domestic architecture; because there does not 
 appear to be any remains of domestic buildings, so old 
 as the latest period of the English style, which are 
 unaltered; and because the castellated remains are so 
 uncertain in their dates, and so much dilapidated or 
 altered, to adapt them to modern modes of life or 
 defence, that little clear arrangement could be made, 
 and a careful study of ecclesiastical architecture will 
 lead any one, desirous to form some judgment of the 
 character of these buildings, to the most accurate 
 conclusions on the subject which can well be obtained 
 in their present state. 
 
112 
 
 Nor has any thing been said of monuments, because, 
 should tliey bear the name of the deceased, and the date 
 of his death, they were often erected long after; thus 
 Osric's tomb at Gloucester, and that of King John at 
 Worcester, are both of Perpendicular date, if their 
 style may be considered as any guide. IMost of the 
 monuments which are valuable, will have their style 
 ascertained by what has been said of larger erections. 
 There are many which deserve much attention, for the 
 excellence of their workmanship and composition; of 
 these may be noted those of Aymer de ^^alance, earl of 
 Pembroke, in Westminster abbey, and a curious 
 monument in Winchelsea church, Sussex; the monu- 
 ment of the Percys at Beverley ; that of king Edward 
 the II. at Gloucester, and that of Richard Beauchamp, 
 earl of Warwick, in the centre of the Beauchamp 
 chapel ; with several at Canterbury, York, and AVin- 
 chester. 
 
 There are two which are so singvdar, and so different 
 from the style in use at the time of their erection, that 
 they require particular remark; these arc, the shrine 
 of Edward the Confessor, and the tomb of Henry the 
 III, both erected near the same time, and probably 
 by the same artist, who has been stated to be an 
 Italian; and this may account for the style of these 
 monuments, where, with some few traces of the 
 Early English, (the style in use at the time of their 
 erection,) there is much close resemblance to Roman 
 work ; added to which they are covered with JVIosaic 
 w^ork, which has been much used in Italy. 
 
 The object of this essay being to lead the student to 
 examine and judge of buildings for himself, it has 
 appeared advisable to refer him to some buildings in 
 almost every part of the Kingdom; and in forming 
 this list, (which follows the description of the plates.) 
 it has been rather sought to refer to examples of 
 good character than to swell the number by those 
 which were doubtful ; ruins have not often been 
 referred to, except where they contain, either in com- 
 
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 V 
 
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 jS3 mi 
 
 T PickyroanJ&M. 
 
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 /jT!: 
 
 
 
 ■m% 
 
 T.BAc/cmariJ9-j4. 
 
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 ^f^ 
 
 r 
 
 P-jfT-- 
 
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 Pl^^^.'- !'■ 
 
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 "^' — ^ ■ ■ (H^^ 
 
 rJijji- 
 
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 TSicim-m 'i-',* 
 
113 
 
 position or detail, some parts of considerable value ; 
 sometimes it is only a part of the building referred to 
 which is valuable ; and it should always be borne in 
 mind, that the alterations which are continually taking 
 place, may make some of the references incorrect. It 
 is possible, that on the borders some churches may be 
 placed in a wrong county, from the division not being 
 well known. 
 
 Description of the Plates of English Architecture. 
 
 [No relative proportion has been preserved between the various subjects 
 engraved on each plate, t being the forms which are to be considered, each of which 
 is given of the size most convenient for the requisite clearness of delineation.] 
 
 Plate IV. 
 
 Plan of a cathedral, collegiate, or other church, in the form 
 of a cross, with the usual additional buildings. It is not the 
 plan of any particular building, but composed to introduce as 
 many parts as it was "expedient to describe. The cross lines 
 represent the groinings of the roof, which, in plans of English 
 buildings, are usually laid down as seen looking upwards. 
 
 a a. Towers at the west end. b b, Porches. 
 
 c, The nave, d d, Side aisles of the nave. 
 
 e. The cloisters, f. The library. 
 
 g. The north transept, /i, The south transept. 
 
 i i, The side aisles of the south transept. 
 
 k k k. Chapels. 
 
 /, Chapter-house, with passage from the cloisters. 
 
 m. Central tower, cross, or lantern. 
 
 n, Screen, over which is usually placed the organ. 
 
 o. Choir, at the east end of which is generally the altar. 
 
 p p. Side aisles of the choir, q. Lady Chapel. 
 
 The small circles in several of the piers and walls, are stair- 
 cases ; the steps could not be shown on so small a scale. The 
 organ screen, and inclosure of the choir, are of a lighter tint 
 than the walls, to show that they are not continued to the top 
 of the arches ; against this inclosure are placed the stalls in a 
 cathedral. The place of the bishop's throne varies, but it is 
 generally on the south side, and the pulpit nearly opposite. 
 
114 
 
 Plate V. 
 
 The design, in the lower part of this plate, is intended to give 
 a general view of various parts as usually defined ; and no let- 
 ters of reference are employed, that the student may the more 
 completely acquire the knowledge of parts bv mere description. 
 It consists of a portion of wall, in which is a Perpendicular win- 
 dow of three lights and a transom. The transom heads of the 
 lights are cinquefoiled in an ogee arch, and the upper lights in 
 a plain arch ; the secondary divisions above are trefoiled. This 
 ^vindow has a dripstone with plain returns. There are three 
 buttresses ; two are square-set corner buttresses, (one seen in 
 front and one in flank ;) and one diagonal one, which is seen at 
 its angle. These buttresses have each three stages, and three 
 set-offs, and die under the cornice, which is flowered. The 
 battlement is of equal intervals, and the capping runs only 
 horizontally. Under the window is a tablet, which runs round 
 the square buttresses, or stops against, or dies into, the diagonal 
 one. The base consists of two tablets ; one an ogee and hollow, 
 and the other a plain slope. This description ought to be so 
 fully comprehended, that if measures were added, the student 
 should be able to draw the design from the description, being 
 furnished with sections, or some other mode of determining the 
 mouldings. The upper lines of the plate contain various arches : 
 
 a, The semi-circular arch, h. The segmental arch. 
 
 c. The equilateral arch, d. The drop arch. 
 
 e. The lancet arch. /, The horse-shoe arch, 
 
 g. The ogee arch. A, The four-centred arch. 
 
 Then follow foliations or featherings : 
 
 i, A plain arch, trefoiled. 
 
 k, A square quatrefoil pannel, double feathered. 
 
 I, A square window-head, cinquefoiled. 
 
 7)1, A transom, with ogee-head to the light, cinquefoiled, and 
 the spandrels trefoiled. 
 
 n, A trefoiled circle : this is of Early English character, and 
 the points flowered. 
 
 o, A cinquefoiled circle, p, Plan of a plain Norman pier. 
 
 q, A Norman pier with shafts. 
 
 r, An Early English pier with a centre. 
 
 s. An Early English pier from Salisbury. 
 
 tf A Decorated English pier from Chester. 
 
 ?/, A Decorated English pier from York. 
 
 w, <r. Two Perpendicular English piers. 
 
 y, A perspective view of the west end of Howell Church, 
 Lincolnshire, with a Bell Gable. 
 
115 
 
 Plate VI. 
 
 Two steeples ; one a Perpendicular tower with a lantern ; 
 this is the tower of Lowick Church in Northamptonshire. 
 
 The other steeple in this plate is a Decorated tower and spire. 
 The tower has buttresses of three stages, running through the 
 cornice, which is plain. The parapet has a horizontal capping. 
 The spire has small windows with canopies. The belfry window 
 is of two lights, set upon a plain string, which runs round the 
 buttresses. Below are slits, and at the bottom a large window 
 set on a string. The base mouldinji^s have two tablets. This 
 is the steeple of Heckington, Lincolnshire. 
 
 Plate VII. 
 
 1. A Norman composition, which may be considered as a 
 view of one side of a nave, flanked with a small tower with 
 two stages of ornamental arches, the lower intersecting, and a 
 window above. The buttresses are plain ; those below have a 
 projection beyond the parapet, those above are without. The 
 windows are various, and the door-way has shafts and several 
 ornamental mouldings. 
 
 2. Part of a Norman interior, shewing one side of the nave, with 
 the triforium and clerestory windows ; and a wooden roof open 
 to the rafters. The piers are the massive circular piers, with 
 ornamented arches ; the windows are varied, as are the divisions 
 of the triforium, to shew the different modes of arrangement in 
 this style : through one of the arches is shown the roof of the 
 side aisle. 
 
 Plate VIII. 
 
 1. An Early English composition, with a double door and 
 shafts, with leaved capitals and bands; an ornamented circle 
 above the centre of the doors. The buttresses are nearly those 
 of Salisbury cathedral, as well as the pannelling in, and the 
 arches under, the parapet. 
 
 Above, is an ornamented division of three windows, and below 
 one plain one ; at the end is a flying buttress. On each side 
 over the door, are circular sunk pannels w'ith ornamented points. 
 
 2. The west end of a Decorated building. This has square 
 corner buttresses, which terminate with octagonal pedestals for 
 pinnacles. These buttresses are of three stages ; the lowest 
 have in front triangular crocketed heads, and square sunk 
 
116 
 
 niches. The second stao;e is plain, with plain moulded set-offs; 
 the upper stage is pannellcd, and with triangular crocketed 
 heads. The ])arapct is plain, and the cornice Howered. The 
 window is set on a tahlet, which runs round the buttresses, and 
 is of seven lights, from Heckington, Lincolnshire, with archi- 
 trave of mouldings, dripstone, and canopy, supported by figures. 
 The canopy is triangular, and crocketed ; the interval filled with 
 tracery in sunk pannels. The door-way consists of mouldings set 
 on the lower base-tablet, and a plain dripstone, supported by 
 heads. The door is covered with ornamental iron-work. The 
 base mouldings consist of two tablets, an ogee, and plain slope. 
 
 3. A Decorated Window from Shottesbroke, Berkshire. 
 
 4. Ditto do Yaxley, Huntingdonshire. 
 
 5. Ditto do Penshurst, Kent. 
 
 6. Ditto do do, do. 
 
 7. Ditto do St. Stephen's, do. 
 
 Plate IX. 
 
 A Perpendicular porch set against the aisles of a building, of 
 which part of two Avindows are seen. This porch has buttresses 
 of three stages, set square, and leaving a corner, on which is 
 placed a battlemented pinnacle. The buttresses have moulded 
 set-offs. The door-way has an arch within a square, the span- 
 drels pannelled and flowered, and the dripstone running as a 
 tablet, but not round the buttresses. The inner door-way 
 plain-arched, and a plain dripstone. Over the door are two 
 heights of pannelling up to the gable, in seven lights, with a 
 battlemented transom, and a line of square quatrefoils. The 
 parapet pannels consist of round quatrefoils, in squares ; the 
 capping crocketed, and running up to flank a cross, of which the 
 pedestal appears springing from the cornice. The cornice is 
 plain. The base mouldings consist of three tablets. 
 
 Perpendicular Base Mould'mgs. 
 
 1. Laugh ton-en-le-]Morthen, Yorkshire. 
 
 2. Boston, Lincolnshire. 
 
 3. Furness abbey, Lancashire. 
 
 4. St. John, Cirencester, Gloucestershire. 
 
 Perpendicular Strings. 
 
 5. Truro, Cornwall. 
 
 6. Boston, Lincolnshire. 
 7- Tiverton, Devonshire. 
 
 8, 9, 10, 11. Battlements and Strings, Lincoln. 
 
117 
 
 Mullion Mouldings. 
 
 12. Lechladc, Gloucestershire 
 
 13. Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire. 
 
 14. Window moukUno;s, St. John's Hospital, Northampton 
 
 15. Door mouldings, Grantham, Lincolnshire, 
 
 16. Ditto, Dundry, Somersetshire. 
 
 17- Window mouldings, Bolton Abbey, Yorkshire. 
 18. Door do, Great Ponton, Lincolnshire. 
 
 19- Door do, Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire 
 
 Buttress Set-offs. 
 
 20. Laughton-en-le-Morthen, Yorkshire. 
 
 21. St. Lawrence, Evesham, Worcestershire. 
 
 22. Fairford, Gloucestershire. 
 
 23. Llanthony Abbey, Gloucestershire. 
 
 24. Window mouldings, Tower of Beverley Minster, Yorkshire 
 
 25. Door do. Chapel of Magdalen College, Oxford. 
 
 Plate X. 
 
 Fonts and Water Drains. 
 
 1. Norman Font, Chaddesley Corbet, Worcestershire. 
 
 2. Ditto, St. Philip and Jacob, Bristol, Somerset. 
 
 3. Ditto, Ancaster, Lincolnshire. 
 
 4. Early English Font, Plymstock, Devonshire. 
 
 5. Ditto, Bainton, Northamptonshire. 
 
 6. Ditto, St. Giles's, Oxford. 
 
 7. Decorated Font, Grantchester, Cambridgeshire. 
 
 8. Ditto, Haydor, Lincolnshire. 
 
 9. Ditto, Laughton-en-le-Morthen, Yorkshire. 
 
 10. Perpendicular Font, Chepstow, IVIonmouthshire. 
 
 11. Water Drain, Helmsley, Yorkshire. 
 
 12. Ditto, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire. 
 
 Plate XI. 
 
 1. Norman base, Ancient Choir of York Minster. 
 
 2. Ditto, Adel, Yorkshire. 
 
 3. Norman string, Winterbourne, Gloucestershire. 
 
 4. Ditto, Adel, Yorkshire. 
 
 5. Door mouldings, Winterbourne, Gloucestershire. 
 
 6. Ditto, Abbey Gate, Cirencester, Gloucestershire. 
 7- Norman mouldings, Leuchars, Scotland. 
 
 8. Ditto, Stafford. 
 
118 
 
 9. Early English base, Ringstead, Northamptonshire. 
 
 10. Ditto, Carlisle Cathedral. 
 
 11. Early English string, St. Giles's, Oxford. 
 
 12. Ditto, Furness Abbey, Lancashire, 
 
 13. Ditto, Bolton Abbey, Yorkshire, 
 
 14. Early English cap and cornice, Gloucester Cathedral. 
 
 A. Early English arch mouldings, Soham Church, Cambridge- 
 shire. 
 
 15. Early English door mouldings, above and below the cap, 
 
 Rochester Cathedral. 
 
 16. Perpendicular mullion, Chester Cathedral. 
 
 17. Decorated mullion, east window, Kettering, Northampton- 
 
 shire. 
 
 18. Decorated cornice, Heckington, Lincolnshire. 
 
 19. Ditto parapet cap. Ditto. 
 
 20. Ditto string, common variety. 
 
 21. Ditto string, another variety. 
 
 22. Ditto base moulding, Bridgenorth, Salop. 
 
 23. Ditto do, Heckington, Lincolnshire. 
 
 24. Ditto door mouldings, Selby, Yorkshire. 
 
 25. Ditto do, Worcester Cathedral. 
 
 26. Ditto do, Birkenhead Abbey, Cheshire. 
 
 27. Ditto do, Whalley Abbey, Lancashire. 
 
 28. Ditto string, Heckington, Lincolnshire 
 
 29. Norman string, with billet mould and zig-zag below. 
 
 30. Ditto, with the hatched moulding. 
 
 31. Norman moulding, with the bcakheads. 
 
 32 A roof with varied battlements, pierced and plain. 
 
 Plate XII. 
 
 1. A Decorated pinnacle. Ely Cathedral. 
 
 2. An Early English do. Wells do. 
 
 3. An ogee crocketed canopy. 
 
 4. Finish of the buttresses, Bcauchamp Chapel, Warwick 
 
 5. Decorated dripstone and crockets York, Minster. 
 
 6. Early English crockets. 
 
 7. The Square Flower vised in cornices, &c. 
 
 8. The Rose, a common Perpendicular ornament. 
 
 9. One variety of the Tudor Flower. 
 
 10. The Early English toothed ornament. 
 
 11. An Early English boss 
 
 12. A Decorated do. 
 
 13. A Perpendicular do. 
 
119 
 
 14. Plan of Norman groininf^, with cross bands from the piers. 
 
 15. Plain Early English groining, without longitudinal ribs. 
 
 16. Decorated groining, with double ribs. 
 
 Plate XIII. 
 
 This plate contains examples of the Long and Short masonry, 
 which appears to have been used in buildings erected before the 
 conquest. 
 
 1. The tower of Whittingham Church, Northumberland. 
 
 2. The chancel of North Burcombe, Wiltshire. 
 
 3. The north door of the tower. Bar ton-on-the-H umber, Lin- 
 colnshire. 
 
 4. The south side of the same tower. 
 
 Plate XIV. 
 
 1. A French Flamboyant window from Port Audemer. 
 
 2. A French Decorated window from the Cathedral of Bayeux. 
 
 3. A French Flamboyant window from Harfleur. 
 
 4. A French font from Breteuil. This font is late Norman. 
 
 5. A French font from Jumieges. This font is clearly Deco- 
 
 rated. 
 
 6. A French font from Ifs, near Caen. This font appears to 
 
 be of Flamboyant date. 
 
 FKOXTISPIECE. 
 
 This plate has been published in the present unfinished state, 
 (being only an etching and not touched with the graver) to 
 show how beautifully the engraver has succeeded in that difficult 
 process etching on steel. After the present edition is printed 
 off, it is intended to finish the plate. 
 
 The design of the frontispiece is to show as much of late 
 Perpendicular work as can well be comprised in one plate. The 
 Chapel is drawn precisely in the state it was when the drawing 
 was taken by the late ]Mr. Hutchinson, except that in the plate 
 the font, which was thrown down and mutilated, has been set 
 up in what evidently was its original situation. The view shows 
 the arch of entrance which once had a beautiful screen, and 
 some good Perpendicular windows and niches ; but the most 
 beautiful feature is the very fine groined roof with a pendant. 
 This roof is very clear and good in its details, and is one of the 
 most beautiful specimens of small Fan tracery roofing with a 
 pendant, in the kingdom. 
 
121 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 ENUMERATION OF BUILDINGS, 
 
 ILLUSTRATING THE 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 As the Examples examined by the author have greatly increased 
 in number since the last edition, and as this Appendix is not intended 
 as a mere gazetteer to describe the Churches, &c. in each county, but 
 to tell the student where there is something worth his examining, 
 a different mode of arrangement will be followed in this edition 
 from what was done in the former editions ; and after describing in 
 each county the Cathedral, if any in it, and a few large Churches 
 as specimens, the rest of the churches known to be worth examin- 
 ing will be thrown into lists according to their character, and being 
 alphabetically arranged, will not need repetition in the Index. 
 
 Dunstable Church, the remains of the ancient priory, is the 
 principal object of curiosity in this county. Its general arrangement 
 is Norman, and it appears to consist of the nave only of the priory 
 church, which is very broad, and of good character ; the arches being 
 very high, the piers of small shafts, with some plain and some slightly 
 figured capitals ; there is no triforium, but the clerestory windows are 
 low down, near the top of the arch. These, and nearly all the rest of 
 the windows, are insertions, mostly of Perpendicular date. The west 
 front is a very curious piece of patchwork, with a fine Norman arch, 
 partly filled with Perpendicular masonry with niches. Another por- 
 
122 
 
 tion has part of a Norman semicircular arch for one side, and is now 
 half of an Early English pointed arch. There are some excellent 
 Early English portions in this front, a small portion of Decorated 
 work, and tlie belfry story, which to the north is curiously mixed with 
 earlier work, is of flint and chalk in chequers, and is good Perpen- 
 dicular. The Norman sculpture is very good, and the Early English 
 deserving of great attention. There is in the interior a very good 
 Perpendicular wood screen, and a tolerably good Perpendicular gate- 
 way adjoins the west end of the church-yard. 
 
 Felmersham Church contains some of the best Early English 
 work in the county. 
 
 Leighton Buzzard Church. This is a large and fine church : 
 it consists of a nave and aisles, north and south transepts with a 
 tower and spire at the intersection, with a chancel and an ancient 
 vestry on the north side of it, and the church has a north, south, and 
 west porch. The tower and spire, and most of the walls of the aisles 
 and chancel, are Early English. The spire, nave, piers, arches 
 and doors, are Early English, or very Early Decorated. The but- 
 tresses are few, and are of stone : but the outside walls are mostly 
 plastered. The windows are now nearly all Perpendicular, clearly 
 insertions ; but some of them have very good tracery. There 
 are some good stalls in the chancel, and many very good Early 
 English mouldings about the church. There is a portion of good 
 wood screen- work. The west door is a curious specimen of orna- 
 mental iron-work, and the latch has a hand to hold the ring, like the 
 modern coach-handles. 
 
 Luton Church. This has been a rich and beautiful specimen, 
 but is now sadly dilapidated and disfigured as to the ornamental 
 parts. The tower is in chequers with flint, and is partly Decorated 
 and partly Perpendicular ; but all the mouldings and workmanship 
 are peculiarly good. It is not often that such beautiful suites of 
 mouldings are found as are in and about the tower and some })arts of 
 the church ; but much of the other part of the church is later, and 
 not so good. The church is large and contains some late monuments 
 of remarkable character, and a monumental chapel, with a singular 
 double arch. In various parts of the church, traces of work much 
 earlier than its general character are to be found, particularly a fine 
 Early English pier in the north aisle with flowered caps. There 
 are some remains of good wood screen-work, and the ceilings are 
 wood, and mostly well executed. This church is celebrated for its 
 baptistry chapel over the font ; it is of Decorated character, late, and 
 of good design ; but its execution is not delicate. The west door is 
 very curious, but sadly neglected ; it has some rich and good panel- 
 ling cut out of the solid oak, and part of it in tolerable preservation, 
 particularly inside. There are some small remains of stained glass in 
 a few of the windows, and some late stalls in the chancel. On the 
 whole this church deserves very minute examination. 
 
123 
 
 Clapmam Church. This tower is one of those which the author 
 supposes to have been built before A. D. 1000. It is a plain square 
 tower of small rough rag stone of several sorts — now wholly plastered 
 and rough-cast outside ; it has above the more ancient work, a good 
 Norman belfry story with a double window, having a pillar with 
 an ornamented Capital between. The arch from the tower, a west 
 door now stopt, and the arch between nave and chancel are all plain 
 semicircular arches. The church has about it portions of all the later 
 styles. 
 
 Eaton Socon Church is a large and fine Perpendicular church 
 with a good tower and some fine windows, there are a few Portions 
 which seem rather Decorated than Perpendicular. There is a broken 
 stoup on the east side of the north door. The stairs to the roodloft 
 are remaining in a turret ; there are some portions of wood screen- 
 work, some good plain ancient benches, and a few fragments of 
 ancient stained glass remaining, and an octagonal font of the same 
 character as the church. 
 
 The churches of St. John and St. Peter, at Bedford, and 
 EvERTON church, have considerable Norman Portions, but mixed 
 with parts of the later styles. 
 
 The churches of Barton-le-Clay, Roxton and Sutton have 
 Early English Portions, also mixed with parts of later date. 
 
 The following churches have Decorated Portions, but mostly ac- 
 companied also with some Perpendicular work, Ampthill, St. 
 Cuthbert and St. Paul at Bedford, Low Sundon, Stagsden, 
 and Tempsford. 
 
 The churches at Great Bardford, Biggleswade, Marston 
 MoRTAiNE, Maulden, Potton, Tillbrook, Toddington, Wil- 
 LiNGTON and WoBURN are Perpendicular, with little intermixture. 
 
 In the following churches the styles are more or less mixed, so as 
 to prevent a more particular classification: — Aspley Guise, Battles- 
 den, St. Mary at Bedford, Clifton, Cople, Eaton Bray, Elstow, 
 Harold, Heath, Houghton Regis, Hulcote, IMapersall, Puddington, 
 Silsoe, Studham, and Wimington. 
 
 Leighton Buzzard Cross stands in the market place, and is in 
 tolerable preservation. It is Perpendicular of good composition ; but 
 its details and execution not equal to the design. 
 
 The extensive erections, of various dates, which are comprised 
 within the walls of Windsor Castle, claim particular notice and 
 attention. The general exterior appearance of the castle is mostly 
 later than the restoration of Charles II. ; but there are various portions 
 of much earlier date ; of these the most important is 
 
 St. George's Chapel. This is one of the finest Perpendicular 
 
124 
 
 buildings in the kingdom ; it is regular in its plan, and (except the 
 remains of a much earlier wall, and one door at the east end) all in 
 one style. It is a most valuable edifice for study ; but care must be 
 taken to distinguish between the ancient work and the modern restora- 
 tions, or rather additions, which include the alter-screen, some of the 
 work of the stalls, the organ-screen, the font, and several smaller parts. 
 This chapel stands, in a great measure, engaged with other buildings, 
 leaving a general view of the south front only. The west end is 
 visible in a small court ; the north side and east end are built up. 
 The exterior of the chapel is plain, and less imposing in the castle- 
 yard than might be expected from so large a building ; but its outline 
 at a distance, combining with the other buildings of the castle, is very 
 fine, particularly in advancing from the west. 
 
 The shape of this building is singular ; it is a cross church, with 
 the transepts ending in octagonal projections, which have two heights 
 of windows, the lower ranging with those of the aisles, the upper 
 with the clerestory. At each end of the aisles are also small octagonal 
 projections sideways ; all these are separated by screens, and form 
 monumental chapels. In the south transept is placed a modern font ; 
 and the chapel at the east end of the north aisle forms a retiring room,, 
 and an approach to the royal gallery on the north side of the altar. 
 
 In the eastern wall of the chapel is a door-way of Early English 
 date ; and perhaps other portions of a date prior to the present 
 chapel may remain ; but the whole of the chapel is a specimen of 
 the Perpendicular style in its advanced, but not latest, period. This 
 building was, some years since, put in complete repair ; a new organ- 
 screen, altar-piece, and other small portions restored ; the roof of the 
 nave being painted with armorial bearings, and the whole highly 
 enriched ; so that it now presents one of the best examples of the 
 capability of English architecture for the reception of splendid 
 colouring and gilding. 
 
 The interior presents a complete arrangement of connected panel- 
 ling, there being no real portion of plain wall, and the windows and 
 doors being pierced portions of the general design. The tracery of 
 the windows is not remarkably rich or varied ; but the transoms are 
 almost all battlemented, and the system of mouldings is so excellent, 
 so well harmonized, and so completely supported through every part, 
 that the M'hole effect is more satisfactory than that of almost any 
 edifice of the same style. The groining of the nave has been parti- 
 cularly noticed in the body of this work, and those of the other 
 portions, though not of such rare occurrence, are equally beautiful of 
 their kind. That portion Avhich is real fan tracery, is remarkable for 
 the excellence of its proportions and beautiful combinations of form. 
 
 The west Avindow is, in fact, the whole west end of the nave, 
 panelled and pierced down to the top of the door ; it has a large 
 portion of good stained glass distributed over it, and the effect of this, 
 when the sun is westward, must be seen to be properly appreciated. 
 
125 
 
 The east windoAv, and a few others, have been deprived of a large 
 portion of tracery, and filled with transparent pictures of large size, 
 and (considered as pictures) of great beauty ; but certainly not pro- 
 ducing that rich and mysterious effect which is caused by the Mosiac 
 glass of ancient date. 
 
 The fittings of the choir, in which are placed the banners of the 
 Knights of the Garter, are mostly modern, and, as well as the other 
 modern portions, have been partially copied from various parts of the 
 building, and probably from remains of the old stalls ; but they 
 certainly bear marks of being rather copies of parts, than composi- 
 tions of an ancient architect. 
 
 There are a few ancient monuments, but mostly late, and not very 
 good, except a small niche to Bishop Beauchamp, and the iron monu- 
 ment of King Edward IV. which, on account of the material, deserves 
 minute attention. 
 
 There are seven arches in the nave, and seven in the choir. The 
 height of the nave is not great in proportion to its breadth ; but the 
 arches being narrow, only one-third of the breadth of the nave, the 
 whole effect is very fine. 
 
 The mouldings of the piers are different from those of most build- 
 ings of the same date, and are much more effective as to light and 
 shade than Perpendicular piers in general. 
 
 The principal exterior enrichments are the pierced parapet and 
 battlements, Avhich are of very good design. 
 
 The buttresses do not finish with pinnacles, but square battlemented 
 turrets, something like those of the Beauchamp chapel, at Warwick ; 
 to the east of this chapel, is a building of later date, called the tomb- 
 house. 
 
 There are several small portions of the cloisters, and other adjacent 
 buildings, that deserve attention. 
 
 St. Helen's Church, Abingdon, is a large church ; part of 
 which has five divisions, or what is called in foreign churches five 
 naves ; that is, an additional aisle on each side ; it is mostly Per- 
 pendicular. 
 
 St. Nicholas' Church, Abingdon, has a good door-way of late 
 Norman character, but much mutilated ; the rest of the church mostly 
 Perpendicular. 
 
 Old Windsor Church is a good Early English church, with a 
 tower at the west end and a nave and chancel of equal breadth- 
 There are some good plain doors, some good Early English windows 
 and some Decorated ones inserted, there are also some moderniza- 
 tions. 
 
 Uffington Church is a large cross church, mostly of Early 
 English character. 
 
 Bray Church is a large edifice with a nave and aisles, and a 
 chancel, with a large flint and stone tower on the south side of the 
 south aisle. In this church are portions of Early English, Decorated 
 
126 
 
 and Perpendicular work, the south door now under the tower is a 
 good one, and there are windows of each of the three styles. 
 
 Shottesbroke Church is a pure Decorated building, and a 
 beautiful miniature of a cathedral, having a nave, choir, and tran- 
 septs, a center tower and spire, and a north and south porch, all of 
 good design and execution. There are no battlements, but all drip- 
 ping eaves, and as small a portion as possible of stone is used for the 
 dressings. The tracery of the windows is very good, and the but- 
 tresses verjf good but plain. This church will well repay a careful 
 examination. 
 
 Saint Lawrence's Church, Reading, is a large church with a 
 fine tower of flint and stone, the tower and a large portion of the 
 church is Perpendicular, but there are portions of Early English work 
 and a few Decorated windoAvs. The font is an octagon, good Per- 
 pendicular, and there are some very good wood seats and bench ends. 
 
 AviNGTON Church. This is a very curious and fine Norman 
 church, with a rich arch between nave and chancel, which seems to 
 have failed at an early period, and been lately drawn much too 
 depressed and looking like two arches, which appearance it has not 
 really. This arch and that of the south door are very fine ones; 
 there is a curious division in the chancel (which is nearly as long as 
 the nave) with different groinings, but no appearance of this division 
 outside. There is a low side Early English window inserted on the 
 south side of the chancel, and another Early English window inserted 
 on the north side of the nave ; all the other windows are small, and 
 the original Norman windows; they are near ten feet from the floor. 
 There is a good Norman font, and at the west end a small Early 
 English spire bell-turret. This church should be carefully studied, 
 being very good Norman. 
 
 Welford Church is curious for its round tower. The lower part 
 of which and a portion of the wall, a north door and some windows 
 now stopt, are all Norman, the church and chancel are Early English, 
 with a modern east window, and a very good Perpendicular south 
 aisle and wood porch. The upper part of the tower and the spire 
 are late Early English, and almost Decorated, the tower becomes 
 octagon above, and the spire ribbed with eight good double windows. 
 This is one of the largest of the round towers, and constructed as to 
 the early part of it, of small stones. There is a very fine round font 
 in excellent preservation, and curious from its Norman forms and 
 Early English details ; it has sixteen intersecting arches round it. 
 Ihe Early English portion of this church is very good. 
 
 WicKHAM Chapel near Welford, has been almost wholly mo- 
 dernised except the tower, which has a baluster belfry window and 
 quoins, which look very much like Saxon long and short work, but 
 it wants more minute examination. 
 
 Clewer Church is small, with portions of Norman and all the 
 later styles mixed together. There is a curious leaden font now 
 
127 
 
 ■plaster washed over, and with a modern foot ; it is round with Nor- 
 man ornaments on it, and is one of the very few lead fonts now 
 remaining. 
 
 Wantage Cuuch is a large and fine cross church, with a central, 
 tower, nave and aisles, transepts and choir and aisles. The general 
 exterior appearance is now Perpendicular, except the tower which is 
 Early Decorated, as are the piers and arches of the nave, which have 
 very good mouldings. There are a few Decorated windows, but the 
 clerestory, the east window, and many others are Perpendicular. 
 There is one Early English arch to the transept, and a font of the 
 same character with the toothed ornament. There are some monu- 
 mental brasses remaining, and some good wood stalls. There is a 
 variety of very good details of the several styles it is composed of, to 
 be found about this church. 
 
 The following churches are mostly Perpendicular with little ad- 
 mixture : — Newbury, Wallingford, and Wokingham. 
 
 The list of mixed churches is large in this county from the great 
 admixture of the styles, and of these some have been sadly mutilated : 
 Beenham, Bessellsleigh, Bisham, Boxford, Cookham, Englefield, 
 Greenham, Padworth, Pangbourne, St. Giles Reading, St. Mary Rea- 
 ding, Remenham, Ruscombe, Shaw, Shillingford, Sonning, Sparsholt, 
 Speen, Thatcham, Tidmarsh, Tilehurst, Waltham St Lawrence, 
 White Waltham, Warfield, and Wargrave. 
 
 Although most of the buildings of the Abbey at Reading, are in 
 ruins, and the walls stript of their stone casing, there still exists, in 
 tolerable condition, one of the gates, which well deserves attention ; 
 and there may yet remain some traces of ancient work in the Abbey 
 ]\IiLL, which may be curious from the great rarity of any other than 
 castellated or ecclesiastical remains of such early date. 
 
 Abingdon Abbey Gate though much mutilated, has a sufficient 
 portion remaining to deserve examination. It is of Perpendicular date 
 and good composition. 
 
 A portion of Donington Castle still remains. 
 
 Upton Church is a small Norman church with the tower 
 between the nave and chancel ; it has a fine Norman north door with 
 good carvings. There are some plain Norman, and some Early 
 English windows, and the east and west windows Perpendicular 
 insertions. 
 
 Stewkley Church is an object of curiosit}'', as well for its being 
 a good Norman structure, as for its having been heretofore almost 
 constantly cited as a Saxon church, although there does not appear 
 any real evidence of its erection before the conquest ; and there is 
 nothing about it to distinguish it from many churches known to be 
 
128 
 
 erected after the conquest. It is of a frequent Norman plan, with a 
 short square tower between the nave and chancel ; which tower is 
 surrounded at the belfry story by a range of intersecting arches. 
 There are several ornamented doors and windows, and its whole 
 arrangement and execution is very similar to those of other well 
 known Norman churches. 
 
 Newport Pagnell is a large church which has lately been 
 repaired ; there is a west tower, nave and aisles, and chancel, and 
 a north and south porch. The tower is perpendicular, as is the 
 chancel. The tower, cornice and pinnacles, new. The north aisle 
 is perpendicular, the south aisle modern. There are some good 
 Decorated stalls, and a Decorated south porch, late in the style, with 
 hanging tracery ; the north porch is of an earlier date. There are 
 some good wood roofs 
 
 High Wycombe is a large fine church, and the exterior has 
 lately been repaired with cement. There is a v/est tower, nave and 
 aisles, transepts, chancel, and aisles. The tower, the piers and 
 arches, the clerestory and wood roofs are Perpendicular, the battle- 
 ments of the tower modern ; most of the exterior walls, the south 
 porch and several windows are of good Early Decorated character. 
 The south aisle and east windows are perpendicular. There are 
 portions of the roodloft, and some very good wood screen work 
 remaining. The arches to the transepts are earlier than those in the 
 nave, and the details of the earlier doors and windows are very good. 
 Part of the walling is flint and chalk in small squares. 
 
 Great 3Iarlow old church (if not already taken down) contains a 
 variety of good features of the four stjdes, with some very good details. 
 
 Hambleden Church has been much patched and modernised, 
 and various doors and windows stopt. It is a large cross church 
 of flint, with a modern west tower ; there seems to have been origi- 
 nally a Norman tower at the intersection, and there are portions of 
 the three later styles. There is a good Norman font. A south 
 door with good plain mouldings, and three stalls, and a water drain 
 in the chancel, with ogee heads and good crocketed canopies. 
 
 The following churches have some Norman portions worth notice : 
 Denton, Hitchendon, Stanton Bury, and Water Stratford. 
 
 Astwood, Chetwode, and Haversham churches have considerable 
 Decorated portions ; but with other styles in other portions. 
 
 The following churches are mostly of Perpendicular character : — 
 Ardwick, Beaconsfield, Hillesdon, Little JNIarlow, Stoke Poges, 
 Whitchurch, and Winslow. 
 
 The mixed churches are more numerous, there being few churches 
 in which there are not portions of different styles. Amersham, 
 Aylesbury, Great Brickhill, Little Brickhill, Broughton, Burnham, 
 Chesham, Dorney, Farnham Royal, Fawlej', Hedsor, Hitcham, Iver, 
 Langley, ]Maids INIorton, JMedmenham, Great Missenden, Little Mis- 
 senden, Olney, Waddon, Walton, and Wavendon. 
 
129 
 
 Eton College has various portions worth examination : its con- 
 struction is in many parts of brick, with stone mouldings and dress- 
 ings, and many of the chimneys are elaborately ornamented. 
 
 Eton College Chapel is a specimen of late Perpendicular ; 
 its outline, at a distance, is good, slightly resembling King's College 
 Chapel, Cambridge. The interior is much disfigured by admixtures of 
 Roman screen-work. 
 
 Ely Cathedral is of course the first object in this county. It 
 contains nearly a complete series of examples ; some valuable Norman 
 work in the older parts ; Early English, of several gradations ; 
 Decorated work of most excellent execution ; and good Perpendicular. 
 The central lantern is, of its kind, the finest in the kingdom ; its 
 composition is very bold, and its execution extremely delicate. There 
 are some restorations, which require to be distinguished from the 
 original work. 
 
 This cathedral is considerably enclosed by buildings, but not so as to 
 preclude some good views of it. The west end is sufficiently open to 
 permit a good north-west view, which comprises the principal features 
 of the church. 
 
 The plan of this church is not a common one ; it is very long in 
 the nave, but the transepts are of only three arches projection ; in 
 the centre of the cross is a lantern, and not, as usual, a tower ; and 
 at the west end is a high tower, originally flanked by four large tur- 
 rets, of which only the two southern are now remaining. The Lady 
 Chapel is not, as usual, at the east end, but is a building on the 
 north side, its south-western angle joining the north-east corner of the 
 north transept. 
 
 The nave and transepts are Norman ; the western portions Nor- 
 man and Early English, of several dates ; the six eastern arches of 
 the choir are also Early English, but of more advanced character. 
 The three western arches of the choir are Decorated, as is the lower 
 portion of the lantern, which is of stone. The upper part of the 
 lantern is of wood, and its character later, and not so fine as the 
 earlier portions. The Lady Chapel is of Decorated character, but 
 late, and with a few indications of Perpendicular. 
 
 The various portions of Early Remains, now incorporated with 
 some of the Prebendal Houses, are curious, and deserving of minute 
 examination. Some of the records of the cathedral might lead to a 
 supposition that they were parts of the ancient conventual church, 
 and consequently Saxon ; but there are several circumstances recorded 
 with respect to this ancient conventual church which cannot be met 
 by the building, of which these remains formed a part : and therefore 
 till more decisive evidence is produced, than has yet appeared, its 
 
 K 
 
130 
 
 character, ornaments, and mouldings, must have their due considera- 
 tion in assigning the probable date, and this character and ornament 
 are precisely the same as Norman work, known to be of a period 
 subsequent to that of the nave of this cathedral. 
 
 If these remains are Saxon, it is useless to attempt to separate 
 buildings of the same character into Saxon and Norman, and it 
 becomes so much the more proper to retain the name of Norman for 
 all buildings of this stjde; and when any edifice can be clearltf 
 demonstrated to have been built before the Conquest, such may then 
 be called Saxon. 
 
 IMuch praise is due to the exertions of the Rev. George IMillers,* 
 a minor Canon of this cathedral, for his endeavours to elucidate this 
 subject, although his reasoning is not quite sufficiently conclusive to 
 fix a Saxon date to the remains in question. 
 
 Several of our Norman cathedrals possess remains of such buildings 
 of equal extent, and in a situation similar to those which are with 
 tolerable certainty ascertained to have been Infirmarj' Chapels, and 
 this may not improbably have been the destination of these arches. 
 
 The cloisters were situated on the south side of the nave, but of 
 these there are only a few remains, and hardly any of the chapter- 
 house ; but among the surrounding buildings, now prebendal houses, 
 the deanery, &c. there are several portions deserving of a careful 
 examination. Of these, a chapel built by Prior Crauden, is the most 
 curious ; it is small, and so surrounded, built up, and divided, that 
 it requires great attention to comprehend its arrangement ; yet it is 
 one of the most curious and valuable Decorated remains in the king- 
 dom ; its ornaments are of the best character, and well executed, and 
 the whole design of great excellence ; it is fioored with IMosaic, repre- 
 senting, in a part still nearly perfect, some of the history of the book 
 of Genesis. This chapel is now a private house, and of course not 
 always accessible ; but it is well figured in the 14th vol. of Archoeo- 
 legia. At some distance from the cathedral, is the great gate of the 
 monastry ; it is Perpendicular, early and good ; and it may be proper 
 here to remark, that the dates given in the records to the various 
 parts of these buildings, are in general rather earlier than what the 
 appearance of the parts themselves would lead one to assign. 
 
 The western front of this cathedral, when complete, was one of 
 great magnificence, and diff'cring from all those now remaining ; and 
 though its eflFect is greatly injured by the mutilation on the north 
 side, it is still imposing. The lower portion is Norman, with an 
 Early English projecting porch, and the interior Norman portion is 
 now partially lined with Perpendicular work ; part of which is 
 
 * To the polite attention paid by this gentleman to the antiquarian visitors of 
 this cathedral, and his readiness to procure them admittance to the Prebendal 
 Houses, now containing these curious remains, the Author is happy to bear this 
 ublic tcstiiiinnv. 
 
131 
 
 ancient and part modern. There are also some small portions of 
 modern work, which do not harmonize with the parts they are attached 
 to. The nave is long, having twelve arches, and is of a ])lain descrip- 
 tion of Norman ; yet its proportions are very good. ]Most of tlie 
 windows are filled with tracery of various dates. The transepts are 
 also Norman, of a character not much differing from the nave. The 
 north end of the north transept was repaired not many years ago. In 
 the intersection of the transepts, nave and choir, rises the lantern, 
 an octagon, with its alternate sides of different dimensions ; it is nearly 
 eighty feet diameter, and is perhaps the best piece of Decorated com- 
 position in the kingdom. The manner in AA-hich the arrangement is 
 made, and the excellence of the details, equally claim attention. The 
 open-work screens on the inside of the four windows, and to the 
 blank space above the groining of the choir, have a .singular but 
 beautiful effect. Under the windows are some trefoil niches, which 
 are nearly, if not quite, unique in their form, and most excellent in 
 their detail. The groining of the lower part of the lantern is pecu- 
 liarly fine ; and although the upper portion of the lantern is not so 
 good in its composition, it is so far removed from the eye as not to 
 have any injurious effect. 
 
 The Choir has been removed into the six eastern arches, which are 
 Early English ; thus leaving the three Avestern Decorated arches clear 
 and visible, in conjunction with the lantern ; this added to the length 
 of the nave, produces an effect equal to that of any cathedral in the 
 kingdom, from the extent of the space and its complete illumination. 
 The character of these western arches is singularly, yet beautifully, 
 arranged to harmonize, in point of elevation of its parts, with the 
 six eastern arches : this, and the very great excellence of the details, 
 renders this part of the edifice a most valuable study. The eastern 
 arches are in a style of rich, but correct and beautiful Early English. 
 The exterior has had later pinnacles added, and some other alterations, 
 particularly the insertion of two windows, of Perpendicular character, 
 to the east end of the aisles, to light the chapels of Bishops West and 
 Alcock ; but the east end of the choir remains unaltered, and is one of 
 the finest specimens extant of an Early English east front. The interior 
 of this portion, and the interior of the gallilee or western porch, 
 present, in combination with some smaller portions, one of the most 
 beautiful series of Early English compositions, details and arrange- 
 ments, to be found in any English edifice. The upper portion of the 
 western tower, though its effect at a distance is fine, does not so well 
 bear the inspection of a nearer view ; as neither in composition or 
 detail is it equal to other works of the same date. 
 
 The Lady Chapel, now Trinity Church, is a most beautiful 
 specimen of late Decorated Avork , it is a chapel Avithout piers, of 
 large dimensions, and its composition and details remarkably fine. 
 The series of niche-work surrounding the interior, the groining of the 
 roof, and many of the exterior parts, are hardly to be equalled; but there 
 
132 
 
 are some irregularities, not so pleasing, about the large windows, and 
 the height is hardly sufficient to afford a satisfactory proportion. It is 
 a pity to be compelled to add, that the tracery of many of the 
 windows, and some other parts of the stone-work, are in a state of 
 rapid decomposition. Tlie interior is pewed, not in an elegant way ; 
 and the mode of colouring the walls and roof is such as very much to 
 detract from the beauty of the edifice. 
 
 In addition to this cursory notice of the various parts of this 
 valuable cathedral, it remains to mention some monuments and 
 smaller portions. There are some very rich Norman doors, particu- 
 larly tliat on the south side, called the Prior's Entrance, and several 
 monuments, of earlier date, well deserve the attention of the 
 student, though partially injured by time and dilapidation of parts. 
 The chapels of bishops West and Alcock, are curious in many 
 points, one of not the least important, is the proof how much 
 elaborate work may be crowded together to very little effect. These 
 chapels are (perhaps with none) certainly with very little exception, 
 the most gorgeous erections in the kingdom ; but as to general effect, 
 are inferior even to the porch or gallilee of this cathedral, and far 
 inferior to some Decorated monuments of not a tenth of the cost. 
 
 The organ-screen is by Essex, and much better than many modern 
 works. The stalls in the choir are partly ancient and part copied, 
 with some poor insertions of parts, but on the whole they have a 
 good effect. The altar-piece is modern, and not nearly so good as the 
 organ-screen. 
 
 On the whole, this cathedral presents to the student so complete a 
 series of English Architecture, that it cannot be too carefully studied. 
 
 It is but justice to the Dean and Chapter, to saj^, that their portion 
 of the fabric is taken great care of, and kept very clean. The verger 
 of this cathedral is peculiarly attentive to strangers of antiquarian 
 character, and desirous to give every facility to their visits to its 
 different parts. 
 
 St. IMaiiy's Church, Ely, though not large, has many parts deserv- 
 ing of attention. The tower and spire are good. The nave has long 
 round piers, with Norman capitals, and pointed arches, with Early 
 English mouldings. The windows of the clerestory and aisles are mostly 
 Perpendicular. The chancel is Early English, but with an inserted 
 Perpendicular east window. A Chapel is good Early English, with 
 some niches ; and there are some remains of stalls in the chancel ; the 
 north side has a good porch, and a fine Early English door. 
 
 Among the buildings of Cambridge, many are of great value. 
 
 King's College Chapel, the greatest beauty of Cambridge, and 
 in many respects of its age, claims the first attention. This chapel 
 is regular in its jdan, and both its sides are nearly alike, and its ends 
 are only distinguished by the magnificent door at the west. The 
 buttresses project so boldly at bottom as to include a range of chapels 
 on each side of the nave ; these are partly monumental, partly used 
 
133 
 
 as vestries, and part contain the library of the College. The whole in- 
 terior is one pannelled arrangement, of which the windows, doors, and 
 apertures to the chapels are only piercings. The stone-groined roof is 
 one of the largest and best fan tracery roofs in the kingdom ; aided by 
 the strength of the buttresses, and its excellent execution, it has re- 
 mained uninjured ; it is covered by a wooden roof, which is also in 
 most excellent condition. Four lofty turrets at the corners add much 
 to the beauty of the outline ; and as the buttresses are pinnacled, the 
 chapel is a very pleasing feature in every view of the town, the tur- 
 rets rising as high, if not higher, than the steeples of any of the 
 churches. The windows of this chapel have some tine stained glass ; 
 the doors also, and the north and south porches, are peculiarly fine, 
 and the execution of the whole of the very best character. King's 
 College old building has an entrance gate which though in a muti- 
 lated and decaying state, shows great excellence of composition. 
 
 Jesus College is the next in point of architectural curiosity. In 
 the gateway, the cloisters, and some other parts, are portions of very 
 good, though late. Perpendicular ; but the chapel is the most important 
 feature ; it was a conventual church, its plan is a cross, with a tower 
 at the intersection. The north and south transepts and nave are open 
 to the cross ; the choir is now the cliapel, and is divided from the 
 cross by a modern wall. The north transept has some Norman small 
 portions, and in the other portions have been made some alterations 
 as to windoAvs, but the choir remains with its original Early English 
 windows, which have shafts and small mouldings of the best character 
 and execution. Under these windows, a portion of very excellent 
 niche work, with intersecting arches, and the toothed ornament, has 
 been laid open, and it is likely much more is hidden under modern 
 casing. The tower has a very beautiful lantern story, once open to 
 the nave, but now shut off by a modern ceiling ; its composition is 
 singular, but very good, and if laid open and a little restored, would 
 be a very great addition to the beauty of this fine chapel, particularly 
 if an open screen were substituted for the blank division wall of 
 the choir. 
 
 The Hall of this college has a fine wood roof springing from very 
 excellent corbels, and at the upper end of the hall is an oriel of 
 peculiar beauty. 
 
 Trinity College Chapel is late Perpendicular, but of good 
 proportion, and the principal gate of this college also deserves 
 attention. 
 
 St. John's College Chapel is partly Perpendicular and partly 
 of earlier date. 
 
 St. John's College Gate has a magnificent appearance, though 
 of late date. 
 
 Of the Churches in Cambridge, several are deserving of great 
 attention. 
 
 Great St. Mabv's is a very excellent specimen of late Perpen- 
 
134 
 
 dicular; it is highly, though not extravagantly, enriched in the 
 interior. The outside is plainer ; it consists of a nave, and aisles 
 with clerestory. The piers and arches have very excellent mouldings ; 
 the spandrils are filled with enriched tracery, and the details of the 
 whole church are very well executed, and are deserving of minute 
 examination. The chancel is plainer than the church, and much 
 hidden bj'' the seats for accommodating the university. The wood 
 ceiling is of very good design and execution. The top of the tower 
 has been modernised. 
 
 St. IMary the Less was once the chapel of Peter-house College ; 
 it is only a nave, and has some very good Decorated windows : the 
 east window is of six lights, and those of the sides are of four lights 
 each. There are two handsome niches on the outside of the east 
 end, and a good Perpendicular font in the church. 
 
 Trinity Church is mostly of Perpendicular character ; some 
 parts are of excellent detail and execution. The church is singular 
 in its plan, from the very great size of the transepts, which have 
 each two heights of windows on the east side ; these windows are 
 two five-light windows below, and three three-light windows above ; 
 they are varied, and are peculiarly excellent in their execution. 
 
 St. JMichael. This church has some good Decorated windows, 
 particularly the Avest window. Though a small church, it deserves 
 careful examination. It has some good stalls. 
 
 St. Sepulchres has long been celebrated as one of the few round 
 churches. The circular portion is Norman, with short massy piers 
 and semi-circular arches, some few of which, as well as part of the 
 groin ribs, have zigzag enrichments. The clerestory forms a round 
 low tower. There are some Perpendicular additions, and all the 
 Norman windows have been taken out, most of the apertures 
 enlarged, and filled with Perpendicular tracery. 
 
 Barxwelt. Church, or as it is sometimes called, St. Andrew's 
 THE Less, appears to have been the chapel of the Priory ; it is a 
 plain Early Englisli building, with plain long Early English windows, 
 and a good door-way of the same character ; some Perpendicular 
 windows have been inserted. The west end has two windows, and 
 the east end tliree. 
 
 St. Bennett's Church. This tower the author considers to 
 have been built before the year 1000, its long and short masonry is 
 clear and decided ; it has a balluster double belfry window, and the 
 arch of entrance to the tower is curious from its varied ornament and 
 very rude carving. The church is small, partly Early English and 
 partly Decorated. 
 
 St. INLvry's Chapel, Sturbridge, (now a barn, on the ground 
 where a celebrated fair is held,) is a small Norman building, with 
 two good door-ways, and some small windows, with mouldings of very 
 good execution. A gable and capping mould seems of later date. 
 
 Thorney Abbey. The church of Thorney is the only remaining 
 
J 35 
 
 portion of the Abbey, and appears to be the nave of the church ; it 
 has had five arches, but these are walled up, and the aisles destroyed; 
 the upper tier of arches is filled with Perpendicular tracery, forming 
 the clerestory windows of the church. The west end is a fine speci- 
 men, though much mixed, being flanked by Norman square turrets, 
 crowned with octagonal Perpendicular tops, with very rich and well- 
 executed pannels. The west door-way has fine deep mouldings and 
 niches. This front has an imposing appearance, and the details 
 deserve examination. 
 
 Trumpington Church is a very fine Decorated church, with a 
 western tower, nave and aisles, and chancel. The two eastern arches 
 of the aisles have additional aisles north and south. The clerestory 
 windows are over the piers, and not over the center of the arch, and 
 they are part one lights, and part circles. There are various windows 
 of diflferent patterns ; the piers and arches and also the windows 
 have very good mouldings. There are two water drains and a fine 
 monumental arch, a good font, but later than the church, and some 
 remains of ancient stained glass. This church deserves close exami- 
 nation. 
 
 The churches of the three adjoining parishes of Over, Swavesey, 
 and Willinghum are very fine large churches, mostly of very good 
 Decorated character with some Perpendicular portions. The three 
 churches together form a most excellent study, as the details are 
 very good. 
 
 Cherry Hinton is a very fine Early English church, and its 
 chancel a very fine specimen of that style. The aisles, windows and 
 some other parts are Perpendicular. 
 
 BoTTisHAM Church is an extraordinary specimen of an early 
 Decorated character of flint and clunch. Its repair is not what it 
 deserves, from its great beauty and singularity. Its details are 
 remarkably good. 
 
 Bur WELL & IsELHAM are two very fine churches. The former 
 almost entirely Perpendicular, and very rich ; the latter appears to 
 have been begun late in the Decorated style, and then finished Perpen- 
 dicular. It is a large cross church, and has some Decorated portions. 
 
 The Old Norman Chapel of Iselham, now a barn, had a circu- 
 lar east end. 
 
 The Church op Soham is a very fine cross church which appears 
 once to have had a tower at the intersections, now taken down. 
 This portion is late Norman, the nave, piers, and arches just clear of 
 Norman, the transepts Early English, with inserted windows ; the 
 chancel Decorated. The aisle windows some Decorated and some 
 Perpendicular, and the tower and north porch good Perpendicular in 
 flint and stone. 
 
 WisBEACH St. Peter's is a large church, with the nave and two 
 aisles, and one chancel, and a tower standing on the north side of the 
 north aisle. It is a very large church, strangely lumbered vvith 
 
136 
 
 modern galleries. Part is Norman, part Decorated, and part Per- 
 pendicular. 
 
 Leverington. This is a very line and large church. The 
 tower very fine Early English, and a good Decorated spire. There 
 are a few Decorated portions, but the general character is very good 
 Perpendicular, with a very fine south porch, with a room over it, 
 with a stone roof. The font is very much enriched, and not often 
 exceeded ; it is Perpendicular, with niches, buttresses, and images. 
 
 The churches of Bartlow, Snailwell, and Westley Waterless, have 
 round towers of flint, with stone dressings. The last has an Early 
 English chancel, and they have all some Decorated portions. 
 
 The following churches have Norman portions, but in most cases 
 somewhat mixed with later work. Coton, Duxford St. John, Dux- 
 ford St. Peter, Horningsea, Milton, Sawston, Shepreth, Stuntney, 
 Swaffham Prior, and Wentworth. 
 
 The Early English list is longer, but has various mixtures. — 
 Great Abington, Arrington, Barrington, Cambridge St. Peter, Cove- 
 ney, Elme, Eltisley, Foxton, Hadenham, Hasingfield, Histon St. 
 Andrew, Kennett, Long Stanton St. Michael, Oakington, Tudlow, 
 Teversham, Tidd St. Giles, and Waterbeach. 
 
 Besides the Decorated churches described above, the list is not 
 only numerous, but purer than many counties afford — Ashley, Babra- 
 ham. Barton, Barway, Boxworth, Brinkley, Boroughgreen, Cam- 
 bridge St. Andrew the Great, Caldecot, Carlton, Caxton, Chettisham, 
 Craydon, Foulmire, Little Gransden, Long Stanton All Saints, Long 
 Stow, INIadingley, Newmarket St. IMary, Newton-in-the-iMarsh, Pap- 
 worth St. Everard, Swaifham Bulbeck, Thriplow, Whittlesford, and 
 Witchford. 
 
 The following list have Decorated and Perpendicular portions — 
 Balsham, Basingbourne, Castle Camps, Chatteris, Chesterton, Cheve- 
 ley, Chippenham, Doddington, Dry Drayton, Elsworth, Little Evers- 
 den, Fulbourne Grantchester, Ilailton, Hinxton, Horseheath, Ickle- 
 ton, Impington, Kingston, Kirtling, Linton, Littlington, IMelbourne, 
 Thetford St. George, West Wickham, West Wratting, Wickham, 
 and Little Wilbraham- 
 
 The Perpendicular list is also a long one, and with little admixture 
 — Abington, Cambridge All Saints, St. Botolph, St. Clements, St. 
 Edward, Cottenham, Croxton, Dullingham, Great Eversden, Fen 
 Drayton, Gamlingay, Gerton, Graveley, Guilden IMorden, Hard- 
 wicke, Harston, Hatley St. George, Knapwell, Landbeach, Land- 
 wade, Littleport, Lolworth, IMarcli, Orwell, Papworth St. Agnes, 
 Great Shelford, Little Shelford, Sliudy Camps, Steeple JMorden, 
 Streatham, Sutton, Toft, Waddon, Weston Colville, Whittlesea St. 
 Mary, Wickin, Wisl)each St. Mary, and Wood Ditton. 
 
 The mixed churches, in which there are sometimes portions of all 
 the styles, are — Little Abingdon, Bourne, Cambridge St. Giles, Com- 
 berton, Conington, Dowuham, East Hatley, Fen Ditton, Fordham, 
 
137 
 
 Hauxton, Hildersham, Meldreth, Mepal, Pampisford, Quy; Rampston, 
 Stapleford, Stetchworth, Wilberton, and Great Wilbraham. 
 
 There is a small portion yet remaining of Cambridge Castle, 
 consisting of a square tower and gateway ; they appear to be of the 
 Early English style. 
 
 Barnwell Priory, adjacent to the church, still exhibits, in a 
 variety of farm buildings and offices, enough remains of very excellent 
 plain Early English work, to amply repay the trouble of examination. 
 
 The remains of Denny Abbey, now converted into a farm-house, 
 retain the ancient Norman arches and windows. — There are also some 
 interestinsj remains of Anglesey Abbey. 
 
 Chester Cathedral. This edifice, though its exterior seldom 
 attracts the attention it deserves, from the decay of the stone, and 
 the destruction of battlements and pinnacles, yet, to those who will 
 take the pains to examine its composition, it presents a fine series of 
 very good work. The Norman portions are small, but the chapter- 
 house, its vestibule, and a passage beside it, the lady-chapel, and 
 some portions adjoining the north aisle of the choir, present varied and 
 excellent specimens of Early English. The transition to Decorated 
 work may be traced, and the completion of that style in the south 
 transept, and parts of the nave, with the organ screen, is very well 
 marked. The bishop's throne was once the shrine of Saint Werburg; 
 and deserves peculiar attention. It is of pure Decorated character, 
 and though disfigured by paint, it is in excellent preservation. The 
 west end, the south porch, the cloisters, the upper part of the nave 
 and transepts, and the central tower, are Perpendicular work, mostly 
 of good character, and the stalls and tabernacle- work are peculiarly 
 fine. 
 
 This Cathedral is nearly surrounded by buildings, so situated, that 
 from no one point can a view of the whole of it be obtained. The 
 most open point is the eastern, which is a view by no means interest- 
 ing, from the destruction of the battlements and pinnacles, and the 
 insertion of windows of late date in the eastern portion. The other 
 parts can only be seen from a few yards' distance, and in small por- 
 tions. Of the usual additional buildings, this church has cloisters 
 and a chapter-house. There is also remaining, under part of the 
 prebendal houses, a very fine Norman crypt, which has been cleared 
 out, and rendered accessible, by the direction of Bishop Law. This 
 crypt anciently supported the great hall of the monastery, but has 
 been so built over, as to have been concealed till its late clearance ; it 
 has been ventilated by windows communicating with the cloisters 
 being unstopped, and presents the student with a very valuable Nor- 
 man composition, in very good preservation. Various partial repa- 
 
138 
 
 rations have lately been made, some of which have removed portions 
 of considerable interest. 
 
 The west front and south porch are Late Perpendicular, and have 
 been very fine ; but from tlie nature of the stone, and the various 
 injuries the battlements and other portions have sustained, they have 
 now a very dilapidated appearance, and this is sadly the case with 
 most of the exterior ; the details of the tower (once very beautiful) 
 can now scarcely be made out. The piers of the nave are fine, with 
 flowered capitals, of very excellent workmanship, and of Decorated 
 character ; the architraves and wall of the south aisle appear mostly 
 of the same date, but the tracery of the windows is Perpendicular, 
 and seems to have been put in at the time when the clerestory of the 
 nave (which is also Perpendicular) was erected ; the tower and the 
 interior arches supporting it are Perpendicular, and from the appearance 
 below in the nave, it is very probable that these arches are cased on the 
 Norman piers. The north transept is small, and has, by the late repa- 
 ration, been considerably altered. There are some Early English 
 chapels to the eastward which have various peculiarities ; and in one 
 of them is an ancient press or cujiboard for vestments, with some 
 very fine iron foliage on the doors. The south transept is very large, 
 has a center and side aisles ; the piers, arches, and walls of the aisles 
 are Decorated, of very good design, and excellent workmanship. The 
 clerestory windoAVS, and a large south window, and also some of tlie 
 windows of the western aisles, are Perpendicular. The south end has 
 been a fine composition, but the stone is now so much mouldered, 
 that its arrangements can not clearly be defined. This transept is 
 divided from the cathedral by a wooden screen, and is the parish 
 church of St. Oswald. 
 
 The organ screen is plain, compared with that of many cathedrals, 
 but the stone portion is of Decorated date and good execution ; it has 
 some wooden additions, partly modern. The choir has piers and arches 
 of rather singular mouldings, which are a of transition character, 
 from Early English to Decorated, and the windows of the aisles 
 partake of the same singularities. The lady chapel has been a most 
 beautiful specimen of Early English, of a date rather late in the 
 style, but worked with a peculiar delicacy; its piers, shafts, mouldings, 
 groining, and bosses, are of beautiful design and excellent workman- 
 ship. The insertion of Perpendicular windows, and the consequent 
 alterations of various arches and other parts, have taken away much 
 from the beauty of the general effect of this chapel, but its mouldings 
 and ornaments remain deserving of careful examination. The clerestory 
 of the choir, and the east window, appear to have been originally of 
 Decorated character ; but the tracery being destroyed in the civil 
 war, these windows are now filled with wretched tracery, put in most 
 likely at the restoration. 
 
 The bishop's throne, and the stalls, have been mentioned before. 
 The lady chapel, aisles of the choir, and one portion of the eastern 
 
139 
 
 aisle of the south transept, are stone groined, and in various other 
 parts the first stones or springers of the groins are put in. There is no 
 altar screen in the choir, but a piece of tapestry fills the arch into the 
 lady chapel up to the spring. In the aisles of the choir are a few 
 ancient monuments, and some niches and small detached portions of 
 ornament deserving attention. The south porch and consistory court 
 adjoining, are of the same character as the west front, and are much 
 mutilated, but they have been very rich ; they are Perpendicular, but 
 though late are not of a debased character. 
 
 The cloisters adjoin the north side of the nave, and the west of 
 the north transept ; their exterior to the court, and the groining, are 
 Perpendicular, but the side walls are almost all of earlier date, and 
 present various curious portions of Norman and Early English, and 
 some singular combinations, where parts of one date are covered or 
 intersected by those of another. The south line of these cloisters is 
 destroyed, but its foundations remain. Close adjoining the north 
 transept is the chapter-house, and its vestibule. These are very 
 singular and beautiful specimens of Early English : the vestibule 
 is plain, the chapter-house enriched, but both excellent ; and to the 
 north of these is a passage, and the remains of some vaults, and other 
 buildings, all of Early English character. 
 
 Of the monastic buildings, there remains the Refectory, now the 
 Grammar School, a once beautiful room, of Early English date, but 
 now much altered by additions and insertions of later character, and 
 retaining hardly any of its original features, except a stone pulpit and 
 its staircase, which are in good preservation. 
 
 The entrance into the Abbey Square is under the Abbey Gate, 
 over which is the Register Office. The exterior of this gate has been 
 lately cased ; but the fine bold groining of the gateway remains. 
 
 St. John's Church, Chester. This is the nave, with a portion 
 of the cross of a large Norman church. The eastern portion has been 
 long destroyed, and some eastern chapels, of fine Perpendicular 
 character, are now in ruins. The portion of the cross remaining is 
 now small, the part which has served for chancel, and a portion of the 
 transepts having been rebuilt. The nave remains, but appears at an 
 early period to have been shortened, and the tower to have been placed 
 to the westward, detached from the church, the small space thus left 
 being walled in, but not roofed. The tower has originally been a 
 very fine one, but is now despoiled of its ornaments at the top, and 
 the stone is so much mouldered, that its very fine panelling, and other 
 ornaments of the buttresses, windows, &c. can hardly be guessed at. 
 The nave has large and short round Norman piers, with an Early 
 English triforeum, clerestory, and a north porch of great beauty. Of 
 the windows of the church, some are altered and modernised, others 
 poor in design, and the whole exterior has a desolated appearance ; but 
 the Early English portions are peculiarly excellent, and deserving of 
 attention. 
 
140 
 
 The churches of St. IMary, St. Peter and Trinity, in Chester, 
 all contain some portions of Perpendicular character, amidst much 
 debased and modern work. 
 
 Nantwich Church is a cross church, with a large portion of 
 excellent work. The west door is Early English, but late in the style. 
 The rest of the church is Decorated or Perpendicular, with some 
 portions of a transition character between them. The nave is rendered 
 curious, by the flying buttresses of its interior : it has also a north 
 door of singular cliaracter : it has an ogee arch within a square drip, 
 and a square panelled moulding, forming an architrave, and the span- 
 drils of the arch are filled with rich tracery. This door is close under 
 the slope of a window, and is flanked by slender octagonal shafts, 
 crowned with battlements. The north transept has a very fine deco- 
 rated window, and the south transept some excellent Perpendicular 
 ones. The chancel is stone groined, and has some excellent stall work ; 
 the exterior is fine, Avith rich buttresses. In the church is a stone pulpit, 
 excellent both in its design and execution. The tower is rather small 
 in proportion to the size of the church, but is of good design ; it is an 
 octagon of Perpendicular date, and has small pinnacles. 
 
 Acton Church has some curious Perpendicular windows in the 
 nave, and the tower has some portion of Early English ; there is 
 a rich, but late monument in the north aisle. 
 
 Sandbach Church is principally Perpendicular, some parts of it 
 are of good design. 
 
 Sandbach Cross is a curious relic of high antiquity ; it consists of 
 two sculptured stones, elevated on several steps. 
 
 The ancient chapel at Birkenhead is a small Norman structure, 
 with some Perpendicular and some modern windows, and a very fine 
 Norman stone-groined roof, with plain ribs. Amidst the ruins of the 
 adjacent priory are some parts of Decorated date, and very excellent 
 execution, particularly the remains of a door-way. 
 
 Bebbington Church is very singular in its plan, and curious in 
 some of its parts, and in the mode in which the parts of different 
 styles are joined. Part of the nave is Norman, and a south wall is 
 Early English, with a door having some good mouldings. The tower, 
 which supports a short spire, is of early Decorated date, and is at the 
 west end of the south portion of the nave. The east part of the nave, 
 and the chancel, have been rebuilt in the Perpendicular style, from a 
 design of considerable beauty, and with much of the work well exe- 
 cuted. Some of the windows and interior panellings are fine ; and the 
 east window of the chancel is very curious, from the mixture of per- 
 pendicular and curved lines, in a manner which is nearly, if not quite, 
 unique. There are some tolerable wood seats, with portions of carving. 
 The church had once some good pinnacles ; but these are gone, as well 
 as most of the battlement ; and the exterior of the church is not 
 attractive at a little distance, and is, therefore, not so much attended 
 to as it deserves. 
 
141 
 
 Stoak Church has a small chapol of wood and plaster on the 
 south side of the chancel. It is the burial-place of the Bunbury 
 family; it has also a Norman door, and some ancient wood screen 
 work. 
 
 Thurstaston is a curious small church, with some Norman por- 
 tions, and a semicircular chancel, evidently composed of materials 
 taken from an edifice of earlier date. 
 
 Macclesfield Church is principally modern, but with a Per- 
 pendicular tower, and a curious chapel on tlie south side, built for 
 the family of Savage, of Rock Savage. 
 
 NoRTHENDEN, BowDEN, and Cheadle Churches, have all 
 portions of Perpendicular work, mixed with much that is debased and 
 modernised. The church at Cheadle has a south porch, which bears 
 the date of 1637, and is of far better composition than might be 
 expected at that time. 
 
 Runcorn Church has some part of the chancel of Perpendicular 
 date, as is also some wood screen work, of good execution. The 
 piers on the north side of the nave are Early English, and there is a 
 north door of the same date ; of these the design is not very common, 
 and the execution excellent. 
 
 The cliancel of Stockport Church had a very fine Decorated 
 east window, though much mouldered. The church has been re- 
 built, and the chancel altered ; but the window did remain a short 
 time since, and there are some fine stone stalls in the south wall of 
 the chancel. 
 
 Ince is an ancient church, with some traces of Norman date, but 
 most of it is much later. Near this church is a building, once the 
 Manor House of the Abbots of St. Werburg ; its character is Late 
 Perpendicular. 
 
 The small chapel of Bruera, or Church-en-Heath, is a very 
 ancient fabric, with a plain Norman arch between the nave and 
 chancel; and a south door, with Norman enrichments. Various 
 stones, with carvings on them, of the same character, are built into 
 the walls. 
 
 AsTBURY Church is a large and fine specimen of the Perpendicular 
 style. Its plan is singular ; the tower standing north of the west end 
 of the north aisle : the nave is lofty, and has at the west end a porch, 
 the whole height of the nave, and of three stories, the lowest having 
 an entrance door, the next a three-light Avindow, and the uppermost 
 a two-light window; this upper window has a transom, and is repeated 
 on the sides of the porch. On each side of the porch, in the west 
 wall of the nave, is a long four-light window, with fine tracery and 
 two transoms ; the west end of the south aisle has a five-light window, 
 and that of the north aisle a four-light window. The tower is plain, 
 with a good spire, and seems to be the remnant of a church of earlier 
 date. The west front is extensive, and has an imposing effect, which 
 is aided by an ancient gate ; this gate, though not fine in its details. 
 
142 
 
 is sufficiently harmonious as to its outline, to benefit the jreneral view 
 of the church. The interior of the churcli lias some earlier portions 
 and indications of Early p]nglish in the chancel. The ceilings are 
 all of oak, much ornamented, but some part of late date. There is 
 a considerable portion of very excellent screen-work and wood stalls, 
 and a rood loft. Some of the windows have portions of very fine 
 stained glass remaining. In the church-yard is a very curicms monu- 
 ment of some of the families of Venables, IMainwaring, or Brereton. 
 Two figures, a knight and lady, are on a tomb, over which is an arch, 
 with bold buttresses, canopies, and pinnacles. Two other figures are 
 recumbent on tombs, one north, the other south of the arch ; the whole, 
 thuugli much mutilated, has been well designed and executed, and 
 appears (with tlie exception of the pinnacles, which are additions) to 
 be of Decorated date. This monument is curious, from the great 
 scarcity of fine ancient monuments out of doors. 
 
 Nktiier Pkover Church has a stone tower, but the body of the 
 church is principally timber and plaster; the nave is divided from the 
 aisles by piers and arches, formed of rude beams of wood, and others 
 springing from above the piers, form an arch over the nave. There 
 are some other churches in this county which have partial remains of 
 the same kind. 
 
 CopKNHALL Church is partly of wood and plasttr, apparently of 
 the reign of Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 The portions of Norman work are few, and not without mixture of 
 other styles ; they are P'rodsham, Ince, Lawton, Shocklach, and 
 Shotwick. 
 
 Of Early English and Decorated work there are portions in some 
 of the mixed churches, — Audlem, Barthomley, Davenham, IMiddle- 
 wich, IMobberley, Great Neston, Little Peover, Prestbury, Pulford, 
 Wallasey, Woodchurch, and Wrenbury. 
 
 The Perpendicular churches are some of them fine, others are of 
 the rough execution common in this and a few adjacent counties in 
 the north, — Alderley, Backford, Bidston, Brereton, Great Budworth, 
 Bunbury, Disley, Eastham, Farndon, INIalpas, IMarton, JMottram, 
 Over, Tarporley, Tarvin, Thornton, Wilmslow, Witton, ond Wybun- 
 bury. 
 
 There is an ancient, apparently Norman, tower yet remaining of 
 the Old Castle of Chester, and parts of the walls of the city, 
 and a tower, called the Water Tower, are deserving of attention. 
 The ancient gates have been replaced by modern erections ; but the 
 wall is complete, and affords an excellent walk round the city, 
 
 Beeston Castle, on an insular hill, overlooking the Vale Royal, 
 has a portion of the walls (particularly part of the tower flanking 
 the entrance) in a state so perfect as to merit examination. 
 
 This county has a great number of halls and other manorial edifices, 
 some of which are very curious specimens of wood and plaster work, 
 and others of stone work : they are many of them now used as farm- 
 
14'J 
 
 houses, and have been much modernised ; but the followinj; list 
 contains some which remain more or less in their original state : — 
 
 Crewe Hall has been modernised, but its interior has many- 
 portions in their original state. Bkerktox Hall, Grafton Hall, 
 Poole Hall, Harden Hall, and ^Iarple Hall are of stone ; 
 Chorley Hall is partly of stone, and partly of wood and plaster; 
 the stone portion early, and the wooden portion curious. !!\Ierton 
 Grange, Garden Hall, Erdwick Hall, Little jMoreton 
 Hall, and BraiMALL Hall, are of wood and plaster : the two last 
 mentioned are large, and peculiarly tine specimens. 
 
 Launceston Church, though not very excellent in its composi- 
 tion, is yet curious for the very great profusion of ornament. The 
 south porch, and some parts adjacent, are literally covered with panels 
 and carvings. There is also a line of singular carving and niches 
 under the eastern windows, and in the central niche a recumbent 
 figure. 
 
 The White Hart Inn, Launceston, has a fine Norman door for 
 an entrance, most probably removed from some ancient monastic 
 edifice. 
 
 St. Germain's has a good Norman front, but there appears nothing 
 to M'arrant a supposition that its age is so great as that assigned to it 
 by the learned Whitaker. The west end has a tine door-way under 
 a very deep arch, with shafts and mouldings, and some small Norman 
 windows above. This entrance is flanked by two short towers ; and, 
 except the upper part of the southern tower, the arrangement does 
 not appear to have been altered from the original design. 
 
 MoRViNSTOw Church is a curious edifice, partly Norman, with a 
 porch and door on the south side, Avith very bold Norman enrichments. 
 A part of the piers and arches of the nave are of the same character ; 
 other portions are of later date, but of elegant design and execution. 
 The font is Norman, large and plain. 
 
 The south door of Kilkhampton Church is a very fine specimen 
 of Norman, with shafts and bands of zigzag, and the beakheaded 
 ornament ; some other parts of the church are of much later date. 
 
 Bodmin Church is a large and handsome Perpendicular church, 
 rather late in the style, but well executed : there are some parts of 
 the aisles of an earlier date, and a large and singular Norman font. 
 
 Camborne. This is a fine specimen of the granite Perpendicular 
 churches of this county ; some of the towers are fine and bold, this 
 is a good one, but not so much ornamented as some of them. The 
 church has a nave, aisles and chancel ; the nave and aisles are of one 
 height, with three canted roofs and wood ribs, very common in this 
 
144 
 
 county and Devonshire, and called cradle roofs. There is a good 
 south door under a porcli, a modern soutli chapel, and a modern font. 
 
 There are many of these granite Perpendicular churclies in Corn- 
 wall, some of much better design and execution than others. 
 
 Truro. This is a very line church outside, but with modern 
 portions, and a modern interior. The exterior of the ancient part is 
 rich and beautiful Perpendicular, and at first sight seems all granite ; 
 but a close examination shews a different and much easier working 
 stone in portions. This stone, called in some ])laces Roborough stone, 
 is used in parts of this county and Devonshire, and very beautiful 
 work is made of it. It is generally mixed with granite, so that till 
 fully known it is very deceiving. The mouldings of this church are 
 very good as to composition. 
 
 LosTwiTiiiEL. This is a curious Church with an Early English 
 tower, and a Decorated octagonal lantern and spire ; part of the 
 church is decorated, with a fine east window. The aisles of this 
 church are of later date, and the whole church deserves attentive 
 study ,• most of the work appears not to be granite. 
 
 Sheviock Church has some portions Early English, and others 
 Decorated : these styles in their purity are not very abundant in this 
 county, being principally found in portions in the mixed churches. 
 
 St. Austell is a fine large Church, with a very fine toAver, nave 
 and aisles, and a south porch, all good Perpendicular. The chancel 
 is Decorated, portions early in the style. The church has three cradle 
 roofs with wood ribs. 
 
 The Perpendicular churches are many of them granite, they are — 
 Falmouth, Fowey, Padstow, Probus, Redruth, St. Blazey, St. Breaze, 
 St. Burjren, St. Gluvians, St. Just-in-Penwith, St. Kew, St. Neots, 
 and Sennen. 
 
 The mixed churches are Anthony, Cury, Egloshayle, Landwednach, 
 Lanlivery, Laurett, Liskeard, Penzance, St. Enoder, St. Mewan, St. 
 Stephens, near Launceston, Tintagel, and Warburstow. 
 
 At Grampound is a good granite Cross. 
 
 The buildings on St. Michael's Mount deserve attention : the 
 outline of the whole is fine and picturesque, and the chapel and some 
 other portions appear of Perpendicular date, if not earlier. 
 
 St. Bennet's, a considerable monastic remain, has various por- 
 tions of domestic Perpendicular work. 
 
 Place House, near Fowey, is a very curious domestic remain ; it 
 is late Perpendicular ; and an oriel, and some other parts have more 
 enrichment than is generally found in domestic buildings. 
 
 Cothele House has a fine court, surrounded by buildings not 
 much altered ; they are plain, compared to the last example, but of 
 earlier date. 
 
145 
 
 (tumtcilards. 
 
 Carlisle Cathedral. Although this edifice is partly surrounded 
 by buildings and trees, at no great distance, there are several points 
 of view in which it may be seen to advantage. This church was ori- 
 ginally a complete cross church, like most of our cathedrals, and had 
 cloisters and a chapter house. The greatest part of the cloisters, and 
 a large portion of the nave, were destroyed in the civil wars, and the 
 two remaining arches of the nave are fitted up as a parish church. 
 This part is Norman, of a simple and massive character ; but the 
 greatest portion eastward is Early English, of elegant design, and 
 parts much ornamented with foliage and the toothed ornament. The 
 east end is Decorated, and seems to have replaced a front of earlier 
 date. The transepts are narrow, short, and have no aisles ; but there 
 is a small chapel east of the south transept. The choir consists of 
 seven arches, with a small one eastward, which spring from clustered 
 piers, with rich capitals : it has aisles, and is considerably wider than 
 the nave. The tower is small and low, and coincides with the centre 
 of the nave, but not with the centre of the choir. The Early English 
 clerestory windows have been filled with tracery of a later date, and 
 there are a few Perpendicular windows inserted in the aisles. Under 
 some of the windows of the aisle are very elegant small arches, spring- 
 ing from shafts. The Early English buttresses are very plain, but 
 bold ; the parapets are all jilain, and there are no buttresses to the 
 clerestory. This general plainness of appearance adds much to the 
 effect of the only enriched portion of exterior, the east front, which 
 contains one of the finest, if not the finest. Decorated window in the 
 kingdom: it is considerably decayed; but its elegance of composition 
 and delicacy of arrangement, the harmony of its parts, and the easy 
 fioAV of lines, rank it oven higher than the celebrated west window of 
 York cathedral, which it also exceeds in number of divisions, having 
 nine lights. This window fills the space between two very bold 
 buttresses, crowned with fine pinnacles, which rise above the ridge of 
 the roof. Over the great window, is a small one of rich tracery, in a 
 spherical triangle, to light the roof; the gable has crockets and crosses; 
 the aijsles have fine two-light windows at the east end, and the south 
 aisle has a sloping plain parapet and bold buttresses, with two rich 
 pinnacles. The north aisle has a straight enriched parapet, and an 
 octagonal turret, with two bold buttresses, terminated by paneled 
 pedestals and enriched canopies. The great size of this window, 
 (about 50 feet high and 30 feet wide,) and the massiveness of its ac- 
 companiments, give to this front a peculiarly imposing effect. In the 
 Norman wall of the south transept is a well. 
 
 The Chapter House, originally the Refectory, is a parallelogram, 
 M'ith some Perpendicular windows ; the interior is divided into several 
 apartments. There is an ancient Gate House adjacent. 
 
 L 
 
146 
 
 The Deanery contains some ancient Portions. 
 
 Lanercost Church is part of the ancient abbey of Lanercost ; a 
 portion of the nave is all that is at present litted up, the remaining 
 parts are more or less ruinated ; the buildings are partly Norman, but 
 mostly Early p]nglish, of an early and massive design. The west 
 front has been a line composition, though now much mutilated ; the 
 west door has a series of shafts and deep mouldings, over which is a 
 line of small arches, supported by detached shafts. From a string 
 above these arches arise the series of fine long lancet arches, to the 
 number of seven, three of which are pierced for windows, the middle 
 one broader and higher than the others. These arches have had long 
 detached shafts, now broken away, and only the bases and capitals 
 remaining, and the arches have rich mouldings. There is a figure 
 in a niche in the gable above this centre window. The other parts 
 of the church present some singular and beautiful combinations of 
 very early date. 
 
 Some of the churches, on the borders, appear evidently to have 
 been constructed as places of occasional retreat and defence. Of this 
 the tower of the church of Burgh on the Sands, and the now 
 desecrated church of Newton Arlosh, are prominent instances. 
 
 Brigham Church has Norman piers, but various portions are 
 Decorated ; particularly a fine window of five lights, and a circular 
 one with an ogee point. In the south aisle is a monumental arch 
 with u rich canopy. 
 
 The churches with considerable Norman portions, are Aspatria, 
 Bromefield, Bridekirk, Dearham, Edenhall, Great Salkeld, Grinsdale, 
 Isell, Irthington, Kirkhampton, Kirklinton, Torpenhow, and Warwick. 
 
 The folloM'ing churches dis])lay portions of Early English, Dalston, 
 Egremont, Holme Cultram, Kirk Oswald on Eden, Lazonby, St. 
 Bees, and Thursby. 
 
 The Decorated portions are principally in the mixed churches, but 
 several of the churches have sculptured crosses and stones in the 
 church- yards. 
 
 The Perpendicular churches are Crosthwaite, Bolton Gate, Disting- 
 ton, Weather all, and Wythburn. 
 
 The iMixed churches are Bewcastle, Gasforth, Irton, Bluncaster, 
 Patterdale, and Rockliife. 
 
 There are several monastic remains in this county; of these the 
 principal are the ruins of the tower, and part of the transepts of Cal- 
 der Abbey, the east end of the church of the nunnery of Seton, 
 and the gatehouse of the priory of Wetherall. 
 
 There are various castellated buildings in this county, some of them 
 in good preservation, others more or less ruinated ; among the most 
 entire, may be mentioned Carlisle Castle, Naworth Castle, 
 (of which the buildings are in nearly a perfect state,^ Scaleby 
 Castle, Cockermouth Castle, Rose 'Castle, and Penrith 
 Castle. 
 
147 
 
 All Saint's Church, Derby, has a tower of peculiar beauty ; it 
 is of the Perpendicular style, and late ; but its general arrangement 
 and details are very fine, though the pinnacles and buttresses have 
 some appearance of the flatness often produced by the combinations of 
 late date. The tower consists of three stories, the lower contains to 
 the west the door, with a good niche on each side, and a beautiful 
 line of paneling, with shields between, on which rests a four- 
 light window. The second story begins with a line of paneling, and 
 has a window of tracery, with panels on each side, of which only a 
 small part is pierced for light, and another line of paneling above, 
 crowned with a small battlement. The third stage is the belfry story, 
 which has a large four-light window with a transom and panels on 
 each side : above is a rich battlement and four large pinnacles, and 
 four small octagons with an ogee cap and rich finial. The two upper 
 stages being above the roof of the church, (a Roman Doric building, 
 about 100 years old, by Gibbs,) are the same on all four sides, and 
 the tracery and paneling filling the face of the tower almost close to 
 the buttresses, give to the whole tower a very rich effect. The situ- 
 ation of the church, in the middle of the town, also renders the tower, 
 on an approach from a distance^ a very fine object, and the steeples of 
 the other churches are so small as not to interfere with its efli^ect. 
 
 The Churches of St. Peter, St. Alkmund, and St. Michael, 
 all contain portions of old work, principally Perpendicular, and mostly 
 poor in its execution. 
 
 The Church at Chesterfield, the leaning spire of which has 
 excited so much attention, deserves investigation, from its valuable 
 and curious parts. The apparent leaning of the spire arises partly 
 from the curious spiral mode of putting on the lead, and partly from a 
 real inclination of the general lines of the woodwork of the spire. 
 The tower is at the intersection of the cross, and with the nave, and 
 some other parts of the church is of good, but singular Decorated 
 character ; the dripstones are almost all returned, the windoAvs, the 
 mouldings, and buttresses good, with very plain but elegant pinnacles. 
 The clerestory of the nave has small Perpendicular windows, and the 
 east window of the chancel is of the same character. The north tran- 
 sept is Early English, and there is one good pier of that date. There 
 is some very good wood screen work in a rood loft, and in a screen in 
 the south transept. A south porch is not so fine as the other parts of 
 the church ; but the doors, particularly the west door, have fine deep 
 mouldings. From various singularities of character and detail, this 
 church deserves minute attention. 
 
 Dronfield Church is beautifully situated on a hill, on one side 
 of the village ; it has a fine tower and spire, which, as well as the 
 church, is mostly of Decorated character ; the chancel has been very 
 
148 
 
 fine, but the east window, a very large one, has been deprived of it? 
 tracery. In the chancel are three very rich stone stalls, the foliage 
 of which is very beautiful and varied in each stall. 
 
 Repton Church has, under the chancel., a very curious Norman 
 crj'pt, once approached by staircases from the church ; there are four 
 piers, round and twisted, with a bead running in t^e sunken part of 
 the spiral, and eight pilasters, some of which are curiously paneled. 
 The whole have square capitals, with straight sloped sides, and from 
 each springs a plain flat rib to form the groining. The character of 
 this portion of Norman is very singular, and not very like many other 
 examples, the piers being rather slender in their proportions, compared 
 with the usual massive piers, used in Norman crypts. There are some 
 singular Norman portions in the church, but these are of a rather 
 different character. The principal part of the interior of the church, 
 not Norman, is of Decorated character, and early, but the windoAvs 
 have been mostly modernized. The north door is Early English. — 
 The tower and spire are Perpendicular, and the outline peculiarly tine, 
 but the details are not equal. This spire is of great height, and is a 
 very conspicuous object to the surrounding countrj\ The chancel has 
 portions of the early long and short masonry. 
 
 The School, and the House of the head master, contain a few 
 remains of the priory at Repton ; the master's house has an ancient 
 brick tower, apparently built in the reign of Henry VI; it is of tole- 
 rable Perpendicular character, and curious for its material. 
 
 TicKNALL Church has its piers and arches mostly Early English, 
 late in the style, and varied with two very fine capitals ; the windows 
 have been nearly all altered or modernized, except the clerestory 
 windows, which are Perpendicular. The upper part of the toAver and 
 the spire are also Perpendicular ; but not tine, either in design or 
 execution. In the south wall of the south aisle is a tomb under an 
 arch of Decorated character, with very excellent mouldings, and a 
 good cross on the canopy. The church has been recently new pewed, 
 and its interior appearance is very neat. 
 
 Melbourne Church is a fine example of Norman, and is nearly 
 in its original state; the alterations being only in some of the windows, 
 the east end, and the upper part of the tower. The west entrance is 
 fine, and the nave of good proportions; the piers circular and massive, 
 though not very short; the arches of the horse- shoe shape, with fine 
 mouldings and zigzag ornament. The tower stands between the nave 
 and chancel. There are monumental arches with effigies, one on the 
 outside of the south aisle, and one on the inside of the church. 
 
 AsHOVER Church has a curious lead font, with figures under 
 Norman arches. 
 
 The ruins of Stidd Chapel are Early English. 
 
 NoRBURY Church has a fine Decorated chancel with large windows, 
 and much of the original stained glass remaining, which is peculiarly 
 beautiful and deserving of imitation. 
 
149 
 
 The desecrated Chapel of Steetley is a very curious specimen 
 of Norman composition ; with the exception of the roof, and a few 
 windows Avhich have been enhvrged, it is nearly perfect and unaltered. 
 It consists of a nave and chancel, with a circular east end ; has a fine 
 south door, a rich arch between the nave and cliancel, and some good 
 groin ribs at the east end. The ornaments are elaborate and well 
 executed. 
 
 The Churches with Norman remains are numerous, many have 
 portions of other styles : Alsop in the Dale, Bolsover, Boulton, Brad- 
 bourne, Brailsford, Brassington, Bretby, Clown, Darley, Halt Huck- 
 nall. Heath, Hognaston, Keddleston, Killamarsh, Kirk Ireton, Long- 
 ford, Ockbrook, Parwick, Sandiacre, Stanton, Swarkstone, Thorp, 
 Tissington, Whitwell, Winster and Youlgrave. 
 
 The Early English are few : Bredsall, Doveridge, Ilkeston, and 
 Marston on Dove. 
 
 The Decorated Churches are not numerous, but there are many 
 good decorated portions in the other lists — Dadlington, JMackworth, 
 Spondon and Tideswell. 
 
 The Perpendicular list is larger— Alfreton, Barlborough, Baslow, 
 Castleton, Chelbaston, Saint Werburg, Derby, Hathersage, Hope, 
 Matlock, Shirland and Staveley. 
 
 The mixed churches contain some good examples — Ashbourn, Ash- 
 ford, Bakewell, Bonsai, Bradley, Calke, Chelmorton, Church Brough- 
 ton, Denby, Duffield, Eginton, Elvaston, Fenny Bentley, Hayfield, 
 Longley, ^Alorley, Newton Solney,' ScarclifFe, Shirley, Sutton, Wilne, 
 and Wirksworth. 
 
 The small remains of Beauchief Abbey, now a chapel, are 
 deserving of attention for several portions of detail ; the situation is 
 beautiful, and peculiarly sequestered. 
 
 In this county are a few curious specimens of domestic Architec- 
 ture ; of these, Wingfield Manor House is mostly in ruins, but 
 presents some beautiful features. 
 
 Haddon Hall, near Bakewell, is kept up in a habitable state, 
 with much ancient furniture, and is one of the most curious mansions 
 in the kingdom. The most ancient portions, the hall and chapel, 
 were built soon after 1427, and no part of it appears later than the 
 reign of Henry VIII, except some interior fittings, Avhich may be 
 nearly as late as the end of that of Elizabeth. The buildings are 
 very irregular, and surround two courts. The situation is fine ; and 
 the great variety of outline, combining with some very fine trees, 
 renders the view of the hall, in almost every direction, peculiarly 
 interesting. On the whole, this edifice is deserving of a most minute 
 examination and attentive study. 
 
 Hardwick Hall is a curious specimen of the style of the reign 
 of Elizabeth, and has not been altered materially since its erection ; 
 it is furnished, and some portions of tapestry, and perhaps of other 
 furniture, are older than the house itself, and were, perhaps, removed 
 
150 
 
 from the old hall, now in ruins, at a very short distance from the 
 present mansion. 
 
 Exeter Cathedral. This magnificent edifice is more closely 
 surrounded by the adjacent buildings than some other cathedrals ; its 
 north front and west end are the portions most seen. The plan is 
 singular, having no central tower, nor any at the west end ; but the 
 transepts are formed by two massive Norman towers, of fine propor- 
 tion, rich in exterior Norman ornament, and dissimilar in their details. 
 These towers are the principal remains of their date ; of the Early 
 English style there are portions of the lower part of the chapter- 
 house ; but the general character of the church is Decorated, of 
 beautiful proportions, and very excellent details. The east Avindow 
 of the choir, and the rich screen before the west end, are of Perpen- 
 dicular character, as is the upper part of the chapter-house. The 
 cloisters were on the south side, but of these very little is now visible. 
 The interior presents a view remarkably imposing from the unifor- 
 mity of the nave and choir, and the very elegant tracery in the win- 
 dows, which exhibit the greatest variety of Decorated tracery of any 
 building in the kingdom. Windows of this character are also inserted 
 in the north and south sides of the tower, and form the transept 
 windows. The Lady Chapel exhibits the same style as the church, 
 and the whole is groined with great simplicity, but in a manner 
 which produces a very rich eflfect. The chapels are numerous ; some 
 of them have excellent screen-work, and there are many good monu- 
 ments. 
 
 The elevation of the nave and choir consists of the arch, a trifo- 
 rium, which is smaller than is often seen, but of great beaut)^ and 
 the clerestory windows, which are very large, and almost entirely fill 
 the space between the groining ; this, with the great size of the 
 windows of the aisles, and the numerous chapels, give an air of great 
 lightness to the fabric. The west front is enriched with an elabo- 
 rate screen. It is not exactly similar in its divisions, though the 
 diflferences are such as not to destroy the general effect ; it consists 
 of a series of rich niches, with pedestals and canopies, and three 
 ranges of figures, exclusive of the small semi-angels in the battlement. 
 The upper range of statues is continuous, but the lower ones are 
 interrupted by the doors. The west front above, is, by the mode in 
 which the aisles are finished, rendered rather flat, yet has various 
 parts deserving of great attention, particularly the great west window 
 of nine lights. The towers are finished with corner turrets and ogee 
 tops, and are not of great height, rising scarcely more than a square 
 of the tower above the ridge of the roof, which latter is lead, and 
 exhibits almost the only specimen remaining in England, of the 
 flowered lead ornament, running along the ridge. The buttresses of 
 
151 
 
 the nave and aisles have pinnacles, a large portion of which arise 
 from small battlements ; and from the frequency of this sort of pin- 
 nacle in this county, it becomes a good mode of distinguishing it, to 
 call it a Devonshire Pinnacle. The parapets have nearly all plain 
 bold battlements, and most of the cornices have flowers. 
 
 On the north side of the nave is a handsome porch, which is 
 curious from its showing an approach to the Perpendicular character, 
 and being without buttresses. To the central division of the aisles 
 of the choir are attached chapels, north and south, forming an eastern 
 transept ; and there are also small chapels north and south of the 
 eastern division of these aisles. These last mentioned chapels are 
 small, and of later character than the rest of the fabric. Two small 
 chapels of Decorated character are also added east of the transeptal 
 towers ; and on the east and west sides of these towers are galleries 
 of communication, carried on groins springing from corbels against 
 the wall. The whole of the buttresses of the aisles are very bold, 
 and the clerestory is lofty, and supported by plain but bold flying 
 buttresses. 
 
 The general character of the interior of the building is simplicity, 
 with very excellent mouldings, but not a large proportion of carving 
 or flowered capitals, though the corbels, from whence the upper tier 
 of shafts in the nave and choir spring, are very fine. 
 
 To accommodate the new work to the towers, the westernmost 
 arch of the choir is a very. acute one, not more than a fifth of the 
 others in width. 
 
 In the easternmost arch of the choir, on the south side, are three 
 stalls, which, for lightness and richness, are hardly to be exceeded ; 
 they have very rich open-Avork canopies, which rise above the spring- 
 ing of the choir arches ; and they are each raised a step above the 
 other, eastward, in the seats. 
 
 The bishop's throne is an uncommonly rich example of wood work, 
 of great lightness, but yet of suflicient boldness for its size, which 
 is perhaps superior to any in England, rising to the spring of the 
 arches of the clerestory windows, or near sixty feet from the floor. 
 There is a variety of wood screen-work about the choir and chapels, 
 some of which is very good, but other portions are of a later and 
 much inferior character. 
 
 In the Lady Chapel there are three stalls, the seats rising eastward 
 under the windows, on the south side of the easternmost division, 
 and a monixmental arch under the next window, on the same side. 
 
 There are various fine monuments in diflferent parts of the cathedral; 
 of these may be mentioned. Sir W. Stapylton and Bishop Stapylton, 
 in the north aisle of the choir ; that of Bishop Stafi"ord, and a tomb 
 of beautiful design and excellent execution, evidently of the Perpen- 
 dicular style. To this last particular attention is necessary, because 
 in a late publication it is said to be of the date of 128.3, apparently 
 from Bishop Bronscombe, by whose name it is called, having died in 
 
J 52 
 
 1281 ; and not satisfied with thus giving to a specimen, with nearly 
 every possil)le mark of Perpendicular date, the age of an Early Eng- 
 lish, or at least very early Decorated erection, the author of tlie book 
 in question gives the four-centered arch of the tomb, in his plate of 
 arches, as one of the date of 12H3, and this in a work stated to be 
 expressly for the elucidation of the principles of English architecture. 
 
 Here it may be proper to repeat the remark made in the body of 
 this work, on the great uncertainty introduced by attaching the date 
 of a man's death to the tomb which goes by his name. There is much 
 reason to suppose that the monument of King John, at Worcester, 
 is not much older than Henry VII's time, (though the statue is 
 evidently of earlier date, and perhaps was executed not very long 
 after the death of the king,) and the tomb of Osrick, a Saxon king, at 
 Gloucester, is evidently of late Perpendicular character. 
 
 The excellent tracerj^ of the windows, and its great variety, has 
 been noticed above, and it is proper to add, that this tracery is of an 
 Early character, and not Avhat can be strictly called flowing, like the' 
 Decorated tracery of the northern counties, but principally formed of 
 intersections of arches and circles intermixed, and there is a great 
 prevalence of trefoils, comparatively few cinquefoil heads being found 
 either in the windows or other stone- work. 
 
 The upper stage of the north tower is of later date than the other 
 part of the towers, and the finishings of the turrets of both towers 
 are modern. The Chapter-house is separated from the southern towers 
 by a small plain arched chapel, apparently of the same date as the 
 tower, with a later window inserted at the east end but retaining its 
 original Xorman door-way at the west. 
 
 The Chapter-house is of two characters, the lower Early English, 
 of a very beautiful design ; this reaches to a string under the sill of 
 the windows, above which the work is Perpendicular, of remarkable 
 beauty, with windows at the sides and west end, of four lights, and 
 the east end a much larger one, of seven lights ; these side windows 
 have between them beautiful niches, springing from shafts, and these 
 niches support a wooden roof, with arches under a straight tie-beam. 
 The slope of the ceiling is panneled, and the space between the 
 beam and ceiling, filled with rich tabernacle- work ; on the whole, 
 this Chapter-house deserves more minute attention than it has usually 
 received. The greatest part of the Cathedral is in excellent preserva- 
 tion, and there is a large portion of very good ancient stained glass 
 remaining in many of the windows ; that in the west Avindow is 
 modern. The stone gallery of the minstrels, (part of the triforium 
 range,) and the ancient clock in the north transept, are curious 
 remains, and worth attentive examination. 
 
 The churches in Devonshire, like several other of the western 
 counties, have a large portion of remains of Perpendicular character, 
 and they are peculiarly rich in screen-work. 
 
 There is so much mixture in the Devonshire churches, that though 
 
153 
 
 the number of them deserving examination is great, yet it is difficult 
 to find pure examples without mixture, and it should be remembered 
 that this is the county of screen work and old pulpits, and there are 
 many fine cradle roofs and good benches and wood doors — a few 
 years back few churches were without a good screen or pulpit, but 
 many have fallen. 
 
 Bishops Teignton. This is a Norman church, with a low 
 massive tower between the nave and chancel, and a north aisle, with 
 Norman piers and arches, and enriched capitals. The west door-way 
 is Norman, and much enriched ; and there is a plainer door-way on 
 the south side, with a square head and figures over it ; the font is 
 Norman, circular, and of less diameter in the middle than above and 
 below ; it is enriched with rude sculpture. Some of the windows in 
 the chancel are Early English ; the west window is Perpendicular, of 
 four lights, and there are various windows inserted in the older walls. 
 
 East Teignmouth Church has various Norman portions. The 
 tower is massive, and situated between the nave and chancel. The 
 north side has some Norman windows, and a door with a square head ; 
 and the arch above filled with rude carvings, having also an ornamented 
 dripstone round it. The font is Octagonal, of better design than 
 execution ; it is of Perpendicular character. 
 
 Paignton Church has a tower, nave, and a south transept ; the 
 west door is Norman, with enriched mouldings. The upper part of 
 the tower, and the south transept, are Perpendicular ; the windoAv in 
 the latter, large, of five lights. In this church is a stone screen 
 forming a door-way, and two side arches, which are monuments to 
 some of the Kirkham family. This screen is a very rich assemblage 
 of tabernacle work, with figures in niches under canopies, with but- 
 tresses and pinnacles of very elaborate composition ; the arches have 
 pendants, and upon large canopies above them, are angels holding 
 shields. Though of late date, this screen deserves great attention ; 
 there is also a stone pulpit with very rich foliage. 
 
 BiCKLEiGH has some portions of all the styles, a good cradle roof, 
 and some good benches. 
 
 Plyjipton St. ]\Iary is a large and fine church, of a curious plan. 
 It has some portions of good decorated work, and a fine east window. 
 The Roborough stone which looks so much like granite, is here used 
 in the Perpendicular portions, some of which are very good. There 
 is a good Perpendicular font. 
 
 St. Saviors Church, Dartjiouth, is a spacious structure, with 
 some portions remaining of Decorated character. There is a fine 
 stone pulpit with some later additions of wood, and an uncommonly 
 rich wood screen. 
 
 Haccojibe Church has some portions of Decorated character, 
 and some very curious monuments ; a large altar tomb for Sir Hugh 
 Courtenay and his lady. In the north aisle the monument of a lady 
 under an arch, and another arch with a lady in a veil. Between the 
 
154 
 
 nave and aisle, on a tomb, a email effigy in armonr. A tomb with the 
 effigy of a knight of the Haccombe family, of peculiar beauty. The 
 figure is in armour, and his legs crossed ) the armour is covered with 
 beautiful enrichments of small flowing lines, much like the fine iron- 
 work spread over doors and cope chests of Early Decorated character. 
 The design of this enrichment on the helmet and arms is peculiarly 
 elegant. 
 
 Otter Y St. Mary. This is a large and curious Church, being 
 built, like Exeter Cathedral, with two towers for transepts. The 
 Church consits of a nave and aisles, choir and aisles, and a Lady 
 Chapel. The greatest part of this edifice is Early English, of a 
 character rather different from what is common, and having various 
 small alterations of later date ; the exterior is plain, and the windows 
 are mostly without dripstones. At the east end of the Lady Chapel, 
 are some good niches of later date than the Chapel itself. The groining 
 of the interior is of later date than the building, and the north aisle 
 of the nave is of Perpendicular character, and late date, with a very 
 rich roof, ornamented with pendants. In this Church is a very rich 
 monumental arch over an altar tomb, which is plain, but has an effigy 
 of an armed Knight ; this arch has fine mouldings and hanging 
 tracery, with an ogee canopy, with crockets and a large finial. Over 
 the whole of this monument, shields are intermixed with the foliage 
 in great numbers, and in a mode not very common. On the whole, 
 this church deserves very minute examination. 
 
 Broad Clist is a handsome Perpendicular church with three 
 stone stalls, and within them an effigy of a knight, in plate armour. 
 The stalls have buttresses and pinnacles, and very rich canopies, with 
 varied foliage. 
 
 Collumpton Church is a handsome Perpendicular building, with 
 a very rich chapel added by John Lane, in the year 1528, Avhich is 
 a fine specimen of the gorgeous enrichment of that time. This church 
 has a very fine wood screen, with vine leaves in the cornice. 
 
 Tivkrton is a handsome Perpendicular church, with a tower ; 
 there are some remains of earlier date, and an enriched Norman door- 
 way. A chapel, built by a merchant, named Greenway, in 1517, is 
 a good example of the gorgeous style of ornament of that time. The 
 ceiling is coved, and has tracery and rich pendants ; like many works 
 of that time, the design is better than the execution. The church 
 has some rich screen work. 
 
 ToTNES is a fine Perpendicular Church, with a good tower, which 
 has Octagonal pinnacles, and rich buttresses. In the chancel, is a very 
 rich stone screen, with the rood loft and stairs remaining. There is 
 also a stone pulpit enriched with tracery and shields. There is a large 
 south porch to this Church, and the wooden doors are very fine, and 
 have the linen pannel elaborately worked. The outline of the tower 
 is bold and fine, with four large octagonal pinnacles. 
 
 The Norman churches are numerous, but much mixed with other 
 
155 
 
 styles: — Ashcombe, Axminster, Beaworthy, Blackauton, Bradford, 
 Bradstone, Buckland Brewer, Bundley, Christowe, Dovvne St ]\Iary, 
 Dunsford, East Worlington, Farway, Highbray, Highampton, Hol- 
 combe Burnell, Holdsworth, Knowestone, Loxbear, JNIeeth, North 
 Petherwin, Parkham, South Brent, South IMilton, Stockley Pomeroy, 
 Sutcombe, Thornbury, and Woolfardisworthy. 
 
 The Early English list is shorter : — Aveton GifFard, Buckfastleigh, 
 Plymstock, and Yealmpton. 
 
 There are Decorated portions in the mixed churches, but none to 
 notice as large pure examples but those already described. 
 
 The Perpendicular churches are generally fine : — Ashburton St. 
 Andrew, Chittlehampton, Colyton, Crediton, Dean Prior, Halburton, 
 Heavitree, Honiton, jMarldon, ]\Ionkleigh, Newton Bushell, Plymp- 
 ton Earle, Plymouth St. Andrew, Rewe, Sampford Peveril, Silverton, 
 South IVIoulton, Stoke Cannon, and Swimbridge. 
 
 The mixed churches are numerous, and the Perpendicular portions 
 are very considerable, particularly interior details : — Abbots Kars- 
 well, Alphington, Ashton, Atherington, Awliscombe, Bampton, Beer 
 Ferrers, Berry Pomeroy, Bickley, Biddeford, Bigbury, Bovey Tracey, 
 Bradninch, Bridford, Broad Hempstone, Broadwoodwiger, Buckland 
 ]\Ioor, Burlescombe, Burrington, Chawley, Chulmleigh, Churston 
 Ferrers, Clayhanger, Clist Honiton, Clist St. George, Clist St. Law- 
 rence, Cockington, Coleridge, Combe-in-Teignhead, Cornwood, Culm- 
 stock, Dartington, Dawlish, Dittisham, Dodbrook, Doddiscombleigh, 
 Dowland, East Allington, East Down, Feniton, Hasberton, Heaton 
 Punchardton, Hennock, Holne, Huish, Ilsington, Ipplepen, Kenn, 
 Kentishbeare, Kenton, Kings Karswell, Kings Nympton, Lamerton, 
 Littleham, Little Hempstone, Luppit, Lustleigh, Manaton, Marl- 
 borough, Blarwood, Blarystowe, Bloretonhampstead, Newton Ferrers, 
 North Bovey, North JMoulton, Peahembury, Pilton, Pinhoe, Plym- 
 tree, Poltimore, Portlemouth, Powderham, Rattery, Rockbeare, Sher- 
 ford, St JMarychurch, South Pool, Staverton, Stoke Gabriel, Stoke-in- 
 Teignhead, Stokenham, Tallaton, Tamerton Foliot, Tor Brj'an, Tor 
 Mohun, Trusham, Ufculme, Ugborough, West Buckland, West Og- 
 well, Witheridge, and Worlbo rough. 
 
 The remains of IMonastic Buildings in this county are not very 
 numerous, but the following may be noticed : — 
 
 Ford Abbey. — The chapel has a groined roof, and some arches ; 
 the latter of late Norman, but the groinings Early English. The hall 
 and cloisters are rich late Perpendicular, about the date of 1508. 
 
 Frithelstock Priory appears to have been of Early English 
 character. The west end has three lancet windows. 
 
 Hartland Abbey has some portion of the cloisters remaining of 
 Early English date. 
 
 The principal remains of Tavistock Abbey are of Perpendicular 
 character ; they are converted to various purposes, and much mutilated. 
 
 Of CasteUated and Domestic Buildings, there are not many to be 
 
156 
 
 noticed : — the remains of the Bishop's Palace, at Bishops Clist, has 
 some PerpendicuLir portions. 
 
 CoiMPTON Castlk has been variously altered, but still contains 
 some portions worth examination. 
 
 Bradlky Hall, near Newton Bushell, is an ancient mansion, of 
 Perpendicular character ; the chapel, hall and a gateway remain. 
 
 Dartington Hall has had a large portion pulled down, but the 
 hall and some other parts still remain. The hull is of Early Perpen- 
 dicular character. 
 
 The Bishop's Palace at Exeter has various portions of ancient 
 work, though much altered and covered by modern arrangements. 
 The chapel is Early English. A fine chimney-piece erected by Bishop 
 Courtenay, has been engraved. 
 
 Sherborne Church is a large cross church, with various portions 
 of different dates. The south porch is a curious specimen of Norman. 
 The largest portion of the church is good Perpendicular, and was 
 partly erected in the reign of King Henry VI. The choir and aisles 
 have good buttresses, pinnacles, and Hying buttresses, and a very good 
 panneled parapet. The belfry story of the central tower rising above 
 the roof, has eight windows with buttresses, which arise from a bold 
 slope under the windows, below which the tower is plain. This 
 church was anciently conventual ; and some portions of the additional 
 buildings remain, though verjr much mutilated, and converted to vari- 
 ous purposes. Three sides of the lower part of the tower appear to 
 be the original fabric, but the eastern side is of the same date with 
 the choir. 
 
 There are a few good Early English windows in the north aisle of 
 the choir or its chapel. 
 
 The groining of most of the church is rich and good ; the south 
 transept has a wood ceiling. There are some remains of ancient stalls 
 and screen work, and some portions of ancient stained glass. 
 
 Bradford Abbas Church has a tower, nave, aisles, and chancel, 
 and a large south porch ; it is principally of Perpendicular character. 
 The tower is richly ornamented with niches, and has a large west 
 window, with a door below, enriched with hanging tracery. The 
 tower has a staircase turret at the north-east corner, and smaller tur- 
 rets at the other corners, all v,'ith pinnacles. The nave has a hand- 
 some wood ceiling, and there are some portions of stone screen work. 
 
 In this church-yard, is the lower part of an ancient cross ; and 
 there are several ancient altar tombs, with pannels wliich are not very 
 commonly found remaining on the outside of a church. 
 
 Haukchurch has a lofty Perpendicular tower, a nave, aisles, 
 chancel, and south porch ; there are some Norman piers, and arches. 
 
157 
 
 and the porch is Early English. In the church are the remains of 
 a stone screen. There are various modern alterations. 
 
 The Church of Iwerne JMinster is a cross church with a tower 
 and spire at the west end. There are some Norman or very Early 
 English portions in the body ; the north transept is Early English. 
 Various portions have been altered, but enough remains to deserve 
 examination. The tower has a battlement with machicolations ; and 
 the spire has ribs and ornamented bands. 
 
 WooTON Glanfield Church has a tower, nave, and chancel, 
 with a south porch and south chapel ; this chapel contains several 
 good Decorated windows, and the east window of the chancel is of 
 the same style. The tower and nave are of later date. Under the 
 arch, from the south chapel to the nare, is an altar tomb, with a 
 recumbent figure. On the south side of the east window in the 
 chancel wall, is a bracket for a statue, and in the south Avail a small 
 plain water drain. There are some remains of ancient stained glass 
 in the windows. 
 
 WiJiBORNE Minster is a large cross church with a tower at the 
 intersection of the cross, and another at the west end. The center 
 tower is Norman, short and massive, with some plain and some inter- 
 secting arches in the belfry story. The nave is either late Norman 
 or very Early English, with Perpendicular clerestory windows. The 
 western tower is Perpendicular, and had once a fine west window, 
 now shut up. The floor of the choir or chancel is considerably raised 
 above that of the body of the church, and has under part of it a small 
 crypt. The east window is Early English, with three fine lancets. 
 
 Some stone stalls and a water drain remain. There are two rich 
 monuments with recumbent figures in the chair, and a cross-legged 
 Knight on a low altar tomb, in the north aisle of the nave. 
 
 Of Norman portions may be enumerated — Corfe Castle Church 
 and the churches of jMaiden Newton, Pimperne, and Studland. 
 
 Of Early English may be named Bucldand Newton, Chettle, and 
 Combe Keynes. 
 
 The Decorated list contains some mixtures : — Hampreston, Lyme 
 Regis, Piddleton, and Wareham. 
 
 The Perpendicular list is larger ; — Abbotsbury, Beaminster, Bland- 
 ford, Bridport, Cerne Abbas, Charnmouth, Chidcock, Cranborne, 
 Great Fontmel, Litton Cheney, Loders, Melbury Bubb, Netherbury, 
 and Shaftsbury. 
 
 The Mixed churches are more numerous, and some contain all the 
 styles : — Askerswell, Corfe IMullen, Dorchester St. Peters, All Saints 
 and Trinity, Durweston, Fordington, Gillingham, Great Canford, 
 Iwerne Courtney, JMilbourne St. Andrew, Spetisbury, Stourpain, 
 Sutton, Symondsbury, and Winterbourne Abbots. 
 
 The monastic and domestic remains in this county are some of 
 them deserving of attention; of Abbotsbury Abbey, the remains 
 
158 
 
 are small ; a building now used as a barn, and a gateway are the 
 most conspicuous. 
 
 Cerne Abbey. The gateway tower, Avith a fine oriel, remains, 
 though much mutilated. The ancient barn, a large and well built 
 edifice, is still used ; it is built of flint and stone. 
 
 Milton Abbey, the seat of the Darner family, has remaining the 
 ancient hall of the Abbey, now part of the mansion. The Church of 
 the Abbey is now used as the private chapel of the family, a new 
 parish church having been built by the first Earl of Dorchester. 
 This chapel has been repaired when made a private chapel ; it is the 
 choir, transepts, and tower of the Abbey Church. The choir is 
 principally of Early Decorated character, and the transepts, and tower 
 mostly Perpendicular. In the choir are three rising stalls and a 
 water drain. The general appearance of this edifice is very fine, 
 having good battlements and some pierced parapets. 
 
 At Sherborne there are several portions of domestic building 
 which deserve attention. 
 
 The Abbey Buildings have the refectory remaining, and used as 
 a manufactory ; and there are some portions of the domestic build- 
 ings adjoining, which have various good details, built into later 
 erections. 
 
 The Abbey Barn is large, and in good preservation. 
 
 Some Alms-houses, called St. John's House, are of Perpendicular 
 character, and have a small chapel, with some portions of good stained 
 glass in the windoAvs. 
 
 In the town of Sherborne there are also some other remains de- 
 serving examination. The Conduit is now very much mutilated. 
 An ancient building called the New Inn, has some good Perpendicular 
 features, and there were lately several other houses of ancient date. 
 
 Of the castellated remains in this county, Corfe Castle is the 
 principal, the portions still standing are considerable, but much 
 divested of details ; there are also some remains of Sandford Castle, 
 near Weymouth, built in the reign of Kiug Henry VIII. 
 
 The Cathedral at Durham is situated on a considerable 
 eminence, close to the precipitous bank of the river Wear, and with 
 the ancient castle, (now the Bishop's Palace,) the Deanery, and other 
 ecclesiastical residences, occupies a large portion of the peninsula 
 formed by that river; and as both the banks are high, and in parts 
 well wooded, this mass of building has, in almost every point of view, 
 a very imposing etlect. Between the Cathedral and the Castle is an 
 open space, which affords a fair view of the north front of the former, 
 but on the south and east it is so surrounded, as to atford no correct 
 
159 
 
 view of the edifice from those points. The western front is well 
 seen from the opposite bank of the river, and there the distance is 
 such as to prevent the alterations of detail, which have at various 
 periods taken place during the repair, from operating to the disadvan- 
 tage of the view. 
 
 The general character of the largest portion of this Cathedral is 
 Norman, of a very bold character, but there have been additions and 
 insertions of all the later styles. The Chapel of Galilee, or, as it is 
 sometimes called, the Lady Chapel, is of a later character of Norman 
 than the nave. The eastern portion of the choir, which is called the 
 Chapel of the Nine Altars, is Early English, with a large Decorated 
 window at the north end of this building. The large west window, 
 and that of the north transept, are also of Decorated character and 
 rich composition. There are also many windows in various parts of 
 the Cathedral, of Decorated and Perpendicular tracery inserted in 
 the openings, of Earlier date. The two western towers are Norman 
 below, and the upper portions later, with an intermixture of semicir- 
 cular and pointed arches ; to these towers, during the late repair, 
 pinnacles, and a pierced battlement of a Perpendicular character, have 
 been added. The great central tower, which is very lofty, is Perpett' 
 diciilar above the nave, but has the Norman piers and arches below. 
 The upper story of this tower is short, and the one below it very 
 lofty, with long windows ; this gives to the former an appearance of 
 being an addition. The whole of this tower has been repaired. 
 
 The interior of the church suffers in elFect from the circumstances 
 of its situation not permitting a western entrance, and also from the 
 galilee being entirely divided from the nave, and only entered by a 
 small door ; but the nave being magnificent in its proportions, and 
 very bold in its details, with the central tower open to a great height, 
 the whole effect of this portion of the Cathedral is exceedingly fine. 
 
 The organ screen is very elaborately carved in oak, now almost 
 black from age, and of a style by no means harmonizing with the 
 church, being of Italian character, and the very dark colour contrast- 
 ing with the whiteness of the nave, terminates abruptly the view. 
 The eastern arch of the choir is Early English, and the mode of 
 ornamenting the pier of union between this style and the Norman, 
 has a good effect. The altar screen is an admirable assemblage of 
 Early Perpendicular tabernacle work, which harmonizes well with 
 the screen work of the Bishop's throne erected over the magnificent 
 tomb of Bishop Hatfield. 
 
 The Chapel of the Nine Altars forms an eastern transept, which 
 extends north and south one arch beyond the aisles of the choir, 
 and is a remarkably fine specimen of rich Early English composition ; 
 the east window is a rich wheel, the other windows lancets, with in- 
 serted tracery, mostly of Perpendicular character. The groins of the 
 nave and choir are Early English, the latter of later character than 
 the former. 
 
160 
 
 There are considerable remains of the conventual buildings, but 
 in various parts repaired and modernised. The chapter house, a fine 
 Norman structure, has been pulled down ; the cloisters are of Per- 
 pendicular date. The ancient kitchen, a fine octagon, with plain but 
 very beautiful groining, remains in use, attached to the Deanery. 
 
 From the opposite side of the river, the galilee, and the conventual 
 buildings form an interesting group, having bold buttresses and 
 ancient walling towards the river. 
 
 This magnificent Cathedral has been shortly described, because 
 there is now drawn up by that excellent antiquarian, the Rev. James 
 Raine, M.A., a most valuable Guide to the Cathedral, from the 
 monastic remains under his care as Librarian, and it is to be wished 
 that every Cathedral had such a description. 
 
 The Castle at Durham is the Bishop's Palace, and consists of 
 the keep, now in ruins, and a large mass of buildings of almost every 
 date, from Norman to the present time ; the Bishop Barrington 
 opened some fine interior doors, and other Norman work hereto- 
 fore hid, but the largest portion of the interior is fitted up in a style 
 subsequent to the time of Queen Elizabeth. The front to the river 
 retains much of its ancient appearance, and presents, in combination 
 with the Cathedral, and other adjacent buildings, a group of irregular 
 but very bold character, scarcely equalled in England. 
 
 The ancient Bridge over the Wear, near the Castle, is deserving 
 of attention. 
 
 The Church at Auckland St. Andrew, is a fine specimen of 
 Early English. It has a west tower, nave, aisles, transepts, and 
 chancel, and a south porch. The piers are alternately clustered and 
 octagonal, with good arch mouldings At an early period the cleres- 
 tory has been put on, and various lancet windows stopt to insert 
 larger ones. The porch has good groining. There is a good plain 
 wood roof to part of the church, and a wooden efiigy of a crusader. 
 There are some good Perpendicular stalls in the chancel. 
 
 Bishop Wearmoutii Church now appears a modern building: 
 the chancel is ancient, the east window Early Decorated. 
 
 Brancepath Church has a tower which is of Norman or Early 
 English character ; the piers and arches are all Early English ; the 
 chancel, the clerestory, and some other portions, are Perpendicular. 
 There is some wood screen work, and an old oak chest. 
 
 The Church of Chester-le-Street has a handsome tower and 
 spire, the lower part Early English, with a Perpendicular west door 
 and window inserted ; above the tower is a lantern and tall spire. 
 The interior of the church, and many Avindows, have been modern- 
 ised, but there are still some ancient features remaining, and a small 
 portion of stained glass. In the north aisle are many monuments to 
 the Lumley family. 
 
 Tlie Church of Dalton-le-Dale is a small edifice, with a small 
 bell gable with a double pointed arch. The general character of the 
 
161 
 
 church is Early English, with flat buttresses and lancet windows, and 
 the small buttress under the east window so common in that style. 
 There is a Norman door, now closed, on the north side. 
 
 In the chancel is a fine altar tomb, with an effigy, and another 
 with a female effigy, much mutilated. 
 
 Darlington Church is a large and fine cross Church, and, 
 except the east end, which has been rebuilt, and the spire, which is 
 also modern, is not much altered in its exterior appearance ; but the 
 interior is sadly blocked up with modern screens and galleries, so 
 that the shape of the church is very imperfectly seen. Its character 
 is Early English ; some portions very early, appearing almost of 
 Norman character ; the west end, and ends of the north and south 
 transepts, are fine pieces of Early English composition ; the doors 
 are plain, but good ; the windows of the aisles of the nave are of 
 two lights, square-headed, and of Decorated character. 
 
 In the chancel are three stone stalls, rising eastward, of a date 
 considerably later than the walls of the chancel. 
 
 Hartlepool is a large and curious Church, principally of Early 
 English character ; the tower has very large and bold flying but- 
 tresses, to keep it from a greater inclination than it seems to have 
 very early attained. The south door has late Norman enrichments, 
 and although the chancel has been shortened, and various modern 
 alterations made, the whole Church deserves attentive examination. 
 
 Houghton-le-Spring is a large cross Church, with a tower at 
 the intersection ; there are some portions Early English, and some 
 Decorated ; there are some lancet windows in the south transept, 
 and the east and west windows have fine Decorated tracery. There 
 is a mutilated effigy now set upright in the south transept, and in the 
 same part is the monument of the celebrated Bernard Gilpin, who 
 died in 1585 ; it is a good specimen of the mixture of Gothic and 
 Italian forms and mouldings which prevailed at that time ; it is an 
 altar tomb, with panelled sides. 
 
 Jarrow Church was very much altered about forty years ago, 
 but it still retains some curious Norman features, particularly the 
 tower standing on the north side. There is an inscription on a stone, 
 stating the original Church to have been built in A.D. 685, but this 
 stone is not now in its original situation, and affords no proof of the 
 date of the present Church. Adjacent to the Church are some re- 
 mains of the buildings of Jarrow Priory. 
 
 Monk Wearmouth Church has had nearly all its ancient features 
 obliterated by modern alteration, but its tOAver is Norman, and of 
 very rude execution. A south door has very good mouldings, of 
 Decorated character. 
 
 Norton Church has some Norman, and some Early English 
 portions, with various later windows inserted. There is in this 
 Church a fine monumental effigy, the details of which are remark- 
 ably good. 
 
162 
 
 PiTTiNGTON is a cuTious Church, with the piers on the north side 
 Norman, and twisted like those at Orford, in Suffolk ; the arches 
 enriched. The piers and arches of the south side are later ; the 
 tower is Early English, or late Norman. In the church-yard is the 
 effigy of a cross-legged knight. The windows of the Church have 
 been mostly modernised. 
 
 Ryton Church has a tower and spire, and is mostly of Early 
 English character, with various later windows inserted The chancel 
 has good buttresses, some lancet windows, and a curious round- 
 headed Early two-light window on the south side. There are some 
 stalls, and a portion of screen work in the chancel. 
 
 Staindrop Church has some portions of Early English ; the 
 piers tine, with some semicircular arches. The tower opens to the 
 nave and south aisle. The aisles have some Decorated windows, and 
 those of the clerestory and chancel are of Perpendicular character. 
 The tower has a large square staircase turret, and is very plain. 
 There is a good south door of plain mouldings, and a plain porch, 
 with stone ribs for the ceiling. The chancel has some good stone 
 stalls, and a fine monument of Decorated character, having a canopy 
 and flat segmental arch, with good mouldings. 
 
 There is also a very rich monument of later date, and very delicate 
 execution, to the memory of Ralph Neville, Earl of Westmoreland, 
 and his wives. 
 
 The Church of St. Oswald-im-Elvet, Durham, was a fine one 
 partly Early English, and partly Decorated, but it is now so shaken 
 by coal mines, that it is shut up, and must be taken down. 
 
 Of Churches with Norman portions may be enumerated — Ayclifl'', 
 Billingham, Durham St. IMargaret, St. Giles, Easington, Hart, 
 Heighington, Merrington, Redmarshall, and Seaham. 
 
 Early English Churches are — ConiscliflFe, Durham St. Nicholas, 
 Lantchester, IVIedomsley, and Sockburn. 
 
 Besides the Decorated Churches and portions described, may be 
 noticed the churches of Kellow, and Sedgetield. 
 
 The Perpendicular Churches are — Auckland St. Helens, Durham 
 St. Mary-le-Bow, and Egglescliflfe. 
 
 The mixed churches — Barnard Castle, Gainford, Gateshead, Stran- 
 ton, and West Bowden. 
 
 Of the Monastic edifices there are some remains : — 
 
 St. Edmund's Hospital, Gateshead. The chapel is unroofed, 
 but the walls remain a beautiful specimen of Early English, of very 
 fine composition. 
 
 BeAurepair Abbey has some remains of good Early English 
 character, with later insertions. 
 
 FiNCHALE Abbey has some Decorated remains, and some portions 
 of earlier date, with two fine lancet windows. 
 
 Lindisfarne, or Holy Island, has the ruins of a magnificent 
 Norman church, of which the west end, and various other portions 
 remain, and are deserving of attentive examination. 
 
163 
 
 The adjacent Castle of Bamborough has a fine Norman keep. 
 
 Barnard Castle, though much in ruins, has several portions 
 deserving attention. 
 
 Brancepath Castle has been added to, and the interior mostly 
 rebuilt, but a portion of the ancient exterior remains. 
 
 Raby Castle retains most of its original exterior, but the 
 interior and many of the windows are modernised. The ancient hall 
 with a carriage road through it, remains, and, except colouring, in 
 nearly its original state. It is a magnificent hall, with two rows 
 of octagonal piers, and a fine groined roof. 
 
 HiLTONS and Lumley Castles have also some ancient portions 
 remaining. 
 
 Amongst the buildings of Sherburne Hospital there did remain 
 one of the finest Early English rooms in the kingdom, Avith a roof 
 peculiarly adapted for modern imitation, and which ought to have 
 been saved, even at some cost, but it was destroyed, and cannot be 
 restored ; what will be done to the chapel, once a fine specimen of 
 about the same date, remains to be seen. The author did remonstrate 
 against this destruction, but without effect. 
 
 Dedham Church is a Perpendicular edifice, with a fine west 
 tower, and a large north porch. The tower has a door on its north 
 side, and has octagonal turrets, with rich pinnacles, and a panelled 
 battlement. 
 
 Great Dunmow Church has some Decorated and some Perpendi- 
 cular portions ; the east window is a fine Decorated one of five lights. 
 
 Dunmow Priory, now the Church of Little Dunmow, is the 
 remains of the east end of the original church ; it has some good 
 Decorated windows, and some of -its parts appear to be of earlier date. 
 
 Greenstead Church is a very curious edifice ; it is very small, 
 and the nave is constructed of trunks of trees, (oak or chesnut.) 
 They are roughly hewn, and plastered inside ; are let into a wooden 
 sill at bottom, and into a plate at top, and secured by wooden pins. 
 There is a wooden steeple at the west end, and there is one principal 
 in the roof of the church, but these do not appear so old as the 
 wooden sides. The chancel is partly of brick, and a door and win- 
 dow have some good mouldings in brick-work. 
 
 This church has usually been considered of great antiquity, and 
 from the mode of its construction, it would not be easy to repair it 
 partially. It does not resemble the wooden edifices of Cheshire, and 
 some of the midland counties, but is wholly a wall of upright trunks 
 of trees, so that it may be of a date soon after the Conquest, as at 
 any much later period it would most likely have carried with it some 
 kind of architectural arrangement, from whence a date might be 
 inferred. 
 
164 
 
 East Ham Church has also a semicircular east end; the church is 
 small, with a low tower, of which the lower part is Norman, as are 
 part of the walls of the church and chancel ; on the north side of the 
 latter are three plain intersecting arches. The windows of the church 
 are of later date, and some modern. 
 
 Harlowbury Chapel, now a barn, has a fine semicircular headed 
 door, the shafts of which have capitals like those of the Gallilee at 
 Durham ; there are some small windows with round heads, and some 
 with pointed heads. 
 
 Castle Hedingham Church is a curious edifice, particularly the 
 chancel, the east end of which is a fine specimen of the mixture of 
 outline and details, which accompanied the gradual formation of the 
 Early English style. This east end consists of three windows with 
 shafts, and a circular one over them. The interior appearance of the 
 lower windows has a Norman character, the arches being round, and 
 partly ornamented with the billet moulding ; the shafts are small, and 
 have an Early English character, but with the Norman square abacus. 
 The arches of the actual windows are pointed at the glass, and have 
 on the outside an Early English appearance, with shafts, and the 
 central one, a regular dripstone ; but here is a Norman mixture, the 
 abacus of the shafts running as an impost string along the wall. 
 Under these windows is a string, below which there are two small 
 buttresses with bases — a common feature in Early English east ends. 
 The buttresses of the chancel are plain Norman buttresses, of small 
 projection. The circular Avindow is of more complete Early English 
 character, but it has round arch divisions about the central plain 
 circle. Wherever these instances of mixtue and transition of style 
 are found, they should be carefully examined. 
 
 Little Maplestead Church is a building of great interest, 
 being the latest of the few round churches in the kingdom ; it is of 
 pure Decorated character, and its details plain, but very good. The 
 interior has six piers, which have each three shafts set round a triangle; 
 the mouldings of the arches, and those of the capitals and bases are 
 plain, but very good ; the arches running to the outside wall spring 
 from plain corbels. There is an eastern portion, forming the chancel, 
 of similar character. The windows are mostly of two lights, with 
 good mouldings. The west entrance is under a wooden porch, of 
 later character than the church, and is an arched doorway, the archi- 
 trave of which has two slopes cut into beautiful square flowers : it has 
 also an enriched dripstone, terminating in a small finial. The chancel 
 end of this church is semicircular, and is probably the latest erection 
 of that form in England. This is the smallest of the round churches, 
 the diameter of the circular part being only about 26 feet, and the 
 whole length of the church and chancel little more than 60 feet. The 
 eastern semicircular part seems more ancient tlian the rest of the 
 church. 
 
 Newport Church is a handsome Perpendicular edifice, with a 
 good tower, and large south porch. 
 
165 
 
 South Ockendon Church is curious for a round tower, not very 
 common, except in Norfolk, in which county they are more numerous. 
 They have usually been considered as of very early date, but there are 
 many which carry pretty strong marks of a date hardly admissible as 
 Norman. This church has a very elaborate Norman door, with the 
 enrichments varied and very well executed ; but part of its details are 
 such as almost to entitle it to be considered Early English. 
 
 Prittlewei>l is a handsome Church, with a fine Perpendicular 
 tower, having good buttresses, panelled battlements, and four rich 
 pinnacles. 
 
 Saffron Walden. This is a large and very elegant specimen of 
 Late Perpendicular. It has a nave and aisles, large south porch, and 
 a chancel and aisles. The clerestory windows of the nave are very 
 large, and of six lights ; those of the chancel, which has a lower roof, 
 are much smaller, and two in each arch. The eastern end of the nave 
 is finished by two octagonal turrets, with crocketed ogee heads. The 
 windows of the aisles are very large, filling up the spaces close to the 
 buttresses, and they are mostly square-headed. The belfry story of 
 the tower has been rebuilt with a lofty crocketed spire. The interior 
 of this church is very fine, the piers being remarkably light and 
 elegant. 
 
 Thaxted Church is also a large and fine church of Perpendicular 
 character, but of earlier date than Saffron Walden. It has a tower, 
 with a very rich crocketed spire. The spire has a fine panelled band 
 under the battlements, and flying buttresses to the spire. The nave 
 is curious, being not so Avide as either of the aisles. There is a large 
 south porch much enriched. IMost of the buttresses of the aisles are 
 enriched with panelling, and have fine pinnacles Some of the win- 
 dows are square-headed. The tracery of some of the windows has 
 been much mutilated. This church had, at one time, a considerable 
 portion of fine stained glass, which has, however, long been gradually 
 diminishing in quantity. 
 
 Thundersley is a small church, with short, round and octagon 
 piers, some flowered capitals, and pointed arches, of plain slopes. 
 This is an instance of mixed form and character, Norman and Early 
 Eno-lish ; the ornaments of the capitals are varied. 
 
 TiLTEV Church, or Chapel, is the remains of the east end of the 
 Priory Church, and is a remarkably fine specimen of Decorated work ; 
 it has bold buttresses at the east angles, with two rich niches, in a 
 situation rather curious, being partly on the buttresses and partly on 
 the wall. The east window is a very beautiful one, of five lights, with 
 peculiarly elegant tracery. There is also a fine window, of three 
 lights, on the north side. The wall, up to the string under the win- 
 dows, is chequered with flint and stone. There are some rich stalls, 
 in the chancel. 
 
 Waltham Abbey Church is a large and fine Norman structure, 
 comprising only the nave of the original church. The piers axe round 
 
166 
 
 and massive, and have indents of wave and zigzag lines on some of 
 them ; the arches are semicircuhir, with zigzag enrichments. The 
 triforium arch is one simple bold arch, those of the clerestory have 
 three openings ; in the centre ones, which are the largest, the win- 
 dows are pierced, one over each great arch. The great arch of the 
 cross, now walled up, is a very fine one. The two arches westward, 
 have been altered, and have pointed arches. The tower is of much 
 later date, and there are some additional buildings on the south side, 
 now used as vestries, which have some beautiful and very well 
 executed portions of Decorated Avork. There are various inserted 
 windows, of different dates. This church deserves very attentive 
 examination, as its date may be considered as clearly fixed to within 
 a very few years of the Conquest. 
 
 Tkinitv Church Coi^chester is curious for its tower, which 
 has a small portion of brick with plaster mouldings, evidently belong- 
 ing to a period before the conquest ; the rest of the church is mostly 
 Perpendicular. 
 
 As exhibiting Norman features may be noticed Braxted, Copford, 
 Great Bentley, Hadleigh, Hadstock, Hatfield Peverell, Middleton, 
 Rainham, and South Ockendon. 
 
 The Early English Churches are — Braintree, Little Chesterford, 
 Maiden All Saints, Quendon, Ugley, and Widford. 
 
 The Decorated list contains Bradfield, Earls Colne, Fifield, Hals- 
 tead. Little Raine, and Rayleigh. 
 
 Perpendicular Churches are — Barking, Bocking, Brentwood, Canew- 
 den, Chelmsford, Chingford, Coggeshall, Great Oakley, Layer IMarney, 
 Little Chishall, and North Weald. 
 
 The mixed Churches are more numerous, and few in this county 
 are without some mixture : — Borley, Chigwell, Childerditch, Epping, 
 Fast Horndon, Finchingfield, Great Bardfield, Great Chesterford, 
 Grays Thurrock, Hatfield Broadoak, Hornchurch, Littlebury, Little 
 Horkesley, Liston, JMaldon St. IMary, Netteswell, Panfield, Rumford, 
 South Weald, Stifford, Upminster, Walthamstow, and West Ham- 
 
 The monastic remains of this county are rather numerous, but 
 consist, in most instances, of very small portions. 
 
 Bei>eigh Abbey has some Perpendicular remains, and some por- 
 tions of earlier date. 
 
 BvcKNACRE Priorv. These remains are principally composed of 
 the central arches of the church, and a small portion of Avail adjacent; 
 they are of very late Norman, or Early Englisli character. 
 
 Barking Abbey Gate remains ; it has a large octagon turret at 
 one corner, and a niche over the Gate, under a three-light windoAv. 
 
 Of Coggeshall Abbey there are several portions remaining ; the 
 exterior has some good plain lancet windoAvs, and the interior some 
 good groining and AvindoAvs, Avith shafts. 
 
 St. Botolph's Priory, Colchester, is the remains of a large 
 church, Avith many bricks built in, supposed to be taken from the 
 
167 
 
 Roman buildings of that station. The west end has a central door, 
 and one on the south side, with fine deep Norman arches, and over 
 these are two rows of intersecting arches. Of the interior there 
 remain several piers and arches, massive and plain. The piers are 
 round, and the triforium arches, large and plain, like those at Wal- 
 tham Abbey. 
 
 St. John's Abbey Gate, Colchester, is a handsome structure, 
 of Perpendicular character, built of flint and stone. 
 
 The small remains of Latton Priory, now a barn, show it to have 
 contained some good decorated work. 
 
 Lees Priory has a gatehouse remaining, of Perpendicular cha- 
 racter. 
 
 Of the Priory at St. Osyth, there are very considerable remains, 
 and the gatehouse exhibits a fine specimen of flint work, intermix-ed 
 with stone, so common in Norfolk. There are also some fine orna- 
 mented chimneys. 
 
 Stratford Abbey has a small arch remaining, which has been a 
 very beautiful Early English entrance, but now much mutilated. 
 
 Some of the buildings of Waltham Abbey remain ; particularly 
 a fine gate, with a postern, which have very good mouldings. 
 
 Of castellated remains may be enumerated Colchester Castle, 
 of which some very good Norman portions still exist. 
 
 Hadleigh Castle, of which portions of two towers are the prin- 
 cipal remains ; and 
 
 Hedingham Castle, one of the finest and best preserved of the 
 Norman keeps, in which there are many fine Norman enrichments, 
 and the building generally deserves attentive examination. 
 
 There are several domestic remains in this county well deserving 
 attention; many of them are of ornamented brick- work. Of these 
 may be noticed Beckingham Gate, in the parish of Tolleshunt 
 Major ; — Eastbury House, near Barking ; — some portions of Gos- 
 field Hall ; — Horham Hall, a very fine old house, with several 
 large and elegant oriel windows; — Heron Hall, and Nether Hall, 
 both ruins, but curious for the brick-work , Layer Marney Hall, 
 one of the most curious specimens of ancient brick- work remaining ; — 
 Panfield Hall, built in 1546; — Toppinghoe Hall, and Little 
 Warley Hall. 
 
 The remains of the Hospital at Audley End, though much dila- 
 pidated, still retains some ancient features. 
 
 Gloucester Cathedral. Although this edifice is connected with 
 other buildings to the north, and the eastern parts are much hidden 
 by adjacent houses and walls, yet the principal part of the south side 
 and the west end are open, and a tolerably good south-west view of 
 
168 
 
 the building is obtained, which gives a proper effect to the very fine 
 tower in the centre. 
 
 The basis of this church is Norman, and of this date is the princi- 
 pal part of the nave, most of the walls of the transepts, the crypts 
 under the choir, the aisles of the choir, and some other parts ; but 
 the singular intermixture of other styles with the remaining Norman 
 portions, and particularly the boldness with which the Perpendicular 
 additions have been made, form its principal claims to attention. The 
 Norman fabric appears to have been a complete cross church, with 
 a multangular east end, a cr\qit under the choir, and multangular 
 chapels projecting from the aisles. This form is still preserved, but 
 the Perpendicular additions are so managed, as to give the choir above 
 an eastern finish nearly square ; these alterations, and the junction 
 with the Lady Chapel, (a Perpendicular eastern addition,) give rise to 
 many very curious forms of groining, and other parts which are 
 deserving of great attention. Hardly any of the Norman windows 
 remain unaltered ; some of the windows of the south aisle of the nave 
 are of Decorated date ; nearly all the other windows are Perpendicu- 
 lar insertions. The nave has seven semicircular arches, with the 
 original plain massive Norman pier, but the two western arches and the 
 west end are Perpendicular. The Norman arches have the original 
 triforium, with some zigzag and other enrichments ; the clerestory 
 Avindows of the nave are Perpendicular insertions. The nave and its 
 aisles are groined in several different modes, but principally plain, 
 except the two western arches, which have rich tracery and many 
 bosses. Connected with the piers of the Norman tower and choir, 
 and joined to their various portions in a singular yet beautiful man- 
 ner, is the very magnificent and highly enriched choir in which the 
 ancient Norman forms are still preserved ; but as it was laced over 
 with Perpendicular tracery of excellent character, this enrichment 
 covers also the walls of the transepts, so as to present from the choir, 
 (which extends west of the cross,) a view peculiarly imposing. The 
 aisles of the choir have the original low Norman groining, and the 
 triforium portion is so large as to afford a second height of chapels, 
 which look down into the choir through the open Perpendicular 
 screen-work ; and these upper chapels are connected by a curious 
 passage, or whispering gallery, which is carried round the east win- 
 dow outside, and over the passage into the Lady Chapel. These 
 chapels in the aisle, both above and below, are enriched with many 
 small niches, and other portions of different dates. 
 
 The Lady Chapel is a very rich and elaborate eastern appendage to 
 the choir, and partiallj'- visible from it through the screen-work, which 
 becomes in its upper part the east window of the choir, and over the 
 nltar-screen, which is modern. As the roof of the choir rises higher 
 than that of the nave, there is room for a flat window in the arch over 
 that into the nave ; this admission of light, in a mode not very com- 
 mon, has a fine effect. 
 
169 
 
 On the intersection of the cross rises the central tower, which is 
 one of the finest specimens of an enriched Perpendicular tower in the 
 kingdom, and it appears to have been the original design from whence 
 the many rich towers of the western counties have been more or less 
 derived, few of which come near it in point of beauty, and none 
 exceed it in harmony and excellence of composition. 
 
 Of the usual attached buildings, this cathedral has many, and 
 together with the prebendal buildings erected on ancient sites, the 
 Bishop's palace, and some ancient gates, they cover a considerable 
 extent of ground, mostly north of the church. Of these buildings, 
 the first and most important is the cloister, which is very large, and 
 remarkably rich ; it is of Perpendicular date, with very rich fan 
 tracery groining. The window tracery is all perfect and glazed, and 
 the whole, including the Lavatories, in very good condition.- — The 
 doorway, at the north-east corner, covers another doorway of Early 
 English date, and of very fine mouldings : it leads to a groined pas- 
 sage of the same character, and this passage to a second small cloister, 
 which is, in its present state, of later date than the great cloister ; 
 but it is so surrounded by ancient edifices, now variously altered and 
 modernised, that there is little doubt but that the present building is a 
 re-edification, on an older site. On the east side of the great cloister 
 are two or three Norman buildings, with later additions, one of which 
 is the library or chapter house, the eastern portion of which is 
 Perpendicular, with rich groining. The deanery, and some other of 
 the ecclesiastical residences, have various ancient features remaining, 
 and to the close is a fine Early English gate, well deserving attentive 
 examination, though much mutilated. East of the small cloister are 
 some remains of what appears to have been the Infirmary chapel, now 
 built up amidst modern houses. 
 
 The interior of the cathedral is deserving of very great attention, 
 for the excellence and variety of monuments, small portions, and 
 details. Of these, a few may be noticed more particularly. In the 
 north transept is a small Early English edifice, which is now a vestry, 
 and appears always to have been appropriated to that service, or the 
 safe custody of vestments, &c. ; it is of Early English character, and 
 remarkably elegant in its form, proportions, and details, the interior 
 groining, &c. being finished with as much care as the exterior. 
 
 In the north aisle of the choir is the monument of King Edward II. 
 which is, perhaps, the finest specimen of Decorated Tabernacle work 
 extant ; its composition is very fine, and peculiarly light and rich ; its 
 details, of great beauty, and finished with the utmost care. The 
 efligy is a fine one. 
 
 There are several other later monuments deserving examination. 
 
 In the Lady Chapel there has been an altar piece, of very great 
 delicacy, but of which a large portion has been cut away to put up a 
 wooden screen, on the removal of which the remains of this excellent 
 piece of workmanship were discovered. It is composed of very fine 
 
170 
 
 niches, and retains in different parts portions of its original painting 
 and guilding. 
 
 A modern organ-screen has lately been erected in the room of one 
 of barbarous composition, erected in the last century. The present is 
 composed from some ancient portions of screen-work, and the other 
 parts are carefully imitated from different analogous portions of the 
 edifice. 
 
 There are various remains of good stone screen-work in the choir, 
 some of the chapels, and the stalls, and some other wood-work in 
 the choir are of good character. 
 
 In some of the windows there are considerable portions of ancient 
 stained glass ; but as these are in the Lady Chapel and the east and 
 west windows, they have not a very great effect on the church 
 generally. 
 
 On the whole, this cathedral and its adjacent edifices affords to 
 the architectural student a course of practical study, equal to almost 
 any in point of curiosity, and peculiarly valuable for its singular mix- 
 tures and adaptations. 
 
 Tewksbury Church is one of the most curious and magnificent 
 edifices in the county. The nave is Norman, the piers round, and 
 very lofty; at the intersection of the cross, is a very fine Norman tower, 
 adorned with arches both within and without in several stages. The 
 choir has a multangular east end with additional chapels and a chapter- 
 house, all of excellent Decorated character, the windows of the aisle and 
 transepts, are some Decorated and some Perpendicular. The west 
 window is Perpendicular, inserted into a very lofty Norman arch of 
 great depth with shafts and mouldings. The clerestory windows of 
 the nave are inserted in the Norman arcade ; those of the clioir are of 
 fine Decorated tracery, with considerable remains of ancient stained 
 glass. There are some traces of the cloisters remaining on the south 
 side of the nave ; they were Perpendicular and very rich. There are 
 several portions of very good wood screen-work and stalls. 
 
 Deerhurst is a very curious Church. The tower has built up 
 with it the remains of an edifice, apparently of an older date, and 
 there are two small windows from the tower into the nave, of a very 
 rude character. There are various Norman portions about the church ; 
 some Early English, and considerable Decorated portions, particu- 
 larly windows, of which there are some very good. There is also some 
 Perpendicular work, principally in the south aisle. There are a few 
 ancient wood benches, and small remains of good stained glass. This 
 Church joins the priory, now a farm-house, and is deserving of very 
 minute examination, from its singular mixture of parts and styles 
 about the tower. 
 
 Elkstone Church is small, but has a very handsome Late Per- 
 pendicular tower, opening into the nave. The chancel is very curious, 
 having some fine Norman groining, and enriched arches, with a stair- 
 case leading to a chamber over it, which has no apparent opening to 
 
171 
 
 the nave, but a lancet window eastward. The walls of the nave, and 
 the south door, are Norman, and the cornice of the nave enriched with 
 carved heads ; several later windows have been inserted in both nave 
 and chancel, but the east window, a small one, is a remarkably fine 
 specimen of Norman enrichment, both within and Avithout. In the 
 church is a handsome Perpendicular font, and the steps and base of a 
 good stone pulpit. 
 
 Henbury Church is curious for the great inclination of the 
 chancel to the north of the line of the nave. The general character 
 of the church is Early English, with some very good details ; there 
 are a few Decorated windows, and some Perpendicular insertions. 
 The Church has also many modern alterations. 
 
 Chkltenhaji Church, amidst various repairs and alterations, 
 contains some valuable portions. The Church is in form of a cross, 
 with nave and aisles, transepts, and chancel, and a tower and spire at 
 the intersection. There are piers of Early English date, and some 
 later ; much of the walls, and some of the windows, are of Decorated 
 character, and there is some Perpendicular work. The windows are 
 many of them curious ; in the north transept is a large circular win- 
 dow, and at the west end are some curious large windows, with 
 tracery, in which the Decorated and Perpendicular characters are 
 singularly mixed. In the eastern window, on the south side of the 
 chancel, is a very handsome water-drain, of Decorated character, and 
 not common shape ; it is set under the slope, at the east side of the 
 window, and is a square recess, with buttresses, and an arch on the 
 east and north sides, with a good crocketed canopy ; it has an embat- 
 tled top, and the under side of this top is groined. 
 
 Fairford Church is a large and handsome edifice, of Late Perpen- 
 dicular character, and all of one style, without alteration. It was built 
 to contain some fine stained glass windows, which still remain, every 
 window in the church being filled with it ; but though this glass has 
 very fine portions, its general eifect is not near equal to much ancient 
 glass, of inferior workmanship, from the pictorial divisions having no 
 reference to the tracery in many of the windows. It has also had 
 many transpositions and repairs, which renders some parts quite 
 unintelligible. The Church, however, deserves very attentive examin- 
 ation, its details being in many parts very fine. The tower is in the 
 centre, between the nave and chancel, and is open to them and the 
 side aisles ; this gives the church a fine effect in the interior. The 
 tower has had fine groining, once open to the church, but now closed 
 by a ringing floor, and mutilated. There are stalls in the chancel, and 
 a good font, of the date of the church, a very fine wood ceiling, and 
 some very good wood screen- work. 
 
 Cirencester. This magnificent Church, one of the largest and 
 finest in this country, is so closely surrounded by houses, that it is 
 difficult to examine its exterior, and except at the east end, no view 
 of the whole can be had. The church consists of a lofty west tower. 
 
J 72 
 
 n nave, aisles, and a north cliapel ; and a cliancel with two north 
 aisles, and one south aisle. There is also a large porch, or gate, on 
 the south side, which reaches to the street, and is joined by the houses 
 on each side. The whole of this church, except the chancel, and its 
 south aisle, is Perpendicular, but of several dates, the south porch 
 being the latest portion. The tower and nave, with its aisles, are of 
 very fine character, rich, but not overloaded with ornament. The 
 chancel, which is quite inclosed by modern wainscoting, is of Early 
 Decorated character, as is the south aisle ; and the piers, Avhich divide 
 these two portions, are Early English. The piers, on the north side 
 of the chancel, are later ; and the chapel, on the north side is very 
 narrow ; it has a very rich fan tracerj'^ roof. The piers and arches 
 of the nave are light and loftj', with good mouldings. The ceilings of 
 this part of the church are of wood, flat, Avith good mouldings. The 
 original stone pulpit, which is a very good one, of the date of this 
 part of the church, has been raised at a later period, with some stone 
 work, of very incongruous character, and is now almost hid by pews 
 and the reading-desk. The nave is open to the tower by a very fine 
 arch, and in the west window, (a fine one of five lights,) there is some 
 good stained glass ; the east window is also filled with ancient stained 
 glass. There is some remains of screen-work, both stone and Mood, 
 some good, and other parts inferior. There were some good brasses 
 on tombs, but they are now much mutilated. The porch forms a 
 very fine approach to the south door, and has one or more rooms over 
 it, now used for vestry meetings and other purposes ; it is very rich, 
 with fan tracery groining, has three large windows to the upper part, 
 and is crowned with pierced battlements and pinnacles. The work of 
 this porch, and the pierced battlement of the nave, is verj' delicate, 
 and considerably decayed or mutilated ; but the tower and the other 
 parts of the church are mostly in good preservation. 
 
 The Norman remains in this county are considerable and valuable, 
 as the following list will show, but there is great mixture in most of 
 the churches in this county ; — Amney St. ]\Iary, Ashchurch, Avening, 
 Barnwood, Bibury, Bishops Cleve, Bullj', Churcham, Eastleach St. 
 Martin, English Bicknor, Kempley, Lower Guiting, Lower Swell, 
 Maisemore, Michleton, Oddington, Ozleworth, Pauntley, Quening- 
 lon, Rangeworthy, Rudford, St. Briavels, Saintbury, Siddington St. 
 Mary, South Cerney, Upleadon, Upper Swell, Upton St. Leonard, 
 Welford, Withington, and Woolaston. 
 
 The Early English list is not so long : — Almondsbury, Beverstone, 
 Bitton, Down Amney, Gloucester St. Mary-de-lode and St. Nicholas, 
 Horfield, Kemmerton, IMaisey Hampton, Minchin Hampton, Newn- 
 ham, Stanley St. Leonard, Stone, and Temple Guiting. 
 
 The Decorated list is still shorter, Arlingham, Ashelworth, Badg- 
 worth, Corse, Filton, Frampton-on-Severn, Pucklechurch, Ruardene, 
 Shurdington, Standish and Tirley. 
 
 The Perpendicular list is more extensive, and amongst them some 
 
173 
 
 very fine churches — Bisley, Buckland, Campden, Chedworth, Cold 
 Ashton, Didbrook, Dyrham, Edgeworth, Gloucester St. IMary de 
 Crypt, Hawksbury, Iron Acton, Lechlade, Marshfield, North Cerney, 
 North Leach, Norton, Painswick, Thornbury, Westbury-on-Trim, 
 Westerleigh, Winchcombe and Woodchester. 
 
 The mixed list is still larger — Amney Crucis, Ashton-under-Hill, 
 Berkeley, Brockrup, Charfield, Cherrington, Churchdown, Clifford 
 Chambers, Croomhall, Eastleach Turville, Frampton Cotterill, Glou- 
 cester St. INIary IMagdalen, Harescombe, Hasfield, Hemstead New- 
 land, Quedgeley, Quinton, Rodborough, Slimbridge, Stanway, Stan- 
 ton, Stratton, Stonehouse, Swindon, Toddenham, Twining, Widford, 
 Willersey and Winterbourne. 
 
 Some few IMonastic remains may be noticed : — Of the Abbey at 
 Cirencester, only a gate-house remains; at Clearwell is a stone 
 cross ; at Deerhurst, are some remains of the Priory, particularly 
 a square-headed long window, much enriched with decorated tracery. 
 There are some remains of Hayles Abbey ; and at Lanthony 
 Abbey, near Gloucester, there is a gateway and some other buildings, 
 with a large barn. At Tewksbury the Abbey Gate is standing, 
 though much dilapidated. 
 
 Of Castles, there may be enumerated Berkley Castle, which 
 has many ancient portions remaining of various dates, and is deserv- 
 ing examination. 
 
 Beverstone Castle has some parts remaining of the ancient 
 fabric. The Castle of St. Briavels is almost entirely in ruins. 
 
 Of SuDELEY Castle the remains are considerable, and deserving 
 attentive examination. 
 
 Thornbury Castle, which was never completed, is a very mag- 
 nificent ruin ; the style is late Perpendicular, with good details. 
 
 There are various manorial and other houses of ancient date, in 
 different parts of the county. Of these may be mentioned, Ashel- 
 WORTH Manor House, near the Church, which retains several good 
 portions of ancient work, and Ashelavorth Vicarage, now a 
 farm-house, a remarkably fine specimen of wood-work. There are 
 also several ancient domestic edifices in the city of Gloucester, 
 some of stone, and others with very good wood work. 
 
 Down Amney Manor House, retains some ancient portions, and 
 good chimneys ; and there are some remains of good character about 
 the Manor House, near the Church at Stanbish. 
 
 Winchester Cathedral. — This Cathedral is so situated as to 
 afford better views of it than many others, yet, perhaps, not those 
 which would have been most desirable. The view from the north- 
 west corner is the best of the general elevation of the building. 
 
174 
 
 The east end is too much confined to afford a proper view of its 
 proportions. 
 
 The general character of the building was Norman ; the tran- 
 septs and centre tower are stiU of that style ; but the nave has 
 had its piers cased, and the appearance of its walls much altered by 
 the insertion of Perpendicular windows, the addition of Perpen- 
 dicular buttresses to the north aisle, and of a very magnificent 
 west front, with three porches, of a character not very common. 
 Some part of the eastern portion of the cross is Early English, 
 of a very beautiful character, which has had additions also of the 
 Perpendicular style, particularly the clerestory of the choir, and 
 various insertions of Perpendicular windows in walls of earlier date. 
 There are no additional buildings at present remaining to the service 
 of the Cathedral ; but the Prebendal Houses have various portions 
 of the monastic edifices mixed with modern erections, and one of the 
 gates is still in tolerable condition. 
 
 The Norman parts are of a bold, simple character, and well 
 executed. The tower is low and massive, rather more ornamented 
 above the roof, and that ornament very good. 
 
 The Early English parts are of different dates, some plain, others 
 more enriched, but all remarkable for the excellence of their details. 
 There is not much decidedly Decorated work, but the Perpendicular 
 of the nave is of an Early character, and singular for the boldness 
 of its details, arising most probably from the casing of the Nor- 
 man piers. The groining is varied in different parts of the church ; 
 that of the nave is remarkable for its intricacy and richness. In its 
 smaller structures, screens, and monumental chapels, and also in 
 stall work, this cathedral is very rich. The old screen fronting 
 eastward, at the back of the space behind the altar-screen, is a 
 most excellent piece of Decorated work, of very great delicacy of 
 execution. The altar-piece is of Late Perpendicular, and one of 
 the most elaborate specimens of that style. A new screen has 
 recently been erected at the western entrance of the choir, and some 
 alteration made in the arrangement of the ancient wood stalls, some 
 of which are very fine, and of a date earlier than sometimes met with. 
 
 Of Monumental Chapels, there are to be mentioned: — That of 
 William of Wykeham, in the nave, and those of Cardinal Beaufort, 
 and Bishops Wainflete, Fox, and Gardner ; they are all of very 
 elaborate composition, and of excellent execution, and give examples 
 of the Perpendicular style, from an early period to the time Avhen 
 it became much debased. The chapel of Bishop Edington, near the 
 choir, is of a different and less splendid character. 
 
 There are several smaller monumental erections, of earlier date, in 
 the Cathedral ; of which may be noticed the tombs of King William 
 Rufus and Bishop de Lucy. The screen, inclosing the eastern part 
 of the choir, is good Perpendicular, and on the top are placed several 
 mortuary chests, supposed to contain the bones of some Saxon kings. 
 
175 
 
 The font is large, and of Norman character ; it is covered with figures 
 and other ornaments, in a bold and rude style, both of design and 
 execution. 
 
 Under the choir and some adjacent portions, there is a crypt of 
 Norman character, with some alterations, of a later date. 
 
 This Cathedral, like Gloucester, exhibits a curious mixture or 
 casing of the Norman work, with Perpendicular alterations and 
 additions ; but the different mode of adapting the new work to the 
 old, and the great difference of the effect produced by the tAvo modes, 
 deserves very attentive examination. The contraction of the choir, 
 by a slope of the arch next the east window, is to be noticed here as 
 well as at Gloucester. This cathedral, including its smaller portions, 
 contains a remarkably fine and varied series of the Perpendicular style, 
 and the examples of the earlier styles, though not very diversified, 
 are of very good character. 
 
 Winchester College is deserving of a careful examination : 
 the buildings are mostly of Perpendicular character ; some are late in 
 that style, but parts are very good. 
 
 The Chapel, and a building in a court, now used as a library, 
 deserve particular attention. 
 
 The Hospital of St. Cross is a very curious structure, and its 
 chapel a very fine specimen of the gradual transition of the styles, 
 and some of the other buildings valuable of their kind. The entrance 
 gateway, built by Cardinal Beaufort, is of good design and execution, 
 not rich, but its composition very appropriate. The Chapel, or 
 ("hurch, as it is often called, is a Cross Church, having much of 
 Norman character in various parts ; but they are, as it were, softened 
 gradually into Early English, and at the west end, even to a Deco- 
 rated character, by such easy steps as to form a very valuable study. 
 There are also some curious insertions of later character, particularly 
 one of the piers in the chancel, which has every appearance of being 
 inserted by shoring up the arch above it. 
 
 Some of the piers are circular, some clustered ; some have mould- 
 ings, clearly of Norman character, and some with the mouldings, as 
 clearly Early English. Most of the arches of the nave and chancel 
 are pointed, and in the eastern part the windows are principally 
 Norman, with circular heads and zigzag ornaments. The font is 
 square, not much ornamented. There is a water-drain of a character 
 rather uncommon, and several other small portions, which are curious ; 
 also some stone screen-work. On the whole, this Church must be 
 seen to be duly appreciated. 
 
 Christchurch Twynam is the Priory Church, and is a large 
 and magnificent structure. The nave is Norman, of a bold and simple 
 character, with the clerestory of a later style. The north door is 
 Early English, and is a remarkably fine specimen of a double door of 
 that style. The chancel is principally of much later date, with some 
 fine Perpendicular windows, and other portions. The altar-screen is 
 
176 
 
 a very fine one, and there are some other portions of screen-work 
 remaining. There are several Chapels, mostly of Late Perpendicular 
 work, but of good execution. 
 
 RoMSEY Church is a large and curious edifice; it is a cross 
 church, with a low massive tower ; the general exterior appearance 
 Norman, of very good character, and much of il unaltered. The 
 west end is Early English, very plain outside, and its details accom- 
 modated to the Norman part ; but the inside of this western portion 
 is a very fine specimen of Early English, rich rather by composition 
 than minute ornament. The central portion and the transepts, with 
 the sides of the chancel, are Norman, showing various singularities 
 and mixtures of pointed and round arches. The eastern windows are 
 evidently inserted, and are fine ones, with early Decorated tracery, 
 and mouldings and ornaments of Early English character. The font 
 is a plain square one, with four panelled feet. Some portions of the 
 Norman part are much enriched with zigzag and other ornaments ; 
 other parts are much plainer. There are various windows, of later 
 date, inserted. 
 
 Norman churches are — Corhampton, East ]\Ieon, Porchester, 
 Southampton St. Michael, and Warneford, with Shalfleet, Whipping- 
 ham, Wooton and Yaverland, in the Isle of Wight. 
 
 Early English churches — Exton, Fareham, Itchen Stoke, Hamble- 
 den, Selbourne, and Silchester, with Calbourne, in the Isle of Wight. 
 
 Decorated churches — Compton and Soberton. 
 
 Perpendicular churches — Alton, Basingstoke, and the ruined 
 Chapel of the Holy Ghost and Bramshot, with Carisbrooke and I\Iot- 
 teston in the Isle of Wight. 
 
 Few of the above lists are without some mixture, but the more 
 mixed churches are — Beaulieu, Fordingbridge, Portsmouth, and Ring- 
 wood, with Binsted, Chale, Godshill, and WhiteweU, in the Isle of 
 Wight. 
 
 Of the monastic remains in this county, may be mentioned a small 
 portion of Hyde Abbey, in Winchester, and the beautiful ruins of 
 Netley Abbey ; these are extensive, and exhibit some very excel- 
 lent specimens of Early English composition, the details being re- 
 markably good, and the general eflfect very beautiful. 
 
 Of castellated work, may be noticed the interesting remains of 
 WoLVESEY Castle, in the suburbs of Winchester, some of the 
 details being very curious, though the whole is now much mutilated 
 and dilapidated. 
 
 Carisbrooke Castle has an entrance gateway, and some other 
 portions deserving of attention ; nor should the curious Well in this 
 castle be forgotten. 
 
 The West Gate at Winchester deserves examination. 
 
 At Bishops Waltham are considerable remains of the ancient 
 Palace of the bishops of Winchester. 
 
177 
 
 Hereford Cathedral. — This edifice is better situated than many 
 other Cathedrals ; a good western, northern, and eastern view being 
 easily obtained ; and the south side is clear, except the cloisters and 
 other additional buildings placed on that side, and joining to various 
 prebendal houses and other edifices, partly ancient. The nave of this 
 Cathedral is Norman, and some other parts are of the same style, but 
 later date, and the eastern portions have much Early English mixed 
 with the Norman. The transepts and Lady Chapel are of the Early 
 English style, with small additions and insertions, of later date. 
 
 The nave had a tower at the west end, which fell down in the year 
 1786, and the west end was rebuilt in a diiferent style, and shortened 
 by one arch. 
 
 The piers of the nave are circular and very massive ; the triforium 
 and clerestory have been altered at the time of the repair. The north 
 transept is used as a separate church, and fitted up as such ; its 
 character is very rich Early English, with windows of very large 
 dimensions, and of early decorated character. The triforium of this 
 portion is remarkably beautiful, and the clerestory windows circular 
 trefoils, inclosed in triangles. The old Lady Chapel, now the library, 
 is also a fine specimen of Early English, but of different character ; 
 its eastern elevation originally very fine, but the stone very much 
 perished. The choir is rather deficient in light, from the smallness of 
 the clerestory windows, and from some very unsightly supports to the 
 tower arches into the transepts. There are several Perpendicular 
 chapels added to different parts ; one south of the Lady Chapel, by 
 Bishop Audley, and one by Bishop Stanbury, in the north aisle of the 
 choir , both these are very rich. There are some large Perpendicular 
 windows inserted, principally on the south side. The cloisters are 
 only the north and east sides of a square, and are of good Perpen- 
 dicular character; there is also a second cloister to the eastward, of 
 inferior design ; between these was situated the ancient chapter-house, 
 of which only a few fragments remain ; but they are so excellent, 
 that the destruction of that building is very much to be regretted ; 
 it appears to have been of Decorated character, and very rich. 
 
 The font of this Cathedral is large, circular, and of Norman cha- 
 racter. There are many monuments, of various dates, some of which 
 are very fine : of these, may be noticed one at the north end of the 
 eastern transept ; Bishop Cantelupe's, in the north transept ; and 
 another rich one with efiigies, in the arch at the south end of the 
 aisle of this transept ; one in the south aisle of the choir, and one 
 to Bishop Booth, in the north aisle of the nave. On the north side 
 of the nave, a large open porch, with a room over it, of Perpendicular 
 character, has been added to the earlier porch, which projected from 
 the nave, and the whole now forms a very prominent feature in the 
 northern view. n 
 
178 
 
 The central tower had formerly a large spire, now taken down. 
 This tower was raised, most probably, on the Norman basis, and 
 perhaps is only a casing of part of it. Its appearance is bold and 
 massive ; the battlements and pinnacles were altered at the repair, 
 after the fall of the western tower. Although this cathedral by no 
 means equals many others, as a study for beginners, yet to the 
 farther advanced student, who can make good use of the examination 
 of mixtures and anomalies, it presents a valuable field. 
 
 Ledburv Church is a large and curious edifice ; the tower, which 
 has a lofty modern spire, on a base of Early English character, is 
 separated from the church, and does not appear to have ever adjoined 
 to any part of it. 
 
 The eastern portion, now the chancel, is Norman, and has some 
 curious short piers, on a sort of pedestal. The west front has a fine 
 Norman door in the centre, but above, the details are Early English, 
 with windows almost of a Decorated character. The porch, on the 
 north side, is good Early English, and most of the windows of the 
 sides are very large, and of a character which may be considered as a 
 transition from Early English to Decorated. The east window is 
 later, and has some stained glass. The piers of the nave are of Per- 
 pendicular character. On the north side of the north aisle of the 
 chancel, is a chapel, forming a sort of transept ; it is of Decorated 
 character, and the architrave mouldings, and the hoUow of the mul- 
 lions are filled with the ball-shaped flower of that date ; the windows 
 have very good tracery, and under one of them is a door, with very 
 good mouldings. There is a little wood screen-work, and one fine 
 ancient monument, of very good Perpendicular character, in the 
 north aisle of the chancel. This church contains much of composi- 
 tion and detail, deserving of attentive study. 
 
 JMadley Church is a curious edifice, principally of Decorated 
 character; it has a multangular chancel, under which is a fine octa- 
 gonal crypt, with a central shaft and good groining. The windows 
 of the church are mostly of two liglits, but one at the east end of a 
 south chapel is a large one of five lights. At the Avest end is an 
 embattled toAver. 
 
 Leominster Church. — This Church also contains portions of 
 every style. The ancient part is of a plain but good Norman, and 
 the Decorated portion has considerable analogy to the chapel at 
 Ledbury, being ornamented in the same way with the ball- flower. 
 Tlie west front is a fine one shewing the tower with a small 
 building north of it ; then the fine west window, a rich Perpendicu- 
 lar one, of eight lights, with buttresses, something like the Avest 
 window of Gloucester Cathedral, and to the south, the west window 
 of the south aisle, a Decorated one, of four lights, with very elegant 
 tracery. The tower has its two lower stages, of late Norman, with 
 the arch of the door finely recessed ; the two upper stages are of 
 much later date. Some windows of the south side have been altered. 
 
179 
 
 and a part of the east end, which was burnt in 1699, has been rebuilt 
 in a style totally different from that of the rest of the church. This 
 church is of great breadth, nearly equal to its length. 
 
 Cannon Peon Church is a small building, with a nave, aisles^ 
 and chancel, some portions of late Norman or Early English character, 
 with later insertions There is some screen-work and ancient 
 benches ; and the font, which is large, appears to be a later top, 
 placed on an earlier base ; the top is ornamented with quaterfoils, and 
 is octagonal. 
 
 EwYAs Harrold is a small Church, with a massive tower, of 
 Early English character. 
 
 KiLPECK Church has some fine Norman portions. 
 
 Ross. — The situation of this Church is fine, and the general out- 
 line good, with a lofty spire ; but there is very little good work about 
 the church, from various alterations and repairs. Some of it is Per- 
 pendicular, but not of good character. 
 
 The Churches of Goodrich and Much Marcle are of mixed 
 styles, and contain some valuable portions. 
 
 In the City of Hereford are several Parish Churches, some of 
 which contain portions of ancient work, of good character. There 
 are some remains of the monastery of the Black Friars ; particu- 
 larly a Cross, which, though much decayed and mutilated, is still 
 deserving of examination. 
 
 Of castellated remains in this county, several may be noticed. — 
 Clifford Castle has some portions standing, though much ruin- 
 ated. — LoNGTOWN Castle has part of a circular keep remaining. 
 — Goodrich Castle is in ruins, but so much of its buildings remain, 
 and they are of such magnificence and variety, that they are well 
 worthy of attentive examination. 
 
 Wilton Castle, on the banks of the Wye, near Ross, has con- 
 siderable portions remaining, but principally of late date, and of parts 
 more adapted to domestic purposes than defence. 
 
 The Abbey Church of St. Alban This magnificent edifice 
 
 is as large as several of the Cathedrals, and contains a series of work 
 of almost every style and date, in its buildings or smaller portions. It 
 is a cross church, with a massive tower in the centre, and has had the 
 various adjacent buildings of the monastery, of which only a gate- 
 house remains. The tower, transepts, and some parts of the nave are 
 Norman, of a plain and bold character. The four western arches on 
 the north, and several more on the south side are Early English, of 
 which style are also the three western porches, of which only the 
 centre one retains its original use. The choir and Lady Chapel are of 
 a date later than the western part, and contain portions of a transi- 
 
180 
 
 tion from Early English to Decorated work. The screens, and some 
 monuments, and monumental chapels, present excellent specimens of 
 Perpendicular composition. The choir and some other portions are 
 groined, but the largest part of the church has plain flat ceilings, 
 which have been variously painted. Many windows of later date have 
 been inserted in different parts. On the south side, there are remains 
 of part of the cloisters, which appear to have been very handsome. 
 There are several small portions, a water-drain and other niches, of 
 very excellent design and execution ; and the whole church contains 
 so many singularities and beauties, that it deserves the most attentive 
 examination. It is proper to notice, that in the construction of this 
 church, and in some of the other churches in this town, Roman bricks 
 (most likely from the ruins of Verulam) have been largely used. 
 The other churches in St. A lean's contain portions deserving of 
 attention. St. Michael's is a small church, with many Roman 
 bricks in the walls. St. Peter's is a cross church, with some 
 good Perpendicular Avindows, and St. Stephen's has various 
 ancient portions. 
 
 Baldock is a large and fine Church with a lofty tower at the 
 west end, a nave, aisles, and clerestory, and a chancel and aisles, and 
 two porches. A large portion of this church and also the tower, is 
 of good Decorated composition with very good Perpendicular work 
 added. The composition of the tower is singular and seems an adap- 
 tation to some earlier portion once existing. The wood roof of the 
 nave is a very fine one, and the church deserves attentive examina- 
 tion ; it has some stalls and niches, and a little stained glass. 
 
 Sawbridgeworth Church has a tower and spire, a nave, aisles, 
 and large chancel. The tower seems Early English ; the nave is 
 Decorated, as is the chancel, with some very good windows with a 
 little stained glass. There is a Perpendicular clerestory, and the 
 font, and some other portions of that style. 
 
 Wake Church is spacious, with some portions of Decorated 
 character, and some Perpendicular. There is a large and fine font. 
 
 Hitchen Church is a very fine specimen of a Perpendicular 
 church, and has a very fine porch. 
 
 Norman Churches are — Bengeo, Great Wymondley, Hemel Hemp- 
 stead, and Weston. 
 
 Early English Churches are — Aldenham, Hertingfordbury, Roys- 
 ton, Stevenage and Wormley. 
 
 Decorated Churches are — Burley, Hatfield, and Widford. 
 
 Perpendicular Churches are — Abbots Langley, Aldbury, Bishops 
 Stortford, Braughing, Broxbourn, Chipping Barnett, Hertford St. 
 Andrew, and Little Munden. 
 
 In all the above lists there are mixtures, and the list of mixed styles 
 is still larger — Ayot St. Lawrence, Berkhampstead, Brent Pelham, 
 Bushey, Cheshunt, Flamstead, Great Offley, Harpenden, Hertford 
 All Saints, Kensworth, Kings Langley, Markyate Street, Puttenham, 
 Redburn, Rickmansworth, Sacombe, and Sarratt. 
 
181 
 
 Amongst the Ancient buildings in this county may be noticed the 
 remains of the Palack at King's Langley, and the old Palace at 
 Hatfield. — Waltham Cross was in design equal, if not superior, to 
 any of those erected to the memory of Queen Eleanor. It was sadly 
 mutilated, but is now restoring. 
 
 Allwalton Church has one of the most singular combinations of 
 Norman and Early English to be met with. The piers are round, the 
 bases and capitals with mouldings considerably advanced in the Early 
 English style, while the arch is semicircular, and the architrave 
 Norman, the dripstone is also a real Norman moulding, while the 
 supporters are flowers of good Early English character. There are 
 three plain seats in the chancel, of a character still more advanced 
 than the capital above-named; and there is also in the church a 
 singular corbel and a door-way, in which the shafts and mouldings 
 are curiously combined. 
 
 The chancel of this church is mostly of Decorated character, and 
 has, on the north and south sides, the curious long window reaching 
 lower down than the others, close to the east wall of the church, 
 which is frequent in the midland counties ; it seems to have had 
 some purpose of giving light behind the screen dividing the nave and 
 chancel. It will hereafter be frequently noticed, and may be called 
 a low side ivindow for distinction, as it is always lower down than the 
 general range of the chancel windows. The font is plain, but with 
 good Early English mouldings. There is also a water-drain. This is 
 a small church, but contains many curious details and combinations. 
 
 Brampton Church is a handsome edifice ; the nave has tall 
 arches, and a small clerestory, of Perpendicular character. The chan- 
 cel is Decorated. The tower has a date, 1635, but is of better com- 
 position than might be expected from that date. The south porch is 
 good, and has a very fine wood-door with rich tracery, in good pre- 
 servation. 
 
 BucKDEN Church has a tower, with a fine spire, good Perpen- 
 dicular. 
 
 Bury Church is the portion of a large church, containing many 
 valuable remains of Norman and Early English. 
 
 Chesterton Church has had various parts modernised, but 
 retains many valuable ancient portions. The tower is Early English, 
 and very good, and has a good spire. The piers and arches are some- 
 what resembling some of those at AUwalton. There is a very fine 
 Early English south door under a modern porch. 
 
 St. Neots is a remarkable fine Perpendicular Church ; it is late 
 in the style, with some singularities, but is altogether a very fine 
 specimen, particularly the tower, the composition of which is very 
 good. There is a fine wood roof, and some ancient screen-work. 
 
182 
 
 The Norman Churches in this county are few ; Hartford, Heming- 
 ford Grey, and Ramsey. 
 
 The Early English Churches are — Alconbury, Great Catworth, 
 Huntingdon Allsaints, Keyston, Leighton Bromswold, Warboys, and 
 Wooton. 
 
 The Decorated Churches are — Bythorne, Elton, Eynesbury, Fenny 
 Stanton, Great Stewkley, Hemingford Abbots, Kimbolton, Spaldwick, 
 and Yaxley. 
 
 Perpendicular Churches are — Bluntisham, Conington, Ellington, 
 Godmanchester, Huntingdon St. IMarys, Little Stewkley, St. Ives, 
 St. Neots, and Stilton. 
 
 JMixed Churches are — Brington, Great Gidding, IMolesworth, Saw- 
 trey, Stow, and Upton. 
 
 Ramsey Abbey has some Perpendicular remains, and a Farm 
 House in the parish has some Early English portions. The ancient 
 Bridges of Huntingdon and St. Ives deserve examination. 
 
 The Palace of the Bishop of Lincoln at Buckden, has various 
 portions deserving attention. There is a good Perpendicular brick 
 building with good wood ceilings, and there is a wood roof, with 
 marks of Early English construction, which is very curious. 
 
 Mcnt, 
 
 Canterbury Cathedral. It is very pleasant amidst the various 
 complaints of neglect of many valuable edifices ^vhich the author is 
 compelled to make, that he is able to notice this, the IMetropolitical 
 Cathedral of England, as an example of great and continued repair ; 
 the careful restoration of the nave, and several other parts, has been 
 carried on by Dean Percy, and the north western Norman tower 
 having become dangerously ruinous, and not admitting repair, has 
 been taken down, and is intended to be replaced by a fac simile of 
 the rich south western tower ; when this is finished, the west front 
 will become one of very great beauty. 
 
 This most extensive and magnificent edifice contains examples 
 of style, which (including monuments and small parts) form almost 
 a continued series of gradation from Early Norman to very late 
 Perpendicular ; its buildings in immediate connection with the 
 Cathedral, are nearly complete, and it has a more than ordinary 
 diversity of chapels. The plan of this Cathedral, Avestward of the 
 centre tower, is not uncommon. Two towers form the fianks of 
 the west end of the nave, to the northern side of which the cloisters 
 are attached. The portion, eastward of the centre tower, is curious 
 from the diversity of its parts ; behind the altar in the choir, the 
 two next arches are set sloping, so as to narrow the middle aisle of 
 Trinity-chapel, and place the side chapels on a slope also. The 
 eastern part of Trinity-chapel is circular, and has attached to it. 
 
183 
 
 eastward, a circular chapel, called Becket's crown. The eastern 
 portion of the building is mostly Norman, with Early English upper 
 parts, and mixed variously with the Norman, of which style the 
 eastern transept principally consists. Several of the chapels have the 
 eastern part circular. The western transept, the nave, cloisters, and 
 south-west tower, are all good Perpendicular work. The north-west 
 tower is Norman. The cloisters, though deprived of their pinnacles, 
 battlements, and part of their canopies, are still fine ; and the large 
 window at the west end of the chapter-house, adds much to their 
 appearance. Of the chapels, that of King Henry IV. must be noticed 
 as a beautiful piece of Perpendicular work ; it is simple, but the roof 
 is an excellent specimen of fan tracery. St. Anselm's chapel has had 
 introduced a very fine Decorated window. There are several other 
 chapels which claim attention, and the church is very rich in monu- 
 ments. The crypt is extensive, and from its variety, very curious. 
 The general exterior appearance of the church is magnificent, from its 
 very fine central tower, and the lofty proportions of the nave which 
 add much to the general eflFect ; this nave has not been so much 
 noticed as it ought to be. Attached to the south-west to\\'er is a rich 
 and beautiful porch. The nave of the Cathedral is peculiarly fine ; 
 the shafts of the piers have a divisional band, like the Early English 
 shafts ; the eastern portion of the nave next the great tower, presents 
 an appearance remarkably magnificent, from the numerous steps, and 
 the arches with pierced parapets leading to various parts. There are 
 many fine tombs of the archbishops, which should be noticed ; these, 
 with some few other monuments in the Cathedral, form nearly a re- 
 gular series from very early date till the reformation. 
 
 In this Cathedral there is not much of Decorated character ; for 
 though there are small portions of that style, the general features of 
 the building are Norman, Early English, and Perpendicular ; and in 
 these styles the church forms a most excellent study, from the variety 
 and singularity of many portions. The richness and variety of the 
 stone screen-work in the various chapels deserves particular attention, 
 and the organ-screen, at the entrance of the choir, is peculiarly fine. 
 
 Among the prebendal houses and other buildings surrounding the 
 Cathedral are mixed various portions of the ancient buildings of the 
 monastery, and with the walls and gates of the precinct, are extended 
 over a large space of ground. Of these it may suflice to enumerate 
 the building called the Treasury, a very fine specimen of Norman ; 
 the Registry, which has a most excellent example of a Norman 
 staircase ; and the remains of what appears to have been the Infir- 
 mary Chapel, now inclosed amidst the buildings of various houses. 
 The entrance gate, called Christ-Church gate, is a good specimen 
 of late Perpendicular. 
 
 The situation of this Cathedral is so confined by buildings, that it 
 is difiicult to obtain any general view of it ; the best is that from the 
 south-west, which is, however, too near to do justice to the fine out- 
 
184 
 
 line of tlie building. The west door, and the central portion of the 
 west end is a fine composition, but too much inclosed to be seen to its 
 proper effect. 
 
 RociiKSTER Cathedral. — The exterior appearance of this Cathe- 
 dral is not very imposing, a short spire did cover the low central 
 tower, it is now taken down, and a modern tower put up in its stead, 
 and the exterior walls of the nave are either much decayed, or 
 covered by modern repairs. The other parts of the Church are 
 surrounded by buildings, so that little more than one portion can be 
 seen at a time. The west front is a fine specimen of Norman enrich- 
 ment, but has a very large Perpendicular west window inserted. 
 The nave has Norman piers and arches, except those next the cross, 
 which, with most of the eastern portions of the church, are Early 
 English. The nave has most of the windows Perpendicular insertions. 
 There are other Norman portions on the south side of the church, 
 Avhich appear to be the remains of the cloisters, and some other of the 
 usual monastic adjuncts. On the north side of the choir, close to the 
 east side of the north transept, is a tower, now unroofed, and called 
 Gundulph's tower; this has usually been considered to have been 
 built by the architect of the castle, but there is nothing in the masonry 
 or details to favour this supposition. The crypt of this church is very 
 spacious, extending under the buildings of the choir eastward of the 
 great cross; its character is Early English, but a portion under the 
 north aisle may be considered very early in that style, if not Norman. 
 The Early English stj'le of this Cathedral is plain, and the composition 
 good without much ornament, but having some doors and other 
 portions, with very good details. There are a few ancient monuments, 
 but they are more remarkable for singularity than beauty. There is 
 one very fine Decorated window in a little chapel, in the south aisle of 
 the choir, and the door, leading to what is now the chapter-house, is a 
 curious specimen of enrichment, in the Perpendicular style. The 
 whole of tliis Cathedral, except the nave and a part of the south aisle 
 of the choir is groined, principally with plain Early English groining. 
 As at Canterbury, the floor of the choir is raised very considerably 
 above that of the nave. 
 
 Bapchild Church has a tower and spire, situated on the south 
 side of the south aisle. The church is principally Early English, 
 with Perpendicular east windows. The situation of the towers in this 
 county is singularly varied, being in almost every possible position, 
 except the east end of the chancel. 
 
 Barfreston. — This curious Norman Church has been as much 
 spoken of and figured as any church of that style ; it has many singu- 
 larities, and exhibits a very fine specimen of Norman arrangement, 
 mouldings, and enrichment. The church is small, and consists only of 
 a nave and chancel, the latter much narrower than the former ; there 
 have been some insertions of a later date, but, on the whole, the church 
 is nearly in its original state ; one of the doors is much enriched, and 
 is a very fine one. 
 
185 
 
 BoRDKN Church has a porch and some other portions embattled, 
 which is the case witli comparatively few churches in this county, 
 most of them having dripping-eaves, and neither parapet, battlement, 
 or cornice. Part of this church is Early English, and part Decorated. 
 
 Chartham is a very curious church, it is of Early Decorated cha- 
 racter, with very line windows, of singular and beautiful design ; 
 these have some remains of very fine ancient stained glass. The 
 church is large, and has a south transept, and a large chancel, in 
 which is a monumental arch of the date of the church, with not much 
 enrichment, but very good mouldings ; there are also some brasses. 
 The windows of this church, have, at a distance, an appearance as if 
 they were of the Perpendicular style, but an examination of their 
 mouldings and character, will at once convince the student of their 
 real date. The church has a good wood roof, of a date much later 
 than the stone work. The tower is of flint, and much later than the 
 church. 
 
 Chelspield Church has the tower and spire standing on the 
 north side of the east end of the nave. It is principally of Early 
 English character, with some later windows inserted. 
 
 Herne Church has a very fine Early English tower, with some 
 Decorated windows inserted ; this tower stands at the west end of 
 the north aisle, and the nave has a very fine five-light Perpendicular 
 window at the west end, and a good Early English door under it ; 
 the aisles of the church are embattled. 
 
 Htthe Church is a curious edifice ; some of the western part is 
 Norman, but the eastern part is Early English, of remarkably good 
 design and execution, with a profusion of the toothed ornament, hav- 
 ing most of the shafts, strings, and caps of marble. There is a beau- 
 tiful band or small panelling round part of the chancel, under the 
 windows, which are fine lancets. This end of the church has very 
 bold buttresses, and under it is a remarkably fine crypt, groined, and 
 having a door on the south side, with remarkably fine and delicate 
 mouldings. There are some windows in the church, which are later 
 insertions ; in the chancel are two stone stalls, and two water-drains. 
 
 The Church of New Komney is a large and handsome edifice ; 
 the lower part of the tower, and part of the nave is Norman; the 
 upper part of the tower Early English, and the remainder mostly of 
 Decorated character, with large and fine windows. There are three 
 seats under a plain arch, on the south side of the south aisle. The 
 Norman portion of this church is of very good composition. 
 
 The following Churches have Norman portions. — Barming, Bra- 
 bourn Bridge, Davington, Dover St. JMary, Nackington, Patricks- 
 bourne, Sandwich St. Clement and Smeeth. 
 
 The Early English Churches are much more numerous, many of 
 them have little admixture, the steeples are variously situated, and 
 in some there is only a small wood pigeon-house belfry. Adisham, 
 Aldington, Alkham, Beaksbourne, Bexley, Bobbing, Chalk, Chels- 
 
186 
 
 field, Cherilon, St. IMartin, Cliislet, Darenth, Deal, Denton, Dod- 
 dington, Eastry, Elham, Eynesford, Eythorne, Folkstone, Goodneston, 
 Graveney, Great Hardress, Guston, Hailing, Harrietsham, Hinkshill, 
 Hoath, Hougham, Ickham, Littlebourne, iNIilstead, Monghani, New- 
 ington, Newnliam, Norton, Oifham, Old Roniney, Paddlesworth, 
 Preston, Reculver, River, Stelling, Stodmarsh, Sturry, Sutton near 
 Dover, Teynham, and Westwell. 
 
 The Decorated Churches are, Boughton Aluph, Buckland, Canter- 
 bury Holy Cross, St. George's, St. Stephen's and St. Paul's Chartham, 
 Dartford, Eastfield, Frittenden, Fordwich, Hawkhurst, Hoo : St. 
 IMargaret, Kingston, Leigh, INleopham, IMilton next Gravesend, ]\lil- 
 ton next Sittingbourn, Newington with Cheriton, Xorthfleet, Otford, 
 Sheldwick, South Fleet, Sutton at Hone, Sittingbourne, St. Lawrence 
 in Thanet, Thornham, Upchurch, Willesborough, Woodnesborough, 
 and Yalding. 
 
 The following Churches are Perpendicular, and some of the examples 
 are very good, Ashford, Benenden, Biddenden, Birchington, Canter- 
 bury St. Mary Breton, Chidingstone, Cranbrook, East Peckham, 
 Headcorn, Hearnhill, Hoo All Saints, Lydd, iMaidstone, Nettlestead, 
 Rochester St. Nicholas, Rolvenden, Sandhurst, Seven Oaks, Stone, 
 Sundridge, Sutton Valence, Tenterden, Tunstall, Ullcombe, and 
 Westerham. 
 
 The following Churches may be noticed for a mixture of parts of 
 various styles, Addington, Allington, Appledore, Ashurst, AylJesford, 
 Barham, Beckenham, Bishopsbourne, Borden, Boughton Blean, 
 Boughton IVIonchelsea, Boxley, Brookland, Canterbury St. Dun- 
 stan's and St. IMartin's, Charing, Chilham, Chorlton, Cobham, Cow- 
 ling, Dover St. James, Dymchurch, East ^Mailing, Eden-bridge, 
 Ewel, Farnborough, Farningham, Faversham, Fawkham, Frindsbury, 
 Gillingham, Great Chart, Godmersham, Hadlow, Harbledown, 
 Hastingleys, Horton-Kirby, Horsmonden, Ifield, Kennington, Lam- 
 berhurst, Leeds, Leveland, Luddenham, Lj-dden, JMersham, iMinster 
 in Thanet, iMinster in Sheppy, Nonnington, Ospringe, Penshurst, 
 Petham, Postling, Rainham, Ringwold, Ripple, Rochester St. Mar- 
 garet, Ruckinge, Saltwood, Sandwich St. ^lary and St. Peter, Sel- 
 linge, Shoreham, Shoulden, Sibbertswould, St. IMargaret at Cliffe, 
 near Dover, Stouting, Swanscombe, Teston, Tunbridge, Waltliam, 
 Wateringbury, West Farleigh, Wittersham, Woodchurch, Wooton 
 St. IMartin, and Wrotham. 
 
 The buildings in the Castle at Dover, called the Chapel and the 
 Roman Tower are curious, they have many Roman bricks in them ; 
 the tower is a rude round below and square inside, walls about 12 
 feet thick, one door has an impost, and small stones not bricks for an 
 arch, the bricks are intermixed with stones, which seem Kentish Rag. 
 The chapel is a cross ; there is a door on the south side now stopped, 
 but built with a Roman brick arch of two tiers like Brixworth, but 
 it has no drip-course ; there are other apertures with bricks, but which 
 
187 
 
 do not appear to be original. The upper apertures of the tower 
 which is there octagon, are Decorated one light windows, and there is 
 some Decorated and some Perpendicular stone-work in the chapel ; 
 there are several round apertures, but most likely not original. The 
 bricks are in many places quoins and so patched, that they may be 
 modern insertions ; the chapel is not used, and the apertures walled 
 up so that the interior is not easily seen ; the tower is short, large and 
 square, the parts of the cross small, except the west, which may be 
 near two squares of the tower in length ; the whole masonry is very 
 rough, of bricks, rag and Hint intermixed. 
 
 There are various monastic remains in this county ; of these, may 
 be noticed St. Augustine's Gate at Canterbury, a most beauti- 
 ful specimen of Decorated character, with the original wooden doors 
 remaining. This gate, for composition and execution, will still, 
 though much mutilated, vie with the best buildings of its date. The 
 remains of the abbey are now small, a large portion of the fine tower 
 of St Ethelbert having fallen from the effects of the weather, and 
 much of the stone removed. 
 
 The Priory at Dover, now a farm house, and a building once 
 the INIaison Dieu, now used as a store house, have each some beautiful 
 remains of Decorated character ; and the buildings called the Col- 
 lege, near the Church, at Maidstone, deserve attention. 
 
 The Hospital Chapel of St. Nicholas, at Harbledown, con- 
 tains some good ancient work, and a good octagon Perpendicular font. 
 
 The remains of Horton Priory are not extensive but very beau- 
 tiful ; they are late Norman, with insertions of Perpendicular Avin- 
 dows and doors, and both composition and execution are very good. 
 
 The front of Malling Abbey remains, and is also of Norman 
 character, with later insertions. 
 
 There are some remains of the Nunnery at Davington. 
 
 Of the Castellated remains, Rochester Castle claims the first 
 notice, from its extent and the great preservation of many parts of it. 
 The style is Norman, and it presents a fine specimen of the modes 
 adopted at the date of its erection, to enable a very small number 
 within the castle successfully to resist a much greater number of 
 besiegers ; for this the access, the various successive gates, and other 
 defences, are admirably adapted. The masonry, in the interior, is 
 very good, particularly that of the well, which is in one of the walls, 
 and was accessible from several floors of the castle. 
 
 Canterbury Castle had also a well in the wall of the keep, of 
 which the outer walls only now remain in a very mutilated state. 
 
 There are some remains of the Castles at Allington, Cowling, 
 Salt WOOD, and Tunbridge, which all deserve attention, particularly 
 that at Tunbridge. 
 
 Dover Castle, although very much altered by the continued 
 addition of buildings, of various dates, contains many ancient features 
 deserving examination. 
 
188 
 
 Hever Castle and Leeds Castle are both used as residences, 
 and in consequence have had various alterations and additions, but 
 still retain various ancient portions. 
 
 Among the Ancient domestic edifices Eltham Palace deserves 
 particular attention ; the principal part remaining is the ancient hall, 
 of which il presents an interesting and remarkably elegant specimen. 
 
 May Place, Crayford, may be also mentioned. 
 
 In the parish of Leeds, in this county, is an ancient residence, 
 called Battel Hall, of which some portions remain, which are 
 extremely curious, and of which it is difficult to find out the exact use. 
 The room is used as a kitchen, and has various doors and windows, 
 and several niches, of which one contains a very beautiful and com- 
 plete arrangement for two water-cisterns ; this niche and the cisterns 
 are of excellent design, and very good execution, with a very rich ogee 
 canopy and good hanging tracerj^ all (as well as most of the stone- 
 work of the room,) of Decorated character, and the mouldings remark- 
 ably good. This niche is not like the usual water-drain, so common 
 in churches, and there is nothing in the situation or arrangement of 
 the room which shows it having been at any time appropriated as a 
 chapel. The author is indebted to a friend for an accurate description 
 and sketches of this very curious relic, which, from the house being 
 inhabited, is little known to any but the acquaintances of the occupier. 
 
 In the churches of this county, in addition to his own personal 
 observation, the author has had the assistance of the very valuable 
 draAvings and observations of his friend Henry Petrie, Esq. of the 
 Record-office, containing most of the churches in Kent, Surry, Sussex, 
 a great part of Hampshire, and some parts of a few other counties. 
 Although, on the whole, there is not a large proportion of very mag- 
 nificent churches in this county, when compared with some others, as 
 Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire, or Somersetshire, yet, amidst these 
 smaller edifices, the student will often meet with portions of peculiar 
 interest, and many parts of considerable value in making the adapta- 
 tions required in churches, from the difference between ancient and 
 modern arrangements. 
 
 In this county so great is the alteration that has been made in the 
 ecclesiastical edifices of the manufacturing districts, so much has been 
 done in altering old churches and building new ones, that it becomes 
 rather difficult to find good individual examples, added to which, over 
 what may be considered the manufacturing districts, Lancashire and 
 the adjacent parts of Yorkshire, as well as in some other portions of 
 the North of England, there prevailed a very rough mode of exe- 
 cuting the details of the different styles, and this is particularly the 
 case with respect to the Perpendicular examples in this county, many 
 of which are very late and very poor. 
 
189 
 
 Cartmel Church is a large Cross Church, with some portions 
 of it exemplifying each style, there is a very good Norman south door, 
 some portions of very good Early English work, various windows 
 and other portions of the Decorated style, and some Perpendicular 
 work. The tower is a curious one. 
 
 Halsall Church. — The north aisle and north wall of the chancel, 
 and east end window of the south aisle, are all of Decorated character, 
 and in the chancel is a fine canopy over a tomb of this style. The 
 rest of the chancel is early Perpendicular work, of excellent execu- 
 tion ; and of rather later date, is the tower and spire, and the arches 
 of the nave. There are no clerestory windows, and the ceiling, which 
 appears original, has three flowered mouldings, one at the point, and 
 the others at the spring of a plain arch. The exterior of this chancel 
 has been executed in a very careful manner. 
 
 Holland Chapel has a nave and aisles, of Decorated character : 
 the windows are very fine, particularly the east window. The piers 
 and arches have very good mouldings. 
 
 Warrington Church has the centre tower, arches, and the 
 chancel of the old church remaining ; these are of Decorated character, 
 and very good, the windows, particularly the east window, of very 
 elegant tracery. The north transept late and poor Perpendicular, the 
 south transept and the nave modern. 
 
 Whalley Church is large, and mostly of Early English character, 
 the nave windows and the east window are Perpendicular insertions. 
 The piers and arches of the nave are varied, some of the piers being 
 round, some octagon. The chancel is large, and a fine specimen of 
 Early English, of which style there is but little in this county ; the 
 arch into the chancel, the south door of the chancel, and the north 
 and south doors of the church are Early English, plain, but with good 
 mouldings. There are three plain stalls in the chancel, and consider- 
 able remains of good wood screen-work, said to have been brought 
 from the Abbey Chapel. 
 
 Manchester Collegiate Church is a large and handsome edi- 
 fice, of late Perpendicular character, but much of its composition and 
 detail very good ; the tower is a fine one. There is an octagonal 
 vestry on the south side, and several chapels. The choir has some 
 very fine stall-work and screens, and a rich wood roof. 
 
 Ormskirk Church is singular for having a large western tower 
 at the end of the present nave, and a spire, like those of Aughton and 
 Halsall, at the west end of the south aisle ; the tower is much later 
 than the spire, and both together give the church a curious outline. 
 The church is mostly modern, with a few portions of late Perpendi- 
 cular character. 
 
 The small chapel of Stidd near Ribchester, is one of the few 
 specimens of Norman in this county, and it contains also portions of 
 Early English, and later work. 
 
 The Early English work in this county must be sought for in the 
 
190 
 
 mixed churches, in addition to what has been before remarked, Rib- 
 chester is a good Decorated example. 
 
 The Perpendicular examples are more numerous, and some few of 
 them are handsome churches, they comprise, Brindle, Bolton-le- 
 IMoors, Burnley, Chorley, Clithero, Colne, Eccles, Excett Chapel, 
 Farnworth, Halsall, Huyton, Lancaster, Lango Chapel, Padiham, 
 Prestwich, Preston, Samlesbury Chapel, Sefton, Walton-le-Dale, and 
 Wigan. 
 
 The mixed churches are Aughton, Dalton, Kirkham, Leyland, 
 Middleton, Penwortham, Ulverstone, and Winwick. 
 
 Of monastic edifices in this county, may be mentioned Cocker- 
 sand Abbey, of which the principal remain is an octagon chapter- 
 house ; FuRNEss Abbey, of which the remains are considerable, and 
 are Norman and Early English ; and Whalley Abbey, of which 
 the remains are also considerable : some portions of this Abbey are 
 very good, of Decorated and Perpendicular character. The north 
 gate has been a fine composition, with good Decorated windows. 
 
 Tlie entrance tower of Lancaster Castle is a fine one, and a 
 part of the keep of Clithero Castle remains, and also a portion of 
 Dalton Castle. 
 
 The old Hall at Rufford has some ancient Avood-work, of good 
 design. 
 
 The Churches in Leicester contain many interesting features, 
 and are deserving very attentive examination. 
 
 All Saints has a curious tower, situated on the north side of the 
 north aisle ; it is partly of Early English date, as is part of the 
 church ; and some other parts of later date ; the chancel is modern. 
 There is an ornamented font, of Early English character, and of sin- 
 gular shape. The pulpit, some of the doors, and a little wood-work 
 in the pews, have some carving in wood, of good cliaracter. 
 
 St. JMargarets. — This is a fine Church, with a lofty tower ; the 
 nave, piers, and arches, are Early English ; the chancel and clerestory 
 and the tower. Perpendicular. The chancel is very fine, and has a 
 rich niche on each side of the east window ; within are also some 
 good doors ; and on the south side three rich flat stalls, and a water- 
 drain under the south-eastern window of the chancel. There are 
 some wood-stalls and seats, and a good but much mutilated font, of 
 Perpendicular character ; in the north aisle is the tomb of an ecclesi- 
 astic. The buttresses at the south-west corner of the south aisle are 
 well grouped with Decorated niches and canopies, and there are a few 
 other portions of good Decorated work about the church. 
 
 St. IMartins has a tower and spire in the centre of the church ; 
 the lower part of this tower is Norman, with four semicircular arches 
 
191 
 
 into the nave, chancel, and transepts : much of the rest of the church 
 is Early English, with later windows inserted ; the chancel is Per- 
 pendicular, and has three late flat stalls under the south-east window. 
 The north and south doors of the church are good Early English, and 
 to that on the north side is a groined Perpendicular porch of wood ; 
 in the south transept there are three good equal trefoiled stone-stalls, 
 and a plain arched cupboard, with good mouldings. The spire and 
 upper part of the tower are of much later date than the lower part, 
 and the spire has been nearly, if not entirely, rebuilt. 
 
 St. ]MARy's is a large and very curious Church, with a tower and 
 lofty spire, situate at the west end of the south aisle, and a very 
 small space detached from the south side of the nave. The plan of 
 the church is a nave and chancel, with a very large south aisle, and a 
 small north aisle ; the chancel and part of the nave are Norman, and 
 most of the remaining portions are Early English ; but these styles 
 have been curiously mixed, and are again altered in parts by modern 
 arrangements and inserted windows. The lower part of the tower 
 is Early English ; the upper part much later, and the spire modern. 
 The various styles are admirably designed, and well executed ; the 
 exterior of the chancel has been rich, but is partly modern casing and 
 repair. On the south side of the chancel, within, are three fine Nor- 
 man stalls, with double shafts and rich mouldings ; and on the south 
 side of the south aisle are three Early English stalls and a water- 
 drain ; these have double shafts like the stalls in the chancel, and are 
 enriched with the nail-head ornament. The font is curious, of a form 
 not very common, and much enriched with sculpture ; there is some 
 good wood screen-work, and the wooden roofs of the church have been 
 very fine. This church is, in many respects, deserving of minute 
 examination ; some of its mixtures and arrangements are very singular. 
 
 St. Nicholas is a Norman Church, with a tower between nave 
 and chancel ; the north aisle is destroyed, and the arches filled up ; 
 the south aisle and chancel are of later date; the tower is much 
 patched with modern brickwork, and has formerly had two tier of 
 ornamental arches outside above the roof of the church. Under a 
 window, in the south side of the south aisle are three plain stalls and 
 a cupboard. The Norman portion of this church is very plain, and 
 most propably early, and the church stands very close to the wall, 
 usually esteemed a fragment of Roman work. 
 
 Melton Mowbray is a large cross Church with large transepts, 
 and aisles to them, the lower part is mostly of very good early Deco- 
 rated character, and there is a curious porch at the west end. There 
 are considerable portions of later work : the clerestory and upper 
 stage of the tower are Perpendicular. The details of this church are 
 good, and it deserves careful examination. 
 
 Waltham Church has a tower and spire between the nave and 
 chancel, and a north chapel or transept. Part of this church is of 
 Decorated character, with portions of earlier date ; the font has inter- 
 
192 
 
 secting arches, with a mixed character of Norman and Early English ; 
 there are three stall-seats, enriched with flowers on the mouldings. 
 
 In this county the Norman and Early English examples must be 
 sought for in the mixed churches. 
 
 The Decorated list is small, comprising. Burton Lazars, Keg- 
 worth, Loughborough, and Osgathorpe. 
 
 The Perpendicular Churches are — Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Hoton, 
 Rothely, Tilton, and Withcote. 
 
 The IMixed Churches are more numerous — Belgrave, Belton, Bot- 
 tesford, Buckminster, Castle Donnington, Claybrook, Cold Overton, 
 Croxton Kyriel, Diseworth, Frisby, Gaddesby, Garthorpe, Goadby 
 Maureward, Hinckley, Houghton, Kibworth, Knoston, Lutterworth, 
 Market Harborough, JMount Sorel, Plungar, Quorndon, Redmile, and 
 Somersby. 
 
 Of the Antiquities in this county, the portion of Wall, near St. 
 Nicholas Church, in Leicester, is one of the most curious ; it is prin- 
 cipally formed of bricks, which, from their similarity to those used in 
 the Roman buildings, discovered in various parts of the kingdom, may 
 be considered as Roman bricks ; and the wall is usually considered a 
 Roman wall. Its appearance might lead to the same conclusion, but, 
 notwithstanding the current opinion, there does not appear to be any 
 positive evidence of its being of that date. The remark is made, not 
 from a wish to disturb the established credit of this work as a Roman 
 remain, but merely from the desire that the question may be consi- 
 dered, whether all the bricks of this character, which are found in 
 ancient buildings, were really made by the Romans } This remain, 
 however, whether considered as Roman or not, is a very curious and 
 interesting relic. 
 
 Of monastic edifices may be mentioned the small remains of 
 Leicester Abbey, of which, perhaps, the most curious portion now 
 existing is the outward brick wall, with an inscription worked into it 
 in bricks of a varied colour. There are some remains of Ulvers- 
 CROKT Priory. 
 
 In the Castle-yard at Leicester, is a good Perpendicular Gate- 
 way remaining, with a groove for the portcullis. 
 
 On the west side of the Church-yard of St. Martin, in Leicester, is 
 Wigstone's Hospital, an alms-house, containing some good Per- 
 pendicular work, both in stone and wood. 
 
 The Castle at Ashby-de-la-Zouch is in ruins, but contains various 
 portions deserving examination. 
 
 Lincoln Cathedral. — This noble edifice, from its singular situa- 
 tion, is seen over a great extent of country, and its three toAvers have 
 a very fine effect. The west and east fronts have already been noticed. 
 
193 
 
 The division of tlic Norman work, and later additions to the western 
 towers, are very phxin. The nave is very tine, and the piers pecu- 
 liarly rich. The proportions of the nave and side aisles are such as 
 do not often occur, the aisles being remarkably narrow, but the whole 
 has an excellent effect. The view of the transept is very fine, and 
 the lantern is good, though rather obscure, from the small size of 
 the windows. At each end of the transept is a circular window; 
 the north a good Early English one, the south, one of the finest 
 Decorated circles remaining. This window is set in an arch of open 
 stone-work, which is nearly, if not quite, unequalled. The screen 
 under the organ is one of the finest examples of late Early English 
 work ; it has some little resemblance to the character of Queen Elea- 
 nor's crosses, but its principal beauty is in the workmanship of the bands 
 of open foliage round the doors. The walling of the arches is filled 
 with square flowers, and these have been painted and gilt, traces of 
 which still remain. The arrangement of the intersection of the 
 smaller eastern transept is very good, and adds much to the beauty of 
 the choir. Some beautiful small chapels are attached to the Lady 
 Chapel, and the south door is peculiarly elegant. Three sides of the 
 cloisters, of good Decorated work, remain in their original state ; the 
 fourth is a modern library, and in the midst of the area, some feet 
 below the surface, is a fine tessellated pavement. From the eastern 
 side of the cloisters is the passage to the chapter-house, Avhich is 
 a decagon, and though not equal to Salisbury, is yet very fine. 
 
 Most of our cathedrals would form a suflicent basis for several 
 years' study, and none more than Lincoln ; the variety and singular 
 character of the greatest part of the building is such, that it would 
 be an interesting and valuable employment to compare the character 
 of many of its details and arrangements with other buildings of like 
 dates. As the western portion from the transept can only be seen in 
 detail by a very close view, (from the near approach of the surround- 
 ing buildings,) the character of the work (rich Early English) has a 
 peculiarly imposing efi^ect, from the number, variety and beauty of 
 the mouldings near the eye ; and as these are in excellent preserva- 
 tion, this is perhaps one reason of the general ascription of peculiar 
 magnificence to this cathedral. The porch attached to the west side 
 of the south transept, and some chapels on the east side of the same, 
 are particularly deserving of attention for the intricacy and beauty 
 of the mouldings, and the singularity and excellence of their general 
 composition. 
 
 Although much enclosed by buildings on the north, west, and south 
 sides, this cathedral is open to a space adequate to give a remarkably 
 fine view of the east end ; sufliciently near to give proper effect to 
 its excellent details, and far enough to enable the eye to take in at 
 once the beautiful composition of this part of the choir, combined 
 with the cha])ter-house and the more western parts of the edifice, 
 .with the centre tower. 
 
194 
 
 The general style of this Cathedral is Early English, but of a 
 remarkably rich and beautiful character, and its gradation from the 
 more simple appearance of the nave and transepts to the magnificent 
 and elaborate style of the choir, is deserving of minute attention. 
 The Lady Chapel and eastern portion of the choir, is a sort of transi- 
 tion to the Decorated style, of peculiar beauty and interest. Into the 
 inclosure round this building there are several gates ; and on the 
 south side are many interesting remains of the Bishop's Palace ; 
 some of these are of Early English character, and very fine. 
 
 Of the other ancient buildings in this city, the ROiMAN Gate, still 
 applied to its original use, and forming the entrance from the north, 
 is one of the most curious. Time and weather have much mutilated 
 the stone-work ; but it is evident that the architrave was originally 
 moulded. Some parts of the Castle have been supposed Roman, 
 and the rest, though not so old, deserves attention. In the southern 
 street are several interesting remains. A building, now a malt-house, 
 sometimes called John of Gaunt's Stables, has a fine arch with 
 mixed Norman and Early English details ; and nearly opposite, is a 
 beautiful Oriel, which is considered the remains of John of Gaunt's 
 Palace : the details of this Avindow are remarkably fine. In the 
 same street, is a late Perpendicular Conduit, much mutilated In 
 another street, near the Cathedral, is a building called the Jew's 
 House, having some semicircular arches with beautiful details and 
 various singularities of composition. 
 
 The churches of the city of Lincoln are poor, mostly small, and 
 much mutilated, both as to portions of the churches and as to their 
 details. Of five churches in the street east of the river, four have 
 Norman towers, all very nearlj'^ resembling those of the villages of 
 Bracebridge and Ilarmston, a few miles to the southward of them. 
 
 Of these five churches, St. Peter, at Goat, St. IMary, and St. 
 Benedict, all have parts remaining of good character, particularly 
 St. Benedict. 
 
 On the line of hill which runs from Lincoln to Grantham, is a 
 succession of villages at verjr short distances from each other, the 
 churches of some of which present the student a most valuable series 
 of details and curious composition 
 
 Bracebridge below the hill, and Harmston upon it, have been 
 noticed ; and Waddington between them, contains still enough of 
 the Norman features about it in the interior, to allow it to be considered 
 as originally of the same date. 
 
 Of CoLEBY, the lower part of the lower, and a portion of the 
 nave, is Norman ; the rest of the church principally Early English, 
 with later additions ; a late and not very good Perpendicular spire and 
 addition to the tower. The south door of the church is a very fine 
 specimen of Norman, and has been engraved. 
 
 At Barton on the Humber are two churches, one called the Old 
 Church, the other the Neav Church. The former, with the excep- 
 
195 
 
 tion of its tower, has very little which appears so early as the year 
 1300 ; it is principally of Decorated character, with good windows, 
 and is a large church. The latter, or New Church, has (insertions 
 and additions excepted) hardly any thing so late as the year 1300; 
 some of the piers and arches are Norman, but most of the church is 
 good Early English, particularly the tower. It is necessary thus to 
 contrast these churches, to give proper effect to the consideration of the 
 tower of the Old Church, which has been mentioned in the body of 
 the work. It is proper also to state, that both churches have some 
 Perpendicular insertions and additions, and are deserving attention, 
 exclusive of the curiosity of the tower alluded to. 
 
 Boston Church is one of the largest churches and loftiest towers 
 in the kingdom. The church is principally Decorated, and the tower 
 Perpendicular, both excellent in their kind ; the chancel is partly 
 Decorated, and partly Perpendicular, and there is a good south porch. 
 The interior is on a very magnificent scale ; the mouldings of the piers 
 and arches remarkably bold and good ; the church is groined in plaster, 
 a modern work of not very good composition. There are three stalls 
 in the south aisle, and several monumental arches ; one rich, the 
 others plainer ; some of the parapets and pinnacles are very beautiful, 
 particularly a sort of niche on the east end of the north aisle. The 
 south door, under the porch, has a very fine ancient wood door ; the 
 western windows of the aisles, and some few others are Perpendicular. 
 The tower, which is one of the finest compositions of that style, is a 
 complete arrangement of panelling over walls and buttresses, except 
 the belfry story, in which the window is so large as nearly to occupy 
 the whole face of the tower. A very rich and elegant octagonal 
 lantern rises from the tower, and is supported by flying buttresses 
 from the four pinnacles, and has also a rich pierced battlement and 
 eight pinnacles ; this lantern is panelled throughout, and each side 
 pierced with a large two-light window, having double transoms ; this 
 composition gives to the upper part of the steeple a richness and 
 lightness of appearance scarcely equalled in the kingdom. The details 
 of the tower are very good, and the whole church is deserving careful 
 study. 
 
 RiPiNGALE is a large church, mostly of Decorated character : it 
 consists of a large west tower, a nave, and south aisle of nearly the 
 same width as the nave, and as long as the nave and chancel ; part of 
 it is divided for a school, and in this portion, subject to continual muti- 
 lation, are two very fine tombs, with effigies ; one is under a very 
 fine arch, which formerly had hanging tracery, and the canopy still 
 retains very fine crockets. These monuments are peculiarly fine, both 
 in composition and execution. The piers and arches dividing the 
 church, are very good. The tower and part of the nave are Per- 
 pendicular. 
 
 DuNSBV Church has a handsome Decorated tower, of simple, but 
 bold composition ; the church is partly of the same date, and partly 
 
196 
 
 earlier ; the soutli door a good Early English one ; most of the win- 
 dows have been altered, and the north aisle rebuilt. 
 
 IIaconby Church has a tower and spire, nave, aisles, and chancel, 
 and a north chapel to the chancel, now shut up and in very bad con- 
 dition. The church has Early English piers and arches, and some 
 Decorated portions ; the windows mostly Perpendicular, the chancel 
 chapel is late Perpendicular, and has been very rich ; it has hereto- 
 fore opened into the chancel by a very handsome door. The font is 
 curious and quite plain ; a cylinder set on a smaller one, with four 
 small pillars round it, the whole on a square base ; this form is not 
 uncommon, but it is seldom so entirely plain as in this church. There 
 are water drains in the chancel and south aisle, In the chancel is an 
 oak chest with very excellent tracery panelling and other carvings ; 
 the design and most of the execution is so good that it appears not im- 
 probably to be of Decorated date, and there are also some wooden 
 benches, of nearly equal antiquity ; in both the tracery is very well 
 cut, the figures not quite so well. 
 
 Grantham. — This magnificent edifice is very simple in its plan ; 
 consisting of a nave and chancel, with aisles to each, a north vestry, 
 a north porch, and a south porch ; under part of the easter portion 
 is a crypt. The tower is engaged at the west end of the nave, and 
 opens to the nave and aisles by three very fine arches ; it is very 
 lofty, and has a very fine spire ; there is a small clerestory to the 
 chancel, but none to the nave. The piers and arches are very various ; 
 some Early English, some Early Decorated, and some Perpendicular. 
 The north door was originally a very fine one, but has been, as well 
 as the north porch, much mutilated ; the south door is good, but much 
 plainer ; both are Early English. The tower and some portions of 
 the church are of a transition style, from Early English to Decorated, 
 with most excellent details ; the Avindows are varied, and some very 
 fine. The parts of decidedly Decorated character have good details, 
 and some very fine windows ; and the same may be said of the Per- 
 pendicular portion. There are some good monumental arches, and in 
 the chancel is a stone screen, with a door to a vault, of excellent com- 
 position and delicate execution ; the font is a large and fine one, with 
 niches and statues ; it may be considered late Decorated, or early 
 Perpendicular. This church forms altogether a most valuable example, 
 and deserves very careful study. 
 
 Sleaford is a church of great interest ; it has a nave and aisles, with 
 a large chapel, or transept, on the north side, and a large chancel 
 Avithout aisles. The tower stands at the west end of the nave, and 
 has a spire. This steeple is much the oldest part of the church, and 
 is of Early English character ; the upper part and spire of a period 
 rather more advanced. The aisles, which are carried westward as far 
 us the front of the tower, are of the Decorated style, as is the tran- 
 sept or north chapel, and a porch, now used as an engine house. 
 JMost of the piers and arches of the nave, the clerestory and the chan- 
 
197 
 
 eel, are of the Perpendicular style, and are most probably a re-build- 
 ing on the old site, as at that period some new arches of the same 
 style appear to have been cut out and under-built in the tower, and 
 the west window inserted. This seems the only way of accounting 
 for tlie singular mixture of forms and arrangements found about the 
 tower, which has at present a good groined roof. The whole of the 
 details of this church, in all its styles, are very good ; but the insertion 
 of galleries, monuments, pewing, &c. since the Reformation, has oc- 
 casioned the usual defacements consequent on such alterations. 
 
 Heckingtox. — This beautiful church, of pure Decorated character, 
 is one of the most perfect models in the kingdom, having, with one 
 exception, (that of the groining or interior ceiling which is wanting, 
 and appears never to have been prepared for,) every feature of a fine 
 church, of one uniform style, without any admixture of earlier or 
 later work. Its mutilations are comparatively small, consisting only 
 in the destruction of the tracery of the north transept window, and 
 some featherings in other windows, and the building a wall to inclose 
 a vestry. The plan of the church is a west tower and spire, nave and 
 aisles, spacious transepts, and a large chancel, with a vestry attached 
 to the north side. The nave has a well proportioned clerestory. 
 There is a south porch ; a rich font ; the tomb of an ecclesiastic, 
 under a low arch in the chancel, and the assemblage of niches used 
 in the Catholic ceremonies at Easter, and called a sepulchre. On the 
 south side of the chancel, under a window is a very rich water-drain, 
 and in the wall three stone stalls. In the north transept are two 
 other water-drains, and in the south transept are two cupboards, a 
 water-drain, and three stalls. In the chancel and some of the church 
 walls, are very good brackets. The vestry has a crypt below it, and 
 a water-drain in the wall above. Fully to describe this church, would 
 require a much larger space than can be allotted to it, but some singu- 
 larities remain to be noticed, and it may be well to remark, that 
 every part of the design and execution is of the very best character, 
 equal to any in the kingdom. The church is rich rather from its com- 
 position, than from minute or profusely scattered ornament, and the 
 outline, at a distance, is peculiarly fine. The south side of the church 
 is more enriched than the north, and the chancel more so than the 
 nave. The tower and spire are very lofty, and the four pinnacles 
 which crown the tower, are large and pentagonal ; this unusual shape 
 has, at less cost, an effect fully equal to an octagon, and the pinna- 
 cles are without crockets, but have rich finials; the spire is plain, with 
 three tier of windows on the alternate sides. The whole arrangement 
 of this steeple is peculiarly calculated for effect at a distance. The 
 whole of the windows of the church are fine and much varied, and 
 the east window of seven lights, has a great resemblance to that in 
 the chancel at Hawton, near Newark, in Avhich church also are three 
 stalls and a water-drain, with a sepulchre of a character resembling 
 those of this church, (as v/ill be more particularly remarked when 
 
19S 
 
 treating of Hawton church.) The south porch, and all the buttresses 
 of the south side, have very fine niches, some of them with double 
 canopies. At the east end of the nave, and at the east end of the 
 chancel, are large rich pinnacles ; but the buttresses generally finish 
 with canopies below the parapet. The chancel buttresses are richer, 
 and the parapet is pierced ; the chancel door, a small one on the south 
 side, has rich mouldings, and a plain ogee canopy, with a rich finial, 
 and the window is slightly encroached upon by this door. The arch 
 into the porch, and the south door of the church, have very fine mould- 
 ings with shafts ; the north door is plainer, and has no porch. In the 
 interior, the first object worthy of notice is the font, a hexagon with 
 very rich niches, but sadly mutilated and painted ; the design and 
 execution both excellent. In the nave, the piers and arches are plain, 
 but with very good mouldings ; one window, on the south side, is filled 
 with ancient stained glass, of a character so excellent as to make it 
 much to be regretted that more has not been preserved. In the chan- 
 cel, the stalls have been carefully cleaned, and exhibit a specimen of 
 pure Decorated work as rich as the finest sculpture of foliage and 
 small figures can render it, and hardly surpassed by any in the king- 
 dom. The water-drain and sepulchre are not yet cleaned, but are of 
 the same excellent character, as is the arched tomb ; the vestments 
 of the effigy are also remarkably well executed ; the sepulchre, of 
 which there are not many specimens now remaining, consists of a 
 series of richly ornamented niches, the largest of which represents the 
 tomb, having angels standing beside it : the side niches have the 
 Maries and other appropriate figures, and in the lower niches are the 
 Roman soldiers reposing ; these niches have rich canopies, and are 
 separated by buttresses and rich finials, having all the spaces covered 
 by very rich foliage. The various small ornaments about these stalls 
 and niches form one of the best possible studies for enrichments of 
 this date, and it is almost peculiar to this church, that there is nothing 
 about it (except what is quite modern,) that is not of the same style 
 and character. 
 
 Stamford contains several churches and other edifices deserving 
 particular notice. 
 
 All Saints Church is curious from the way in which the Early 
 English and Perpendicular portions are united to each other ; in some 
 parts both styles are very well worked ; the tower and spire are very 
 beautiful, rather late Perpendicular, but with very good details, and 
 there are two porches of the same style. Blost of the interior, and 
 the lower part of the exterior of the church is Early English, of a 
 very fine character ; there is a very fine Perpendicular pannelled font, 
 and a rich Avood roof to part of the church. 
 
 St. Georgk's, amidst much mutilation and alteration, possesses 
 some old portions, principally Perpendicular, and some ancient stained 
 glass. 
 
 vSt. John's Church is principally of Perpendicular character, with 
 
199 
 
 line wood roofing, and a south porch, with a rich crocketted canopy ; 
 there is some good wood screen-work, and the stairs to the rood-loft 
 remaining. 
 
 St. IMary is one of the finest churches in the town, though not 
 very large ; the steeple, a tower and spire, is a very fine specimen of 
 Early English composition. There are Early English parts ahout the 
 church, but a large portion of it is Perpendicular, with some rich 
 chapels, and a fine monument with the effigies of a knight and his 
 lady on a canopied altar tomb ; the font is octagon and Perpendicular. 
 This church and All Saints deserve very attentive examination. 
 
 There are several buildings of considerable interest in and about 
 Stamford. The Free School is partljr a Norman building, with 
 later windows inserted, and two fine Early English piers and arches. 
 Near this is a handsome Doorway, now an entrance into a garden 
 from the street. There is also a small Norman Door near the 
 bridge, and a door, which seems to have been part of the Castjle, in 
 an old wall near the river. 
 
 The Gate of the White Friars remains, and is a good compo- 
 sition, now leading to the Infirmary. 
 
 St. Leonard's Hospital is the remains of a Norman Church ; 
 the west end is of mixed Norman and Early English, the forms being 
 Norman, and the details mostly Early English. 
 
 Brown's Hospital or Almshouse, presents some good portions of 
 late Perpendicular character. 
 
 Keelby is a small but very curious church; it contains portions of 
 all the styles, with many singularities. The chancel is Norman, and 
 has a Norman water-drain and cupboard, and a low double Avindow on 
 the south side ; there are some decorated windows, and the clerestory 
 is Perpendicular ; the lower part of the tower is Norman. The 
 arches of the south aisle have piers without capitals, and the aisle is 
 groined in stone : a circumstance not very common in the small parish 
 churches of this county ; there are some seats with rich bench ends. 
 The font is a plain octagon, cut out of a large square stone, leaving 
 a square step at bottom, and a sort of round block at each corner to 
 break the octagon to a square. This is one of the numerous ancient 
 and very plain fonts, to be found in this and the adjoining counties, 
 in churches of much later date and richer character. This church 
 deserves much more attention than its appearance is likely to attract ; 
 the Norman water-drain is, perhaps, one of the earliest to be found. 
 
 Crowland is the north aisle of a very magnificent Perpendicular 
 church, which was but the nave of the Abbey church, the Avest piers 
 of the Norman eastern portion still remaining ; this large nave appears 
 to have been built between the Norman choir and some portions still 
 remaining at the west end ; part of which is Norman, part Early 
 English, and part Perpendicular. At the west end of the present 
 church is a massive Perpendicular tower, forming an entrance to it ; 
 some of the south piers and arches of the nave, and small portions of 
 
200 
 
 the clerestory of that side still remain, but every winter become more 
 and more ruinated. The western entrance, one of the most beautiful 
 portions of rich Early English in the kingdom, is in such a state that 
 a very slight fall from above would entirely destroy it ; though, from 
 the excellence of the stone, the most valuable details which it presents 
 are nearly as sharp as when first cut. Tlie church has a large Perpen- 
 dicular font, of the block shape, noticed at Keelby, but ornamented 
 with pannelling ; it has also a very large stoup under a niche at the 
 entrance ; this is remarkable, as being a plain cylinder on the floor, as 
 large as a font, and the same date as the font itself. The part used 
 for service, though only so small a portion of the original edifice, 
 makes a handsome church, and the groining of the roof is very good : 
 the original windows have been very fine ones ; there is some good 
 screen-work and ancient pew^ing. 
 
 The celebrated triangular Bridge, near this church, is a curiosity, 
 though not now of much utility ; the character of the mouldings is 
 Decorated. 
 
 AuNSBY is a small but very curious Church, with a tower and spire; 
 there are some arches in the nave which, with their piers, would be 
 deemed Norman, but their bases are clearly of Early English cliarac- 
 ter. The piers and arches on the south side, and the walls and win- 
 dows of that aisle, are of a late Decorated character, with a door 
 still later ; but all of excellent composition and detail, though on a 
 small scale ; in these windoAvs are remains of some of the most beau- 
 tiful stained glass in the district, the colours remarkably bright ; they 
 are, however, only in very small portions. The font of this church is 
 a very curious one ; the lower part square, the upper part circular, 
 with an octagon or round pillar at each corner of the square, having 
 varied Norman capitals and Early English bases. 
 
 Threckingiiam is a curious Church, with a lofty tower and spire; 
 much of the work is Early English and Early Decorated, with some 
 later additions. The chancel is a curious specimen of the mixture of 
 the Norman and Early English styles, having quite a Norman appear- 
 ance on the outside, with round arches, but the details are late : the 
 inside is as clearly Early English, with beautiful shafts and mould- 
 ings ; there are some good Decorated window^s ; the piers and arches 
 are varied, mostly Early English. In the chancel is a good stall and 
 cupboard ; the font is a very curious one ; it is circular, with Early 
 English panelling on the upper part, and plain below, except a base 
 moulding, in the hollow of which an inscription has been cut in letters 
 of bold relief, but they have been so Avorn and trodden on as to be 
 now illegible ; there are a few ancient monuments, and some good 
 screen-work and bench ends. 
 
 OsBOURNBY Church has some very excellent portions of Deco- 
 rated work : particularly a porch, some stalls in the chancel, and some 
 of the windows ; there is a water-drain in each aisle, and one in the 
 chancel. The font is a large one, the u])per part round, the lower 
 
201 
 
 part octagon ; the round portion is covered with shafts and intersect- 
 ing arches, filled with the nail-head ornament ; there are some 
 remains of a good rood-loft screen, and some ancient benches. 
 
 The last Church to be described, and one of the finest in the 
 county, is that of Louth ; it has a lofty tower and rich crocketted 
 spire, a nave and aisles, and chancel. It is a remarkably fine speci- 
 men of a Perpendicular exterior ; the forms being very good, and tlie 
 details well executed ; the east end is peculiarly fine, the window 
 being of seven lights, and remarkably beautiful in its tracery. The 
 buttresses, also, of the east end have niches in them, and are crowned 
 with rich finials ; the parapet of the chancel is a fine one, with a cross 
 and crockets on the gable. The tower, above the roof of the church, 
 has two stages, each of which has two long windows ; the upper ones 
 with rich ogee canopies. The battlement of the tower, octagonal 
 pierced turrets, and pierced flying buttresses to the spire, give a rich- 
 ness and lightness to the steeple possessed by few edifices of the same 
 style. The cornices are mostly filled with flowers and other enrich- 
 ments, and the whole church forms a valuable study of the style. 
 
 Norman Churches, besides those noticed are — Clee, St. Peters 
 Middle Raisin, Sempringham, and Stow. 
 
 Early English churches are — Grajdngham, Hibalstow, and Lessing- 
 ham. 
 
 Decorated churches are — Caythorpe, Great Hale, Haydor, Hel- 
 pringham, Navenby, Silk Willoughby, and Walcot. 
 
 The Perpendicular churches are more numerous — Aswarby, Baston, 
 Burton, Folkingham, Gosberton, Kirton, Langloft, IMorton, Pinch- 
 beck, Great Ponton, Spalding, Stoke, Rochford, Tattershall, and 
 Thurlby. 
 
 Amongst the mixed churches are some of great value ; some of 
 them have only two styles, and these very pure and good, so that this 
 list is deserving of careful examination — Ancaster, Asgarby, Beck- 
 ingham, Belton, Benington near Boston, Berlings, Billingborough, 
 Blyborough, Boothby, Bourne, Brant, Broughton, Burton, Carleton 
 Scroope, Claypool, Colsterworth, Culverthorpe, Doddington, East 
 Deeping, Market Deeping, West Deeping, Freeston, Fulbeck, Glen- 
 ton, Great Grimsby, Great Gunnerby, Harpswell, Hemingwell, Horb- 
 ling, Howell, Kirkby Laythorp, Kirkby Underwood, Leadenham, Le- 
 A^erton, Little Ponton, Normanton, Quarrington, Ropsley, Swarby, 
 Swayton, South Carleton, Sutterton, Sutton, Surfleet, Tydd St. Mary, 
 Uffington, Welbourne, Wellingore and Wilsford. 
 
 In the church yard of Somersby is a cross deserving of notice for 
 a crucifix forming its upper portion, of which there are very few 
 remaining. 
 
 Of the JMonastic edifices there are many small remains ; but those at 
 Thornton Abbey are so considerable as to require particular notice ; 
 various parts are standing, some domestic, some ecclesiastic ; but 
 most of very good design and execution ; some of the work is 
 
202 
 
 Decorated and some a little later ; the remains of the chapter house 
 are very fine. 
 
 The Angel Inn at Grantham deserves examination; 
 
 Tattershall Castle is a fine specimen of the later castellated 
 tower ; it is Perpendicular, with good details. 
 
 Largely as this county has been noticed, a very great number of 
 its churches remain almost wliolly unknown, not being much inter- 
 sected by great roads. Although many of these churches are at short 
 distances from the road and each other, yet those in the north-eastern 
 part of the county do not appear to have been ever carefully examined. 
 
 Itontioiu 
 
 Although various causes have contributed to strip the metropolis of 
 ancient English edifices, and particularly that wide desolator, the fire 
 of 1666, there are yet remaining some very curious specimens. 
 
 The Chapel in the White Tower, now the Record Room, is one 
 of the most complete specimens of a Norman Church, on a small scale, 
 which remains ; and in some other parts of the White Tower are 
 Early English remains. 
 
 The Church of St. Bartholomew the Great, in West Smith- 
 field, contains much good Norman work, and its entrance gate, from 
 Smithfield, is Early English, with the toothed ornament in its 
 mouldings. 
 
 The porch on the south side of the Church of St. Sepulchre, Snow- 
 hill, is small, but well deserves examination, and there are ancient 
 portions which remain about Guildhall and its adjacent buildings. 
 There is a crypt at Gerard's Hall, Basing-lane, if it is not lately 
 altered or destroyed. 
 
 The Temple Church, of which the mixed part has been mentioned 
 before, is one of the best of the few round churches. The eastern part 
 is a most excellent specimen of plain light Early English, and its 
 groining and slender piers are perhaps unequalled. 
 
 The Dutch Church, Austin Friars, contains some very good 
 Decorated windows. 
 
 Ely Chapel, in Ely-place, has one Decorated window of curious 
 composition, and a good doorway. 
 
 St. John's Gate, Clerkenwell, is Perpendicular work of pretty 
 good character. 
 
 The remains of Crosby Hall, Bishopsgate-strect, are so very ex- 
 cellent in their kind, that it is a pity they cannot be restored to their 
 original state ; erected as a domestic mansion, they furnish many good 
 liints for modern work, and the details are as good as any Perpen- 
 dicular work rcmaininjT of the kind. 
 
203 
 
 Westminster Abbey. — This magnificent edifice is now so well 
 known by the various engravings of the building and its parts, that it 
 is less necessary than heretofore to notice it at much length. The 
 building may be considered to consist of four parts : — the Abbey 
 church ; the chapel of Henry the Seventh at the east end ; the Chap- 
 ter-house Cloisters, and other buildings adjoining, on the south side ; 
 and the western towers added by Sir Christopher Wren. The first 
 portion, or the Abbey Church, though not entirely finished till con- 
 siderably after the date of the style, is in composition Early English, 
 and one of the finest examples of that character, and is also peculiarly 
 excellent in its details. The chapel of Henry the Seventh, one of 
 the latest, is on the whole the most enriched edifice of the Perpendi- 
 cular style in England ; it is one entire mass of panelling and orna- 
 ment, there being no plain wall above the base ; it forms a good ex- 
 ample of the extent to which a building may be enriched, and a re- 
 markable contrast to the simplicity of the church to which it is 
 attached. As a magazine of Perpendicular detail, it is peculiarly 
 valuable. The porch, or entrance from the east end of the Abbey, is 
 seldom noticed, and not often well seen, for want of light ; but it is 
 a most beautiful composition, and deserves attention. The cloisters 
 and adjacent buildings have some doors, windows, and other parts of 
 great beauty, some of which are of the Decorated style. Of the 
 western towers little need be said, their difference from the edifice to 
 which they are added, and even from the portion of the Perpendicular 
 style upon which they are built, is now sufficiently evident. There are 
 many ancient monuments in this church, which the student Avill find 
 it very advantageous to examine with great care. 
 
 Westminster Hall. — The north front of this edifice is one of the 
 earliest, as well as best, specimens of the Perpendicular style, every 
 distinguishing feature of the style being here exemplified. The inte- 
 rior has Norman walls below ; and above the arches are filled with 
 Perpendicular tracery; and from stone corbels of that date, spring the 
 ribs of the Avood roof; the largest, and on the whole, the most mag- 
 nificent wood roof in the kingdom. 
 
 It will be proper to recollect in examining the Abbey, Westminster 
 Hall, and King Henry the Seventh's Chapel, the restorations which 
 they have undergone, because, however well they are done, they are 
 not originals. 
 
 Amidst the various alterations which the convenience of the Imperial 
 Parliament has required, there are yet remaining some portions of St. 
 Stephen's Chapel, and the adjacent buildings, but most of them are 
 inaccessible, owing to their forming part of the Parliamentary offices, 
 or of the Speaker's house ; there is, however, a small portion of good 
 screen work near the lobby of the House of Commons, easily accessible 
 and deserving of attention. 
 
204 
 
 Of the clmrches in this county, most have been very considerably 
 altered from the wants of the increasing population, and others were 
 originally not edifices of much consequence. In the following list there 
 are small remains of good work, but scarcely a single good wholly ancient 
 cliurch; amongst the fonts are several curious ones. The churches 
 of Bedfont, Harlington, Hayes, Hendon, aud Harrow, have each 
 small Norman remains. The following are principally of the later 
 styles: — Acton, Greenford, Hadley, Hammersmith, Hanwortli, Ilar- 
 mondsworth, Heston, Hillingdon, Ickenham, Kingsbury,,South iMimms, 
 Northall, Ridge, Rislip, Stanwell, Stepney, Stratford-le-Bow, Stoke, 
 Newington, Tottenham, Teddington, Walton, and Willsden. 
 
 The church of St. Thomas, at ]Monbiouth, and the church at 
 Abergavknny, have some portions of good work, and there are 
 small remains of the Priory at IMonmouth. The church at ChepstoM' 
 is a very fine specimen of good Norman. 
 
 The Castles of Abergavenny, Caldecot, Chepstow, Newport, 
 Ragland, and White Castle, are all, more or less, ruinated, but 
 having many parts deserving attention. 
 
 The Abbeys of Llanthony and Tintern are in this county; tlie 
 ruins of the former are considerable ; of the latter, nearly the whole of 
 the walls of the magnificent church remain. As a picturesque object, 
 this abbey is justly celebrated, but justice has not been done to its 
 architectural character, which is of a style forming a transition from 
 Early English to Decorated, so that in beauty of composition and de- 
 licacy of execution, it yields to few edifices in the kingdom. 
 
 Norfolk. 
 
 Norwich Cathedral is so situated that no very good general 
 view of it is to be obtained ; the best is that of the west front. The 
 plan is almost wholly Norman, with a circular east end, and some 
 circular chapels attached to it. There has been a Lady Chapel east- 
 ward, now destroyed, which was Early English ; and some foundations 
 have been discovered, which apj)ear to have been those of a building 
 like Becket's Crown, the eastern termination of Canterbury Cathe- 
 dral. There are various insertions of later styles, but the nave, cen- 
 tral tower, and eastern portion, present a continued line of Norman 
 work of excellent character, and with not much alteration, except in 
 the windows and the roof; the latter is of Perpendicular character, as 
 is the centre of the west front, the door, and the large west window. 
 The east end is a very fine composition ; in its aisles are some good 
 Norman groined roofs. Parts of the choir arches have been filled up 
 
205 
 
 and altered with rich Perpendicular work of good character. The 
 tower, both inside and out, presents one of the best specimens of 
 Norman ornament extant. The spire is good, of Decorated or early 
 Perpendicular character. The cloisters are large and fine, and com- 
 prise a curious series of work, from early Decorated to middle Perpen- 
 dicular ; and the gradation is easily observed in the character of the 
 tracery, though something of the same general forms are preserved ; 
 there is a very fine door, and some lavatories of very good work, in 
 these cloisters. The chapter-house has been destroyed. There are 
 various portions of screen-work and monuments in the cathedral 
 deserving attention, and the font is a very fine one. The Norman of 
 the nave is very bold, and the triforium arches very large ; the choir 
 exhibits another specimen of Perpendicular addition to a Norman edi- 
 fice, differing from those at Gloucester and Winchester. 
 
 The precincts of the cathedral present several ancient buildings of 
 considerable interest. The Bishop's Palace has some remains of the 
 ancient hall, and an Entrance Gate, both valuable specimens. Near 
 the west end of the cathedral is a Free-School, containing some 
 good work ; and not far from thence are the two ancient Gates ; one 
 called St. Ethelbert's Gate, is of Decorated character, and the 
 other called the Erpinghasi Gate, of late Perpendicular, both valuable 
 in their respective styles. 
 
 The churches in the city of Norwich are very numerous, and some 
 of them very valuable. The most conspicuous is St. Peter Man- 
 croft, a large and fine Perpendicular church, with a lofty tower ; the 
 plan is a nave, aisles, and two transept chapels, of the same height 
 as the aisles ; there is no specific distinction of chancel on the out- 
 side. The windows are large and fine, and the interior is remarkably 
 light and elegant, with fine niches between the arches of the nave. 
 The battlements of the tower are modern and patched, as are some 
 other parts, but when complete, this must have been a peculiarly fine 
 one; the band, under the windows of the aisles, is enriched with panel- 
 ling and shields. 
 
 St. Michael Coslany. — This church maybe noticed as a very fine 
 specimen of Norfolk building in flint and stone ; it prevails in a great 
 number of the churches, and at a short distance the eflfect is good. 
 
 The tracery mouldings, some real, some apparent, and the ornaments, 
 small battlements, tudor flowers, and other embellishments, are cut in 
 stone; and the interstices, representing the sunken parts, filled up with 
 flint. In this church, a portion of the chancel is built in this way, 
 and the work being well executed and very minute, its efi"ect is very 
 curious ; this portion of the church is Perpendicular, and the design 
 very good ; there are older portions, some of them Early English, 
 and the church deserves attention for its character, exclusive of the 
 flint and stone-work. It may be well to state, that in some churches 
 this mixture is found of Decorated character, with the elegant forms 
 of that style beautifully made out, and it is possible there may be 
 some of it of a still earlier date. 
 
206 
 
 The churclies of St. Bennet, St. Etiielred, and St. Julian, 
 have round towers ; the two latter have Norman portions still remain- 
 ing ; but these towers have been so disturbed, as to their original 
 openings, that it is not possible to assign a date with certainty ; from 
 those openings which are most perfect, it seems at least possible that 
 some of these towers were erected as late as the year 1200 ; some of 
 them may, however, be of much greater antiquity. They have usually 
 been considered as very early Norman, but their date deserves inves- 
 tigation, as they are not uncommon in this county, and yet very few 
 are to be found in other counties. 
 
 The Churches of All Saints, St. Augustine, St. Cle3ient, 
 St. George Tombland, St. John Timberhill, St. jMargaret, 
 St. Martin-at-Oak, St. Martin-at-Palace, St. MiCHiEL-AT- 
 Thorne, St. Peter Hungate, St. Peter Permountergate, 
 St. Peter Southgate, St. Simon and Jude, and St. Swithin, 
 have all portions of good ancient work amidst much mutilation and 
 addition ; the Perpendicular style predominates, but with earlier por- 
 tions, and almost every church has some portion Hint and stone. 
 
 St. Gregory's Church has a passage under the chancel, and 
 that of St. John Maddersiarket a passage under the steeple ; 
 both these churches have some Perpendicular portions, and some flint 
 and stone. 
 
 The Churches of St. Andrew, St. George Colegate, St. 
 Giles, St. John Sepulchre, St. Lawrence, St. Mich^l-at- 
 Plea, St. Savior, and St. Stephen, are all handsome Perpendicu- 
 lar churches, and have nearly all good steeples, some of which are 
 lofty and elegant flint and stone towers : they all contain portions 
 well deserving examination. 
 
 There are in this city various buildings, remnants of ecclesiastical 
 edifices, that contain valuable portions ; of these may be noticed St. 
 Helens, now an almshouse; St. Andrew's Hall, belonging to 
 the corporation ; the Dutch Church, and the Bridewell, which 
 last is the best piece of plain flint work in the city, perhaps in Eng- 
 land ; indeed, it is diflicult to comprehend the smoothness of the 
 face and the delicacy of the jointing, without seeing the building. 
 There are good stone windows in the front, which appears to have 
 been part of a monastic edifice. 
 
 The Castle is so conspicuous and so fine an ornament that it can- 
 not fail to be noticed immediately on approaching the city. The 
 building is the shell of the Norman keep, and within and about it are 
 the prisons and courts of the county. The exterior is a fine specimen 
 of the style, and much enriched by arches in several stories : on one 
 side is an entrance-gate, called Bigod's tower. 
 
 The town of Lynn contains so many objects of interest, that it 
 may be advisable to notice them together. 
 
 St. IMargaret's Church is a large and curious building, with 
 parts of several styles, and having an east end of very singidar and 
 
207 
 
 beautiful composition ; it is in two stages, the lower has a rich band 
 above the base, and three fine niches ; the second stage has a circular 
 window, and two octagonal turrets form the flanking buttresses. 
 The chancel is Early English, and there are two western towers. 
 
 St. Nicholas's Chapel is a large building, with some very ex- 
 cellent portions : the character is a singular mixture of Decorated and 
 Perpendicular composition and detail ; part of the tower is earlier. 
 The south porch and west end are very rich, and the wood doors, 
 though mutilated, have been very good ones; the wood roof of the 
 church is a fine one. 
 
 St. Edmund's Church is small, compared to the others, but has 
 some good Perpendicular portions, and some of earlier date. 
 
 The Redmount Chapel, though sadly dilapidated, is a very beau- 
 tiful and singular edifice : it is very small, but presents a miniature 
 cross chapel, of excellent Perpendicular composition and execution. 
 
 The portion of the Grey Friars' Church remaining, has a 
 singular lantern, with two stages of windows rising from gables on 
 open arches ; it is of Perpendicular character, lofty and very light ; 
 but it has a staircase turret on one side, which interferes with its 
 symmetry in one direction. 
 
 Binham Church, part of the ancient priory, has a fine west end 
 of Early English ; the interior is Norman. The font is a handsome 
 one, of Perpendicular character. 
 
 Clay Church is a large and curious edifice ; the clerestory win- 
 dows are singular, being alternately of the usual shape and circular. 
 The south aisle is of very rich Perpendicular, with a fine porch, and 
 to the eastward, a chapel partly ruinated, in which has been a fine 
 Decorated window. The battlements and parapets of this church 
 are very fine and remarkably rich, and the windows of very good 
 composition. 
 
 Little Snoring Church has a door-way, exhibiting, in a curi- 
 ous manner, the mixture of Norman and Early English character ; it 
 has shafts with Early English capitals, and the square Norman abacus. 
 The head of the door is a round arch, and its immediate surroundmg 
 moulding is a hollow, (a common feature in much later times,) then 
 follows a sharp pointed arch, with a very bold zigzag, and above all a 
 moulding in a horse-shoe shape, consisting of a small round, and a 
 hollow filled with flowers. On the whole this is one of the most 
 singular doors extant. 
 
 The Church of North Walsham is a magnificent edifice, the 
 tower of which is in ruins ; but there is a fine south porch of flint and 
 stone, and a font with a very rich wooden cover of tabernacle work. 
 The whole building, which has no clerestory, is perpendicular, but 
 very early in the style. 
 
 Worstead is a very fine church, the tower of Decorated and most 
 of the church and chancel of Perpendicular character, with consider- 
 able flint and stone ornament. The arrangement and composition of 
 
208 
 
 this tower are very fine. The font is one of peculiar richness, the 
 sides being panelled with great delicacy, its pedestal having niches 
 and buttresses, and the risers of the steps panelled ; it has also a 
 wood cover of tabernacle work, as rich as that at ^V'alsham. There 
 is some good wood screen-work in this church. 
 
 Walsixgham Church contains various portions of good work, but 
 its font is the most attractive ; this is one of the richest in England, 
 if indeed, it be any where exceeded ; its character is Perpendicular, 
 and very good : like Worsted, the steps are ornamented. 
 
 Yarmouth Church is a large and handsome edifice, with a tower 
 and small spire. The west end has four fine turrets, with large plain 
 pinnacles. There is a handsome south porch and transepts, the tower 
 being at the intersection of the cross ; the north and south aisles of 
 the nave are very wide. Some part of the building is Early English, 
 and others, particularly windows, of the two succeeding styles ; some 
 of these windows are large and good. 
 
 The Norman churches are — Castle Rising, Chedgrave, Framlingham 
 Earl, Gillinghara, Hadiscoe, Hillington, Keninghall, South Lopham, 
 and Thwaite. 
 
 The Early English portions are some very good in the Blixed 
 Churches, and the church of West Walton, which has a very fine 
 bell tower detached from the church. 
 
 The churches of Attleborough, Gresham, Hingham, and Houghton- 
 le-Dale, are Decorated. 
 
 The following churches are mostly Perpendicular, and amongst 
 them are some of the finest specimens in the Kingdom — Burnham 
 Thorpe, Cawston, Catfield, Cromer, Deepham, Ingham, Loddon, Out- 
 well, Redenhall, Sale, Swafl^ham, Terrington St. Clement, Walpole 
 St. Andrew, Walpole St. Peter, Wicklewood, and Wiggenhall St. 
 Mary. 
 
 The list of Mixed Churches is more extensive, and comprises — 
 Ashill, Barford, Belaugh, Blickling, Burnham Deepdale, Colney, 
 Cringleford, Denver, Drayton, East Dereham, Earlham, Easton, East 
 Winch, Elsing, Fincham, Fordham, Heveningham, Ileydon, Hilgay, 
 Horsham St. Faith, Ingworth, Kimberley, Ludham, IMiddleton, Nar- 
 borough. North Rungton, Terrington St. John, Tylney All Saints, 
 Tylney St. Lawrence," Thetford St. Cuthbert, St. IMary, and St. Peter, 
 Sharnbourn, Snettisham, Snitterton, Soham Toney, Southeray, South 
 Pickenham, Stockton, Swanton Abbot, Walsoken, Wells, West Bilney, 
 West Lynn,Wigenhall St. Germain, and St. Mary Magdalen, Wotton, 
 Wramplingham, and Wymondham. 
 
 There are at Yarmouth two ancient Gates. 
 
 Of the remains of monastic edifices, the ruins of the Priori' at 
 Walsingham are very fine ; the east end of the Priory church is 
 standing, and though much dilapidated, sufficient remains to show the 
 excellence of the design. 
 
 Of Cattle Acre Priory, the remains are considerable; the west 
 
209 
 
 front of the church is a remarkably fine specimen of Norman enrich- 
 ment, and there are some curious remains of the domestic apartments 
 of the Priory, of later date. 
 
 The Abbeys of St. Bennet, Thetford, Langley, West Acre, 
 and North Creak and Beeston Priory, are all in ruins, but 
 contain some beautiful portions, principally Early English, with others 
 of later date. 
 
 The Castles of Castor, Castle Acre, and Castle Rising, though 
 in ruins, deserve examination. 
 
 Of ancient domestic buildings, may be enumerated the old Hall at 
 Arminghall, which has a very rich and curious porch ; Blickling, 
 Emneth Hall, Fincham Hall, Hunstanton Hall, Wolterton 
 House East Bashaji, the remains of Bishop Hall's Palace, at 
 Heigham, and JMiddleton Tower ; there is also a small building 
 standing in an unfrequented spot, which has been said to be an original 
 domestic building, caUed Winwall House ; it has been figured in 
 Britton's Chronological Antiquities, and has Norman buttresses, and 
 some portions of ornament of that style. 
 
 It may be proper to remark, that in some of the ancient buildings 
 at Lynn and other parts of this county, bricks are used in buildings- 
 evidently of earlier date than that commonly assigned to the extensive 
 use of that material in large edifices. 
 
 Peterborough Cathedral. — The approach to this Cathedral has 
 a very monastic appearance. Passing under a Norman gate, with later 
 additions, a court is entered, the right side of which is a line of the 
 domestic buildings of the abbey, still retaining much of their original 
 appearance; at the end of the court is the noble front of the cathedral, 
 consisting of three fine Early English arclies ; but their beauty is 
 much diminished by the small chapel or porch, which in another place, 
 would have been very beautiful. The general arrangement of this 
 Cathedral is Norman, but nearly all the windows have had tracery 
 inserted, and in some parts, the windows enlarged. The east end is 
 circular, and the aisles are made out square by a Perpendicular addi- 
 tion, which has some excellent fan tracery groining. This work is 
 plain in its exterior appearance, and the buttresses have sitting statues 
 instead of pinnacles. Tlie choir has a wooden groined roof, of very 
 inferior workmanship and appearance. The central tower is low, and 
 forms a lantern. The screen was a barbarous piece of painted wood- 
 work, but a new one in stone has been erected, and the fittings of the 
 choir renewed byBlore ; and the interior of the Catliedral has thus been 
 very much improved. In one of the chapels is a portion of wood screen- 
 work of Early English date. A very small j)art of the back arches 
 (apparently a lavatory) of the cloisters, is still to be seen, and is so good 
 
 p 
 
210 
 
 as to make the destruction of the cloisters much to be regretted. The 
 remains of the monastic buildings in the court in front of this cathedral 
 deserve very minute attention ; though their style is much varied, and 
 there are various insertions, yet they present, on the whole, a valuable 
 specimen of that bold and varied outline, both of plan and elevation, 
 which has been so often attempted to be imitated in modern times with 
 very little success. The nave of this cathedral is a very good specimen 
 of that description of Norman work which has its piers composed of 
 shafts ; the proportions are good, and the general appearance fine, 
 without that overwhelming heaviness which appears in those edifices 
 where the great circular piers are used. 
 
 The views of this Cathedral are confined and not very good, except 
 that of the magnificent Early English west front, wliich is seen to 
 very good etFect. In the front court, leading to the north side of the 
 cathedral, is a late Perpendicular gate, remarkably rich in ornament. 
 On the south of the south transept are some fine Early P^nglish 
 remains, which may have been the refectory, or more probably the 
 infirmary chapel of the ancient monastery. 
 
 Although this county does not present so great a number of large 
 churches as Lincolnshire, or perhaps, in proportion, so much of the 
 Decorated style in its purity, yet it will be found to offer to the 
 student frequent opportunities of examining the transitions of the 
 styles, and their progress from one to the other ; it contains also 
 several churches of that style of building, noticed in the body of this 
 work in the remarks on Saxon buildings, and of which the old cluirch 
 at Baktox, in Lincolnshire, is a curious example 
 
 The first of these to be mentioned, is Brixworth Church, which 
 had not, to the knowledge of the author, been noticed, till visited by 
 him at the close of the year 1823, in company with his friend, G. 
 Baker, the historian of this county ; which visit led to a subsequent 
 more minute examination of the building, and a search for traces of 
 the parts which have been destro^'^ed. 
 
 The construction of this church is particularly curious ; the walls 
 being mostly built with rough red stone rag, in pieces not much larger 
 than common brick, and all the arches turned and most of them 
 covered with courses of bricks, or tiles, as they may be called, pre- 
 cisely similar in quality and size to those found in Koman works dis- 
 covered in this county ; and over the balusters of the window, look- 
 ing from the tower into the nave, these bricks are used as imposts. 
 The great arch, between the nave and chancel, has at an early period, 
 been ])artly taken down and filled up with a good pointed arch ; but 
 this was not so completely done as to destroy the remains of the 
 spring of the original arch, which, on stripping tlie plaster, was found 
 to have the same tile impost, and tile arch, and course of covering 
 tiles as are found in the other arches. At \^hat date the church 
 remained in its original state, the author does not presume to deter- 
 mine, but from the nature of the alterations now extant, it must have 
 
211 
 
 been very early ; and he now proceeds to state these as they appear. 
 Th« nortli door of the tower is stopt up, and against the west side of 
 the toAver is erected a circular staircase, built of the rag stone, in a 
 very rough state ; the stairs are partly remaining, and the under side 
 of them have been formed upon rough plastered centering, in the mode 
 usually adopted by the Normans. To afford access to this staircase, 
 the original west door of the tower has been partially stopt, and the 
 aperture is a small circular headed door. There is no other access to 
 these stairs, and they lead to the two stories of the tower, reaching 
 rather higher than the present remains of the original steeple, upon 
 which is now a belfry and lofty spire, of a style which may be con- 
 sidered of from 1300 to 1330. Proceeding eastward, we find the 
 original aisles destroyed, and the easternmost arch, on the south side, 
 remaining to its original use, but now leading into a south aisle, nearly 
 of the date of the belfry ; and to give access to the eastern part of 
 this aisle, the wall of the original chancel, on the south side, has been 
 opened, and two arches inserted, which are dissimilar in their shape, 
 range, and mouldings. In the arch next to the tower, on the south 
 side, is also inserted a door, and of such a character as to fix its date 
 to about the year 1150; il« is covered by a porch, of a date some- 
 what later. We now come to the present chancel, which is an addi- 
 tion eastward of the original one. The east end had originally one 
 large window, and two small ones ; the lower part of the large one 
 has been open to the ground, widened, and the upper part supported 
 by a Avood lintel resting on two wooden uprights, against which are 
 some remains of a Perpendicular wooden screen. Eastward, the pre- 
 sent chancel consists of portions of each of the four styles ; on the 
 north side, joining the old chancel, are parts of two Norman divisions, 
 with small fiat buttresses, and such a direction as to make it probable 
 that this Norman chancel was multangular eastward. In these tAvo 
 divisions are inserted two windows; one a Decorated two-light Avin- 
 doAv, forming a north Ioav side-AvindoAV ; the other a Perpendicular 
 tAvo-light, Avhich is so inserted as to preserve above it the Norman 
 arch of the AvindoAv originally lighting that division. The rest of the 
 chancel, beloAV the string, is Early English, and has Perpendicular 
 AvindoAvs above it ; on the south side is a Perpendicular door, and a 
 low side AA'indoAv of the same date. The nave is noAv lighted by six 
 AvindoAVs- inserted in the old walls, all of difixirent sizes, and Avith the 
 exception of tAA'o, Avhich are alike, of difiierent dates. A vestry has 
 been formed in the nave, opposite the porch, and a Avail built across 
 the nave at that part, forming a screen ; the vestrj^ is lighted by a 
 small AvindoAV, difi'ering from any of the others. This church has been 
 thus particularly described, on account of the extraordinary preserva- 
 tion of so much of the original structure, amidst alterations which 
 appear to have been carried on, from the time of the Normans to the 
 Keformation, about every fifty years ; for so diversified are the diffe- 
 rent additions and insertions as to character ; it is also curious for the 
 
212 
 
 discovery of a relic in a small shrine, which appears of the age of the 
 south aisle, and was inserted in the south wall, near a window; inter- 
 fering with a seat, it was taken out of the wall, and behind it found a 
 cavity, containing a small wooden box, in which was a small bone, 
 which, with the shrine, is carefully preserved. 
 
 Brigstock Church is another curious specimen, but here the 
 early work forms only a very small portion, though surrounded by 
 ancient remains, of such a character as to confirm, as much as their 
 antiquity can do, the earlier date of this portion. The tower is of 
 very rough masonry, plastered, and has a roughly built round stair- 
 case on the west side, as at Brixworth ; the tower opens into the 
 north aisle by a semicircular headed small plain door, with a small 
 window over it. 
 
 Earl's Barton. — This tower, which is apparently of the same 
 character as that of Barton-on-the-Humber, but more ornamented, 
 and with rather more finish of workmanship ; it is, however, still rude 
 compared with most Norman work, and its west door has a curious 
 approximation to Roman work, in an impost Avith flutes, and a rude 
 moulding over it, similar to a Roman architrave. The baluster is 
 used to the windows ; the number of s^one ribs is greater than at 
 Barton-on-the-Humber, and the upper stories of the tower diminished 
 in size, a few inches each way less than the story below. The church 
 of Earl's Barton is highly interesting, exclusive of its curious tower. 
 The chancel, below the window, the south door of the church, and 
 some other portions are Norman, good, and much enriched ; other 
 portions, both of church and chancel, are Early English, and the north 
 door, and some of the windows are Decorated ; while some inserted 
 windows, and the clerestory are Perpendicular. There are two Early 
 English water-drains, and three Norman stalls. There have been low 
 side windows to the chancel, but they are now stopt. Several of the 
 Decorated windows have ogee heads, a form very common in this 
 county. The arch from the tower into the nave is evidently an inser- 
 tion of later date than the rest of the tower ; it is partly Norman to 
 the spring of the arch, and Early English above. 
 
 Barnack Church is another tower, the lower part of which has 
 the projecting stone ribs noticed above, and the arch into the nave 
 resembles that at Brigstock, but is much more ornamented with an 
 arrangement in the impost unlike any Norman work, but much like a 
 rude attempt to imitate Roman mouldings. This arch was stopt at 
 an early date, the tower being lined within by an Early English stair- 
 case in one corner, and a fine groined roof of that date. In the 
 stopping of the arch into the nave, is a good Early English door, and 
 upon tiie two stages of the ancient tower is a belfry and short spire, 
 about the same date ; thus is this tower also preserved by its 
 upper part of much later, but still ancient date. This church, inde- 
 pendent of its tower, is very curious ; some of the piers arc Norman, 
 others Early English. The chancel is Decorated, and a south chapel 
 
213 
 
 rich Perpentllcular ; there is a fine Early English south door and 
 porch. The east window is a singular one, having crocketted canopies 
 over the heads of the lights, similar to the east window of IMerton 
 College, Oxford, though here the tracery of the head of the window 
 is not so rich. There are other Decorated windows, with curious 
 tracery, and in the church and chancel several monuments well deserv- 
 ing attention, as also some beautiful niches on the walls, and a water- 
 drain. The font is a very curious one, clearly Early English ; the 
 composition and execution both excellent. 
 
 These Churches of Brixworth,Barton-on-the-Humber,EarrsBarton, 
 Brigstock, and Barnack, have been described as briefly as possible, 
 from a desire that they should be visited and minutely examined by 
 those who feel any interest in the question of the existence of real 
 Saxon edifices ; they must be seen to be properly appreciated, for to 
 do justice to them in words would require a volume on each. 
 
 FiNEDON Church is a large and handsome edifice ; it is nearly 
 all of Decorated date, and remarkably well executed. The plan 
 has a nave, aisles, transepts, a large chancel and south porch, with a 
 fine tower and spire at the west end ; the windows are many of them 
 very plain, and some with ogee heads, but all have very good mould- 
 ings. The west door is rich, and a fine composition. The tower, 
 battlements and spire, are early Perpendicular, and very good. Be- 
 tween the two piers, west of the transept, is a very rich and beauti- 
 ful flat arch, pierced in very elegant tracery, and crowned with a 
 battlement ; it appears later than the church, but is remarkably well 
 executed. Arches in this situation are not common, but there is one 
 in a neighbouring church which will be noticed in its proper place. 
 The font at Finedon is curious, being a large cubical mass of stone, 
 with the upper angles sloped off", so as to bring the plan of the upper 
 face octagon ; it is perfectly plain. The benches of this church 
 appear nearly coeval with the fabric, or at any rate not many years 
 later. 
 
 IsLip is a small but beautiful church, with a crocketted spire ; it is 
 wholly of one character, which is late, but very good Perpendicular, 
 the design elegant, and the execution good ; it might be copied as a 
 modern church, without omission or addition, except a vestry, which 
 appears once to have existed north of the chancel. 
 
 Kettering is a large and handsome Perpendicular Church, with 
 a very fine tower, and rich crocketted spire ; the west door, and a 
 four-light window over it, are fine examples of this style. 
 
 HiGHAM Ferrers is a large and curious Church ; it has two naves 
 of equal height, with small clerestory windows to each of the outer 
 sides, and a north and south aisle, thus presenting to the interior three 
 rows of piers and arches, and four spaces ; some of the piers are Early 
 English, some later, and part of the tower is of that character, but 
 most of the church is later, with very good Decorated windows, and 
 some Perpendicular ones. The tower and spire, which latter is 
 
214 
 
 crockettetl, are the latest portions. At the west end is a flat porch 
 iinich enriched with sculpture, and having very excellent mouldings. 
 The east ends of the centre portions of the church have very fine 
 windows; over one of which is a very fine niche, in good preservation. 
 There are some ancient monuments in the church, and some of the 
 brasses have been very fine, but are much mutilated ; there is some 
 good wood screen and stall work ; the font is plain, of Earlj'- English 
 character : there is a little stained glass, and some ancient tiles in the 
 chancel. There is considerable appearance of mutilation of parts, and 
 the earth is much heaped against the walls of the church ; but the 
 edifice has many curious portions, and deserves minute attention. 
 
 LowicK Church is a handsome Perpendicular edifice, Avith a 
 steeple of remarkable beauty ; it is a fine tower of four stages, Avith 
 good buttresses, and four good pinnacles, and above a large octagonal 
 lantern, connected with the pedestals of the pinnacles by flying but- 
 tresses ; — the Avhole of this steeple is of good design, and excellent 
 execution : it is rich, but not overloaded with ornament. The church 
 is good Perpendicular, with two stalls at the east end of the north 
 chapel, and also two stalls and a water-drain, at the east end of the 
 chancel, which appear older than the rest of the church. The font 
 seems of Early English character, it is large and plain; there is some 
 old pewing and benches, and the windows of the north aisle have 
 portions of fine ancient stained glass, in good condition. In an arch, 
 between the chancel and north chapel, is an alabaster monument of 
 a knight and his lady, -which is much mutilated, but when perfect 
 must have been one of the finest of its kind ; there seems every reason 
 to suppose it had a rich canopy over it, and the finish of those portions 
 of minute ornament which still remain is so exquisite, that its very 
 superior character may be easily imagined. The knight has his right 
 gauntlet in his left hand, and takes a hand of his lady with his right. 
 The details of the armour and drapery of these figures, and also of the 
 canopies over their heads, where not mutilated, are as sharp and per- 
 fect as when first executed. In a chapel, on the south side of the 
 church, is another alabaster tomb, having an efligy of a later date, 
 finished with nearly equal care, but the design not so good ; there is 
 also another tomb with a brass. This church deserves very careful 
 examination. 
 
 St. Giles's Church, Northampton, is a large cross church, with 
 portions of various styles ; part of the chancel is very good Early 
 English, and the east window Decorated. There are several Perpen- 
 dicular windoAvs, and the whole church has the styles much mixed, 
 the Avest door being a very large and fine Norman one. The font is 
 octagonal, Avith rich panelling ; there is a late Perpendicular monu- 
 ment of alabaster, in a south chapel. 
 
 St. Peter's, Northampton, is a remarkably fine and curious 
 
 specimen of enriched Norman ; the capitals of the piers are elaborately 
 
 a: -^ed, and having been carefully cleaned, exhibit one of the best spe- 
 
215 
 
 cimens of Norman in the kingdom. The tower has some singular 
 buttresses, but they appear to have been added when the belfry story 
 was built; the tower has some curious Norman ornament on the 
 outside, and opens into the nave by a very rich arch. The font is a 
 fine one, of early Perpendicular character. This church appears to 
 have had much repair during the Early English period, and there is 
 an arch of that date in the south aisle. There is a small arched crypt 
 continued east of the present chancel, which has the appearance of 
 having been shortened during the early repair. This is a very curious 
 church, and deserves very attentive examination. 
 
 St. Sepulchre's, Northampton, is one of the few round churches ; 
 it has eight circular piers, with Norman capitals, and plain pointed 
 arches ; there is a good Perpendicular tower and spire at the west 
 end, and a chancel with a north and south aisle eastward. There have 
 been insertions of various dates, so that the present building is much 
 mixed, and some parts of each of the three last styles may be found in 
 the eastern addition, which has also received modern alterations. 
 
 PiTSFORD is a curious Church. The south door Norman, and a 
 very fine example. The tower is below of early Decorated character : 
 the upper part later ; most of the windows and some other parts of 
 the church have had modern alterations. The porch is Perpendicular, 
 and has a handsome niche over the entrance. There is a low monu- 
 mental arch and a water-drain in the chancel. The font is a very 
 curious one. Perpendicular and octagon, with good panelling ; it has 
 a sort of additional projection, or bracket, on one of its sides, much like 
 a miniature oriel, and of which it is not easy to conjecture the use, 
 unless it might be for fixing the hinges of a wooden cover, or the 
 staples of some fastening for the cover. This conjecture is strength- 
 ened by four small holes, in which some metal seems, at one time, to 
 have been inserted. This projection may not be a solitary instance, 
 but no other has yet come to the author's knowledge. 
 
 PoLBROOK is a very curious Church ; it has a very elegant Early 
 English tower and spire, which is situated at the west end of the south 
 aisle. Some of the piers and arches are Norman, of an unusually tall 
 proportion. The chancel, north transept, and the north and south 
 doors and porches are Early English, of different periods in the style, 
 but all very good. The north transept has two sides enriched by a 
 fine range of stone stalls with beautiful mouldings, and the interior of 
 the east window (which consists of three lancets) is remarkablj'^ fine. 
 On each side of the chancel is a low side window, which here seems 
 clearly to have been built with the church, and has a plain bar across 
 at about one-third of its height, which appears to be also original. 
 The font has a plain cylindrical base, and an octagon top, with Early 
 English trefoil panelling. In the chancel is a water-drain of singular 
 character, but Avith very excellent details, and the mouldings enriched 
 with the toothed ornament. The whole of this church deserves very 
 attentive examination. 
 
216 
 
 Raitnds is a large and liandsome Cluirch, with a remarkably line 
 and loft j'^ tower and spire. This steeple is of Early English character, 
 and is one of the best specimens of composition of that style in the 
 county ; it has a shallow porch, like those at Higham Ferrers and 
 Onndle, and every stage above has shafts and ornamental arches and 
 circles, of which the details are very good. In the interior of the 
 tower is a screen, -with handsome arches, which appears to have been 
 intended to be seen from the entrance below, but from a later groining 
 now formed over the lower stage, is only visible from above. The 
 church has some Early English piers and arches, some Decorated win- 
 dows, and some Perpendicular ones ; the north and south doors are 
 Early English. The chancel arch has been very curiouslj'^ inserted be- 
 tween two buttresses, or square piers, of which that on the south side 
 is in the middle of an arch ; there is a late altar tomb with panelling, 
 two water-drains, and one stone stall. The font is a curious circular 
 one, and has a moulded pedestal, but its upper part is plain, except 
 four ])rojecting figures, of which three are defaced, but the fourth 
 has a ram's head ; it is possible the others may have had other beasts, 
 or human heads. In the church-yard is the base of a handsome 
 cross. 
 
 RusiiDEN is a large and handsome Church, with a fine Perpendi- 
 cular tower and crocketted spire, and a shallow porch on the Avest 
 side ; the piers and arches, and the transepts, are of Decorated date, 
 as is a part of the chancel. The north door is Early English, and has 
 over it a very rich Perpendicular porch, with fine groining. Across 
 the nave, between the piers of the transepts, there is a very rich 
 pierced arch, as at Finedon. Both these arches are nearly of the same 
 shape and mouldings, and have a similarity which would lead to the 
 supposition of their being erected by the same person; but although 
 thus similar in design, the tracery of each is beautifully varied. The 
 font is octagon, and appears Early P^nglish, with a pedestal of later 
 date. In the chancel are three Early English stalls, and a water- 
 drain, and the church has some remains of screen-work and ancient 
 stained glass. 
 
 St. Mautin's Church, Stamford Baron, is in this county, 
 though part of the town of Stamford ; it is the burying- place of many 
 of the Cecils. This church is a fine specimen of late Perpendicular, 
 with good details ; the piers and arches are very light and lofty, and 
 there is a good south porch : there are several windows Avhich have 
 good stained glass. About the tower there is a trace of earlier work, 
 but it is obscure. 
 
 AVARiMiNGTON CiiuRCH is oue of the most valuable Churches in 
 this county ; its general character is Early English, with some later 
 additions and insertions ; it has a tower and spire, nave and aisles, 
 north and south porches, and a chancel. The tower and spire are 
 remarkably good, both in design and execution, and much enriched 
 with tlic toothed ornament and small balls ; the west door is a 
 
217 
 
 remarkably fine specimen of the style ; it has a trefoiled head, shafts, 
 with very good capitals, and the whole of the mouldings very delicate. 
 The piers of the nave are part round, and part octagon, with capitals 
 and mouldings, having a slight mixture of Norman ; the arches are 
 pointed with good architraves ; the arch into the chancel is a very fine 
 one, and springs from corbels of peculiar elegance. The clerestory is 
 Early Decorated, and the nave is groined with wood, the groins spring- 
 ing from rich Early English capitals ; this wood groining is of Deco- 
 rated character, and has very well carved wooden bosses. The north 
 and south doors and porches are very fine, particularly the south 
 porch, which has handsome arches on each side, and both are groined. 
 The windows of the south aisle are Early English, of beautiful design, 
 M'ith remarkably elegant mouldings ; in the church, the stairs to the 
 rood-loft are perfect, but they are evidently a Perpendicular addition. 
 There are some portions of screen-work, some niches, and some elegant 
 corbels ; there is on the north side of the chancel an altar tomb, per- 
 fectly plain, and much larger than common. This church deserves 
 very careful study; with the omission of a few Perpendicular inser- 
 tions, it might be wholly copied as a modern church with advantage. 
 As a specimen of enriched Early English, it is not very often excelled; 
 the font is modern. 
 
 Whiston Church is a beautiful edifice, and might be executed as 
 a modern church without alteration ; the style is late Perpendicular, 
 but the details are remarkably good. It has a lofty and elegant tower, 
 nave, and aisles, and small chancel, but no clerestory; the grouping of 
 the tower, buttresses, and pinnacles, is remarkably fine, and the tracery 
 of ail the windows good. The south door is enriched, and has a shal- 
 low porch ; the north door is plainer, but has good mouldings ; the 
 piers of the nave are lofty, the arches four-centered, with rich panelled 
 spandrills to the nave. The font, of the date of the church, is elegant, 
 and of good composition, octagon, with panelled sides ; many of the 
 old wood benches remain. 
 
 The Norman Churches are some of them very nearly Early English, 
 they are — Burton Seagrave, Caister, Hinton, Moulton, Peakirk, Stowe, 
 Twywell, Upton. 
 
 The Early English list comprises the following — Brackley St. Peter, 
 Dallington, Dean, Denford, Duston, Great Addington, Gretworth, 
 Guilsborough, Hardingstone, Ringstead, Rothwell, Spratton, Strixton, 
 and Tansor. 
 
 The Decorated Churches are — Braughton, Crick, East Haddon, 
 Everdon, Flore, Great Addington, Kislingbury, Little Addington, 
 Longthorpe, and AVest Haddon. 
 
 The following have large portions of Perpendicular — Aldwinkle All 
 Saint's, Ashby Ledgers, Easton, Eydon, Fotheringay, Glinton, Ket- 
 tering, King's Sutton, Middleton Cheney, Tichmarsh, Wei ton and 
 Wilby. 
 
 The list of Churches containing portions of several styles is large. 
 
218 
 
 comprising — Abiiigton, Achurch, Aldwinklo St. Petor, Aston. Aynho, 
 Bacll)y, Baintoii, Barby, Barnwell All Saint's, and St. Andrew's, Bod- 
 dington, Brackley St. James, Braunston, Brockliole, IJupbrook, Bul- 
 wich, Byfield, Canons Ashby, Castle Ashby, Chacomb, Charwelton, 
 Chelvaston, Chnrch Brampton, Cogenhoe, Cotterstock, Crauford St. 
 John, Cronghton, Culwortli, Dodford, Edgcote, Evenley, Fartbingho, 
 Fartliingstone^ Fawsley, Gayton, Glenton, Great Billing, Great Bring- 
 ton, Harleston, Harpole, Ilellidon, Ilelmdon, Helpstone, Holdenby, 
 Irchester, Irtlingborough, Kilsby, Kingsthorpe, Laxton, Litcbborougb, 
 Little Billing, Low Heyford, Marston St. Lawrence, IMaxey, New- 
 bottle, Newnham, Newton, Norborougb, Northborough, Norton, 
 Oundle, Pilton, Preston Cajies, Badstone, Ravensworth, Scaldwell, 
 Siresham, Stanwick, Staverton, Sudborough, Sulgrave, Thenford, 
 Thornhaugb, Thorpe Mandeville, Thrapstone, Wandsford, Wappen- 
 ham, Wardon, Warkworth, Weedon Beck, Weckley, Wellingborough, 
 Weston Favel, Wittering, Whilton, Whitfield, Wold, Woodford, and 
 Woolaston. 
 
 Of castellated edifices, the ruins of the Castle at Northampton, 
 are now mere earthen mounds; but the Castle at Barnwell, has 
 some of its ancient walls and works remaining in a state almost as 
 fresh and perfect as when first built, particularly the entrance gate, 
 and some vaulted rooms on each side of it. This remain deserves 
 attentive examination. 
 
 Of manorial houses may be noticed those at Fotheringhay and 
 HiGiiAji Ferrers, and also the manor-house at Northborough, one 
 of the most valuable domestic remains in the kingdom ; it is princi- 
 pally of Decorated date, and some of its portions and details are of 
 remarkable beauty. The house is used as a farm-house, and requires 
 considerable examination to find out the elegant doors and other small 
 parts. 
 
 St. John's Hospital, and the adjoining Hospital of St. Thomas, 
 at North A3IPT0N, have some portions of very elegant work of the 
 three later styles, and all deserving careful examination. 
 
 The Beadhouse, at Higham F'errers, has had some portions of 
 very good Perpendicular character, but they are in a very mutilated 
 state. 
 
 The last architectural features to be noticed in this county, arc the 
 crosses ; of these, one at Helpstone, an octagon, with panelling and 
 buttresses, with pinnacles, has seldom been noticed, but is an elegant 
 composition. The two crosses of Edward I. at Northampton and 
 Geddington, have been often described, and deserve the most atten- 
 tive study ; the latter is plain compared with the former, but its 
 design is very good. The cross at Northampton is a composition of 
 peculiar elegance and beauty, and though considerably mutilated, has 
 enough of its excellent detail remaining to show what it must have 
 been when perfect. 
 
i^l9 
 
 ISFottlDtnntifrlattti* 
 
 The Church of St. Nicholas, at Newcastle, is a large and hand- 
 some church, mostly of Decorated character, except the steeple, which 
 is of later date. This churcli is a cross church, but has no tower at 
 the intersection ; the choir is inclosed for service ; the nave is left 
 tinseated, and is of a character rather different from the eastern parts. 
 There are some line windows left, but some have been inserted, others 
 altered and modernised ; the steeple is the most beautiful feature of 
 the building, and is a most excellent composition ; it is early Perpen- 
 dicular, not much enriched, but producino- a very fine effect ; it is the 
 type, of which there are various imitations ; the best known are St. 
 Giles's, Edinburgh, the church at Linlithgow, the college tower at 
 Aberdeen, and its modern imitation by Sir C. Wren, at St. Dunstan's 
 in the East, London ; but all these fall far short of the original. The 
 tower is engaged, and opens to the nave and aisles by beautiful arches; 
 the corners are bold buttresses, crowned by octagonal turrets, with 
 pinnacles ; from the base of these turrets spring four flying buttresses, 
 on the intersection of which is placed an elegant lantern, crowned with 
 a spire. The flying buttresses are crocketted, and are peculiarly grace- 
 ful in their forms. This steeple is as fine a composition as any of its 
 date, and the lightness and boldness of the upper part can hardly be 
 exceeded. The church has some singular and curious portions, and 
 the whole edifice deserves attention. 
 
 Hexham Church is a large cross church, apparently the chapel of 
 the monastery ; the nave is destroyed, the choir and transepts remain, 
 they are very good Early English, with some Decorated windows and 
 other portions. 
 
 Whittingham Church is curious, having a tower and part of 
 the church, with long and short quoins, like Barton-on-the-Humber, 
 but here they do not project from the wall, and the wall is not plas- 
 tered, but built with very rough masonry. In the Church is a very 
 early Norman arch, and parts of later date. 
 
 NoRHAM Church is the remains of a large and very fine church ; 
 some portions are Norman, some Early English, the east end Early 
 Decorated ; and within is a fine efligy under a canopy of Decorated 
 character, and not very common arrangement. 
 
 The Churches of Corbridge, Haltwhistle, Hedon-on-the- 
 Wall, OviNGHAJi, and STAMFoRDHAai ; all have portions of Early 
 English mixed with features of later date. 
 
 The Churches of St. John's Newcastle, Hallvstone and 
 Morpeth, contain portions deserving attention. 
 
 The Castle at Newcastle is a Norman keep, with a small but 
 elegant chapel within ; some of the details are curious from the 
 mouldings being of a character more advanced than the date of the 
 general features of the building;. 
 
220 
 
 At Alnwick are two ancient Gates ; and though much of the 
 Castle is of modern repair, yet some ancient parts remain. 
 
 Waukwortii Castle is one of the linest castellated remains we 
 have, and cannot be too carefully studied. 
 
 The Castles of Bothal and Norham have parts deserving 
 attention. 
 
 Belsay Castle is still standing. 
 
 At Hexham the remains of the Castle, an entrance Gate leading 
 to it, and a portion of a Gateway to the Abbey, with several frag- 
 ments, deserve attention. 
 
 Of monastic remains, Tynemouth Priory is a very line speci- 
 men ; the parts now existing belong to the east end and some other 
 portions of the church, and are of remarkably beautiful design. The 
 style is Early English, with considerable enrichment, and though the 
 stone is much perished, it shews great delicacy of execution ; some 
 part of the north aisle of the church appears of earlier date. 
 
 The remains of the Priory Church of Brinkburne, though 
 in ruins, contain various curious specimens of transition from Norman 
 to Early English 
 
 In CoRBRiDGE, adjoining the church yard, is an ancient Tower, 
 evidently adapted for the security of the inhabitants and their cattle 
 on the incursions common in the border wars. 
 
 The architectural antiquities of this county want to be more closely 
 examined than they have been. 
 
 The Collegiate Church of Southwell is a large and magnificent 
 edifice, mostly in good preservation; it is a cross church, with a low 
 centre tower, and a chapter-house, on the north side. The nave and 
 transepts are Norman, the parts east of the centre Early English, 
 and the Chapter-house early Decorated, all of very excellent composi- 
 tion. There are some Perpendicular insertions, particularly a very 
 large west window ; the surrounding space is sufficient to give every 
 side of the building its full effect. 
 
 The nave and transepts are of very bold character, and the details 
 well executed ; the piers are short and round, the arches of the trifo- 
 rium large, and the clerestory windows small, shewing circles on the 
 outside, and arches with shafts within. The aisles are stone groined, 
 and the nave has a wooden flat ceiling. The arches of the center 
 tower are very fine, being bold and simple ; several of the Norman 
 doors are very fine, and the north porch is large, and considerably 
 enriched. 
 
 The Early English portions, which consist of the choir, its aisles, 
 and small eastern transepts, form one of the best examples of this 
 .style in the kingdom ; the whole is in good preservation, and the 
 
221 
 
 peculiar enrichments of this style, the tooth, and the nail-head orna- 
 ments, are freely xised. The east end is remarkably simple and 
 elefjant, and has two tiers of fine lancet windows. 
 
 The chapter-house has no centre pillar, and is a fine specimen of 
 early Decorated work : the tracery of the windows, the stalls under 
 them, and the entrance-door, which is double, with tracery in the 
 arch, are all very good, and there is in them a peculiar fiat style of 
 carving ; the foliage and enrichments, not very common in England, 
 but rather more so in Scotland. The organ-screen, and some interior 
 stalls, are of later Decorated character, and are peculiarly beautiful ; 
 they have been restored in parts, but apparently with great care to 
 copy what was original. The choir is fitted up for service with gal- 
 leries, which take away the usual character of the aisles ; there are a 
 few ancient monuments, but none very rich or curious. The whole of 
 this church deserves the study due to a cathedral, and though it is not 
 so varied in its styles as some edifices, it claims attention for its purity 
 and good preservation. 
 
 Bingham Church has a curious Early English tower, and a later 
 belfry story and spire. The piers of the church are small, and 
 remarkably curious, having varied foliage, of excellent design, and 
 execution, some late Early English, others very early Decorated. 
 The transepts and chancel are of later date than the nave. There are 
 Early English, Decorated, and Perpendicular windows. The cornice 
 of the tower is curious, and there are the remains of statues, which 
 have served for pinnacles. 
 
 Hawton Church, near Newark, deserves peculiar attention. It 
 has a tower of fine outline, but poor details. This tower, with the 
 clerestory, and some other portions, are late Perpendicular, but the 
 rest of the church is much earlier. The piers and arches are Early 
 English, with nail-head in some of the capitals, and the drip-stone of 
 one arch is filled with the toothed ornament ; in each aisle is a water- 
 drain, and a rich niche at the east end of the south aisle. There is a 
 monumental arch in the south aisle, with plain mouldings , this, and 
 the windows of the east end of the aisles, are Decorated. The font is 
 singular, but appears ancient ; there is a little wood screen-work, and 
 some plain ancient benches ; also a very small quantity of stained 
 glass. The chancel is the most curious and beautiful portion of the 
 building, and from its character and details, appears to have been 
 designed by the same person as the church at Heckington, in Lincoln- 
 shire. This chancel is wholly of Decorated date ; the south side has 
 two windows ; the westernmost is complicated with the south door, 
 in the same way as at Heckington ; in this side are three equal stone 
 stalls ; and a double water-drain, which are, in general arrangement, 
 similar, and in many of the details exactly like those at Heckington. 
 On the north side, beginning eastAvard, is the sepulchre, about the 
 same size as that at Heckington, but superior in design, and also in 
 the richness of the diflferent parts ; adjoining westward, is a monumental 
 
222 
 
 nrcli, under which is the effigy of a knight. This arch has very deep 
 and rich mouldings, fine hanging tracery, and an ogee canopy, with 
 peculiarly rich crockets, and a fine finial, which serves as the bracket 
 for a statue ; close to the west of this arch is what was once a door to a 
 small chapel : this is now blocked up, but has shafts, deep mouldings, 
 hanging tracery, and an ogee canopj', of the same character and equal 
 richness to that of the arch, and like that, has a statue on the finial. 
 This series of rich work occupies a space about seventeen feet long 
 and twelve feet high, and connected as it is by the very beautiful east 
 window with the stalls on the north side, presents, in a small space, 
 enrichments not easily paralleled. At Heckington, the church being on 
 a large scale, the stalls, ike. seem ornamental portions; here the scale 
 of the chancel is small, and these form a complete group. It is only 
 justice to the present polite Incumbent to say, that he is fully aware 
 of the value of these beautiful features of his church, and very desirous, 
 when it can be properly done, of their being cleared of their many 
 doats of whitewash. 
 
 This chancel has been thus minutely described to draw the attention 
 of artists to it : for as the church is on no road but from one village to 
 another, (though within a mile of the great north road, and about two 
 from Newark) it is not likely to be visited, unless by those who go on 
 purpose ; and no adequate notice of it seems yet to have appeared. 
 
 The church at Mansfield deserves minute attention : the tower 
 has its two lower portions early Norman, built of small stones, and 
 the outside plastered ; and this it appears to have been, at least very 
 anciently, if not originally. The belfry story is Decorated, with a 
 good two-light window ; the arches and piers are mostly of good early 
 Decorated character ; there is one Early English window remaining, 
 and a good north door of Decorated character. Some of the windoAvs 
 are Perpendicular, particularly a handsome three-flight at the west end 
 of the north aisle, of very good mouldings. 
 
 Newark Church is one of the largest and most elegant parish 
 churches in the kingdom. It has a lofty west tower and spire, a nave 
 and chancel, with large aisles, transepts, and some chapels on the 
 south side to each, extending to the west face of the tower, the lower 
 part of which is Early English, and the upper part and the spire 
 Decorated ; some parts of the church are Decorated, and part Perpen- 
 dicular. In the nave is a Norman pier remaining on each side, and a 
 part of the tower is evidently built on a Norman base. The general 
 exterior ap])earance is Perpendicular, j'et on a minute examination it 
 appears as if the piers and arches ,both of the nave and chancel, the fine 
 corresponding buttresses on each side of the east window, and various 
 other buttresses, as well as the whole western portion of the south 
 aisle, were erected by the Decorated architects. The Perpendicular 
 work is early, and of excellent character ; the east window is of very 
 large dimensions. Over tlie east gable of the cross is a fine speci- 
 men of a bell niche, one of the most ornamented remaining; the 
 
22S 
 
 style is good Perpendicular. The buttresses of this church, both 
 Decorated and Perpendicular, are very excellent, and there are some 
 good doors, and in the interior some good wood screen-work and stalls, 
 but to the screen-work some modern portions have been added. 
 There are some ancient monuments, a rich monumental chapel 
 between two piers in the chancel ; and against the screen, behind the 
 altar, is one of the largest and finest brasses now remaining ; some of 
 the windows have ancient stained glass. The belfry story, the spire, 
 and the western part of the south aisle, which comprise the principal 
 Decorated portions, are deserving of attentive study, their composition 
 being very good, and the detail admirable. 
 
 St. IMary's Church, Nottingham, is a very large cross church, 
 of Perpendicular character ; the Avest end modern, in a very bad 
 taste ; the exterior has many singularities about it, particularly in the 
 arrangement and mouldings of the buttresses. The tower is large and 
 fine, taken two stages above the roof, and crowned with a good battle- 
 ment and pinnacles. The church has a very large proportion of win- 
 dow, equal if not superior to any church in England ; the interior is 
 good Perpendicular, though, like the exterior, with some singularities. 
 The south porch is a very curious one ; its front extremely rich, with 
 pannels and hanging tracery, and a very curious stone roof, with pan- 
 nels. Over the great window, in the north transept, is a canopy with 
 very bold crockets. The south transept has been very fine, and is 
 carefully repaired. Under the windows at the end of the north and 
 south transepts, in the interior, are two monuments of Perpendicular 
 character, of the finest design and the best execution ; the foliage 
 peculiarly curious, and vying in elegance with the work of our best 
 cathedrals ; these most excellent specimens, which are very little 
 known, are much hidden by pewing. As their design is much varied 
 from each other, they deserve, from the very great diversity of detail, 
 the most careful attention of the student. 
 
 The Norman Churches in this county are — Balderton, Hovringham, 
 and Worksop. 
 
 Upton St. Peter, and Codington, are Early English 
 
 Averham is Decorated. 
 
 Carlton-in-Lindrick, Kelham, GamstoUj and Kingston, are Per- 
 pendicular. 
 
 The churches containing a mixture of the styles are — Bunney, East 
 Retford, Farndon, Stoke Thorpe, North Muskham, Nottingham St. 
 Peter, Ordsall, Rossington, Scrooby, South IMuskham, Thorpe, Tux- 
 ford, Weston-in-the-Clay, West Retford, and WoUaton. 
 
 The front still remaining of Newstead Abbey Church, can 
 hardly be spoken of in too high terms; like St. Mary's Abbey, in 
 York, it is of the latest Early English, and in delicacy of execution 
 and elegance of composition, has hardly an equal ; it is in excellent 
 preservation, though only a mere wall, and most of its delicate orna- 
 ments nearly as fresh as when first carved. 
 
224 
 
 At Newark is a handsome Cross, with some good niches. 
 
 Newark Castle is now in ruins ; it has been a hirge edifice, of 
 various dates, and still contains portions deserving attention. 
 
 Nottingham Castle is now mostly modern ; but the excavations 
 in the sand rock, on which it stands, some of which appear to be of 
 considerable antiquity, are worth examining. Some of these excava- 
 tions are used as portions of dwelling-houses, particularly in the face 
 of the rock, about a mile below the castle. 
 
 The church Gate at Worksop is a building deserving examination; 
 its character Decorated or early Perpendicular. 
 
 The Cathedral of Christ Church, which is the chapel of the 
 College and the cathedral of the diocese, claims the first notice. It is 
 a Norman building, of singular character, from the disposition of its 
 arches, which are double, a lower one springing from corbels attached 
 to the piers ; part of the nave has been demolished, and many win- 
 dows of late date inserted in different parts. The roof of the choir is 
 a curious and beautiful groined roof, with pendants ; on the north 
 side of the choir are some chapels of later character than the rest of 
 the church, and the northernmost one, called the Latin chapel, has 
 some Decorated windows. Part of the cloisters remain ; they are of 
 Perpendicular character, and the chapter-house is a very beautiful and 
 valuable specimen of Early English. The tower is in the centre of 
 the cross, and is a plain English one with a spire. 
 
 This Cathedral is so inclosed by the College buildings and by 
 gardens, that no view of the whole can well be obtained. The interior 
 has many portions deserving examination. In the Dean's chapel are 
 two altar-tombs, a Decorated monumental erection, with three c'anopied 
 arches, and a most magnificent Perpendicular erection, called the 
 Shrine of St. Frideswide ; it consists of three tiers of tabernacle- 
 work, the upper of whicli has its niches ornamented with very fine 
 cano])ies. The groining and piers of this chapel have some singu- 
 larities. 
 
 Some of the Churches in Oxford have portions of great beauty ; 
 others are curious on other accounts, though, except St. JMary's, none 
 of tliem are very attractive, till examined with some attention. 
 
 St. Mary's Church is one of the principal features of the High- 
 street, and though not benefited by the very incongruous porcli with 
 twisted pillars, is, on its southern side, a fine church. The })lan is a 
 spacious nave and aisles, and a large chancel, without aisles. The 
 steeple is on the north side. All the building, except the steeple, is 
 Perpendicular, not very early, but very good ; the piers and arches 
 have delicate mouldings, and over each pier is a beautiful niche, from 
 the top of which springs the corbel, carrying the wood arches of the 
 
ceiling ; most of the windows are very good ones, and the whole is a 
 fine specimen of the style. The steeple consists of a very plain tower, 
 from the top of wliich rises a spire with plain ribs, and one very good 
 large canopied window at the bottom. At each corner, the double 
 buttresses of the tower are finished by rich niches, with canopies and 
 pinnacles, and behind the group thus formed, rises, connected with it, 
 a large pedestal, with pinnacles at the corners, and a large one in the 
 centre. This disposition is not common, and produces altogether far 
 the most satisfactory arrangement of any for the junction of a tower 
 and spire. The whole of the steeple is of Decorated date, and the 
 mouldings of these portions of the spire being filled with the ball 
 flower, so common in that style, the etifect produced is very rich ; the 
 niches are filled with statues. 
 
 St. ]\Iary IMagdalen is a small Church, much of which is of the 
 Decorated style, Avith some good windows ; the south aisle has the 
 waved line pierced parapet, and buttresses, with canopies and niches, 
 of remarkably beautiful composition. Its font is a fine one 
 
 St. Michael's Church has an elegant though plain Perpendicular 
 porch, and other ancient features. Its tower long and short quoins, 
 marking its early date. 
 
 St. Giles's Church has various Early English portions, some 
 good lancet windows, and some portions of later date. Its font is 
 very curious. 
 
 Holywell Church has a tower, with some curious portions of 
 Early English composition, with later additions and alterations. 
 
 The Churches of St. Aldate, St. Ebbs, St. Clement, and 
 St. Peter- le-Bailly, have all portions deserving attention, amidst 
 various alterations. 
 
 St. Pete r's-in-the-E AST is a curious Church ; the original por- 
 tions Norman, with details peculiarly rich and well executed : it has 
 had many introductions and alterations, particularly some large win- 
 dows, which, with a large south porch, a parapet, and other additions, 
 mostly of Perpendicular character, have much altered the exterior 
 appearance of tlie church. There yet remains the south door, one 
 window of the chancel, a portion of groining, and some other parts in 
 the original state, and these show the beauty of the Norman church. 
 Under the chancel is a fine Norman crypt, some of the capitals of 
 which have sculptures of a curious character. The later parts of this 
 church are very good, and the whole deserves attentive study. 
 
 Although the public edifices of the University are mostly of Per- 
 pendicular character, and some very late, yet many are objects of 
 value to the architectural student. 
 
 Most of the exterior of the Schools is of quite a debased character, 
 but small portions are of superior design. Amongst these, the 
 Divinity School is to be particularly noticed ; the general composi- 
 tion of this interior is fine, but its peculiar feature is the roof, which 
 _-onsists of bold four-centered arches, the spandriUs of which are filled 
 
 Q 
 
22C 
 
 with tracery, and the spaces between these ribs are groined with two 
 rows of pendants finishing below in small niches, which reach much 
 below the ribs, and thus form three arches across the span. The 
 details of this roof, and the rest of this portion, are very good. 
 
 Christ Church has most of the College buildings of later date, 
 but the hall is a very beautiful room, and its roof a peculiarly tine 
 specimen of an open \\'ood roof. In different parts of the buildings 
 some small ancient portions may be found deserving examination. 
 
 Ali. Souls College has a gateway, and some other portions of 
 good Perpendicular, but mixed with later work of a very different 
 character. 
 
 The entrance gate of Brazex-nose College is a fine composi- 
 tion, with very good details. 
 
 Baliol College has a fine oriel, and some other ancient features. 
 Corpus Christi College has over the entrance an elegant niche. 
 Exeter College Chapel is of Perpendicular character. 
 Magdalen College presents a variety of curious features ; the 
 whole of one quadrangle is ancient ; this contains the hall, chapel, and 
 cloisters, and has a very fine entrance tower. The chapel has had a 
 new ceiling, and other modern alterations, but its west door is a rich 
 and curious specimen ; it has a detached stone arch, of peculiar light- 
 ness and elegance. Near this door, in an angle, is a plain but elegant 
 stone pulpit. The most imposing feature of this college is its lofty 
 and peculiarly elegant tower, which, for simplicity of design, is hardly 
 anywhere exceeded ; it is very plain from the ground to the belfry 
 story ; this has on each side two fine windows, and a rich open battle- 
 ment ; the tower is crowned with eight rich pinnacles, and being seen 
 from its base has a very fine efiect in the approach to it. 
 
 JMerton College is also rich in ancient portions ; the chapel is 
 one of the finest in Oxford ; it consists of three portions of a cross 
 church, the choir and transepts, (there being no nave,) and a tower 
 at the intersection. The choir is of Decorated character, with very 
 crood windows ; the east window, of seven lights, is a very curious 
 one, with a rich wheel, and crocketted canopies and pinnacles, as part 
 of the tracery ; the side windows are also very good ones The tower 
 and transepts are Perpendicular, the windows are very good, and the 
 tower, which is short and massive, has a very elegant belfry story, 
 with a pierced battlement and eight pinnacles. 
 
 There are other portions of the College buildings deserving atten- 
 tion ; they are principally Perpendicular. 
 
 New College has the hall, chapel, cloisters, and a bold bell 
 tower, of excellent Peri)endicular character, early in the style, and 
 plain as to the exterior, but with excellent details, and the chapel a 
 very rich interior. This chapel has been restored, and a very rich 
 screen and organ-case erected, but the ante-chapel has had very little 
 alteration, and is a remarkably fine composition. The windows of the 
 cloisters are good, and their details rather singular. In this chapel 
 
227 
 
 is preserved the crozier of the founder ; it is in good condition, and 
 affords a beautiful specimen of the mode in which architectural orna- 
 ment was in that day adapted to utensils and furniture. 
 
 Oriel College hall and chapel, with the porch leading to them, 
 afford curious specimens of the singularities of debased Perpendicular; 
 the parapet of the porch being formed by the letters of an inscription. 
 
 St. John's, University, and Wadham Colleges, have all 
 examples of the mixture produced by the introduction of Italian 
 details before the ancient forms were disused. 
 
 Oxford Castle, the ruins of Oseney Abbey and Godstow Nun- 
 nery, near Oxford, may be noticed, but their remains are very small. 
 
 AsTALL is a small Church, with some good Early English and 
 Decorated portions, and some of later date. Some of the windows 
 have good tracery, and there is an elegant cross on the north porch. 
 In the church-yard is an ancient altar tomb with quartrefoils and 
 shields ; it is not common to meet so good an ancient tomb out of doors. 
 
 BuRFORD Church is a large and curious edifice. It has a Norman 
 central tower, and various portions of Norman and Early English 
 work adjacent, but the lai-gest part of the church is Perpendicular, 
 of various dates, and evidently partial rebuilding, a very fine Norman 
 door being preserved at the west end. There are several large 
 Chapels, and a remarkably rich south porch late Perpendicular, 
 with very beautiful fan tracery groining and excellent details. In the 
 interior, the junction of the different portions produces various singu- 
 larities. There are several ancient monuments of different dates, and 
 varying much in their execution. In the nave is a stone chapel used 
 as a seat, and another of wood, both good compositions. There is 
 an ancient wood pulpit and some other good wood work ; there are 
 also small portions of very good ancient stained glass. The roof of 
 the nave has been remarkably rich wood work, but now much muti- 
 lated and altered. The upper part of the Norman tower has inside 
 some fine arches forming a gallery round that stage of the tower. 
 The spire is of Perpendicular date. There is a fine circular font with 
 niches and statues, and lined with lead ; it appears to be of Decorated 
 date. Under part of the church is a crypt, used as a bone house. 
 The plan of this edifice is very irregular, but it has so many singulari- 
 ties and beautiful portions, that it deserves minute examination. 
 
 In the town of Burford are many ancient domestic edifices, the 
 doors of which, though plain, are of very good composition, and there 
 are also some fine wood gables, with panelling and hanging tracery. 
 
 Dorchester Church is a large and very curious edifice, with 
 portions of various dates mixed with each other. The plan is irre- 
 gular, the south aisle being very large, and part of it having once 
 had a row of piers not now existing. There are portions of all the 
 styles, and of transitions from one style to another. At the west end 
 of the north aisle is a curious Norman door of singular shape, and 
 in the same aisle, under a window, is another door of Early Deco- 
 
228 
 
 rated date, with various singular mouldings and combinations. Some 
 of the buttresses of the east end have singular mixtures of style, but 
 the principal feature is the chancel windows and some stalls. There 
 are three windows, north, south, and east ; the wall and architrave 
 mouldings of which, are clearly of Decorated date, if not earlier, 
 being iilled with the ball ornament in the hollows. The north win- 
 dow is of four lights, the mullions crossed by waving lines, on which 
 are leaves, and the whole forming a genealogical tree springing from 
 a figure recumbent under the centre mullion, and having statues up 
 the mullions. The tracery of the head of the window is not very 
 elaborate, but a tree springs above the centre mullion into the com- 
 partment in the centre of the head. The east window is divided 
 into two portions of three lights each, by a large plain buttress ; but 
 the chancel having been ceiled below the point of the arch, it is not 
 clear how this window originallj' finished ; its present appearance is 
 of two very long windows, more than two-thirds of which, besides 
 the heads, are filled with a description of tracery which must be con- 
 sidered a transition from Decorated to Perpendicular ; but this tracery 
 has also small statues, and small crocketted pinnacles intermixed. 
 The south window is of four lights, of decidedly Perpendicular cha- 
 racter, and with a transom, on which, at the base of the upper mul- 
 lions, are statues, and the head is filled with good plain Perpendi- 
 cular tracery. These windows, if not unique, are very curious, and 
 the stalls under the south window are no less so ; there are three stalls 
 rising eastward, and a water-drain which is rather wider than a stall, 
 but the canopy of which ranges with that of the stalls. These 
 canopies are very rich, and are divided by buttresses, on which have 
 been pinnacles now destroyed. Under the canopy of each stall, in 
 the back wall, is a small window, with very beautiful mouldings and 
 remains of fine stained glass ; the shape of this window may be called 
 a waved triangle, and these windows on the outside have a series of 
 plain arches over them. The whole of these stalls and windows are 
 clearly of Decorated character, and the chancel altogether presents a 
 most curious piece of composition. 
 
 There are some good ancient monuments, and there have been 
 some fine brasses, but they are now gone. There are some other 
 cupboards and drains worth examining, and the font is very curious ; 
 its upper part is of lead, with Norman arches and figures ; it is set 
 on a Perpendicular stone base, finished with a battlement, the work- 
 manship of M'hich is not very good. There is also a wooden porch 
 which appears to be of Perpendicular date. 
 
 This church must be visited and studied to be properly appreciated, 
 as it is hardly possible to describe its singularities. 
 
 Iffley Church has been so often described, and is now so well 
 figured, that less may be said of it. It has small portions of all the 
 styles, but is principally a Norman church with an Early English 
 addition to the chancel, and a low Norman tower between the nave 
 
229 
 
 and chancel. The two later styles have only inserted windows. 
 The Norman portion is remarkably well executed, and furnishes three 
 very fine door-ways, and a handsome west end. The Early English 
 portion presents a remarkably elegant specimen of the style ; this 
 portion and the Norman chancel, are both groined. The font is very 
 large and lined with lead ; it has a square top supported on a centre, 
 thick shaft, and four thinner ones round it. 
 
 SwiNBROOK is a small Church, with a curious small tower, open 
 with an arch to the west, and having a door and window in the west 
 wall of the church under this arch. There are some Norman piers 
 and pointed arches, and some curious windows of later date ; the east 
 window is Perpendicular, a good one of five lights. There are some 
 remains of a rood-loft and good wood screens. In this church are many 
 monumental figures lying on shelves, covering one side of the chancel ; 
 they seem to be subsequent to the year IGOO. 
 
 The Church at Great Tew has a door of very late Norman, with 
 apparently some later additions, and an Early English porch. The 
 nave has some piers and arches of Decorated character, and there are 
 some good windows of that style. The tower and clerestory are Per- 
 pendicular, and there are some inserted windows of that date. There 
 is a good Perpendicular font. The pulpit is ancient, of wood, with good 
 panelling, and some of the bench ends are of elegant design. This 
 church is not a large one, but in composition and execution, it is 
 superior to many churches about it. 
 
 Whiteford, a small Chapel near Burford, is a curious edifice; it 
 has a small bell niche, and a nave and chancel ; the north door and 
 the font are Norman. The nave and chancel are mostly Decorated, 
 the side-windows of one light, and the east window with three lights. 
 Part of the nave, at the west end, is of later date ; the pulpit is 
 ancient, with good wood panelling. 
 
 Witney Church is a large and handsome cross Church, with a 
 tower and lofty spire at the intersection ; the nave has aisles and a 
 clerestory ; the transepts are large, and the chancel small. The tower 
 and chancel are Early English, and the north transept Decorated, with 
 a fine window of seven lights ; the clerestory and some other parts, 
 are Perpendicular. There is a water-drain in the chancel, and two 
 monumental efiigies in the north transept. 
 
 The Norman Churches not yet noticed are — Barton, Begbrooke, 
 Cassington, Great Barford, and Hanborough. 
 
 Early English Churches are — Charlbury, Clifton, and Tuckley. 
 
 Ducklington and Kidlington Churches are Decorated. 
 
 Perpendicular Churches are — Chatlington, and Ewelme. 
 
 The ]\Iixed Churches are more numerous — Adderbury, Bensington, 
 Bloxham, Brightwell, Broughton, Chalgrove, Chipping Norton, Cog- 
 ges, Coombe, Deddington, Ensham, Enstone, Great Tew, Henley, 
 Horsepath, Mongewell, North Leigh, Rotherfield Grays, Sesincote, 
 Shiplake, Shipton-on-Chervvell, South Newington, Stanton Harcourt, 
 and Yarnton. 
 
230 
 
 Of domestic edifices, the ancient Kitchen at Stanton IIarcouut, 
 HoLTON House, and Astall Manor House, may be mentioned; 
 also Broughton Castle. 
 
 Great Casterton is a small church, principally of Early English 
 character, with a small tower of much later date ; there are some 
 portions of Early Decorated character. The Avliole of tlie early details 
 are very good, and there is a handsome south porch, the shafts of 
 which have very good capitals. The clerestory Avindows have been 
 small quaterfoils, but most of them are mutilated. There are several 
 curious ancient monuments, particularly one built into the outside of 
 the wall of the south aisle. 
 
 Little Casterton is a small Church, and its composition, though 
 good, has nothing very remarkable ; yet the church deserves very 
 attentive examination, as the present worthy incumbent has had every 
 stone portion scraped and cleaned from the numerous coats of white- 
 wash once filling up the details, and has carefully restored the ancient 
 water-drain, and other small embellishments of the church ; so that, 
 added to its state of good repair, it is a model of neatness, and an ex- 
 cellent example of the very great improvement of a church under such 
 treatment. The church has a gable for two bells at the Avest end, a 
 nave, aisles and chancel The piers and arches are late Norman, with 
 capitals, which have some forms nearly approaching to Roman in tlie 
 sculpture. There are some windows Early English, and the east win- 
 dow Early Decorated ; those of the clerestory are Perpendicular. — 
 There is a good Decorated water-drain in the chancel, and a curious 
 tomb in the south wall ; it is an arch with fine deep mouldings, 
 springing from short shafts, and has two monumental slabs, one on 
 the ground, and one about two feet above it, on both of which are 
 flowered crosses. 
 
 EjMPiNGiiAiM is a handsome Church, with a curious tower and spire, 
 the lower part Early English, the upper later, with some singularities, 
 but on tlie whole a fine composition. The church has late Norman, 
 or Early English piers and arches, with a later clerestory ; the clian- 
 cel and transepts are Early English, with later windows inserted. 
 In the chancel are three stone stalls and two water-drains. 
 
 EssENDiNE Church is a small building, with a gable for two bells 
 at the west end, a nave, and chancel. Some part of the church is 
 Norman, and some Early English. The Norman south door is much 
 enriched, and has been frequently engraved ; there have been various 
 windows inserted. 
 
 Exton Church has a handsome steeple with tower, lantern, and 
 spire. The church has a nave and south aisle, a south porch and south 
 transept. The greatest portion of the church is of good Perpendicular 
 character. 
 
231 
 
 Ketton is a large cross Church, witli a tower and lofty spire at 
 the intersection, a nave, aisles, transepts, and chancel. The general 
 character is Early English, but the west end exhibits a curious speci- 
 men of the mixture of Xorman and Early English forms and details. 
 The chancel and various inserted windows are of later date. The 
 belfry story of the tower is a handsome one, with slender shafts to the 
 windows, and the toothed ornament. The date of the south porch has 
 been pretty well ascertained to be 1232. The spire is later than the 
 tower, and has some small figures under niches, finishing some of the 
 angle ribs. There are some ancient wood stalls and pews, but much 
 mutilated. 
 
 South Luffenhasi Church has a tower and handsome crocketted 
 spire, a nave and south aisle, and a small clerestory, mostly of Deco- 
 rated character. 
 
 Braunston, Langham, Market Overton, Stretton, and 
 Uppingham, all contain portions of various styles, and some of them 
 fine churches. 
 
 Oakham Church has a fine tower and spire, and is a large 
 edifice, mostly of Perpendicular character. 
 
 At Pickworth a beautiful Decorated arch is the only remaining 
 portion of the church. 
 
 Ryhall Church is mostly of Perpendicular date, but the tower 
 and spire considerably earlier, being Early English, but very late in 
 that style, M'ith some singularities. In the chancel are two stone 
 stalls, and in the aisles two plain water-drains. 
 
 Tickencote Church has been a very curious one, entirely Nor- 
 man, with much enrichment, but has been rebuilt ; and the only an- 
 cient parts remaining, are the arch (which is a very elaborate one) 
 between the nave and chancel, the font, and some part of the groining 
 of the chancel. 
 
 The assizes are held in the hall of the Castle of Oakham, 
 which, amidst various introductions and mutilations, has preserved 
 enough of its original features to show it to have been good work of 
 very late Norman, or very Early English. 
 
 ^1^ top 01^ ire, 
 
 Shrewsbury Abbey Church. — The basis of this church is Nor- 
 man, but it is much reduced in size, and many alterations have been 
 made, particularly the introduction of a very large Perpendicular 
 window over the west door, which is deserving of attention, and also 
 some other parts of the church ; but the principal attraction is the 
 stone pulpit still standing in the garden ; it is of Decorated character, 
 of most excellent design and execution ; the series of mouldings 
 forming the corbel, which projects the front from the wall, is of great 
 beauty, and the groining of the roof is of equal excellence ; it is to be 
 
regretted that so much ivy covers the top, that its upper finishing 
 cannot even be guessed at : the ivy must materially injure a building 
 which, including the excellence of its character, is nearly, if not quite, 
 unrivalled. 
 
 The towers of St. Juman and St. Alkmond have both some 
 ancient portions, but of little value. 
 
 Of the Old Church of St. Chad, a small but very curious por- 
 tion remains, and is now a school ; it contains Norman, Early English, 
 and Decorated, and appears to have been part of the south aisle of 
 the chancel. 
 
 St. Mary's, Shrewsbury. — This is a large and very fine cross 
 church ; the lower part of the tower, and the south porch, good Nor- 
 man work ; the rest of the church princii)ally Early English, witli 
 various insertions of windows, the whole of the clerestory being Per- 
 pendicular. — The nave has round arches, though evidently of Early 
 English character ; there are some very good and curious Early 
 English windows, particularly the ends of the transepts, and one on 
 the north side of the chancel. There is a portion of very good wooden 
 roof, and a very good font of Perpendicular character. The south 
 aisle of the chancel is a school ; it has some Decorated windows, and 
 has had a very large one at the east end, now stopped up. 
 
 The church at Hales Owen is a large edifice, with a tower rising 
 in the centre, and a spire ; the aisles pass on each side of the tower, 
 so that there are hardly any regular transepts. Some portions of the 
 church are Norman, and very good, other parts are later, and tlie com- 
 position inferior. 
 
 Tlie little Chapel of St. Kenelms has some beautiful portions, 
 particularly the tower. 
 
 Ludlow Church is a large and fine cross church with a Perpen- 
 dicular tower ; there are portions of very good Decorated work, and 
 the Perpendicular is also very good ; there is a fine Decorated hexagon 
 porch, early in the style. There are various portions of very good 
 wood roofing, and a fine screen and some good stained glass in the 
 chancel. This church is not so well known as it ought to be, and 
 deserves careful examination. 
 
 The Churches of Albrighton and Worsfield are of Decorated charac- 
 ter. Ellesmere and Tong are Perpendicular. And among the follow- 
 ing mixed churches are portions of all the styles— Atcham, Bridge- 
 north St. Leonard, Chetton, Claverly, Cleobury IMortimer, Donning- 
 ton, Hodnet, IMorton Corbet, Shawbirch, and Shifnall. 
 
 BuiLDWAS Abbf.y and Wenlock Abbey, present some very 
 good remains, principally Norman and Early English. 
 
 Ludlow Castle is a valuable and interesting ruin, with a fine 
 
 circular Norman chapel and extensive portions of later styles. Its 
 
 situation is peculiarly fine, and if restored would make one of the 
 
 finest castles in the kingdom. It is like the church, too little known. 
 
 There are some remains of Bridgenorth Castle. 
 
233 
 
 Near Hales Owen are the remains of a monastic edifice, sometimes 
 called Hales Owen Abbey, and sometimes by other names ; they 
 are mostly Early English, and very good, particularly the gable of 
 what appears to have been the chapter house, and which has some 
 very fine lancet windows. Amongst the fragments built up in the 
 wall adjacent, is a very small effigy of a knight in armour, not above 
 eighteen inches high, which appears to have been monumental ; it is 
 very well executed, and remarkable for its size, and does not appear 
 to have been a drip supporter, or other accessory statue. 
 
 Wells Cathedral. — The situation of this edifice and the adjoin- 
 ing palace is beautiful, and though no whole side, except the west 
 front, is visible in any one view, the cathedral is well displayed from 
 several points, particularly the north-west. As at Peterborough, the 
 palace and several other buildings adjoin the cathedral, and add much 
 to its general appearance. 
 
 The character of a large portion of the building is Early English, 
 with portions of the two later styles, which are very beautifully 
 accommodated in their forms to the older parts. 
 
 The nave and transepts, and part of the towers are Early English ; 
 the west front remarkably rich in niches and statues, and not less so 
 in shafts and other small ornaments appropriate to the style. The 
 lower part of the sides of the western towers are similarly enriched, 
 but the whole of the remaining exterior of the building is rather plain 
 than otherwise ; the Early English windows are mostly filled with 
 Perpendicular tracery, except those in the west front. The upper 
 parts of aU the towers are much later than the lower, and much ac- 
 commodated to the earlier portions, as to lines and forms. The 
 eastern part of the cross, and the chapter house, are of Decorated 
 character, and remarkably elegant. The cloisters (which are, as at 
 Chichester, only three sides of the square,) are Perpendicular. The 
 nave and transepts, and a north porch out of the nave, all present an 
 Early English arrangement not very common, and differing much 
 from the style of Salisbury, but very remarkable for simplicity and 
 elegance. Across the arch of the tower is a fine reversed arch, which 
 had probably the same intent as those at Finedon and Rushden in 
 Northamptonshire, that of strengthening the adjacent piers. The 
 arrangement and details of the choir and lady chapel are singular and 
 very beautiful, producing, from the combination of piers, arches, and 
 groining, an effect of peculiar richness and intricacy. The chapter 
 house is raised on a crypt, and has a curious staircase up to it, which 
 is also a pass:ige to some adjacent buildings. The crypt is a fine 
 model of plain groining, and the chapter house, which has a centre 
 pier, fine groining, good windows, and a double door, is both within 
 and without a beautiful specimen of the style. 
 
234. 
 
 The font in the south transept seems of the date of that part of the 
 building. There are various excellent portions of stone screen-work, 
 chapels, and monuments, and some stained glass, the effect of which 
 is peculiarly good. This cathedral deserves much more attention than 
 it has usually had ; it is very rich in detail, of the best, as well as the 
 more singular kinds ; and in point of composition some of its parts 
 yield to no edifice in the kingdom. 
 
 The Bishop's Palace, though it has been altered, and parts much 
 modernised, contains some fine portions ; an Early Decorated chapel, 
 and some parts of earlier date. Bishop Law has done much to remove 
 some modern sash windows, and other innovations ; has cleared a 
 crypt adjacent to the hall, and in various ways benefited the appear- 
 ance of the interior, which now presents a very interesting view of 
 ancient domestic architecture. The present entrance hall, the adjoin- 
 ing crypt, and the gallery above, are very fine specimens of their date ; 
 as the chapel and remains of the great hall are also of a little 
 later date, while there are about the palace other portions still later. 
 The ancient moat remains a fine stream of running water, and taken 
 altogether the palace is one of the most valuable remains in the king- 
 dom. The Gates and other buildings in the precincts of the cathe- 
 dral deserve careful examination. 
 
 The Deanery at Wells has some ancient portions. 
 
 Bristol Cathedral. — This very fine building having no nave, 
 but, which, from a fragment, appears to have equalled the choir, is 
 so curtailed in its exterior appearance, that its being closely surrounded 
 by buildings, is of less importance than if it was complete. It is open 
 on the north side, but its exteri^, though good, conveys little promise 
 of the value of the interior. The transepts, centre tower, and choir 
 remain, and are Early English as well as most of the original walls 
 and buttresses, some parts are still clearly of that style ; but others 
 have been, during the latter part of the Decorated style, added to, 
 altered, and portions built up, as well as additions made, of chapels 
 and small parts, so that it is very puzzling to make out the date of 
 the separate parts ; but the whole is very fine, and though wanting in 
 effect, from the loss of the nave, yet it is so very rich in excellent detail, 
 both as to the smaller portions, chapels, monuments, and groining, as 
 to deserve much more careful examination than it usually receives. 
 
 Of the customary adjacent buildings, the chapter house, and part of 
 the cloisters remain ; the latter are Perpendicular and not very excel- 
 lent ; but the chapter house, a large room, with considerable enrich- 
 ment on the walls, and the vestibule, plain in its detail, but of beauti- 
 ful composition, present specimens of Norman not often equalled. 
 
 The College Gate, Norman below, and Perpendicular above, is 
 as to the gateway, its arch mouldings, the shafts, and arches in the 
 passage, and the details, one of the most elaborate specimens of Nor- 
 man work ; and the preservation, in its original sharpness, of all the 
 most minute carved detail, is one of the best tests of the value of the 
 oolite in which it is executed. 
 
235 
 
 Bath Abbey Chuhch. — This building, although in some measure 
 insulated, derives little advantage therefrom. The west front is best 
 seen, but by no means at sufficient distance for its full effect. The 
 north side is much built up with small houses, and the south partially 
 so. The east is seen but to little advantage, and from no point can 
 the whole building be seen, so as to give effect to the tower. The 
 plan of this cathedral is a plain cross, with a tower at the intersection, 
 peculiar from its not being square, but greater in the north and south 
 than east and west dimensions. The transept is narrow, and has no 
 aisles. The nave and choir have each a north and south aisle ; there 
 are no additional buildings, except a small vestry attached to the 
 eastern side of the south transept. 
 
 This Cathedral may be considered as of uniform character, and as 
 one of the latest specimens of the Perpendicular style. The whole of 
 the work shows a singular mixture of plainness and ornament, some of 
 the mouldings and other details being extravagantly large, and others 
 uncommonly small ; it nevertheless contains some parts of great 
 beauty. The west front has a magnificent window of seven lights, 
 with two transoms; under the window is a rich door- way, with a 
 niche on each side, containing a statue, and a very rich battlement 
 over it : this centre is flanked by turrets, square at bottom, and octa- 
 gon when clear of the aisles ; on these turrets are represented a lad- 
 der, with angels ascending and descending ; the whole of the space 
 above the window is covered with angels standing on corbels without 
 niches, and over the centre is a single figure in a rich niche which 
 goes through the battlement ; above the termination of the ladder the 
 turrets are richly panelled, and on each side of the ladders is a series 
 of statues standing on pedestals, with a rich canopy over the upper- 
 most. The aisles at the west end are low, containing a four-light 
 window, and a door in each ; they are flanked by bold square but- 
 tresses, on which are open-work pinnacles, the effect of which is very 
 meagre. The whole of the battlements of this front are varied and 
 very rich. The niches on each side of the door are beautifully ex- 
 ecuted, but much dilapidated. The mouldings of the doors, which 
 are arch heads within a square, are very good, though, abating some 
 ornaments, not by any means fit for imitation, this front deserves 
 much attention. 
 
 The east end is very plain, and its proportions by no means equal- 
 ling the west. The great window of the choir is of seven lights, and 
 has three transoms, and, like the west doors, is included in a square 
 compartment, with tracery and spandrills ; the towers which flank it 
 are plain and heav}', but panelled when clear of the roof. The aisles 
 at the east end project beyond the centre; they have plain buttresses 
 and a four-light window, with small doors under each ; a wall run- 
 ning between these buttresses, and enclosing a space for lumber, takes 
 off much from the beauty of this front. The north and south transept 
 windows are fine, but only the latter can be seen to aiiy advantage. 
 
236 
 
 Many of the flying buttresses remain, but the outside, from its loss 
 of pinnacles, and being so much built up, gives but little idea what 
 the church would be if complete, and could be seen at a proper dis- 
 tance. The composition of the tower is fine ; it has octagonal turrets, 
 panelled above the cornice, and a very rich pierced battlement. The 
 nave is of five arches ; the mouldings of the piers are good, but very 
 large ; the ceiling is a very flat arched roof of panelling, the mould- 
 ings of which are much too small for their height, and therefore con- 
 trast unpleasantly with the bolder work below ; the ceiling of the 
 side aisles of this part of the church is liable to the same objection. 
 The windows of the nave and aisles are principally of five lights, with 
 good, but not very rich tracery ; the clerestory windows have a tran- 
 som. There is no triforium, the sills of the clerestory windows com- 
 ing down to the strin^- which runs over the arches of the nave. The 
 screen, which is modern, runs at the eastern extremity of the nave, 
 spoiling the view across the transepts, which fill up. The whole of 
 the eastern portion, including the transepts, has the same arrangement 
 as to mouldings and windows as the nave, but is enriched by a series 
 of fan tracery in the roof, of difi'erent designs, adapted to the difl"erent 
 portions of the groining ; those of the aisles are peculiarly beautiful, 
 the plan being nearly square. The choir is of three arches ; the 
 easternmost on the south side is filled with tliat beautiful specimen of 
 rich work, the chapel of Prior Bird, which though mutilated in vari- 
 ous parts, contains much verj'^ excellent detail. It should be noticed 
 that the window at the east end of the south aisle is inserted in an 
 arch which appears Norman, and is probably the only remains of a 
 more ancient edifice. 
 
 St. ]Mary, Rkdcliffe. — This magnificent edifice contains so 
 much of valuable composition, that it ranks quite as a cathedral, or 
 collegiate church. Though not very well seen, its west and south 
 sides are tolerably open. Some parts of the building on the outside 
 are decayed, others are in good preservation. It consists of a series 
 of portions from Early English to middle Perpendicular, with the 
 styles considerably mixed, and sliding into each other. The lower 
 part of the tower is the oldest part, then the very rich north porch, 
 and then the church ; the lady chapel, now a school, seems the latest 
 of all. The Early English portion is very good, the composition of 
 the upper part of the tower very fine, and though the spire has only 
 about the lower one-third remaining, it gives some idea of what its 
 eflfect would be if complete. The north porch is singular, but very 
 beautiful, and of pure Decorated character. The windows of the 
 church are mostly Perpendicular, but the details of many of the piers, 
 arches, and some other parts, are more like Decorated than Perpen- 
 dicular, and other parts show a transition from one style to the other. 
 The nave is very narrow, and this, added to the pewing, and the fine 
 east window being blocked up by some paintings by Hogarth, takes 
 away much from the general eflfect of the interior, which is, however. 
 
237 
 
 rendered fine by the loftiness of the proportions, and the excellence^ 
 of the groinings, which are complete all over the building. 
 
 St. Philip and Jacob is a large church of various dates, the 
 tower situated at the east end of the south aisle ; some portions are 
 curious. The font is Norman, plain, and lined with lead. Part of 
 the tower and many parts of the church, are good Early English. 
 
 St. James's is to appearance a modern church, but its west end, 
 which is much built up, and with difficulty accessible to view, con- 
 tains some very fine Norman portions, particularly a very curious 
 circular window. 
 
 St. Stephens is a Perpendicular church of rather late, but good 
 character. The tower is a very fine one, with the very light pierced 
 battlement and turrets common in the west of England, of which 
 those at Gloucester cathedral appear to have been the example. This 
 church has also a rich porch. 
 
 St. IMark's Church, often called the Mayor's Chapel, is a small 
 church of very great interest. It contains some Early English por- 
 tions, and some Decorated, both excellent. The ancient altar piece 
 has been lately laid open and restored, and is an uncommonly fine 
 specimen of late Perpendicular niches and tabernacle work. Near the 
 altar are some fine ancient monuments, and some good stone stalls. 
 East of the tower is a little chapel, now used as a vestry, which is, in 
 its composition and detail, one of the most elegant models of the Per- 
 pendicular style remaining ; it has a fan tracery roof, some niches, 
 and other embellishments, rich but not overloaded with ornament. 
 The whole of this church deserves careful attention ; but its interior 
 has been modernised. 
 
 The porch of Bridgewater Church has a door-way of very 
 curious character : it is good Decorated work, and has what in modern 
 imitation may well be used as an authority for a fan-light. 
 
 DuNDRY Church has a very fine tower, with the Gloucester- 
 pierced turrets and battlements ; and standing very high, this tower 
 is a very conspicuous object from Bristol and other parts. The church 
 is small, but contains some curious portions, and a fine Perpendicular 
 font. 
 
 The two Churches at Glastonbury deserve attention. St. John's 
 has a very fine tower, with Gloucester open turrets and battlements, 
 and otherwise much enriched. St. Benedict has a tower with 
 less enrichment, but which is of good composition. The churches 
 are both of Perpendicular character, but not equal to the towers. 
 
 Long Ashton is a Perpendicular church of remarkably neat and 
 elegant composition, not much enriched, but with very good details, 
 and affording an excellent example for modern imitation. It is but 
 justice to state, that although the earth in the church-yard had accu- 
 mulated to a considerable height against the walls, good and effectual 
 drains have been made close round the church. 
 
 The Church of St. Mary at Taunton, is another very fine speci- 
 
238 
 
 men of the western enriclied Perpendicular towers, of which this is 
 one of the most ehiborate; and Avith the church, is a very fine exam- 
 ple of the date. 
 
 St. (Juthbert's Church, Wells, is a handsome Perpendicular 
 edifice, with some traces of earlier work, but the principal feature is 
 the tower, one of the most beautiful compositions of the style. The 
 belfry windows are very long and large, giving to the whole tower 
 above the roof of the church, the appearance of a magnificent lantern. 
 The grouping of the buttresses and pinnacles, at the angles of the 
 tower, are very fine, and there are some good niches, and a large west 
 door and windoAV over it. This tower deserves very careful examina- 
 tion, the composition differing much from the later towers of the same 
 style. 
 
 The great number of fine Perpendicular churches in this county 
 renders it not easy to select, but the Church of Banwell, now 
 celebrated for the Bone Caves, and Bishop Law's beautiful villa near 
 them, deserves especial mention as it is a tine specimen of a large 
 handsome and uniform church : it has also a very fine stone pulpit, 
 which is a good specimen of the numerous stone pulpits in this county; 
 they are mostly rich, and generally late Perpendicular of good 
 execution. 
 
 Churches with Norman remains are — Christen, Compton Martin, 
 Flax liourton, Lullington, and Uphill. 
 
 The Churches with Early English portions are — Doulting, Pawlet, 
 and Shepton IMallet. 
 
 Chelvy Church is principally of Decorated character. 
 
 Perpendicular churches are — Axbridge, Bishop Hull, Brislington, 
 Bristol St. Augustin, St. John, St. Peter, St. Thomas, and the Tem- 
 ple church, Burrington, Cheddar, Chew IVIagna, Congresbury, Cross 
 Combe, Frome, Hutton, Ilminster, Keynsham, Litton Ljonpsham, 
 Norton St. Philip, North Petherton, Portishead, Taunton St. James, 
 and Wolverton. 
 
 The Mixed list is larger, and includes many churches which have 
 good portions of various styles, many having very fine towers and 
 stone pulpits. — Ashill, Barton David, Bath Easton, Bathford, Bath- 
 wick, Beckington, Bedminster, Berrow, Blackford, Bleadon, Brock- 
 ley, Burnham, Chewton Mendip, Chew Stoke, Church Drayton, 
 Churchill, Clapton, Clevedon, Dinder, East Brent, East Harjjtree, 
 Emborough, English Combe, Hawkridge, Holcombe Langridge, 
 Kenn, Kingston Seymour, Lockstone, ^Middle Chinnock, Blidsummer 
 Norton, IMilton Clevedon, Nailsea, Paxton, Pen Aler, Portbury, 
 Rodney Stoke, South Brent, Stanton Drew, Stone Easton, Sutton 
 Bingham, Tickenham, Ublcy, ^\\>llington, Westbury, West Ilarptree, 
 Weston, Weston-in-Gordano, Whitechurch, Winscombe, Winford, 
 Worle, Wraxall, Wrington, and Yatton. 
 
 Of Castellated remains, Farleigh Castle, and Foxley Castle, 
 may be noticed. 
 
239 
 
 In the Church-yard at Dundry, is a very simple but beautiful 
 CrosSj in good preservation. 
 
 Of iMonastic edifices, the remains of the magnificent Abbey of 
 Glastonbury are considerable. The chapel of St. Joskph, once at 
 the east end of the abbey church, has a large portion of its very excel- 
 lent enrichment and detail yet perfect ; it is of a transition character, 
 retaining principally Norman forms, but its detail, in a great degree. 
 Early English. What remains of the church itself, is of a plainer 
 character, and some parts of later date, but with some details deserv- 
 ing attention. Of the domestic buildings of the abbey, the Abbot's 
 KiTCHEiV is in a very perfect state, and deserves careful examination. 
 Some other domestic buildings in the vicinity, offer good specimens of 
 late Perpendicular. 
 
 On a hill near Glastonbury is the Tor, a tower which is the only 
 part remaining of a chapel ; it is of Decorated character, and is a very 
 beautiful though simple composition, and although in so very exposed 
 a situation, is very perfect in its details. At Glastonbury and at 
 Norton St. Philip's, are two ancient Inns. 
 
 In Bristol are some ancient fragments deserving examination ; of 
 these may be enumerated a Gateway, called the Bartholomews, 
 in Christian-street, which is Early English ; — the Gateway to 
 Spicer's Hall, on the Back, a fine piece of wood-work ; and the 
 entrance to the Guard-House a good Perpendicular doorway. 
 
 There were lately remaining some fine Early English remains of 
 the Castle, at Bristol ; and the vaults, with some good groining, 
 may be still in existence. 
 
 Lichfield Cathedral. — The general character of the nave and 
 transept of this church is Early English, but of a curious character ; it 
 has not the simplicity of Salisbury Cathedral and Westminster Abbey, 
 nor the very rich detail of some parts of Lincoln Minster, but it 
 approaches in composition, in some parts, much nearer to Decorated 
 work than either of them. In the transepts are various traces of 
 Norman, and the whole has a very rich appearance. The choir is 
 Decorated, of very good character, with later reparations and additions. 
 There is some good Perpendicular niche-work remaining, Avhich has 
 been copied with partial additions for the stalls. The screen is 
 modern, and several modern alterations have taken place. The east 
 end is hexagonal, and the church has an advantage few possess, of 
 being completely insular, and some fine trees not far off add much 
 to the beauty of its appearance at some distance, and with its three 
 spires, form various beautiful combinations in several directions. The 
 plan of this cathedral is curious ; the walls of the nave and choir 
 not being in a straight line, those of the choir inclining a little to the 
 north. 
 
240 
 
 Of the usual additional buildings, this church has only the chapter- 
 house, a beautiful decagon. This cha])ter-house is approached from 
 the north aisle of the choir by a passage enriched with niches, in the 
 same excellent style as those in the chapter-house itself, which has 
 a very rich centre pier, and is beautifully groined. Above the chapter- 
 house is a library, which is in the same style, good Early English, but 
 worked much plainer. 
 
 There are several ancient monuments in this cathedral, and one 
 which has been a rich one on the outside. The piers and arches of 
 the choir are very fine, but are now filled in with walling, hiding the 
 portion towards the aisles, and rendering them mere passages. The 
 niches under the windows, in the eastern part of the choir, are re- 
 markably rich, and extremely well executed. There is a considerable 
 portion of stained glass in the windows, some very ancient, some 
 modern, and some of an intermediate date. The interior of this 
 edifice, as well as the surrounding area, is kept in a very neat and 
 clean state, and the admirable monument, by Chantry, to the grand- 
 children of the late Dean, carefully preserved from injury. This 
 cathedral deserves minute and careful examination, not only for 
 the beauty of various portions, but for some singularities and adapta- 
 tions not often met with. 
 
 Cheadle Church has had many mutilations and alterations, but 
 the east end has been a fine Decorated composition, the buttresses 
 having niches. There are some good Decorated windows, and the 
 east window has been a very fine one, but the arch has been altered, 
 and the tracery mutilated. 
 
 Hanbury Church is principally Perpendicular ; but the chancel 
 has an Early English door and window, and some insertions of later 
 date ; the font is Norman. 
 
 Shenstone Church is a curious building, with some portions of 
 all the styles. The south door is Early English, and a very fine one. 
 In the south transept is a good window, with mouldings worked in 
 brick ; the chancel is modern. 
 
 St. IMary's Church, Stafford, is a large and fine cross church, 
 with an octagon tower at the intersection, the upper part of which is 
 of late date. INIost of the piers and arches of this church are Early 
 English, or very early Decorated, of which character there are some 
 good windows, and some later in the style : the north door is a very 
 fine one, with fine shafts and bold hollows, filled with fiowers. The 
 east window and some others are Perpendicular. In the north tran- 
 sept is the font, which is large and very curious, having an inscription 
 and carvings of figures and animals, in a style not very common ; its 
 date appears to be Early English, but its character is very singular, 
 and deserves minute attention. 
 
 A smaller Church in Stafford, St. Chad's, is so shut up as to be 
 seldom seen ; the nave is modern ; the tower is good Perpendicular, 
 situated between the nave and chancel, which latter is Norman, with 
 a modern east window. 
 
241 
 
 Stowk Church, near Lichfield, has portions of several styles; 
 some of the Early English work is very fine, particularly the south 
 door ; the other styles hav'e various singularities m their execution. 
 
 Tamworth Church is a large and handsome edifice, with a fine 
 tower, and a crypt under part of the church. Some portions are of 
 Decorated date, and some Perpendicular, and both good ; some of the 
 windows have had very fine tracery. In the tower is a curious double 
 staircase, one from the inside, and one from without, each communi- 
 cating with a difl^erent set of floors in the tower. Part of this parish 
 is in Warwickshire, but the church is situated in Stafifordshire. 
 
 Tettenhall Church has some interesting portions, some Early 
 English, some Early Decorated, and some of later date ; the east 
 window has five lancets. 
 
 TuTRURY Church is the nave of a much larger building; the 
 north arches are walled up, and the south wall of the south aisle 
 mostly of later date, with Perpendicular windows ; the present east 
 end is the arch of the centre tower walled up, and part of the tran- 
 sept pier remains ; the piers and arches are Norman, a simple and 
 bold example. The west door, and the arch of a window over it 
 are very fine ; the door is much enriched with beakhead, zigzag, and 
 other Norman enrichments, and part of the arch is Avorked in gypsum, 
 the ornaments very delicately cut, and retaining much of their original 
 sharpness. The font is a good one, of Perpendicular character, but 
 mutilated. This church is a valuable Norman specimen. 
 
 Wednesbury Church has an octagonal east end, and some other 
 portions of Perpendicular character ; but the church has had various 
 modern alterations. There are some ancient wood seats, and a curious 
 wooden moveable reading-desk. 
 
 Wolverhampton is a large cross church, with a modern chancel ; 
 the general appearance of the exterior is Perpendicular, but the piers 
 and arches are much earlier, and the doors are very Early Decorated, 
 if not Early English. In the nave is a rich stone pulpit. The upper 
 part of the tower is late Perpendicular, but a very fine compocition, 
 much better than the other portions of that style about the church. 
 In the church-yard is a rude pillar or cross, with knots and other 
 carving, but very much weathered by time. 
 
 Norman remains are in the churches of — Abbots Bromley and 
 Codsal. Early English remains in those of Eccleshall, and St. JMichael's 
 Lichfield ; and Decorated portions in those of Ashley, Blimhill, and 
 Blithfield. Barton-under-Needwood, Broughton, and IMuckleston, 
 churches are principally Perpendicular, and the following have a 
 mixture of several styles — Brewood, Bushbury, Chebsey, Chedleton, 
 Clent, Colwich, King's Bromley, King's Swinford, Leek, Rowley 
 Regis, SheriflFhales, Uttoxeter, West Bromwich, Whichnor, W^ool- 
 stanton, and Yoxall. 
 
 TuTBURY Castle is a fine ruin, and contains some good Perpen- 
 dicular remains, and some of earlier date. 
 
242 
 
 Croxden Abbey, a fine ruin, on the edge of Derbyshire, has some 
 good Early English portions. 
 
 Bury St. Edmonu's contains a number of interesting remains. 
 
 St. James's Church is a large and fine Perpendicular edifice ; the 
 west end a peculiarly rich and beautiful composition, both as to design 
 and execution. The church is large, compared with the chancel, 
 which has been repaired with modern windows. This church has no 
 tower ; but what is called the Church Gate, a very fine Norman 
 tower, over a gateway, leading to the ancient abbey precinct, has the 
 bells belonging to the church. This tower is about 40 feet south of the 
 church, is a very good specimen of Norman, and in good preservation. 
 
 St. Mary's Church is also a Perpendicular building, not so rich 
 outside as St. James's, but some portions of the interior are fully 
 equal, and the wood roof of the nave is a very rich and fine one. The 
 tower is low and massive ; it stands partly in the north aisle, and the 
 lower part seems of earlier date. Tliere is a fine Decorated north 
 door, and a porch of later date, with a singular and beautiful roof. 
 Both these churches stand near the ruins of the Abbey, of which 
 some of the walls remain, mostly cleared of the stone casing, and 
 presenting only a grouted mass of rough work ; but the north-east pier 
 of the cross of the abbey church has a few stones remaining at the 
 springing of the arch, and there are other indications of Norman 
 character. The west front has been built into some modern houses ; 
 and a fine octagon, which may have been the chapter house, quite 
 stript of its casing, is now a stable. From the extent of the ruins, 
 this church must have been very large, and fully deserving so fine an 
 entrance-gate as the church-gate. 
 
 Another entrance to the precinct was by the Abbey Gate, which, 
 though much mutilated, still exliibits some most excellent Decorated 
 features. There are some parts about this gate that might lead to the 
 supposition that it was a casing on an earlier work. The composition 
 is very fine, and the mouldings and other details peculiarly beautiful 
 and well executed. 
 
 Of nearly the same date as this gate is the Abbey Bridge, where 
 the wall of the precinct is carried over a fine stream ; it is in good 
 preservation. 
 
 The Borough Goal at Bury is the remains of an ancient edifice, 
 part of Avhich appears Norman. 
 
 This county has several Churches in the Flint District with round 
 towers, one of these is Risby, which has a fine Norman door into the 
 tower which is built of fiint, with stone mouldings. Tlie church and 
 chancel are mostly of Decorated character, and a Decorated window 
 has been inserted in the tower to light one floor. 
 
243 
 
 BoTTESDALE Chapel has some good Perpendicular portions, and 
 some curious inscribed stones built into the wall. 
 
 CovEHiTHE Church is in ruins, but they present various interest- 
 ing features. 
 
 DuNwicH Church is in ruins, as well as the adjacent buildings, 
 the remains of the monastery of Grey Friars, and the Chapel of 
 the Hospital of St. James, but they aU contain portions deserving 
 attention ; some of these are Norman, of very good character. 
 
 Horningsheath Church is small, and has had much modern 
 reparation, but still contains some good Decorated and Perpendicular 
 portions. 
 
 Hadleigh Church is a large edifice, with a tower and spire, 
 mostly of Perpendicular character, but with some earlier portions. 
 There are two south porches, and the aisles and clerestory extend 
 along the chancel as well as the nave. In the church-yard is an 
 ancient Gateavay, called the Rector's Toaver. 
 
 Lavenham is a large and curious Church, with a lofty clerestory, 
 and fine tower, with very bold buttresses. The character is late 
 Perpendicular, and the battlements and some other portions much 
 enriched. 
 
 Long IMelford is a large Perpendicular Church, with a very 
 extensive appendage east of the chancel, built mostly in chequers of 
 flint and stone. Like Lavenham, the clerestory is very lofty, but 
 here the tower is a plain and poor modern erection. 
 
 LowESTOFFE Church is a large and handsome Perpendicular 
 church, with a very low clerestory. It has a tower and spire, and a 
 south porch ; the windows are large and fine, the buttresses much 
 enriched, and the east end has some chequered work of flint and stone. 
 This church has a handsome font. 
 
 The Chapel at Orford has some curious ancient portions in the 
 part now used, but is principally remarkable for some considerable 
 Norman ruins at the east end, the piers of which are much varied, 
 and some of them of very singular shapes. The font is a curious one, 
 with many figures. 
 
 Southwold is a large and handsome Perpendicular Church, mostly 
 of flint and stone, with considerable enrichment. The south porch is 
 very elegant, and above the clerestory roof is a light open lantern. 
 The tower is large and lofty. 
 
 Stoke-by-Nayland is a large Church of Perpendicular character, 
 with a fine tower and some good windows. 
 
 The Church of Stowbiarket has a tower and slender spire of con- 
 siderable height ; much of the church is flint and stone walling ; part 
 of it is Decorated and part Perpendicular. 
 
 Sudbury has three churches. All Saints, St Gregory, and 
 St. Peter ; they have all been fine churches, mostly of Perpendi- 
 cular character, but some of the tracery and other parts have been 
 much mutilated. 
 
244< 
 
 Walberswick Church is partly in ruins, but the tower and some 
 other portions deserve attention. 
 
 WooLPiT Church has a tower and spire ; considerable portions of 
 the church are built Avith flint and chalk. The south porch is large 
 and very much enriched. Some parts of the building are Decorated, 
 and some Perpendicular. 
 
 Churches with Norman portions are — Braysworth, Holton, M'isset, 
 and Wiston. — Ickworth has some Early English portions. — Bradlield 
 and Kentford have good Decorated parts. 
 
 Perpendicular Churches are — Bcxford, Blithburph, East Bergholt, 
 Eye, Ingham, Letheringham, Stratford St. Mary, and Worlingworth. 
 Amongst these will be found some very fine specimens. 
 
 The ]\Iixed Churches are often much mixed, and require careful 
 examination, they are — Beccles, Bunga}', Buttley, Clare, Cockfield, 
 Farnham, Fornham St. ]Martins, Framlingham, Great Thornham, Ips- 
 wich St. Peter, Leiston, Melton, Ringsfield, Snape, and Woodbridge. 
 Amongst the Monastic edifices the remains of several are of some 
 extent. Of these may be noticed Butlk\' Abbey, Clare Priory, 
 Leiston Abbey, Mendham Priory, Sibton Abbey, and Sud- 
 bury Priory. 
 
 Of Castellated buildings, Bungay Castle, Clare Castle and 
 those of Framlingham, Mettingham, Orford, and Wingfield, 
 may be mentioned. 
 
 The Domestic edifices are some of them very fine, some being 
 curious specimens of enriched brickwork. There may be noticed, 
 part of Wolsey's College at Ipswich, Flixton Hall, Gedding 
 Hall, Giffard's Hall, Helmingha.m Hall, Hexgrave Hall, 
 Kentwell Hall, Little Weniiam Hall, Parham Hall, 
 Rose Hall Basham, Seckford Hall, Sutton Hall, West 
 Stow Hall, and many good wood and plaster Houses in several 
 Towns. 
 
 At Burgh there are some portions of Roman wall remaining. 
 
 The Church of St. JMary Overy, or St. Savior, in the borough 
 of Southwark, is a large and verj'- fine cross church, with a large and 
 loftj'^ tower at the intersection, containing one of tlie heaviest and 
 finest peals of bells in the kingdom. A large portion of this church 
 is Early English, of a character curious and valuable, with some parts 
 and some insertions of later date. Tlie whole church is undergoing a 
 gradual and careful repair. The details of many parts of this 
 church are very good, and in fine preservation, and the whole church 
 is worthy of attentive examination. There are some ancient monu- 
 ments. 
 
 The Churches of Lambeth, Kingston-on-Thames, and Putney, 
 contain ancient portions amidst various alterations. 
 
24.5 
 
 Beacfuvorth Church has the tower between the nave and chan- 
 cel, and has some portions of each of the three last styles. 
 
 Beddixgton is a handsome church, with a fine tower ; the church 
 is principally Perpendicular, and mostly of flint and stone. The font 
 is large and square, on a centre, and four corner shafts. There are 
 some wood stalls. 
 
 Bramley Church has an Early English chancel, and south 
 chapel, with long lancet windows. 
 
 The Church at Compton has a very ctirious chancel, with a chapel 
 over the groined roof of the chancel, the access to which is by a stair- 
 case from the outside. These portions are of Early English character, 
 with semicircular arches, and there is a portion of wood-work which 
 seems as old as the stone-work. The church has a low tower and 
 spire, and some portions of Decorated character. 
 
 EwHURST is a cross Church, with a wood steeple at the intersec- 
 tion ; it is mostly Early English, with good lancet windows. 
 
 St. JMary's Church, Guildford, is a curious edifice ; it has a 
 tower at the west end of the chancel, and on the north side, a sort of 
 north aisle, with a circular east end, and a western portion with a 
 lower roof. Some parts are Early English, and others of later date. 
 
 St. Nicholas, Guildford, has an embattled tower, and portions 
 of several styles ; there are some good lancet windows remaining. 
 
 Hascomb Church has a small belfry and spire, on the roof of the 
 nave ; the chancel has a circular east end, and there are some Early 
 English and some Decorated windows. 
 
 Sheere Church is principally Early English, with some later in- 
 sertions and additions. The tower and spire are between the nave 
 and chancel, and there is a south aisle to both nave and chancel. 
 
 Stoke, near Guildford, is a handsome Perpendicular Church ; the 
 tower flint and stone, with a large west door and window over it. 
 
 Sutton Church has some Decorated portions remaining amidst 
 modern additions. 
 
 Woking Church has a low toAver, a nave and south aisle, and 
 chancel, partly Early English, and partly Decorated. 
 
 The Churches of Bxsley and Fikley have some parts constructed 
 with wood and plaster. 
 
 The Norman remains must be sought mostly in the Mixed Churches. 
 
 It will be seen by the foregoing notices how prevalent the Early 
 English style is in this county, and this will be more apparent from 
 the following list of Churches, most of which have considera])le por- 
 tions of that style, with later additions and insertions ; — Abinger, 
 Capell, Chiddingford, Chelsham, Chesindon, East and West Clandon, 
 East Horsley, IMerrow, Merton, Mickleham, Newdigate, Ockwood, 
 Send, Tattersfield, Warlingham, and Witley. 
 
 Decorated Churches are — Cranley, Dunsfold, and Leatherhead. 
 
 Perpendicular Churches are — Croydon, Dorking, Farnham, Ling- 
 field, IMitcham, East Moulsey, and Ryegate. 
 
246 
 
 The Mixed Churches are — Carshalton, Cobham, Effingham, Godal- 
 min, Kingston-on-Thames, Lambeth. Merstham, Nutiield, Ockham, 
 and Putney. 
 
 Of IMonastic remains Newark Priory and Waverley Abbey 
 may be noticed ; and on a hill near Guildford is a ruined building, 
 called St. Catherine's Chapel. 
 
 Guildford Castle has a fine Norman Keep, and there are con- 
 siderable remains of Farniiam Castle. 
 
 LosELY Manor House may be mentioned as an ancient domestic 
 edifice, and there are a few others in the county. 
 
 Chichester Cathedral. — This building is too closely surrounded 
 to admit of any good general view ; those from north-west and north- 
 east are the best, as in these directions the centre tower and spire, 
 which are good, have their full efi^ect. A portion of the walls of the 
 nave of this church is Norman, the rest of the church Early English, 
 but in the nave are two additional aisles of later character, thus 
 making what foreigners call five naves. The tower and spire are fine 
 specimens of plain Early English. The lady-chapel is of later date, 
 as is the north wall of the nave, which has some curious buttresses. 
 The end of the south transept has a fine Decorated window of seven 
 lights, and a beautiful circle over it ; there is also a good circle at the 
 east end. There is no detached chapter-house, and the cloisters 
 occupy three sides of an irregular piece of ground, and are placed 
 much eastward of the usual position. The upper part of the north- 
 western tower is destroyed ; the south-western tower is plain, its two 
 upper stages good Early English. Near the west end is a very fine 
 bell tower, which is a very good composition, with a lantern connected 
 by small flying buttresses with octagonal turrets that spring from the 
 corners above the battlement. 
 
 There are some fine monuments, particularly one to Bishop Langton 
 in the south transept. There is considerable mixture of Norman and 
 Early English forms and ornaments in some parts, and many of the 
 details, particularly Early English, deserve minute examination. 
 There are a few Perpendicular insertions about the building, and the 
 cloisters are of that style. 
 
 Arundel is a large cross church, mostly of Perpendicular charac- 
 ter ; the chancel has a north aisle, and is shut up, and in a very dirty, 
 dilapidated state ; it contains several very rich monuments, some of 
 them very late, others earlier, and though not so rich, of better compo- 
 sition. There are some remains of very good wood screen- Avork. At 
 the intersection of the cross is a low tower. The nave and transepts 
 are used for service, and kept in good repair, and clean. The nave 
 has circular quaterfoils for clerestory windows, and against the south- 
 
247 
 
 west pier of the cross is a fine stone pulpit, raised with wood, and 
 used as the present pulpit. Some parts of this church are flint and 
 stone. 
 
 The Church at Battle is large, with a very late tower, which has 
 the original Early English west door built in ; the piers are Norman 
 with pointed arches : the clerestory and chancel Early English. The 
 south aisle is Perpendicular, and there are various inserted windows, 
 some modern. The font is square, with five supports, and is of 
 mixed Norman and Early English character. 
 
 BosHAM is an Early English Church, without much mixture ; it 
 has a tower and spire, nave and south aisle, and large chancel, which 
 has double lancets at the sides, and five lancets for the east window. 
 
 Eastbourne is a large Church mostly Early English with a 
 clerestory, a massive tower, and some insertions of late date. 
 
 BoxGRAvE is the remains of the Priory Church, which was a large 
 cross church, with a low tower ; the nave is nearly destroyed, and the 
 choir and transepts form the present church, which is Early English, 
 of good character, with bold flying buttresses. The nave had Norman 
 piers, with plain pointed arches. There are some Decorated windows. 
 Brighton Church is built with flint and stone, but has been so 
 much altered and modernised as to retain but few ancient features ; 
 some portions are Decorated. 
 
 Chiddingly Church has a handsome stone tower and spire, 
 
 partly Early English ; the church of later date, and poor composition. 
 
 Clymping is a curious Church, mostly Early English, with good 
 
 lancet windows. It has a Norman tower situated at the south end of 
 
 the south transept, with an entrance door on the west side. 
 
 Etchingham is a curious Church, with a tower in the centre, 
 
 partly Decorated, with some good windows, and partly Perpendicular. 
 
 Finden Church has a tower and shingle spire west of the south 
 
 aisle ; it has a south transept, and is mostly Early English, with a 
 
 Decorated east window. 
 
 FiRLE Church has some good decorated windows, and some later, 
 with modern insertions. 
 
 West Grinstead Church has a tower and shingle spire east of 
 the south aisle ; it is partly Early English, partly Decorated, and has 
 a Perpendicular wood porch. 
 
 The Churches of All Saints and St. Clements at Hastings, 
 have both been handsome edifices, partly of flint and stone, and 
 mostly of Perpendicular character, but they have been much altered 
 and mutilated. 
 
 Heathpield is a small Church, with a spire mostly Early English, 
 with a Decorated east window, and quaterfoils for clerestory windows. 
 West Hoathley Church has a lofty spire, an Early English 
 nave, and Decorated chancel. 
 
 Kingston is a small plain Church, of good Decorated character, 
 with some handsome doors and windows. 
 
218 
 
 There are several Churches at Lkwes deserving attention. St. 
 Tiiomas-a-Becket, in the Cliffe, is much modernised, but has some 
 good Perpendicular portions; as has also St. IMich^l's. All Saints 
 has a Perpendicular tower, and a modern church. St. John's has 
 some Norman and Early Enj^lish traces, but is much modernised. 
 SouT^o^•EI^ Church has portions of several stj-les, and seems built 
 with ancient stone from the adjacent priory. It has a Norman slab 
 tomb-stone within. St. Anne's has a plain but early tower, with 
 a short spire ; some portions of the church are Norman, and others 
 fine Early English. 
 
 OviNG Church has a nave, chancel, and north transept, with a 
 tower and shingle spire ; most of the church is Early English, with 
 some Decorated, and some Perpendicular windows inserted. 
 
 Rye is a large and curious cross Church; it has some Norman por- 
 tions and some Earlj^ Englisli, particularly part of Avhat was the choir, 
 the aisles of which have had fine lancet windows ; the east window 
 is Perpendicular, large and fine, and there is a bold and rich flying 
 buttress at the east end. JMany windows and other parts of the 
 cluirch have been modernised or mutilated. 
 
 Shipley Church has a Norman tower and a shingle spire between 
 the nave and chancel. Most of the church is Norman, with some 
 later insertions. 
 
 New Shoreiiaji is the remaining portion of a large cross Church, 
 of which nearly all the nave has been destroyed ; it has various por- 
 tions of fine late Norman, gradually running into Early English 
 forms and details. The church is an excellent one for practical study, 
 particularly when considered in conjunction and contrast with its 
 neighbours Steyning and Old Shoreham. 
 
 Old Shoreham is also a cross church, with fine Norman arches 
 to the tower, and various other Norman features ; it has, however, 
 various insertions and mutilations. The font is circular and plain, 
 standing on a circular pedestal. 
 
 SoMPTiNG Church has a very curious tower at the west end of 
 the nave ; it has a shingle roof, some very small windows, and a sort 
 of rib running up the centre of the side of the tower, a little like 
 Barton in Lincolnshire. The church is a cross church, mostly Early 
 English, with some later insertions. The Early English work is only 
 Just clear of Norman. This tower is a very curious and valuable one, as 
 it is clearly one of the Early works described as long and short work, 
 it completely links with Whittingham in Northumberland, aiul Barton- 
 on-the-Humbcr, but has curious portions, different from either. The 
 arch from the tower to the church is like rude Roman work. A large 
 portion of one side of this tower has been underpinned to introduce 
 some Decorated work, of which date there are remains of a side 
 chapel. Tliere are some curious insertions and stoppings on the west 
 side, and some buttresses have been added, but all this is easily 
 distinguished from the original portions. 
 
249 
 
 South FASE Church has a circular tower, and some arches stopt 
 on the south side ; the church is mostly Early English. 
 
 SouTHWicK Church has a Norman tower, nave and chancel, 
 with the arches on the south side stopt, and various windows of later 
 date inserted. On the tower is an Early English belfrj'^ story, and a 
 short spire. 
 
 Steyning is a verj'^ curious Norman Church, with a great variety 
 of excellent and very elaborate detail, which deserves attentive study. 
 
 Walthaji is a small Church, with a circular east end ; the win- 
 dows have trefoiled heads, but may be insertions. 
 
 WiNCHELSKA Church is Only the eastern portion of a very fine 
 Church, principally of Early English and early Decorated character, 
 with most excellent details. On the south side are two monuments, 
 three stalls, and a water-drain ; and on the north side several monu- 
 ments. All these are of the richest design and most excellent execu- 
 tion. One of them has been admirably engraved in Blore's Monu- 
 mental Remains, and is hardly exceeded in beauty of composition 
 by any monument in the kingdom. This church deserves the most 
 attentive study. 
 
 Worth Church has a nave, chancel, and south chapel, and a 
 small tower and spire on the north side. On the walls of the nave 
 and south chapel, there are some stone quarterings or ribs like the 
 tower at Barton in Lincolnshire. 
 
 By the above enumeration, it will be seen how prevalent the Early 
 English style is in this county, which will be more apparent from the 
 following lists, in which the churches have been classed according to 
 their predominant styles. The Churches of 
 
 ALCISTON, BURPHAM, NORTH MARDEN, 
 
 AMBERLEY, ELSTED, TELSCOMBE, 
 
 BEDING, JEVINGTON, TREYFORD, 
 
 BISHOPSTONE, IPING, WILMINGTON, 
 
 BRAMBER, NEWHAVEN, 
 
 have all Norman portions ; some have admixtures of Early English 
 and later insertions. 
 
 The next list is extensive, and comprises the Early English 
 churches of the county, which have but little admixture of other 
 styles ; — 
 
 ALDINGBOURN, BOTTOLPHS, FARNHURST, 
 
 APPLEDRAM, BURY, FERRING, 
 
 BARCOMBE, CHAILEY, FISHBOURN, 
 
 BARLAVINGTON, CHILTINGTON, FLETCHING, 
 
 BARNHAM, CHITHURST, GOREING, 
 
 BEPTON, COATES, GREETHAM, 
 
 SOUTH BERSTED, COMBES, HANGLETON, 
 
 AVEST BLETCHINGTON, niDLING, HARDHAM, 
 
 BODIHAM. nONNINGTON, HELLINGLY, 
 
 BOLNEV, FAIRLIGHT, HOVE, 
 
250 
 
 HOLLINGTOM. 
 
 EAST HOATHLY, 
 
 HORSHAM, 
 
 HUNSTON, 
 
 HURSTMONCEAUX, 
 
 WEST ITCHENOR, 
 
 ICKLESHAM, 
 
 IFORD, 
 
 KEYMER, 
 
 MID LAVANT, 
 
 LINCHMERE, 
 
 LUDGERSHALL, 
 
 MADEHURST, 
 
 NORTH STOKE, 
 
 OVINGDEAN, 
 
 PAGHAM, 
 
 PACKING, 
 
 PEASEMARSH. 
 
 PEVENSEY, 
 
 PLAYDEN, 
 
 PIDINGHOE, 
 
 PLUMPTON, 
 
 PORTSLADE, 
 
 PRESTON, 
 
 ROGATE, 
 
 ROTTINGDEAN, 
 
 RUSPER, 
 
 RUSTINGTON, 
 
 SELLHAM, 
 
 SELMESTON, 
 
 SIDLESHAM, 
 
 SLINDON. 
 
 STEDHAM, 
 
 SOUTH STOKE, 
 
 WEST STOKE, 
 
 STOUGHTON, 
 
 TANGMERE, 
 
 TARRING NEVILLE, 
 
 WEST TARRING, 
 
 TERWICK, 
 
 WEST THORNEY, 
 
 TORTINGTON, 
 
 UDIMERE, 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 WESTFIELD, 
 
 WESTMESTON, 
 
 WISBOROUGH GREEN, 
 
 WEST WITTERING, 
 
 WIVELSFIELD, 
 
 YAPTON. 
 
 Some of the above have been very little altered, and form excellent 
 models for small plain chapels ; many of them have good details within, 
 though their exteriors are very plain, and it may be noticed here, that 
 the churches of this county have the tower or belfry in almost every 
 position except the east end of the chancel. 
 
 The churches in the following list have an admixture of Decorated 
 portions, with the Early English, sometimes merely one or two win- 
 dows, sometimes with a little Perpendicular Avork : — 
 
 ARLINGTON, 
 
 ASHURST, 
 
 BECKLEY, 
 
 BODINGHAM, 
 
 BIGNOR, 
 
 BROADWATER, 
 
 EAST BLETCHINGTON, 
 
 BURWASH, 
 
 BUXTED, 
 
 CATSFIELD, 
 
 COCKING, 
 
 COMPTON, 
 
 DENTON, 
 
 DITCHLING, 
 
 EARNLEY, 
 
 EARTH AM, 
 
 EASTERGATE, 
 
 EWHURST, 
 
 FELTHAM, 
 
 FITTLEWORTH, 
 
 FRAMPFIELD, 
 
 FRANT, 
 
 GRAFFHAM, 
 
 HARTFIELD, 
 
 HARTING, 
 
 HORSTED KEYNES, 
 
 IFIELD, 
 
 MERSTON, 
 
 NEWICK, 
 
 NORTHIAM, 
 
 PATCHAM, 
 
 SALEHURST, 
 
 STOPHAM, 
 
 STREET, 
 
 SUTTON, 
 
 WADHURST, 
 
 WALDRON, 
 
 WOODMANCOAT, 
 
 The churches in the following list are mostly Early English, with 
 Perpendicular insertions and additions : — 
 
 ALBOURNE, 
 
 BEXHILL, 
 
 CHIDHAM, 
 
 cow FOLD, 
 
 EDBURTON, 
 
 FOLKINGTON, 
 
 WEST HAMPNETT, 
 
 LITTLE HAMPTON, 
 
 HAMSEY, 
 
 HOUGHTON, 
 
 KIRDFORD, 
 
 LAUGHTON, 
 
 EAST LAVANT, 
 
 LITTLINGTON, 
 
 MARESFIELD, 
 
 PULBOROUGH, 
 
 RACKTON, 
 
 RODMILL, 
 
 ROTHERFIELD, 
 
 SEDLESCOMB, 
 
 SELSEY. 
 
 SULLINGTON, 
 
 THAKEHAM, 
 
 WALBERTON, 
 
 WILLINGDON. 
 
251 
 
 The following Churches are of Decorated character, some of tlieiii 
 with but little admixture : — 
 
 ARDINGLEY, ISFIELD, SLAUGHAM, 
 
 ASHBURNHAM, NORTH CHAPEL, TILLINGTON, 
 
 BERWICK, NUTHURST, TROTTON, 
 
 CHALVINGTON, PETWORTH, COLD WALTHAM, 
 
 FORD, SEAFORD, WISTON. 
 
 The Churches of Afriston, Ashington, Crawley, Heyshot, 
 LiNDFiELD, PoYNiNGS, and Rype, have an admixture of the Deco- 
 rated and Perpendicular styles. 
 
 The following Churches are principally Perpendicular : — 
 
 EAST ANGMERING, GESTLING, POLEING. 
 
 BILLINGHURST, HAILSHAM, PYECOMBE, 
 
 WEST BOURNE, HENFIELD, RINGMER. 
 
 BREDE, HOOE, SINGLETON, 
 
 BRIGHTLING, MAYFIELD, TICEHURST, 
 
 ST. ANDREW'S, Chichester, NORTH MUNDHAM, UCKFIELD, 
 
 ST. PETER THE Great, Do. ORE, WIGGENHALL, 
 
 CROWHURST, PARHAM, WESTHAM, 
 
 CUCKFIELD, PENHURST, WITHYAM, 
 
 DARLINGTON, 
 
 But none of these are very large or fine examples of that style, 
 though some of them have good windows and other details. 
 
 On a review of the churches of this county, it will appear rather 
 singular to find in a district so early occupied by the Normans so few 
 Norman churches, and such a very preponderating number of those 
 of Early English date ; a preponderance, it is true, approached in 
 some of the adjacent counties, but not equalled by any county in 
 England. 
 
 Chichester has several ancient edifices besides the Cathedral, 
 deserving attention ; of these may be mentioned the Canon's Gate, 
 and the Bishop's Palace Gate ; the Priory, which has some Early 
 English remains ; the Hospital of St. Mary, and the Cross ; 
 which latter is, perhaps, the richest market cross in the kingdom ; it is 
 late Perpendicular, but the composition and details remarkably good. 
 
 Lewes has considerable remains of the Castle, pvirtly Norman, 
 and partly of later date. The Lord's Place, the ancient Priory of 
 Lewes, has now little to evince its former splendour, but some wall- 
 ing and vaults, and a mutilated, but still beautiful Early English 
 arch of entrance, near Southover church. 
 
 Winchelsea has the ruins of a Castle, called Camber Castle, 
 several ancient Gates, and some remains of the monastery of Grey 
 Friars. 
 
 At Rye is a Castellated building, called Ipres Tower. 
 
 Of the Castles of Bramber, Hastings, and Pevensey, the remains 
 are but small; those of Amberley, Bodiam, and the ancient part of 
 
252 
 
 Arundel, are much more considorable, and contain portions deserv- 
 ing careful examination. Hukstjionckaux Castle is of later date, 
 but is a most valuable specimen of the gradation from the castle to 
 the mansion. 
 
 The ^lonastic remains of the county are not very numerous, besides 
 those already enumerated ; the ruins of Mayfield Palace, once the 
 seat of the Archl)ishops of Canterbury, (of which portions of the Great 
 Hall remain, and afford some fine specimens of domestic Decorated 
 ■work ;) and those of Bayiiam Abbey may be noticed, and also 
 Battle Abbey, of which the entrance gate, and some other portions 
 are of Decorated character, with excellent details. 
 
 Of Domestic edifices may be mentioned the ruins of Cowdrav 
 House, at one time as magnificent a mansion as almost any in the 
 kin"-dom ; Halnaker House, and Danny Place. 
 
 Warwick Castle, although the apartments in use are modern- 
 ised, yet, in its outward arrangements and general forms, retains 
 much of the bold outline and grandeur of the ancient abodes of the 
 English nobility. One tower, called Guy's Tower, is nearly untouched ; 
 it appears to be of Decorated character ; though very plain, it is, 
 perhaps, the most perfect remain of its kind in existence — and very 
 curious both as to composition and construction ; the outline, seen 
 from a distance is peculiarly fine. 
 
 Warwick Church. — The whole of this church except the chancel 
 and its adjuncts, is a composition of the greatest barbarity, but the 
 chancel is an uncommonly beautiful specimen of Perpendicular work, 
 and the east front is remarkably fine, simple in its arrangement, yet 
 rich from the elegance of its parts, and the excellent execution of its 
 details. The interior is equally beautiful, and there are, on the north 
 side, a monumental chapel and vestry of very good character ; but the 
 great feature of the church is the Beauchamp Chapel, an erection 
 whose date, cost, and operative builders, are well known ; it is 
 completely enriched both within and without, its details of the most 
 elegant character and excellent execution, and in very good preserva- 
 tion. It consists of a chapel of several arches, and a small aisle or 
 rather passage, on the north side, between the chapel and the chancel 
 of the church. This aisle is arch-roofed in three divisions, each a 
 different pattern ; the chapel itself is groined with a fiat four-centred 
 arch, and is a very beautiful specimen of composition. At the back 
 of the altar is a small room formed in the projection of the buttresses, 
 which is very great. In the centre of the chapel stands a very rich 
 altar tomb, with the effigies of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, 
 whose executors erected the chapel : there are some other monuments, 
 but some of the largest of them are of much later date, and rather 
 
253 
 
 disfigure tlie chapel, than add to its beauty The panelling and 
 minute details of this chapel are remarkably good, and with the ad- 
 joining chancel, form an assemblage of various details not often met 
 with. 
 
 The City of Coventry is very rich in curious building. Of Per- 
 pendicular wood-work, there is a great abundance in various parts of 
 the town, particularly one Albishouse, forming a small square, and a 
 House near St. Mary's hall. The ancient public buildings are also 
 numerous. 
 
 St. Mary's Hall is the meeting place of the corporation, and is a 
 very curious building ; the kitchen and some other parts, appear 
 much older than the hall itself, which is very excellent Perpendicular 
 work, and it has a small but very beautiful oriel, in which stands a 
 plain but ancient table. The hall has a fine timber roof, and at 
 the bottom stands a very fine carved oak chair, most parts of which 
 are in excellent preservation. 
 
 The present House of Industry is a large and irregular collection 
 of buildings, amongst which are all the remains of the White Friars' 
 Monastery, consisting principally of a portion of the cloisters, and 
 some adjacent buildings ; these are carefully preserved, (the line of 
 cloister being the dining-room,) and contain some very good specimens 
 of earlj' Perpendicular v/ork. The groining of the cloisters is uncom- 
 mon, and very beautiful ; it is also well adapted for modern plaster- 
 work. There are other detached parts of value, particularly the 
 remains of a gate, and a doorway now blocked up, and a small window 
 placed in it. 
 
 The ecclesiastical buildings in Coventry are four, exclusive of the 
 remains of the Cathedral, which are very small, and all traces of 
 the detail are gone ; but they appear to have been Early English. 
 
 The Grey Friars' Steeple. — This beautiful remain stands in a 
 garden, and consists of the central part of a cross church, on which 
 rises a short tower, which becomes octagonal, and has an elegant 
 spire. The small remains of the buildings attached, show it to have 
 been late Early English, but the tower itself is good early Decorated 
 work, with bold mouldings of excellent character ; the spire appears 
 to be later. To this steeple the Author has added a church for the 
 Commissioners for new churches. 
 
 St. JMichael's Church. — If the stone of which the tower is 
 built had been more durable, this would have been the finest Perpen- 
 dicular steeple in England. The church has many traces of being 
 erected on foundations of earlier date, but it is now all Perpendicular 
 as to general appearance. The steeple is early in the style. The 
 tower has four stages, all of them adorned with niches and panelling 
 of very excellent character. The spire has several stages, some of 
 which are panelled ; and round the bottom is arranged a lantern, 
 which gives to this spire a peculiar appearance of lightness. The 
 steeple is A'ery loftj'^, and when viewed at such a distance as not to 
 
254 
 
 show the decayed appearance of the details, is one of the most satis- 
 factory as to its proportions of any in the kingdom. The church is 
 large and undivided ; its interior arrangement is fine, from the great 
 breadth of the aisles, and the lightness of the piers. The clerestory wall 
 is panelled down to the arches, of which panelling the windows 
 form part. There is in this church and its vestry, a large collection 
 of stall-seats, some of them finely carved. 
 
 Trinity Church has also a fine spire, and the distance between 
 the two sjjires not being more than a hundred yards, their combina- 
 tions at a distance are very fine. This is a cross church, and in many 
 of its parts much resembles St. IMichael's, but the design is not so 
 good. In this churcli is a large stone pulpit. 
 
 St. John's, or Bablake Church also resembles St. Michael's in 
 the panelling over the arches, but the clerestory windows are longer 
 and square-headed. There are several singularities about the compo- 
 sition of this church that deserve attention. 
 
 Alveston Church has the tower between the nave and chancel, 
 and a Norman door now walled up. The font is a brass basin set in 
 a wood frame. 
 
 Aston Church has a handsome Perpendicular tower and spire ; 
 some parts of the church are of earlier date, but much modernised. 
 In the chancel are some allar tombs with effigies, one of which is very 
 well executed. 
 
 Deritknd Chapel, Birmingham, is a modern brick building, but 
 some of the timbers in the roof appear to be taken from the ancient 
 edifice, and one of them is part of a handsome carved beam. 
 
 St. IMartin's Church, Birmingham, was a Decorated building, 
 but it has been cased with brick, so that the spire is the only part of 
 the ancient structure visible. There are in the Church several effigies, 
 ■which have the armour and details remarkably well executed. 
 
 Brails Church is large, and has a lofty tower ; some portions are 
 Early English, and some of Decorated and Perpendicular character. 
 The south aisle has a pierced wave-line, parapet, and battlemented 
 pinnacles ; the clerestory windows are Perpendicular and square- 
 headed. In the church-yard is an ancient tomb with an effigy. 
 
 CoLESiiiLL Church has a fine spire of late Perpendicular work, of 
 better design than execution. The spire is crocketted, and standing 
 high, is very extensively seen to great advantage. The font is Nor- 
 man, with considerable enrichment. 
 
 DuNCHURCH is a handsome and curious church ; the chancel is 
 Early English, with some good Decorated windows inserted, particu- 
 larly the east window ; this chancel has the low side window. The 
 nave is decorated with good piers and arches, and some good windows ; 
 the doors of the aisles have remarkably rich mouldings. The tower 
 is Perpendicular, with considerable enrichment, but mutilated ; there 
 are two ancient water-drains, and the ancient font is in the tower ; 
 it was plain and circular, with a cabled moulding round the upper 
 
edge. There are some small portions of ancient wood-work in the 
 pews. 
 
 Kenilworth Church has a fine and much enriched Norman 
 door at the west end, and various portions of later date. 
 
 Lapworth Church has a tower and spire which stand on the 
 north side of the north aisle, and are, with the clerestory and some 
 other parts of the church. Perpendicular ; there are also some Early 
 English, and some Decorated portions remaining. 
 
 MiDDLETON Church has some Norman and Early English portions 
 remaining ; the tower is Perpendicular, and of late date ; the small 
 openings have crocketted canopies. 
 
 Shelldon is a small Church, with a fine Perpendicular tower, 
 which has the small openings canopied as at JMiddleton. The church 
 has some good early Decorated features, and a curious wood porch, 
 parts of which have had good carvings, now nearly obliterated by 
 time and weather. In the north aisle is a beautiful piece of stone 
 tabernacle work, consisting of three canopied niches. 
 
 Snitterfield Church has some portions Early English, and 
 some Decorated ; the clerestory and upper part of the tower are 
 Perpendicular. The aisle windows have no featherings, but their 
 mouldings and those of the doors are remarkably good. 
 
 Solihull. — This is a large and curious cross Church ; the west 
 end of the nave and the south aisle are late perpendicular, the west 
 Avindow of the nave a singular but good composition. The rest of 
 the church and lower part of the tower are Decorated work, of an 
 early and curious character, particularly the chancel, which, as well 
 as the transepts, has very good windows ; and attached to the north 
 side of the chancel is a small chapel of equal character, now used as 
 the vestry, and under it a small but beautiful plain-groined crypt. In 
 both the chancel and the vestry are the usual niche on the south side, 
 for the vessels of the altar ; that in the chancel a rich canopied niche, 
 and that in the vestry plainer. The tracery and mouldings about 
 these parts of the church are very good, and there are some corbels in 
 the wall of the chancel that are hardly to be equalled for the spirit 
 and beauty of their foliage ; they are very perfect, and deserve great 
 attention. This church, particularly the chancel, is carefully attended 
 to, as to those minute repairs and cleaning on which the stability of 
 ancient edifices so much depends. The piers of the tower are plain, 
 but very good ; the belfry story is Perpendicular, and the spire modern. 
 There is a little good tabernacle and screen-work in the church. 
 
 SouTHA3i Church has a tower and spire ; part of the church is 
 Decorated, with some very good windows, other portions are Perpen- 
 dicular, some very good, others inferior. There has been considerable 
 mutilation of tracery and other parts. 
 
 Stratford-on-Avon is a large and handsome cross Church, the 
 nave only separated for service. The transepts, tower, and some 
 parts of the nave are Early English. The tower appears to have 
 
256 
 
 been strengthened hy under buildinu; the ancient arches with others 
 of Perpendicuhir character. Tht upj)er part of it is Decorated, with 
 curious circuhir windows, having varied tracery. The south aisle is 
 Decorated, with some good windows ; the west end of the nave, with 
 the piers, arches, and clerestory, are Perpendicular, as is the north 
 porch. The chancel is late Perpendicular, and a fine specimen of its 
 date ; on the north wall is Shakespeare's monument ; on the south 
 side are some stone stalls, and there are many of the wood-stalls 
 remaining,. In the south aisle of the nave are the remains of some 
 stone stalls, which have had rich canopies. In some of the windows 
 are portions of good stained glass. The present font is modern : the 
 ancient one, after being long a receptacle for rain-water, is now care- 
 fully preserved in a gentleman's garden; it appears to have been 
 Perpendicular, of eleg;mt design, and good execution. The same 
 gentleman also preserves part of the ancient cross. 
 
 The Chapel at Stratford is late Perpendicular, much like the 
 chancel of the parish church. 
 
 Wellksbourxe Church has a Norman arch into the chancel, 
 some Earlj' English portions, and a late Perpendicular tower ; the 
 church is much altered and modernised. 
 
 WooTEX ^V^A^'EN Cpiurch has the tower between the nave and 
 chancel ; there is a south aisle the whole length of the chancel, part 
 of which is of Decorated character ; the south door is Early English, 
 the tower, and most of the church Perpendicular. 
 
 Churches with Norman portions are — Arrow, Beaudesert, Corley, 
 Cubbington, (^irdworth, Lillnigton, Kyton, and Wyken. 
 
 Tlie' Churches of Barton, Great Wolford, and Offchurch, have 
 Early Englisli portions. 
 
 Decorated Churches are — AUesley, Bilton, Fillongley, Long Comp- 
 ton. Temple Balsall, Shuckborough, Shustock, and Wroxall. 
 
 Perpendicular Churches are — Church Bickenhill, Coughton, Hat- 
 ton, Henley-in-Arden, and Knowle. 
 
 The IVIixed churches are — Alcester, Barford, Bidford, Bourton, 
 Charlecott, Chesterton, Hampton-in-Arden, Haseley, Ilmington, 
 Kineton, Meriden, Radford, Stoke, Stoneleigh, Studley, Ufton, and 
 Whittenash. 
 
 At Warwick there are two Gates, each containing some ancient 
 work, with modern additions. 
 
 Of Castellated edifices, besides Warwick Castle, may be men- 
 tioned Tamworth Castle, which is much modernised, and ^Iax- 
 TOKE Castle, tlie remains of which are the entrance gate, and some 
 other portions, and Caledon Castle, of which the part remaining 
 has very good details. 
 
 Of Kenilworth Castle the ruins are very extensive, principally 
 late perpendicular, but there are some Norman portions, and some 
 small detached j)ortions of later date, which deserve attentive ex- 
 amination 
 
257 
 
 There are some remains of Maxtoke Priory, and the gateways 
 of STONKLEifJH Abbey, and Kenilavorth Pkiory, are still stand- 
 ing ; Wroxall Abbey has also part of the ancient buildings 
 remaining. 
 
 At Henley-in-Arden is a handsome though much mutilated 
 stone cross. 
 
 Of the domestic edifices may be noticed Newhall, near Sutton 
 Coldlield, Castle Bromwich Hall, and Aston Hall. 
 
 Kendal is a large and curious Church, but more so for the plan 
 than its details. It has a low and engaged tower, and is nine arches 
 in length; it is wholly five divisions Avide; to the nave and one arch 
 of the chancel there is a low clerestory. Most of the work is late Per- 
 pendicular and poor, but there is some tolerable wood ceiling, and a 
 little screen-work. Though it would be a long church, if of the usual 
 width, it is nearly square, from the great breadth. 
 
 Over Staveley, a Chapel to Kendal, has some very late Perpen- 
 dicular portions. 
 
 Grassmere Church has some ancient portions remaining, amidst 
 much alteration, and the same maybe said of Ambleside, Burton 
 IN Kendal, Kirby Lonsdale, Lowtiier, and Shap. 
 
 Appleby Church has some good piers and arches, and some Deco- 
 rated and Perpendicular features amidst various alterations ; there is 
 a little good screen-work. 
 
 Brough Church is large, but is mostly poor and late Perpendicu- 
 lar ; there is a little ancient stained glass. 
 
 High Barton Church has some Norman and Early English por- 
 tions 
 
 There are some remains of the monastery of Shap. 
 
 The remains of Brougham Castle are considerable, partly Nor- 
 man, and partly of later date, particularly the chapel, which is a small 
 but curious room. 
 
 The Keep of Appleby Castle is in good preservation, and there 
 are considerable ruins of the castle at Brough ; of Kendal Castle 
 only some rough walling and arches are remaining. 
 
 Salisbury Cathedral. — From the valuable illustrations now 
 published, which have rendered this cathedral familiar to the public, 
 it will not be necessary to describe it so minutely as some other build- 
 ings. The situation of this cathedral is peculiarly pleasing ; the 
 precinct or close is kept in the best order, and has within some very 
 
 s 
 
258 
 
 fine trees, which, as well as those in the palace grounds, group with 
 the cathedral in many points of view, in a heautiful manner. The 
 west front, tlie north side, and the east end, are all open, and may he 
 seen from peculiarly favourahle distances. The north-east view is, 
 perhaps, the hest general view of a cathedral to be had in England, 
 and displays the various portions of this interesting edifice to the best 
 advantage. 
 
 This edifice has the advantage of being built in one style, the Early 
 English, and from a uniform and well arranged plan. The tower 
 and spire are of later date, but admirably accommodated to the style of 
 the building ; there is also an addition between the east and west 
 piers of the cross, which is of Perpendicular date ; it is a rich pierced 
 arch, on each side, evidently placed there to tie together and strengthen 
 the piers of the cross. The plan of this edifice is as a cathedral com- 
 plete, having spacious cloisters and a chapter-house, and also a tower 
 for a library and muniment room ; there are two transepts, each of 
 which has an aisle eastward , and a large north porch to the nave. 
 IModern alterations have taken away the altar-screen, and thrown the 
 Lady Chapel open to the choir ; the organ-screen is also modern. In 
 various parts of the church are several ancient monuments, some of 
 which are very fine. On the whole, this cathedral j)resents an object 
 for study hardly equalled by any in the kingdom ; the purity of its 
 style, and the various modes of adapting that style to the purposes 
 reipiired, deserve the most attentive consideration. 
 
 The Close is entered by several ancient Gates, which deserve 
 examination. 
 
 Salisbury has three churches. St. Thomas's is a large and hand- 
 some Perpendicular church, Avith the tower standing on the south side 
 of the south aisle. The church has a nave and chancel, with aisles and 
 a clerestory ; it is rather late in the style, but the composition is good. 
 
 St. EdiMUNd's is also a handsome Perpendicular church, with large 
 windows and good tracery ; the chancel has been modernized. The 
 tower fell down, and was rebuilt about the year 1653, in a much bet- 
 ter style than usual at that time. 
 
 St. INIartin's is a large church, with a tower and spire. The 
 chancel is Early English, some parts of the church Decorated, and 
 some Perpendicular. 
 
 AvEBURY is a curious Norman church, with an enriched and curi- 
 ous leaden font. 
 
 Bishop Cannings is a large and handsome church, mostly of Early 
 English character. 
 
 Barford St. jMartin is a cross church, with some Early English 
 portions and others of later date. 
 
 North Burcombe is a small church, its chancel curious for having 
 long and short quoins ; and the Church of Britford, near Salisbury, 
 has some portions which seem of the same date, and much resemble 
 parts of Sompting, Sussex. 
 
259 
 
 Chilmark is also a cross church, with a tower and handsome spire; 
 some parts of this church are Early English, and some of the later 
 styles. 
 
 St. John's Church, Devizes, is a large and handsome church ; 
 the tower and some other parts Norman, and most of the remaining 
 portions good Perpendicular. 
 
 FoNTHiLL, Bishop is a small but curious cross church, with a low 
 tower ; it is mostly Early English, of good composition, with some 
 portions of the later styles. 
 
 FuGGLESTONE St. Peter is a small church mostly Perpendicular, 
 but the chancel is Early English, and the east window, of three lights, 
 a most elegant specimen of that style. 
 
 Maljiesbury Church, the remains of the abbey, consists of the 
 nave of that building, and has a Norman west end, with a very fine 
 door ; there are also other Norman portions, but mixed with the later 
 styles. 
 
 Norman Churches are — Codford St. Peter, Devizes St. Mary, 
 Great Durnford, Kingston St. Michael, Little Langford, Nether Avon, 
 Stapleford, Tilshead, and Winterbourne Stoke. 
 
 Early English Churches are — Bradford, Fifield, Fisherton Dela- 
 mere, Heytsbury, Leigh Delamore, Pottern, South Newton, Stanton 
 St. Quintin, and Wilsford. 
 
 Bemerton, Ditton, and Poulshot are Decorated. 
 
 Perpendicular Churches are — Atworth, Great Chatfield, Devizes 
 St. James, JMarlborough St. IMary, and St. Peter, Teffont Ewias, Trow- 
 bridge, Warminster, and Westport. 
 
 The list of IMixed Churches is much longer, and contains various 
 valuable small churches, which deserve attention — Allington, Am- 
 bresbury, Atford, Avebury, Baverstock, Berwick St. James's, Bos- 
 cumbe, Boyton, Bulford, Chiltern All Saints, and St. Mary's, Chippen- 
 ham, Chorlton, Codford St. IMary, Collingbourn Ducis, Corsham, 
 Corston, Cricklade, Durrington, Enford, Figheldean, Fisherton Anger, 
 Fittleton, Fovant, Froxfield, Great Bedwin, Great Wishford, Hindon, 
 Horningsham, Imber, Kingston Deverill, Laycock, LongbridgeDeverill, 
 Ludgershall, JMaddington, ]\Laiden Bradley, IMelksham, Dilere, Milston, 
 North Tedworth, Orcheston St. ^lary, Rolleston, Shrewton, Steeple 
 Langford, Stockton, Stourton, Upton Lovell, Wilton, Woodford and 
 Wooten Basset. 
 
 There are several ancient buildings about Malmesbury. 
 
 There are several crosses in this county deserving examination ; 
 Malmesbury Cross, and the Butter Cross at Salisbury, are 
 market crosses of considerable size ; the others are mere pillars. 
 Cricklade Cross is of elegant design, with handsome niches ; those 
 at Great Bedwin and Laycock are much plainer, and that at Stee- 
 ple AsHTON of much later date. 
 
 The ruins of Laycock Abbey deserve attention, particularly the 
 cloisters, which are very fine. 
 
260 
 
 Amonj^st other domestic edifices, the ancient portions of Wilton 
 House may be noticed, and also Longford, the seat of the Earl of 
 Radnor, for its singular plan. Great Chatfield House and Mill 
 deserve examination. 
 
 Worcester Cathedral. — This cathedral is much shut up except 
 on the north side, of which a pretty good A'iew may be obtained, and 
 also of the east end, but they are both partially obscured bj' some 
 houses and a small church standing on the north side of the choir ; the 
 south side and west end are both closely surrounded by buildings. 
 The outline of this church is fine, the scale is large, and the centre 
 tower, though the stone is much perished, is a line composition. The 
 general character of the building is Early English, with various inser- 
 tions, and many of the windows filled with later tracery ; there are 
 however, some earlier parts ; a crypt, part of the nave, the chapter- 
 house, and two passages to the cloisters, are Norman ; parts of the 
 nave and aisles are Decorated, the cloisters, and a fine south porch, 
 are Perpendicular. The interior of this Cathedral is very spacious ; 
 part of the nave presents a decorated character; the east and west 
 windows, and the organ-screen are modern ; the rest of the interior, 
 particularly east of the cross, is Early English, with elegant details 
 and good groining. Across the south eastern transept is the monxi- 
 mental chapel of Prince Arthur, son of King Henry VH, a piece of 
 late but very good Perpendicular composition. Against one of the 
 north piers of the choir is a very rich and elegant stone pulpit ; its 
 composition is of late date, but it is very well executed. In the middle 
 of the choir is the tomb of King John ; the top slab, with tlie effigy, 
 is evidently of a date soon after his decease, but the tomb is as evi- 
 dently of Perpendicular date, and was most likely erected Avhen Prince 
 Arthur's chapel was erected. There are several fine ancient monu- 
 ments in different parts of this church, and the Early English details 
 are remarkably elegant, and deserving of attention. The chapter- 
 house is a decagon, with a centre pier ; it is Norman, with later win- 
 dows inserted, and has a fine range of intersecting arches. 
 
 The School adjoining the cloisters is of Decorated character ; it 
 has some fine windows, and a door with very rich and elegant mould- 
 ings. This cathedral deserves more attention than has usually been 
 bestowed upon it. 
 
 Alderminster is a curious cross church, with a low tower ; part 
 of the nave is Norman, with good doors north and south ; the rest of 
 the church good Early English, with some later windows inserted. In 
 the chancel is a handsome water drain. 
 
 Bromsgrove Church has a handsome Perpendicular tower and 
 spire; there are some Norman, and some Early English arches, and 
 
261 
 
 some part of the chancel is Decorated, but most of the exterior of the 
 church is perpendicular. 
 
 Bengeavorth Church is curious for its plan, which is very irre- 
 gular ; it has a handsome tower and spire, and some very good Per- 
 pendicular windows, and other portions ; some parts, and a few 
 windows, are of earlier date. 
 
 Chaddersly Corbet is a good Norman church with various later 
 portions, particularly the chancel, which is Decorated, with very 
 beautiful details. 
 
 Beoley is a church which appears to be of very early Norman date, 
 if it ma)'' not even be before tha conquest, the arch to the chancel being 
 of a A'ery plain description, and a stall in the chancel being of a very 
 unusual character. 
 
 Dodderhill is a curious church, being the transept and cross of a 
 late Norman church, with a chancsl of later date, and a Perpendicular 
 tower in place of the south transept ; there are some modern addi- 
 tions, but no nave. 
 
 Droitwich has three churches. — St. Andrew and Mary has 
 some very fine Early English j)ortions, with additions of later date. St. 
 Peter's has a Perpendicular tower, some good Decorated windows, 
 and a small portion of ancient stained glass. Of St. Nicholas oiJy 
 the tower remains ; it is small and of late Perpendicular character. 
 
 Evesham has two churches. — Allsaints, now used as the parish 
 church, has a tower and spire, which, as well as the porch, and most 
 of the church, is Perpendicular and of good composition ; on the south 
 side is a beautiful small chapel, A\ith elegant fan tracery groining. In 
 the chancel is one good Decorated window, and there are other traces 
 of parts earlier than the general appearance of the church. Part of the 
 church has a remarkably fine wood ceiling, with moulded beams and 
 carved flowers ; the font is octagon, of very good design and execution. 
 The other church of St. Laurence is in a dilapidated state, but has 
 been a very beautiful structure, of Perpendicular character, with a 
 tower and spire of a date somewhat earlier than the church, and a 
 south chapel, rather later ; the details of every part are excellent, 
 those of the south chapel and east window remarkably so. In this 
 chapel, the roof of which is beautiful fan tracery, is the font, which is 
 of the date of the chapel, and a peculiarly beautiful design ; it is 
 octagon, which rich panelling. This church deserves attentive exam- 
 ination. 
 
 Hanbury Church has a modern tower, the church has some Early 
 English piers and arches, some part of the chancel also is of that 
 style, but the east window is a modern insertion; there are some 
 Decorated and some Perpendicular portions. 
 
 Hallow is a small but curious church, the south aisle having 
 wooden piers and arches, if they may be so called; there is a Norman 
 door and an Early English window remaining ; a large east window 
 has been stopped up, and a small one inserted ; the tower is destroyed, 
 and the present belfry is of wood and plaster. 
 
262 
 
 Kington is a small but curious church, there are some stone por- 
 tions which seem of Decorated or Perpendicular date, and at the west 
 end is a curious porch and steeple, the lower part of which is stone, 
 and the upper part lath and plaster. 
 
 King's Norton Church has a remarkably fine spire ; the tower is 
 a very fine composition, it is of Perpendicular character, and rather 
 late, but good ; the spire is crocketted, and has canopied windows. 
 The church is large, principally plain Decorated work, with Perpen- 
 dicular insertions and additions ; the north and south doors are Deco- 
 rated, and the south porch Perpendicular. The church has no cleres- 
 tory windows. 
 
 Great Mai.vern is a large and very fine cross church, with an 
 elegant tower in the centre. The M'hole exterior appearance of this 
 church is Perpendicular, and very good ; the tower has a little of the 
 character of that of Gloucester cathedral ; the nave of the church is 
 Norman, with short and very thick piers, and semicircular arches. 
 The chancel is a very fine Perpendicular composition, with large 
 clerestory windows, the tracery of the windows is in general very 
 good, the east window, and that in the north transept peculiarly so, 
 and there are considerable portions of ancient stained glass ; there is 
 a fine north porch. This church was the chapel of the monastery, the 
 south side is very plain, and appears to have been always much hid by 
 the cloisters and other buildings ; there is some ancient wood-work in 
 the church, and many ancient figured tiles. 
 
 Little JMalvern was originally a cross church, but little now 
 remains except the tower and chancel, and some walls ; these are mostly 
 Perpendicular, but with traces of earlier date. The belfry of the 
 tower is elegantly panelled, and though now despoiled of its battle- 
 ments, has an appearance betokening its original beauty ; there is a 
 fine carved beam, the remains of the rood-loft, and some other good 
 wood-work in the church, and a little ancient stained glass ; the font 
 is octagonal and plain. 
 
 NoRTHFiELD Church has a tower, nave, south aisle, and chancel ; 
 a north door is Norman, and various parts are of different dates to 
 Decorated, but early in that style; the chancel is Early English, and 
 a beautiful composition, enriched with shafts and arches within, and 
 plain without. Part of the tower is earlier than the chancel, and the 
 whole church deserves attentive examination. 
 
 Norton is a small church, A\ith a west tower, nave, transepts, and 
 chancel, but part of tlie nave has fallen down, and tlie tower is now 
 distinct from the church, which is mostly of Perpendicular character, 
 with two doors having some singular tracery in their heads ; there are 
 some ancient monuments in the church. 
 
 Pershore Church is only the choir and south transept of a very 
 large and fine cross church ; some parts are Norman, as the nave 
 appears to have been, but most part is fine Early English, with some 
 later portions ; enough remains of the destroyed portions to indicate 
 their beauty. 
 
263 
 
 Pekshore Holy Cross Chapel stands a few yards east of the 
 church, and is a tolerable Perpendicular edifice of no great beauty. 
 
 Salwarp is a small but curious church ; the exterior mostly Deco- 
 rated, the interior piers and arches Norman, and an arch of that 
 character between the nave and chancel ; the tower and some win- 
 dows are Perpendicular. 
 
 Severn Stoke Church has a nave, aisles, and chancel, a south 
 transept, and the tower in place of a north transept ; there is a trace 
 of Norman work at the west end ; the piers of the nave are Early 
 English ; the tower and some other portions are Decorated, and various 
 smaller portions, with several windows. Perpendicular. 
 
 Staunton is a small Church, with a tower and spire at the west 
 end, a nave, north aisle, and north transept, and chancel ; some por- 
 tions are Decorated, and some Perpendicular ; the font is octagonal, 
 of Decorated character and singular shape ; there are some good old 
 wood benches. 
 
 Whittington is an ancient wooden Chapel, Avith part plastered, 
 and some curious wood tracery in the Avindows. 
 
 The Churches in Worcester are many of them modernized, but 
 St. John's Bedwardine, has some Norman piers and arches : the 
 rest of the church mostly Perpendicular. St. Peter's has some por- 
 tions of Norman and Early English, some Decorated windows, and a 
 Perpendicular tower. 
 
 Yardley Church. — This has a fine tower and spire of Perpendi- 
 cular character, but not so rich as that at King's Norton. This church 
 has much Decorated work, and some Early English about the chancel. 
 Some windows in this church remarkably exhibit the difference 
 between superior and country work ; they are of the same size and 
 design, but in one the mouldings are delicate and very carefully exe- 
 cuted ; in the other they are much less elaborate, and roughly 
 executed. There is a good Perpendicular north door, and a very 
 curious wooden south porch, which is most likely of Decorated date ; 
 it is of oak, and though rude, and portions of the ornament defaced, 
 yet from the character of the work, and particularly the roof framing, 
 seems entitled to be really considered of that style. Some good orna- 
 mental hanging feathering has been carved on the front, but is almost 
 obliterated by time. 
 
 Norman Churches are — Elmbridge, Feckenham, Hartlebury, Holt, 
 Martley, Pedmore, and Worcester St. Clement. 
 
 Early English Churches are — Elmly Lovett, Hanbury, Stoke Prior, 
 and Tidmington. 
 
 The Churches containing Decorated portions are — Alvechurch, 
 Hagley, and Whit ford. 
 
 Perpendicular Churches are — Great Hampton, Kidderminster, and 
 Upton Warren. 
 
 The IMixed list is as follows : — Astley, Bishop's Cleeve, Chaseley, 
 Corston Hackett, Eastham, Eckington, Grimley, Harvington, Hinlip, 
 
264 
 
 Kempsey, Maddersfield, Old Swinford, Powick, Redmarly, Ribbes- 
 ford. Rock, Rouslench, Sedgeberrow, Shipston, Stockton, Stone, and 
 Worcester St. Albans, St. Andrew, St. Helen's and St. jMichael's. 
 
 The castellated edifices of this county do not appear to have been 
 numerous. The mount, on ^^•hich once stood the Keep, is the only 
 remain of the Castlk at Worcester, 
 
 Dudley Castle, though considerably ruinated, deserves minute 
 attention ; the entrance to the great court, and portions of what 
 appears to have been the Keep, have still details in very good condi- 
 tion ; they are of early Decorated character, and form most excellent 
 specimens of castellated ornamental work ; there is also a real ogee 
 bearing arch, of Decorated character, \A'ith good mouldings, but there 
 is in the interior a segmental arch round it, that takes away the prin- 
 cipal bearing. The walls of the buildings are standing to a great 
 extent, but large portions of them are very late Perpendicular work. 
 
 Of the Abbey at Evesham, the entrance gate, or bell tower, and 
 an entrance to some other part of the Abbey, now a garden gate, are 
 the principal remains. The bell tower is a lofty and very beautiful 
 tower, of late Perpendicular character, but excellent both in compo- 
 sition and detail ; it is also in good condition. The buttresses, and 
 whole face of the walls, are panelled, and it is crowned by a rich 
 open battlement and pinnacles. The small gate may have been the 
 entrance to the cloisters ; it is enriched with bands of small niches for 
 statues. Tlie chapel of this monastery, which is supposed to have 
 been a large and fine one, is entirely destroyed, but there are pre- 
 served in the garden of the Crown Inn, at Evesham, some fragments, 
 which may have belonged to this chapel ; they are principally of 
 Decorated character, and of uncommon richness of design and excel- 
 lence of execution; they consist of piers, groin ribs, and a small portion 
 of carved work. Near the church-yard is a School House, and some 
 other remains of ancient architecture. 
 
 JNIalvern Abbey. — The gatewajr remains; it is of Perpendicular 
 character, and in good preservation. Near it is the Abbey Barn, a 
 ver}'^ interesting piece of wood- work, evidently of Decorated character, 
 with some very good moulded work in oak for windows, and tracery 
 piercings of a bold style in the principals of the roof; this barn deserves 
 attentive examination. 
 
 Edgar's Tower is an ancient gate, so called, leading into the pre- 
 cincts of the Cathedral at Worcester, and there is another ancient 
 gate to the river. 
 
 In the Parish of Hanbury, is an ancient house, called JMere Green 
 Hall, which deserves attention, from a date being on the front 11-537, 
 in Arabic figures, of an appearance far too modern to suppose the date 
 original. The house has been variouslj' altered and modernized, and 
 there is nothing about the house to lead to a supposition that it is so 
 old as 1337 ; there are, however, some small portions which maybe 
 as early as 1537, of which period it is possible the date may be. 
 
265 
 
 York Minster. — This magnificent Cathedral has a portion of all 
 the styles, hut the Norman only appears in a fine ci-ypt under part 
 of the choir, which reduces the general appearance to the three later 
 styles ; of these the transepts are Early English ; the nave and arches 
 supporting the great tower, are Decorated ; and the choir and upper 
 part of the great tower, are Perpendicular. The cloisters are de- 
 stroyed, but the chapter-house remains ; and at some distance is a 
 building lately restored as a library. The church is much shut up 
 with buildings on the south side ; the north is more open. There have 
 been so many references to this building in the former part of the 
 work, that less detail will be required here ; but it will be proper to 
 remark the excellent effect produced by the great simplicity of com- 
 position in the nave. The organ-screen is very fine, and the choir 
 is just so much richer than the nave, as to indicate its superior appro- 
 priation. The altar-screen is light and beautiful, and the tabernacle- 
 work of the stalls very good. The lady-chapel is a continuation of the 
 choir, on a difl^erent level, the former being much raised. The chap- 
 ter-house is of Decorated character, and of admirable execution : it is 
 an octagon beautifully groined. The exterior appearance of this 
 churcli is very fine from its great size, and the excellent eff'ect of its 
 three towers ; and in the value of its details, both within and without, 
 it is equalled by few buildings, and exceeded by none. 
 
 The more minutely this magnificent edifice is examined, the more 
 will its great value appear. The simplicity and boldness, and at the 
 same time the great richness of the nave, and the very great chastity 
 of design and harmony of composition of the choir and great tower, 
 render the building more completely one whole than any of our 
 mixed cathedrals ; while the exquisite beauty of the early character 
 of the chapter-house, and its approach, forms a valuable link to unite 
 the Early English transepts and the Decorated nave. This chapter- 
 house is by far the finest polygonal room without a central pier in the 
 kingdom, and the delicacy and variety of its details are nearly un- 
 equalled. Too much praise cannot be given to the Dean and Chapter, 
 for the careful restoration of every decayed portion ; nor should the 
 worthy Shute, the mason under whose guidance every restoration 
 has been conducted, be forgotten ; by a diligent examination and 
 careful measurement of every perfect portion of a decayed member, he 
 has succeeded in preserving the finest specimen of the Decorated style 
 in the country, and has formed in his school men capable of per- 
 forming the same toilsome but valuable task to other buildings. By 
 this restoration, the whole of the west front may be considered in as 
 good a state as when first erected, a considerable portion of the south 
 side is also restored, and the same careful repair is gradually pro- 
 ceeding over the whole edifice. 
 
 The cloisters appear to have been situated on the north side of the 
 
266 
 
 nave ; and there has lately been laid open, by the pulling down some 
 old buildings further north, part of a very beautiful series of Norman 
 arches, which appear to have belonged to some cloister, or edifice of 
 that nature ; they are late in the style, with some singularities, but 
 though mutilated, are peculiarly fine in their details. 
 
 From the clearing of old buildings, a much better general north 
 view is now to be obtained than was formerly the case, but it is still 
 not such as to show the building to advantage, and the very small 
 space at the east end is particularly to be noticed, as it prevents the 
 view of the most simjdy magnificent east front in the kingdom. 
 
 The collection of smaller Avork and details in this cathedral is pe- 
 culiarly fine ; amongst these may be enumerated, the organ and altar- 
 screens, the niches at the west end, and sides of the nave under the 
 windows, and the monuments of Archbishops Gray, Greenfield, and 
 Bowett, and several other monuments which are excellent specimens 
 of their several dates ; nor should the most elegant and minute details 
 of the passage to the chapter-house be forgotten. The wood screen 
 work is very good, and there is a considerable portion of fine stained 
 glass of various dates and characters. This cathedral has ])een well 
 illustrated by engravings, and deserves the most attentive and re- 
 peated examination of the student. 
 
 The foregoing remarks on York Minster were written some years 
 back, since which, Shute the mason is dead, the fire has occurred, and the 
 consequent restorations have taken place ; these restorations have in 
 their course laid open the ancient Norman choir, a way to which has, I 
 believe, been preserved ; it is curious from its resemblance to the 
 Abbey Church of Dumfermline, and that of Waltham Abbey. The 
 general remarks on the Cathedral are still applicable, but it is now 
 especially necessary in examining the Cathedral, for the student care- 
 fully to consider what portion is original, what was restored before 
 the fire, and what is of a still later date. 
 
 The numerous churches in the city of York are of very various 
 character, and many contain small portions which are very curious, 
 but none of them, on the whole, are very remarkable. St. Michakl 
 Le Bklfry, and St. IMartin's Church, in Coney-street, are the 
 most complete, and are good, but late. Perpendicular. In many of 
 the churches are various considerable portions of ancient stained 
 glass, which in their present state, being often mixed with a greater 
 portion of plain glass, and in many parts very decajed and dirty, 
 are not only useless, but liable to continued waste ; whereas if 
 the portion in each church were cleaned and put into one Avindow, its 
 value would lead to its being kept in order, and it would be an orna- 
 ment to the church. Ali-, Saints, and St. JMary's, in Castle Gate, 
 have towers and lofty spires ; they are mostly Perpendicular, with 
 some earlier portions. All Saints on the Pavement, and St. Hklen'.s, 
 have elegant octagonal lanterns. 
 
 St. Denis, St. Lawrence, and St. IMargaret, in Walmgate 
 
267 
 
 have good Norman doors with portions of later date. St. Mart 
 BisHOPHiLL, the Elder, has portions of good Early English and 
 Decorated work, amidst various alterations and insertions. St. IMary 
 BiSHOPHiLL, the Younger, has a Norman tower, some Early English 
 piers and arches, and portions of later date. Trinity Church, in 
 Micklegate, has a Norman Tower, and part of the church, which 
 has been much mutilated, of the same style, and other parts of later 
 date. The churches of St. Cross, St. Cuthbert, St. Martin, in 
 Micklegate, St. Michael, in Spurrier Gate, St. Olave, and St. 
 John, have all Perpendicular portions, and some of them small remains 
 of earlier date. St. Savior has some decorated portions. 
 
 EAST RIDING. 
 
 Beverley IMinster. — This church has the advantage of being 
 completely insulated, and although the north and east views are 
 confined, the south side and excellent west front are seen to great 
 advantage. The general character of this church is Early English, 
 with many introductions ; many windows in the nave are Decorated, 
 and there are several Perpendicular windows, besides those of the east 
 and west fronts. The transepts are very little altered. The choir 
 has a screen, which is a strange attempt at mixing Grecian and English 
 work. In the choir is a most beautiful monument of one of the Percy 
 family, of Decorated character, and of most exquisite execution ; it 
 is a double arch groined within, and triangular canopies with rich 
 buttresses. The arch is an ogee, doubled feathered, with tracery be- 
 tween the ogee head and triangle ; all the points have heads or half 
 figures, and in the tracery are angels with censers. The spandrels 
 of the featherings are filled with armed figures, bearing shields. Both 
 canopies are richly crocketted ; thefinial of the upper is tall and very 
 rich ; the lower finale is a corbel, on which is a figure, seated in the 
 attitude of benediction ; and behind the crockets, about the middle 
 of the upper canopy, are two figures supporting corbels on which are 
 angels. All the small mouldings are filled with the ball ornament, 
 and the whole is in very good preservation, except the tomb, which 
 is plain, and has had some fine brass-work, which is gone. In the 
 north transept is a fine altar-tomb of good Decorated workmanship, 
 and there are several other tombs. An ogee leaden cupola has lately 
 been taken down, and the exterior of the church much improved 
 thereby. 
 
 The Avest front of this^ church is to the Perpendicular, what that 
 of York is to the Decorated style, and is now undergoing the same 
 careful restoration './hich York minster is, by a mason named Cuming, 
 who was brought up in the cathedral works at York. In the last 
 century a gorgeous wooden composition was put up as an altar-screen ; 
 behind this are the remains of the ancient altar-screen, or rood-loft, a 
 
268 
 
 composition which, from what remains of it, appears to have been 
 unrivalled in its description of work ; it is of late Decorated charac- 
 acter, and so full of ornament, and that ornament so minute, that few 
 modern chimney-pieces Avould require equal delicacy of execution ; 
 it has been a series of niches, with canopies and separating; buttresses, 
 every part filled with tracery, and the plain spaces with rich flower- 
 work in lozenges. The back part of this screen is approachable from 
 the lady-chapel, and exhibits a most excellent piece of rich groin- 
 ing, with very fine bosses, and there has been some remarkably fine 
 and intricate tracery in the arches, but it has been cut away to put in 
 some poor modern monumental tablets, 50 years ago or iipwards. The 
 whole of this screen is so excellent and so near the eye, that it forms 
 one of the best schools in England for Decorated details ; and there 
 is also in the nave and transepts of the church, details of foliage, 
 figures, and animals, almost level with the eye, in the niches under 
 the windows, from the Early English to the Perpendicular style, 
 both included. In this respect this church is superior, as a study, to 
 York IMinster, because there, though the details are as good in many 
 parts, they are most of them so far from the eye, as to be drawn 
 with great difficulty. In the nave is a monument equalling, in 
 chastity of composition, but not in richness of detail, the Percy 
 monument ; it is earlier, and less superbly ornamented, but still very 
 rich. The north porch is a very fine one, of Perpendicular character. 
 At the south-west corner of the church are the remains of some 
 groining, apparently more ancient than any other part. Although 
 this church has much mixture of style in some parts, yet the stjdes 
 are so remarkably well worked as to deserve the most minute examina- 
 tion. The transepts are Early English, and their north and south 
 fronts are uncommonly fine specimens of that style. 
 
 St. IMaky's Church, Beverley, if it had not so rich a neighbour 
 as the IMinster, would be thought a curious and valuable church ; its 
 west front is very fine, with beautiful pierced towers, very fine win- 
 dows, and a door of great beauty, very rich in mouldings, and the 
 hanging feathering. The chancel has some good ])ecorated work, 
 and some curious groining. The western part is Early Perpendicular, 
 end the interior piers and arches very fine. Every part of this 
 church is curious ; the original buildings were evidently Norman 
 and Early English ; some portions are very early Decorated, 
 and of various gradations to advanced Perpendicular, and the 
 additions have been made not only round, but under the former 
 work, so as to cause some curious anomalies. The Perpendicular 
 portions of this church are very good, being rich but not overloaded 
 with panelling. The octagonal turrets flanking the nave, are pecu- 
 liarly fine. The font in this church is large and very fine, of Perpen- 
 dicular character, with a date and inscription. 
 
 Barmston and Bekford CiiURcnKs are Perpendicular, and have 
 each of them towers with pierced battlements. 
 
269 
 
 BiLTON, a small church or chapel between Headon and Hull, is 
 a curious specimen of plain Early English work ; the windows are very 
 long and narrow. 
 
 Bridlington Church is the remains of the ancient Priory Church, 
 it is a large and handsome church containing various portions of Early 
 English, Decorated, and Perpendicular, and the details of each style 
 very good. 
 
 CoTTiNGHAM Church, between Hull and Beverley, is a curious 
 small church, with some Decorated work, and a very excellent Per- 
 pendicular chancel ; the tower is a light and beautiful design. 
 
 GooDMANHAM Church is principally of Norman character, with 
 later insertions and additions. The capitals of some of the piers are 
 curious. The font is octagonal, with considerable enrichment, and 
 of much later date than the church. 
 
 Headon, near Hull, has a very fine church, some parts of which 
 are sadly mutilated, particularly a once fine window in the south 
 transept. A large portion of the church is Early English, of which 
 the front of the north transept is an uncommonly fine specimen. The 
 tower, which is in the centre, is lofty, of good Perpendicular work. 
 
 Hemingborough is a handsome cross Church, with a tower and 
 spire at the intersection; it is mostly of Perpendicular character, 
 with some fine windows and portions of good pierced battlement. 
 There are traces of earlier work in different parts of the church. 
 
 HowDEN is a large and very fine cross church, with a lofty tower 
 in the centre, the upper part of which is good Perpendicular, the 
 rest of the church mostly Decorated, and the transepts very early 
 in the stj^le, and portions quite of Early English character. The 
 west end of this church is a very fine composition, bold and simple, 
 and the east end, which is in ruins, was one of the finest Decorated 
 east ends in the kingdom ; indeed, ruinated as it is, this choir forms 
 a most valuable study, from the multitude of excellent details still 
 remaining perfect. There has been an octagonal chapter-house and 
 a small chapel, which are of Perpendicular date, but early in the 
 style, and though unroofed, are yet nearly perfect in the greatest 
 part of the details. In the north aisle of the choir, and in a chapel 
 out of the south transept, are two very fine Decorated monuments 
 with very rich canopies. There is some good Perpendicular screen- 
 work in the church. The large pinnacles on the turrets of the east 
 and west ends of this church are curious, some of them are hexag- 
 onal, and of fine proportion. This is one of those churches that de- 
 serve much closer attention than they appear to have received. 
 
 Trinity, or the High-Church, at Hull, is a large and fine 
 building ; its east end to the street is Decorated, and of good com- 
 position ; it is a cross church, and in the centre has a very lofty and 
 beautiful tower. The western part is Perpendicular, of good cha- 
 racter, remarkably light, and with very small piers. The transepts 
 are of very early Decorated work, and the great window of the south 
 
270 
 
 transept is very curious from its tracery and mouldings. Only part of 
 the nave is pewed ; the chancel is open, and has a very fine effect; 
 there is in it a Decorated monument^ \vith rich canopy and buttresses, 
 and some niches and stalls ; there is also some wood screen-work. The 
 font is large and much enriched. 
 
 St. Mary, the Low-Church, has some good Perpendicular win- 
 dows, much like some of the High-church windows. 
 
 Keyingham is one of the very few spires in this district; it is 
 Perpendicular work. 
 
 Newbold is a very curious cross church with a low tower, it is 
 mostly Norman, with several enriched doors and arches. There are 
 several inserted windows of later date, and a little Avood screen-work. 
 The font is Early English, and curious from its shape and enrich- 
 ments. 
 
 Patrington is a large cross church with a fine spire. Many 
 portions of this church are fine Decorated work, and others good 
 Perpendicular. 
 
 Paul, a village on the Humber, below Hull, has a small cross church 
 of good Perpendicular character, and in the south transept is a water- 
 drain in perfect preservation, with the spout remaining through the 
 wall to the outside. 
 
 RouTH Church has a Norman door, and the chancel, which is of 
 later date, has several monuments and three stone stalls. 
 
 Skirlaw Chapel deserves attention ; it was built by Walter Skir- 
 law, bishop of Durham and archbishop of York ; and is a very beauti- 
 ful specimen of a Perpendicular chapel ; there are parts of • it of 
 curious design. 
 
 Wagham Church is partly of Decorated character, and has three 
 stalls in the chancel ; the tower is Perpendicular. 
 
 Welwick is of Decorated character; it has a low tower, and there 
 is a fine monument within. 
 
 In this Riding, the following churches have all some portions of 
 Norman or Early English, and some of them of both these styles : 
 Bishop's Burton, Goxhill, Hilston, Hunsianby, Lisset, and 
 Thorne Gumbold. 
 
 The churches of Barnby Moor, Market Weighton, and Ship- 
 ton, have some Early English and Decorated portions. 
 
 The following have portions of Decorated or Perpendicular work, 
 and some of them in both styles ; amongst the Perpendicular churches 
 are some handsome towers and other portions : — 
 
 ALniiOROUGH, FULFORD ROOS, 
 
 ATWICK, HALSHAM, SKEFFLING, 
 
 BRANDSBURTON, HOLMPTON, SKIPSEA, 
 
 BURSTWICK, HORNSEA, SWINE, 
 
 BURTON PIDSEA. HUMBLETON, SPROATLEY, 
 
 CATWICK, KIJ.NSEA, SUTTON, 
 
 EASINGTON. OTTKINGHAM, TUNSTALL, and 
 
 ELSTKKWICK, PRESTON ALL SAINTS, WHELDRAKE. 
 FRODINGHAM, 
 
271 
 
 The churches of Bardsea, Garton, Hayton near Pocklington, 
 Levkn, jMappleton, Pockmngton, Riston, Scarborough, Sher- 
 BURN, Sigglethorne, and Withernswick, all contain portions of 
 ancient work, deserving examination, but some of them are much 
 mutilated and modernized. 
 
 NORTH RIDING. 
 
 In this division of the county, Ripon Minster claims the first 
 notice; it is a large and venerable edifice, containing various parts 
 worthy of attention, particularly its west front, which is a very fine 
 specimen of bold Early English, and, except the battlements and 
 pinnacles, without alteration. Part of this church is Norman, and 
 a great portion of the transepts but little later. The interior of the 
 tower has a singular appearance, two of the arches being Norman, and 
 the other two having Perpendicular casing to join the nave, which is 
 of that style up to the western towers. The choir is partly Decorated, 
 and on the south side of it is a Norman crypt, with some Norman 
 buildings above, used as vestries. Each portion in the different styles 
 is of good character ; the east window is a decorated one, of five 
 lights, with very elegant tracery. There are portions of stone and 
 wood screen- Avork, and in one of the vestries a number of very fine 
 wood bosses belonging to the ancient groining of the choir. In the 
 north transept is part of a rich stone pulpit. The west front has a 
 remarkably plain but elegant appearance, and its proportions are very 
 good. The choir is sadly disfigured by heavy modern galleries, but 
 the nave is very light, and its composition very fine. The whole 
 edifice deserves attentive examination. 
 
 GiLLiNG, near Richmond, is a curious church ; some portions are 
 Norman, and others of later date. The piers and arches are Early 
 English ; the tower has been rebuilt, and the old Norman windows 
 transferred to the new work. On each side the chancel, in a Norman 
 arch, IS a low side-window of Early English character; there are 
 various other inserted windows ; the clerestory is late and poor Per- 
 pendicular. 
 
 Helmsley is a large and fine church, with a tower at the west 
 end, and transepts ; some parts are Norman, and some Early English, 
 with some later windows and other insertions. There is a little 
 screen-work, and some small remains of ancient stained glass ; there 
 is a small good water-drain in the north aisle ; the font is a hexagon, 
 of Early English character, plain, but of very good composition. 
 
 Kirkdale is a small and very curious church ; it has a stone with 
 a Saxon inscription in the wall over the south door, and hence has 
 been called a Saxon church ; but it is allowed that the stone has been 
 removed from its original situation, and built into the wall to preserve 
 it. The church has been often repaired and patched ; it has, how- 
 
272 
 
 ever, some Norman arches within : that into the chancel is very rude, 
 and one now stopped, Avliich was once the west door, still ruder, and 
 both these have some singular mouldings. The chancel is Early 
 Eu'T-lish, with some lancet windows, has a small water-drain, and 
 also a little ancient stained glass. The font is octagon and plain ; 
 it may be Early English ; there are some ancient monumental slabs 
 built into the west wall. 
 
 Lestingham is a curious church, with a line Norman crypt and a 
 circular east end ; there is a low tower at the west end; part of the 
 church is Norman, and some parts are of later date. 
 
 St. Leonard's Church, New Malton, has a small portion of 
 ancient work in the chancel, which appears Early English, but most 
 of the building is modernized. 
 
 St. Michael's, New JMalton, is a fine Norman church, with a 
 Norman clerestory ; there is also a fine Norman arch into the chancel, 
 which latter is Early English, and has some good lancets. The tower 
 has been rebuilt, and many parts of the church modernized. The font 
 is curious ; it is circular upon a square pedestal, Avith the corners 
 chamfered. 
 
 Old Malton is a very curious church ; it is only part of the nave 
 of a very large cross church, with one tower of the west end standing. 
 There are also some ruinated portions eastward, which seem part of 
 the piers of the cross. This building is curious for the mixture of 
 Norman and Early English forms and details ; those of the west front 
 are singular and very excellent ; the great door is simicircular, but 
 with mouldings clearly Early English. This church deserves very 
 attentive examination. 
 
 RiCHWOXD Church is principally of Perpendicular character, with 
 a fine tower of that style ; there are some windows and other portions 
 of the earlier styles, and one stone-stall in the chancel ; the font is 
 octagonal and Perpendicular. 
 
 Trinity Chapel, Richmond, is sadly mutilated and built up ; the 
 ancient portions remaining seem of Early English character. 
 
 Sherriff Hutton Church has some Decorated portions, and 
 some Perpendicular. There is an ancient monument, a little ancient 
 stained glass, and a good wood door. 
 
 Slingsby Church has some Early English piers and arches, and 
 some lancet windows, with others of later date ; the tower and cleres- 
 tory Perpendicular. There is a mutilated effigy in the chancel, and a 
 little good screen-work. 
 
 Stongrave Church has the chancel and its aisles of Decorated 
 character, the rest of the church mostly Perpendicular ; there is a 
 south porch. 
 
 Thirsk is a large and handsome Perpendicular church ; it has a 
 lofty west tower, a nave, aisles, chancel, and soutli porch, the 
 whole is of one design, with pierced battlements ; the details are 
 good, and the general appearance elegant. 
 
273 
 
 The following churches have some ancient portions amidst various 
 insertions and alterations ; Appleton, Barton, Carleton IMiniot, Forcett 
 Leeming, iMelsonby, Osmotherley, Northallerton, Scawton, and Stan- 
 wick St. John, of Norman or Early English, and Catterick, Croft, 
 Horingham, Ingleton, Kirkby Moorside, Kirk Leeavington and 
 Thornton of the later styles. 
 
 WEST RIDING. 
 
 AcKWORTH is a small neat church, with a tower, nave, south aisle, 
 south porch, and chancel ; there are several ancient portions remain- 
 ing amidst much modern alteration ; there is a small but elegant south 
 door to the chancel. 
 
 Aberford Church has a tower and spire ; there are portions of all 
 the three later styles. 
 
 Adel is a small and very beautiful Norman church, with very 
 good details. 
 
 Bray TON is a curious church ; the tower is Norman and very good, 
 and has a Perpendicular lantern and spire, making altogether a hand- 
 some steeple. The arch into the chancel, and a south door are Nor- 
 man, and much enriched. The chancel is Decorated, with some good 
 windows ; the nave Perpendicular. 
 
 CoNiNGSBURGH Church has some plain Norman piers and arches, 
 an Early English porch, some Decorated windows, and various Per- 
 pendicular portions. 
 
 Crofton Church is a small but very neat cross church, with a low 
 centre tower ; it is of Perpendicular character. 
 
 DoNCASTER Church is principally remarkable for its tower, the 
 details of which are some of the richest exterior work in the kingdom, 
 particularly the canopies of the buttress stages. The church is a large 
 cross church, mostly of Perpendicular character, but with various 
 traces of earlier Avork ; the interior does not answer the expectations 
 so highly excited by the richness of the exterior. 
 
 Eastby is a small but curious church, standing close to the ruins 
 of the abbey ; it has no tower, but a small bell gable at the west end 
 for two bells ; most of the church is Early English, with small low 
 side-windows each side the chancel. A south aisle, and a north chapel, 
 are' Perpendicular. The east Avindow is a three-light Decorated one : 
 the font is almost early enough to be called Norman ; there is a little 
 wood screen-work. 
 
 EccLESFiELD. — This is a large cross church, with the tower in the 
 centre. The general character of the whole is Perpendicular, with 
 much likeness, though in a roughish way, to Rotheram ; which church 
 and this form a very good contrast between country and superior work. 
 The work at Ecclesfield is very little of it really bad, but it is worked 
 
 T 
 
274 
 
 with large coarse proportions, and many minute particularities which 
 appear copied from Rotheram ; there is good wood-work in the roofs, 
 stalls, and screens ; to some work in the chancel, figures of priests are 
 carved as finials. There is a little ancient stained glass. 
 
 Hatfield is a large and fine Perpendicular cross church, with a 
 lofty tower in the centre, and fine windows to the ends of the tran- 
 septs. This church is not very rich, but is elegant in its proportions, 
 and is throughout nearly alike in character. 
 
 Hemsworth is a large church, mostly of Perpendicular character, 
 but with some fine decorated windows at the east end. 
 
 Knaresborough is a large church, partly rebuilt and partly ancient ; 
 the tower is between the nave and cliancel, and the aisles run past it 
 on each side ; the east window is Decorated ; as are some windows in 
 a north chapel, and there are some good Perpendicular windows. 
 
 Laughton-en-le-IMorthen. — This church is a very curious one, 
 in various respects ; it has a lofty and elegant tower and spire, and a 
 portion of the remains of long and short work. There are some Nor- 
 man piers, Avhich have been curiously raised by Perpendicular capitals, 
 to make them of equal height with the Perpendicular piers on the 
 other side of the nave. The font is a very beautiful one, and the 
 whole church deserves careful examination. 
 
 The two Churches at Leeds, amidst various modern alterations, 
 preserve some ancient features. 
 
 Mar is a small but curious church, mostly of Early English charac- 
 ter, with later windows inserted ; the tower has a small spire, and 
 two singular arched recesses on the north and south sides ; there is a 
 south porch with stone ribs, and covered with flags. 
 
 IMethly Church has a tower and spire, and is mostly Perpendi- 
 cular with some good windows ; part of the south aisle is Decorated. 
 
 The old Church at Pontefract, though in ruins, has suflicient 
 remains of good Decorated and Perpendicular work, to deserve atten- 
 tive examination. 
 
 RoTHERAjr. — This is one of the finest Perpendicular churches in 
 the north; its execution is very excellent, and the design in every part 
 very rich ; it is also in very good preservation ; it is a large cross 
 church, with a central tower and spire, these are fully enriched with 
 pannels, canopies, and crockets. The whole of the buttresses are 
 panelled, and with crocketted canopy set-oflfs ; almost every door and 
 window is richly canopied, and there is an appropriately enriched south 
 porch. The windows are all good Perpendicular, with the exception 
 of two or three poor (perhaps renewed) ones in the chancel. The 
 interior is very lofty and spacious, the piers and arches with very 
 good mouldings, and the original roof of the nave, a flat wood one, 
 remaining ; it is one of the best compositions of the kind, plain, but 
 rich from its good proportion and excellent ornaments. There are 
 some tolerable Perpendicular monuments, and some peculiarly good 
 screen- work. On the whole this church deserves the most attentive 
 examination, both as to its composition and most of its details. 
 
275 
 
 Sandal Church is a cross church, with a tower in the centre ; 
 it seems to be of early and singular Decorated character, but the exe- 
 cution is very inferior ; there are various Perpendicular additions. 
 
 Sklby is a large and magnificent cross church. The nave and west 
 end Norman and Early English, with a fine north porch. The north 
 transept and centre tower Norman, with later additions and insertions, 
 and a good Perpendicular chapel. The Chapter-house remains, and 
 there are some indications of the cloisters on the south side, but the 
 south transept is destroyed. The choir is a most beautiful specimen 
 of Decorated work ; the east end peculiarly fine, with very beautiful 
 windows and octagonal turrets with rich pinnacles. The groining and 
 interior arrangements of the choir are very rich and fine, and the 
 details peculiarly good. There is some very fine stone screen-work, 
 and a little very good ancient stained glass. The whole of this church 
 is curious and deserves examination. 
 
 The Old Church at Shffield is a large cross church, with a 
 central tower and spire ; the whole (except parts of the tower and 
 spire) has been cased and modernised by very barbarous hands, but 
 with some curious attempts at imitation, though in a very bad style ; 
 and in the interior very little old is left, but that is sufficient to cause 
 much regret that more has not been preserved. 
 
 SiLKSTONE Church has some good Norman features, and some 
 portions of later date, a little good wood screen-work, and a fine flat 
 wood roof to part of the chancel. 
 
 Skelton Church is a small but curious and beautiful model of an 
 Early English church ; it has a nave and aisles, with good piers and 
 arches under one roof, which comes down very low at the sides ; there 
 is no tower, but a bell gable. The east and west ends are fine, with 
 beautiful lancets. The details of this church are very good. 
 
 SwiLLiNGTON Church has considerable portions of good Decorated 
 work, and other parts of later date. 
 
 SwiNTON Chapel, near Rotheram, has a very good Norman door. 
 
 Tadcaster is a handsome church, with a fine tower, and is of good 
 Perpendicular character. 
 
 Thorpe Salvin Church has a remarkably fine Norman arch and 
 Norman font. 
 
 TicKHiLL is a handsome Perpendicular church, with a nave, aisles, 
 and clerestory ; a chancel and fine tower with pinnacles. 
 
 Amidst the various barbarisms with which it has been cased and 
 surrounded, the Old Church at Wakefield still preserves some 
 ancient features ; the south porch is good Perpendicular, and some of 
 the piers and arches in the nave and chancel are good ; the tower 
 and spire seem Early English, but have been much repaired^, and a 
 new door and window inserted. 
 
 On the Bridge at Wakefield is a small Chapel of Decorated 
 character, highly enriched, and though much mutilated, a beautiful 
 specimen of that style. 
 
276 
 
 WoRSBonouGii has a neat low tower and spire, the cliurch mostly 
 Perpendicular, with a Decorated east window. 
 
 Ii.KLKY church is Early English. IMitton and Weston of Deco- 
 rated character. 
 
 The Churches of Badsworth, Bawtry, Brotherton, Ferry 
 Friston, Guiseley, Haysgarth, IIuduersfield, Kirkthorpe, 
 and TiioRNiiiLi>, have all some portions of ancient work remaining, 
 amidst alterations and mutilations ; and the following list are princi- 
 pally of the Perpendicular style ; some of them of that late and rough 
 character prevalent in the north, while others are of better detail : — 
 Aljiondbury, Aston, Bari.by, Bradford, Bingley, Bolton, 
 Cawtiiorne, Gargrave, Giggleswick, Gisburn, Halifax, Hands- 
 worth, Headingley, Hooton Roberts, Kildwick, Laugiiton 
 St. John, Long Preston, Ottley, Rothwell, Skipton, South 
 Anstone, Tankersley, Thorne, Thriberg, Waddington, 
 Wentworth, and Wragby. 
 
 The churches have been arranged in Ridings ; the other buildings 
 will be noticed without such distinction. Of monastic edifices this 
 county has some very fine remains. 
 
 Ayton Abbey is entirely ruinated, and very little is left standing. 
 
 There are some remains of Bolton Abbey deserving attention. 
 
 Burton Priory, near Barnsley, has some very beautiful portions 
 remaining ; the east end of the church and some domestic apartments 
 are of Decorated character. A pigeon-house seems of Early English 
 date ; it is circular, and a curious budding. A handsome Perpendi- 
 cular gateway is standing at a little distance. 
 
 Part of the west end of Byland Abbey is staiuling ; it is Early 
 English of beautiful character ; there-has been a fine circular window 
 over a range of lancets. 
 
 Eastby Abbey, near Richmond, has fragments of various styles, 
 but mostly of Early English and decorated. The buildings are very 
 extensive, and consist principally of the domestic parts of the convent; 
 the refectory has some windo\\\s with very elegant tracery. 
 
 Fountain's Abbey, near Ripon, is one of the most magnificent ruins 
 in the kingdom ; the greatest part of the walls of the church are 
 standing ; it was a very large cross church, partly Norman, and partly 
 Early English, and has a curious eastern transept quite at the east 
 end. The tower is late Perpendicular, and stands on the south side 
 of the nave. The cloisters, the refectory, and various other portions, 
 remain more or less perfect, and are very carefully preserved ; this 
 ruin is deserving of close examination. 
 
 Of KiRKHAJi Priory, the gateway, a beautiful Decorated compo- 
 sition, and various other parts remain. Some portions are Norman, 
 others later. 
 
 KiRKsTALL Abbey, near Leeds, is most beautifully situated, and 
 consists principally of the ruins of the church, a very large cross 
 church, with the tower in the centre; and there are remains of the 
 
277 
 
 cloisters and some other buiklings, principally of lute Norman charac- 
 ter, with some later additions. 
 
 At Richmond is the steeple and part of the cross of the Grey 
 Friars remaining ; it is a remarkably elegant specimen of good Per- 
 pendicular work. 
 
 RiVAUX Abbey has much of the church, parts of the refectory 
 and cloisters, and adjacent buildings, in a state to be very useful to 
 the student. Some portions are Norman, others Early English, and 
 there are some curious mixtures of these styles. The church has a 
 large portion of the choir Avith the details in a perfect state, and is an 
 uncommonly beautiful composition. These ruins deserve careful 
 examination. 
 
 Roche Abbey has a portion of the transepts and cross re- 
 maining ; the arches are pointed with round-headed clerestory 
 windows. 
 
 There are some small remains of the church of Wykeham Abbey, 
 but in a very ruinous state. Bridlington Priory, Eglington, and 
 Coverham, have still portions remaining. 
 
 Of Whitby Abbey, a large portion of the very magnificent church 
 remains ; part of it is of Decorated character, and part earlier ; the 
 details are in many parts very fine. 
 
 At York, St. Mary's Abbey has the gatCAvay remaining, and 
 part of the church ; the latter is of the richest and most beautiful 
 specimens of transitions from Early English to Decorated that has 
 remained for examination. Its tracery, mouldings, and other details, 
 are of the most delicate composition ; and being entirely exposed, are 
 fast decaying. 
 
 The gate of entrance to Trinity Priory, in York, also remains, 
 but built up with modern erections. 
 
 Of Castellated edifices this county has some verj^ fine specimens of 
 various dates ; of these may be noticed Bolton Castle, Conings- 
 burgh Castle, the keep of which presents some very early and 
 curious Norman features ; Helmsley Castle, of which the remains 
 are of later date. Knaresborough Castle has some beautiful Deco- 
 rated portions, and some round towers of excellent masonry. Of 
 Malton Castle the remains are very few ; those of IMiddleham 
 TiCKHiLL and Pickering Castles are more considerable. Ponte- 
 fract Castle has various curious portions. The remains of Richmond 
 Castle are very extensive ; the keep is Norman, and a very fine one. 
 Sandal Castle has only the mount and a few portions of walling. 
 Of Sheriffhutton Castle the ruins are extensive, and principally 
 of Perpendicular character, Scarborough Castle has part of the 
 keep standing, Skipton Castle has some ancient portions, with 
 modern alterations and additions. Slingsbv Castle is mostly 
 Perpendicular, and only the walls remaining. Clifford's Tower, 
 part of the ancient Castle of York, is a very curious edifice, and 
 deserves attentive examination. The Walls and CrATKs of York, 
 
278 
 
 r 
 
 though much mutilated, and parts in a decayed state, deserve attention ; 
 of the gates may be enumerated, Micki-,egate, Walmgate, Bootham 
 and IMoNK Bars, and Laythorp and Castlegate, Posterns. 
 
 Of Domestic Buildings, this county does not contain so many 
 curious ones in proportion to its size as some others, but a few may 
 be noticed : — 
 
 The Guildhall of the city of York is a fine Perpendicular hall. 
 The Palace of the Archishop of York, at Bishopsthorpe, has a 
 small Early English Chapel. Browsholjie Hall, Heath Hall, 
 an ancient House at New Malton, another near Pontefract 
 Castle, and one near St. Mary's Abbey, York, are good specimens of 
 their several dates. Fountain's Hall, near the abbey, is late, but a 
 good outline. The George Inn, in Coney-street, York, has a very 
 handsome ancient doorway. Markenfield Hall, near Ripon, is 
 also to be noticed. 
 
 At the close of the English counties, it may be proper to state, that 
 from some parishes being partly in two counties, it is possible 
 that a building may be noticed under a county different from the one 
 usually taken. 
 
 Bangor Cathedral is situated in an enclosure, allowing pretty 
 good views of each side of the building. It is a cross church, with 
 a tower at the west end. The tower, nave, some parts of the 
 transepts, and most of the windows of the choir, are Perpendicular ; 
 the south aisle of the nave is Decorated, and there are some buttresses, 
 and other portions of Early English character. There is a north 
 aisle to the choir, which is divided and used as a chapter house and 
 vestry. The font is a handsome octagonal one, of Perpendicular 
 character. 
 
 Llandaff Cathedral is of various dates, and partly' in ruins, 
 with a modern erection within the ancient walls ; it is nearly 
 insulated so as to be seen on each side. The west front has a fine 
 Perpendicular tower to the nortli, and none to the south. The vvest 
 end, and a portion of the nave, is a fine specimen of Early English, 
 with a much enriched Norman south door, and a plainer one to the 
 north. Some parts of the choir and lady chapel are of Decorated 
 date, with later inserted Avindows, and some modern ones. The 
 middle part, now used as the choir, is modern, and has a Grecian 
 portico over the altar. The chapter house, a square with a central 
 pillar, is early Decorated, with plain but elegant groining. There 
 are several ancient monuments in the building. The details of some 
 parts are excellent, particularly the Early English. Near the 
 cathedral are some remains of the episcopal Palace in ruins. 
 
 St. Asaph Cathedral. — This cathedral is completely insulated ; 
 standing in a church-yard of moderate dimensions, close to the south 
 
279 
 
 side of the street of St. Asaph. The church-yard is sufficiently large 
 to afford a good view of each of its sides. It is a plain cross church, 
 with a short square embattled tower at the intersection, having at the 
 north-eastern angle a square staircase turret. The nave has side 
 aisles ; the transepts and choir are without aisles. There are no 
 additional buildings, nor does any thing now remaining lead to the 
 supposition of there having been any. The choir is a modern re- 
 edification, with much attempt at imitation of ancient work, but no 
 real resemblance to any style, though the intention appears to have 
 been the imitation of the Perpendicular style. The nave and 
 transepts are evidently of Decorated date, and though worked very 
 plain, contain some singularities, and even beauties ; among these 
 may be reckoned the west window, which is an elegant one of six 
 lights. The piers and arches of the nave consist of plain but bold 
 mouldings, as does also the western door. The buttresses about the 
 church are few, but bold, simple, and very plain. The clerestory 
 windows of the nave are small square apertures, with portions of 
 tracery which appears to be ancient. The windows of the transepts 
 are all of Decorated character, but nothing uncommon as to their 
 tracery. The belfry windows of the tower appear to have been 
 altered. The tower and some other parts have partially undergone 
 some of the same renewals as the choir. A portion of the transepts is 
 separated for the chapter-house and vestry. 
 
 St. David's Cathedral is a large cross church, with a lofty but 
 plain tower at the intersection ; it is much surrounded by buildings, 
 and its exterior partly in ruins. The plan has a nave and aisles, 
 transepts and a choir, the aisles of which are unroofed. The south 
 transept has two vestries to the east, and the north transept a school 
 house in the same situation. There was once a lady chapel, but it 
 is now unroofed and dilapidated. The greatest part of the building 
 is of a late Norman character, with some portions of the later styles, 
 and a number of Perpendicular windows inserted. There have also 
 been some modern reparations. The interior has several rich portions, 
 particularly the rood loft screen, and a small chapel east of the choir, 
 which has fan tracery groining. There is a little wood screen work. 
 At a short distance there are considerable remains of the Bishop's 
 Palace, some portions of which deserve examination. 
 
 Bedgellert is a small church of Early English character, with 
 three lancet windows at the east end. 
 
 St. David's Church, Brecknock, is a large cross church, with a 
 lofty tower in the centre. 
 
 St. Donat's Church has several ancient monuments. 
 
 Gresford Church is a very beautiful Perpendicular edifice, with 
 a lofty tower of fine composition. The church is late in the style, 
 but has many excellent portions. There is a rich niche in the north 
 aisle, and a water drain in the south aisle. The rood loft screen is 
 remaining, and in good preservation The wood roof is a very fine 
 
280 
 
 one in square pannels, with ribs and flowers. There are considerable 
 portions of fine ancient stained ghiss in some of the windows. In the 
 south aisle is a flat arch over an efligy in chain mail. There are 
 several portions of wall which appear older than the general character 
 of the church, one of which contains the water drain, and another the 
 monument. The font is Perpendicular, but not a very good one. 
 This church is beautifully situated, and deserves careful examination. 
 
 Holt is a plain Perpendicular church, with a tower, and a nave 
 and aisles of equal height, without a clerestory. 
 
 Llangham Church has a handsome water drain, and other por- 
 tions deserving attention. 
 
 Mold is a rich and beautiful Perpendicular church, with remark- 
 ably light and elegant piers and arches, the spandrills of which are 
 beautifully enriched. The tower is modern. There are some portions 
 of ancient stained glass. 
 
 NoRTHOPE is a handsome church, principally of Perpendicular 
 character, with a lofty and handsome tower, not much enriched, but 
 of good proportion. 
 
 Wrexham is a large and fine Perpendicular church, with a lofty 
 and very rich toAver. The church has an octagonal east end, and is 
 of good composition : but the principal feature is the tower, which is 
 very much like some of the Somersetshire towers, and is entirely 
 covered with rich panelling. The corner buttresses are finished by 
 rich open work turrets. 
 
 The following Churches have all portions of ancient work, though 
 some of them have various alterations and insertions j — 
 
 BEAUMARIS, FLINT, LLANGHERNE, 
 
 CAERWENT, ST. MARTIN, NEWPORT, 
 
 CARDIFF, ST. MARY and OVERTON, 
 
 CARMARTHEN. ST. THOMAS, at RHYDLLAN, 
 
 CUnfC, Haverfordwest. RUABON, 
 
 CI/YNOG. HAY, ST. ASAPH, 
 
 CRICKHOWELL, HOLYWELL, TENBY, and 
 
 DENBIGH, LLANGOLLEN, WHITEFORD. 
 
 In the church-yard of Llantwit Major is a sculptured stone or 
 cross, with carvings of knots and other ornaments. 
 
 Of the INIonastic edifices in Wales, the following deserve notice ; — 
 
 Basingwerk Abbe\', near Holywell. These ruins are consider- 
 able ; parts of the church, some of the domestic apartments, and part 
 of the chapterhouse remain, which are remarkably elegant specimens 
 of Early English ; some of the details are very beautiful. 
 
 The ruins of the Priory at Brecknock are not of great extent. 
 
 There is a considerable monastic or ecclesiastical edifice in ruins at 
 Denbigh. 
 
 The Priory of St. Dogmaels, in Pembrokeshire, is an Early English 
 ruin of sjnall extent. 
 
 Ewennv Priory has various portitms remaining. 
 
281 
 
 The Cluipel of St Goven is small, and situated almost close to the 
 sea, among rocks of great boldness. 
 
 There are some remains of a Priory at Haverfordavest. 
 
 The Chapel over the celebrated spring at Holywell^ is a singular 
 and very beautiful composition of late Perpendicular ; it is very small 
 but is very highly enriched, and has some very beautiful groining and 
 niches. Above is a room not often visited, which, though much 
 plainer, is deserving of attention. 
 
 Of JMargam Abbey, the chapter house, a beautiful polygon, is the 
 principal remain, and has some good details. 
 
 Pyle Priory has the gateway tower standing, but much ruinated. 
 
 Valle Crucis, near Llangollen, has little more than the walls of 
 the church remaining ; but these and some other fragments, are very 
 beautiful, particularly the west end. 
 
 In castellated remains Wales is very rich ; some of them very 
 extensive, with a variety of excellent detail : and others with little 
 more than a portion of ruined wall. The Castles of Conway and 
 Carnarvon are pre-eminent ; they are each very extensive ; they 
 each retain portions of valuable detail, and are each situated on the 
 banks of a river ; there is, however, one curious difference, which at 
 once distinguishes them from each other, which is, that at Conway 
 all the towers and turrets are circular, and at Carnarvon they are 
 all angular. Some portions of the detail of these castles are of 
 Decorated date, and very good. 
 
 Chirk Castle is inhabited, and has portions of various dates. 
 
 The Castle of St. Donat's is habitable, and is principally Perpen- 
 dicular. 
 
 Carew Castle is in ruins, but has some magnificent apartments, 
 and several ranges of very large windows. 
 
 The Castles of Coyty, Flint, Harlech, Llacharne, Llan- 
 stephan, Manorbeer, and Rhydlan, have large porticms of the 
 walls standing ; several of them are very extensive, and in some nearly 
 all the exterior walls are standing. 
 
 The Castles of Carmarthen, Cilgerran, Coch, Llandaff, and 
 Pembroke, have considerable portions remaining, with other parts 
 completely ruinated. Those of Aberystavyth, Brecknock, Crick- 
 HOWELL, Tenby, and Newcastle-in-Emlyn, have smaller portions 
 remaining. 
 
 The Castles of Caergwrlly, Cardiff, Dolbadern, Haverford- 
 west, Neavport, Roach, and Swansea, have most of them only 
 the keep or a single tower standing ; those of Denbigh, Llehaiden, 
 and Pen Arth, have little more than the gateway, while those of 
 Cricieth, Kidwelly, and Pencoed, have the gateway and portions 
 of ruined walling. 
 
 Of Domestic buildings may be noticed, Corsygedol, Gwidir 
 House, Llanfey Court ; and Tudor Hall, in Anglesea. 
 
 This enumeration does not include more than a portion of the 
 
282 
 
 ancient edifices in the Principality ; indeed its architectural features 
 deserve far more attention than has hitherto been paid to them, more 
 particularly in those parts remote from the public roads, where many 
 small but curious edifices are most likely to be found. 
 
 Aberdeen. — The Church of St. Nicholas is a large and curious 
 edifice, and, like many of the ancient churches still used in the large 
 towns of Scotland, has accommodation for more than one congregation. 
 This is a cross church, with a tower and short spire at the intersec- 
 tion ; the nave is modern, and contains one place of assembly, and 
 the choir another, the transepts serving as entrances, vestry, &c. 
 The arches of the cross are Norman, some other portions of the 
 transepts are Early English, the choir is Decorated, with a semi- 
 hexagonal east end ; some of the windows have very good tracery. 
 There is a crypt under the eastern part of the choir. To the aisles 
 of the choir there are affixed some lead spouts, with a rich tudor flower 
 cast on them as an ornament, which standing free, has a good effect. 
 There is in the choir a little fine wood screen-work, and in different 
 parts of the church some ancient monuments, particularly one in the 
 north transept under an arch. A part of the tracery and mouldings 
 of the windows of the aisles of the choir, are worked in granite. 
 
 Corstorpiiinj: Church is principally of late Perpendicular charac- 
 ter with some singularities, some parts are very rude and poor. 
 
 Dalkeith Church is partly unroofed and partly modernised, 
 some parts are good Decorated work, the chancel has an octagonal 
 east end. 
 
 Dalmeny is a small but very beautiful Norman church, with some 
 parts much enriched. There are some modern restorations and alter- 
 ations. 
 
 Douglas Church has several fine ancient monuments. 
 
 DuMBLANE Cathedral has the choir fitted up as a parish church, 
 which is without aisles. The nave has aisles and is in ruins. On the 
 south side of the south aisle, is a Norman bell tower, small and lofty, 
 with a later upper story. The general style of this building is Early 
 English, of a very beautiful character, but it has various later inser- 
 tions and alterations. The north aisle of the nave is continued 
 eastward, and forms the chapter-house, now a vestry, which is a 
 beautifully groined room, in it are two efiigies of an Earl and 
 Countess of Strathearne. There is a very fine tomb of a bishop 
 under a much enriched arch, with short shafts and fiowered capitals, 
 havino- also very good mouldings, and two rows of tootlied ornament. 
 In the church are some wood stalls, and a little good wood screen- 
 work. 
 
 Dundee Church has been a large cross church, and now is 
 
283 
 
 arranged to accomodate four congregations. The tower at the west 
 end is a very fine one of Decorated character, but mutilated ; the nave 
 is modern, and does not fill up quite to the transepts, the centre of the 
 cross is destroyed, and its place occupied by lumber-rooms and 
 entrances. Each of the transepts is fitted up for a congregation, and 
 the choir for another. The old church has been Early English and 
 Decorated, but nearly all the windows are modern. In the clerestory 
 of the choir were small lancet windows, and the piers and arches are 
 plain but good. 
 
 Dunfermline Church is the ancient abbey church, with a modern 
 choir, transepts, and central tower ; the ancient part consists of the 
 nave, and a tower at the west end of the north aisle. A large por- 
 tion of the nave is Norman with considerable enrichment. There 
 is a very rich Norman north door, and a porch of later date ; there 
 are some Early English windows in the north aisle, and some Deco- 
 rated portions about the west end. There are two stoups in the 
 porch. 
 
 St. Giles's, or the High Church, Edinburgh, has been altered and 
 restored, it is now divided for two congregations, and some portions are 
 separated for other purposes. The plan of the edifice is a nave, choir, 
 and transepts, with aisles and chapels, both north and south : a large 
 portion of the building is of Decorated character, with later additions 
 and insertions, and much modern alteration. The choir is the princi- 
 pal church, and has good groining ; some of the piers have flowered 
 capitals, and some of the arches good mouldings. The tower at the 
 intersection of the cross is low and massive, crowned with a lantern 
 bearing some resemblance to that at St. Nicholas, Newcastle, but very 
 flat, and much inferior in efi'ect to that beautiful steeple. 
 
 The College < hurch, Edinburgh, is the choir and transepts of a 
 small but very curious cross church, the nave of which is destroyed, 
 and the tracery of most of the windows taken away. The interior 
 is a very beautiful Decorated composition, with the capitals of the 
 piers enriched with foliage, not exceeded in design or execution in 
 any English cathedral. The mouldings of these piers and arches are 
 very good, and the church is groined, the aisles plain, the centre and 
 transepts richly ornamented with very good bosses. The exterior has 
 some good mouldings and other details. The south door has an open 
 porch, formed by a circular segmental arch between two bold but- 
 tresses with good groining. This porch is evidently the original, from 
 whence something of the same kind, though much smaller, at Roslin 
 Chapel, has been taken. This building is all of good Decorated cha- 
 racter, and is deserving of minute examination and study. 
 
 Elgin Church is the nave and centre tower of a cross church ; it 
 has been much patched and modernised, but has various portions 
 deserving attention, particularly three doors, with some good mould- 
 ings filled with the toothed ornament and flowers. 
 
 Glasgow Cathedral is a large and fine cross church, with 
 
284 
 
 remarkably short transepts. It has a tower and spire at the intersec- 
 tion, and anotlier tower at the west end of the north aisle. The 
 nave and aisles form one church, the choir and aisles another ; the 
 transepts and part of the nave are open as a vestibule for access to 
 each church. The general character of the church is Early English, 
 very excellently designed and executed. On the north side of the 
 east end of the choir is the cha])ter-house, and beneath it and the choir 
 a crypt. The composition of the nave and choir is different, but each 
 very good. In the choir the capitals of the piers are flowered, in the 
 nave plain. Those in the choir very much resemble some capitals in 
 the transepts at York IMinster, and are equally well executed. The 
 west door (now stopped) is one of great richness and beauty, and 
 bears a strong resemblance to the doors of the Continental churches, 
 being a double door, with a square head to each aperture, and the 
 space above filled with good niches ; the general design of the door- 
 way is French, but the mouldings and details English. There is a 
 late screen at the entrance into the choir, and one or two ancient 
 monuments. The crypt under the choir and chapter-house is not 
 equalled by any in the kingdom ; it is from the fall of the ground well 
 lighted, and is an uncommonly rich specimen of Early English ; the 
 piers and groining are of the most intricate character, the most beautiful 
 design and excellent execution ; it is now cleaned, and carefully kept 
 from injury. The groins have rich bosses, and the doors are much 
 enriched with foliage and other ornaments ; the piers have fine 
 flowered capitals, much like some at York. The increased care 
 bestowed of late by the Lord Provost and magistrates on this church, 
 particularly as to the crypt, has been very beneficial ; and much 
 credit is due to J. Cleland, Esq. the superintendent of works, for the 
 judicious mode in which the clf^arance of rubbish and cleaning has 
 been effected. The upper part of the tower and spire, and a few 
 other parts, are nuich later tlian tlie other work, but will be easily 
 distinguished. This church, like several others in Scotland, is not 
 known or studied so much as it deserves to be. 
 
 The Tron Church, Glasgow, has a Perpendicular tower, but the 
 church is modern. 
 
 Haddington Church is principally Perpendicular. 
 
 Kirkliston Church is mostly modern, but the tower is ancient, 
 and two doors are preserved, which are very fine sj)ecimens ; the north 
 door Norman and ])lain, the south door nuich enriched, and mixed 
 Norman and Early English details. 
 
 The Church at Leuciiars has considerable Norman remains; the 
 chancel and an eastern circular eiul (on A\'hich is now set a modern 
 steeple,) are very good Norman, witli intersecting arches, and within 
 are several fine arches. The whole of this work is in tolerably good 
 preservation, and is one of the best Norman remains in Scotland. 
 The enrichments consist of billets, chevrons, and cabling, with some 
 others. 
 
285 
 
 Linlithgow Ciihrch is a large and handsome edifice, Avith a nave 
 and aisles, transepts, choir and aisles ; the eastern end a semihexagon. 
 There are many modern reparations, and the very beautiful crown on 
 the tower, a finer one than that at St. Giles's, Edinburgh, has been 
 taken down ; the screen and some of the ceilings are modern. The 
 nave is open, as in English large cross churches, and the choir pewed 
 and galleried for service. IMost of the walls, and many windows of 
 this church are of Decorated character ; but there are other portions 
 of a transition to Perpendicular, and a few of good Perpendicular. 
 There are some good ancient groinings in the aisles ; and the south 
 porch and south door, with an oriel above, deserve attention. There 
 are various parts of this church which evince the connexion of Scot- 
 land with France ; the west door is double, with square heads to each, 
 and a window over the door in the same arch ; and there are various 
 circular headed parts of Perpendicular character. This church is very 
 clean within ; it has several very fine Decorated windows, and deserves 
 careful examination. 
 
 The Church of Old Machar, sometimes called the cathedral 
 of Old Aberdeen, is large and handsome, though only the nave of 
 the original church, the choir being destroyed, and only a very 
 small portion of walling of the transepts remaining. The west front 
 of this church is very imposing, and is mostly worked in granite, in 
 a very bold style, and of Decorated character. It has two towers 
 with short spires, the towers machicolated ; a large west door, and over 
 it seven long one-light windows, with round arches, trefoiled in the 
 liead. The piers are round, and some of them (particularly the great 
 pier at the cross) have flowered capitals, verj' well worked. There 
 is a south porch, with some details worked in granite, much smaller 
 than might have been expected from such a material. The wood 
 ceiling of the interior, though later than the church, is a handsome 
 one. In the transepts are several fine ancient monuments, two, con- 
 siderably enriched, but sufifering much in the detail from constant 
 exposure to weather. 
 
 The Cathedral of St. Magnus, at Kirkwall, in Orkney, is a large 
 edifice, with some Norman portions, and some of later date. 
 
 The Church at Paisley, the nave of the Abbey church, is a large 
 and handsome edifice, partly Pearly English and partly Decorated ; 
 the west front a fine composition ; the interior is also fine ; the aisles 
 Early English, the clerestory Decorated. The transepts and choir are 
 in ruins ; but there are some fine remains, particularly a large window 
 in the north transept despoiled of part of its tracery, and some beauti- 
 ful stone stalls in the choir, where is also a plain water drain. The 
 chapter house, or at least a south chapel near the remains of the 
 cloisters, is unroofed, and is a beautiful specimen of Decorated work ; 
 the east window is a fine one, and under it is a large band or pannel 
 of sculpture, apparently of later date. The roof is not groined, but 
 has groin ribs laid on an arch, an arrangement not uncommon in 
 
286 
 
 Scotland. In the centre of this chapel is a very rich altar tomb, with 
 an effigy and rich canopy ; it is of Perpendicular character, but 
 remarkably well designed and executed. There are some remains of 
 the abbey buildings, and in different parts of the churcli and ruins 
 are some very good doors and windows, with very good tracery. 
 Under the clerestory windows are some large and very singular corbels, 
 which are nearly if not quite unique. This church, like many of the 
 large churches in Scotland, is surrounded by buildings, and only to be 
 examined by access from several different points. 
 
 Perth Church, now divided into three parts for separate con- 
 gregations, has been a handsome cross church, with a low tower and 
 short lead spire ; it is mostly of Decorated character, but with many 
 modern alterations and restorations. Some of the piers and arches are 
 good ; and there are several round headed apertures of late date, as 
 noticed at Linlithgow. There are some portions of good plain 
 groining. 
 
 The Old College Chapel at St. Andrew's has a lofty tower, 
 forming the gate of the College. This chapel has an hexagonal east 
 end, and has been a rich building, but much mutilated. There is a 
 rich monument within to Bishop Kennedy. 
 
 Stirling Church is a large edifice, with a massy tower of 
 Decorated date at the west end ; the nave is low, with round piers 
 and moulded arches pointed; some good Decorated windows, and a 
 small clerestory with round headed windows. The chancel is lofty, 
 with fine piers and arches; the east end octagon, with a curious 
 ancient stone ceiling : the windows modernised and patched ; the 
 buttresses bold and ornamented with niches. This part seems of later 
 date than the nave. 
 
 The following Churches, though some of them are partly in ruins, 
 and most of them partially altered and modernised, contain portions 
 of ancient work ; — Carnwarth, Coldingham, Crawford, Dud- 
 DiNGSTONE, Laswade, Lecrop, Restalrig, Seaton, and South 
 Lkitii. 
 
 Tlie ruinated Abbeys and Cathedrals in Scotland are some of them 
 very fine. 
 
 Arbroath Abbey has been very extensive : the principal remains 
 are part of the nave, a small portion of the east end, and most of the 
 chapter house and south transept. The west doors, and one in the 
 north aisle, have had very fine mouldings, and what details remain 
 are very good : the whole has been Early English. Near the west 
 end is the Abbey Gate, a fine one, of Decorated character, plain, but 
 of good composition. 
 
 There are some remains of the Church of Beau ley Abbey. 
 
 The toAver is all that remains of the once rich Abbey of Cambus- 
 kenneth. 
 
 The ruined chapel of Cowie, near Stonehaven, has some Early 
 English portions. 
 
287 
 
 The remains of Dryburgh Abbey are considerable; parts of the 
 church, and parts of the domestic buihlings, are standing, and are of 
 various dates ; but mostly Norman and Early English, with some 
 Decorated portions, and a continuance of Norman forms mixed with 
 the later styles. There are some fine doors, a few good windo\vs, and 
 various small chapels and passages; the details of the work are in 
 general very good, and the whole deserves attention. 
 
 There are some remains of the Abbey at Dunfermline connected 
 with the church ; these appear to have been the refectory, and a fine 
 plain gateway ; in the refectory are a reading gallery and some good 
 windows. These remains are of Decorated character, with some round 
 arches. 
 
 Elgin Cathedral must have been, when entire, one of the finest 
 buildings in Scotland. Though now in ruins, enough remains to 
 show the excellence of the composition and details. The plan has 
 been the usual one of a large cross church, a nave, aisles, and tran- 
 septs, a choir, some chapels, and an octagon chapter-house on the 
 north side. There were originally three towers, one in the centre 
 and two at the west end. Part of the towers and west front, part of 
 the south transept, and most of the choir, with the chapter-house and 
 chapels, remain standing ; all the rest of the church is destroyed or 
 lying in fragments on the ground. The chapter-house and a south 
 chapel are richly groined ; the choir seems to have been arched with 
 stone and not groined. There are some good stalls, some remains of 
 screen work, and several very fine monuments. The tracery of most 
 of the windows has been destroyed. In the chapter-house are pre- 
 served numerous portions of carving of various dates and style of 
 execution, but most of them very good. The general arangements of 
 this church seem to have been Early English, carried on slowly, and 
 thus mixed gradually with ornaments of later date. There are several 
 very fine doors, and in some of these the ornaments of the Early 
 English and Decorated characters are mixed. The east end is a very 
 fine specimen of enriched Early English, not exactly resembling any 
 other example of that style. The western towers are of a plainer 
 character, and the wall between them, with the great entrance doors 
 and a large window above, seem of rather later date. The chapter- 
 house may be considered Decorated, and there are a few fragments of 
 Perpendicular character. This church must be seen to be properly 
 appreciated, and it is to be regretted, that this, like many other 
 Scottish edifices of value, has not yet been adequately illustrated by 
 engraving. 
 
 The Abbey of Holyrood, of which the chapel is the principal 
 remain, has some good specimens of Early English composition, with 
 some curious detail. There are small portions of Norman, particularly 
 a door and part of the south aisle. The west door is fine and much 
 enriched. 
 
 Some portions of the ancient Church and Monastry at Iona remain. 
 
288 
 
 but unroofed and ruinated. There arc some round piers and pointed 
 arches, and some doors and windows with round headed arclies. 
 There is a tomb Avith an effigy in the church, and some portions of 
 the monastic buildings still remain standing. In the church-jKird is 
 an ancient Cross. 
 
 There is an ancient Chapel on Inch Coriman, which has some 
 curious parts. 
 
 Jkuburgh Abbey is the remains of a large cross Church, partly 
 of Norman, and partly of Early English character. 
 
 Kklso Abbey is a fine Norman ruin ; part of the transepts, centre 
 tower, and west end remain. There are some fragments of Early 
 English, and some portions of the Norman mouldings are small and 
 delicate, with the nail head ornament in some of them. 
 
 Lanark old Church is in ruins; but there is a good door, and 
 some other portions of Early English character. 
 
 LiNCLUDEN is the remains of a small but beautiful church, which 
 appears to have been of late Decorated character. The tracery of 
 the windows has been much mutilated ; but enough remains to shew 
 that it was very good. There is a fine door, a rich monument, some 
 very beautiful stalls, and a water drain in the chancel, which was 
 separated from the nave by a screen of late and singular character. 
 There is a tower and some vaults, with several ruined walls connected 
 with the chapel on the north side. This chapel deserves attention 
 for its singularity of forms in the round arch with Decorated details. 
 
 Melrose Abbey has the walls of great part of tlie church and 
 part of the cloisters standing ; it has a gradation of style from Early 
 F^nglish to Perpendicular, and verj'^ good examples of each ; but the 
 largest portion is Decorated, with some tracery, and other details, 
 which are hardly exceeded in the kingdom. Here are, as before 
 noticed in many Scottish edifices, examples of early forms with late 
 details, particularly a semicircular headed door with Decorated 
 mouldings of the best character. There are some good ancient monu- 
 ments, and many water drains ; some of Avhich are very evidently 
 insertions ; some of them in the chapels standing in the south side of 
 the nave are curious for a mixture of early ornament, the nail head and 
 the toothed ornament, with forms and details of late Perpendicular. 
 The carvings in the cloisters are curious, from being executed in a fiat 
 style, which has been adopted in Scotland in a few other instances ; 
 and also from shells being carved for square flowers instead of the 
 usual foliage. There are some good triforium arches, with stpmre 
 pannels under them, which are useful examples for modern imitation. 
 The plan of the nave is curious, having a very narrow south aisle, 
 and l)eyond that, a lower south aisle much broader. The eastern 
 part projects but little east of tlie transej)t, making the choir very 
 short, and this portion is richly groined. There are many windows 
 with fine tracery, particularly the south transept M'indow, a Decorated 
 one of five lights, the composition of which has rarely been exceeded. 
 
289 
 
 The east window is Perpendicular, with many of the arch lines 
 straight, instead of being curved, as usual. This window has been 
 mutilated in the alternate lights, so that it is very difficult to make 
 out the original design. There are other curious portions about this 
 building, and the whole deserves the most careful examination. 
 
 The AnBKY of Pluscardine has part of the church and some of 
 the adjoining buildings remaining, and these are carefully preserved, 
 and part made habitable. There are some Decorated and some 
 modern insertions ; but most of the work is very good Early English, 
 and in some parts much resembling in character some Avorks in Kent. 
 There are traces of the cloisters, and some round-headed doors with 
 Decorated, and some with Early English mouldings. One room 
 seems to have been the chapter-house, and its mouldings are remark- 
 ably delicate and well executed. The north transept is a fine com- 
 position, and has had a very large circular window in the gable. 
 
 RosLiN Chapel has been so well illustrated by plates, that it will 
 not be necessary to notice it so minutely as might otherwise be the 
 case ; this building is of Perpendicular date, and if its details are 
 carefully examined, they will be found mostly of that character ; but 
 from the massive proportions of many parts, and the elaborate minute- 
 ness of others, there is a singular character about it, unlike almost 
 any other building in the kingdom. The portion remaining consists 
 of the choir and aisles, and part of the east walls of the transepts, 
 with a chapel at the east end of the north aisle, sunk many steps 
 below the level of the church, but which from the fall of the ground 
 is lighted by an eastern window. There is a small clerestory, the 
 piers are short, and round, but variously reeded, channelled, and 
 otherwise enriched ; they support in some parts straight lined stone 
 imposts, covered with carving of small figures and other ornaments ; 
 the arches are some round, others pointed. The ornamental flowers 
 and other small enrichments are profusely scattered over the work, and 
 while some are very minute, others are remarkably large, and they 
 are varied as to their style of carving. There are several square- 
 headed apertures, and the general appearance of the work intimates 
 a communication with the Continent. This edifice is certainly a 
 curiosity, but contains hardly any thmg which it is desirable to imitate 
 in modern work. 
 
 The Cathedral of St. Andrew's is the remaining portion of a very 
 large cross church, which was principally of very late Norman cha- 
 racter, with some portions Early English, and some parts later. The 
 east end of the choir, part of the walls of the south transept and 
 south aisle of the nave, and a part of the west end, are all that are 
 now standing. The details of the several styles, as far as they can 
 be made out, are very fine, audit is to be regretted that so little is 
 left for examination. 
 
 In the same enclosure with the Cathedral, which is surrounded by 
 an ancient wall with turrets, stands the Chapel of St. Rule, 
 
 u 
 
290 
 
 a small Norman structure, with a plain but lofty square tower. This 
 chapel has now no roof, but there are marks of three roofs of differ- 
 ent elevations. This building is in good preservation, and a modern 
 staircase has been built for access to the top of the tower. 
 
 There are various remains of the buildings of the monastery adja- 
 cent to the cathedral, of these the most important is the Abbey 
 Gate ; this is near the west end of the cathedral, and is of Early 
 Decorated character, plain, but of good composition. 
 
 There are some small remains of a Chapel called the Black 
 Friars ; it seems to be a north transept, with an octagonal north 
 end ; it is of Decorated character, with the remains of good windows 
 and groining. 
 
 The Abbey of Sweetheart, or New Abbey in Galloway, is a 
 very beautiful ruin, having most of the walls standing, and part of 
 the groining of the transepts. The character of the work is a transi- 
 tion from Early English to Decorated, some lancet windows, and 
 some with fine early tracery ; the west end is a fine composition. 
 The plan was a cross, with aisles to the nave and transepts, and none 
 to the choir. There are some stone stalls and a water-drain, but 
 mutilated. These ruins are not so much known as they ought to be, 
 for the excellence of their composition and details. 
 
 The Castles of Dumbarton, Edinburgh, and Stirling, all deserve 
 attention, not only from their situation, but from the ancient portions 
 they contain ; in the two first these are small, but at Stirling there 
 are portions nearly, if not quite, as curious as Roslin Chapel. 
 
 The Castellated edifices of Scotland have not yet had suflftcient 
 attention paid them ; it has therefore been considered advisable to 
 give the following list, that they may be more minutely examined and 
 described. Of this list some are mere towers, others are ruins of 
 great extent and magnificence ; in some few instances, perhaps they 
 are nearly annihilated, while the ancient name is given to a modern 
 building adjoining to, or built near, the old edifice. Of these, some 
 are called castles and some towers : — 
 
 ABERGELDIE, 
 
 AROS, 
 
 ASSYNT, 
 
 BALVF.NIE, 
 
 BERCALDINE, 
 
 beridal, 
 
 BLAIR, 
 
 BOTHWELL, 
 
 BRAEMAR, 
 
 BRANXHOLM, 
 
 BROCHIEL, 
 
 BRODRICK, 
 
 CAERLAVEROCK, 
 
 CABDONESS. 
 
 CASTLE CAMPBELL, 
 
 CASTLE ERASER, 
 
 CASTLE OF DOGS, 
 
 CASTLE TORIN, 
 
 CASTLE VARRICK, 
 
 CARRICK, 
 
 CATHCART, 
 
 CAWDOR, 
 
 CHAIRNSBURG, 
 
 CHISAMIL, 
 
 CLUNIE, 
 
 COM BRA, 
 
 CRAIG MILLAR, 
 
 nOCHART, 
 
 DOUNE, 
 
 DRUMMOND, 
 
 DUART, 
 
 DUMBARTON, 
 
 DUNBAR, 
 
 DUNNOTTER, 
 
 DUNOLLY, 
 
 DUNROBIN, 
 
 DUNSCAITH, 
 
 DUNSKY, 
 
 DUNSTAFFNAGE, 
 
 DUNTULM, 
 
 DUNTROON, 
 
 DUNVEGAN, 
 
291 
 
 EILAN DUNAN 
 
 ELIBANK, 
 
 FAIRLIE, 
 
 FINLAGAN, 
 
 FY VIE, 
 
 GARTH, 
 
 GARWALD, 
 
 GILNOCHIE, 
 
 GIRNIGO, 
 
 GLAMIS, 
 
 GOLDILANDS, 
 
 GRANTULLY 
 
 GYLEN, 
 
 HALES, 
 
 INVERLOCHY, 
 
 KEISE, 
 
 KILBURNIE, 
 
 KILCHURN, 
 
 KILDONAN, 
 
 KNOCK, 
 
 LENOX, 
 
 LEVEN, 
 
 LOCH ALINE, 
 
 LOCH LEVEN, 
 
 MINGARY, 
 
 MOIL, 
 
 MOY, 
 
 NEWARK, 
 
 NIDDRV, 
 
 PENCROSS, 
 
 RED CUMIN, 
 
 ROSLIN, 
 
 ROTHSAY, 
 
 ST. ANDREWS, 
 
 SINCLAIR, 
 
 SKIPNISH, 
 
 SMALLHOLM, 
 
 STALKER, 
 
 STRATHAVEN, 
 
 SWIN, 
 
 TRAQUAIR, and one on the 
 
 smallerCUMBRAY ISLAND 
 
 There are in Scotland some circular low buildings called Duns, of 
 which neither the dates nor uses have been properly explained. 
 Some are much dilapidated, and others almost obliterated. They 
 are — 
 
 AMWORTH in Galloway, 
 BARRYHILL, parish of 
 
 Meigle, 
 CASTLE FINDLAY, near 
 
 Calder, 
 CASTLE GOWEE, Gallo- 
 way, 
 CRAIG PHADRIC, near 
 
 Inverness, 
 CREICH, in Sutherland, 
 DUN EVAN, near Calder 
 DUMADEER, in Aberdeen- 
 shire, 
 DUNJARDEL, near Fyers, 
 
 DUN MAC SNIOCHIAN, 
 
 Argyle, 
 DUN FHION, on the 
 
 Beauley, 
 FINHAVEN, near Brechin, 
 KNOCK FARRIL, Ross, 
 LAWSHILL, near Dum- 
 
 sturdy, Forfar, 
 MOAT OF THE MARK, 
 
 in Galloway, 
 NOATH, Aberdeenshire, 
 TOR DUN, near Fort Au- 
 gustus, 
 One near BALBIGNO, in 
 M earns. 
 
 One in BUTE, 
 
 One in CANTYRE, 
 
 One near CULLEN, 
 
 One on DUNDEE LAW, 
 
 One on DUNSKEIG HILL, 
 
 One near FORD UN, Meams, 
 
 One near INVERGARRY, 
 
 One in ISLA, 
 
 One on LOCH SUNART, 
 
 One on LOCH TARBET. 
 
 One on LOCH TEACHUS, 
 
 Morven, 
 One near STIRLING, and 
 One near TROUP. 
 
 There are a few edifices which are not strictly to be considered of 
 either of the former classes, which may be noticed as containing sin- 
 gularities of architecture ; some of them are in ruins, and some 
 have been modernised. At Aberdeen, Campbletown, Linlith- 
 gow, and ]\Ielrose, are Crosses, but of very different characters. 
 At Aberdeen, King's and IMarischal Colleges have some ancient 
 work. The Bridge over the Don, near Aberdeen, is a fine specimen 
 of ancient work in that department. 
 
 At Dunfermline, the ruins of the Palace nearly adjoining the 
 Abbey, deserve attention. 
 
 At Elgin, the Bishop's Palace and some adjacent buildings, and 
 the ToLBOOTH, have ancient portions remaining. 
 
 At Glasgow the Guildry Tower, and some parts of the old 
 buildings of the College, may be noticed. 
 
292 
 
 Herriot's Hospital, Edinburgh, is a singular example of the 
 mixed Italian style on its first introduction. 
 
 The ancient part of the House at IIawtiiornden^ near Roslin, 
 deserves attention ; the situation is peculiarly fine. 
 
 The Palace of Linlithgow contains portions of very valuable 
 detail ; some parts early, some late. The chimney in the great hall, 
 and some other portions, are very curious. 
 
 At Stirling, an ancient building, now the Military Hospital, 
 and the ruins of RIars' Work, are curious, and deserve examina- 
 tion. 
 
 On the general view of the ancient edifices of Scotland, though much 
 has been done for their illustration, much more remains to be done, as 
 some of the best are still very little known in England. 
 
 Hrflaiilr. 
 
 So great has been the mutilation of ancient edifices in Ireland, that 
 very few indeed are to be found in a perfect state ; but the remains 
 of these buildings are numerous, and manj' are deserving of more 
 attention than they appear collectively to have had. 
 
 The Cathedral of Christ Church, Dublin, is a large cross church, 
 with several chapels, and having various parts altered and modernised, 
 yet still containing portions deserving attention ; much of the building 
 is Early English, with some earlier, and some later portions. A door 
 has some very fine enrichments, partly Norman, and partly so far 
 advanced that they may be considered Early English. An ancient 
 effigy in this cathedral is called that of Earl Strongbow, but it is much 
 mutilated. 
 
 St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, is also a large cross church, 
 with a tower and spire. It has several chapels and attached buildings, 
 and a part of the church was once used as a parish church. This 
 Cathedral is partly Early English, with some earlier and some later 
 portions. The choir is a beautiful composition, with elegant piers, 
 having fine capitals with foliage, and the arches have good mouldings ; 
 the triforium is light and elegant, and the clerestory has lancet 
 windoAvs ; the whole is groined with plain Early English groining, 
 part of which is plastered, copied from the ancient stone. 
 
 The Church of St.Audoen, in Dublin, has some ancient por- 
 tions remaining ; as has also the Cathedral of Ar.magh. 
 
 The Cathedral of Kildare is in ruins, except part of the choir, 
 which is kept up for service ; the ruins are extensive, and some 
 portions deserve attention. In the church-yard is one of the celebrated 
 round towers. 
 
 The Church of St. Canice, in Kilkenny, is the cathedral of the 
 see of Ossory ; it is a large cross church, with a low tower at the 
 intersection, and most of the building is in pretty good condition ; a 
 
293 
 
 portion is Early English, and parts of later date. Near this cathedral 
 is a round tower. 
 
 There are in Ireland several places, having a collection of ecclesias- 
 tical edifices, forming a sort of group of chapels, and though now 
 mostly in ruins, they deserve a closer investigation than they have yet 
 received. Of these may be noticed, 
 
 Clonmacnoise, in King's County, where there are several churches 
 in ruins, and two round towers; most of which edifices are very 
 ancient. 
 
 Glandalough, in Wicklow, is another collection of small ruined 
 edifices near each other, with tAVo round towers, one of which is 
 imperfect ; and a curious building called St. Keevin's Kitchen. 
 
 JMoNASTERBOYCE, in Louth, is another group. There are several 
 chapels, a round tower, and four crosses. 
 
 FouRE, in Westmeath, has three ruined churches and a monastery. 
 The doorway of St. Fechins, one of the churches, is curious for having 
 a plain square lintel, Avith a cross sculptured on it. 
 
 In Lough Garron are the ruins of two Abbeys, standing on two 
 islands. 
 
 Of the following list of Churches, some few are in use as such, and 
 in tolerable condition ; some of them have modern portions added ; 
 some are partly ruined and partly kept up ; but a great number are 
 in ruins. 
 
 aghaboe, 
 
 archerstown, 
 
 ardbracan, 
 
 athlone, 
 
 baldongan, 
 
 BRAY, 
 
 CASTLEDERMOT, 
 
 CASTLETOWN, 
 
 Chapel of ST. EIRE, 
 
 CHAPEL IZOD, 
 
 CLONARNEY, 
 
 CLONCURRY, 
 
 CLONDALKIN, 
 
 DERALOSSORY, 
 
 DISERT, 
 
 DONAGHMORE, 
 
 DONARD, 
 
 DONNYBROOK, 
 
 St. Mary, DROGHEDA, 
 
 St. Peter, DROGHEDA, 
 
 DULEEK, 
 
 DUNMORE, 
 
 FRETAGH, 
 
 FURNACE, 
 
 KELLS, 
 
 KILLBERRY, 
 
 KILBRIDE, 
 
 KILLESHEE, 
 
 KILLISHEY, 
 
 KILMANMAN, 
 
 KILSHARVAN, 
 
 KINSALE, 
 
 LANESBOROUGH, 
 
 LONDONDERRY, 
 
 LONGFORD, 
 
 LOUGHSENDY, 
 
 LUSK, 
 
 MAYNOOTH, 
 
 MILLEXTOWN, 
 
 MOONE, 
 
 MORNINGTON, 
 
 MOSSTOWN, 
 
 NAAS, 
 
 NEWTOWN FORBES, 
 
 OLD KILCULLEN, 
 
 OUGHTERAD, 
 
 RATHMICHjEL 
 
 RATOATH, 
 
 REARY, 
 
 ROSENALLIS, 
 
 SCURLOGHSTOWN, 
 
 SKRYNE, 
 
 ST. DOOLACHS, 
 
 SWORDS, 
 
 TRIM, 
 
 TULLAGH, and 
 
 YOUGHAL. 
 
 In addition to the Stone Crosses noticed above, the following may 
 be mentioned ; some of which are covered with very elaborate sculp- 
 ture ; Castledermot, Finglass, Kells, Old Kilcullen, Mgone, 
 Kilkenny and Kilclispeen. 
 
294 
 
 The remains of monastic edifices are numerous, and nearly all in 
 ruins. Of these may be mentioned ; 
 
 ADAIR, 
 
 AGHABOE, 
 
 AGHAMACART, 
 
 ARKLOW. 
 
 ATHLONE, 
 
 BANAGHER, 
 
 BECTIVE, 
 
 BONA MARGA, 
 
 CARLINGFORD, 
 
 CASHEL, 
 
 CASTLEDERMOT, 
 
 CELBBIDGE, 
 
 CLANE, 
 
 CLONARD, 
 
 CORCOMROE, 
 
 DRUMRANY, 
 
 DUNBRODY, 
 
 DUNGIVEN, 
 
 DUNDALK, 
 
 DULEEK, 
 GREY ABBEY, 
 HOWTH, 
 INCH, 
 JERPOINT, 
 KILBARRICK, 
 KILBEGGAN, 
 KILCREA, 
 KILDARE, 
 
 The Black Friars, KIL- 
 KENNY, 
 Franciscan in KILKENNY, 
 St. John's KILKENNY, 
 LAHOIL, 
 LARAGH, 
 LOUGHREA, 
 MALAHIDE, 
 MEELICK, 
 
 MELLIFONT, 
 
 MULLINGAR, 
 
 MUCRUS, 
 
 MULLIFARNAM, 
 
 NAAS, 
 
 NEW ABBEY, near KU- 
 
 cuUen, 
 NEWTOWN ABBEY, East 
 
 Mcath, 
 NEWTOWN PRIORY, 
 PLASSEY, 
 RATOATH, 
 SLANE, 
 SHROWLE, 
 
 St. John's Priory, near TRIM, 
 WEST KILKENNY. 
 TINTEM, 
 TIPPERARY Holy Cross. 
 
 The Castles remaining are numerous ; some of those in the follow- 
 ing list are connected with modern buildings, and are inhabited, 
 others have most of the walls standing, but unroofed, and some are 
 entirely in ruins ; — 
 
 ABDEE, 
 
 ARDGLASS, 
 
 ARDMULLAN, 
 
 ARKLOW, 
 
 ASIGH, 
 
 ATHCARNE, 
 
 ATHLONE, 
 
 ATHLUMNY, 
 
 BALDONGAN, 
 
 BALLYFERMOT, 
 
 BALLYNAKIL, 
 
 BENBURB, 
 
 BLACK CASTLE, WickloW; 
 
 BLARNEY, 
 
 BRAINSTOWN, 
 
 BRAY, 
 
 BULLOCK, 
 
 BUNRATTY, 
 
 CARBERRY, 
 
 CARLINGFORD, 
 
 CARLOW, 
 
 CARRICKFERGUS, 
 
 CABRIGALINE. 
 
 CARRIGAHOOLY, 
 
 CARRIGADROKID, 
 
 CASTLEBRACK, 
 
 CASTLECUFFE, 
 
 CASTLEDERMOT, 
 
 CASTLETOWN DELVIN, 
 
 CLANE, 
 
 CLOGHNONEY, 
 
 CLONASLEE, 
 
 CLONMACNOISE, 
 
 CLONMORE, 
 
 COURTSTOWN, 
 
 DALKEY, 
 
 DEVANISH, 
 
 DRISHANE, 
 
 DRYMNAGH. 
 
 DUNAMAN, 
 
 DUNDRUM, 
 
 DUNMORE, 
 
 DUNLUCE, 
 
 DUNMOW, 
 
 DUNSANY, 
 
 DUNSEVERICK, 
 
 DURROW, 
 
 EDENDERRY, 
 
 GARRY, 
 
 GLENARM, 
 
 GRANARD, 
 
 GRANTSTOWN, 
 
 GESHILL, 
 
 HOWTH, 
 
 INCHMORE, 
 
 JIGGINSTOWN, 
 
 KEEVIN, 
 
 KENBAAN, 
 
 KILBERRY, 
 
 KILBRIDE, 
 
 KILCLIEF, 
 
 KILDARE, 
 
 KILGOBBIN. 
 
 KILKENNY, 
 
 KILKEA, 
 
 KILLEEN, 
 
 KILLELEAGH, 
 
 KILLENINNY, 
 
 KILLISHEY, 
 
295 
 
 KILTEEL, 
 
 LEA, 
 
 LEIXLIP, 
 
 LISCARTON, 
 
 LISMORE, 
 
 LOUGHSENDY. 
 
 MALAHIDE, 
 
 MACETOWN, 
 
 MAYNOOTH, 
 
 MONKSTOWN, 
 
 MORRETT, 
 
 MOONE, 
 
 MOSSTOWN 
 
 NAAS, 
 
 NAUL, 
 
 NENAGH, 
 
 PHILIPSTOWN, 
 
 PUCK, 
 
 RATHLINE, 
 
 ROCHE, 
 
 ROSCREA, 
 
 ROSS, 
 
 SAUGHSKINNY, 
 
 SCURLOGHSTOWN, 
 
 SHEAN, 
 
 SHRUEL, 
 
 SWORDS, 
 
 TERMONFECKAN, 
 
 TIMOLIN, 
 
 TIMON, 
 
 TIMAHOE, 
 
 TINNEHINCH, 
 
 TORDAYLAP, 
 
 TORFECKAN, 
 
 TRIM, 
 
 TRIMLESTOWN, and 
 
 WATER. 
 
 There remains to be noticed a description of buildings which are 
 nearly peculiar to Ireland, and to which a very high antiquity has 
 usually been assigned ; these are the Round Towers ; for a com- 
 plete list of which, the author is indebted to the kindness of his 
 friend, J. Vevers, of the Kildare-street School, Dublin, who has 
 visited most, if not all of them. They are as under : — 
 
 County, 
 
 1. STEEPLE, near Antrim Antrim. 
 
 2. ARMOY Do. 
 
 3. RAM ISLAND, Lough Neagh, Do. 
 
 4. DRUMLANE, Caran, 
 
 5. DRUMBO, Down. 
 
 In Ulster nine. 
 
 County. 
 
 6. MAGHERA, part destroyed • • Down. 
 
 7. DEVENISH ISLAND, in 
 Lough Erne Fermanagh. 
 
 8. CLONES Monaghan 
 
 9. ENISKEEN Do. 
 
 In Leinster 
 
 County. 
 
 1. CLONDALKIN, Dublin. 
 
 2. LUSK Do. 
 
 3. RATHMICH^L Do. 
 
 4. SWORDS. Do. 
 
 6. CASTLEDERMOT KUdare. 
 
 6. KILCULLEN. 
 
 7. KILDARE.. 
 
 8. OUGTERAD..-.- 
 
 9. TAGHADOE. 
 
 10. AGHAVULLER, part 
 
 destroyed 
 
 li. FERTAG 
 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 
 • Kilkenny. 
 -. Do. 
 
 twenty-four. 
 
 County, 
 
 12. Irishtown, KILKENNY--- -Kilkenny. 
 
 13. KILREE Do. 
 
 14. TULLOHERIN Do 
 
 16. Two at CLONMACNOISE- King's. 
 
 17. DROMISKEN, part destroyed, Louth. 
 
 18. MONASTERBOYCE, Do. 
 
 19 DONAGHMORE Meath- 
 
 20 KELLS. Do. 
 
 21 DYSERT Queen's 
 
 22. TIMAHOE. Do. 
 
 24. TwoatGLANDALOUGH.one 
 
 imperfect. Wicklow. 
 
 In Munster fourteen. 
 
 County. 
 
 1. DRUMCLIFFE Clare. 
 
 2. DYSART Do. 
 
 .3. INISCALTHRA, in Lough 
 
 Deirgeart • Do. 
 
 County. 
 
 4. KINETH Cork. 
 
 a. AGHADOE Kerry. 
 
 6. RATTOO Do. 
 
 7. DYSERT Limerick. 
 
296 
 
 County. County. 
 
 8. SCATTERY ISLE, in the 11. KILMALLOCK Limerick 
 
 Shannon Clare. 12 On the RockatCASHEL Tipperary. 
 
 9. CLOYNE Cork. 13 ROSCREA Do. 
 
 10. BALLYBEG, the lower part 14. ARDMORE Waterford. 
 
 only, ••■ Do. 
 
 In CoNNAUGHT nine. 
 
 County. County. 
 
 1. FEARTAMORE Galway. 6. MELICK Mayo. 
 
 2. KILMACDUAGH Do. 7- TURLOUGH Do. 
 
 3. AGHAGOWER Mayo. 8. ORAN Roscommon. 
 
 4. BALAGH Do. 9. DRUMSCLIFF, in ruins Sligo. 
 
 5. KILLALA Do. 
 
 Total — Fifty six remaining. 
 There were five others standing within a few years, namely: 
 
 1. ARDFERT, County of Kerry, which fell in 177il. 
 
 2. CORK, County of Cork, pulled down about 80 years ago. 
 
 3. BRIGOWiNf, Do. Do. about 1790. 
 
 4. Sliip-strcet DUBLIN, destroyed a few years back. 
 
 5. DOWNPATRICK,- -County of Down, pulled do^^^ 1792. 
 
 The last was taken down to enlarge the cathedral, after being partly 
 ruinated for many years ; and it is very remarkable, that under the 
 foundation of this tower, were found tlie vestiges of a more ancient 
 church, which appears to have been of exceeding good masonry, and 
 upon a large scale. In the walls of the tower there were many 
 pieces of cut stone, that had evidently been used in some former 
 buildings. 
 
 Of these towers much has been written, and their dates and uses 
 have been much contested ; as to the latter, they seem to have been 
 considered as ecclesiastical structures, from their constant vicinity to 
 churches ; but their particular service is very difficult to assign. 
 They are from 60 to 70 to above 100 feet high : they usually taper 
 from the bottom ; their diameter at the ground being from 16 to 20 
 feet without, and from 10 to 14 feet within. The door is usually 
 some feet from the ground, and when perfect, they have generally a 
 conical top, and four small windows some distance below, opposed 
 nearly to the cardinal points. 
 
 With respect to the date, it has been usual always to attach great 
 antiquity to these Irish towers, and also to the round towers of 
 churches in England ; of which a few are in Sussex, more in Suffolk, 
 and still more in Norfolk. Of the English ones, visited by the 
 Author, he lias by no means found their appearance to justify a very 
 high antiquity ; and the circumstances of the Irish tower at Down- 
 patrick, as well as some sculpture and ornaments on one or two of the 
 other towers, would seem to militate considerably against the very 
 iir'-ipTit date usually mentioned for these edifices. 
 
297 
 
 There are, doubtless, other buildings in Ireland deserving attention, 
 besides those enumerated ; and there is no doubt, but both Ireland 
 and Scotland would well repay an examination of ancient buildings, 
 much more minute than has hitherto been attempted. 
 
 For the use of the student a Table is subjoined, showing the 
 duration of the styles of English Architecture, and the Kings reign- 
 ing in each period. To render this list more useful, it is printed in 
 duplicate, that one may be cut out, and serve as a Table for the more 
 readily consulting other works. 
 
 Kings. Date. 
 
 William 1 1065 
 
 William 11 108? 
 
 Henry 1 1100 
 
 Stephen 113u 
 
 Henry H 1154 to 1189 
 
 Richard 1 1189 
 
 John 1199 
 
 Hrnr)- III 121G 
 
 Edward 1 1272 to KiO? 
 
 Edward H ISO?! 
 
 Edward III 1326 to 1377 j 
 
 Richard II 11^77 
 
 Henry IV 1399 
 
 Henry V 1412 
 
 Henry VI 1422 
 
 Edward IV 1460 
 
 Edward V 1483 
 
 Richard III 1483 
 
 Henry VII 1485 
 
 Henry VIII 1509 to 1546. 
 
 Style. 
 
 Norman. 
 
 Early 
 English. 
 
 Decorated 
 English. 
 
 Perpendicu- 
 lar English. 
 
 Remarti. 
 
 Prevailed little more than 
 124 years; no remains really 
 KNOWN to be more than a few 
 years older than the Conquest. 
 
 Prevailed about 118 years. 
 
 ( Continued perhaps, 10 or 15 
 ■j years later. Prevailed little 
 vmore than 70 years. 
 
 Prevailed about 169 years. 
 
 Few, if any, whole buildings 
 executed in this style later than 
 Henry VIII. 
 
 This st}'le used in additions 
 and rebuilding, but often much 
 debased, as late as 1630 or 1640. 
 
299 
 
 ©n ^axon ^vtf^itutnvtf 
 
 SUCH BUILDINGS AS MAY BE PRESUMED TO HAVE BEEN ERECTED IN 
 ENGLAND BEFORE THE NORMAN CONQUEST. 
 
 In addition to what has been incidentally remarked on these build- 
 ings, I wish to consider these early edifices both in England and 
 P'rance, and I have to notice such buildings in both countries as are 
 either known to be of date prior to the year 1000, or by their clear 
 difference from anything of later date, may, from that clear difference, 
 and their relation to other works known before the year 1000, be well 
 permitted to be considered of an earlier date, until proved to be of a 
 later one. 
 
 In France there are the following Buildings : 
 The Walls of the city of Bayeux, 
 The Theatre at Lillebonne, 
 The Church of Saint Germain at Rouen, 
 
 The ancient portion of a Church at Beauvais, now called the 
 Basse CTluvre ; 
 All these present clear and definable Roman features. 
 At the Theatre at Lillebonne we have regular ashlar masonry with 
 rubble backing : the front work very well done, with good clean joints. 
 Also a wall Avith small stones about six inches long and about four 
 inches high in the courses ; these form a thin skin, and have rubble 
 backing, but with horizontal courses of what are called Roman bricks, 
 that is flat tiles about fourteen inches long, eleven inches broad, and not 
 quite two inches thick. These tiles act as binding courses to the 
 small stone and rubble of which much Roman walling is constructed. 
 
 This horizontal bond of tiles accompanies nearly all the Roman 
 walling which is built of small stones, both in England and that part 
 of France included in my present observations. 
 
 It is present in the walls of Bayeux, where the courses of stone 
 are irregular ; some small, some large ; in the Church of St. Germain, 
 where the walling is of squared stone, rather larger than the small stones 
 at Lillebonne ; and here there is also an outer tier of bricks around the 
 arches, like a drip stone. It is also in the Basse OEuvre at Beauvais ; 
 
300 
 
 where the walling is small stones with large joints, and the exterior 
 arches, as well as the drip course round them, are partly formed of 
 Roman bricks. The interior walling of this building is the white stone 
 of that country, which, though so soft as to be easily worked, retains its 
 edge and its form completely to tlie present time. This building (now a 
 firewood warehouse) though sadly neglected, has much of its interior 
 work, plain round arches and square piers, in very good condition. 
 
 These buildings are in France well known to antiquaries, and their 
 dates constantly acknowledged as prior to the year 1000. 
 
 In England we have, first, a variety of Roman walling acknowledged 
 to be such. 
 
 These walls are in various counties, from Northumberland to Kent, 
 and many of them (I believe all in which the construction was 
 necessary) have the bonding bricks more or less frequent. 
 
 There are a few Roman examples in which, from the mode of con- 
 struction Avith large blocks of stone, it does not appear that the bond- 
 ing bricks were used. Of these examples I may mention two which 
 remain in a more perfect state than, considering their age, could well 
 have been expected. 
 
 The first is the North Gate at Lincoln, which, as when first erected, 
 is still used as the passage through the walls. This gate had originally 
 an impost and architrave moulding ; but they are now hardly visible. 
 
 The second is a portion of the Roman Wall near the military road 
 from Newcastle to Carlisle ; its walling is well done, and in a very 
 perfect state ; and near it is a quarry of most excellent building 
 stone, from whence that used in the wall appears to have been taken. 
 
 I shall now, previous to enumerating the buildings which I have 
 reason to believe were erected before the year 1000, state those parti- 
 cularities of their masonry, their forms and their details, which by the 
 difference from works of known Norman date, give reason to suppose 
 them of this very early period. 
 
 First. As to the masonry, there is a peculiar sort of quoining, 
 which is used without plaster as well as with, consisting of along stone 
 set at the corner and a short one lajHng on it, and bonding one way or 
 both into the wall ; when plaster is used, these quoins are raised to 
 allow for the thickness of the plaster. Another peculiarity is the 
 use occasionally of very large and heavy blocks of stone in particular 
 parts of the work, while the rest is mostly of small stones ; the use of 
 what is called Roman bricks, and occasionally of an arch with straight 
 sides to the upper part instead of curves. The want of buttresses may 
 be here noticed as being general in these edifices. An occasional use 
 of portions Avith mouldings much like Roman, and the use in windows 
 of a sort of rude balustre. The occasional use of a rude round stair- 
 case, west of the tower, for the purpose of access to the upper floors ; 
 and at times the use of rude carvings, much more rude than the gene- 
 rality of Norman work, and carvings which are clear imitations of 
 Roman work. 
 
301 
 
 All these marks do not in every case appear in each of the edifices ; 
 but they are all more or less united to one another, and thus form a 
 very interesting series. 
 
 The Buildings of this character as j'et found, are : 
 
 1. The Church at Whittingham, in Northumherland. 
 
 2. The west end of the Church at Kirkdale, Yorkshire. 
 
 3. The Church of Laughton en le Morthen, Yorkshire. 
 
 4. The Tower of St. Peter, at Barton on the Huniber, Lincoln- 
 
 shire. 
 
 5. Part of the west end of Ropsley Church, Lincolnshire. 
 
 6. The east end of the Church of Repton, Derbyshire. 
 
 7. The Tower of the Church of Barnack, Northamptonshire. 
 
 8. The east end of Wittering Church, Northamptonshire. 
 0. The Church of Brigstock, Northamptonshire. 
 
 10. The Church of Brixworth, Northamptonshire. 
 
 1 1 . The Tower of the Church of Earl's Barton, Northampton- 
 
 shire. 
 
 12. The Tower of Clapham Church, Bedfordshire. 
 
 13. The Tower of the Church of St. Bennett, Cambridge. 
 
 14. The Tower of the Church of St. IMichael, Oxford. 
 
 15. A part of the Tower of Trinity Church, Colchester. 
 
 16. Some small portions of the Church at Stoke D'Abernon, 
 
 Surrey. 
 ] 7- The east end of the Church of North Burcombe, Wiltshire 
 
 18. The doors (now stopped) of Brytford Church, Wiltshire. 
 
 19. A small part of the Church of Worth, Sussex, 
 
 20. The Tov/er of the Church of Sompting, Sussex. 
 
 This list comprises twenty edifices in thirteen counties, and extend- 
 ing from Whittingham, in Northumberland, north, to Sompting on the 
 coast of Sussex, south, and from Barton on the Humber, on the coast 
 of Lincolnshire, east, to North Burcombe on the west. This number 
 of churches extending over so large a space of country, and bearing a 
 clear relation of style to each other, forms a class much too important 
 and extensive, to be referred to any anomaly or accidental deviation; for 
 the four extreme points all agree in the peculiar feature of long and 
 short stones at the corners, and those stones of a varied character and 
 all easily accessible in their respective situations. 
 
 These English examples of towers and churches I may, 1 trust, be 
 permitted to describe with some minuteness, so that persons who visit 
 them may know wherein consists their likeness to each other, and 
 difference from other styles. 
 
 From what I have seen, I am inclined to believe that there are many 
 more churches which contain remains of this character, but they are 
 very difficult to be certain about, and also likely to be confounded 
 with common quoins and common dressings, in counties where stone 
 is not abundant, but where flint, rag, and rough rubble plastered over 
 form the great extent of wallins:. 
 
302 
 
 In various churches it lias happened that a very plain arch between 
 nave and chancel has been left as the only Norman feature, while 
 both nave and chancel have been rebuilt at ditferent times, but 
 each leaving the chancel arch standing. I am disposed to think that 
 some of these ])lain chancel arches, will, on minute examination, turn 
 out to be of this Saxon style. I am the more induced to think so from 
 the Tower at Whittingham, in Northumberland, having close to it one 
 such plain arch, and next to it another semicircular arch, which would 
 be called, if not early, certainly not very late Norman, yet strikingly 
 different. 
 
 I shall now proceed to state more clearly the distinctions of this early 
 or Saxon style, and then to describe those edifices above enumerated. 
 
 Arches. Where of considerable size, they are semicircular, but 
 there are small apertures of doors and windows with straight slopes to 
 the aperture. In some doors, and in some larger arches, there is a re- 
 gular impost at the spring, which has a rude resemblance to Roman 
 mouldings. 
 
 1. WHITTINGHAM CHURCH, NORTHUMBERLAND. 
 
 This church has a tower, and the west end of the aisles and one arch 
 on the north side, all appearing of the same early style. There are 
 Norman portions, but they are clearly of a different and later date, and 
 parts of the church are even later still, with some modern mutilations. 
 
 The corners of the tower and exterior angles of the walls of the 
 aisles, are clearly of long and short stones of a very strong coarse grit- 
 stone, and the wliole walling being of the same stone as the quoins, 
 and no plaster required, the construction of the masonry is very con- 
 spicuous. The battlements, and a part of the upper story of the tower, 
 appear to have been altered ; but the upper aperture has a rude balus- 
 tre between the two windows ; tluis presenting two features, generally 
 the most striking and constant in these early buildings. One arch of 
 what appears to me to be the original nave, remains ; it is very plain, 
 has a large rude abacus or impost, and a plain scjuare pier ; it is now 
 stopped, and forms part of the vestry. The next arch eastward on 
 the same side is a common Norman one, with the usual round pier and 
 a capital, with a sort of bell and a square abacus. The remainder of the 
 church is later, and of little comparative interest. The apertures in 
 the tower have been much mutilated, yet those above have the balustre 
 sufficiently clearto mark the style. 
 
 This church is situated about three hundred yards out of the great 
 road, and presents nothing attractive to the eye at a distance, nor do I 
 believe it has ever been described. 
 
 2. THE CHURCH OF KIRKDALE, YORKSHIRE. 
 
 This church is also out of the road, between Ilelmsley and Kirkby 
 INIoorside, in a valley near the celebrated Bone Caves. It is a small 
 edirice, mostly of much later date. It has a stone on the south side. 
 
303 
 
 with a Saxon inscription ; but as this has been removed from its origi- 
 nal place, it is now no evidence of itself, as to what part of the church 
 is Saxon ; but as the western door, now stopt, and the arch to the 
 chancel, are both of them very rude, though in some degree resembling 
 Norman, they may, I think, on a careful examination of them, be con- 
 sidered portions of the old building. 
 
 3. THE CHURCH OP LAUGHTEN EN LE MORTHEN, 
 
 between Sheffield and Worksop, in Yorkshire, is away from any 
 public road ; it is a fine church with a lofty spire, visible at a great 
 distance. The Saxon portion of the church consists only of a door on 
 the north side, close to the western wall ; it is evidently part of a 
 more ancient structure carefully preserved, and surrounded with more 
 modern masonry of very different stone, and is as clearly a long and short 
 construction as Whittingham or Barton. The church, for a country 
 place, is a large one, and has a nave, aisles, and large chancel. A 
 portion is Norman ; and this, as well as some modern parts, is built of 
 what appears to be magnesian limestone — yellow at first but growing 
 a fine grey; the ancient door is, however, of a very different stone, being 
 a dark red sand stone of a strong grit; whence obtained I do not know; 
 but in the Norman chancel, intermixed with the grey stone, are several 
 portions of the red sand stone, built in irregularly, as if portions of an 
 older building. 
 
 4. THE CHURCH OF ST. PETER, AT BARTON ON THE HUMBER, 
 LINCOLNSHIRE. 
 
 This always goes by the name of the old church, and the other 
 church, within a short distance and called St. Mary's, the new church. 
 Now no part of the new church is much later than A. D. 1300, and, 
 except the tower, no part of the old church is so old as the year 1300; 
 thus referring to the tower as the ancient part of the old church, and as 
 the piers and arches of the nave of the new church are Norman, though 
 rather late, it makes the old church of course as old as Norman, and 
 from the circumstance of the belfry story above the ancient tower 
 being Norman, and certainly not late Norman, it gives a sort of 
 prima facie evidence of a greater antiquity to the tower, and this evi- 
 dence, and the complete difference from Norman in this tower, first 
 attracted my attention, and led me to look for similar ones in other 
 parts of the kingdom. 
 
 This tower has the long and short quoin and rib stones, with the 
 balustre window for what appears to be the original belfry story, be- 
 fore the addition of the Norman belfry. These rib and quoin stones 
 project, are filled in with rough rubble walling, and plastered. There 
 is one door with a round arch, and one straight. The walls of the 
 tower are thick, and there is no appearance of any staircase having 
 ever existed. The church is mostly of Decorated character. I con- 
 sider this tower the most pure specimen of the long and short work. 
 
304 
 
 and particularly deserving of a visit from those who wish to see this 
 style fully exemplified ; and the Norman belfry is valuable from at 
 once limiting the date of the tower to an early period. 
 
 5. ROPSIvEY, LIXCOLNSIIIRE. 
 
 The long and short remains in this church are confined to a portion 
 of the west end near the tower, and here also it is mixed with Norman 
 work ; a Norman north aisle appears to have been added. 
 
 6. THE EAST END OF THE CHURCH OF REPTON, IN DERBYSHIRE. 
 
 Here the long and short appearances are v^ery small, only two ribs 
 by the side of the chancel window, which is an insertion ; but there is 
 a crypt, which is more like Roman work in some parts than Norman; 
 and here are early Norman portions in the church, and all these por- 
 tions are so blended with later work, that it is very difficult to say 
 where one ends and the other begins ; but I have no doubt that some 
 part of this church is of Saxon date. 
 
 7- THE TOWER OF THE CHURCH AT BARNACK, IN NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. 
 
 This tower has quoins and rib-stones like Barton on the Humber, 
 but the stones are more carefully squared and laid, and there are cer- 
 tain ornamental portions built into the walls, Avhich give it a very 
 difl^erent air to that of Barton ; but it had no staircase, and to supply 
 this want the lower story was groined, and in one corner a circular 
 staircase of Early English date carried up within the square of the old 
 tower. The arch into the church is curious from its singularly rude 
 imitations of Roman mouldings in the impost and architrave. On the 
 toAver is a later belfry, and a short spire. 
 
 This church is near Stamford, but not on any high road ; it is a 
 handsome structure^ and deserving of attention, exclusive of the more 
 ancient portion. 
 
 8. THE EAST END OF WITTERING CHURCH, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE, 
 
 has some portions of long and short work, and the arch between the 
 nave and chancel is built of large rude blocks of stone, with very little 
 attempt at ornament. 
 
 For 9, BRiGSTOCK CHURCH, and 10, BRixwoRTH, see Northamp- 
 tonshire. 
 
 II. EARLS BARTON, IN NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. 
 
 This tower is apparently of the same character as No. 4, but more 
 ornamented; and with rather more finish of workmanship ; it is, how- 
 ever, still rude, compared with most Norman work, and its west door 
 has a curious approximation to Roman work, in an impost with flutes, 
 and a rude moulding over it, similar to a Roman architrave. The 
 balustre is used to the windows; the number of stone ribs is greater 
 
305 
 
 than at Barton on the Hiimher ; and the upper stories of the tower 
 diminish in size a few inches each way, less than the story below. 
 This tower so clearly resembles Brixworth in the balustre, Brigstock 
 in the work about the door, and Barton on the Humber in general 
 character, that there can be little hesitation in considering them of the 
 same class, and the tower of Barnack assimilates also in several points 
 to Brigstock and Earls Barton. The church of Earls Barton is highly 
 interesting, exclusive of its curious tower 
 
 12. THE TOWER OF CLAPHAM CHURCH, BEDFORDSHIRE. 
 
 This tower is wholly plastered and roughcast outside, and therefore 
 does not show the long and short work ; but a very attentive exami- 
 nation of the interior of the tower, the construction of the windows, 
 the absence of a staircase, the great thickness of the walls, the material 
 used (small rag stone) and the general appearance, induce me to in- 
 clude it in this list of early churches. This church is very near the 
 great road about two miles north of Bedford. 
 
 13. THE TOWER OF THE CHURCH OF ST. BENNET, IN CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 The long and short portions have been here obscured by plaster and 
 rough cast ; but during the sitting of the British Association at Cam- 
 bridge in the year 1833, I had permission of Dr. Lamb, Master of 
 Corpus Christi College, to remove so much plaster as should settle the 
 construction of the tower, which was done, and the long and short 
 masonry clearly developed. The arch from the tower into the church 
 (a large semicircular one) resembles the arch at the west end of Kirk- 
 dale church in a degree of approach to Norman, and the impost and 
 arch mouldings assimilate it to Barnack and Earls Barton ; while cer- 
 tain rude animals, in the place of drip supporters, add another curious 
 feature. This tower is not sufficiently known, being a good specimen 
 and in excellent preservation ; it has the balustre belfry window, and 
 no staircase. The west door and window over it are insertions. 
 
 14. THE TOWER OF THE CHURCH OF ST. HICHAEL, IN OXFORD. 
 
 This tower, like Clapham, in Bedfordshire, was, till very lately, 
 covered with rough cast, and its curious features only to be guessed at 
 from a balustre belfry window, and the small rude rag-stone walling 
 of the interior, with the absence of a staircase : but on recently 
 passing through Oxford, I was glad to find the rough cast slript off 
 from the outside, and its long and short features clearly displayed. 
 It now stands out a decided and good specimen of the long and short 
 work. 
 
 15. TRINITY CHURCH, COLCHESTER. 
 
 Of this church only a part of the tower, the west door, and a 
 small portion about it, are of early date, but this small part is curious 
 from its near approximation to Roman work, being plastered over bricks, 
 and also from its having a straight lined arch. The arch into the 
 church is semicircular, and of small ragstones or brick, i. e. flat tiles. 
 
 X 
 
306 
 
 16. THE CHURCH OF STOKE d'abERNON, SURREY. 
 
 Tliis church has the chancel arch, and east wall, of long and short 
 work. 
 
 17. THE CHURCH OF NORTH BURCOMBE, WILTS. 
 
 This is a small church close by the road side from Wilton to Ilin- 
 don ; it is only the east end of the chancel which appears to be part 
 of the original building ; though the rest of the church is principally 
 of decorated date, and has ])roper quoins of the usual size, and alternate 
 bonding into the wall ; and thus this church offers a good specimen of 
 both sorts of masonry, which are not commonly found together. 
 
 18. BRYTFORD CHURCH, NEAR SALISBURY. 
 
 In this parish was, I believe, a palace of Edward the Confessor. 
 The church is a cross church, and seems to have been rebuilt and 
 patched at various times ; but there still remains a north and a south 
 door, which are evidently Saxon ; and there is another aperture 
 rudely stopped, and a window (also stopped) with a buttress of much 
 later date before it. This last mentioned aperture and window are 
 not clear as to date ; but the north and south doors are curious.. 
 
 The former is of stone in small thin pieces, long-and-shortwise, 
 with a plain impost to spring from ; the latter is also composed of 
 long and short pieces of stone, with a few of the Hat tiles called 
 Roman bricks, and the arch turned with these bricks, and large joints 
 of a mortar evidently composed of lime, Hint, and pounded bricks. 
 These doors are now both stopt ; the south door forms an important 
 link with Brixworth church by the mixture of brick and stone. 
 
 19. THE CHURCH OF WORTH, IN SUSSEX, 
 
 appears to have some long and short Avork ; but as I have not been 
 yet able to visit it, or otherwise to ascertain exactly its arrangement 
 and construction, I notice it only as a church deserving of more atten- 
 tion than it has hitherto received. 
 
 20. SOMPTING CHURCH, SUSSEX. 
 
 This most curious tower I have recently visited, and have found 
 it clearly of long and short character, but presenting some singular 
 differences from others ; here, as in most, the corner stones are long 
 and short ; but the transverse or short pieces are no longer, or rather 
 broader, than the long ones, and they are mostly of a different stone. 
 
 This tower is large, and the whole of the north side has been taken 
 down and rebuilt to form a side of a chapel, part of which now re- 
 mains, but this only applies to about fifteen feet of the lower part ; 
 all above is ancient. There is a window, now stopt, on the west side 
 of this tower, which appears to be an original one, and which has the 
 small thin long and short work, like the north door at Brytford. The 
 opening into the church from this tower is not in the middle, but on 
 the south part of the east wall, and has on each side a column and 
 
fi07 
 
 two pilasters ; the former with a rude capital not Norman, l)ut having 
 much of a Roman character, and like a Corinthian caj) with the 
 volutes and curls of the leaves broken off ; the pilasters have a sort 
 of impost with a boldly cut scroll, the relief and character of which 
 are also much more Roman than Norman. 
 
 This tower has a middle rib which becomes rounded above the first 
 story, and is flat below ; that first story has over it an ornamented 
 string with a sort of cutting I have never seen elsewhere, and unlike 
 any Norman ornament I know. 
 
 This tower is lofty, and the church is a cross church with no aisles, 
 except an east aisle to the transepts. On the whole, this is a very 
 curious church, and deserves to be studied with great attention. 
 
 Having now gone through the list of twenty churches which I have 
 described with some minuteness, in order to excite an interest in this 
 valuable study, and also to show their connection, (and I have left 
 much undescribed, that they may be visited and studied by others,) I 
 proceed to make a few general remarks. 
 
 I beg first to say, that in this interesting investigation I owe much 
 to the zeal and activity of my friend William Twopenny, Esq. of 
 the Temple. For the knowledge of several of these churches I am 
 indebted to him ; he first discovered and examined the two extremes, 
 Whittingham and North Burcombe, each of which I have since 
 visited, and found peculiarly valuable. 
 
 It is curious that of twenty churches, the names of seven, or more 
 than one third, begin with the letter B. 
 
 It is also curious that none of the towers appear to have had 
 a stone stair. Those at Brixworth and Brigstock are evidently addi- 
 tions outside, and at Barnack evidently so inside. They have all 
 ladders, and I find no vestige of any original stone stair : at Whit- 
 tingham is a sort of vault and rude stair a little way up, but I do not 
 think it original. The very extensive under-building which appears 
 at Earls Barton to introduce the arch into the nave, and at Sompting 
 to add the decorated side chapel, are very curious, and shew great 
 boldness of practice. In the examination of this subject, I have of 
 course attended to the illuminations of ancient manuscripts, and I find 
 in those of the metrical paraphrase of Coedmon lately printed by the 
 Antiquarian Society at plate XII, something which appears to me 
 clearly to represent the long and short masonry. 
 
 The term Roman brick will, I hope, be easily understood. Though 
 I by no means wish to assert that all these bricks were Roman, I 
 think it not unlikely that the Saxons retained the art of making them. 
 The brick I mean, differs in shape from modern brick, and more 
 resembles our present large paving tile ; they are of various dimen- 
 sions, nearly, but I believe seldom quite square, between fourteen 
 inches and eleven inches on the sides, and rarely much more than one 
 inch and a half thick. 
 
 As the terms rag and rubble, though very clear when known. 
 
308 
 
 are sometimes confusing to those not acquainted with various masonry, 
 I may say, that by rag, 1 mean stuff of many qualities in different 
 counties, but being flat bedded stuff, breaking up about the thickness 
 of a common brick, sometimes thinner, and generally used in pieces 
 not much larger than a brick, it is found laid in all directions, though 
 generally horizontally. This stone is often very hard, and frequently 
 plastered and rough cast ; but in some counties neatly pointed with 
 large joints, and looking very well. Rubble walling is generally of 
 pieces more nearly approaching to a cube, with great irregularity of 
 size and shape, as well as hardness ; this also is often plastered, but 
 sometimes well pointed with large joints, and left outside : it is 
 however, much more used as backing behind ashlar work, and often of 
 very bad materials. I once took down a fine Norman tower, in parts 
 seven feet thick, and the wall consisted of two skins about nine inches 
 thick of sand-stone ashlar, and the whole of the interval filled in with 
 mere mud mixed with a little lime. In all these early churches the 
 materials are generally hard and well consolidated. 
 
 I thus present at once to the view of my readers all that I at present 
 know on the subject, that others may be induced to engage in this 
 interesting pursuit, and thereby my list of twenty churches be 
 increased ; for there are several others that I hope will, on a careful 
 examination, prove to be of this early date. I do not mention them, 
 because I wish not to mislead by noticing what mat/ be curious ; but 
 rather, that by closely studying these examples, the student may have 
 his ideas of this style carefully fixed, and then explore for himself in 
 the many parts of England where our churches have not, to any 
 extent, been properly examined. 
 
309 
 
 <©tt t^e ^rcfiiteetute of a part of iFraitce. 
 
 Having, since the last edition was published, visited a part of France, 
 I wish to make a few observations on what I noticed architecturally 
 in that visit. In my first edition, published in 1817, 1 remarked " that 
 " in every instance which had come under my notice of buildings on 
 " the Continent, a mixture more or less exact or remote, according 
 " to circumstances, of Italian composition in some part or other is 
 " present, and that I had little doubt that a very attentive examination 
 " of the continental buildings called Gothic, would enable an archi- 
 " tect to lay down the regulations of the French, Flemish, Ger- 
 "man, and Italian styles, which were in use when the English 
 " flourished in England," and it is with great pleasure I find myself 
 enabled by this journey to go some way towards this conclusion, with 
 respect to that part of France, at least which was included in this 
 tour. 
 
 The line of country visited may be thus briefly intimated : — 
 From Dover to Calais, Boulogne, Abbeville, Amiens, Beauvais, 
 Rouen, Jumieges, Evreux, Lisieux, Caen, Bayeux, St. Lo, Coutances, 
 Carentan, Isigny, Honfleur, Pont Audemer, Caudebec, Lillebonne, 
 Harfleur, Havre-de-Grace, and thence to Southampton. 
 In the course of the journey, notes were taken of 
 4 Edifices of Roman work, or of dates before 1000. 
 14 Cathedrals or Collegiate Churches. 
 43 Larger Churches in Towns. 
 50 Smaller Churches in Towns and Villages. 
 14 Domestic Edifices and Civil Edifices. 
 6 Smaller Edifices, Shrines and Details. 
 In this number of above one hundred Churches, only nine ancient 
 fonts were discovered, all the rest which were seen being modern and 
 mostly of one species of marble, called in Normandy, Flemish marble, 
 but I had no clear account whence it came. 
 
 With respect to the general features of difference striking an 
 English eye, on visiting the Ecclesiastical buildings in Picardy and 
 Normandy, the most prominent are 
 
310 
 
 1st. — The want of clearness of outline ; occasioned by the great 
 breadth of the large Churches, from their mostly having two aisles 
 on each side the nave, and the great magnitude and grouping of the 
 flying buttresses. Of this want of outline perhaps the Cathedral of 
 Beauvais (though it has very fine portions) is the most conspicuous 
 example ; for having no nave, only choir and transepts, it looks at a 
 distance a heavy lump, and it is only when near enough to distinguish 
 some of its admirable details, that it can be properly appreciated. 
 
 2nd. — The great interior height of the nave and often of the aisles, 
 in proportion to their breadth ; this feature, though not constant is 
 very general, and is sometimes from one and a half to nearly double 
 the usual English proportions of height, as compared to breadth. 
 
 3rd. — The very general termination of the east end of large 
 churches (and also very many small ones) in a circular or polygonal 
 apsis ; this with the chapels and aisle surrounding these apsis, tends 
 very much (aided by the lofty and extensive flying buttresses) to give 
 that lumpishness mentioned above. 
 
 4th. — Another, though not perhaps so prominent a feature, is the 
 greater height of the windows from the floor. In only one or two at 
 most of the whole number of churches inspected, could the windows 
 be looked into by a person outside. 
 
 All these difl"erences from English appearances are very prominent, 
 and strike the eye at once of the most rapid and inexperienced tra- 
 veller ; but the others Av^hich we have yet to enumerate are equally 
 noticeable to the eye accustomed to the examination and comparison 
 of details. 
 
 Of these minor differences may be stated, 
 
 1st. — The unfinished or irregular terminations of towers ; sometimes 
 two nearly alike, but with different tops ; sometimes one tower 
 despoiled of its ancient cornice, parapet and pinnacles, and a very ugly 
 modern slate roof put on it. I am not sure that I saw more than one 
 or two towers in the whole line which were perfect in these respects, 
 and many were terminated in a way which, though not unknown in 
 England, is very uncommon, viz. the tower on two sides has high 
 gables, and is roofed from these with a common house ridge roof. 
 This sort of roof is called a pack-saddle roof. This unsightly mode 
 seems to be often original, but perhaps as often a mutilation. The 
 stone spires, which are numerous, are more fortunate, and in general 
 tolerably preserved. 
 
 2nd. — The total absence in all my route of a cut battlement, either 
 real, when used as a parapet ; or apparent, when used ornamentally. 
 
 One small piece apparently very recent on a wall in the court of 
 the bishop's palace, at Evreux, was the only portion I saw. Plain 
 parapets are common, and perhaps ])ierced para])ets in good churches 
 still more so ; but there are still very many village churches with 
 dripjiing eaves. 
 
 3rd. — The very great predominance of wheel windows, most of 
 them large and of elaborate tracery. 
 
311 
 
 4th. — The smallness of the exterior bases and their very trifling 
 projection is remarkable, as is also the great boldness and projection 
 of the few which form exceptions to this rule. All the above are 
 differences constantly occurring and very apparent ; but there are 
 many more to be stated when we compare edifices of similar dates 
 and characters, as worked at the same time in eacli country. 
 
 It may be proper in these preliminary remarks to state, that in order 
 to prevent confusion, I call the entrance end of a church the west, 
 and the altar end the east ; but that in very many instances, churches 
 in my route were found built so much across the compass, that it was 
 sometimes difficult to make out which was east, as the number of cen- 
 tral towers in small churches not cruciform, is considerable. In the 
 city of Caen, this deviation is so great, that some of the churches are 
 in this respect directly opposed to others. As the nature of the stone 
 used in the districts which I have examined, seems to have had con- 
 siderable influence on the design of many churches, and particularly 
 on the ornamental parts, it will be right to notice that from Abbeville 
 to Evreux, and perhaps even further, the larger churches are com- 
 posed of a white stone which may be scratched by a nail, and Avorks 
 very easily, yet seems of great durability ; as works of great delicacy 
 executed four and five hundred years ago, and even more, are now 
 quite fresh and perfect. 
 
 This stone seems a sort of indurated chalk, and is of different 
 hardness in different places : it is mixed in buildings with some of 
 the oolites from Caen and other places, and is singularly adapted for 
 the rich and elaborate tracery, niche work, foliage, and other em- 
 bellishments of the later French styles. 
 
 About Caen and Bayeux, that beautiful stone called Caen stone, 
 of which so much was once brought to England, is generally used, 
 and of it or similar stone is much of early Norman work constructed, 
 some of which is as perfect as when first cut. 
 
 In the village churches I found stone of various descriptions ; 
 sandstone, limestone, and other stones of the locality used, mixed 
 with the Caen and other stones of that description which are used 
 for the mouldings and more delicate portions of the building. 
 
 At Amiens and some other places a very hard dark stone has been 
 used for plinths and bases. From Bayeux to Coutances a hard stone 
 of very slaty texture is used in small pieces little larger than the 
 pieces of ragstone used in Northamptonshire, at Brixworth and other 
 places. In several village churches and the smaller churches in 
 towns, this slaty stone and other materials are laid in the way called 
 herringbone masonry, but this construction does not seem always to 
 be very ancient. 
 
 In the whole number of churches visited, (upwards of one hun- 
 dred) only nine ancient fonts were seen so as to be drawn ; there 
 might be a few more in churches I could not get into, but judging 
 from what I did find, I apprehend not many. A large number of 
 
312 
 
 the fonts, whether ancient or modern. h;ivo covers, most of which are 
 poor and phiin, and in general carefully locked. As before noticed, 
 nearly all the modern fonts are of marble, mostly of one description 
 called Flemish marble ; they are very commonly oval, and some are 
 divided into two basins by a division of marble. 
 
 The nine fonts are, 
 
 1st. Breteuil between Amiens and Beauvais. This font is of a 
 shape not uncommon in Enjijland ; it has a large central bowl with 
 twelve small shafts and capitals with plain leaves, and the base so 
 common in Early English work. This font is in very good preser- 
 vation, and the tool marks visible, but it is painted. 
 
 2nd. Subles has a round bowl and shaft and an Early English 
 base, and much resembles those of similar date in F^ngland. 
 
 3rd. Vancelles near Bayeux, and not far from Suldes. This font 
 very much resembles the last, but from its mouldings seems a little 
 later. 
 
 4th. St. George-de-Bocherville, near Rouen. This is a large and 
 very fine Norman church, with much of later work in various parts, 
 with which this font harmonizes; here, as in the last two noticed 
 fonts, there is a plain bowl on an upright foot, but diversified here 
 by having some of the parts octagonal instead of being all circular, 
 as in the two last. 
 
 5th. Jumieges, the parish church near the abbey, not far from 
 Rouen. This font is a curious one, being very different in shape 
 from any of the former examples, and harmonizing Avith various 
 fonts of the same shape in Lincolnshire and some other counties. 
 It is also cut in the same way with flat fillets and shallow pannels, 
 with plain slopes for mouldings, and the pannelling varied in the 
 different sides. The font at Ilaj'dor in Lincolnshire is much like 
 this. I consider this font clearly of Decorated character. 
 
 6th. Duclair-on-the-Seine, near Rouen. This church is a curious 
 one of various dates, so that it is not very easy to make out the date 
 of tlie font l)y analogy. The hour-glass shape of this font has few 
 if any resemblances in England. 
 
 7th. Carentan, between Coutances and Cherbourg. I measured 
 the font carefully, and have drawn it geometrically. This is com- 
 posed of several pieces, and may possibly be composed of several 
 fragments, it is circular and looks very much as if the foot had been 
 reversed, and the bowl added at a later date. Anomalies not uncom- 
 mon in England, of which a church in York has a font which is a 
 curious instance, having portions of several dates. 
 
 8th. — Ifs, near Caen. Tlie sliape of tliis font is not very uncom- 
 mon in England, and it also by its form assimilates with the hour- 
 glass shape at Duclair, but here the mouldings are clear, and have an 
 appearance of ratlier late Decorated character. 
 
 9th. — Haute Allemagne, the next parish to Ifs, and near Caen. 
 The form of this font is still more common in England than the last. 
 
313 
 
 and but that the neck moulding has a Decorated character, it might 
 pass for an English Perpendicular font. I think it may be a little 
 before or perhaps a little after A.D. 1400. 
 
 I now come to trace as well as I can the progress of Architecture 
 in France, at least that part of it now visited. It seems likely that 
 the Romans left some better works in France, than in P^ngland, for 
 there is still remaining that beautiful specimen of Corinthian, called 
 Maison carre at Nismes. 
 
 At Lillebonne a Roman theatre has been within a few years dis- 
 covered and laid open. 
 
 At Bayeux, the pulling down some old houses has laid open for a 
 short time (for other houses are building) a portion of the Roman 
 wall of the city, within a few feet of which, a fine gold medal of 
 Valentinian was found. 
 
 At Rouen in the church of St. Germain, which is clearly made out 
 by the French antiquaries to be about, if not before, A.D. 350 for the 
 crypt, and the upper part of the east end to be before A.D. 1000. 
 
 At Beauvais is the remain called the Basse OEuvre, or Low Work, 
 as compared with the very lofty work of the new choir. This is 
 considered the remains of the ancient cathedral, and it stands where 
 the nave of the present cathedral should stand. This building also 
 the French antiquaries consider of a date l)efore A.D. 1000. All this 
 succession of building is of the same character; all have tiers of 
 Roman bricks or tiles, running as bonds horizontally and round the 
 arches in nearly all the examples. All have their arches plain semi- 
 circles, and all are built Avith small stones and very large joints. At 
 the Basse Q^uvre, at Beauvais, the lower arches remain, they are 
 perfectly plain, and have plain square piers. At St. Germain, Rouen, 
 the crypt has a plain impost at the spring of the arch, much like that 
 which continues with a plain arch, almost as long as the semicircular 
 arch itself remained. The upper part of the east end of this church 
 over the crypt, has regular columns just engaged perhaps three 
 inches in a diameter of near two feet, they are about 10 diameters 
 high, have regular bases and capitals, alternating Corinthian and 
 Ionic, both capitals and bases are much mutilated, but can be made 
 out ; there is now no entablature. 
 
 About the year 1 000 there appears to have begun that style which 
 may I think, justly be called Norman, for under William the Con- 
 queror, and William Rufus, we have both in France and England, a 
 series of magnificent works, in a style so much the same, that to an 
 ordinary observer they would appear identical. 
 
 Shortlj'^ after we have the magnificent churches at Caen, St. Nicho- 
 las, now cavalry stables, Trinity church, or the Abbaye aux Dames, 
 now the chapel of the hospital, and St. Stephen's church or the Abbaye, 
 aux Hommes. There are also many small churches in which Nor- 
 man portions remain. 
 
 It should be remembered that in speaking of these buildings it is only 
 
3U 
 
 the Norman part wliich is spoken of, for almost all these churches have 
 only a part Norman. At St. George de Bocherville nearly the whole 
 of the church is Norman, but the Chapter-house and other adjuncts 
 are much later. At Jumieges only the nave and a few other small 
 parts are Norman ; the choir of the Abbaye aux Hommes is much 
 later. The characters of the capitals is very various in these edifices, 
 but hardly any of them are very materially different from those in 
 England, except that a greater resemblance to regular Corinthian 
 capitals is found ; and at times an approach to Ionic. Very large and 
 deep doors are not very common, but at St. George de Bocherville is a 
 fine one ; straight-headed apertures under semicircular arches are about 
 as common as in England, and the zigzag, billet, fret, and other enrich- 
 ments are much the same ; windows are some plain, some ornamented, 
 many one light, but some two lights with the usual pillar, centre and 
 the two round heads under one semicircular arch. 
 
 It is just as difficult to ascertain the exact date of the introduction 
 of the pointed arch in France as in England, but when once it was 
 introduced it was mixed with the semicircular one in a more capricious 
 way than in England, for here there is a little consistency in its use 
 when mixed with other shapes, but in France its use seems to 
 have been governed by no assignable rule, and frequently a pointed 
 arch occurs at the very bottom of a building, and every thing above is 
 Norman. From these circumstances I cannot but think that the use 
 of the round arch with Norman details was continued there quite as 
 late, if not later, than in England. 
 
 A claim has been set up by ]\Ionsieur de Gerville for a very early 
 date for the Cathedral of Coutances, but, having visited and carefully 
 examined this Cathedral, I cannot consider it entitled to an earlier 
 date than about 1220 or 1230 : and I think that any one acquainted 
 ^\ith the Architecture of England and France will consider it useless 
 for IMonsieur de Gerville to continue a claim which would, if proved, 
 throw all our reasoning from the character of buildings into inextrica- 
 ble confusion. 
 
 The French antiquaries, and principally IMonsieur de Caumont, in 
 his essay in the transactions of the Antiquarian Society of Normandy, 
 have divided their styles in a way different from my own division ; 
 but, as a very careful examination of the French monuments does not 
 bear out that clear distinction of the different dates which would be 
 required for the adoption in England of all his divisions and their 
 names, and as the principal points are co-incident in both 
 countries (with the general correction I shall shortly state,) I think it 
 best to retain, as in England, the word Early, calling that style which 
 began about 1200, and lasted till about 1300, early French, to which 
 those who wish to add Gothic, may add the term if it is any benefit. 
 
 The next period, from 1300 to 1400, 1 call Decorated, as in England, 
 but the last ])eriod, after 1400, being in its arrangements so peculiar 
 and so ditierent from our Perpendicular style as to require a different 
 
315 
 
 and particular appellation, I take the name given it by IVIonsieur de 
 Caumont, and which is peculiarly applicable, and very easily under- 
 stood by any one who will spend a short time at Rouen only in 
 examining the buildings of this style. Mons, de Caumont's name is 
 Flamboyant, alluding to the waving of a flame, and the tracery of the 
 windows of this style (which are the great, but not the only distin- 
 guishing feature) gives A'ery forcibly the idea of this waving in its 
 dividing lines. 
 
 I have been compelled in some degree to anticipate in the foregoing 
 paragraph, in order to give at once the names I propose using ; and 
 here may perhaps be the best place to introduce the general corrective 
 remark alluded to above. 
 
 In England there are few whole editices of one style only ; and 
 even where there has been a building carried on upon one plan to 
 completion, we sometimes find that, though the plan is retained, 
 either the forms or the mouldings of the portions executed at the later 
 periods are more or less adapted to the style then prevalent. Of this 
 Westminster Abbey and the cloisters at Norwich afford examples. A 
 second source of difficulty in assigning buildings to their proper styles 
 is, that a form common in an earlier style is continued for a long period 
 in some particular buildings, after it has been almost or quite extinct 
 in other buildings ; this is rare in England, but some examples are to 
 be found. 
 
 In France both these sources of confusion occur to a great extent, 
 and some buildings which have been very long in erecting have both. 
 These anomalies in some districts are more prevalent than in others, 
 and an illustration in point maybe taken from the steeples about Caen, 
 and in other parts. 
 
 Those of Norman date had, in some of the stages, several compart- 
 ments of pannelling, of which the alternate ones, or if four the two 
 middle ones, were pierced for windoAvs, these were often, if the 
 steeple was lofty, of a long proportion ; when the next style came, of 
 course, according to the usual character of that style, they were 
 lengthened ,• and when the Decorated style was formed, these long 
 windows continued to occur, but they were a little modified by being 
 made very small two lights ; yet the same general appearance of these 
 steeples was preserved by this adaptation for near 400 years ; and so 
 nearly is the outward form alike, that it requires a close approach to 
 discern what the real style is. 
 
 One other instance of resemblance in the details of very different 
 periods maj' be found in the spires being cut in tiles or shingles : this 
 begins very early and continues very late. This illustration will, I 
 trust, explain my meaning ; and I may also remark, that in France 
 there is much more mixture of the features of different styles in the 
 portions of buildings that were erected at the same period than we 
 generally find in England. 
 
 Although it is evident that the gradation in France, from the 
 
316 
 
 Norman style to the early French, was carried on as in England by 
 imperceptible degrees, yet we are not able to trace it so clearly from 
 the continued tendency to Norman mixtures, which lasted till the 
 style again changed to Decorated. 
 
 We have therefore in eacli church, a greater or less mixture, and 
 not many pure buildings like our Early English in its confirmed 
 state, and before the enlargement of windows, which marks our later 
 buildings of that style, and forms the transition to the next ; but of 
 these pure buildings I found two so very excellent that they deserve 
 especial mention. One is the Church of Norrey, near Caen, a cross 
 church, with a lofty steeple and circular apsis, with chapels. The 
 other, the chapel of the Seminary at Bayeaux, which was a monastery, 
 and the buildings are mostly modern, except the chapel, which has 
 lately been cleaned, and some restorations executed not in the best 
 style ; its beautiful porch is, however, still in a ruinous state. This 
 chapel is a single plain groined space, with double lancet windows. 
 It is in character and simple beauty more like the eastern portion of 
 the Temple church than any thing I saw. This chapel has a curious 
 eastern termination, which will be noticed when that subject is 
 treated of 
 
 Norrey has its choir and north porch of a much richer character 
 than the Seminary chapel, but still in its details, mouldings, and 
 foliage, very pure, and much like English work. 
 
 These examples, with various small portions, occurring in different 
 buildings, are sufficient to show that, although not always so worked, 
 yet that the Early French style, when pure, was very much like the 
 Early English. During this transition and that to the next style, 
 many very large buildings were begun, and the Early English base of 
 piers (the attic base worked to hold water) is as common in France 
 as in England, if not indeed more so. During this time also the 
 piers have varied, though not exactly as in England, yet so much so, 
 as not to require particular enumeration, except in one case, arising 
 from the general plan of finishing the eastern portion of the French 
 churches ; this, in very nearly every large church and a great many 
 small ones, is with a circular or multangular apsis, and this rendered 
 it convenient to use a pier, very seldom if ever used in England, that 
 is, a double column engaged in each other, the plan forming a figure 
 of 8, one shaft to the choir and the other to the aisle. This ar- 
 rangement is continued from very earlj' French to very late work ; 
 and at one cathedral, these shafts have been fluted in modern times. 
 
 As the cathedral of Amiens is usually contrasted with Salisbury 
 cathedral, it will be proper here to notice the portal, or grand 
 entrance, which forms so important a portion of most of the 
 western fa9ades, and in many of the transept ends, of the larger 
 French churches. They have in most instances the center door 
 double ; and in far the greater number, the head of the actual door- 
 way is a straight line leaving a large tympanum. The sides are 
 
317 
 
 often very deep, far beyond almost any English Norman doors, and 
 are very generally filled with saints of very large dimensions, in niches 
 which are continued up the sides of the arches, and thus, with the 
 tympanum, which is also often carved with statues in niches, or 
 relieved figures in groups, forming a mass of statuary, which at a 
 little distance becomes confused ; and the straight line at the head of 
 the door having above it other straight lines of figures, the whole has 
 a very unsatisfactory appearance, from the arches being abruptly cut 
 by these straight lines. This mode of ornamenting the portals began 
 about 1200, and continued more or less to the latest period ; but not 
 to quite so great an extent in the Flamboyant style, as some of the 
 transept doors of that style are not so overpowered with statuary. 
 
 It may be well to remark, that the nail-head and toothed ornaments, 
 though found in France, are by no means so abundant as in England ; 
 there is, however, a great similarity in the style of carving at the 
 same date in both countries. 
 
 The enlarged windows, which led on in both countries to the 
 Decorated style, appeared apparently at an early period, as parts of 
 Amiens have real Decorated windows ; but it is not so absolutely 
 clear that they are so early as the walls, for many practical reasons 
 might occur to defer the windows, the tracery at least, till a later 
 period. However this may be, there seems to have been a rather 
 abrupt assumption of windows with geometrical tracery, much of 
 which, from the large size of the churches, is very beautiful ; and 
 very soon appeared the glory of the French large churches, their 
 magnificent wheels. In this particular we cannot compete with 
 France. I am not certain that we have twenty wheel windows 
 in England, which, for size and tracery, can well be named ; while in 
 most of the cathedrals in France there are one, often two, and some- 
 times three ; and they are of all dates, from Early French to the 
 latest Flamboyant, and from their size are often very elaborate ; and 
 many of their large windows have wheels of very rich character in 
 their heads. The advance of flowing tracery not Flamboyant, 
 does not seem to have taken place in France so completely as in 
 England, the tracery continuing apparently longer of a geometrical 
 character, and then almost at once becoming Flamboyant. 
 
 There appears to be not many pure decorated buildings, that is, 
 buildings the style of which is without a tendency either backwards 
 or forwards, but there are many portions ; and one chancel of a small 
 church. Tour en Bessin, near Bayeux, is so beautiful, and so completely 
 harmonizes with our best English Decorated work, that it deserves 
 especial notice. It is a cross church, the nave Norman, and the aisles 
 destroyed, and the arches built up ; a central tower and transept. 
 The tower and spire seem earlier than the chancel, which has very large 
 windows above a lofty arcade. In this arcade (now very much muti- 
 lated, and part converted into cupboards and shut up) there have been 
 two rich piscinas and three stalls ; thers may have been more stalls, 
 
318 
 
 but thej' are not now visible ; above this arcade a band of quatrefoils 
 ran under a cornice and pierced parapet, with a passage between it 
 and the windows. The chapel is beautifully fjroined, and has had a 
 south door, the outside of which remains. All this work is of the 
 purest character, and the mouldings bear a great analogy in character 
 and combination to some of our best English Decorated work. 
 
 This church renders it necessary again to revert to the finishing of 
 the east ends of large and small churches ; — after 1200 it appears, 
 during the prevalence of the Early French style, to have been not 
 uncommon in smaller churches, to have the east ends flat ; for I found 
 many country churches Avith three lancets and a flat east end, but of 
 these many were stopt. A few east ends I also saw with Decorated 
 windows at the east end, and the end flat. One large church in a 
 town (Louviers) between Rouen and Evtcux, the date of which is 
 known to be 1218, had originally a flat east end and lancets, but now 
 has a plaster addition to make a sort of circular apsis. 
 
 As a curious sort of intermediate finish of the east end, the chapel 
 of the Seminary at Bayeux, and this Decorated chancel at Tour, 
 may be cited, and I know not that we have anything like either of 
 them in England. The first is easily described ; at the east end one 
 shaft rises in the middle and another behind it, then on each side of 
 this shaft a recess, being three sides of an octagon, is formed ; thus 
 giving a singular and very beautiful groining, to the east end. I sus- 
 pect this east end had originally two altars. 
 
 At Tours, another and much more elaborate composition is ex- 
 hibited. Here we have the east end divided into three arches, the 
 middle one containing a very fine five-light Decorated window, and 
 each side arch having three sides of an octagon outwards ; two of 
 them with two-light windows, and the other with a one light-window, 
 all with good and varied Decorated tracery. The arcade which is 
 inside the side windows, also runs inside of these polj'gonal portions, 
 and is separatel}'' groined from its own shafts, and then the principal 
 space again groined ; the intricacy and beauty of this roof altogether 
 I have seldom seen exceeded. 
 
 It may be proper here to remark, that the cathedrals of some of the 
 southern parts of France have various portions and combinations 
 strikingly recalling their vicinity to Italy, and the modifications thence 
 arising. 
 
 Before proceeding to the last or Flamboyant style, it is right to 
 notice the continuance nearly through all the styles of that most simple 
 mode of groining which, with tis, is characteristic of the Early Eng- 
 lish style ; and I think it is easily accounted for by the greater height, 
 not only actual, but proportional, in the French edifices, which 
 rendered useless the elaborate groinings of our lower and lower pro- 
 portioned churches. That the French architects did it from choice, 
 is evident from the occasional use in proper places — small chapels, 
 niches, &c. of very elaborate and beautiful groining ; but I do not 
 recollect seeing any real fan tracery, though some roofs have pendants. 
 
319 
 
 It may be well here to notice two singularities which run through 
 all the later French styles ; one is, the absence of all battlements, 
 properly so called, whether real as parapets, or ornamental in but- 
 tresses, niches, &c. where they are so frequently used in England ; 
 instead of them we have a profusion of pierced parapets of elaborate 
 composition. The other ornamental difference is in the feathering or 
 cuspidation of arches in tracery. Sec. In England, although the 
 earliest feathering is generally a trefoil, yet the cinquefoil is used in 
 Early English work, and is continued and used indifferently with the 
 trefoil to the latest time. In France, though it cannot be said the 
 cinquefoil is never used, yet the trefoil is so constant that cinquefoiled 
 examples are very rare. 
 
 In many of the large churches, such as the Cathedrals of Amiens 
 and Rouen, and the church of St. Ouen at Rouen, and at a few 
 other places, the triforium is glazed as a window, and being in these 
 instances large and lofty, and filled with stained glass, has a very fine 
 effect. 
 
 Of the stained glass I may say, that it is astonishing that so much 
 has been saved as is still remaining, and its quality is mostly very good 
 indeed. A careful examination with a good telescope is (from its 
 distance from the eye) essential to a proper appreciation of its value. 
 
 I have said little of the minor adjuncts — screen- work, wood- work, 
 &c. but I may here mention that the Cathedral of Evreux alone, 
 contains a complete mine of beautiful enrichments and tracery in 
 wood screen-work, and in iron locks, handles, &c. The beautiful 
 shrine of St. Taurin in that city, is a complete silver-gilt cross chapel, 
 of the best Early French character and most admirable execution, and 
 considerable size, being about five feet long, two feet wide, and three 
 feet high, having many fine figures appearing in the arches, and beau- 
 tiful foliage in the crockets, ike. : if executed in stone as a chapel, it 
 would make a very fine building. Other edifices contain portions of 
 screen work, &c. of great value, and I believe some at least of the 
 utensils, crosses, lamps, &c. are of ancient date. 
 
 I now proceed to the last or Flamboyant style. Like our Perpen- 
 dicular style, it seems to have come out nearly at once, as we see little 
 transition from Decorated to it ; though the nave of St. Ouen is such 
 in some degree, but perhaps in a greater degree an adaptation of the 
 later style to the character of the choir. 
 
 Like the Perpendicular style, its piers are often without capitals, 
 the mouldings running into the arches ; like the Perpendicular, it has 
 a variety of bases to its piers, and also a variety of small buttresses 
 to its niches ; and it has also that interpenetration of mouldings, and 
 piers with bases taking one set of mouldings and missing another, 
 which is so common in the English Perpendicular. It has its mouldings 
 flattened and with large hollows, like English later work ; but with 
 these points the agreement nearly ends, and the styles are in other 
 points curiously contrasted. Although the Perpendicular style 
 
320 
 
 admits of great richness, we find it often Worked very plain, yet re- 
 taining all the real character of the style ; while plain Flamboyant 
 seems very uncommon in France. 
 
 Its essence seems to he elaborate and minute ornament, and this 
 continues till the forms and combinations are sadly debased, and a 
 strange mixture of Italianism jumbled with it. Its combinations in 
 the earlier part of the style, for richness, elaborate ornament, and 
 magnificent design, are admirable; and no one can visit Rouen, 
 where there are many churches still used <ind others now desecrated, 
 and contemplate leisurely the beautiful church of St. IMaclou, 
 without feeling the value of the style, and also the value of that fine 
 stone which seems to have encouraged the Flamboyant architects to 
 vie with each other in elaborate decoration. The portals of Abbeville, 
 Beauvais, St. Riquier, Evreux, and St. IMaclou at Rouen, parts of 
 Caudebec church, and various other churches, are some of the finest 
 specimens of this style. 
 
 Some of the towers of this style are very fine, but too often muti- 
 lated ; the spire of one of the western towers of the Cathedral of 
 Chartres may also be mentioned as a fine specimen. I might add 
 Ilarfleur, and some other smaller churches. 
 
 The combination of tracery called Flamboyant, is not easy to ex- 
 press in words, and we have very little like it in England. An 
 example or two exhibited will be the best explanation. 
 
 As in England, during this style a material alteration took place in 
 the arches of doors, windows, &c. and in the same direction, viz. to 
 become flatter ; but it is curious it took an entirely different direction. 
 While the English four-centered arch kept getting flatter and flatter, 
 till it became a mere turn for the small arch, and a straight line for 
 the larger one; it still preserved a point, and even when flattened so 
 as to rise only a few inches, still preserved its character ; of which 
 arch I can find no distinct trace in France, though I will not say it does 
 not exist, but its French companion, the flattened arch of the Flam- 
 boyant style, which is used as much as our four-centered arch, is a 
 very simple one, consisting of an absolute straight line in the centre, 
 and the angles rounded otf with a quarter circle, giving more or less 
 height to the arch as the radius of the quarter circle is greater or 
 smaller. In domestic work the aperture often becomes a straight line 
 with a drip, or other ornamental moulding or canopy over it. This 
 style is exhibited in wooden domestic work in many parts of France, 
 gradually adopting more and more Italianism till they overpower all 
 traces of Gothic. 
 
 In churches it is not so easy to trace the debasement, but parts of 
 some churches at Caen show it clearly. 
 
 Of the details of this style I have little more to say ; but I must 
 notice two very disagreeable piers which are not uncommon in this 
 style. One is, a series of eight hollows and eight rounds without 
 fillets ; this pier has a capital to each round, but it looks very poor 
 
321 
 
 and meagre from the want of fillets ; it is used at Beauvais and some 
 other places. 
 
 The other is a plain round pier with no capital, but the mouldings 
 jumping out of the pier side, as if they had been soft, and the pier 
 stuck up into them. I know not that we have any thing like these in 
 England. 
 
 I have heretofore noticed the very capricious omission and insertion 
 of the drip moulding in all the French styles, and both inside and 
 out. In England, the nature of the material, or some other apparent 
 reason, occurs for this omission ; but in France I can discover no law 
 or local reason for its use in some instances, and its omission in 
 others. I may also notice that the flat character of the primitive 
 Norman arch faces, with perhaps a large bead for the only moulding, 
 continues to appear to a late date, and in some degree to operate till 
 the two hollows of the Flamboyant style supersede the flatness. 
 
 From the very great height of the large churches this character 
 will be little noticed ; but a good telescope (which is especially re- 
 quired to see many things in the French churches) will soon discover 
 the absence of those rich suits of mouldings, so common in the arches 
 of our large churches. 
 
 As one more characteristic of the Flamboyant style, may be noticed 
 the use of a small number of very large crockets in the canopies of 
 large portals ; the eiFect produced is very fine, but very diff"erent from 
 any of our Perpendicular combinations. 
 
 There are other remarks which might be made on the minutiae of 
 the progress of architecture within any assigned limits, both in 
 England and France, but I hope I have said enough to induce those 
 who may have time and opportunity to study the styles of architecture 
 in different countries, not as contradictions, but as members of the same 
 family with local difl^erences. 
 
 If this is done with a basis of extensive English knowledge (for I 
 still think that in England will be found the most clearly marked 
 features of each style in its purity) then will every succeeding essay, 
 giving details of buildings in any part of Europe, be eminently 
 useful, and lead the way to what is much wanted — a general state- 
 ment of the progress of architecture in Europe ; and why may this 
 not hereafter enable us to acquire some systematic knowledge 
 of the Mahommedan and Hindoo buildings, to which we are but 
 strangers at present. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 ABBEVILLE PORTAL .... 320 
 
 Abbotsbury Abbey 157 
 
 Aberdeen, St.NicholasChurch 282 
 
 King's College. . . . 291 
 
 Marischal do ib 
 
 Cross 291 
 
 Bridge, near 291 
 
 Aberford Church 263 
 
 Abergavenny do 204 
 
 Castle 204 
 
 Aberystwyth do 281 
 
 Abingdon Abbey Gate 127 
 
 St. Helen's Church 125 
 
 St. Nicholas's do 125 
 
 Ackworth Church 273 
 
 Acton do 140 
 
 Adel do 54, 263 
 
 Alderminster do 260 
 
 Allington Castle 187 
 
 AUwalton Church 181 
 
 Alnwick Castle 220 
 
 Gates 220 
 
 Alveston Church 254 
 
 Amberley Castle 251 
 
 Ambleside Church . 257 
 
 Amiens Cathedral 316, 319 
 
 Anglesey Abbey 137 
 
 Appleby Castle 257 
 
 Church 257 
 
 Arbroath Abbey 286 
 
 Abbey Gate 286 
 
 Armagh Cathedral 292 
 
 Page. 
 
 Arminghall Old Hall 209 
 
 Arundel Castle 225 
 
 Church 246 
 
 Ashby-de-la-Zouche Castle.. 192 
 
 Ashelworth Manor House.. 173 
 
 Vicarage 173 
 
 Ashover Church 148 
 
 Astall Church 227 
 
 Manor House 230 
 
 Astbury Church 141 
 
 Aston do 254 
 
 Hall 257 
 
 Auckland St. Andrew'sChurch 160 
 
 Audley End Hospital 167 
 
 Aunsby Church 200 
 
 Avebury do 258 
 
 Avington do 126 
 
 Ayton Abbey 270 
 
 BALDOCK Church 180 
 
 Bambo rough Castle 103 
 
 Bangor Cathedral.. 278 
 
 Banwell Church 238 
 
 Bapchild do 184 
 
 Barford St. Martin do 258 
 
 Barfreston do. . 48, 54, 184 
 
 Barking Abbey Gate 166 
 
 Barmston Church 268 
 
 Barnack do ..212, 301,307,314 
 
 Barnard Castle 162 
 
 Barnwell Church 134 
 
 Castle 218 
 
324 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Piige. 
 
 Barnwell Priory 137 
 
 Bartlow Church 136 
 
 Barton St. Marj^'s do, 45, 194, 210 
 
 St Peter's do, 45, 194, 301,303 
 
 Basingwerk Abbey 280 
 
 Bath Abbey Church, ...60, 91, 93, 
 96, 99, 103, 104, 105, 106, 235 
 
 Battel Hall 188 
 
 Battle Abbey 252 
 
 Church 247 
 
 Baycux Roman Wall 299 
 
 Seminary 316, 318 
 
 Tour en Bessin, 31 7, 318 
 
 Bayham Abbey 252 
 
 Beachworth Church 246 
 
 Beauchief Abbey 149 
 
 Beauley do 286 
 
 Beaurepair do 162 
 
 Beauvais Basse CEuvre 299 
 
 Cathedral 310 
 
 Beckingham Gate 167 
 
 Beddington Church 245 
 
 Bedfordshire,lists of Churches 123 
 
 Bedgellert Church 271 
 
 Beeford do 268 
 
 Beeston Castle 142 
 
 Priory 209 
 
 Beleigh Abbey 166 
 
 Belsay Castle 220 
 
 Bengeworth Church 261 
 
 Beoley do ib. 
 
 Berkley Castle 173 
 
 Berkshire, lists of Churches. . 127 
 Beverly Minster, 58,59, 61, 67, 71. 
 
 74, 105, 106, 112, 115, 267 
 
 Beverly, St. Mary's Church, 74, 
 268 
 
 Beverstone Castle 173 
 
 Bickleigh Church 153 
 
 Bilton Chapel 268 
 
 Bingham Church 221 
 
 Page. 
 
 Binham Priory Church 207 
 
 Birkenhead Chapel 140 
 
 Birmingham Decitend Chapel 254 
 
 St. Martin's Church, 254 
 
 Bishop's Cannings Church. . 258 
 
 Bishop's Cleeve do . . 258 
 
 Bishop's Clist Palace 156 
 
 Bishop's Teignton Church.. 153 
 
 Bishopsthorpe Palace Chapel, 278 
 
 Bishop's Waltham Palace 176 
 
 Bishop Wearmouth Church. . 160 
 
 Bisley Church 193 
 
 Blickling Hall 209 
 
 Bodiham Castle 251 
 
 Bodmin Church 143 
 
 Bolton Abbey 276 
 
 Castle 277 
 
 Borden Church 185 
 
 Bosham do 247 
 
 Boston do 100, 195 
 
 Bothal Castle 220 
 
 Bottesdale Chapel 243 
 
 Bottisham Church 135 
 
 Bowden do 141 
 
 Boxgrave do 247 
 
 Bracebridge do 194 
 
 Bradford Abbas do 156 
 
 Bradley Hall ib. 
 
 Brails Church 254 
 
 Bramall Hall 143 
 
 Bramber Castle 251 
 
 Bramley Church 245 
 
 Brampton do 181 
 
 Brancepath Castle 163 
 
 Church 160 
 
 Bray do 125 
 
 Brayton do 263 
 
 Brecknock Castle 281 
 
 Priory 280 
 
 St.David's Church 279 
 
 Breteuil Font 312 
 
INDEX. 
 
 325 
 
 Page. 
 
 Brereton Hall 143 
 
 Bridgenorth Castle 232 
 
 Bridge-water Church 237 
 
 Bridlington do 269 
 
 Prior)' 277 
 
 BrighamChurch 146 
 
 Brighton do 247 
 
 Brigstock do .... 212, 301, 307 
 
 Brinkburne Priory 220 
 
 Bristol Cathedral 55, 232 
 
 Bristol College Gate 47, 234 
 
 St. James's Church. . 237 
 
 St. Mark's do . . ib. 
 
 St. Mary Redcliffe . . 236 
 
 St. Philip & Jacob do 237 
 
 St. Stephen's do ib. 
 
 BartholomewGateway 239 
 
 Castle ib. 
 
 Guard House ib 
 
 Spicer's Hall ib. 
 
 Brixworth Church.. 210, 213, 301 
 
 Broad Clist do 154 
 
 Brytford do 301, 306 
 
 Bromsgrove do 260 
 
 Brough Castle and Church. . 257 
 
 Broughton Castle 230 
 
 Brougham do 257 
 
 Browsholme Hall 278 
 
 Bruera Church 141 
 
 Buckden do 181 
 
 Palace 182 
 
 Buildwas Abbey 232 
 
 Bungay Castle 244 
 
 Burford Church 227 
 
 Houses ib. 
 
 Burgh-on-the- Sands Church, 146 
 
 Burgh Roman Wall 244 
 
 Burton-in-Kendal 257 
 
 Burton Priory 276 
 
 Burwell Church 135 
 
 Burv do 181 
 
 Page. 
 
 Bury St. Edmond's Abbey . . 242 
 
 Abbey Bridge, 242 
 
 Abbey Gate 87, ib. 
 
 Borough Gaol. ... ib. 
 
 Church Gate .... ib. 
 
 St. James's Church, ib. 
 
 St. Mary's do ib- 
 
 Butley Abbey 244 
 
 Bucknacre Priory 166 
 
 Bucks, lists of Churches. . . . 128 
 Byland Abbey 67, 276 
 
 CAEN, St. Nicholas Church, 313 
 Caen Trinity do ib. 
 
 Caergwrlly Castle 281 
 
 Caermarthen do ib. 
 
 Caernarvon do ib. 
 
 Caldecot do 204 
 
 Calder Abbey 146 
 
 Caledon Castle 256 
 
 Camborne Church 143 
 
 Cambridge Castle 137 
 
 St.BennetChurch 301, 305 
 
 St. Mary the Less do, 134 
 
 St. Michael's do, ib. 
 
 St. Sepulchre's do, ib. 
 
 Trinity do, ib 
 
 • King's College Chapel, 89, 
 
 93, 94, 98, 101, 103, 106, 107 
 132. 
 
 Jesus College Chapel, 133 
 
 St. John's College Gate ib. 
 
 Chapel, ib. 
 
 Trinity College do ib. 
 
 Cambridgeshire, lists of 
 
 Churches 136 
 
 Cambuskenneth Abbey 286 
 
 Cannon Peon Church 179 
 
 Canterbury Castle 187 
 
 Cathedral, 48, 55, 60, 
 
 100, 106, 112, 182. 
 
32G 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 CanterburyChristChurchGate 183 
 
 Infirmary Chapel.. . ib. 
 
 Registry 55, 218 
 
 Cathedral Treasury, 183 
 
 St.Augustine'sAbbey, 87 
 
 Gate, 187 
 
 Garden Hall 143 
 
 Cardiff Castle 281 
 
 Carentan Font 312 
 
 Carew Castle 281 
 
 Carisbrooke Castle 176 
 
 Carlisle do 146 
 
 Cathedral,. . 74, 85, 86, 87, 
 
 147 
 
 Chapter House 145 
 
 Gate do ib. 
 
 Deaner}^ 146 
 
 Cartmel Church 189 
 
 Castle Acre Castle 209 
 
 Priory 53, 55, 208 
 
 Castle Bromwich Hall 257 
 
 Castle Hedingham Church.. 164 
 
 Rising Castle 209 
 
 Castor 209 
 
 Cerne Abbey 158 
 
 Chaddesley Corbett Church. . 341 
 Chartham do ..185 
 
 Chartres Cathedral 320 
 
 Cheadle Church 141 
 
 Cheadle do 240 
 
 Chepstow Castle 204 
 
 Chelsfield CTiurch 185 
 
 Cheltenham do 171 
 
 Cherry Hinton do 135 
 
 Cheshire, lists of Churches .. 142 
 Chester Abbey Gate 139 
 
 Castle 142 
 
 Cathedral, 61, C7, 70, 76, 
 
 85, 96, 105, 106, 114, 137. 
 
 Grammar School, 71, 
 
 139. 
 
 Page. 
 Chester Cathedral Refectory, 139 
 
 St. Mary's Church.. 140 
 
 St. Peter's do . . ib. 
 
 Trinity do . . ib. 
 
 Chesterfield do ..147 
 
 Chester-le-Street do .. 160 
 
 Chesterton do .. 181 
 
 Chichester Cathedral, 57, 59, 63, 
 
 65, 66, 75, 246. 
 
 Bishop's Palace 
 
 Gate 251 
 
 Canons Gate. ... ib. 
 
 Cross ib. 
 
 Hospital of St.Mary ib. 
 
 Priory ib. 
 
 Chiddingley Church 247 
 
 Chilmark do 259 
 
 Chirk Castle 281 
 
 Chorley Hall 143 
 
 Christchurch TwinameChurch, 57' 
 
 175, 
 Cirencester Abbey 173 
 
 Church 171 
 
 Clapham do 46, 123, 301, 305 
 Clare Castle 244 
 
 Priory ib. 
 
 Clay Church 217 
 
 Clearwell Cross 173 
 
 Clewer Church 126 
 
 Cleve do 52 
 
 Clifford Castle 179 
 
 Clitheroe Church 190 
 
 Clonmacnoise Churches .... 293 
 
 Clymping do 247 
 
 Coch Castle 281 
 
 Cockormouth do 146 
 
 Cockersand Abbey 190 
 
 Coggeshall do 166 
 
 Colchester Castle 167 
 
 Trinity Church,. . 166, 
 
 301, 305. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 327 
 
 Page. 
 
 Colchester St. Botolph's 
 
 Priory , ICC 
 
 St. John's Gate ib. 
 
 Coleby Church 194 
 
 Coleshill do 254 
 
 Collumpton do 154 
 
 Compton do 245 
 
 Castle 15G 
 
 Coningsburgh Church 2G3 
 
 Castle 277 
 
 Conway do 281 
 
 Coppenhall Church 142 
 
 Corfe Castle 158 
 
 Corbridge Church Tower 220 
 
 Cornwall, lists of Churches. . 144 
 
 Corstorphine Church 282 
 
 Corsygedol House 281 
 
 Cothele do 144 
 
 Cottingham Church 2G9 
 
 Coutances Cathedral 314 
 
 Covehithe Church 243 
 
 Coventry Almshouses 253 
 
 Cathedral 253 
 
 Grey Friar's Church 253 
 
 House of Industry, ib. 
 
 St. John's Church, 254 
 
 St. Mary's Hall, 103, 253 
 
 St.Michael's Church, 
 
 97, 100, 120, 253. 
 
 Trinity Church 254 
 
 Cowdray House 252 
 
 Cowie Chapel 28e 
 
 Cowling Castle 187 
 
 Coyty do 281 
 
 Cricieth do ib. 
 
 Crickhowell do ib. 
 
 Cricklade Cross 259 
 
 Crofton Church 273 
 
 Crowland Bridge 200 
 
 Church 199 
 
 Croxden Abbey 242 
 
 PSRC. 
 
 Cumberland, lists of Churches 14G 
 
 DALKEITH Church 282 
 
 Dalmeny do ib. 
 
 Dalton Castle 190 
 
 Dalton-le-Dale Church ICO 
 
 Danny Place 252 
 
 Darlington Church IGI 
 
 Dartington Hall 156 
 
 Dartmouth, St. Saviour's 
 
 Church 1C3 
 
 Davington Nunnery 187 
 
 Dedham Church 163 
 
 Deerhurst do 17O 
 
 Priory I73 
 
 Denbigh Castle 281 
 
 Monastery 280 
 
 Denny Abbey 137 
 
 Derby, All Saint's Tower 147 
 
 , St.Alkmond'sChurch, ib. 
 
 , St. Michael's do ib. 
 
 , St. Peter's do ib. 
 
 Derbyshire, lists of Churches, 149 
 Devizes, St. John's Church. . 259 
 Devonshire, lists of Churches, 155 
 
 Dodderhill Church 261 
 
 Dolbadern do 281 
 
 Doncaster do, 100, 106, 273 
 
 Donington Castle 127 
 
 Dorchester Church 227 
 
 Dorsetshire, lists of Churches, 157 
 
 Douglas Church 282 
 
 Dover Castle 187 
 
 Priory ib. 
 
 Down, Manor House 173 
 
 Droitwich, St. Andrew and 
 
 Mary Church 261 
 
 , St. Nicholas Church, ib. 
 
 , St. Peter's do ib. 
 
 Dronfield do 1 47 
 DryburghAbbey 287 
 
328 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Dublin, Christ Church Cathe- 
 dral 292 
 
 , St.Patrick'sCathedral, ib. 
 
 , St. Audoen's Church, ib. 
 
 Duclair Font 312 
 
 Dudley Castle 264 
 
 Dumbarton do 290 
 
 Dumblane Cathedral 282 
 
 Dunchurch Church 2ft4 
 
 Dundee do 282 
 
 Dundry do 237 
 
 Cross 239 
 
 Dunfermline Abbey 287, 291 
 
 , Church 283 
 
 Dunmow Prior}' 163 
 
 Dunsby Church 195 
 
 Dunstable do 121 
 
 Dunwich 243 
 
 GreyFriar'sMonastery, ib. 
 
 St. James's Hospital. . ib. 
 
 Durham, lists of Churches . . 162 
 
 Durham Bridge 160 
 
 Durham Castle 160 
 
 Cathedral, 40, 47, 48, 54, 
 
 59, 158. 
 St. Oswald's Church, 1G2 
 
 EARLS BARTON Church. . 212 
 213, 301, 304, 
 
 Eastbourne Church 247 
 
 Eastbury House 167 
 
 Eastby Abbey 276 
 
 Church 273 
 
 East Ham do 169 
 
 East Teignmouth do 1 53 
 
 Eaton Socon do 123 
 
 Ecclesfield do 273 
 
 Edinburgh Castle 298 
 
 College Church.. 283 
 
 St. Giles's do . . ib. 
 
 Heriot's Hospital, 292 
 
 Page. 
 
 Eglington Priorj' 277 
 
 Elgin Bishop's Palace 291 
 
 Cathedral 287 
 
 Church 283 
 
 Tolbooth 291 
 
 Elkstone Church 173 
 
 Elthara Palace 85, 188 
 
 Ely Cathedral, 40, 47, 69, 70, 7«, 
 
 77, 82, 88, 129. 
 
 St. Mary's Church .... 132 
 
 Trinity Church 131 
 
 Emneth Hall 209 
 
 Empingham Church 230 
 
 ErdwickHall 143 
 
 Essendine Church 230 
 
 Essex, lists of Churches .... 166 
 
 Etchingham Church 247 
 
 Eton College 129 
 
 College Chapel 129 
 
 Evesham Abbey 264 
 
 All Saints' Church 261 
 
 St. Lawrence's do 261 
 
 School House 264 
 
 Evreux Cathedral 319 
 
 Palace 310, 320 
 
 Ewenney Priory 280 
 
 Ewhurst Church 245 
 
 Ewyas Harold 179 
 
 Exeter, Bishop's Palace 156 
 
 Cathedral,, . 72, 74, 75, 77, 
 
 85, 88, 150. 
 Exton Church 230 
 
 FAIRFORD Church 171 
 
 Farleigh Castle 238 
 
 Farnham do 246 
 
 Felmersham do 122 
 
 Finchale Abbey 162 
 
 Fincham Hall 209 
 
 Finley Church 245 
 
 Finden do 247 
 
INDEX. 
 
 329 
 
 Page. 
 
 Finedon Church '. . . 213 
 
 Firle do 24? 
 
 Flint Castle 281 
 
 Flixton Hall 244 
 
 Fonthill Bishop Church.... 259 
 
 Ford Abbey 155 
 
 Fotheringay Manor House .. 218 
 
 Fountain's Abbey 276 
 
 Foure Churches 293 
 
 Foxley Castle 238 
 
 Framlingham do 244 
 
 Frithelstock Prior\- 155 
 
 Furness Abbey 190 
 
 Fuggleston St. Peter's Church 259 
 
 GATESHEAD St. Edmund's 
 
 Hospital 162 
 
 Gedding Hall 244 
 
 Geddington Cross 71, 218 
 
 Giffard's Hall 244 
 
 Gilling Church 27I 
 
 Glandalough Churches 293 
 
 Glasgow Cathedral 283 
 
 College 291 
 
 Guildr)' Tower .... 291 
 
 Tron Church 284 
 
 Glastonbury Abbey 239 
 
 Abbots Kitchen .... ib. 
 
 Inn ib. 
 
 St.Benedict's Church 237 
 
 St. John's Church, ib. 
 
 St. Joseph's Chapel 239 
 
 Tor ib. 
 
 Gloucester Cathedral, 54, 92, 94, 
 99, 103, 105, 106, 107, 112, 167 
 Gloucestershire, lists of 
 
 Churches 172, 173 
 
 Godstow Nunnery 227 
 
 Goodmanham Church 269 
 
 Goodrich Castle 179 
 
 GosfieldHall 167 
 
 Page- 
 Grafton Hall 143 
 
 Grampound Cross 144 
 
 Grantham, Angel Inn 202 
 
 Church 82, 196 
 
 Grasmere Church 257 
 
 Great Bedwin Cross 259 
 
 Great Casterton Church 230 
 
 Great Dunmow do .... 163 
 Great Chatfield House and 
 
 Mill 200 
 
 Great Malvern Church 262 
 
 Great Ponton do 101) 
 
 Great Tew do 229 
 
 Greenstead do 163 
 
 Gresford do, 96, 100, 279 
 
 Guiklford Castle 55, 246 
 
 St. Catharine'sChapel, ib. 
 
 St. Mar)''s Church . . 245 
 
 St. Nicholas do ib. 
 
 Gwidir House 281 
 
 HACCOMBE Church 153 
 
 Haconby do 196 
 
 Haddington do 284 
 
 Haddon Hall 149 
 
 Hadleigh Church 243 
 
 Castle 167 
 
 Rector's Tower .... 243 
 
 Hales Owen Church 232 
 
 Abbey 233 
 
 Hallow Church 261 
 
 Halnaker House 252 
 
 Halsall Church 188 
 
 Hambleden do 128 
 
 Hampshire, lists of Churches, 176 
 
 Hanbury Church 261 
 
 Hanbury do 240 
 
 Hanbury Mere Green Hall . . 264 
 
 HarbledowneHospitalChapel, 187 
 
 Harden Hall 143 
 
 Hardwick Hall 149 
 
330 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Harlech Castle 281 
 
 Harlow Bun- Chapel 1C4 
 
 Harrinston Church 194 
 
 Hartland Abbey 155 
 
 Hartlepool Church 161 
 
 Hascomb do 145 
 
 Hastings, All Saint's do 247 
 
 , St. Clement's do . . ib. 
 
 Castle 251 
 
 Hatfield Church 274 
 
 Hatfield Palace 181 
 
 Haute Allemagne font 312 
 
 Haydor do 312 
 
 Hayles Abbey 173 
 
 Headon Church 26a 
 
 Heath Hall 278 
 
 Heathfield Church 247 
 
 Heckington do 197 
 
 Hedingham Castle 55, 167 
 
 Heigham,BishopHairsPalace, 209 
 
 Helmingham Hall 244 
 
 Helmsley Castle 277 
 
 Helmsley Church 27 1 
 
 Helpstone Cross 218 
 
 Hemingborough Church 269 
 
 Hemsworth do .... 274 
 
 Henbury do .... 171 
 
 Hengrave Hall 244 
 
 Henley-in-Arden Cross 257 
 
 Hereford Cathedral ..55,68, 177 
 
 Churches I79 
 
 Herefordshire lists of Churches 180 
 
 Heme Church 185 
 
 Heron Hall 167 
 
 Hertfordshire lists of Churches 1 80 
 
 Hever Castle 188 
 
 Hexham Church 219 
 
 Hej-ford Castle 22© 
 
 Higham Ferrers Beadhouse. . 218 
 
 Church 213 
 
 Manor House 218 
 
 Page. 
 
 High Barton Church 257 
 
 High Wycombe do 128 
 
 Hilton Castle 163 
 
 Hitchin Church 180 
 
 Holland Chapel 189 
 
 Holton House 230 
 
 Holt Church 280 
 
 Holyrood Palace Chapel 287 
 
 Holpvell Chapel 281 
 
 Horham Hall 167 
 
 Horningsheath Church 243 
 
 Horton Priory 187 
 
 Houghton-le- Spring Church, 161 
 
 Howden do ^8. 85, 86, 269 
 
 Hull, Trinity- Church. . 87, 88, 106, 
 269. 
 
 Low do 270 
 
 Hunstanton Hall 209 
 
 Huntingdon Bridge 182 
 
 Huntingdonshire, lists of 
 
 Churches ib. 
 
 Hurstmonceaux Castle 252 
 
 Huyton Church 97 
 
 Hyde Abbey 176 
 
 Hythe Church 185 
 
 IFFLEY Church 47, 41, 228 
 
 Ifs Font 312 
 
 Inch Gorman Chapel 288 
 
 Zona Monastery 287 
 
 Ipswich, Wolsey's College.. 244 
 Irish Abbeys 294 
 
 - Castles 294, 295 
 
 Churches 293 
 
 Crosses ib. 
 
 Round Towers .... 295, 296 
 
 Iselhara Chapel 135 
 
 Islip Church 213 
 
 Iwerne Minster Church 157 
 
 Jarrow Church 161 
 
 Jedburgh Abbey 288 
 
INDEX. 
 
 331 
 
 Page. 
 
 Jumieges Font .-. 312 
 
 KEELBY Church 199 
 
 Kelso Abbey 288 
 
 Kendal Castle 257 
 
 Church ib. 
 
 Kenilworth Castle 25C 
 
 Church ib. 
 
 Priory 255 
 
 Kent, lists of Churches.. 185, 186 
 
 Kentwell Hall 244 
 
 Kettering Church 213 
 
 Ketton do 56, 231 
 
 Keyingham do 240 
 
 Kidwelly Castle 201 
 
 Kildare Cathedral 292 
 
 Kilkenny, St. Canice Church, ib. 
 
 Kilkhampton Church 143 
 
 Kilpeck do 179 
 
 Kington do 262 
 
 King's Langley Palace 181 
 
 King's Norton Church 262 
 
 Kingston Church 247 
 
 Kingston-on-Thames do.... 244 
 
 Kirby Lonsdale do 257 
 
 Kirkdale Church. . . . 271, 301, 302 
 
 Kirkham Priory 276 
 
 Kirkliston Church 284 
 
 Kirkstall Abbey 49, 276 
 
 Kirkwall Cathedral 285 
 
 Knaresborough Castle 277 
 
 Church 274 
 
 LAMBETH Church 244 
 
 Lanark do 288 
 
 Lancaster Castle 89, 190 
 
 Church 80 
 
 Lancashire, lists of Churches, 198 
 
 190 
 
 Lanercost Church 146 
 
 Langley Abbey 209 
 
 Page. 
 
 Lanthony Abbey 173 
 
 Lapworth Church 254 
 
 Latton Priory 167 
 
 Laughton-en-le-Morthen 
 
 Church 274,301, 302 
 
 Launceston Church 143 
 
 White Hart Inn. . ib. 
 
 Lavenham Church 243 
 
 Laycock Abbey 259 
 
 Cross ib. 
 
 Layer Marney Hall 167 
 
 Ledbury Church 178 
 
 Leeds Castle 188 
 
 Church 274 
 
 St. John's Church . . ib. 
 
 Lees Priory 176 
 
 Leicester Abbey 192 
 
 Castle Gateway. ... ib. 
 
 All Saints' Church, . 190 
 
 St. Margaret's do., ib. 
 
 St. Martin's do. . ib. 
 
 St. Mary's do. . 191 
 
 St. Nicholas's do., ib. 
 
 Wall 192 
 
 Wigstones Hospital, ib. 
 
 Leicestershire, lists of 
 
 Churches ib. 
 
 Leighton Buzzard Church. . 122 
 
 Cross 123 
 
 Leiston Abbey 244 
 
 Leominster Church 178 
 
 Lestingham do 272 
 
 Leuchars do 284 
 
 Lewes Castle 251 
 
 Priory ib. 
 
 All Saints Church... 248 
 
 St. Anne's do ... ib. 
 
 St. John's do ... ib. 
 
 St. Michael's do ... ib. 
 
 St.Thomas a Becket do, ib. 
 
 Southover Church ib. 
 
332 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Leverington Church l',W 
 
 Lichfield Cathedral, 58, GO, (J7, «0, 
 70, 70, 8G, 239, 
 
 Lillebonne Theatre 299 
 
 Lincluden Church 288 
 
 Lincoln, Bishop's Palace 194 
 
 Castle ib. 
 
 Conduit ib. 
 
 Jews' House ib. 
 
 John of Gaunt's Palace, ib. 
 
 Stables, ib. 
 
 Minster, 47, 53, 57, 58, 59, 
 
 GO, CI, r,2, G5, 6G, G8, 69, 
 
 70, 73,74,75, 85, 88,192. 
 
 Lincoln, St Benedict's Church, 194 
 
 St. Mary's do ... ib. 
 
 St. Peter's-at-Goat do. ib. 
 
 Roman Gate ...4, 190, 300 
 
 Lincolnshire, lists of Churches 201 
 
 Lindisfarne Church 1G2 
 
 Linlithgow do 285 
 
 Palace 292 
 
 Little Casterton Church 230 
 
 Dunmow do 1G3 
 
 Malvern do 2G2 
 
 Maplestead do 164 
 
 Morcton Hall 143 
 
 Snoring Church 207 
 
 Warley Hall 1G7 
 
 Wenham do 244 
 
 Llacharne Castle 281 
 
 LlandaflF do ib. 
 
 Cathedral 278 
 
 Palace ib. 
 
 Llanfey Court 281 
 
 Llangham Church 280 
 
 Llanthony Abbey 204 
 
 Llanstephan Castle 281 
 
 Llanwit Major Cross 280 
 
 Llehaiden Castle 281 
 
 London, Chapel in Tower 202 
 
 Page. 
 
 London, Crosby Hall 202 
 
 Dutch Church ib. 
 
 Ely Chapel ib. 
 
 St. Bartholomew's 
 
 Church ib. 
 
 St. Dunstan in East 
 
 Church 6 
 
 St. John's Gate 202 
 
 St. Mary Aldermary... 6 
 
 Temple Church 5G, 202 
 
 OldSt. Paul's 75 
 
 Long Ashton Church 237 
 
 Longford House 260 
 
 Longleat do 6 
 
 Long Milford Church 243 
 
 Longtown Castle 179 
 
 Loseley Manor House 246 
 
 Lostwithiel Church 144 
 
 Loughborough do 101 
 
 Lough Barron Abbey 293 
 
 Louth Church IOC, 201 
 
 Lowestoffe do 243 
 
 Lowther do 257 
 
 Lowick do 214 
 
 Ludlow Castle 232 
 
 Church 232 
 
 Lumley Castle 163 
 
 Luton Church 88, 122 
 
 Lynn, Grey Friars Church... 207 
 
 Red Mount Chapel... ib. 
 
 St. Edmund's Church, ib. 
 
 St. Margaret's do, 206 
 
 St. Nicholas's Chapel, 207 
 
 MACCLESFIELD Church... 141 
 
 Madley do 1/8 
 
 Maidstone College 187 
 
 Mailing Abbey ... ib. 
 
 Malmsbury Church 259 
 
 Cross ib. 
 
 Malton Castle 277 
 
INDEX. 
 
 :<33 
 
 Page. 
 
 Malvern Abbey 264 
 
 Manchester Old Church, 93, 95, 
 189. 
 
 Manorbeer Castle 281 
 
 Mansfield Church 222 
 
 Mar ,do 274 
 
 Margam Abbey 281 
 
 Marple Hall 143 
 
 Maxtoke Castle 256 
 
 Prior)' 257 
 
 May Place 188 
 
 Maj-field Palace 252 
 
 Melbourne Church 148 
 
 Melrose Abbey, 75, 84, 88, 288 
 
 Melton Mowbray Church 191 
 
 Mendliam Priory 244 
 
 Merton Grange Church 143 
 
 Methley do 274 
 
 Mettingham Castle, 244 
 
 Middlehara do 277 
 
 Middleton Church 255 
 
 Tower 209 
 
 Middlesex, lists of Churches... 204 
 
 Milton Abbey 159 
 
 Mold Chiirch 96, 280 
 
 Monasterboyce do 293 
 
 Monk Wearmouth do 161 
 
 Monmouth Priory 204 
 
 St. Tliomas'sChurch ib. 
 
 Moi-vinstow Church 143 
 
 NANTWICH Church 140 
 
 Naworth Castle 146 
 
 Nether Hall 167 
 
 Nether Peover Church 142 
 
 Netley Abbey 176 
 
 Newark Castle 224 
 
 Church 222 
 
 Cross 224 
 
 Prior}' 240 
 
 Newbold Church 270 
 
 Page. 
 
 Newcastle-in-Em yn Castle... 281 
 Newcastle-upon-TjTie do . . 219 
 
 St. Nicholas's Church, ib. 
 
 Newhall House 257 
 
 New Malton St. Leonard's 
 
 Church 272 
 
 New Malton St. Michael's do, ib. 
 
 House at 278 
 
 Newport Castle 281 
 
 Newport do ... . 204 
 
 Church 164 
 
 Newport Pagnal do 128 
 
 New Shoreham do 248 
 
 Newstead Abbey 223 
 
 Newton Arlosh Church 146 
 
 Nismes Maison Carree 313 
 
 Norbury Church 148 
 
 Norham Castle 220 
 
 Church 219 
 
 Northampton Castle 218 
 
 St. Giles's Church... 214 
 
 St. Peter's do ... ib. 
 
 St. Sepulchre's do... 215 
 
 St. John's Hospital 218 
 
 St. Thomas's do ib. 
 
 Queen's Cross... 71, 218 
 
 Northamptonshire, lists of 
 
 Churches 217, 218 
 
 Northborough House 218 
 
 North Burcombe Church, 258, 301 
 306 
 
 North Creak Abbey 209 
 
 Northenden Church 141 
 
 Northfield do 262 
 
 Northope do 280 
 
 Northumberland, lists of 
 
 Churches 219 
 
 North Walsham Church 207 
 
 Norfolk, lists of Churches 208 
 
 Norton Church 161 
 
 Norton do 262 
 
334 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Norwich Cathedral, 62, 54, 65, 72, 
 73, 204, 
 
 Norwich, All Saint's Church, 206 
 
 St. Andrew's do ib. 
 
 St. Augustine's do ib. 
 
 St. Bennet's do ib. 
 
 St. Clement's do ib. 
 
 St . Ethelred's do ib. 
 
 St.Geo.Tombland do ib. 
 
 St. Geo. Colegate do ib. 
 
 ■ St. Giles's do ib. 
 
 St. Gregory's do ib. 
 
 St. John's Madder- 
 market Church ib. 
 
 St. John's Sepulchre do ib. 
 
 St. John'sTimberhill do ib. 
 
 — ^— St. Julian's do ib. 
 
 St. Lawrence's do ib. 
 
 St. Margaret's do ib. 
 
 St. Martin-at-Oak do ib. 
 
 St.Martin-at-Palace do ib. 
 
 St. Michael Coslany do 205 
 
 St. Michael-at-Plea do 206 
 
 St. Michael-at-Thorne 206 
 
 St. Peter Hungate do ib. 
 
 St. Peter Mancroft do 205 
 
 St. Peter Permounter- 
 
 gate Church 206 
 
 St. Peter Southgate do ib. 
 
 St. Saviour do ib. 
 
 St. Simon and Jude do ib. 
 
 St. Stephen do ib. 
 
 St. Swithin do ib. 
 
 Dutch do ib. 
 
 Bridewell ib. 
 
 Castle ib. 
 
 Free School 205 
 
 Gates ib. 
 
 St. Andrew's Hall 206 
 
 St. Helen's ib. 
 
 Bishop's Palace 205 
 
 Page. 
 
 Norwich, Bishop's Palace 215 
 
 Entrance Gate 205 
 
 Norrey Church 316 
 
 Nottingham Castle 224 
 
 St. Marj^'s Church 223 
 
 Nottinghamshire, lists of 
 
 Churches ib. 
 
 OKEHAM Castle 231 
 
 Church ib. 
 
 Old Machar do 285 
 
 OldMalton do 271 
 
 Old Shoreham do 248 
 
 Old Windsor do 125 
 
 Orford Castle 244 
 
 Chapel 243 
 
 Ormskirk Church 180 
 
 Osbournby do 200 
 
 Oseney Abbey 227 
 
 Ottery, St. Mary's Church ... 154 
 
 Over Stavely Chapel 257 
 
 Over Church 135 
 
 Oving do . 248 
 
 Oxford Castle 227 
 
 Cathedral 55, 70, 224 
 
 St. Aldate Church 225 
 
 St. Clement's do ib. 
 
 St. Ebb's do ib. 
 
 St. Giles's do ib. 
 
 Hol\-well do ib. 
 
 St. Mary's do 224 
 
 St. Mary- Magdalen do 84, 
 
 225 
 St. Michael's do 225, 301, 
 
 305 
 
 St. Peter-le-Bailly do 225 
 
 St. Peter in the East do ib- 
 
 All Souls College 226 
 
 Baliol do ib. 
 
 Brazen Nose do ib. 
 
 Christ Church do 102, 226 
 
INDEX. 
 
 335 
 
 Page. 
 
 Oxford Corpus Christi do 226 
 
 Exeter do Chapel, ib. 
 
 St. John's College 227 
 
 Magdalen do 100, 226 
 
 Merton do ib. 
 
 New do ib. 
 
 Oriel do ib. 
 
 University do ib. 
 
 Wadham do ib. 
 
 Schools 5, 225 
 
 Divinity School ib. 
 
 Oxfordshire, lists of Churches 229 
 
 PAIGNTON Church 153 
 
 Paisley do 285 
 
 PanfieldHall 167 
 
 Parham do 244 
 
 Patrington Church 270 
 
 Paul do 276 
 
 Pembroke Castle 281 
 
 Pen Arth ib, 
 
 Pencoed do ib. 
 
 Penrith do 146 
 
 Pershore Church 262 
 
 Holy Cross Chapel, 263 
 
 Perth Church 286 
 
 Peterborough Cathedral 53, 54, 55, 
 68, 69, 95, 101, 109, 208 
 
 Pevensey Castle 251 
 
 Pickering do 277 
 
 Pickworth Church 231 
 
 Pitsford do 215 
 
 Pittington do 162 
 
 Place House 144 
 
 Pluscardine Abbey 289 
 
 Plympton St. Mary's Church, 153 
 Polbrook do 215 
 
 Pontefract Castle 277 
 
 Pontefract, House near 278 
 
 Poole Hall 143 
 
 Prittlewell Church . 165 
 
 Page. 
 
 Putney Church 244 
 
 Pyle Priory 281 
 
 RABY Castle 163 
 
 Ragland do 204 
 
 Ramsey Church 182 
 
 Raunds do 216 
 
 Reading Abbey 127 
 
 Abbey Mill ib. 
 
 St. Lawrence's Church, 126 
 
 Repton Church 148,301, 304 
 
 School 148 
 
 Rhydllan Castle 281 
 
 Richmond do 272 
 
 Church 277 
 
 Grey Friars 277 
 
 Richmond Trinity Chapel ... 272 
 
 Risby Church 242 
 
 Ripengale do 125 
 
 Ripon Minster 271 
 
 Markenfield Hall 278 
 
 Rivaux Abbey 277 
 
 Rochester Castle 187 
 
 Cathedral, 47, 52, 53, 54, 
 
 55, 184 
 
 Roche Abbey 277 
 
 Romsey Church 176 
 
 Ropsley do 301, 304 
 
 Rose Castle.... 146 
 
 Rose Hall Basham 274 
 
 Roslyn Chapel 108, 289 
 
 Ross Church 179 
 
 Rotherham do 274 
 
 Rouen St. Germain's Church 229 
 
 St. Ouen do 318 
 
 St. Maclou do 320 
 
 Routh do 270 
 
 Rufford Hall 190 
 
 Runcorn Church 61, 142 
 
 Rushden do 216 
 
 Rutlandshire, lists of Churches 231 
 
336 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 Rye Church 248 
 
 Rye Ipres Tower 251 
 
 Ryhall Church 231 
 
 Ryton do 1C2 
 
 SAFFRON Waldon Church ICo 
 
 St. Alban's Abbey Church.. 17D 
 
 St. Michael's do. . 180 
 
 St. Peter's do. . ib. 
 
 St. Stephen's do. . ib. 
 
 St. Andrew's Abbey Gate 290 
 
 Cathedral 28!) 
 
 Black Friars' Chapel, 290 
 
 St. Rule's Chapel, 289 
 
 Old College 286 
 
 St. Asaph's Cathedral 278 
 
 St. Austels' Church 144 
 
 St. Rennet's do ib. 
 
 St. Rennet's Abbey 209 
 
 St. Briavel's Castle 173 
 
 St. Cross, Hospital of. 58 
 
 St. David's Cathedral 279 
 
 Bishop's Palace. . ib. 
 
 St. Dogmaels Priory 280 
 
 St. Donat's Church I79 
 
 St. George de Rocherville do 314 
 
 St. Germain's do 143 
 
 St. Goven's Chapel 281 
 
 St. Ives' Bridge 182 
 
 St. Kenelm's Chapel 232 
 
 St. Michael's Mount Church 144 
 
 St. Neot's Church 181 
 
 St. Osyth's Priory 107 
 
 St. Riquiere Church 320 
 
 Salisbury- Cathedral, 57, 58, 59, 60, 
 
 61, 63, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 82, 
 
 88, 114, 257 
 Salisbur)-, St. Edmund's. . . . 
 
 Church 258 
 
 St. Martin's do ib. 
 
 St. Thomas's do ib. 
 
 Pago 
 
 Salisbury Close Gates 258 
 
 Butter Cross 259 
 
 Salwarp Church 263 
 
 Saltv\'ood Castle 187 
 
 Sandal do 277 
 
 Church 275 
 
 Sandbach do 140 
 
 Cross ib. 
 
 Sandford Castle 158 
 
 Sawbridgeworth Church.... 180 
 
 Saxon Arches 302 
 
 Scaleby Castle 146 
 
 Scarborough Castle 277 
 
 Scottish Castles 290, 291 
 
 Duns ib. 
 
 Churches 286 
 
 291 
 
 Seckford Hall 244 
 
 Selby Church 275 
 
 Seton do 146 
 
 Severn Stoke do 263 
 
 Shap do 257 
 
 Monastery ib. 
 
 Sheere Church 245 
 
 Sheffield Old do 275 
 
 Sheldon do 255 
 
 Shenstone do 240 
 
 Sherborne Abbey Barn 158 
 
 Buildings., ib. 
 
 Church 1 56 
 
 Conduit 158 
 
 St. John's House. . ib. 
 
 New Inn ib. 
 
 Sherburne Hospital 163 
 
 Sherriff Hutton Castle 277 
 
 Church 272 
 
 Sheviock do 144 
 
 Shipley do 248 
 
 Shotteesbrooke do 126 
 
 Shrewsbury Abbey do 231 
 
 St. Alkmond's do 232 
 
INDEX. 
 
 337 
 
 Page, 
 
 Shrewsbury St. Chad's do.. 2:i2 
 
 St. Julian's do. . ib. 
 
 St. Mary's do., ib. 
 
 Shropshire, lists of Churches, ib. 
 
 Silkstone Church 275 
 
 Skelton do ib. 
 
 Skipton Castle 277 
 
 Skirlaw Chapel 270 
 
 Sleaford Church 196 
 
 Slingsby Castle 277 
 
 Church 272 
 
 Snailwell do 136 
 
 Snitterfield do 255 
 
 Soham do 135 
 
 Solihull do 255 
 
 Somersby Cross 201 
 
 Somersetshire, lists of 
 
 Churches 238 
 
 Sompting Church . . 248, 301, 306 
 
 Southam do 255 
 
 Southease do 24!) 
 
 South Ockeden do 47,165 
 
 Southwark St. Mary Overj^ do 244 
 
 Southwick Church 249 
 
 Southwold do 243 
 
 Stafford St. Chad's do 240 
 
 St. Marj''s do ... . ib. 
 
 Staindrop do 162 
 
 Stamford Castle 198 
 
 All Saints' Church, 1!)7 
 
 St. George's do ib. 
 
 St. John's do ib. 
 
 St. Martin's do ib. 
 
 St. Mary's do 198 
 
 Doorv\'ay ib. 
 
 Norman Door .... ib. 
 
 White Friar's Gate, ib. 
 
 Browne's Hospital, ib. 
 
 St. Leonard's do ib. 
 
 Free School ib. 
 
 Standish Manor House 173 
 
 Page. 
 Stanton Harcourt Kitchen. . 230 
 
 Staunton Church 263 
 
 Steeple Ashton Cross 259 
 
 Steetly Chapel 149 
 
 Steyning Church 249 
 
 Stewkley do 54, 127 
 
 Stidd Chapel 148 
 
 Stirling Castle 290 
 
 Church 286 
 
 Mars Work 292 
 
 Military Hospital.. .. ib. 
 
 Stoak Church 141 
 
 Stockport do ib. 
 
 Stoke do 245 
 
 Stoke by Nayland do 243 
 
 Stoke- d-Abernon 301 306 
 
 Stoneleigh Abbey 257 
 
 Stonegrave Church 272 
 
 Stowe do 241 
 
 Stowmarket do 243 
 
 Stratford Abbey 167 
 
 Stratford-on-Avon Church . . 255 
 
 Chapel. ... ib. 
 
 Sturbridge, St. Mary's Chapel 134 
 
 Subles Font 312 
 
 Sudbury, All Saints' Church.. 243 
 
 St. Gregory's do . . ib. 
 
 St. Peter's do . . ib. 
 
 Priory ib. 
 
 Sudley Castle 173 
 
 Suffolk, lists of Churches. . . . 244 
 Surrey, lists of Churches. . . . 245 
 Sussex, lists of Churches, 249, 250 
 
 251. 
 
 Sutton Church 245 
 
 Sutton Hall 244 
 
 Swansea Castle 281 
 
 Swavesey Church 135 
 
 Sweetheart Abbey 290 
 
 Swillington Church 275 
 
 Swinbrook do 229 
 
338 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 Swinton Chapel 275 
 
 TADCASTER Church 275 
 
 Tamworth Castle 25G 
 
 Church 241 
 
 Tattershall Castle 1 08, 202 
 
 Taunton, St.Mary's Church, ib. 237 
 
 Tavistock Abbey 155 
 
 Tenby Castle 281 
 
 Tettenhall Church 241 
 
 Tewksbury Abbey Gate 1 73 
 
 Church 170 
 
 Thaxted do 165 
 
 Thetford Abbey 209 
 
 Thirsk Church 272 
 
 Thornbury Castle 173 
 
 Thorney Abbey 134 
 
 Thornton do 201 
 
 Thorpe Salvin Church 275 
 
 Threckingham do 200 
 
 Thundersley do 165 
 
 Thurtaston do 141 
 
 Tickencote do 231 
 
 TickhiU Castle 277 
 
 Church 275 
 
 Ticknall do 148 
 
 Tiltey do 165 
 
 Tintern Abbey 204 
 
 Tiverton Church 134 
 
 Toppinghoe Hall 167 
 
 Totness Church ] 54 
 
 Trumpington do 135 
 
 Truro do 144 
 
 Tudor Hall 281 
 
 Tunbridge Castle 187 
 
 Tutbury do 241 
 
 Tynemouth Priory 226 
 
 UFFINGTON Church 125 
 
 Ulverscroft Priory 129 
 
 Upton Church 127 
 
 Page. 
 VALLE CRUCIS Abbey, 67, 281 
 
 Vaucelles Font 312 
 
 Waddington Church 194 
 
 Wagham do 270 
 
 Wakefield Bridge Chapel. ... 275 
 
 Old Church ib. 
 
 Warwickshire, lists of 
 
 Churches 256 
 
 Wetherall Priory 1 46 
 
 WTialley Abbey 190 
 
 Church 185 
 
 WTiiston do 217 
 
 Whitby Abbey 67, 277 
 
 WTiite Castle 204 
 
 WTiiteford Chapel 227 
 
 WhittinghamChurch,219. 301, 303 
 
 Whittington Chapel 266 
 
 Wickhara do 126 
 
 Willingham Church 85, 135 
 
 Wilton Castle 179 
 
 Wilton House 260 
 
 Wiltshire, lists of Churches... 259 
 
 Wimbourne Minster 157 
 
 Winchelsea Camber Castle. . 259 
 Winchelsea Church 249 
 
 Gates 251 
 
 Grey Friars Monastry, ib. 
 
 Winchester Cathedral, 52, 53, 54, 
 
 61, 98, 105, 106, 112, I73 
 Winchester College 175 
 
 West Gate 176 
 
 Hospital St Cross, 175 
 
 Windsor Castle 108, 123 
 
 Windsor, St. George's Chapel, 89, 
 
 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 103, 
 104, 105, 106, 107, 123. 
 Wingfield Castle 244 
 
 Manor House 149 
 
 Winwall House 209 
 
 Wisbcach, St. Peter's Church, 135 
 Witnev Church 229 
 
INDEX. 
 
 339 
 
 Page. 
 
 Wittering Church 301, 304 
 
 Woking do 245 
 
 Wolterton House 209 
 
 Wolvesey Castle 176 
 
 Wolverhampton Church 241 
 
 Woolpit do 244 
 
 Wooten Wawen do 256 
 
 Wooton Glanfieid do 157 
 
 Worcester Castle 264 
 
 Cathedral. . 47, 112, 260 
 
 Edgar's Tower .... 264 
 
 St. John's Bedwar- 
 
 dine Church 263 
 
 St. Peter's do ib. 
 
 Schools 260 
 
 Worcestershire, lists of 
 
 Churches 263 
 
 Worsborough Church 276 
 
 Worksop Gate 224 
 
 Worstead Church 207 
 
 Worth do . . 249, 301, 306 
 
 Wrexham do 99, 280 
 
 Wroxall Abbey 257 
 
 Wykeham Abbey 277 
 
 YARDLEY Church 263 
 
 Yarmouth do 208 
 
 Gates ib. 
 
 York Guildhall 278 
 
 York Minster,.. 47, 57, 58, 59, 60. 
 
 61, 62, 65, 67, 69, 72, 74, 76, 
 78, 82, 13, 84, 85, 86, 88, 91, 
 100, 105, 106, 107, 112, 114, 
 115,265. 
 York, All Saints' Church 266 
 
 All Saints' on the Pave- 
 ment Church ib. 
 
 St. Cross do.. 267 
 
 PaRB. 
 York, St.Cuthbert'supChurch 267 
 
 St. Denis's do. . 266 
 
 St. Helen's do. . ib. 
 
 St. Lawrence's do., ib. 
 
 St. Margaret's Walmgate 
 
 Church 47, 354 
 
 St Martin's Coney-street 266 
 
 • St. Martin's Micklegate 267 
 
 . St. Mary's Abbey 277 
 
 St. Mary's Bishophill 
 
 the Elder, Church 267 
 
 St. Mary's Bishophill 
 
 the younger Church. ... ib. 
 
 St. Saviour do .... 267 
 
 St. Mary's in Castlegate 
 
 Church 266 
 
 St. Michael's le Belfrey 
 
 Church ib. 
 
 St. Michael's Spurrier- 
 gate Church 267 
 
 St. John's do ib. 
 
 St. Olave ib. 
 
 Trinity Church, Mickle- 
 gate 267 
 
 Castle Clifford's Tower, 277 
 
 Gates ib. 
 
 George Inn ib. 
 
 House near St. Mary's 
 
 Abbey 278 
 
 Trinity Priorj^ 277 
 
 Walls ib. 
 
 Yorkshire, East Riding, lists 
 
 of Churches 270 
 
 Yorkshire, North Riding, lists 
 
 of Churches 273 
 
 Yorkshire, West Riding, lists 
 
 of Churches 276 
 
A TABLE 
 
 Showing the duration of the Styles of English Architecture^ 
 
 KINGS REIGNING IN EACH PERIOD. 
 
 Kings. 
 
 William I 
 
 William II 
 
 Henry I 
 
 Stephen 
 
 Henry H 1154 to 
 
 Richard I 
 
 John 
 
 Henry ni 
 
 Edward! 1272 to 
 
 Edward II 
 
 Edward III 1326 to 
 
 Richard II 
 
 Henry IV 
 
 Henry V 
 
 Henry VI 
 
 Edward IV 
 
 Edward V 
 
 Richard III 
 
 Henry VII 
 
 Henry VIII 150!) to 
 
 Date. 
 IOCS 
 
 Style. 
 
 1087 
 
 1100 c- Norman. 
 
 1135 
 
 US!) J 
 
 118!) 
 
 1199 
 
 121« 
 
 1307 
 
 1307) 
 
 1377J 
 
 1377^ 
 
 1399 
 
 1412 
 
 1422 
 
 1460 
 1483 
 1483 
 1485 
 1546J 
 
 Early 
 English. 
 
 Decorated 
 English. 
 
 Perpendicu- 
 lar English. 
 
 Prevailed little more than 
 124 years ; no remains really 
 KNOWN to be more than a few 
 years older than the Conquest. 
 
 Prevailed about 118 years. 
 
 ( Continued perhaps 10 or 15 
 ■\ years later. Prevailed little 
 vraore than 70 years. 
 
 Prevailed about 169 years. 
 
 Few, if any, whole buildings 
 executed in this style later than 
 ' Henry VIII. 
 
 This style used in additions 
 and rebuilding, but often much 
 debased, as late as 1630 or 1640. 
 
 GEORGE SMITH, PRINTEK 
 
ERRATA. 
 
 Page 114, line 18, for or, read and. 
 
 — 114, last line but one, 7 in the description, is Z on the Plate. 
 
 116, line 4, the cornice is plain, not flowered. 
 
 Plate X. No. 6. The perspective of the bowl of this Font is not drawn quite correctly. 
 
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