EX BIBLIOTHECA FRANCES A. YATES EXTRACTS FROM CICERO WALFOE D HENRY FROWDE, M.A. PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD LONDON, EDINBURGH, NEW YORK TORONTO AND MELBOURNE EXTRACTS FROM CICERO NARRATIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE WITH ENGLISH NOTES BY HENRY WALFORD, M.A. Wadham College, Oxford Sometiyne Assistant Master in Haileybiiry College AT THE CLARENDON PRESS MDCCCXCIII Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 https://archive.org/details/extractsfromciceOOwalf ADVERTISEMENT. It is hoped that a volume of Extracts from Cicero, bringing together from all parts of his writings specimens of his simple narrative style, will be useful for the middle forms of schools, and help to supply the want that is felt of a good construing book, interesting in itself and fairly easy, to succeed Cornelius Nepos and Caesar, while at the same time it will furnish a good model of style for trans- lation into Latin of such passages of English as are usually set to beginners. The Editor has also found the shorter Anecdotes useful in teaching the rules of the Latin moods, by making boys turn those that are in Oratio Recta into Oratio Obliqua, and vice-versa. They are also well adapted for translation and re-translation. In consequence of the wish for short and cheap Text- books, expressed by some of the leading Masters of Schools, it has been published in three separate Parts, as well as in one complete work. Each Part is followed by short notes on the passages given, in which the Editor has endeavoured to avoid inserting anything which may be readily found in a Classical Dictionary or Dictionary of Antiquities, or other common book of reference, but has sought to give such assistance as may help boys in making out their author, and point out to them the usages and idioms, and points of grammar, which it is vi ADVERTISEMENT. important for them to attend to, as a foundation on which higher matters of scholarship may be built afterwards. The Editor is unwilling to allow the complete work to appear without adding a few words of acknowledgment and thanks. He has derived help from the notes of Mr. Long on the passages from the Verrine Orations, and on Cicero's letter to Quintus, and also from the Oxford edition of the Tusculan Disputations ; and for several illustrations of passages from the De Officiis he is indebted to the elaborate edition of Dr. H. A. Holden. The translations of sentences and passages were in all cases made previously to any reference to other editions. His special thanks are due to his friend, the Rev. Dr. Mitchinson, Head Master of the King's School, Canterbury, for valuable suggestions and contributions to the notes on various points of Physiology and Natural History in the * Beauties of Nature.' It may, perhaps, be well to mention that the selection of passages is entirely original, and not in any degree borrowed from any other work. Haileybury College, Nov. 27, 1869. The work has now been carefully revised throughout, and the errors which have been discovered corrected: the punctuation has also, it is hoped, been improved. Haileybury College, Nov, 4, 1873. CONTENTS. PAGE Section I. Anecdotes from Grecian History I Notes to Section 1 33 Section II, Anecdotes from Roman History 53 Notes to Section II 87 Section III. Stories connected with Omens and Dreams 105 Notes to Section III 139 Section IV. Beauties of Nature 163 An Argument against Providence 183 Notes to Section IV 187 Section V. Rome's Rule of her Provinces 205 Notes to Section V. 275 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. SECTION I. ANECDOTES FROM GRECIAN HISTORY. B EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. SECTION I. ANECDOTES FROM GRECIAN HISTORY. 1. The Nature of God. RoGES me quid aut quale sit deus, auctore utar Simo- nide, de quo quum quaesivisset hoc idem tyrannus Hiero, deliberandi sibi unum diem postulavit. Quum idem ex eo postridie quaereret, biduum petivit. Quum saepius du- 5 plicaret numerum dierum, admiransque Hiero requireret cur ita faceret ; ' Quia, quanto/ inquit, ' diutius considero, tanto mihi res videtur obscurior.' Sed Simonidem arbitror, (non enim poeta solum suavis, verum etiam ceteroqui doctus sapiensque traditur), quia multa venirent in mentem acuta 10 atque subtilia, dubitantem quid eorum esset verissimum, desperasse omnem veritatem. 2. Friendship not to be bought. Praeclare epistola quadam Alexandrum filium Philippus accusat quod largitione benevolentiam Macedonum consect- etur : ' Quae te, malum/ inquit, * ratio in istam spem induxit, ut eos tibi fideles putares fore, quos pecunia corrupisses? An 5 tu id agis ut Macedones non te regem suum, sed ministrura B 2 4 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. et praebitorem sperent fore?' Bene ^ministrum et praebi- torem/ quia sordidum regi : melius etiam, quod largitionem corruptelam dixit esse. Fit enim deterior qui accipit, atque ad idem semper exspectandum paratior. Hoc ille filio : sed praeceptum putemus omnibus. ^< 3. Proof of Sanity, Sophocles ad summam senectutem tragoedias fecit : quod propter studium quum rem negligere familiarem videretur, a filiis in iudicium vocatus est, ut, quemadmodum nostro more male rem gerentibus patribus bonis interdici solet, sic ilium quasi desipientem a re familiari removerent iu- 5 dices. Tum senex dicitur cam fabulam quam in manibus habebat et proxime scripserat, Oedipum Coloneum, recitasse iudicibus, quaesisseque num illud carmen desipientis vide- retur. Quo recitato, sententiis iudicum est liberatus. 4. True Friendship, Damonem et Phintiam Pythagoreos ferunt hoc animo inter se fuisse, ut, quum eorum alteri Dionysius tyrannus diem necis destinavisset, et is qui morti addictus esset paucos sibi dies commendandorum suorum causa postula- visset, vas factus est alter eius sistendi, ut, si ille non 5 revertisset, moriendum esset ipsi. Qui quum ad diem se recepisset, admiratus eorum fidem tyrannus petivit ut se ad amicitiam tertium ascriberent. 5. Lysander at Sardis, Socrates in Xenophontis Oeconomico loquitur cum Cri- tobulo, Cyrum minorem, regem Persarum praestantem ingenio atque imperii gloria^ quum Lysander Lacedae- monius, vir summae virtutis, venisset ad eum Sardis eique GREEK ANECDOTES. 5 5 dona a sociis attulisset, et ceteris in rebus comem erga Lysandrum atque humanum fuisse, et ei quemdam con- septum agrum diligenter consitum ostendisse. Quum autem admiraretur Lysander et proceritates arborum et directos in quincuncem ordines et humum subactam atque puram 10 et suavitatem odorum qui afflarentur e floribus, turn eum dixisse, mirari se non modo diligentiam sed etiam sollertiam eius a quo essent ilia dimensa atque descripta, et ei Cyrum respondisse, ^Atqui ego omnia ista sum dimensus; mei sunt ordines, mea descriptio; multae etiam istarum arbo- 15 rum mea manu sunt satae/ Tum Lysandrum, intuentem eius purpuram et nitorem corporis ornatumquc Persicum multo auro multisque gemmis, dixisse : * Recte vero te, Cyre, beatum ferunt, quoniam virtuti tuae fortuna coniuncta estl' 6. Lysander at Athens, Lysandrum Lacedaemonium dicere aiunt solitum, Lace- daemone esse honestissimum domicilium senectutis. Nus- quam enim tantum tribuitur aetati, nusquam est senectus honoratior. Quin etiam memoriae proditum est, quum 5 Athenis, ludis, quidam in theatrum grandis natu venisset, in magno consessu locum nusquam ei datum a suis civibus ; quum autem ad Lacedaemonios accessisset, qui, legati quum essent, certo in loco consederant, consurrexisse omnes, et senem ilium sessum recepisse. Quibus quum a cuncto con- 10 sessu plausus esset multiplex datus, dixisse ex iis quemdam, Athenienses scire quae recta essent, sed facere nolle. 7. Cyrus' Last Words, Apud Xenophontem moriens Cyrus maior liaec dicit. *Nolite arbitrari, o mihi carissimi filii, me, quum a vobis 6 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. discessero, nusquam aut nullum fore. Nec enim, dum eram vobiscum, animum meum videbatis, sed eum esse in hoc corpore ex iis rebus quas gerebam intelligebatis. Eumdem 5 igitur esse creditote, etiam si nullum videbitis. Nec vero clarorum virorum post mortem honores permanerent, si nihil eorum ipsorum animi efficerent, quo diutius memoriam sui teneremus. Mihi quidem numquam persuaderi potuit, animos, dum in corporibus essent mortalibus, vivere ; quum 10 exissent ex iis, emori : nec vero tum animum esse insipien- tem, quum ex insipienti corpore evasisset ; sed quum omni admixtione corporis liberatus purus et integer esse coepisset, tum esse sapientem. Atque etiam^uum hominis natura morte dissolvitur, ceterarum rerum perspicuum est quo quae- 15 que discedat; abeunt enim illuc omnia, unde orta sunt: animus autem solus nec quum adest nec quum discedit apparet. lam vero videtis nihil esse morti tam simile quam somnum. Atqui dormientium animi maxime declarant divini- tatem suam : rnulta enim, quum remissi et liberi sunt, futura 20 prospiciunt. Ex quo intelligitur quales futuri sint, quum se plane corporis vinculis relaxaverint. Quare, si haec ita sunt, sic me colitote, ut deum : sin una est interiturus animus cum corpore, vos tamen deos verentes, qui hanc omnem pulchri- tudinem tuentur et regunt, memoriam nostri pie inviolateque 25 servabitis.' Cyrus quidem haec moriens. 8. T/ie Last Resource. Lacedaemonii Philippo minitanti per litteras, se omnia quae conarentur prohibiturum, quaesiverunt, num se esset etiam mori prohibiturus. 9. Goodness preferred to Riches. Danda omnino opera est ut omni generi satisfacere possimus; sed si res in contentionem veniet, nimiriim GREEK ANECDOTES. 7 Themistocles est auctor adhibendus ; qui quum consuleretur, utrum bono viro pauperi, an minus probato diviti filiam tj colloearet, * Ego vero/ inquit, * malo virum qui pecunia egeat, quam pecuniam quae viro.' 10. Ambition, Noctu ambulabat in publico Themistocles, quod somnum capere non posset, quaerentibusque respondebat, Miltiadis tropaeis se e somno suscitari. 11. A ReiorL Themistocles fertur Seriphio cuidam in iurgio respon- disse, quum ille dixisset, eum non sua sed patriae gloria splendorem assecutum, * Nec, hercule, si ego Seriphius essem, nobilis, nec tu, si Atheniensis esses, clarus unquam 5 fuisses.' 12. Gyges' Ring, Satis nobis, si modo in philosophia aliquid profecimus, persuasum esse debet, si omnes deos hominesque celare possimus, nihil tamen avare, nihil iniuste, nihil libidinose, nihil incontinenter esse faciendum. Hinc ille Gyges indu- 5 citur a Platone : qui, quum terra discessisset magnis quibus- dam imbribus, descendit in ilium hiatum, aeneumque equum, ut ferunt fabulae, animadvertit, cuius in lateribus fores essent : quibus apertis, hominis mortui vidit corpus magni- tudine inusitata, anulumque aureum in digito : quern ut de- 10 traxit, ipse induit, (erat autem regius pastor), tum in con- cilium se pastorum recepit. Ibi quum palam eius anuli ad palmam converterat, a nullo videbatur, ipse autem omnia videbat; idem rursus videbatur, quum in locum anulum 8 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. inverterat. Itaque hac opportunitate anuli usus regem dominum interemit, sustulitque quos obstare arbitrabatur : 1 5 nec in his eum facinoribus quisquam poluit videre. Sic repente anuli beneficio rex exortus est Lydiae. Hunc igitur ipsum anulum si habeat sapiens, nihilo plus sibi licere putet peccare, quam si non haberet. Honesta enim bonis viris, non occulta, quaeruntur. 20 13. A Happy Resolution, Aratus Sicyonius iure laudatur, qui, quum eius civitas quinquaginta annos a tyrannis teneretur, profectus Argis Sicyonem, clandestino introitu urbe est potitus. Quumque tyrannum Nicoclem improvise oppressisset, sexcentos ex- sules, qui fuerant eius civitatis locupletissimi, restituit, rem- 5 que publicam adventu suo liberavit. Sed quum magnam animadverteret in bonis et possessionibus difficultatem, quod et eos quos ipse restituerat, quorum bona alii possederant, egere iniquissimum arbitrabatur, et quinquaginta annorum possessiones moveri non nimis aequum putabat, propterea 10 quod tam longo spatio multa liereditatibus, multa emptioni- bus, multa dotibus tenebantur sine iniuria, iudicavit neque illis adimi neque his non satisfieri quorum ilia fuerant oportere. Quum igitur statuisset opus esse ad eam rem constituendam pecunia, Alexandriam se proficisci velle dixit, 15 remque integram ad reditum suum iussit esse: isque celeriter ad Ptolemaeum, suum hospitem, venit, qui tum regnabat alter post Alexandriam conditam. Cui quum exposuisset patriam se liberare velle, causamque docuisset; a rege opu- lento vir summus facile impetravit, ut grandi pecunia adiu- 20 varetur. Quam quum Sicyonem attulisset, adhibuit sibi in consilium quindecim principes cum quibus causas cognovit et eorum qui aliena tenebant, et eorum qui sua amiserant : perfecitque aestimandis possessionibus, ut persuaderet aliis GREEK ANECDOTES', g 25 lit pecuniam accipere mallent, possessionibus cederent, aliis, ut commodius piitarent numerari sibi quod tanti esset, quam suum recuperare. Ita perfectum est ut omnes, Con- cordia constituta, sine querela discederent. O virum magnum dignumque, qui in nostra republica natus esset ! Sic par est 30 agere cum civibus, non, ut bis iam vidimus, hastam in foro ponere et bona civium voci subiicere praeconis. At ille Graecus, id quod fuit sapientis et praestantis viri, omnibus consulendum putavit : eaque est summa ratio et sapientia boni civis, commoda civium non divellere, atque omnes 35 aequitate eadem continere. 14. ContejJipt of Pain, Pueri Sparliatae non ingemiscunt verberum dolore laniati. Adolescentium greges Lacedaemone vidimus ipsi incredibiK contentione certantes pugnis, calcibus, unguibus, morsu denique, quum exanimarentur prius, quam se victos fateren- 5 tur. Quae barbaria India vastior aut agrestior ? In ea tamen gente primum ii qui sapientes habentur nudi aetatem agunt et Caucasi nives hiemalemque vim perferunt sine dolore : quumque ad flammam se applicaverunt, sine gemitu adu- runtur. Mulieres vero in India, quum est cuius earum vir 10 mortuus, in certamen iudiciumque veniunt, quam plurimum ille dilexerit : plures enim singulis solent esse nuptae : quae est victrix, ea laeta, prosequentibus suis, una cum viro in rogum imponitur: ilia victa maesta discedit. Aegyptiorum morem quis ignorat ? quorum imbutae mentes pravitatis 15 erroribus quam vis carnificinam prius subierint, quam ibim aut aspidem aut felem aut canem aut crocodilum violent: quorum etiam si imprudentes quippiam fecerint, poenam nullam recusent. De hominibus loquor. Quid bestiae ? Non frigus, non famem, non montivagos atque silvestres cursus 20 lustrationesque patiuntur ? non pro suo partu ita propugnant, lO EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. ut vulnera excipiant, nuUos impetus, nullos ictus reformident? Omitto quae perferant quaeque patiantur ambitiosi honoris causa, laudis studiosi gloriae gratia, amore incensi cupiditatis. Plena vita exemplorum est, 15. T^e Value of Memory. Apud Graecos fertur incredibili quadam magnitudine con- silii atque ingenii Atheniensis ille fuisse Themistocles ; ad quern quidam doctus homo atque in primis eruditus acces- sisse dicitur, eique artem memoriae, quae tum primum pro- ferebatur, pollicitus esse se traditurum ; quum ille quaesisset 5 quidnam ilia ars efficere posset, dixisse ilium doctorem, ut omnia meminisset ; et ei Themistoclem respondisse, gratius sibi ilium esse facturum, si se oblivisci quae vellet, quam si meminisse docuisset. 16. The Seer el of Eloquence. Actio in dicendo una dominatur. Sine hac summus orator esse in numero nullo potest, mediocris hac instructus sum- mos saepe superare. Huic primas dedisse Demosthenes dicitur, quum rogaretur quid in dicendo esset primum, huic secundas, huic tertias. Quo mihi melius etiam illud ab 5 Aeschine dictum videri solet, qui, quum propter ignominiam iudicii cessisset Athenis et se Rhodum contulisset, rogatus a Rhodiis, legisse fertur orationem illam egregiam quam in Ctesiphontem contra Demosthenem dixerat; qua perlecta, petitum est ab eo postridie ut legeret illam etiam quae erat 10 contra a Demosthene pro Ctesiphonte edita : quam quum suavissima et maxima voce legisset, admirantibus omnibus, * Quanto,' inquit, ^ magis admiraremini, si audissetis ipsum ! ' Ex quo satis significavit, quantum esset in actione, qui oratio- nem eamdem aliam esse putaret, actore mutato. 15 GREEK ANECDOTES. II 17. Tyrants live in Fear, Qui se metui volent, a quibus metuentur, eosdem metuant ipsi necesse est. Quid enim censemus superiorem ilium Dionysium, quo cruciatu timoris angi solitum ? qui, cultros metuens tonsorios, candente carbone sibi adurebat capillum ? 5 Quid? Alexandrum Pheraeum quo animo vixisse arbitra- mur? qui, ut scriptum legimus, quum uxorem Theben admodum diligeret, tamen ad earn ex epulis in cubiculum veniens, barbarum, et eum quidem, ut scriptum est, com- punctum notis Threiciis, destricto gladio iubebat anteire; 10 praemittebatque de stipatoribus suis, qui scrutarentur arculas muliebres et ne quod in vestimentis occultaretur telum ex- quirerent. O miserum, qui fideliorem et barbarum et stig- matiam putaret quam coniugem I Nec eum fefellit. Ab ea est enim ipsa propter pellicatus suspicionem interfectus. 15 Nec vero ulla vis imperii tanta est, quae premente metu possit esse diuturna. Testis est Phalaris, cuius est praeter ceteros nobilitata crudelitas ; qui non ex insidiis interiit, ut is quem modo dixi, Alexander ; non a paucis, ut hie noster : sed in quem universa Agrigentinorum multitudo impetum 20 fecit. Quid ? Macedones nonne Demetrium reliquerunt, universique se ad Pyrrhum contulerunt ? Quid ? Lacedae- monios iniuste imperantes nonne repente omnes fere socii deseruerunt, spectatoresque se otiosos praebuerunt Leuctricae calamitatis ? 18. True Patriotism unselfish, Inventi autem multi sunt qui non modo pecuniam sed vitam etiam profundere pro patria parati essent, iidem gloriae iacturam ne minimam quidem facere vellent, ne republica quidem postulante : ut Callicratidas, qui qunm 5 Lacedaemoniorum dux fuisset Peloponnesiaco bello, mul- 12 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. taque fecisset egregie, vertit ad extremum omnia, qiium consilio non paruit eorum qui classem ab Arginusis re- movendam, nec cum Atheniensibus dimicandum putabant. Quibus ille respondit, Lacedaemonios, classe ilia amissa, aliam parare posse, se fugere sine suo dedecore non posse. lo Atque haec quidem Lacedaemoniis plaga mediocris : ilia pestifera, qua quum Cleombrotus, invidiam timens, temere cum Epaminonda conflixisset, Lacedaemoniorum opes cor- ruerunt. 19. Theory and Practice. Heracleotes Dionysius, quum a Zenone fortis esse didi- cisset, a dolore deductus est. Nam quum ex renibus laboraret, ipso in eiulatu clamitabat, falsa esse ilia, quae antea de dolore ipse sensisset. Quem quum Cleanthes condiscipulus rogaret, quaenam ratio eum de sententia 5 deduxisset, respondit, * Quia, quum tantum operae philoso- phiae dedissem, dolorem tamen ferre non possem, satis esset argumenti, malum esse dolorem. Plurimos autem annos in pliilosophia consumpsi, nec ferre possum : malum est igitur dolor.' Tum Cleanthem, quum pede terram per- 10 cussisset, versum ex Epigonis ferunt dixisse : Audisne haec, Amphiarae, sub terram abdite? Zenonem significabat : a quo ilium degenerare dolebat. At non noster Posidonius, quem et ipse saepe vidi, et id dicam quod solebat narrare Pompeius, se, quum Rho- 15 dum venisset decedens ex Syria, audire volulsse Posido- nium : sed quum audivisset, eum graviter esse aegrum, quod vehementer eius artus laborarent, voluisse tamen nobilissimum philosophum visere: quem ut vidisset et salutavisset honorificisque verbis prosecutus esset moleste- 20 que se dixisset ferre, quod eum non posset audire; at ille, * Tu vero,' inquit, * potes : nec committam, ut dolor GREEK ANECDOTES. 1 3 corporis efficiat ut frustra tantus vir ad me venerit/ Itaque narrabat, eum graviter et copiose de hoc ipso, nihil esse 25 bonum nisi quod honestum esset, cubantem disputavisse : quumque quasi faces ei doloris admoverentur, saepe dix- isse, 'Nihil agis, dolor: quamvis sis molestus, numquam te esse confitebor malum/ Omninoque omnes clari et nobilitati labores contemnendo fiunt etiam tolerabiles. 20. Instances of Contempt of Death, Quam me delectat TheramenesI quam elato animo est! Etsi enim flemus quum legimus, tamen non miserabiliter vir clarus emoritur. Qui quum, coniectus in carcerem triginta iussu tyrannorum, venenum ut sitiens obduxisset, 5 reliquum sic e poculo eiecit ut id resonaret : quo sonitu reddito, arridens, ' Propino/ inquit, ' hoc pulcro Critiae/ qui in eum fuerat taeterrimus. Graeci enim in conviviis Solent nominare, cui poculum tradituri sint. Lusit vir egregius extremo spiritu, quum iam praecordiis concep- 10 tam mortem contineret, vereque ei cui venenum prae- biberat mortem est cam auguratus quae brevi consecuta est. Quis hanc animi maximi aequitatem in ipsa morte laudaret, si mortem malum iudicaret? Vadit in eumdem carcerem atque in eumdem paucis post annis scyphum 15 Socrates, eodem scelere iudicum, quo tyrannorum Thera- menes. Quae est igitur eius oratio, qua facit eum Plato usum apud indices, iam morte mulctatum? * Magna me,' inquit, ' spes tenet, indices, bene mihi evenire, quod mittar ad mortem. Necesse est enim, sit alterum de duobus ; ut 20 aut sensus omnino omnes mors auferat, aut in alium quem- dam locum ex his locis morte migretur. Quamobrem, sive sensus exstinguitur morsque ei somno similis est, qui nonnumquam etiam sine visis somniorum placatissimam quietem afFert, dii boni ! quid lucri est emori I aut quam 14 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. multi dies reperiri possunt, qui tali nocti anteponantur ? 25 cui si similis futura est perpetuitas omnis consequentis temporis, quis me beatior? Sin vera sunt quae dicuntur, migrationem esse mortem in eas oras, quas qui e vita excesserunt incolunt, id multo iam beatius est, te, quum ab iis qui se iudicum numero haberi volunt evaseris, ad 3^ eos venire qui vere indices appellentur, Minoem, Rhada- manthum, Aeacum, Triptolemum: convenireque eos qui iuste et cum fide vixerint. Haec peregrinatio mediocris vobis videri potest ? Ut vero colloqui cum Orpheo, Musaeo, Homero, Hesiodo liceat, quanti tandem aestimatis ? Equi- 35 dem saepe emori, si fieri posset, vellem, ut ea quae dico mihi liceret invenire. Quanta delectatione autem afiicerer, quum Palamedem, quum Aiacem, quum alios iudicio ini° quo circumventos convenirem? Tentarem etiam summi regis, qui maximas copias duxit ad Troiam, et Ulixi Si- 4*^ syphique prudentiam: nec ob eam rem, quum haec ex- quirerem, sicut hie faciebam, capite damnarer. Ne vos quidem indices, ii qui me absolvistis, mortem timueritis. Nec enim cuiquam bono mali quidquam evenire potest nec vivo nec mortuo, nec umquam eius res a diis immor- 45 talibus negligentur. Nec mihi ipsi hoc accidit fortuito. Nec vero ego iis, a quibus accusatus sum aut a quibus condemnatus, habeo quod succenseam, nisi quod mihi nocere se crediderunt.' Et haec quidem hoc modo. Ni- hil autem melius extremo : ' Sed tempus est,' inquit, * iam 50 hinc abire me ut moriar, vos ut vitam agatis. Utrum autem sit melius, dii immortales sciunt: hominem quidem scire arbitror neminem/ Nae ego hand paullo hunc ani- mum malim, quam eorum omnium fortunas, qui de hoc iudicaverunt. Etsi, quod praeter deos negat scire quem- 55 quam, id scit ipse, utrum melius sit : nam dixit ante. Sed suum illud, nihil ut affirmet, tenet ad extremum. Nos autem teneamus, ut nihil censeamus esse malum, quod sit GREEK ANECDOTES, ^5 a natura datum omnibus, intelligamusque, si mors malum 60 sit, esse sempiternum malum. Nam vitae miserae mors finis esse videtur ; mors si est misera, miseriae finis esse nullus potest. Sed quid ego Socratem aut Theramenem, praestantes viros virtutis et sapientiae gloria, commemoro, quum Lacedaemonius quidam, cuius ne nomen quidem 65 proditum est, mortem tanto opere contempserit, ut, quum ad eam duceretur damnatus ab EphoriS; et esset vultu hilari atque laeto, dixissetque ei quidam inimicus, ' Contem- nisne leges Lycurgi ? ' responderit : ' Ego vero illi maximam gratiam habeo, qui me ea poena multaverit, quam sine 70 mutuatione et sine versura possem dissolvere.' O virum Sparta dignum! ut mihi quidem qui tam magno animo fuerit innocens damnatus esse videatur. Tales innumer- abiles nostra civitas tulit. Sed quid duces et principes nominem, quum legiones scribat Cato saepe alacres in 75 eum locum profectas unde redituras se non arbitrarentur ? Pari animo Lacedaemonii in Thermopylis occiderunt, in quos Simonides : Die hospes Spartae, nos te hie vidisse iacentes, Dum Sanctis patriae legibus obsequimur. 80 Quid ille dux Leonidas dicit ? * Pergite animo forti, Lace- daemonii : hodie apud inferos fortasse caenabimus.' Fuit haec gens fortis, dum Lycurgi leges vigebant. E quibus unus, quum Perses hostis in colloquio dixisset glorians, ' Solem prae iaculorum multitudine et sagittarum non vide- 85 bitis,' * In umbra igitur,' inquit, ' pugnabimus.' Viros com- memoro. Qualis tandem Lacaena? quae quum filium in praelium misisset, et interfectum audisset, * Idcirco,' inquit, * genueram, ut esset qui pro patria mortem non dubitaret occumbere.' Esto : fortes et duri Spartiatae : magnam 90 habet vim reipublicae disciplina. Quid ? Cyrenaeum The- odorum, philosophum non ignobilem, nonne miramur ? cm quum Lysimachus rex crucem minaretur, ' Istis quaeso,' EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. inquit, ' ista horribilia minitare purpuratis tuis : Theodori quidem nihil interest, humine an sublime putrescat/ Cuius hoc dicto admoneor, ut aliquid etiam de huma- 95 tione et sepultura dicendum existimem: rem non diffi- cilem, iis praesertim cognitis, quae de nihil sentiendo paullo ante dicta sunt. De qua Socrates quidem quid senserit, apparet in eo libro in quo moritur : Quum enim de immortalitate animorum disputavisset, et iam moriendi loo tempus urgeret, rogatus a Critone, quemadmodum sepeliri vellet, ' Multam vero/ inquit ' operam, amici, frustra con- sumpsi. Critoni enim nostro non persuasi, me hinc avola- turum, neque quidquam mei relicturum. Verumtamen, Crito, si me assequi potueris aut sicubi nactus eris, ut 105 tibi videbitur sepelito. Sed, mihi crede, nemo me vest- rum, quum hinc excessero, consequetur/ Praeclare id quidem, qui et amico permiserit, et se ostenderit de hoc toto genere nihil laborare. Durior Diogenes, et is qui- dem idem sentiens, sed, ut Cynicus, asperius, proiici se no iussit inhumatum. Tum amici, ' Volucribusne et feris?' * Minime vero,' inquit : * sed bacillum propter me, quo abi- gam, ponitote/ ' Qui poteris ? ' illi : ' non enim senties/ * Quid igitur mihi ferarum laniatus oberit, nihil sentienti ? ' Praeclare Anaxagoras : qui, quum Lampsaci moreretur, 115 quaerentibus amicis, velletne Clazomenas in patriam, si quid ei accidisset, auferri : * Nihil necesse est,' inquit : ' undique enim ad inferos tantumdem viae est/ Totaque de ratione humationis unum tenendum est, ad corpus illam pertinere, sive occiderit animus, sive vigeat. In corpore autem per- 120 spicuum est, vel exstincto animo vel elapso, nullum residere sen sum. 21. An Heroic Philosopher. Audi moriens quid dicat Epicurus, et intellige facta eius cum dictis discrepare. ^Epicurus Hermarcho S. Quum GREEK ANECDOTES. 17 ageremus/ inquit, 'vitae beatum, et eumdem supremum diem, scribebamus haec. Tanti autem morbi aderant vesicae 5 et viscerum, ut nihil ad eorum magnitudinem posset acce- dere/ Miserum hominem ! Si dolor summum malum est, dici aliter non potest. Sed audiamus ipsum : * Compensa- batur,' inquit, * tamen cum his omnibus animi laetitia, quam capiebam memoria rationum inventorumque nostrorum. Sed 10 tu, ut dignum est tua erga me et erga philosophiam volun- tate ab adolescentulo suscepta, fac ut Metrodori tueare liberos/ Non ego iam Epaminondae, non Leonidae mortem huius morti antepono ; quorum alter quum vicisset Lacedae- monios apud Mantineam, atque ipse gravi vulnere exanimari 15 se videret, ut primum dispexit, quaesivit salvusne esset clypeus? Quum salvum esse flentes sui respondissent, rogavit, essentne fusi hostes ? Quumque id quoque, ut cupiebat, audivisset, evelli iussit eam qua erat tranfixus hastam. Ita multo sanguine profuso, in laetitia et in vic- 20 toria est mortuus. Leonidas autem, rex Lacedaemoniorum, se in Thermopylis trecentosque eos, quos eduxerat Sparta, quum esset proposita aut fuga turpis aut gloriosa mors, opposuit hostibus. Praeclarae mortes sunt imperatoriae. Philosophi autem in suis lectulis plerumque moriuntur. 22. Death better than Life. Deorum immortalium indicia solent in scholis proferre de morte, nec vero ea fingere ipsi, sed Herodoto auctore, aliisque pluribus. Primum Argiae sacerdotis Cleobis et Biton filii praedicantur. Nota fabula est. Quum enim 5 illam ad soUemne et statum sacrificium curru vehi ius esset satis longe ab oppido ad fanum, morarenturque iumenta : tunc iuvenes ii, quos modo nominavi, veste posita, corpora oleo perunxerunt, ad iugum accesserunt. Ita sacerdos advecta in fanum, quum currus esset ductus a filiis, precata c i8 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. a dea dicitur, ut illis praemiutn daret pro pietate, quod lo maximum homini dari posset a deo : post epulatos cum matre adolescentes somno se dedisse: mane inventos esse mortuos. Simili precatione Trophonius et Agamedes usi dicuntur, qui, quum Apollini Delphis templum exaedifica- vissent, venerantes deum, petierunt mercedem non parvam 15 quidem operis et laboris sui, nihil certi, sed quod esset optimum homini. Quibus Apollo se id daturum ostendit post eius diei diem tertium: qui ut illuxit, mortui suntreperti. ludicavisse deum dicunt, et eum quidem deum, cui reliqui dii concessissent, ut praeter ceteros divinaret. Affertur 20 etiam de Sileno fabella quaedam, qui quum a Mida captus esset, hoc ei muneris pro sua missione dedisse scribitur, docuisse regem, non nasci homini longe optimum esse, proximum autem, quam primum mori. Qua est sententia in Cresphonte usus Euripides : 25 Nam nos decebat, coetus celebrantis, domum Lugere, ubi esset aliquis in lucem editus, Humanae vitae varia reputantis mala : At, qui labores morte finisset gravis, Hunc omni amicos laude et laetitia exsequi. 30 Simile quiddam est in consolatione Crantoris. Ait enim, Terinaeum quemdam Elisium, quum graviter filii mortem maereret, venisse in Psychomantium, quaerentem quae fuisset tantae calamitatis causa. Huic in tabellis tres huiusmodi versiculos datos : 3^ Ignaris homines in vita mentibus errant. Euthynous potitur fatorum numine leto. Sic fuit utilius finiri ipsique tibique. His et talibus auctoribus usi, confirmant causam rebus a diis immortalibus iudicatam. Alcidamas quidam, rhetor 40 antiquus in primis nobiiis, scripsit etiam laudationem mortis, quae constat ex enumeratione humanorum malorum. Cui rationes eae quae exquisilius a philosophis colliguntur GREEK ANECDOTES, 19 defuerunt; ubertas orationis non defuit. Clarae vero mortes 45 pro patria oppetitae non solum gloriosae rhetoribus sed etiam beatae videri solent. Repetunt ab Erechtheo, cuius etiam filiae cupide mortem expetiverunt pro vita civium : Codrum, qui se in medios immisit hostes, veste famulari, ne posset agnosci, si esset ornatu regio: quod oraculum 50 ei^at datum, si rex interfectus esset, victrices Athenas fore. Menoeceus non praetermittitur : qui oraculo edito largitus est patriae suum sanguinem. Iphigenia Aulide duci se immolandam iubet, ut hostium sanguis eliciatur suo. Veniunt inde ad propiora. Harmodius in ore et Aris- 55 togiton : Lacedaemonius Leonidas Thebanus Epaminondas vigent. Nostros non norunt, quos enumerare magnum est ; ita sunt multi quibus videmus optabiles mortes fuisse cum gloria. 23. Happiness not in Exknial Goods. Socrates, quum esset ex eo quaesitum, Arcbelaum, Per- diccae filium, qui tum fortunatissimus haberetur, nonne beatum putaret ' Haud scio/ inquit : ' numquam enim cum eo collocutus sum. 5 ' Ain tu } An tu aliter id scire non potes V ' Nullo modo/ * Tu igitur ne de Persarum quidem rege magno potes dicere, beatusne sit ? ' ' An ego possim, quum ignorem quam sit doctus, quam 10 vir bonus V * Quid ? tu in eo sitam vitam beatam putas ? ' *Ita prorsus existimo, bonos beatos, improbos miseros.' * Miser ergo Archelaus V * Certe, si iniustus.' 15 Videturne omnem hie beatam vitam in una virtute poncre ? Quid vero in epitaphio ? quo modo idem ? C 2 20 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. ' Nam ciii viro/ inquit, ' ex se ipso apta sunt omnia quae ad beate vivendum ferunt, nec suspensa aliorum aut bono casu aut contrario pendere ex alterius eventis et errare coguntur, huic optime vivendi ratio comparata est. 20 Hie est ille moderatus, hie fortis, hie sapiens, hie, et nascen- tibus et cadentibus quum reliquis commodis turn maxime liberis, parebit et obediet praecepto illi veteri : Neque eiiiiii laetabitur iiniquam nec maerebit iiimis, Quod semper in se ipso omnem spem reponet sui.' 25 24. Bodily Defects compensated. Diodotus Stoicus caecus multos annos nostrae domi vixit. Is vero, quod credibile vix esset, quum in philosophia multo etiam magis assidue quam antea versaretur, et quum fidibus Pythagoreorum more uteretur, quumque ei libri noctes et dies legerentur, quibus in studiis oculis non egebat, tum, 5 quod sine oculis fieri posse vix videtur, geometriae munus tuebatur, verbis praecipiens discentibus, unde, quo quamque lineam scriberent. Asclepiadem ferunt, non ignobilem Eretricum philosophum, quum quidam quaereret quid ei caecitas attulisset, respondisse, puero ut uno esset comi- 10 tatior. Ut enim vel summa paupertas tolerabilis sit, si liceat, quod quibusdam Graecis quotidie : sic caecitas ferri facile possit, si non desint subsidia valetudinum. Demo- critus, luminibus amissis, alba scilicet et atra discernere non poterat. At vero bona mala, aequa iniqua, honesta turpia, 15 utilia inutilia, magna parva poterat, et sine varietate colorum licebat vivere beate, sine notione rerum non licebat. Atque hie vir impediri etiam animi aciem aspectu oculorum arbi- trabatur : et, quum alii saepe quod ante pedes esset non viderent, ille infinitatem omnem peragrabat, ut nulla in 20 extremitate consisteret, Traditum est etiam Homerum caecum fuissc. At eius picturam, non poesin, videmus. GREEK ANECDOTES. Quae regio, quae ora, qui locus Graeciae, quae species formaque pugnae, quae acies, quod remigium, qui motus 25 hominum, qui ferarum non ita expictus est, ut, quae ipse non viderit, nos ut videremus effecerit? Quid ergo? aut Homero delectationem animi ac voluptatem, aut cuiquam docto defuisse umquam arbitramur? Aut, ni ita se res haberet, Anaxagoras aut hie ipse Democritus agros et 30 patrimonia sua reliquissent, huic discendi quaerendique divinae delectationi toto se animo dedidissent? Itaque augurem Tiresiam, quern sapientem fingunt poetae, num- quam inducunt deplorantem caecitatem suam. At vero Polyphemum Homerus, quum immanem ferumque finxisset. 35 cum ariete etiam colloquentem facit eiusque laudare for- tunas, quod qua vellet ingredi posset, et quae vellet attingere. Recte hie quidem. Nihilo enim erat ipse Cyclops quam aries ille prudentior. In surditate vero quidnam est mali ? Erat surdaster M. 40 Crassus: sed aliud molestius, quod male audiebat ; etiam si, ut mihi videbatur, iniuria. Nostri Graece fere nesciunt, nec Graeci Latine. Ergo hi in illorum, et illi in horum sermone surdi : omnesque nos in iis linguis quas non intelligimus, quae sunt innumerabiles, surdi profecto sumus. At vocem citharoedi 45 non audiunt : ne stridorem quidem serrae turn, quum acui- tur : aut grunnitum, quum iugulatur, suis : nec, quum quies- cere volunt, fremitum murmurantis maris. Et si cantus eos forte delectant, primum cogitare debent, antequam hi sint inventi, multos beate vixisse sapientes: deinde multo 50 maiorem percipi posse legendis his quam audiendis volup- tatem : turn, ut paullo ante caecos ad aurium traducebamus voluptatem, sic licet surdos ad oculorum. Etenim qui secum loqui poterit, sermonem alterius non requiret. Congerantur in unum omnia, ut idem oculis et auribus 55 captus sit, prematur etiam doloribus acerrimis corporis. ' Qui primum per se ipsi plerumque conficiunt hominem: 1% EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. sin forte longinquitate producti vehementius tamen torquent quam ut causa sit cur ferantur, quid est tandem, dii bonil quod laboremus ? Portus enim praesto est, mors, aeternum nihil sentiendi receptaculum. Theodorus Lysimacho mortem 60 minitanti, 'Magnum vero,' inquit, *effecisti, si cantharidis vim consegutus es/ Paullus Persae deprecanti ne in tiu umpho duceretur, *In tua id quidem potestate est/ 25. Wrong never Expedient, Sed utilitatis specie in re publica saepissime peccatur, ut in Corinthi disturbatione nostri. Durius etiam Athenienses, qui sciverunt ut Aeginetis, qui classe valebant, pollices praeciderentur. Hoc visum est utile; nimis enim immi- nebat propter propinquitatem Aegina Piraeeo. Sed nihil 5 quod crudele utile. Est enim hominum naturae, quam sequi debemus, maxime inimica crudelitas. Male etiam, qui peregrinos urbibus utr prohibent eosque exterminant, ut Pennus apud patres nostros, Papius nuper. Nam esse pro cive, qui civis non sit, rectum est non licere : quam ic legem tulerunt sapientissimi consules, Crassus et Scaevola : usu vero Urbis prohibere peregrinos sane inhumanum est. Ilia praeclara, in quibus publicae utilitatis species prae honestate contemnitur. Plena exemplorum est nostra res- publica, quum saepe alias, tum maxime bello Punico se- 15 cundo ; quae, Cannensi calamitate accepta, maiores animos habuit quam umquam rebus secundis. Nulla timoris signi- ficatio, nulla mentio pacis. Tanta vis est honesti, ut speciem utilitatis obscuret. Athenienses quum Persarum impetum nullo modo possent sustinere statuerentque ut, urbe relicta, 20 coniugibus et liberis Troezene depositis, naves conscend- erent libertatemque Graeciae classe defenderent, Cyrsilum ■ quemdam suadentem ut in urbe manerent Xerxemque reciperent lapidibus cooperuerunt. Atque iile utilitatem GREEK ANECDOTES, 23 25 sequi videbatur, sed ea nulla erat, repugnante honestate. Themistocles post victoriam eius belli, quod cum Persis fuit, dixit in contione, se habere consilium reipublicae salutare, sed id sciri non opus esse : postulavit, ut aliquem populus daret, quicum communicaret. Datus est Aristides. 30 Huic ille, classem Lacedaemoniorum, quae subducta esset ad Gytheum, clam incendi posse; quo facto frangi Lace- daemoniorum opes necesse esset. Quod Aristides quum audisset, in contionem magna exspectatione venit dixitque, perutile esse consilium quod Themistocles afferret, sed 35 minime honestum, Itaque Athenienses, quod honestum non esset, id ne utile quidem putaverunt; totamque eam rem, quam ne audierant quidem, auctore Aristide repudiaverunt. 26. Cicero fi?ids the Tomb of Archimedes at Syracuse. Archimedis ego quaestor ignoratum ab Syracusanis, quum esse omnino negarent, septum undique et vestitum vepribus et dumetis indagavi sepulcrum. Tenebam enim quosdam senariolos, quos in eius monumento esse inscriptos accep- 5 eram, qui declarabant in summo sepulcro sphaeram esse positam cum cylindro. Ego autem, quum omnia collus- trarem oculis, (est enim ad portas Achradinas magna fre- quentia sepuicrorum,) animadverti columellam non muitum e dumis eminentem: in qua inerat sphaerae figura et 10 cylindri. Atque ego statim Syracusanis (erant autem prin- cipes mecum) dixi, me illud ipsum arbitrari esse, quod quaererem. Immissi cum falcibus multi purgarunt et aperu- erunt locum. Quo quum patefactus esset aditus, ad ad- versam basim accessimus. Apparebat epigrammxa, exesis 15 posterioribus partibus versiculorum, dimidiatis fere. Ita nobilissima Graeciae civitas, quondam vero etiam doctiss- ima, sui civis unius acutissimi monumentum ignorasset, nisi ab homine Arpinate didicisset. 24 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO, 27. An unhappy Tyrant. Duodequadraginta annos tyrannus Syracusanorum fuit Dionysius, quum quinque et viginti natus annos domina- lum occupavisset. Qua pulchritudine urbem, quibus autem opibus praeditam servitute oppressam tenuit civitatem! Atqui de hoc homine a bonis auctoribus sic scriptum accepimus, 5 summam fuisse eius in victu temperantiam, in rebusque gerendis virum acrem et industrium, eumdem tamen male- ficum natura et iniustunx. Ex quo omnibus, bene verita- tem intuentibus, videri necesse est miserrimum. Ea enim ipsa quae concupierat ne turn quidem quum omnia se 10 posse censebat consequebatur. Qui quum esset bonis pa- rentibus atque honesto loco natus (etsi id quidem alius alio modo tradidit) abundaretque aequalium familiaritatibus et consuetudine propinquorum, credebat se eorum nemini, sed iis, quos ex familiis locupletum servos delegerat, quibus 15 nomen servitutis ipse detraxerat, et quibusdam convenis et feris barbaris corporis custodiam committebat. Ita prop- ter iniustam dominatus cupiditatem in carcerem quodam- modo ipse se incluserat. Quin etiam, ne tonsori collum committeret, tondere filias suas docuit. Ita sordido ancil- 20 larique artificio regiae virgines, ut tonstriculae, tondebant barbam et capillum patris. Et tamen ab his ipsis, quum iam essent adultae, ferrum removit, instituitque ut candentibus iuglandium putaminibus barbam sibi et capillum adurerent. Quumque duas uxores haberet, Aristomachen, 25 civem suam, Doridem autem Locrensem, sic noctu ad eas ventitabat, ut omnia specularetur et perscrutaretur ante. Et, quum fossam latam cubiculari lecto circumdedisset eiusque fossae transitum ponticulo ligneo coniunxisset, eum ipsum, quum forem cubiculi clauserat, detorquebat. Idem- 30 que, quum in communibus suggestis consistere non auderet, GREEK ANECDOTES. 25 concionari ex turri alta solebat. Atque is quum pila ludere vellet (studiose enim id factitabat) tunicamque poneret, adolescentulo tradidisse gladium dicitur. Hie quum quidam 35 familiaris iocans dixisset, ' Huic quidem certe vitam tuam committis/ arrisissetque adolescens, utrumque iussit inter- fici, alterum, quia viam demonstravisset interimendi sui; alterum, quia dictum id risu approbavisset. Atque eo faeto sic doluit, nihil ut tulerit gravius in vita. Sic distrahuntur 40 in contrarias partes impotentium cupiditates. Quum huic obsecutus sis, illi est repugnandum. Quamquam hie quidem tyrannus ipse indicavit quam esset beatus. Nam quum quidam ex eius assentatoribus Damocles commemoraret in sermone copias eius, opes, maiestatem dominatus, rerum 45 abundantiam, magnificentiam aedium regiarum, negaretque umquam beatiorem quemquam fuisse : * Visne igitur,' inquit, 'Damocle, quoniam haec te vita delectat, ipse eamdem degustare et fortunam experiri meam?' Quum se ille cupere dixisset, coUocari iussit hominem in aureo lecto, strato pul- 50 cherrime textili stragulo, magnificis operibus picto, abacos- que complures ornavit argento auroque caelato. Tum ad mensam eximia forma pueros delectos iussit consistere, eos- que nutum illius intuentes diligenter ministrare. Aderant unguenta, coronae : incendebantur odores : mensae conqui- 55 sitissimis epulis exstruebantur. Fortunatus sibi Damocles videbatur. In hoc medio apparatu fulgentem gladium, e lacunari seta equina aptum, demitti iussit, ut impenderet illius beati cervicibus. Itaque nec pulchros illos ministra- tores aspiciebat nec plenum artis argentum, nec manum 60 porrigebat in mensam ; iam ipsae defluebant coronae : de- nique exoravit tyrannum, ut abire liceret, quod iam beatus nollet esse. Satisne videtur declarasse Dionysius, nihil esse ei beatum, cui semper aliqui terror impendeat ? Atque ei ne integrum quidem erat, ut ad iustitiam remigraret, 65 civibus libertatem et iura redderet : iis enim se adolescens 26 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO, improvida aetata irretierat erratis, eaque commiserat, ut salvus esse non posset, si sanus esse coepisset. Quanto opere vero amicitias desideraret, quarum infidelitatem ex- timescebat, declaravit in Pythagoreis duobus illis, quorum quum alterum vadem mortis accepisset, alter, ut vadem suum 70 liberaret, praesto fuisset ad horam mortis destinatam, ' Uti- nam ego,' inquit, * tertius vobis amicus ascriberer!' Quam buic erat miserum carere consuetudine amicorum, societate victus, sermone omnino familiari, homini praesertim docto a puero et artibus ingenuis erudito I Musicorum vero per- 75 studlosum accepimus, poetam etiam tragicum : quam bonum, nihil ad rem. In hoc enim genere nescio quo pacto magis, quam in aliis, suum cuique pulchrum est ; adhuc neminem cognovi poetam, (et mihi fuit cum Aquinio amicitia,) qui sibi non optimus videretur ; sic se res habet : te tua, me 80 delectant mea. Sed, ut ad Dionysium redeamus, omni cultu et victu humano carebat: vivebat cum fugitivis, cum faci- norosis, cum barbaris : neminem, qui aut libertate dignus esset aut vellet omnino liber esse, sibi amicum arbitra- batur. 85 28. Hunger the best Sauce, Darius in fuga, quum aquam turbidam et cadaveribus inquinatam bibisset, negavit umquam se bibisse iucundius. Numquam videlicet sitiens biberat. Nec esuriens Ptole- maeus ederat : cui quum peragranti Aegyptum, comitibus non consecutis, cibarius in casa panis datus esset, nihil 5 visum est illo pane iucundius. Socratem ferunt, quum usque ad vesperum contentius ambularet, quaesitumque esset ex eo quare id faceret, respondisse, se, quo melius caenaret, obsonare ambulando famem. Quid? victum Lacedaemoniorum in philitiis nonne videmus? Ubi quum 10 tyrannus caenavisset Dionysius, negavit se iure illo nigro, GREEK ANECDOTES, 27 quod caenae caput erat, delectatum. Turn is, qui ilia cox- erat : * Minime mirum, condimenta enim defuerunt/ ' Quae tandem ? ' inquit ille. * Labor in venatu, sudor, cursus ad 15 Eurotam, fames, sitis : his enim rebus Lacedaemoniorum epulae condiuntur.' Atque hoc non ex hominum more solum, sed etiam ex bestiis intelligi potest, quae, ut quid- quid obiectum est, quod modo a natura non sit alienum, eo contentae non quaerunt amplius. Civitates quaedam 20 universae, more doctae, parsimonia delectantur, ut de Lacedaemoniis paullo ante diximus. Persarum a Xeno- phonte victus exponitur ; quos negat ad panem adhibere quidquam, praeter nasturtium. -Quamquam si quaedam etiam suaviora natura desideret, quam mu!ta ex terra 25 arboribusque gignuntur, quum copia facili, tum suavitate praestantia! Adda siccitatem quae consequitur hanc con- tinentiam in victu, adde integritatem valetudinis. Confer sudantes, ructantes, refertos epulis, tamquam opimos boves : tum intelliges, qui voluptatem maxime sequantur, eos minime 30 consequi ; iucunditatemque victus esse in desiderio, non in satietate. Timotheum, clarum hominem Athenis et prin- cipem civitatis ferunt, quum caenavisset apud Platonem eoque convivio admodum delectatus esset, vidissetque eum postridie, dixisse : * Vestrae quidem caenae non solum in 35 praesentia, sed etiam postero die iucundae sunt/ Quid, quod ne mente quidem recte uti possumus, multo cibo et potione completi ? Est praeclara epistola Platonis ad Dionis propinquos, in qua scriptum est his fere verbis : * Quo quum venissem, vita ilia beata, quae ferebatur, plena Itali- 40 carum Syracusiarumque mensarum, nullo modo mihi placuit: bis in die saturum fieri, nec umquam pernoctare solum; ceteraque, quae comitantur huic vitae, in qua sapiens nemo efficietur umquam, moderatus vero multo minus. Quae enim natura tam mirabiliter temperari potest ? ' Quo modo 45 igitur iucunda vita potest esse, a qua absit prudentia, absit 28 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. moderatio ? Ex quo Sardanapali, opulentissimi Syriae regis, error agnoscitur, qui incidi iussit in busto : Haec habeo, quae edi, quaeque exsaturata libido Hausit : at ilia iacent multa et praeclara relicta. * Quid aliud,' inquit Aristoteles, * in bovis non in regis 50 sepulcro inscriberes ? ' Haec habere se mortuum dicit, quae ne vivus quidem diutius habebat, quam fruebatur. 29. ^ M(m lijants hit Utile here below.' Scythes Anacharsis potuit pro nihilo pecuniam ducere, nostrates philosophi facere non poterunt? Illius epistola fertur his verbis, ' Anacharsis Hannoni salutem. Mihi amictui est Scythicum tegmen, calciamentum solorum Galium, cubile terra, pulpamentum fames, lacte, caseo, 5 carne vescor. Quare ut ad quietum me licet venias. Munera autem ista, quibus es delectatus, vel civibus tuis vel diis immortalibus dona/ Omnes fere philosophi omnium dis- ciplinarum, nisi quos a recta ratione natura vitiosa detor- sisset^ eodem hoc animo esse potuerunt. Socrates, in 10 pompa quum magna vis auri argentique ferretur, 'Quam multa non desidero ! ' inquit. Xenocrates, quum legati ab Alexandro quinquaginta ei talenta attulissent, quae erat pecunia temporibus illis, Athenis praesertim, maxima, ab- duxit legatos ad caenam in Academiam ; iis apposuit tantum 15 quod satis esset, nullo apparatu. Quum postridie rogarent eum, cui numerari iuberet : ' Quid ? vos hesterna,' inquit, ' caenula non intellexistis, me pecunia non egere ? ' Quos quum tristiores vidisset, xxx minas accepit, ne aspernari regis liberalitatem videretur. At vero Diogenes liberius, ut 20 Cynicus, Alexandro roganti, ut diceret, si quid opus esset, * Nunc quidem paullulum,' inquit, ' a sole ' : offecerat vide- licet apricanti. Et hie quidem disputare solebat, quanto regem Persarum vita fortunaque superaret : sibi nihil deesse: GREEK ANECDOTES. 29 25 illi nihil satis umquam fore : se eius voluplates non deside- rare, quibus numquam satiari ille posset ; suas eum consequi nullo modo posse. 30. Legal Questions, Quum Lacedaemoniis lex esset, ut, hostias nisi ad sacrifi- cium quoddam redemptor praebuisset, capitale esset : hostias is qui redemerat, quum sacrificii dies instaret, in urbem ex agro coepit agere. Turn, subito magnis commotis tern- 5 pestatibus fluvius Eurotas is, qui propter Lacedaemonem fluit, ita magnus et vehemens factus est, ut eo traduci victimae nullo modo possent. Redemptor suae voluntatis ostendendae causa hostias constituit omnes in litore, ut, qui trans flumen essent, videre possent. Quum omnes 10 studio eius subitam fluminis magnitudinem scirent fuisse impedimento, tarn en quidam capitis arcessierunt. Intentio est : * Hostiae, quas debuisti ad sacrificium, praesto non fuerunt.' Depulsio est concessio. Ratio : * Flumen enim subito accrevit et ea re traduci non potuerunt/ Infirmatio 1 5 est ; * Tamen, quoniam, quod lex iubet, factum non est, supplicio dignus es.' ludicatio est : ^ Quum in ea re contra legem redemptor fecerit, qua in re studio eius subita fluminis obstiterit magnitudo, supplicione dignus est ? ' Necessitudo autem infertur, quum vi quadam reus id quod 20 fecerit fecisse defenditur, hoc modo : Lex est apud Rhodios, ut, si qua rostrata in portu navis deprehensa sit, publicetur. Quum magna in alto tempestas esset, vis ventorum invitis nautis Rhodiorum in portum navim coegit. Quaestor navim populi vocat. Navis dominus negat oportere publicari. 25 Intentio est : * Rostrata navis in portu deprehensa est/ Depulsio, concessio. Ratio : * Vi et necessario sumus in portum coacti.' Infirmatio est : * Navim ex lege tamen populi esse oportet.' ludicatio est : ' Quum rostratam navim in EXTRACTS FROM CICERO, portu deprehensam lex publicarit quumque liaec navis invitis nautis vi tempestatis in portum coniecta sit, oporteatne earn 30 publicari. 31. A Socratic Dialogue, Apud Socraticum Aeschinem demonstrat Socrates cum Xenophontis uxore et cum ipso Xenophonte Aspasiam locutam : * Die mihi, quaeso, Xenophontis uxor, si vicina tua melius habeat aurum quam tu habes, utrum illius an tuum malis?' 5 * Illius/ inquit. ' Quid si vestem et ceterum ornatum muliebrem pretii maioris habeat quam tu habes, tuumne an illius malis ? ' * Illius vero,' respondit. ' Agesis,' inquit, * si virum ilia meliorem habeat, quam tu 10 habes, utrumne tuum virum malis, an illius? ' Hie mulier erubuit. Aspasia autem cum ipso Xenophonte sermonem instituit. ' Quaeso,' inquit, ' Xenophon, si vicinus tuus equum meliorem habeat quam tuus est; tuumne equum malis, an 15 illius?' 'Illius,' inquit. * Quid si fundum meliorem habeat quam tu habes, utrum tandem fundum habere malis ? ' ' Ilium,' inquit, 'meliorem scilicet/ 20 ' Quid si uxorem meliorem habeat, quam tu habes, utram malis ? ' Atque hie Xenophon quoque ipse tacuit. Post Aspasia : * Quoniam uterque vestrum,' inquit, ' id mihi solum non respondit, quod ego solum audire volueram^ egomet dicam, 25 quid uterque cogitet. Nam et tu mulier optimum virum vis habere, et tu Xenophon uxorem habere lectissimam maxime vis. Quare, nisi hoc perfeceritis, ut neque vir melior, neque femina lectior in terris sit, profecto id semper, GREEK ANECDOTES. 30 quod optimum putabitis esse, multo maxime requiretis, ut et tu maritus sis quam optimae, et haec quam optimo viro nupta sit/ Hie quum rebus non dubiis esset assensum, factum est propter similitudinem, ut etiam illud quod dubium videbatur, 35 si quis separatim quaereret, id pro certo propter rationem rogandi concederetur. Hoc modo sermonis plurimum Socrates usus est, propterea quod nihil ipse afferre ad per- suadendum volebat, sed ex eo quod sibi ille dederat quicum disputabat, aliquid conficere malebat, quod ille ex eo quod 40 iam concessisset necessario approbare deberet. NOTES. 1. I. Roges — ^utar. This is a conditional sentence, with ' si' omitted in the protasis or conditional clause: it is in full * si roges— utar.* This is a common construction in Latin, with either ind. or conj. in the protasis, ac- cording as they would be used if the * si ' were inserted. E. g. ' Rides, ma- iore cachinno concutitur' (i. e. ' si rides ') Juv. 3. 100. * Tu quoque magnam Partem opere in tanto, sineret dolor, Icare, haberes ' (I. e. ' si sineret dolor ') Virg. Ae. 6. 30. In English we usually substitute a question, * Do you ask, &c. ? * Observe that ' utar' is conj. pres., not fut. ind. Auctore utar Simonide, *I should follow the example of Simonides.* * Auctor* from * augeo,* lit. *one who makes to grow,' is used for ' an originator' in various senses : here, one whose example originates a particular line of conduct in another. 3. Deliberandi unum diem, ' one day for consideration.* 2. I. Praeclare accusat, * blames in admirable terms.* 2. Quod consectetur, ' for courting,* subj. as being virtually oratio obliqua, giving the reason which Philip assigned for his blame. 3. Malum ; used as an interjection, expressive of indignation. It is a col- loquial expression, more common in Plautus and Terence than elsewhere. It is always used with questions : e. g. Ter. Phorm. 4. 5. 11 ' Quid tua, malum, id refert?' ' Plague on you, what *s that to you ?' 5. * Id agis ut — sperent? ' ' is it your object that the Macedonians should hope ?* ' do you want to make the Macedonians hope ?* 6. Bene ministrum et praebitorem: supply * dicit.' * He is right in using the terms " minister " and " praebitor." ' 3. 4. Interdici, here used impersonally with dat. of person, ' patribus,* and abl. of thing, • bonis.* When used personally, it usually takes, in the act. voice, (i) a dat. of person and acc. of thing, as, 'feminis purpurae usum interdicemus ?* * shall we forbid ladies to wear scarlet?* Liv. 34. 7: (2) sometimes the same construction as here, as, ' Ariovistus omni Gallia Ro- manis interdixisset* Caes. B. G. I. 46. Translate, * as fathers who mis- manage their property are usually deprived of the control of it.' Observe that * solet' with an impersonal verb becomes also impersonal. 9. Sententiis iudicum, 'by the votes of the Jury*: the 'indices* at Rome, and, in some respects, the ZLKaarai at Athens, who are here meant by * indices,* corresponded more nearly to our own jurymen than to judges. See Diet, of Ant. v. Index. 4. I. Phintiam. This is the more correct form of the name, which is D 34 NOTES. 5- more generally given as Pythias. Damon and Pythias are proverbial in- stances of true friendship. They are quoted, along with the other classical instances, in the following passage from Scott's Fortunes of Nigel, ch. i6 : * You seem to have imagined, my lord, that you and I were Pylades and Orestes — a second edition of Damon and Pythias — Theseus and Pirithous at the least/ The student of the Bible will add to these David and Jonathan. 4. Commendandorum suorum causa, *that he might commit his family to the protection of others.* 5. Vas factus est alter eius sistendi, 'the other became bail for his appearance.* * Sistere,* as a legal term, is either * to cause to appear,' or, in a middle sense, ' to put in an appearance/ 5. I. Oeconomico, * The Householder.' A treatise by Xenophon on the management of a household, and of property generally. 4. Venisset ad eum Sardis. Observe the difference of the Latin and English idiom. We say, 'came to him at Sardis*: the Latin is, literally, * came to him to Sardis.* 5. A sociis. By* socii* here are meant the Peloponnesian league against Athens. Towards the close of the Peloponnesian war, 407 B.C., Lysander was sent from Sparta to take the command on the coast of Asia, to oppose Alcibiades, who was at the head of the Athenian forces. He was an officer of great diplomatic talents, and was especially commissioned to gain the favour of Cyrus, brother of Artaxerxes, king of Persia, who was then in supreme command on the coast of Asia Minor. 9. Quincuncem. * Quincunx' ( = ' quinque unciae,' or twelfth parts of an * as') is used here for a common method of planting trees, whereby the alternate rows were placed opposite the centre of the space betvvreen those in the preced- ing and following ones, so that they resembled the *five' on dice, thus, The name is said to be taken from V, the Roman five, half the above figure in any direction being in the form of V. Subactam. * Subigere ' was a regular agricultural term for ' working the soil,' as we should say, so as to pulverise it. It is used in Virg. G. i. 125 * Ante lovem nuUi subigebant arva coloni,' where it is not to be regarded as a poetical metaphor. 12. Descripta, * arranged/ ' Describo' is used of any orderly arranging or classifying. Livy, I. 42, applies it to Servius Tullius* division of the people, * Classes centuriasque et hunc ordinem ex censu descripsit/ So Cicero, de Rep. 2. 8, of Romulus, * Populum in tribus tres curiasque triginta descrip- serat.' 14. Istarum arborum, * the trees you see/ * Iste* must always have some reference to the 2nd person, which it is well to express in construing. 6. 5. Ludis, * at the games,' an dbl. of time. 8. Consederant, an indicative in oratio obliqua, because the clause to which it belongs is an explanation added by the writer, and so a sort of parenthesis. -13. GREEK ANECDOTES. 35 7. 5. Eumdem esse, * that I equally exist/ 6. Creditote. Observe the future force. The longer form of the impera- tive has always some distinct reference to future time, and it is on this account that it is used in laws, wills, and other like documents, not because it con- veys a stronger command. It is used in this passage because Cyrus is refer- ring to the time after his death. Etiam si nullum videbitis, 'even though you do not see me at all.* 20. Remissi, 'released/ i.e. as explained by what follows, 'corporis vinculis/ 24. Hanc omnem pulchritudinem, 'all the beauties we see around us,* ' this beautiful world of ours/ 8. I. Philippo minitanti, an anacoluthon. Cicero puts this in the dat. as if he were going to use ' responderunt *; then, as their reply was in the form of a question, he substitutes ' quaesiverunt,' which is equivalent to ' re- sponderunt quaerendo.' 9. I. Omni generi satisfaciamus, 'do our duty to all classes.* 10. 2. Posset, in subj. mood, because it states the reason which Themi- stocles gave, and so is virtually oratio obliqua. 11. I. Seriphio, ' a native of Seriphus.* 4. Nobilis ; i. e. * umquam fuissem.* 12. I. Satis, 'thoroughly/ 4. Incontinenter, ' intemperate/ 11. Pal am, a substantive. ' Pala ' is the part of a ring in which the stone is set, the ' bezel.* 12. Converterat. Observe ' quum * with plup. ind. here, and with inverterat below, expressing an action frequently repeated. Translate quum, ' as often as.' 13. In locum, * into its proper place/ ' Locus ' is similarly used in Hor. Od. 4. 12, 28 'Dulce est desipcre in loco/ 18. Si habeat- — putet. Observe the difference of the two conditional clauses. The first, with present subjunctives, is a mere supposition, ' Even if a wise man had this ring, he would not think,' &c. ; in the second the im- perfect subjunctive is used, because if the first supposition were a fact, the second would be an impossible one. 19. Honesta enim — quaeruntur, 'for the good man seeks to do what is right, not to hide what he does/ 13. The story here told of Aratus will be best understood from the account given of it in Thirlwall, Hist, of Greece, ch. 61. 4. Quum improviso oppressisset, 'having surprised and over- powered.' 9. Quinquaginta annorum possessiones moveri, * that fifty years* occupation should be disturbed.' ' Possessio ' in Roman law is ' the actual enjoyment of property,* without implying ownership. ' Possessionibus ' above must be translated ' estates,' though it implies that the strict right of ownership did not belong to them. D 2 ' 3^ NOTES, 14- 10. Propterea quod, &c., 'because in this long interval many of the properties had come to be held rightfully, by inheritance, or purchase, or in dowry.* 13. 1 11 is — his. Observe that the rule that ' " hie" refers to the latter of two objects, " ille" to the former,' is by no means universal. It always refers to the nearest, but sometimes not to the nearest in position, but in thought. So here * his ' refers to the restored exiles, who were mentioned first, pro- bably because they were * nearer' in thought to Aratus, as being the especial objects of his legislation. See another instance in De Am. 2. 10 ' Cave Catoni anteponas ne istum quidem ipsum, quem Apollo sapientissimum iudicavit : hujus enim (Catonis) facta, illius (Socratis) dicta laudanlur.' 16. Rem integram, * and desired that the matter should be left open till his return.* * Integer,' derived from ' in ' and * tag-* the root of ' tango,' is literally * untouched,' and so here ' undecided.' So Cic. Phil. i. 10 ' loquor de legibus promulgatis, de quibus est integrum vobis,* ' about which you can still do as you like.* 17. Ptolemaeum. This was Ptolemy, surnamed Philadelphus, the second of the Macedonian line of kings of Egypt. 20. Grandi pecunia, 150 talents, about £36,500. 21. Adhibuit sibi in consilium, 'joined in commission with himself.* 24. Perfecit — aliis, *by valuing the estates, he succeeded in persuading some,* &c. 26. Quod tanti esset, 'a fair price.* 29. Sic par est agere cum civibus, 'this is the right way to deal with fellow-countrymen.' 30. Bis iam vidimus: first by Sulla, then by Julius Caesar. In less than a year after this was written Cicero was himself included among the ' Pro- scripti ' by Antony and Octavianus. Hastam in foro ponere. A spear was the sign of an auction. The property of the ' proscripti ' was confiscated and sold. 33. Eaque est — continere, 'and it is the main object and the highest wisdom of a good citizen not to separate the interests of his countrymen, but to unite all under one impartial rule.' 14. 5. Barbaria, ' savage country.* The termination '-ia* in this word corresponds to our *-dom,' as heathendom, Christendom. Cp. Hor. Ep. i. 2, 7 * Graecia barbariae lento collisa duello.* 7. Caucasi. Not the mountains generally known by that name, but Cau- casus Indicus, the Hindoo Coosh, the chain of mountains north of Cabool. 12. Prosequentibus suis, ' escorted by her friends.* 13. Aegyptiorum morem. For the veneration of the Egyptians for particular kinds of animals cp. Hdt. 2. 65-76. 14. Pravitatis erroribus, ' with the delusions of a false belief*: 'pravus,' literally ' crooked,' ' distorted,' then metaphorically applied to what is either false in doctrine or vicious in practice. Cp. the French • tort,' 15. Quamvis carnificinam, ' anv degree of torture.* ►17. GREEK ANECDOTES. 37 17. Imprudentes, 'unawares,' * unintentionally/ The antecedent to ' quorum' is to be found not in the substantives preceding, but in the sentence, 'If any one is guilty of any of these injuries:* so that * quorum' = not * el horum animalium,' but * et horum animalium violandorum.* 20. Lustrationes : cp. Hor. Od. 3. 25, 11 ' pede barbaro Lustratam Rhodopen.* 21. Excipiant, ' encounter.' 15. 4. Artem memoriae, *an artificial system of memory.' Proferebatur, 'was being published.* 5. Traditurum, 'would teach him.* 6. Ut omnia meminisset. Understand ' effecturum esse,' * that it would enable him to remember anything.' 9. Docuisset, 'had offered to teach him': he does not appear to have accepted the man's offer, 16. I. Actio ' delivery* : not so limited a word as ' action' with us. ' Actor' is used at the end of the passage for * speaker ' (properly ' pleader,' ' is qui causam agit'), and so ' actio' is the delivery of a speech, with all its accom- paniments of tone, look, gesture. Una dominatur, 'predominates over everything else.' 2. Esse in numero nullo potest, * cannot be held in any account.' So \6yos is used in Greek, especially by Herodotus, cp. i. 120 \6yov ovdevos yivo/jL^Oa. 3. 50 rovTO to eVos Iv ovdivl knoirjaaro. 3. 120 av kv dydpoju Xoya) ; ' are you a man ?* 3. Primas, secundas, tertias; understand 'partes,' 'the first, second, third place.' Demosthenes' emphatic form of expression has been often imitated ; the most famous instance perhaps is that of Danton, the Jacobin leader in the French Revolution, when, describing the qualities required in a revolution, he says, ' II nous faut de I'audace et encore de Taudace et toujours de I'audace.' 5. Quo — solet, 'and so Aeschines* well-known saying always ('solet*) seems to me all the better.' ' Quo '= 'et eo,* and is ablative of measure after the comparative. 6. Propter ignominiam iudicii, 'on account of the disgrace which he incurred by the result of the trial.* Aeschines, in the action which he brought against Ctesiphon, did not get a fifth part of the votes, the result of which was, that he incurred a fine of 1000 drachmae, and also partial OLTifjLia, being deprived of the right of appearing as accuser again. ' Iudicii ' is gen. of the object. II. A Demosthene ; this was the famous speech known as the De Corona. 17. I. Qui se — necesse est, 'those who choose to make themselves feared, must, in their turn, fear those by whom they are feared.' 2. Quid has no construction in the sentence, a second interrogative, 'quo,' having superseded it. We may supply in thought ' fecisse,' or some such word. 38 NOTES. 18- 2. Superiorem ilium Dionysium, * the famous Dionysius the Elder.* 5. Quid? is constantly used by Cicero as a form of transition, especially in a string of instances, as here. It may be translated 'again.' 8. Compunctum notis Threiciis, 'tattooed like a Thracian.* 13. Nec eum fefellit, i.e. 'uxor,' 'nor was he wrong in his suspicions.' 14. Pellicatus, 'unfaithfulness.* 17. Non ex insidiis. He is said to have been stoned to death by the people of Agrigentum, who rose suddenly against hini. 18. Hie noster, Julius Caesar. This was written in the year of Caesar's death. 20. Demetrium. Demetrius Poliorcetes, son of Antigonus, who got posses- sion of the throne of Macedonia in the contests among Alexander's generals. 18. 2. lidem, 'and yet would not make even the slightest sacrifice of glory.' * Idem ' is equivalent to an adversative particle, like * tamen/ when the two things mentioned are apparently inconsistent. 12. Invidiam timens. Cicero here adopts Xenophon's account of the battle of Leuctra (Xen. Hell. 6. 4, 5), that Cleombrotus fought, against his own better judgment, for fear his enemies should accuse him of secretly favouring the Thebans. There does not seem to be any real foundation for the charge, which Xenophon was led to make through his partiality for the Spartans. See Thirlwall, vol. 5, ch. 28. 19. 1. Zen one. Zeno, the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy, taught that pain was no evil. 2. Deductus est ; i.e. Me sententia," as below, ' was converted.' Other readings are * devictus * and ' dedoctus ' : the last perhaps gives the happiest sense, ' was taught the opposite lesson.' ' A dolore ' : the preposition is used because pain is, so to speak, personified, and regarded as the agent rather than the instrument, to make a more exact antithesis to 'a Zenone * in the previous clause. 7. Dedissem, esset. The moods and tenses are here remarkable; they are the forms of oratio obliqua, yet the person of ' dedissem ' is that of oratio recta. Dionysius must be considered to be giving in a sort of oratio obliqua his own thoughts when he abandoned Zeno's theory, and ' satis esset ' is equivalent to ' censebam satis esse.* II. Epigonis. A play of Aeschylus : the Hne is not extant in the Greek. Cicero substitutes for it a Hne from a translation by Attius, a Roman poet. Cleanthes applies the verse to Zeno, who was dead. 13. Significabat, 'alluded to.' 20. Ilonorificis verbis prosecutus esset, 'had addressed him in complimentary terms.' ' Prosequor ' is literally * to accompany or attend as a mark of respect.* 22. Committam, 'will I allow.' 26. Quasi faces doloris admoverentur, 'when he was tortured by pain.' The metaphor can hardly be kept in English. ' Admovere/ 'to apply.' Applying lighted torches was a form of torture. -20. GREEK ANECDOTES. 39 28. Omnino omnes, * in fact it is always the case that:* clari et nobilitati dolores, 'great and notorious sufferings.' 20. 4. Obduxisset, ' had quaffed off.' He drank the poison as if he were quenching his thirst with a pleasant draught. * Obduco ' is Hterally * to draw over': 'sibi' is here to be supplied with it, the expression implying to take not a mere sip, but a long draught, so as to ' deluge himself * with it, as we might say. Cp. Virgil's expression, Ae. I. 739 ' Turn Bitiae dedit increpitans. Ille impiger hausit Spumantem pateram, et pleno se proluit auro.' 5. Sic e poculo eiecit ut id resonaret. As if he were engaged in the game called HGTrajSos. (See Diet, of Ant. * Cottabus.') 6. Propino, 'I drink to the health of Critias the handsome.* Cf. Xen. Hell. 2, 3, 56 eirei dwoOvrjafceiv dvayKa^6iJL€vos to kojvhov eVtc, to X^itto- fxevov e 30 nias esse venturum/ viii. Quum Africanus censor tribu moveret eum centurio- nem qui in Paulli pugna non affuerat, quum ille se custodiae causa diceret in castris remansisse, quaereretque, cur ab eo notaretur, * Non amo/ inquit, * nimium diligentes.' 35 ix. Nasica, quum ad poetam Ennium venisset eique ab ostio quaerenti Ennium ancilla dixisset domi non esse, Nasica sensit illam domini iussu dixisse et ilium intus esse. Paucis post diebus quum ad Nasicam venisset Ennius et eum a ianua quaereret, exclamat Nasica se domi non esse. Tum 40 Ennius, ' Quid ? ego non cognosco,' inquit, ' vocem tuam ? ' Hie Nasica, * Homo es impudens. Ego quum te quaere- rem, ancillae tuae credidi te domi non esse, tu mihi non credis ipsi ? ' X. Siculus, quum ei familiaris quidam quereretur, quod 45 diceret, uxorem suam suspendisse se de ficu, * Amabo te,' inquit, * da mihi ex ista arbore quos seram surculos/ xi. Catulus cuidam oratori malo, qui, quum in epilogo misericordiam se movisse putaret, postquam assedit, rogavit eum videreturne misericordiam movisse, 'Ac magnam qui- 50 dem,' inquit ; * neminem enim puto esse tam durum, cui non oratio tua miseranda visa sit/ xii. Cato quum percussus esset ab eo qui arcam ferebat, quum ille diceret, * Cave,' rogavit, * numquid aliud ferret praeter arcam?' 55 xiii. Siculus, cui praetor Scipio patronum causae dabat hospitem suum, hominem nobilem, sed admodum stultum, * Quaeso,' inquit, ' praetor, adversario meo da istum patro- num, deinde mihi neminem dederis/ xiv. Patrono malo, quum vocem in dicendo obtudisset, 60 suadebat Granius, ut mulsum frigidum biberet, simulac domum redisset : ' Perdam,' inquit, ^ vocem, si id fecero/ ' Melius est,' inquit, * quam reum.' 64 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. XV. Quum Scaurus nonnullam haberet invidiam ex eo quod Phrygionis Pompeii, locupletis hominis, bona sine tes- tamento possederat, sederetque advocatus reo Bestiae, quum 65 funus quoddam duceretur, accusator C. Memmius, ^ Vide/ inquit, * Scaure, mortuus rapitur, si potes esse possessor/ xvi. Appius maior ilie, quum ageretur in senatu de agris publicis et de lege Thoria et premeretur Lucilius ab iis qui a pecore eius depasci agros publicos dicerent, * Non est/ 7^ inquit, ' Lucilii pecus illud : erratis : ' defendere Lucilium videbatur : * ego liberum puto esse ; qua lubet, pascitur/ xvii. Crassus, quum laesisset testis Silus Pisonem, quod se in eum audisse dixisset, * Potest fieri,' inquit, * Sile, ut is, unde te audisse dicis, iratus dixerit/ Annuit Silus. 'Potest 75 etiam, ut tu non recte intellexeris/ Id quoque toto capite annuit, ut se Crasso daret. * Potest etiam fieri,' inquit, * ut omnino, quod te audisse dicis, numquam audieris/ Hoc ita praeter exspectationem accidit, ut testem omnium risus obrueret. 80 xviii. C. Laelius, quum ei quidam malo genera natus diceret, indignum esse suis maioribus, * At hercule/ inquit, * tu tuis dignus/ xix. M. Cincius, quo die legem de donis et muneribus tulit, quum C. Cento prodiisset, et satis contumeliose, * Quid 85 fers, Cinciole ? ' quaesisset, * Ut emas,' inquit, ' Cai, si uti velis/ XX. Censor Lepidus, quum M. Antistio Pyrgensi equum ademisset amicique quum vociferarentur et quaererent, quid ille patri suo responderet, cur ademptum sibi equum diceret, 90 quum optimus colonus, parcissimus, modestissimus, frugalis- simus esset, ' Me istorum,' inquit, * nihil credere.' 13. A Visa In Tusculano quum cssem, vellemque e bibliotheca pueri ROMAN ANECDOTES. 65 Luculli quibusdam libris uti, veni in eius villam, ut eos ipse (ut solebam) inde promerem. Quo quum venissem, M. Cato- nem, quern ibi esse nescieram, vidi in bibliotheca sedentem, 5 multis circumfusum Stoicorum libris. Erat enim in eo in- exhausta aviditas legendi, nec satiari poterat : quippe qui, ne reprehensionem quidem vulgi inanem reformidans, in ipsa curia soleret legere saepe, dum senatus cogeretur, nihil operae reipublicae detrahens : quo magis turn in summo otio 10 maximaque copia quasi helluari libris, si hoc verbo in tarn clara re utendum est, videbatur. Quod quum accidisset ut alter alterum necopinato videremus, surrexit statim. Deinde prima ilia, quae in congressu solemus : ' Quid tu,' inquit, ' hue ? a villa enim, credo : et, si ibi te 15 esse scissem, ad te ipse venissem/ ' Heri/ inquam, ' ludis commissis, ex Urbe profectus veni ad vesperum. Causa autem fuit hue veniendi, ut quosdam hinc libros promerem : et quidem, Cato, totam hanc copiam iam Lucullo nostro notam esse oportebit. Nam his libris 20 eum malo, quam reliquo ornatu villae delectari. Est enim mihi magnae curae, (quamquam hoc quidem proprium tuum munus est,) ut ita erudiatur, ut et patri et Caepioni nostro et tibi tam propinquo respondeat. Laboro autem non sine causa. Nam et avi eius memoria moveor (nec enim ignoras 25 quanti fecerim Caepionem : qui, ut opinio mea fert, in prin- cipibus iam esset, si viveret :) et Lucullus mihi versatur ante oculos, vir quum omnibus excellens, tum mecum et amicitia et omni voluntate sententiaque coniunctus.' * Praeclare,' inquit, ' facis, quum et eorum memoriam tenes, 30 quorum uterque tibi testamento liberos suos commendavit, et puerum diligis. Quod autem meum munus dicis, non equidem recuso : sed te adiungo socium. Addo etiam illud, multa iam mihi dare signa puerum et pudoris et ingenii. Sed aetatem vides.' 35 'Video equidem/ inquam: 'sed tamen iam infici debet F 66 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. lis artibus, quas si, dum est tener, combiberit, ad maiora veniet paratior/ ' Sic : et quidem diligentius saepiusque ista loquemur inter nos, agemusque communiter.' * Sed resideamus/ inquit, * si placet/ Itaque fecimus. 40 14. Varieties of Character, Intelligendum est duabus quasi nos a natura indutos esse personis, quarum una communis est, ex eo quod omnes par- ticipes sumus rationis, praestantiaeque eius, qua antecellimus bestiis, altera autem, quae proprie singulis est tributa. Ut enim in corporibus magnae dissimilitudines sunt : alios vide- 5 mus velocitate ad cursum, alios viribus ad luctandum valere \ itemque in formis aliis dignitatem inesse, aliis venustatem : sic in animis existunt maiores etiam varietates. Erat in L. Crasso, in L. Philippo multus lepos ; maior etiam, magis- que de industria, in C. Caesare, L. F. At iisdem temporibus 10 in M. Scauro et in M. Druso adolescente singularis severitas ; in C. Laelio multa hilaritas ; in eius familiari Scipione ambitio maior, vita tristior. De Graecis autem, dulcem et facetum, festivique sermonis, atque in omni oratione simulatorem, quern et'/3a)m Graeci nominaverunt, Socratem accepimus:i5 contra Pythagoram et Periclem summam auctoritatem con- secutos sine ulla hilaritate. Callidum Hannibalem ex Poe- norum, ex nostris ducibus Q. Maximum accepimus facile celare, tacere, dissimulare, insidiari, praecipere hostium con- silia. In quo genere Graeci Themistoclem et Pheraeum 20 lasonem ceteris anteponunt : in primisque versutum et calli- dum factum Solonis, qui, quo et tutior vita eius esset, et plus aliquanto reipublicae prodesset, furere se simulavit. Sunt his alii multum dispares, simplices et aperti, qui nihil ex occulto, nihil insidiis agendum putant, veritatis cultores, fraudis ini- 25 mici ; itemque alii, qui quidvis perpetiantur, cuivis deserviant, dum, quod velint, consequantur : ut Sullam et M. Crassum ROMAN ANECDOTES, 67 videbamus. Quo in genere versutissimum et patientissimuin Lacedaemonium Lysandrum accepimus : contraque Callicra- 30 tidam, qui praefectus classis proximus post Lysandrum fuit : itemque in sermonibus alium, quamvis praepotens sit; efficere, ut unus de multis esse videatur ; quod in Catulo, et in patre et in filio, idemque in Q. Mucio Mancia vidimus. Audivi ex maioribus natu hoc idem fuisse in P. Scipione Nasica : con- 35 traque patrem eius, ilium, qui Ti. Gracchi conatus perditos vindicavit, nullam comitatem habuisse sermonis ; ne Xeno- cratem quidem, severissimum philosophorum, ob eamque rem ipsam magnum et clarum fuisse. Innumerabiles aliae dissimilitudines sunt naturae morumque, minime tamen vitu- 40 perandorum. 15. *Ort yiovov ayaBbv to koKov, Vita atque factis illustranda sunt summorum virorum haec, quae verbis subtilius quam satis est disputari videntur. Quaero enim a vobis, num ullam cogitationem habuisse videantur ii, qui hanc rempublicam tam praeclare fundatam 5 nobis reliquerunt, aut ami et argenti ad avaritiam, aut amoe- nitatum ad delectationem, aut supellectilis ad delicias, aut epularum ad voluptates? Ponite ante oculos unum quemque regum. Vultis a Romulo ? vultis post liberam civitatem ab iis ipsis, qui liberaverunt ? Quibus tandem gradibus Romulus 10 escendit in caelum ? iisne, quae isti bona appellant ? an rebus gestis atque virtutibus ? Quid ? a Numa Pompilio ? minusne gratas diis immortalibus capedines ac fictiles hirnulas fuisse quam filicatas aliorum pateras arbitramur ? Omitto reliquos : sunt enim omnes pares inter se praeter Superbum. Brutum 15 si quis roget, quid egerit in patria liberanda, si quis item re- liquos eiusdem consilii socios, quid spectaverint, quid secuti sint, num quis exsistet, cui voluptas, cui divitiae, cui denique praeter officium fortis et magni viri quidquam aliud proposi- tum fuisse videatur ? Quae res ad necem Porsenae C. Mucium F 2 68 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. impulit sine ulla spe salutis suae ? Quae vis Coclitem contra 20 omnes hostium copias tenuit in ponte solum ? quae patrem Decium, quae filium devotavit atque immisit in armatas hostium copias ? Quid continentia C. Fabricii, quid tenuitas victus M*. Curii sequebatur? Quid duo propugnacula belli Punici, Cn. et P. Scipiones, qui Karthaginiensium adventum 25 corporibus suis intercludendum putaverunt ? quid Africanus maior? quid minor? quid inter horum aetates interiectus Cato? quid innumerabiles alii? nam domesticis exemplis abundamus : cogitasse, quidquam in vita sibi expetendum, nisi quod laudabile esset et praeclarum, videntur ? Veniant 30 igitur isti irrisores huius orationis ac sententiae : et iam vel ipsi iudicent, utrum se horum alicuius, qui marmoreis tectis ■ ebore et auro fulgentibus, qui signis, qui tabulis, qui caelato auro et argento, qui Corinthiis operibus abundant, an C. Fa- bricii, qui nihil eorum habuit, nihil habere voluit, similes esse 35 malint ? 16. T/ie Good Faith of Regulus. M. Attilius Regulus, quum consul iterum in Africa ex in- sidiis captus esset, duce Xanthippo Lacedaemonio, impera- tore autem patre Hannibalis Hamilcare, iuratus missus est ad senatum, ut, nisi redditi essent Poenis captivi nobiles qui- dam, rediret ipse Karthaginem. Is quum Romam venisset, 5 utilitatis speciem videbat, sed eam, ut res declarat, falsam iudicavit, quae erat talis ; manere in patria ; esse domi suae cum uxore, cum liberis; quam calamitatem accepisset in bello communem fortunae bellicae iudicantem, tenere con- sularis dignitatis gradum. Quis haec neget esse utilia? 10 Quem censes ? Magnitudo animi et fortitudo negat. Num locupletiores quaeris auctores? Harum enim est virtutum proprium nihil extimescere, omnia humana despicere; nihil quod homini accidere possit intolerandum putare. Itaque quid fecit? In senatum venit ; mandata exposuit; senten- 15 ROMAN ANECDOTES, 69 tiam ne diceret recusavit; *quamdiu iureiurando hostium teneretur, non esse se senatorem/ Atque illud etiam, {' O stultum hominem/ dixerit quispiam, ' et repugnantem utilitati suae ! ') reddi captivos, negavit esse utile : ' illos enim 20 adolescentes esse et bonos duces, se iam confectum senec- tute.' Cuius quum valuisset auctoritas, captivi retenti sunt, ipse Karthaginem rediit : neque eum caritas patriae retinuit nec suorum. Neque vero turn ignorabat se ad crudelissimum hostem et ad exquisita supplicia proficisci ; sed iusiurandum 25 conservandum putabat. Itaque turn, quum vigilando neca- batur, erat in meliore causa, quam si domi senex captivus, periurus consularis remansisset. At stulte, qui non modo non censuerit captivos remittendos verum etiam dissuaserit. Quomodo stulte ? etiamne si reipublicae conducebat ? potest 30 autem quod inutile reipublicae sit id cuiquam civi esse utile ? 17. A Contrast, Sed ut laudandus Regulus in conservando iureiurando, sic decern illi quos post Cannensem pugnam iuratos ad senatum misit Hannibal se in castra redituros ea quorum potiti erant Poeni, nisi de redimendis captivis impetravissent, si non redi- 5 erunt, vituperandi. De quibus non omnes uno modo. Nam Polybius, bonus auctor in primis, scribit ex decem nobilis- simis, qui tum erant missi, novem revertisse, a senatu re non impetrata: unum, qui paullo post quam egressus erat e castris redisset, quasi aliquid esset oblitus, Romae reman- TO sisse. Reditu enim in castra liberatum se esse iureiurando interpretabatur ; non recte; fraus enim astringit non dissolvit periurium. Fuit igitur stulta calliditas ^ perverse imitata pru- dentiam. Itaque decrevit senatus ut ille veterator et callidus vinctus ad Hannibalem duceretur. Sed illud maximum. Octo 15 hominum millia tenebat Hannibal, non quos in acie cepisset, aut qui periculo mortis diflfugissent, sed qui relicti in castris 70 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. fuissent a Panllo et Varrone consulibus. Eos senatus non censuit redimendos, quum id parva pecunia fieri posset; ut asset insitum militibus nostris aut vincere aut emori. Qua quidem re audita, fractum animum Hannibalis scribit idem, 20 quod senatus populusque Romanus rebus afflictis tarn ex- celso animo fuisset. Sic honestatis comparatione ea quae videntur utilia vincuntur. Acilius autem, qui Graece scripsit historiam, plures ait fuisse qui in castra revertissent eadem fraude, ut iureiurando liberarentur, eosque a censoribus 25 omnibus ignominiis notatos. 18.-^4 questionable Case, T. Veturius et Sp. Postumius, quum iterum consules essent, quia, quum male pugnatum apud Caudium esset, legionibus nostris sub iugum missis, pacem cum Samnitibus fecerant, dediti sunt iis : iniussu enim populi senatusque fecerant : eodemque tempore Ti. Numicius, Q. Maelius, qui 5 turn tribuni plebis erant, quod eorum auctoritate pax erat facta, dediti sunt, ut pax Samnitium repudiaretur. Atque huius deditionis ipse Postumius qui dedebatur suasor et auctor fuit. Quod idem multis annis post C. Mancinus, qui, ut Numantinis, quibuscum sine senatus auctoritate foedus 10 fecerat, dederetur, rogationem suasit cam quam P. Furius, Sex. Atilius ex senatus consulto ferebant : qua accepta, est hostibus deditus. Honestius hie, quam Q. Pompeius, quo, quum in eadem causa esset, deprecante, accepta lex non est. Hie ea quae videbatur utilitas plus vaiuit quam honestas ; 15 apud superiores utilitatis species falsa ab honestatis auctori- tate superata est. 19. The Laws of War strictly observed. Belli aequitas sanctissime fetiali populi Romani iure per- scripta est. Ex quo intelligi potest nullum bellum esse ROMAN ANECDOTES. 71 lustum, nisi quod aut rebus repetitis geratur aut denuntiatum ante sit et indictum. Popilius imperator tenebat provinciam 5 in cuius exercitu Catonis filius tiro militabat. Quum autem Popilio videretur unam dimittere legionem, Catonis quoque filium qui in eadem legione militabat dimisit. Sad quum amore pugnandi in exercitu remansisset, Cato ad Popilium scripsit, ut, si eum pateretur in exercitu remanere, secundo 10 eum obligaret militiae sacramento ; quia, priore amisso, iure cum hostibus pugnare non poterat. Adeo summa erat observatio in bello movendo. M. quidem Catonis senis epistola est ad M. filium, in qua scripsit se audisse eum missum factum esse a consule, quum in Macedonia Persico 15 bello miles esset. Monet igitur ut caveat ne praelium ineat: negat enim ius esse, qui miles non sit, cum hoste pugnare. Equidem illud etiam animadverto, quod, qui proprio nomine * perduellis ' esset, is * hostis ' vocaretur, lenitate verbi 20 rei tristitiam mitigatam. * Hostis ' enim apud maiores nostros is dicebatur, quern nunc * peregrinum ' dicimus. In- dicant duodecim tabulae, ut status dies cum hoste, item- que, ADVERSUS HOSTEM AETERNA AUCTORITAS. Quid ad banc mansuetudinem addi potest? eum quicum bellum 25 geras tam molli nomine appellare ? Quamquam id nomen durius effecit iam vetustas : a peregrino enim recessit, et proprie in eo, qui arma contra ferret, remansit. Quum vero de imperio decertatur belloque quaeritur gloria, causas omnino subesse tamen oportet easdem quas dixi pauUo 30 ante iustas causas esse bellorum. Sed ea bella quibus imperii proposita gloria est minus acerbe gerenda sunt. Ut enim cum civi aliter contendimus, si est inimicus, aliter, si competitor; cum altero certamen honoris et dignitatis est, cum altero capitis et famae ; sic cum Celtiberis, cum 35 Cimbris bellum, ut cum inimicis, gerebatur, uter esset, non uter imperaret ; cum Latinis, Sabinis, Samnitibus, Poenis, EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Pyrrho de imperio dimicabatur. Poeni foedifragi, crudelis Hannibal, reliqui iustiores. Pyrrhi quidem de captivis red- dendis ilia praeclara : Nec mi aurum posco, nec mi pretiiim dederitis : 4^ Nec cauponantes bellum, sed belligerantes, Ferro, non auro vitam cernamus utrique. Vosne velit, an me regnare, hera quidve ferat fors, Virtute experiamur. Et hoc simul accipe dictum s Quorum virtuti belli fortuna pepercit, 45 Eorumdem me libertati parcere certum est : Dono, ducite, deque, volentibu* cum m.agnis dis. Regalis sane et digna Aeacidarum genere sententia. Atque etiam si quid singuli, temporibus adducti, hosti promiserunt, est in eo ipso fides conservanda : ut primo 50 Punico bello Regulus captus a Poenis, quum de captivis commutandis Romam missus esset, iurassetque se redi- turum, primum, ut venit, captivos reddendos in senatu non censuit; deinde, quum retineretur a propinquis et ab amicis, ad supplicium redire maluit quam fidem hosti 55 datam fallere. Secundo autem Punico bello, post Cannen- sem pugnam, quos decem Hannibal Romam astrictos misit iureiurando se redituros esse, nisi de redimendis iis qui capti erant impetrassent, eos omnes censores, quoad quisque eorum vixit qui peierassent, in aerariis reliquerunt; nec minus 60 ilium, qui iurisiurandi fraude culpam invenerat. Quum enim Hannibalis permissu exisset de castris, rediit paullo post, quod se oblitum nescio quid diceret. Deinde egressus e castris, iureiurando se solutum putabat: et erat verbis, re non erat. Semper autem in fide, quid senseris, non quid 65 dixeris, cogitandum. Maximum autem exemplum est iustitiae in hostem a maioribus nostris constitutum. Quum a Pyrrho perfuga senatui est pollicitus, se venenum regi daturum et eum necaturum: senatus et C. Fabricius per- fugam Pyrrho dedit. Ita ne hostis quidem et potentis et 70 bellum ultro inferentis interitum cum scelere approbavit. ROMAN ANECDOTES. 73 20. A Utile Wrong for a great Gain. C. Marius quum a spe consulatus longe abesset, et iam septimum annum post praeturam iaceret, neque petiturus umquam consulatum videretur, Q. Metellum cuius legatus erat, summum virum et civem, quum ab eo, imperatore suo, 5 Romam missus esset, apud populum Romanum criminatus est, *bellum ilium ducere; si se consulem fecissent, brevi tempore aut vivum aut mortuum lugurtham se in potestatem populi Romani redacturum.' Itaque factus est ille quidem consul, sed a fide iustitiaque discessit, qui optimum et 10 gravissimum civem, cuius legatlis et a quo missus esset, in invidiam falso crimine adduxerit. Ne noster quidem Grati- dianus officio boni viri functus est tum, quum praetor esset, collegiumque praetorum tribuni plebi adhibuissent, ut res nummaria de communi sententia constitueretur : iactabatur 15 enim temporibus illis nummus sic, ut nemo posset scire quid haberet. Conscripserunt communiter edictum cum poena atque iudicio, constitueruntque ut omnes simul in rostra post meridiem escenderent. Et ceteri quidem alius alio ; Marius ab subselliis in rostra recta, idque quod com- 20 muniter compositum fuerat solus edixit. Et ea res, si quaeris, ei magno honori fuit. Omnibus vicis statuae; ad eas thus, cerei. Quid multa? nemo umquam multitudini fuit carior. Haec sunt quae conturbant homines in deli- beratione nonnumquam, quum id in quo violatur aequitas 25 non ita magnum, illud autem quod ex eo paritur per- magnum videtur: ut Mario praeripere collegis et tribunis plebis popularem gratiam non ita turpe, consulem ob eam rem fieri, quod sibi tum proposuerat, valde utile videbatur. Sed omnium una regula est, quam tibi cupio esse notissi- 30 mam : ^ Aut illud quod utile videtur turpe ne sit ; aut si turpe est ne videatur esse utile/ 74 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO, 21. T/ie Effects of Civil War. Quamdiu imperium populi Romani beneficiis tenebatur non iniuriis, bella aut pro sociis aut de imperio gerebantur, exitus erant bellorum aut mites aut necessarii. Regum, populorum, nationum portus erat et refugium senatus : nostri autem magistratus imperatoresque ex hac una re maximam 5 laudem capere studebant, si provincias, si socios aequitate et fide defendissent. Itaque illud patrocinium orbis terrae verius quam imperium poterat nominari. Sensim banc consuetudinem et disciplinam iam antea minuebamus ; post vero Bullae victoriam penitus amisimus: desitum est enim 10 videri quidquam in socios iniquum, quum exstitisset in cives tanta crudelitas. Ergo in illo secuta est honestam causam non honesta victoria. Est enim ausus dicere, hasta posita, quum bona in foro venderet et bonorum virorum et locu- pletium et certe civium, ' praedam se suam vendere.' Secutus 15 est qui in causa impia, victoria etiam foediore, non sin- gulorum civium bona publicaret, sed universas provincias regionesque uno calamitatis iure comprehenderet. Itaque, vexatis ac perditis exteris nationibus, ad exemplum amissi imperii portari in triumpho Massiliam vidimus, et ex ea 20 urbe triumphari sine qua numquam nostri imperatores ex Transalpinis bellis triumpharunt. Multa praeterea comme- morarem nefaria in socios, si hoc uno quidquam sol vidisset indignius. lure igitur plectimur. Nisi enim multorum impunitates scelerum tulissemus, numquam ad unum tanta 25 pervenisset licentia : a quo quidem rei familiaris ad paucos, cupiditatum ad multos improbos venit hereditas. Nec vero umquam bellorum civilium semen et causa deerit, dum homines perditi hastam illam cruentam et meminerint et sperabunt, quam P. Sulla quum vibrasset, dictatore pro- 30 pinquo suo, idem^ sexto tricesimo anno post, a sceleratiore ROMAN ANECDOTES. 75 hasta non recessit : alter auterrij qui in ilia dictatura scriba fuerat, in hac fuit quaestor urbanus. Ex quo debet intelligi, talibus praemiis propositis, numquam defutura bella civilia. 35 Itaque parietes modo Urbis stant et manent, iique ipsi iam extrema scelera metuentes; rem vero publicam penitus amis.imus. Atque in has clades incidimus, redeundum est enim ad propositum, dum metui quam cari esse et diligi malumus, 22. A Cheat. C. Canius, eques Romanus, nee infacetus et satis litter- atus, quum se Syracusas otiandi, ut ipse dicere solebat, non negotiandi causa contulisset, dictitabat se hortulos aliquos emere velle, quo invitare amicos et ubi se oblectare 5 sine interpellatoribus posset. Quod quum percrebuisset, Pythius ei quidam, qui argentariam faceret Syracusis, dixit venales quidem se hortos non habere, sed licere uti Canio, si vellet, ut suis : et simul ad caenam hominem in hortos invitavit in posterum diem. Quum ille promisisset, turn 10 Pythius, qui esset, ut argentarius, apud omnes ordines gra- tiosus, piscatores ad se convocavit, et ab iis petivit ut ante suos hortulos postridie piscarentur, dixitque quid eos facere vellet. Ad caenam tempore venit Canius. Opipare a Pythio apparatum convivium ; cymbarum ante oculos i5multitudo; pro se quisque quod ceperat afferebat; ante pedes Pythii pisces abiiciebantur. Tum Canius, * Quaeso,' inquit, ^ quid est hoc, Pythi ? Tantumne piscium tantumne cymbarum?' Et ille, 'Quid mirum.?' inquit: 'hoc loco est, Syracusis quidquid est piscium : hie aquatio : hac villa 20 isti carere non possunt.' Incensus Canius cupiditate con- tendit a Pythio ut venderet. Gravate ille primo. Quid multa? impetrat. Emit homo cupidus et locuples tanti quanti Pythius voluit, et emit instructos : nomina facit, 76 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. negotium conficit. Invitat Canius postridie familiares suos ; venit ipse mature ; scalmum nullum videt. Quaerit ex 25 proximo vicino, num feriae quaedam piscatorum essent, quod eos nullos videret. ' Nullae, quod sciam/ inquit : * sed hie piscari nulli solent. Itaque heri mirabar, quid accidis- set.' Stomachari Canius. Sed quid faceret? Nondum enim Aquillius, collega et familiaris mens, protulerat de 30 dolo malo formulas : in quibus ipsis quum ex eo quae* reretur quid esset dolus malus, respondebat, *Quum esset aliud simulatum, aliud actum.' Hoc quidem sane luculente, ut ab homine perito definiendi. Ergo et Pythius et omnes aliud agentes aliud simulantes perfidi, improbi, 35 malitiosi. 23. Evasion, Existunt etiam saepe iniuriae calumnia quadam et nimis callida sed malitiosa iuris interpretatione. Ex quo illud, ^summum ius summa iniuria,' factum est iam tritum ser- mone proverbium. Quo in genere etiam in republica multa peccantur, ut ille, qui, quum triginta dierum essent 5 cum hoste factae induciae, noctu populabatur agros, quod dierum essent pactae non noctium induciae. Ne noster quidem probandus, si verum est, Q. Fabium Labeonem, seu quem alium, (nihil enim praeter auditum habeo), arbi- trum Nolanis et Neapolitanis de finibus a senatu datum, 10 quum ad locum venisset, cum utrisque separatim locutum, ut ne cupide quid agerent, ne appetenter, atque ut regredi quam progredi mallent. Id quum utrique fecissent, ali- quantum agri in medio relictum est. Itaque illorum fines, sicut ipsi dixerant, terminavit: in medio relictum quod 15 erat, populo Romano adiudicavit. Decipere hoc quidem est non iudicare. Quocirca in omni re fugienda est talis sollertia. ROMAN ANECDOTES. 77 24. A difficult PoinU Definitio est, quum in scripto verbum aliquod est posi- tum, cuius de vi quaeritur, hoc modo : Lex : qui in adyersa TEMPESTATE NAVIM RELIQUERINT, OMNIA AMITTUNTO j EORUM NAVIS ET ONER A SUNTO, QUI IN NAVI REMANSERINT. DuO 5 quidam, quum iam in alto navigarent, et quum eorum alterius navis alterius onus esset, naufragum quemdam natantem et manus ad se tendentem animadverterunt ; misericordia commoti navim ad eum applicaverunt, homi- nem ad se sustulerunt. Postea aliquanto ipsos quoque 10 tempestas vehementius iactare coepit, usque adeo ut domi- nus navis, quum idem gubernator esset, in scapham con- fugeret et inde funiculo, qui a puppi religatus scapham annexam trahebat, navim, quoad posset, moderaretur, ille autem cuius merces erant, in gladium ibidem incumberet. 15 Hie ille naufragus ad gubernaculum accessit, et navi quoad potuit est opitulatus. Sedatis autem fluctibus et tern- pestate iam commutata, navis in portum pervehitur. Ille autem qui in gladium incubuerat leviter saucius facile est ex vulnere recreatus. Navim cum onere horum trium 20 suam quisque esse dicit. Hie omnes scripto ad causam accedunt, et ex nominis vi nascitur controversia. Nam et relinquere navim et remanere in navi denique navis ipsa quid sit definitionibus quaeretur. 25. Sharp Practices. De iure praediorum sanctum apud nos est iure civili ut in iis vendendis vitia dicerentur quae nota essent venditori. Nam, quum ex xii tabulis satis esset ea praestari quae 7,8 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO, essent iingua nuncupata, quae qui infitiatus esset, duplicem poenam subiret, a iureconsultis etiam reticentiae poena 5 est constituta. Quidquid enim e^set in praedio vitii, id^ statuerunt, si venditor sciret, nisi nominatim dictum esset, praestari oportere. Ut quum in arce augurium augures acturi essent, iussissentque T. Claudium Centumalum, qui aedes in Caelio monte habebat, demoliri ea quorum alti- 10 tudo officeret auspiciis, Claudius proscripsit insulam, ven- didit; emit P. Calpurnius Lanarius. Huic ab auguribus illud idem denuntiatum est. Itaque Calpurnius quum demolitus esset, cognossetque Claudium aedes postea pro- scripsisse quam esset ab auguribus demoliri iussus, arbi° 15 trum ilium adegit, 'quidquid sibi dare, facere oporteret ex fide bona/ M. Cato sententiam dixit, huius nostri Catonis pater, (ut enim ceteri ex patribus, sic, qui illud lumen progenuit, ex filio est nominandus,) is igitur index ita pronuntiavit, ' quum in venumdando rem eam scisset 20 * et non pronuntiasset emptori, damnum praestari oportere/ Ergo ad fidem bonam statuit pertinere notum esse emptori vitium quod nosset venditor. Sed huiusmodi reticentiae iure civili omnes comprehendi non possunt: quae autem possunt diligenter tenentur. M. Marius Gratidianus, pro- 25 pinquus noster, C. Sergio Oratae vendiderat aedes eas, quas ab eodem ipse paucis ante annis emerat. Eae ser- viebant: sed hoc in mancipio Marius non dixerat. Ad- ducta res in indicium est. Oratam Crassus, Gratidianum defendebat Antonius. lus Crassus urgebat, ' quod vitii 30 venditor non dixisset sciens, id oportere praestari;' aequi- tatem Antonius, * quoniam id vitium ignotum Sergio non fuisset, qui illas aedes vendidisset, nihil fuisse necesse dici, nec eum esse deceptum, qui id quod emerat quo iure esset teneret.' Quorsus haec ? Ut illud intelligas non 35 placuisse maioribus nostris astutos. R OMA ANECDOTES.. 7-9 26. Treating, Vitanda tamen suspicio est avaritiae. Mamerco, homini divitissimo, praetermissio aedilitatis consulatus repulsam attulit. Quare et, si postulatur a populo, bonis viris si non desiderantibus, attamen approbantibus, faciendum est, S modo pro facultatibus, nos ipsi ut fecimus : et, si quando aliqua res maior atque utilior populari largitione acquiri- tur ; ut Oresti nuper prandia in semitis decumae nomine magno honori fuerunt. Ne M. quidem Seio vitio datum est quod in caritate annonae asse modium populo dedit: 10 magna enim se et inveterata invidia nec turpi iactura, quando erat aedilis, nec maxima liberavit. Sed honori summo nuper nostro Mlloni fuit, quod gladiatoribus emptis reipublicae causa, quae salute nostra continebatur, omnes P. Clodii conatus furoresque compressit. Causa igitur lar- 15 gitionis est, si aut necesse est aut utile. In his autem ipsis mediocritatis regula optima est. L. quidem Philip- pus, Q. F., magno vir ingenio in primisque clarus, gloriari solebat se sine ullo munere adeptum esse omnia quae haberentur amplissima. Dicebat idem Cotta^ Curio. Nobis 20 quoque licet in hoc quodammodo gloriari. Nam pro am- plitudine honorum, quos cunctis suffragiis adepti sumus, nostro quidem anno, quod contigit eorum nemini quos modo nominavi, sane exiguus sumptus aedilitatis fuit. Atque etiam illae impensae meliores, muri, navalia, portus, 25 aquarum ductus, omniaque quae ad usum reipublicae per- tinent. Quamquam quod praesens tamquam in manum datur iucundius est, tamen haec in posterum gratiora. Theatra, porticus, nova templa verecundius reprehendo, propter Pompeium: sed doctissimi non probant, ut et 30 Panaetius, quem multum in his libris secutus sum, non in- terpretatus : et Phalereus Demetrius, qui Periclem, principem 8o EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Graeciae, vituperat, quod tantam pecuniam in praeclara ilia propylaea coniecerit. 27. A Demagogue, Quum L. Saturninus legem frumentariam de semissibus et trientibus laturus esset, Q. Caepio, qui id temporis quaestor urbanus erat, docuit senatum aerarium pati non posse largitionem tantam. Senatus decrevit, si eam legem ad populum ferat, adversus rempublicam videri eum facere. 5 Saturninus ferre coepit. Collegae intercedere. Ille nihilo minus cistellam detulit. Caepio, ut ilium contra S. C, intercedentibus collegis, adversus rempublicam vidit ferre, cum viris bonis impetum facit, pontes disturbat, cistas deiicit, impedimento est quo secius feratur lex : arcessitur ic Caepio maiestatis. 28. A Braggadocio, Si velis non divitem sed ostentatorem pecuniae describere, 'Iste/ inquies, Mudices, qui se dici divitem putat esse praeclarum, primum nunc videte, quo vultu nos intueatur. Nonne vobis videtur dicere, *Darem, si mihi molesti non essetis?' Quum vero sinistra mentum sublevat, existimat se 5 gemmae nitore et auri splendore aspectus omnium prae- stringere. Quum puerum respicit hunc unum, quem ego novi, vos non arbitror novisse, alio nomine appellat, deinde alio atque alio. ' Heus tu/ inquit, ' veni, Sannio, ne quid isti barbari turbent j' ut ignoti, qui audiunt, unum putent eligi lo de multis : ei dicit in aurem, aut ut domi lectuli sternantur, aut ab avunculo rogetur Aethiops, qui ad balneas veniat, aut asturconi locus ante ostium suum detur, aut aliquod fragile falsae choragium gloriae comparetur. Deinde exclamat, ut omnes audiant, *Videto ut diligenter numeretur, si potest, 15 ante noctem/ Puer^ qui iam bene hominis naturam novit, ROMAN ANECDOTES, 8l 'Tu illo plures mittas oportet,' inquit, 'si hodie vis trans- numerari.' *Age/ inquit, 'due tecum Libanum et Sosiam.' ' Sane/ Deinde casu veniunt hospites homini, qui istum 20 splendide, dum peregrinatur, invitarant. Ex ea re homo hercle sane conturbatur, sed tamen a vitio naturae non recedit. ' Bene/ inquit, ' facitis, quum venitis ; sed rectius fecissetis, si ad me domum recta abiissetis/ ' Id fecis- semus/ inquiunt illi, 'si domum novissemus/ *At istud 25 quidem facile fuit undelibet invenire. Verum ite mecum/ Sequuntur illi. Sermo interea huius consumitur omnis in ostentatione. Quaerit, in agris cuiusmodi frumenta sint ; negat se, quia villae incensae sint, accedere posse, nec aedificare etiam nunc audere ; ' tametsi in Tusculano quidem 30 coepi insanire et in iisdem fundamentis aedificare/ Dum haec loquitur, venit in aedes quasdam, in quibus sodalitium erat eodem die futurum, quo iste pro notitia domini aedium ingreditur cum hospitibus. ' Hie,' inquit, * habito/ Per- spicit argentum, quod erat expositum; visit triclinium 35 stratum ; probat. Accedit servulus : dicit homini clam, dominum iam venturum, si velit exire. ' Itane ? ' inquit ; * eamus hospites ; frater venit ex Salerno : ego illi obviam pergam; vos hue decuma venitote/ Hospites discedunt. Iste se raptim domum suam coniicit ; illi decuma, quo ius- 40 serat, veniunt : quaerunt hunc ; reperiunt, domus cuia sit ; in diversorium derisi conferunt sese. Vident hominem postera die ; narrant, expostulant, accusant. Ait iste eos similitudine loci deceptos angiporto toto deerrasse; se con- tra valetudinem suam ad noctem multam expectasse. San- 45 nioni puero negotium dederat, ut vasa, vestimenta, pueros corrogaret. Servulus non inurbanus satis strenue et con- cinne comparat ; iste hospites domum deducit. Ait se aedes maximas cuidam amico ad nuptias commodasse. Nuntiat puer, argentum repeti (pertimuerat enim, qui commodarat). 50 * Apage te,' inquit, ' aedes commodavi, familiam dedi, G 82 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. argentum quoque vult ? Tametsi hospites habeo, tamen utatur licet, nos Samiis delectabimur/ Quid ego quae deinde efficiat narrem? Eiusmodi est hominis natura, ut, quae singulis diebus efficiat gloria atque ostentatione, ea vix annuo sermone enarrare possim.' 55 29. A Scene. Quum militibus urbs redundaret et omnes timore oppressi domi continerentur, venit iste cum sago, gladio succinctus, tenens iaculum ; quinque adolescentes hominem simili or- natu subsequuntur. Irrumpit in aedes subito ; deinde magna voce : * Ubi est iste beatus/ inquit, ^ aedium dominus ? 5 quin mihi praesto fit ? quid tacetis ? ' Hie alii omnes stupidi timore obmutuerunt. Uxor illius infelicissimi cum maximo fletu ad istius pedes abiecit sese. ^ Parce/ inquit, * et per ea, quae tibi dulcissima sunt in vita, miserere nostri; noli exstinguere exstinctos. Fer mansuete fortunam. Nos quo- 10 que fuimus beati ; nosce te esse hominem/ At ille : ^ Quin ilium mihi datis, ac vos auribus meis opplorare non desinitis ? non abibit/ Illi nuntiatur interea, venisse istum et clamore maximo mortem minari. Quod simul ut audivit : ^ Heus,' in- quit, ^ Gorgia, pediseque puerorum, absconde pueros; defende; 15 fac, ut incolumes ad adolescentiam perducas/ Vix haec dixerat, quum ecce iste praesto : ' Sedes,' inquit, ^ audax ? non vox mea tibi vitam ademit ? exple inimicitias meas, et iracundiam satura tuo sanguine.' Ille cum magno spiritu, ' Verebar/ inquit, ' ne plane victus essem. Nunc video ; in 20 iudicio mecum contendere non vis, ubi superari turpissimum, et superare pulcherrimum est ; interficere me vis. Occidar equidem, sed victus non peribo/ At iste : ' In extremo vitae tempore etiam sententiose loqueris ? neque ei, quem vides dominari, vis supplicare ' Tum mulier : ' Immo quidem ille 25 rogat et supplicat ; sed tu, quaeso, commovere ; et tu, per ROMAN ANECDOTES. deos/ inquit, * hunc examplexare, Dominus est ; vicit hie te, vince tu nunc animum/ ' Cur non desinis/ inquit, ' uxor, loqui, quae me digna non sunt ? tace, et quae curanda sunt 30 cura. Tu cessas, mihi vitam, tibi omnem bene vivendi spem mea morte eripere ? ' Iste mulierem repulit ab se lamentan- tem ; illi nescio quid incipienti dicere, quod dignum videlicet illius virtute esset, gladium in latere defixit. 30, Character of Lucullus. Magnum ingenium L. Luculli, magnumque optimarum artium studium, tum omnis liberalis et digna homine nobili ab eo percepta doctrina, quibus temporibus florere in foro maxime potuit, caruit omnino rebus urbanis. Ut enim, 5 admodum adolescens, cum fratre, pari pietate et industria praedito, paternas inimicitias magna cum gloria est per- secutus, in Asiam quaestor profectus, ibi permultos annos admirabili quadam laude provinciae praefuit : deinde absens factus aedilis, continuo praetor : licebat enim celerius legis 10 praemio : post in Africam : inde ad consulatum : quem ita gessit ut diligentiam admirarentur omnes, ingenium cog- noscerent. Post ad Mithridaticum bellum missus a senatu non modo opinionem vicit omnium quae de virtute eius erat, sed etiam gloriam superiorum. Idque eo fuit mirabi- 15 lius, quod ab eo laus imperatoria non admodum exspec- tabatur, qui adolescentiam in forensi opera, quaesturae diuturnum tempus, Murena bellum in Ponto gerente, in Asiae pace consumpserat. Sed incredibilis quaedam ingenii magnitudo non desideravit indocilem usus disciplinam. 20 Itaque quum totum iter et navigationem consumpsissef partim in percontando a peritis, partim in rebus gestis legendis, in Asiam factus imperator venit, quum esset Roma profectus rei militaris rudis. Habuit enim divinam quamdam memoriam rerum, verborum maiorem Hortensius, Sed, G 2 84 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO, quo plus in negotiis gerendis res quam verba prosunt, hoc 25 erat memoria ilia praestantior : quam fuisse in Themistocle, quern facile Graeciae principem ponimus, singularem ferunt, Qui quidem etiam pollicenti cuidam se artem ei memoriae, quae turn primum proferebatur, traditurum, respondisse dicitur, oblivisci se malle discere : credo, quod haerebant 3© in memoria quaecumque audierat vel viderat. Tali ingenio praeditus Lucullus adiunxerat etiam illam, quam Themis- tocles spreverat, disciplinam. Itaque, ut litteris consig- namus quae monumentis mandare volumus: sic ille in animo res insculptas habebat. Tantus ergo imperator in 35 omni genere belli fuit, praeliis, oppugnationibus, navali- bus pugnis, totiusque belli instrumento et apparatu, ut ille rex post Alexandrum maximus hunc a se maiorem ducem cognitum, quam quemquam eorum, quos legisset, fate- retur. In eodem tantia prudentia fuit in constituendis 40 temperandisque civitatibus, tanta aequitas, ut hodie stet Asia Luculli institutis servandis et quasi vestigiis perse- quendis. Sed, etsi magna cum utilitate reipublicae, tamen diutius quam vellem tanta vis virtutis atque ingenii pere- grinata abfuit ab oculis et fori et curiae. Quin etiam, 45 quum victor a Mithridatico bello revertisset, inimicorum calumnia triennio tardius quam debuerat triumphavit. Nos enim consules introduximus paene in Urbem currum clarissimi viri : cuius mihi consilium et auctoritas quid tum in maximis rebus profuisset dicerem, nisi de me 50 ipso dicendum esset : quod hoc tempore non est necesse. Itaque privabo ilium potius debito testimonio quam id cum mea laude communicem. Sed, quae populari gloria decorari in Lucullo debu- erunt, ea fere sunt et Graecis litteris celebrata et Latinis. 55 Nos autem ilia externa cum multis, haec interiora cum paucis ex ipso saepe cognovimus. Maiore enim studio Lucullus quum omni litterarum generi, tum philosophiae ROMAN ANECDOTES. 85 deditus fuit, quam qui ilium ignorabant arbitrabantur : 60 nec vero ineunte aetate solum, sed et pro quaestore aliquot annos, et in ipso bello, in quo ita magna rei militaris esse occupatio solet, ut non multum imperatori sub ipsis pellibus otii relinquatur. Quum autem e philosophis ingenio scientiaque putaretur Antiochus, Phi- 65 lonis auditor, excellere, eum secum et quaestor habuit et post aliquot annos imperator: quumque esset ea memoria quam ante dixi, ea saepe audiendo facile cog- novit, quae vel semel audita meminisse potuisset. De- lectabatur autem mirifice lectione librorum, de quibus 70 audiebat. Ac vereor interdum ne talium personarum, quum am- plificare velim, minuam etiam gloriam. Sunt enim multi qui omnino Graecas non ament litteras: plures, qui phi- losophiam: reliqui, etiamsi haec non improbent, tamen 75 earum rerum disputationem principibus civitatis non ita decoram putant. Ego autem, quum Graecas litteras M. Catonem in senectute didicisse acceperim, P. autem Africani historiae loquantur in legatione ilia nobili, quam ante censuram obiit, Panaetium uhum omnino comitem fuisse : 80 nec litterarum Graecarum, nec philosophiae iam ullum auctorem require. NOTES. 1. I. Publium Scipionem. Scipio Africanus Major, the conqueror of Hannibal at Zama. ' Africanus ' was an agnomen given to him to commemo- rate his victory. 2. Cato. The first of the famous men of this name, known by the titles, ' Major,' to distinguish him from Cato Uticensis, and ♦ Censorius,' in commemoration of his famous censorship in 184 B.C. He was Quaestor under Scipio in his expedition to Africa. 7. Neque cessaret unquam, 'was never utterly idle.' 'Neque'=^et non*: as the 'et* here — ' both' it is better omitted in English. 2. I. Quum abrogabat, * in depriving'; ' quum ' followed by indie, in past time, because the action is simultaneous with that of the principal verb. 4. Principes, ' the leading men of the State.' Cognationem, ' all the kindred.' 8. Propter honestatem, 'because it was honourable.' 10. Species utilitatis, ' a false expediency.' 11. Cui quum — regnare, 'and so, thinking it more expedient to reign ' alone than in partnership.' 13. Neque erat, 'though it was not really so.* 14. Muri causam opposuit, ' alleged in his defence the matter of the wall.' ' Opposuit,' lit. ' opposed to his accusers,' ' met his accusers with.' 'Muri causam' refers to the well-known story of Remus in mockery leaping over the wall which Romulus had built round his new city. 16. Pace dixerim, 'I would say it with his leave, be he Quirinus or Romulus,' i. e. whether he be a god or mere man. Quirinus was the title under which Romulus was worshipped after death. 3. 4. A me, ' from my house.' The speaker is Cato the Censor. 14. Occupatum interemit, 'attacked and slew.' 'Occupo' always suggests the notion of anticipating another party ; and so it means to assail another before he attacks you. 16. Viatores. In later times 'viatores' were the attendants of the in» ferior magistrates, such as had no ' imperium,' corresponding to the lictors ot the higher. Here it is used for the messengers of the Senate. 4. 1. Ad me. The speaker is C. Laelius, the intimate friend of Scipio Africanus Minor. Aderam in consilio, ^ was one of the supporters of: 'consilium,' a body of men summoned by the Consuls to deliberate with and advise them. 88 NOTES. 5- 11. Quaestione nova, ' the second commission of inquiry.' 12. Poenas persolvit. He fled to Aristonicus, king of Pergamus, then at war with the Romans. Aristonicus was soon conquered, and Blossius, to avoid falling into the hands of the Romans, committed suicide. 5. I. Legem frumentariam. By this law C. Gracchus enacted that every month corn should be sold at a low fixed price to the poor citizens. It is called by Arnold ' a Roman poor-law,' and he styles it an unjust and impracticable one. (Rom. Commonwealth, vol. I. p. 99.) 2. Consularis, 'though of consular rank.' 4. Qjiii sibi constet, 'how it was consistent in him'; literally, 'how he agreed with himself.' Qui is the old abl. Ea lege, quam dissuaserit, 'under a law which he had spoken against.' 5. Nolim tibi libeat, 'I should not like you to take a fancy.' An- other reading is * liceat.' 7. Parumne declaravit, ' Did he not plainly assert ?' 'Parumne'=: ' nonne satis.* 6. I. Dionysius. This was Dionysius the younger, who succeeded his father as tyrant of Syracuse, but was driven out, first by Dion, then by -Timoleon. It was after this second expulsion that he retired to Corinth. 2. Carere, 'do without.* 7. I. Ultro intulisset bellum, 'had attacked the Romans.' * Ultro ' means ' without previous provocation from them.* 4. Posuisset, 'offered,' literally, 'put down,' i.e. as a prize to be won. Virg. Aen. 5. 292 ' Invitat pretiis animos et praemia ponit.' Another reading ^s ' proposuisset.* 8. I. Medicus. Rich men often had among their slaves some that understood medicine and surgery. See Diet, of Ant. under ' Medicus.' 2. Armarium: properly a chest or box for tools or implements (' arma') : then any chest. From it come French ' armoire,* English * aumry * or ' ambry.* 3. Sciret is subj. because ' in quo * = * et in eo,* and so the ' quum' affects both verbs, the sentences being really coordinate. 5. H. S. the usual abbreviation either for ' sestertii ' or ' sestertia.* See Diet, of Antiq. under 'Sestertius.* Here it probably stands for 150 ses- tertia = 150,000 sestertii, as in sestertii it would make too small a sum to tempt him to such a crime. Pondo, originally an ablative of a subst. 'pondus,' ' pondi,' afterwards obsolete, meaning ' in weight.' Being constantly applied to the pound weight, * libra,* it came to be used as an indeclinable subst. meaning ' a pound,' the EngHsh word being derived from it. 7. Non comparebant, 'were not forthcoming.* 11. In rebus minutis, * among other small matters/ 12. Venire; from ' veneo.' 13. Perquiritur, * is traced,* ' hunted up.* -10. ROMAN ANECDOTES, 89 14. Coactoribus. ' Coactores' was a name applied to 'collectors' of various kinds. Here it means persons who collected the money from the purchasers of goods sold at auctions. It is also applied to the collectors who acted under the * pubHcani * to collect the taxes they farmed for them. Horace's father was a 'coactor' in this sense: S. i. 6, 86. Invenitur — pervenisse, 'is proved to have been in Strato's possession.' 9. I. A. F., 'Auli filio/ 2. Diem dixit, 'impeached, named a day for his trial.' The first step in a trial was for the accuser to declare that he would on a certain day accuse the person whom he had named, of some specific crime. Diet, of Ant. 'Judicium.' Quod — addidisset, 'because he had kept his dictatorship a few days over the legal time.* The limit fixed by law was six months. * Addidisset,' subj., as being oratio obliqua, giving the tribune's reason. Livy, 7. 4, says he was impeached for his cruelties when in office. Probably the one was the technical ground, the other the real reason of the impeachment. 5. Quod relegasset ; subj. for the same reason as * addidisset ' above. Quod quum audivisset. * Quod' is here the acc. of the relative pro- noun, and the sentence ' negotium exhiberi patri* is in apposition with it. 6. Negotium exhiberi patri, 'that his father was in trouble.* 8. Qui — arbitraretur, 'as he thought.' 'Qui' is causal, and so takes subj. 13. Missum facturum, ' would set at liberty.* 19. Invenit, * won.' Ad Veserim. The famous battle in the Latin war, usually called the battle under Mount Vesuvius. * What Veseris was, or where it was situ- ated, are questions to which we can give no answer.* Arnold, Hist. vol. 2. ch. 29. 21, Acerbe severus. He caused his son to be beheaded before the army for engaging in single combat with a Latin soldier, contrary to his order, just before the battle. * Manliana imperia * came from this to be a proverb for extreme severity of discipline. 10. I. Ego. The speaker here is Cato the Censor. 3. Condita; from ' condio,' ' seasoned.' 4. Eum col ere, * to cultivate his acquaintance.* 5. Anno post — quam natus sum, 'the year after I was born,* 233 B. c. Observe the order of the words ; * post * is usually separated from ' quam ' in giving dates in this way ; * ante ' follows the same arrangement, II. Suasor fuit, * spoke in favour of.' Legis Cinciae. The Lex Cincia was passed in 204 B.C. Its object was to control and prevent foolish and hasty gifts by requiring certain formalities, and enacting limitations to them. 24. C. Flaminio. The same who was afterwards defeated and killed in the battle at the Lake Thrasymenus. As tribune, 232 B.C., he carried, by a ' plebiscitum ' (' contra senatus auctoritatem an agrarian law for dis- tributing land lately conquered in the north of Italy. 90 NOTES. , 11— 26. Dividenti, * proposing to distribute.' 31. Viritim, 'to individuals.* Till so distributed by special enactment, the land remained state property, ' ager publicus.' Laudatio, 'his funeral oration.' 33. In luce, ' in public* 34. Intus domique, ' in his private and domestic life,* 36. Augurii, here an adj. agreeing with * iuris.' ' lus augurium * means the established system of augury * So ' ius pontificium.' Ut in homine Romano, 'for a Roman/ The Romans acknowledged their great inferiority to the Greeks in literature. 37. Domestics must here mean not civil wars, for at the time Cato is supposed to say this there had been none, but 'the wars of his own country,* and ' externa,' ' those of foreign nations.' 11, I. App. Claudii. This was the Appius Claudius whose censorship, 312 B.C., was famous for his great public works, the 'Via Appia,' the ' great south road* of Rome, and the 'Aqua Appia,* an aqueduct, which brought water to Rome a distance of eight miles; and also for his admission of freed- men as citizens by enrolling them in tribes. 6. Viai, an old form of the gen. It is dependent on * quo,' like ' ubi terrarum,* ' eo audaciae.* 7. Et tamen — oratio. The force of* tamen' here is, 'though there is no need to refer to Ennius, for Appius' own speech is still extant.' Arnold, Hist. vol. 2, ch. 27, compares with this speech of Appius the famous protest of Lord Chatham against yielding to the demands of the American Colonies, *when, bowed down by years and infirmity like Appius, but roused like him by the dread of approaching dishonour to the English name, he was led by his son and son-in-law into the House of Lords, and all the Peers with one impulse rose to receive him.' 22. Et tamen sic. He means, ' Yet there can be no doubt of the fact, for it is positively asserted by tradition.' 13. Nihil afferunt, 'have no grounds for their assertion.* 14. Similes sunt ut si qui dicant, *are like persons who maintain.' 19. Celeritate, ' activity.' 20. Consilio, auctoritate, sententia, ' judgment, weight of character, decision.* 23. Tantam domum, tantas clientelas, ' a large household, a vast number of dependants.' * Tantus' is used here without any correlative ' quantus,' which may be supplied in thought, 'so great a household, as such a man would have.' ' Clientelas,' an abstract term used for the concrete ' clientes.* 24. Intentum, 'ever on the stretch.' We have here the metaphor con- tained in the word ' intent.* 25. Languescens, ' enfeebled.' 27. Metuebant — verebantur. Observe the difference between the two words : * metuo ' expresses a slavish fear, dreading punishment, ' vereor,' -12. ROMAN ANECDOTES, 91 the reverence and awe with which one is inspired by superior greatness or goodness. 29. Ita — si. * Ita' followed by 'si' is * only,' literally, ' on this condition, if.' 31. Nemini mancipata, * under no one's thumb,' literally, * disposed of to no one as his property.' ' Mancipo * is to make over to another by the legal process termed * mancipium ' ; for which see Diet, of Ant. 34. Sequitur, * aims at,* * studies.* 12. I. In, * about,* literally, * in the case of.' 2. Obsignatum, 'sealed,* or, as we should say, 'locked,* seals with the Romans usually supplying the place of locks. 9. Studiose luderet, * devoted himself to playing.* Signa sacra, ' the statues of the ods,' which stood in public places. So Alcibiades was suspected of mutilating the busts of Hermes, and other statues at Athens, fxera waibLas koX o'lvoVy in drunken frolic. Thuc. 6. 28. II. Excusavit, 'said he was not to blame.* *Excuso*is derived from • ex ' and ' causa,' to give a reason which frees a person from (' ex ') a charge, as the opposito, ' accuso,' is from ' ad ' and ' causa.* Quod — diceret, ' saying that the reason was, that he had broken an arm.' The reason is not, strictly speaking, in the ' diceret,' but in the dependent verb ' fregisse.* It is a kind of abbreviation. Cp. below, 11. 45 and 90, and Sect. 3, § 3. 13. Num ei esset molestus futurus, 'whether he would annoy him.* 14. Bene, ' quite.' Cicero uses the phrase ' bene mane' for ' quite early' in his letters. 16. Et ille: understand ' respondit.' Certe negaram, ' why, I told you you would not.' The full force of the pluperf. ' negaram* is, 'I had told you before you asked the last question.' 17. Ex tui animi sententia. There is a play here on the two meanings of ' ex animi sententia,' (l) * to the best of your knowledge,* and (2) 'to your liking.* Cato means the first, which was a common formula ia solemn questioning; Nasica means the latter. It is not known who this L. Porcius Nasica was. 22. Homo inimicus, 'though personally opposed to him.' Consulem fecisset, 'had voted for his election as Consul.* 24. Malui compilari quam venire, ' had rather be robbed than sold,' i.e. be plundered by Cornelius' individual extortion, than be sold for a slave through his country being conquered. 25. Anagnino, of Anagnia. Pro C. Gracchi capite. A price had been put upon Gracchus* head by proclamation, before the riot in which he was killed. 27. Praefectuni. 'Praefectus' seems here to be the same as * legatus,* ' one of his lieutenant-generals.' Quid tibi vis ? * what can you be thinking of?' 28, Ut tibi ego hoc confirmen, * that I'll warrant you.* 92 NOTES. 12. 29. Ad maximas pecunias: by getting the reward offered for their heads. The story is that Septumuleius filled the head with lead, the reward offered having been its weight in gold. 31. Censor, in his censorship. Tribu moveret, * disfranchised.* To remove a man's name from the roll of his tribe was the method by which the Censor deprived him of his citizenship. 32. Paulli pugna, the battle of Cannae. Custodiae causa, 'to guard it.* 34. Notaretur, * was disgraced.* * Nota censoria* was a regular term for any disgrace inflicted by the Censors. See Diet, of Ant art. * Censor.* 35. Nasica. The first of the Scipios who had this second cognomen. He was first cousin to Africanus Major, and was most famous as a lawyer. Ad Ennium, to Ennius* house. Like ' chez' in French. 36. Quaerenti Ennium, * asking whether Ennius was at home.* Ostio — ianua. The two words are used here as synonymous. Strictly, ' ianua' is the ' front door,' and ' ostia/ * the doors within the house.* 44. Si cuius. A cognomen of a family of the Gens Cloelia. Who the one mentioned here was is not known. Quod diceret. Here as in 1. 12 ' diceret' appears superfluous. It may be translated in English by the participle * saying that.* 45. Amabo, * please.* A common colloquial expression. Literally, *I will love you, if,* &c. 46. Surculos, * cuttings.* 47. Epilogo, * his peroration.* 48. Misericordiam movisse, 'excited pity,* i.e. of his audience for the client whom he was defending. 49. Ac magnam quidem, 'yes, plenty of it.* 50. Durum. There is perhaps a double meaning intended in this word, which may mean either (l) * unfeeling,* in which sense it would lead the speaker to think to the last that Catulus was going to agree with him, or (2) ' uneducated,* ' wanting in taste,' in which sense Catulus really means it, implying that any one of the slightest education and taste would appreciate the badness of the speech. 52. Ab eo qui, ' by a man who,* * eo' being used because the story was well known. 53. Cave, * look out, there.* The joke turns on the man not giving warning till after he has hit Cato. 55. Patronum dabat, * assigned him as an advocate.* 57. Istum, *your friend.' 59. Vocem obtudisset, ' had made himself hoarse.* 60. Mulsum, a mixture of wine and honey. 61. Melius est. The full sentence would be, * melius est te perdere (to lose) vocem quam reum perdere (to destroy).' 62. Reum, * your cHent.' 12. ROMAN ANECDOTES. 93 63. Scaurus. M. Aemilius Scaurus, the first man of note of the family, a strong supporter of the aristocratical party, and an orator of some note. Sallust, Jug. 15, gives his character; *homo nobih's, impiger, factiosus, avidus potentiae, honoris, divitiarum, ceterum vitia sua callide occultans.' 65. Bestiae. L. Calpurnius Bestia, consul ill B.C., sent to take the command against Jugurtha, but bribed by him to grant him favourable terms, for which he was afterwards tried and condemned. Scaurus was with him as Megatus.* Possederat, *had got possession of.' 66. Duceretur, * was passing by.' 67. Rapitur, *is being carried to burial.* Si potes esse possessor, * perhaps you can contrive to get his pro- perty.' Cp. § 28, 1. 36. 68. Appius. There is nothing of note connected with this Appius. His full name was Appius Claudius Pulcher. 69. Lege Thoria. This was an agrarian law, passed somewhere about 100 B.C. Its details are uncertain. Premeretur, * was being assailed.' Ab lis qui dicerent, *by persons who said.' 72. Liberum esse. In two senses; (i) 'without an owner,' (2) 'free,' explained by what follows. 73. Crassus. L. Lucinius Crassus, the great orator, Consul in 95 B.C. There is nothing to identify the Piso here mentioned. Silus testis, ' a witness named Silus.' Laesisset Pisonem, ' had stated to the disadvantage of Piso.* 74. Potest fieri, * it is possible, isn't it ?' 76. Toto capite, * with full assent.' 77. Ut se Crasso daret, ' so as to put himself in Crassus* power,* i.e. so as to give him the opportunity for his joke. 84. Cincius: see above, ii. 10. 85. Prodiisset, 'had got up to speak.* In public assemblies at Rome the speaker addressed his audience, not from the place where he sat, but from a * suggestus * or raised platform, to which he had to come forward (' prodire'). In the Forum it was called ' Rostra,* from the beaks of galleys with which it was adorned : in the law-courts ' Tribunal,* whence the French * tribune.* So at Athens the speakers all addressed the assembly from the /S^^a, and irapi€vai is used, like ' prodire,' for * rising to speak * as we should say, and the speakers were called 01 irapiovTCs. 86. Cinciole. Diminutives of names were used either, as with us, as terms of familiarity and affection, or, as here, in contempt. Ut emas, Cai, si uti velis, ' wares, Caius, if you wish to buy.' Cai. This is the real form of the vocative of the praenomen ' Caius,' proving that the word is really a trisyllable, and that to pronounce the *ai' as a diphthong is wrong. 88. Lepidus. M. Aemilius Lepidus, Censor in 179 B.C. Equum ademisset, ' had deprived of the rank of eques.* The ' equus* was originally always furnished by the state, j\nd called • equus publicus,* 94 NOTES. 13- and the censors degraded an eques by taking away his horse at the regular inspection, in which they were said ' equitatum recognoscere.' 90. Ille. Antistius. Diceret appears superfluous^ as above in 11. 12 and 45. It may be omitted in translating. 13. The narrator of this is Cicero himself. I. Tusculano. Cicero's Tusculan Villa. Tusculum, fifteen miles south- west of Rome, on the slope of the hills which continue the line of the Mons Albanus, was one of the favourite resorts of wealthy Romans. Cicero's villa was, as the context implies, close to that of Lucullus. These villas were usually called by the neut. of the adj. derived from the name of the place, * praedium ' being the substantive supplied. Cicero had also Formianum, a villa at Formiae, and Pompeianum, another at Pompeii. Pueri Luculli, * young Lucullus.* This was the son of the famous Lucullus, whose character is described below, § 30. The young Lucullus was killed when not more than twenty-two years old, in the pursuit after the battle of Philippi. Cato, who was his uncle by his mother's side, was his guardian. His father died when he was quite young, but neither the year of the father's death nor that of the son's birth is certain. 8. Cogeretur, ' was assembling.* The Consuls had the power of com- pelling attendance. See Cic. Phil. i. 5. Nihil-— detrahens, 'without at all depriving the State of his service.' 9. Quo magis tum, * all the more now.' 10. Helluari, * to devour Hke a glutton.* In tam clara re, *onso exalted a subject.' II. Quod quum. The ' quod ' is here the relative, and the clause * ut — -videremus' is in apposition with it. See above, § 9. 13. Prima ilia — solemus, * the regular first greetings which we use when friends meet.' 14. A villa enim, credo, 'you come from your country-house, I suppose.* 16. Ludis commissis, 'as the games had begun,* because then there was no business going on at Rome. 21. Tuum munus, as being his guardian. 22. Caepioni. Q^^Servilius Caepio, whose daughter Servilia was young Lucullus* mother. 23. Respondeat, 'may be worthy of.* 25. Quanti fecerim, 'how greatly I esteemed,* 27. Quum — tum, ' not only — but especially.* 28. Omni voluntate sententiaque coniunctus, * in perfect harmony of affection and sentiment.* 29. Praeclare facis quum tenes, 'you are quite right in retaining.* 34. Aetatem vides, ' you see how young he is.* 35. Infici, 'to gain a tincture.' 36. Quas si combiberit, ' by imbibing which.* 38, Sic, ' yes.' -14. ROMAN ANECDOTES, 95 14. 2. Personis, 'characters.' Communis, ' common to all,' 'uni- versal.* Ex eo quod, 'from the fact that.' 7. In formis, ' in external appearance.' 9. L. Crasso, the great orator. See above, 12. 1. 73. L. Philippo. Consul in 91 B.C., when he and Crassus were fiercely opposed to one another. He is described by Hor. Ep. i. 7. 46. * Strenuus et fortis, causisque Philippus agendis Clarus.' Magis de industria, 'more studied.' 10. L. F, ' Lucii filio.* The Caesar here mentioned was C. Julius Caesar Strabo, a man of considerable note as an orator. He was killed when Marius and Cinna seized Rome, 87 b.c. 11. Druso. M. Livius Drusus, colleague of C. Gracchus in the tribune- ship, and employed by the Senate to thwart his measures. 12. Scipione. Scipio Africanus Minor, the conqueror of Carthage in the third Punic war. 14. Simulatorem, ' fond of disguising his real sentiments.* There is no EngHsh word which fully expresses what the Greeks meant by eipoji/. Elpojveia is ' a figure which enables the speaker to convey his meaning with greater force by means of a contrast between his thought and his expres- sion.' (Thirlwall.) The English word ' irony,* which is derived from it, has a much narrower meaning. 15. Socratem accepimus, ' we are told that Socrates was.' 17. Ex Poenorum : understand ' ducibus.* 19. Pra ecipe re, ' anticipate.* 23. Furere se simulavit. When the Athenians had met with con- tinued ill success in their attempts to conquer Salamis, they passed a decree, which, under penalty of death, forbad any one so much as to propose the renewal of the desperate undertaking. Solon, to evade this, feigned mad- ness, and rushed into the agora and there recited an elegiac poem urging the Athenians to re-conquer the ' lovely island.' The decree was repealed, and Solon appointed to the command, and he succeeded in conquering the island. 26. Q_ui perpetiantur. ' Qui' is here consecutive, and so takes a subj., ' men who will endure anything.' 27. M. Crassum, the triumvir. 29. Contra, * was the opposite.* 31. Itemque in sermonibus alium. * Alium' is governed by a verb to be implied from 'accepimus.' 'Accepimus' itself will not fit the sen- tence, because 'alium' does not refer to any particular individual. « In ser- monibus,' ' in conversation,' ' in private intercourse.* 32. Unus e multis, 'quite an ordinary person.' Translate, * and again in social intercourse we see others, though they are ever so great people, make themselves seem to be only ordinary persons.' Cicero here means to 96 NOTES. 15- describe the quality of affability, by which great men are able to put others at their ease with them, and meet them as equals without any appearance of condescension. 32. Et in patre et in filio. The first was Marius' colleague in the consul- ship, 102 B.C., and gained, with him, the great victory over the Cimbri, He was one of the victims of Marius' butchery when he entered Rome with Cinna, 87 B.C. The second maintained Sulla's laws against the counter- revolution attempted after his death by Lepidus, who was his colleague in the consulship. He was one of the chiefs of the aristocratical party, and a man of very high character. 33. Mancia, unknown. 36. Vindicavit, ' punished.* Ne Xenocratem quidem: here, again, a different verb must be sup- plied from ' audivi.' Cicero could not have learnt anything about Xenocrates on the personal authority of his elder contemporaries, for he died 314 B.C. * Accepimus ' or some such word must be supplied. Translate freely, ' this was the case, too, it is said, even with Xenocrates, the austerest of philo- sophers, who was on that very account great and famous.* The sentence is somewhat awkwardly expressed. 39. Minime tamen vituperandorum, * which are yet by no means to be found fault with.' 15. I. Haec: the arguments which had preceded on the thesis 'that nothing is good but what is honourable.* 2. Quae verbis — videntur, 'which I think we are discussing with more than sufficient minuteness.' 5. Aut auri — voluptates, ' either of gold and silver to gratify their avarice, or of pleasures to tickle their senses, or of fine furniture to please their taste, or of banquets to delight their palates.* 8. Vultis a Romulo? supply ' incipiamus ' : 'shall we begin with Romulus?* 9. Tandem, 'I should like to know.' * Tandem* in a question gives it energy, and often marks indignation or astonishment. 10. Isti, 'your friends,* the supporters of the opposite side of the argu- ment. He here means the Epicureans, who maintained that pleasure was the chief good. He is arguing against an imaginary opponent. 15. Quid egerit, ' what he aimed at.* 21. Patrem Decium; P. Decimus Mus, who devoted himself at the battle under Vesuvius in the great Latin war, 340 B.C. The omens having been interpreted to declare that the fates required the sacrifice of a general from one side and an army from the other, Decius, when his men began to waver, solemnly offered himself as a sacrifice to the gods of death, and then plunged into the thickest of the enemy and was slain. His son devoted himself in the same way in the second Samnite war, at the battle of Sentinum, 295 B.C. 22. Devotavit, ' made them devote themselves.* -16. ROMAN ANECDOTES. 97 23. Continentia, ' the integrity,* referring to Fabricius* refusal of the presents and offers of Pyrrhus. 24. Duo propugnacula belli Punici, * those two bulwarks of Rome in the Punic war/ Cp. with the phrase, Virg. Aen. 6. 843, ' Duo fulniina belli Scipiadas, cladem Libyae.' Observe, however, that Virgil is here referring to the two other Scipios, the elder and younger Africanus. Cnaeus and Publius Scipio were brothers; Publius was Consul in 218 B.C., the year that Hannibal entered Italy. He was sent to Spain to stop Hannibal's advance, but, being too late to stop Hannibal's crossing the Rhone, he sent his own army on to Spain under his brother's command, and returned to Cisalpine Gaul to take the command of the forces there. After the battle of the Trebia he went to Spain to resume his proper command, and there he and his brother contended successfully with Hasdrubal for six years, till in 2 1 1 B.C. they were both defeated and slain. But they had done their work, having prevented Hasdrubal from sending reinforcements to Hannibal during the critical period of his cam- paigns in Italy. Publius was father of Africanus Major. 27. Inter horum aetates interiectus, *who comes between them in date.' 32. Alicuius: governed by * similes' at the end of the sentence. Horum, ' the men of the present day.' 33. Qui signis, qui tabulis, * in statues and paintings.' 34. Corinthiis op eri b u s, * works of art from Corinth.* It was especially famous for statues made of a peculiar kind of bronze called * Aes Corinthia- cum.* So Virgil, Georg. 2. 446, includes among the luxuries of the great at Rome, * Illusas auro vestes, Ephyreiaque aera,' Ephyra being an old name of Corinth. 16. I. Consul iterum, * in his second Consulship.* Ex insidiis, * in an ambuscade.' Ex means literally, * by persons rising out of an ambuscade,* 2. Duce — imperatore. Observe the distinction of the two words. Xanthippus was the real general who conducted the campaign, Hamilcar the nominal commander in chief. Xanthippus was a Greek soldier of fortune, who had come to Africa to take service with the Carthaginians. He pointed out so clearly to the government the mistakes of their generals to which their defeats had been owing, that they entrusted him with the direction of their forces, though leaving the nominal command with their own generals. 3. luratus, * under oath*: the participle is used actively, as if it came from a deponent verb. So * pransus * from * prandeo,* * potus * a participle of * poto,' * coenatus' from * coeno,* and others. The construction with * ut' is unusual with * iuro,' which, when referring to the future, usually takes the tut. inf. H 98 NOTES. 17- 6. Utilitatis speciem, * a plausible appearance of expediency/ 8. Quam calamitatem— gradum. The English order of the Latin words is * iudicantem [earn] calamitatem quam accepisset in bello communem [esse] bellicae fortunae,' ' to regard the defeat which he had met with as part of the common fortune of war (literally, ' common to the fortune of war'), and maintain his position of consular dignity.' Calamitatem is in the relative clause, instead of being in the main one, dependent on * iudicantem.* In such sentences it would be perhaps more usual to find a demonstrative, as ' eam,* inserted in the main sentence. Calamitatem in bello =* defeat* : * calamitas * is by itself a general word for disaster. It is probably derived from * cado,* the change of * 1 * for ' d ' being common in Latin, e. g. * sella * from ' sedeo,' *palam* from 'pando,' * scala* from 'scando,* 'lacrima' compared with Gr. doLKpv. 11. Quem censes? i.e. 'negare.* * Who do you think would?* 12. Auctores, * authorities.' Locupletiores, * more weighty,* i.e. than magnanimity and courage. 13. Omnia humana, * all mortal ills.* * Humanus* from 'homo* means either (i) what a man is liable to as a mortal (' homo,* man, in contrast with the Deity), (2) what befits man as a rational being (' homo,' man, in contrast with the brute creation). 17. Non esse se, * saying that he was not.* * Dixit * is implied in • recusavit * which precedes. Illud etiam : explained by what follows, 'reddi captivos.* *Illud' is literally ' that other point * as distinguished from the question of his own personal safety. 21. Cuius quum = * et quum eius.* Translate 'and as his advice prevailed.' For the meaning of ' auctoritas' see note on Sect. i. § I. 23. Neque vero tum ignorabat. Cp. Hor. Od. 3. 5, 49 * Atqui sciebat quae sibi barbarus Tortor pararet.' The whole Ode may be compared with the present passage, as containing the story of Regulus as told in poetry. 25. Tum, quum vigilando necabatur, 'at the very time when he was being killed by want of sleep.* * Quum ' is followed by an indicative in past tense because the time indicated by it is simultaneous with that of the principal verb. 26. Erat in meliore causa, 'was in better plight,* or, as we say, 'in better case.* 27. At here introduces an objection, ' but you will say.* Stulte, i.e. * fecit.* Qui with the subj. is here causal, ' for proposing.* 17. 2. luratos ; see above on § 16. 3. Ea castra. The camp of the Romans which had been taken by the Carthaginians after the battle. 4. Si non redierunt, ' if it be true that they did not return.* He inserts this because the story was uncertain. -19. ROMAN ANECDOTES. 99 7. A senatu re non impetrata, 'not having gained their point from the senate,* viz. that they should be ransomed. 8. Unum — remansisse, ' but that one of the ten, who had gone back into the camp just after he had started, stayed at Rome.* 11. Interpretabatur, ' he made out.* 12. Prudentiam, 'real foresight.' *Prudentia* is a contraction ot ' providentia.* 14. lUud, Hterally, * that other story*: in English we should say ' this,* i.e. the following. 15. Non quos cepisset. The subj. is here used with the relative because it is consecutive, ' not men whom he had taken,* though the expres- sion of consequence is less clear than usual. 18. Quum, ' although.' 20. Idem, sc. Polybius. 22. Honestatis comparatione, 'in comparison with honour.' 24. Plures, • more than one,* 'several.* He is here referring back to the former story. Eadem fraude, 'with the same dishonest purpose.* 26. Omnibus ignominiis, 'with every disgrace they could put upon them.* The censors had four kinds of * notatio * in their power. * Motio ex senatu,* * ademptio equi,' ' motio e tribu,' and * in aerarios referre.' These may all be seen explained in Diet, of Ant. under * Censor.* 18. 2. Malepugnatum. A very softened expression. They had been led by C. Pontius into a defile (the famous Furcae Caudinae) where they were at the mercy of the Samnites, and forced to capitulate. 7. Pax Samnitium, ' the peace with the Samnites.' Cicero is misled here by patriotic prejudice. The conduct of the Romans, so far from being an instance of* honestas' prevailing over ' species utihtatis,' is rather a proof that • the Romans were as regardless of their own individual feelings, as of the laws of justice and good faith, when either were set in the balance against national pride and ambition.* Arnold, Hist, of Rome, vol. 2, ch. 31. 8. Suasor et auctor fuit, 'not only supported but proposed.* 9. C. Mancinus. He commanded against Numantia in 137 B.C., Q. Pompeius in I4I b.c. In the latter case, the treaty he had made with the Numantines was repudiated, without even the farce of surrendering him to them. II. Suasit, * spoke in favour of.' 13. Honestius, i. e. * egit,' ' acted more honourably.* 14. In eadem causa, * in the same predicament,' i.e. he had been defeated by the Numantines, and had made a peace which did not satisfy the Senate. 16. Apud superiores, * with those who have been mentioned above,' i.e. Postumius and Mancinus. Auctoritate, ' the superior influence.* 19. I. Belli aequitas, * fair conduct in war.' Fetiali iure. See Diet, of Ant. under * Fetiales.' H 2 lOO NOTES. 19- 3. Rebus repetitiis, 'after a formal demand of satisfaction.* Denuntiatum et indictum, * given notice of and declared/ 4. Popilius. M. Popilius Laenas, who was Consul 172 B.C., and com- manded against the Ligurians. 6. Dimittere, * to disband,' ' discharge.* Catonis : sc. Cato the Elder. 14. Missum factum, ' discharged.* Bello Persico; not * Persian war,* but * the war with Perses,* the last king of Macedonia. Quod, qui — mitigatam. Observe that *quod* here is dependent on * mitigatam,* and not on * animadverto,' the English order of the words being this: * animadverto tristitiam rei mitigatam [esse] lenitate verbi, quod is, qui proprio nomine " perduellis " esset, " hostis *' vocaretur.* The ' quod* introduces the instance in which the * mitigatio ' is observed. 19. Lenitate verbi, * by a softened expression.* 22. Status dies cum hoste. This and the following are fragments from the old laws of the twelve tables made by the Decemviri. Status dies means * a day fixed for the trial of an action.* 23. Adversus hostem, * as against a foreigner the right of ownership is good for ever,* i.e. ownership could not be acquired by a foreigner by * pos- sessio,* or prescription, that is, by any length of occupation. Hostem. Cicero says that the application of ' hostis * (stranger) to mean * enemy,' was a softening of the asperity of war : the truth rather is that it proves that the Romans looked upon all strangers as enemies. It is observed (Donaldson, Varr. p. 206) that ' the Latin " hostis" and Greek ^eVos, starting from opposite points have interchanged their significations.' ' Hostis ' ori- ginally means, * a person entertained by another,' being connected with * hospes,' * hostia,' &c., but came gradually to mean first * a stranger,' * a foreigner,* then * an enemy,' whereas ^ivos, originally denoting a ' stranger,* being derived from eK (l^€Vos), came in the end to signify ' an entertainer * and ' a friend.* 26. A peregrino — remansit, * it has ceased to be applied to foreigners, and has remained as the proper title of one who bears arms against another.* 27. Proprie means that it is now regarded as its original meaning and not as a derived or figurative one. 28. Causas subesse, * that it should be based on those grounds'; lite- rally, * that those grounds should be underneath it.* 39. Quibus — proposita est, ' whose object is.' 32. Civi, * a fellow-countryman.* 34. Capitis et famae, *for life and honour.* 35. Ut cum inimicis, * as men do with their persona- enemies.* Uter esset, *to settle which should survive,' that is, * for life, not for sovereignty.* 40. Nec mi aurum. The lines are from Ennius, and are interesting as -20. ROMAN ANECDOTES. * 101 a specimen of older Latin poetry than that of Virgil and Horace and the writers of the Augustan age. Mi is an old contraction of *mihi.' 41. Cauponantes bellum, 'higgling over war*; from *caupona,' a shop-keeper: cp. Aesch. Theb. 545 kXOoiJV S' €OiK€v ov Kairrj\€v(r€iv jxaxqv. 42. Cernamus, * decide/ in which sense the compound Mecerno' is more commonly used in later Latin. 43. Hera fors, *Dame Fortune.' 46. Eorumdem. The first two syllables to be read as one, like * yorumdem.' Certum est, 'I have resolved': supply 'mihi.' 47. Dono, ducite, doque. The order of the words is inverted, * dono doque, ducite,* ' I give and present them to you, do ye carry them off.' Volentibu'. A final 's* was often elided in old Latin poetry. 48. Aeacidarum. Pyrrhus boasted of being lineally descended from Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles, who was said to have settled in Epeirus after the Trojan war, and to have founded a race of kings. 49. Temporibus adducti, * under stress of circumstances.* 53. Non censuit, ' voted against.' 54. Quum retineretur. Cp. Hor. Od. 3. 5, 50 * Dimovit obstantes propinquos Et populum reditus morantem.* 55. Fidem hosti datam fallere, *to break his word when pledged to an enemy.* 57. Quos decem, the antecedent is * eos omnes * below. The order of the Latin sentences may be kept by translating • quos decern,* * in regard to those ten men, whom.* 58. Nisi — impetrassent, * unless they induced [the Senate] to let the prisoners be ransomed.* 60. Qui peierassent: subj. because, as it is stated in § 17, it was un- certain how many of them were guilty of the perjury, and so * eos qui * = such as had. Observe that the antecedent to * quos * is * eos * not ' eorum.* In aerariis reliquerunt, *kept disfranchised'; literally, * left among the aerarii.* For ' Aerarii,* see Diet, of Ant. 61. Qui iurisiurandi fraude culpam invenerat, * who had been the first to incur the guilt by evading his oath.* With this use of* fraude * cp. the phrase * fraudem facere,' ' to evade.' Liv. 7. 16 * Quod emancipando filium fraudem legi fecisset.' Plant. Mil. Glor. 2. 2,9 *Ne legi fraudem facerent.' 63. Nescio quid. *Obliviscor' seldom is used with an acc. : here it is so used, probably to avoid the ambiguity of 'nescio cuius.' 65. In fide, 'in a promise.' Quid senseris non quid dixeris, * your meaning, not your mere words.' 71. Bellum ultro inferentis, *the aggressor in the war.' 20. 2. laceret, 'did not come forward.* lam septimum annum, 102 NOTES. 20- * now for the seventh year,' i. e. • had been more than six years without coming forward.* 3. Legatus, * subordinate.' 6. Si se consulem fecissent. Compare Cleon's boastful offer, when the Athenians were impatient at Demosthenes' delay in taking the Spartan force in the island of Sphacteria, that if they made him general, he would either take them prisoners or kill them all within twenty days. Thuc. 4. 28. 9. A fide iustitiaque discessit, 'deviated from honour and justice.* Qui adduxerit, *by bringing.* * Qui ' causal. II. Invidiam, * odium.' 13. Adhibuissent, * had called in to their assistance.* Ut res nummaria — constitueretur, 'that the question of the coinage might be settled by their united deliberations,* that is, to fix a definite legal standard of the relative value of the current coins of the time. 14. lactabatur nummus sic, ' the value of money shifted so much.' 16. Conscripserunt^ — iudicio, 'they drew up a proclamation together, with a fixed penalty and form of trial.* 17. Omnes simul escenderent. Their all mounting the rostra together would signify that it was their joint work. 18. Alius alio: supply * iverunt,* * went their several ways.' 19. Marius is Gratidianus, whose full name was M. Marius Gratidianus, the form of the last word implying that he was by birth a Gratidius, adopted by a Marius. Adopted sons took the * nomen ' of their adopting father with the adjective form of their own proper * nomen.* See Diet, of Ant., ' Nomen.* So the younger Africanus, who was by birth an Aemilius, when adopted by P. Cornelius Scipio, the son of the elder Africanus, became P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus; and Octavius, when adopted by Julius Caesar, his great-uncle, became C. JuHus Caesar Octavianus. Recta : supply *via ivit,' 'went straight.' Ab subselliis, * from their sitting *; literally, * from the benches.* Idque — solus edixit, 'gave out in his own name alone the proclama- tion which had been composed in concert.* 21. Statuae — cerei, 'statues of him were set up in all the streets, and at all of them incense and wax tapers were burnt.' These were special marks of the people*s gratitude for the relief which the measure produced. 22. Quid multa ? supply ' dicam,* 'in short.* 23. In deliberatione, 'when deciding their line of conduct.' 25. Non ita magnum, ' no such very great matter.' 26. Ut Mario. The order is, * ut videbatur Mario non ita turpe [esse] praeripere collegis et tribunis popularem gratiam, valde utile esse [videbatur] consulem ob eam rem fieri quod sibi tum proposuerat.' Praeripere collegis, 'to anticipate his colleagues in securing'; literally, 'to snatch beforehand from his colleagues.' 'Collegis' is dative, expressing * iiicommodum ' : the antecedent to ' quod * is * consulem fieri.' -21. ROMAN ANECDOTES, 29. Omnium, * for all cases/ 21. 1. Qjiamdiu. The boast which Cicero utters here is not borne out by history. In all their wars the Romans were ruthless and unscrupulous. 3. Necessarii, * forced upon us.* 4. Populorum, nationum, * civilised nations and barbarous tribes.' When these two words are used together * populus * means an organised community with a regular government, * natio ' a tribe without such political organisation. 6. Si defendissent, * by having protected.* 7. Illud — nominari, *our position then might have been called that of protectors rather than sovereigns of the world.* 10. Desitum est, *we ceased to regard anything as unjust to our allies.* The passive of * desino ' is only used in the compound tenses. 12. In illo, * in his case,* i.e. Sulla's. Honestam causam. It is to be remembered that Cicero belonged to the same political party as Sulla. 13. Hasta posita ; as the sign of an auction. 15. Praedam ; which properly m.eans 'booty taken from a foreign enemy.* Secutus est. He means the Dictator, Julius Caesar. 16. Impia. Julius Caesar was at the head of the opposite party to that of Sulla and Cicero, and so Cicero calls his cause * impia,* * unnatural' ; that is, he was waging civil war against his country, which he does not allow in Sulla's case. 17. Publicaret, 'confiscated.* Qui has a subjunctive after it here, because Cicero wishes to leave it apparently ambiguous whom he means, * one who * ; it is therefore consecutive. 18. lure calamitatis; an ironical phrase. * lus ' in such a phrase means ' privilege * : instead of giving them any real ' ius,* he involved them all in the same calamity. 19. Ad exemplum amissi imperii, * as an instance to show that we had lost our empire.* 20. Massiliam. Massilia had long been of the greatest service to the Romans in their wars in Gallia Transalpina. But it shut its gates against Caesar when he was marching from Italy into Spain to attack the leaders of the Senatorial party there, at the beginning of the war between him and Pompey. It was taken after a long siege, and, according to the Roman custom, a model or picture of it was carried in Caesar*s triumph. Ex ea urbe triumphari, *a triumph celebrated over a city.' 25. Impunitates tulissemus, 'had suffered many crimes to go un- punished.' 26. A quo — hereditas. This was written soon after Caesar's death. •Who has bequeathed his property indeed to only a few heirs, but his ambition has descended to a number of scoundrels.* He means Antonius and others, who were all striving to succeed to Caesar's power. 104 NOTES. 22- 30. P. Sulla, nephew of the Dictator Sulla, who took part both in his proscription and that of Caesar. Quam — r ec ess it, * which P. Sulla first waved when his own relative was Dictator, and then (•idem') thirty-six years afterwards took part in a still more atrocious auction.* 32. Alter autem, 'the other Sulla.' It is not known who he was. Scriba, * a clerk.* 35. Parietes, *the buildings,* literally, ' the walls of the houses,* not the walls of the city, which would be * muri ' or * moenia.' lique ipsi — metuentes, *and even they are now dreading the very extreme of wickedness.' He insinuates that Antonius is likely to burn and pillage the city. 36. Rem publicam, ' the constitution.* 37. Redeundum est enim ad propositum, *for I must return to my subject.* What he has been saying is a digression : he recurs here to what he had said at the beginning of the passage. 22. I. Nec. *Nec* is here equivalent to *et non,* the *et' meaning not * and ' but ' both.' So ' nec infacetus * = * et facetus.* 2. Otiandi non negotiandi : observe the play on the words: *negoti- andi* means acting as 'negotiator.* The ' negotiatores * were bankers and money-lenders, but the name was confined to those who exercised this profession in the provinces. 3. Hortulos, in the plural, corresponds to the English word ' grounds.* 5. Sine interpellatoribus, 'without any one to disturb him.* 6. Qui faceret ; * qui * is here consecutive, as referring to a class, not an individual, *a man who.* Argentariam faceret, i.e. 'rem,* 'was a banker.' * Argentarius ' is much the same as ' negotiator,' only it is usually applied to bankers at Rome, as ' negotiator * is to those in the provinces. 7. Venales — habere, 'that his grounds were not for sale, but that Canius was welcome to make himself at home in them (literally, 'to use them as his own*) if he liked.* 9. Promisisset, 'had accepted the invitation*; literally, 'had promised to come.* 10. Qui esset. The relative here is followed by the subjunctive, as being causal, expressing the reason why Pythius was able to carry out his plan. Ut argentarius, 'as a money-lender would naturall}' be.* 13. Tempore, 'at the appointed time.' 19. Hac villa. 'Villa* is here the same as 'hortuli,* 'pleasure grounds.' Car ere, 'to do without.' 21. Gravate; supply * vendebat,' ' was reluctant.* Quid multa; supply * dicam,' 'to cut the story short.' 22. Impetrat, i. e. Canius. 23. Instructos, literally 'ready furnished*; applied to the grounds it means ' as they stood,* with all the stock and buildings on them. Nomina facit negotium conficit, 'he borrows the money and con- -24. ROMAN ANECDOTES, ^97 eludes the bargain.* * Nomen,' as a term of trade, means * an entry in a ledger or account-book,* and the phrase ' nomina facere' means, according to the context, either to lend money or to borrow it, either process causing entries in the ledger. *Bonum nomen ' is ' a good debt.* 25. Scalmum (Gr, GKaXfios), a thole-pin, i. e. a peg answering the purpose of a row-lock. So * scalmum nullum ' means ' not the least sign ot a boat/ 37. Eos nullos videret, *he saw none of them.* *Nullos* makes the negative more emphatic than the simple * non.* Quod sciam, *so far as I know.' The subjunctive in this and similar phrases implies a restriction, and so comes under the consecutive con- struction. It can only be used with a negative. 29. Quid faceret? The conjunctive of doubt or deliberation. It is equivalent to * he did not know what to do.' 30. Aquillius. C. Aquillius Gallus, a famous Roman jurist, who pub- lished several legal works, which were quoted as authorities. Collega. He was Cicero's colleague in the praetorship 66 B.C. De dolo malo formulas. * Dolus mains* is the regular legal term for * fraud* ; * formulae* were established methods of procedure, under some one of which every action at law must be brought. 34. Luculente. Supply * dictum est.* Ut — definiendi, * as it would naturally be by a man of skill in defining.' 23. I. Existunt, ' arise.* Calumnia, ' quibble,' derived from an old verb ' calvor,* * to deceive,' 4. In republica, *in matters of state.* 5. Ut ille; supply * peccavit.' 6. Quod essent : subjunctive, as being oratio obliqua. This is expressed in English by inserting * he said ' ; * because, he said, truce was made,* &c. 9. Seu quem. *Quem* here is for ' aliquem.* 13. Aliquantum agri, *a considerable space.' *Agri' is genitive of quantity, or ' rei demensae.* 24. I. In scripto, * in the text of a law.* 2. Lex ; supply * ait,* * the law says.* 3. Amittunto. Observe the future imperative, as usual, in a law. 4. Onera, • the cargo.* 8. Applicaverunt, * steered.* 9. Ad se sustulerunt, ' took on board,* Aliquanto : ablative of measure. 11. Quum idem gubernator esset, * who was also the captain.* 12. Scapham annexam trahebat, 'kept the boat in tow*; literally, * drew the boat, fastened to it.* 15. Navi est opitulatus, * eased the vessel.' 20. Scripto ad causam accedunt, ' ground their case upon the text ot the law.' 21, Ex nominis vi, * on the meaning of the term.' ^98 NOTES, 25- 22. Relinquere navim. The * quid sit* comes before this, the infini- tives being used as substantives: * what is meant by leaving a ship.' Navis ipsa quid sit. Such a question would arise as whether the ship included the boat belonging to it, when being towed behind it. Upon this would depend whether the owner lost his claim. 25. I. Sanctum est, perfect passive of* sancio.* 2. Dicerentur — essent. Observe these past tenses, dependent on a principal verb in a perfect tense ; for * sanctum est' is a real perfect, not an aorist. But this is the true Latin idiom where the result or purpose which is expressed by the dependent verb is regarded with reference, not to the whole time represented by the perfect, but to the past act in which it com- menced. Thus here * Sanctum est* impHes * Legis lator sanxit* (aorist), which would of necessity be followed by the past tenses. They must be translated in English by present tenses. 3. Praestari, * be made good.' 4. Lingua, ' by word of mouth,* 'in words.* Quae qui. * Quae' is equivalent to ' et ea,* and so ' subiret* is subjunc- tive because the * quum* belongs to it, as much as to ' satis esset.* Translate, ' and that any one who denied them.* 8. Ut, ' for instance.* 10. Ea, * those buildings,* i.e. those parts of the • aedes.' Quorum altitudo officeret : subjunctive either only because it is oratio obliqua, ' whose height, they said, was in their way when taking the auspices,' or, perhaps, in a causal sense, * because their height,' &c. 11. Proscripsit, * advertised for sale.' ^Proscribo' is * to put up a notice or list of any kind in public' Insulam. A house standing detached from others was called * insula.' See Diet, of Ant. 15. Quam belongs to ' postea.* Arbitrum ilium adegit = 'egit ilium ad arbitrum,* 'compelled him to submit to arbitration'; literally, * forced him to go before an arbitrator' : an old construction. 16. Quidquid sibi, &c. This clause is a part of the formula of sale, whereby the seller gave a kind of warranty that he had dealt fairly and honestly by the purchaser. The sentence is elliptical. It means, * brought him before an arbitrator, in reference to the words ' quidquid sibi,* &c.' i.e. to decide whether he had fulfilled the engagement made in them. 17. Huius nostri Catonis. Cato of Utica, Cicero's contemporary. 18. Ut enim. It was usual to describe a Roman citizen by giving his father's praenomen after his own name. See an instance in § 9, and below, § 26. So this Cato would be formally described as M. Porcius Cato M. F. i.e. Marci Filius. lUud lumen, ' that luminary,' i.e. ' that illustrious man.' 19. Is igitur, * he. 1 say.' * Igitur' is used to resume the narrative after a parenthesis. -26. ROMAN ANECDOTES. 20. Ita pronuntiavit, * gave this sentence,* repeats the previous words * sententiam dixit.' 23. Reticentiae, 'all cases of fraudulent concealment.* Where an ab- stract word is used in the plural it means * cases, instances, examples of the quality.* 25. Propinquus noster. His aunt had married Cicero's grandfather. De Legg. 3. 16. 27. Serviebant, 'were under a servitude* or * restraint.' * Servitus' was a technical term of law for any liability which restrained the owner's power over his property, as, for instance, another person's having a right of way over land, or of carrying a watercourse through it, or in regard to a house, as here, a right of using the wall of it for support to an adjoining one. Sir W. Scott puts an amusing exposition of the Scotch law of servitude, which is taken from the Roman, into the mouth of Saddletree, in Heart of Mid- lothian, ch. II, where he illustrates it by the case of ' stillicidium,' or, as he miscalls it, ' tillicidian.* 28. In mancipio, * in the sale.* ' Mancipium,* from * manus' and * capio,* expressed the process by which the transfer of ownership was made by the buyer taking hold of the property, or of something which represented it, and claiming it as his own before witnesses. 30. lus urgebat — praestari, * claimed the law in his favour* (which says that) ' whatever defect the seller knows of, and does not mention, he is bound to make good.* * Vitii' is genitive of quantity or ' rei demensae.* 31. Aequitatem : supply 'urgebat,* 'maintained that equity was on his side.* Equity rectifies the wrongs which a strict adherence to the letter of the law would cause, in cases where, according to the maxim quoted in § 23, * summum ius summa iniuria.' 34. Qui — teneret, 'who knew what the property he had bought was liable to.' The order is, ' qui teneret quo iure id quod emerat esset.* 35. Quorsus haec; supply 'pertinent,* or * spectant,' 'why do I quote these cases ?* 36. Astutos, ' sharp practices * ; literally, * those who used sharp practices.' 26. I. Mamerco. It is not known to which of the Mamerci this refers. 2. Praetermissio aedilitatis, 'his refusing to serve as aedile.' The aediles, who were ' commissioners of public works,* had the superintendence of the pubHc festivals and games, and in this capacity were expected, at their own expense, to give magnificent and costly performances at them, such as shows of gladiators, combats of wild beasts, theatrical performances, &c. 3. Et — et, may best be rendered here 'either — or.* 'Faciendum est* refers to the duties of the aediles, implied in ' aedilitatis.* There is no word expressed which it agrees with. Bonis viris — approbantibus, 'with the approval at all events, if not with the desire of honest citizens.' 5. Modo pro facultatibus, ' if only it be in proportion to one's means.* 6. Popular i, * given to the people.* •^iOO NOTES, 27- 7. Decumae nomine, * under pretence of a tithe.* An offering of a tenth was often made as a kind of thank-offering for great successes or gains, and was expended in treating the populace to shows or feasts. 8. Vitio datum, 'charged as a fault.' * Vitio* is dative ot purpose, or * dativus rei pro complemento.* 9. Asse modium, *corn at one "as" the peck'; literally, *a peck (of corn) at the price of one " as." * 10. Nec turpi — maxima, * by an expenditure which was neither dis- creditable, as he was aedile, nor very enormous.' The aediles had charge of the markets. 13. Quae— continebatur, literally, * which was involved in my safety,* i.e. ' whose welfare depended on my recall.* *Salus* is used sometimes in the sense of ' the civil welfare of a citizen,* and so, in the case of an exile, it means his recall from banishment and restoration to his rights as a citizen. Cicero several times uses it in this sense. This is a specimen of Cicero's vanity. Clodius was Cicero*s chief opponent at the time, and was the pro- poser of his banishment. Milo proposed Cicero*s recall, and was afterwards defended by Cicero for having, in the disturbances which arose, killed Clodius. 14. Causa est, * it is a good reason for.' 16. Mediocritatis. The order is, * Mediocritatis (regula) optima regula est,* * moderation is the best rule.* 17. Q. F., *Quinti filius.* 21. Cunctis suffragiis, * by the votes of all the centuries.* On the method by which the votes were taken, see Diet, of Ant., * Comitia.* 22. Nostro anno, * in the year in which I was aedile.* 24. Illae, * these,* i.e. the following. *Illae' means literally, 'those other* as opposed to those which have been already mentioned. 26. Tanquam in manum datur, *is given for immediate use.' 28. Verecundius reprehendo, *I feel more reluctant to blame.* Propter Pompeium, because Pompeius, who was the leader of the sena- torial party, to which Cicero belonged, had built a theatre, the ' theatrum Pompeianum.* 30. Non interpretatus, 'not translated,' i.e. not copied literally. Panaetius wrote in Greek. 33. Propylaea : irpoirvXaia (literally, 'buildings in front of the gates,'from TTpo, TTvkrj) were the entrance to a temple. The famous propylaea formed the entrance to the Acropolis of Athens. 33. Coniecerit, subjunctive, as being Demetrius* reason, and so a sort of oratio obliqua. 27. I. Legem — trientibus, * a law to oblige the state to sell corn to the people at f of an 'as*: 'semissis* = ^ an 'as,* 'triens'=i, together = f. Saturninus was a demagogue, and, to gratify the populace, proposed that corn should be sold below the market price. 2. Id temporis, • at that time* : so ' hoc noctis,' * at this time of night,' -28. ROMAN ANECDOTES. * id aetatis,' ♦ of such an age.* The accusative in these phrases is apparently an irregular use of the accusative of respect. See Zumpt, Lat. Gr. § 459. * Temporis* is a partitive genitive. 5. Videri, * that they considered.* 6. Intercedere, ' put their veto on the measure.* 7. Cistellam detulit, 'commenced taking the votes*; literally, * brought down the ballot-box.* S. C, * senatus consultum.* 9. Pontes were narrow passages over which the voters passed one by one to put their votes into the cistae. 10. Quo secius, equivalent to * quo minus'; * secus* means (1) * other- wise,' (2) ' otherwise than is right,* * badly*: then * secius,* * worse,' ' less'; * non secius,' ' none the less.' 28. 2. Qui — praeclarum, * who thinks it a fine thing to be called rich.* 6. Gemmae et auri. Of the ring on his finger. * Auri* is the gold ring, * gemmae* the precious stone set in it. 7. Puerum hunc unum, ' this his only attendant.' He wishes to make it appear that he has several.. 11. Lectuli sternantur, ' to see that the dinner-table is got ready.* 12. Aethiops, * a black slave.* 13. Asturconi, *a Spanish jennet*; hterally, a horse of Asturian breed, Asturia in Spain being famous for its breed of horses. 14. Choragium, 'opportunity for gaining/ from the Greek XW7'«» 'supply of anything.* 15. Ut diligenter numeretur, impersonal, *that all the bills be care- fully paid.* 17. Illo, * thither,* i. e. *home,* a less common form than *illuc.* 20. Dum peregrinatur, ' when he was on his travels.' Observe the present tense with * dum,* even after a pluperfect. 21. Sane conturbatur, ' is really in a fix,* as having boasted to them, when with them, of his wealth at home, and not knowing how to avoid being detected. 22. Bene facitis quum venitis, * I am very glad you are come.* 23. Recta ; supply ' via,* 'straight to my house.* 24. At istud — invenire, 'well, but you might easily have learnt that from any one.* Facile fuit, where we should expect ' esset,* because, like * debeo,' * possum,* &c., the easiness, fitness, possibility, &c. remain facts, even though they were not put into action. See Zumpt, Lat. Gr. § 518. This is an idiom to be noticed. 27. Cuius modi frumenta sint, * how the crops are/ 28. Accedere, ' go there,* i. e. into the country. 30. Coepi insanire, a sudden change to the oratio recta, *I have begun,* says he, * to make a fool of myself.* 31. Sodalitium, * a dinner party,* a meeting of *sodales,* boon-com- panions. NOTES, 29- 32. Pro notitia domini, 'on the score of his acquaintance with the owner.' 34. Argentum, ' the plate.* 36. Si velit exire, * perhaps he would be good enough to go*; literally, *if he be willing to go out.* Cp. § 12. 1. 67. Itane, 'indeed.* 38. D ecu ma; supply * hora/ ' at four o'clock.* 43. Angiporto toto deerrasse, * had made a mistake of a whole street.* • Angiporto ' is abl. of measure. He tries to make them believe that they had gone to the wrong house. 44. Ad noctem multam, ' till late at night/ 45. Corrogarets 'borrow from all quarters.* 50. Apage =Gr. a7ra7€, and is used either absolutely, or with an acc. Here with * te' it means literally * away with you' ; like our * go to.' Familiam, *my servants,' 'my establishment.* 52. Sam i is, ' earthenware.* 55. Annuo sermone, ' were I to talk for a year.* 29. 2. Iste, 'the man before you.* This is an imaginary specimen of a narrative addressed to a jury. 5. Quin mihi praesto fit? literally, ' why does he not present himself to me?' i. e. ' let him present himself at once.* 10. Exstinguere exstinctos, 'to annihilate further those already anni- hilated,' like the English expression ' to slay the slain.' 12. Auribus meis opplorare, 'to vex my ears with your wailings.* 27. Examplexare, 'embrace his knees,' as a token of submission and supplication for life. 29. Quae curanda sunt cu r a, * mind your own business.* 30. Tu cessas — eripere ? 'Why don't you at once take away my life?' Cp. Terence, Andr. 2. 2, 6 'Cessas adloqui?' ' Why don't you speak to him at once.' Heaut. 3. I, I ' Cesso pulsare ostium?' 'Let me knock at the door at once.' 'Tu' is addressed to his enemy, the 'iste' of the narrative. 32. Videlicet, 'no doubt.* Quod esset, 'such as would be': 'quod* is consecutive and therefore is followed by a subjunctive. 30. I. Magnum ingenium — urbanis: translate, ' L. LucuUus, in spite of all his great natural endowments, all his diligent application to the highest arts, and though he had acquired all liberal learning worthy of a man of noble birth, yet, at the age at which he might most have distinguished him- self in the forum, was altogether cut off from civil occupations.' 5. Pietate, 'sense of filial duty.' 6. Paternas inimicitias. 'His first appearance in public life was as the accuser of the augur Servilius, who had procured the banishment of his father, but had in his turn laid himself open to a criminal charge. This species of retaliation was looked upon with much favour at Rome.* Diet, of Biogr. ' Lucullus.' 7. Quaestor, He was Sulla's quaestor in the first war with Mithridates -30. ROMAN ANECDOTES, 88 to 84 B.C. and was then left behind by Sulla in charge of the province, when he returned to Rome. Luculhis remained there till 80 b.c. 9. Licebat enim celerius legis praemio, * for he was allowed by a special law (' legis praemio') to stand before the proper time.' 13. Non modo — superiorum, 'outshone not only the opinion which was universally held of his great qualities, but the glory of all his predecessors.* 15. Laus imperatoria, 'eminence as a commander.* 17. In Asiae pace, *inthe peaceful province of Asia.* Asia here, as usually in Cicero's time, means the Roman province of Asia, that which had been the kingdom of Pergamus, the north-western p^rt of Asia Minor. 19. Non desideravit, 'did not miss,' ' feel the loss of.* Indocilem usus disciplinam, 'the training of experience which no teaching can supply.' 22. Factus imperator, *a ready-made general.* 23. Divinam, ' superhuman.' 24. Verborum maiorem, 'though Hortensius surpassed him in verbal memory.* 26. In Themistocle. See above, Sect, i, § 15. 27. Principem Graeciae, 'the greatest man that Greece produced.' 34. Monumentis mandare, 'to record.* 37. Totiusque — apparatu, 'and military equipment and organisation in general* I lie Rex, Mithridates. 41. Stet, 'flourishes.' 44. Tanta — ingenii, 'all those eminent qualities and talents.' Peregrinata, 'remained abroad.' 47. C alumni a, ' the intrigues.* 48. Nos consules. LucuUus' triumph was celebrated in 63 B.C., the year of Cicero's consulship. Introduximus paene, 'may almost be said to have escorted.' 49. Cujus — profuisset. * Cujus' is to be resolved into ' et ejus.' Trans- late, * and of how great service his advice was to me.' ' Profuisset* is in plup. subj. because it is dependent on ' dicerem.' Were it ' dico* or ' dicam' it would be 'profuerit,* and therefore after 'dicerem',' as an historic tense, be- comes plup. But it would be wrong to introduce the plup. in English. 53. Communicem, 'combine it.' 56. Haec interiora, 'his more private merits': ' haec' referring to those which he proceeds to enumerate. 60. Nec vero — solum, 'and that too not only.* Pro quaestore, 'when serving as pro-quaestor.' So 'pro consule,' a pro-consul, ' pro praetore,' a pro-prketor. The compounded substantives are later forms. 63. Sub ipsis pellibus, 'even in his tent.* Cp. Liv. 5. 24 'sub pellibus durare*: Caes. B. G. 3. 13 'sub pellibus hiemare,* * to winter under canvas.* 66. Quumque esset — potuisset, 'and, having such a memory as I have recorded above, he easily learnt by hearing over and over again, what NOTES. 30. he could have (would have been able to have) remembered, by hearing even once.' 69. De quibus audiebat, * on which he heard lectures.* 'Audire' is used absolutely for being a pupil of a philosopher or lecturer. Cp. de Off. I. I *te, Marce fili annum jam audientem Cratippum, 'who have now been Cratippus' pupil for a year.* 71. Personarum, * characters.' 75. Earum rerum disputationem, *the discussion of such subjects. Non ita, *not particularly.* 76. Quum acceperim, * having heard.' 80. Nec — requiro, * I am no longer at a loss for an example (for the study of) either Greek or philosophy.* For the meaning of *auctor' see note on Sect. I, § i; here it means * one whose example will justify the pursuit. oxford: printed at the clarendon press BY HORACE HART, M.A., PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY EXTRACTS FROM CICERO NARRATIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE WITH ENGLISH NOTES BY HENRY WALFORD, M.A. Wadhani College, Oxford Assistant Master in Haileybury College PAKT III ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES AT THE OXFORD CLARENDON PRESS 190^ HENRY FROWDE, M.A. PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD LONDON, EDINBURGH NEW YORK AND TORONTO SECTION III. STORIES CONNECTED WITH OMENS AND DREAMS. I SECTION III. STORIES CONNECTED WITH OMENS AND DREAMS. CHAP. L 1. Praesentiam saepe divi suam declarant, ut et apud Regillum bello Latinorum, quum A. Postumius dictator cum Octavio Mamilio Tusculano praelio dimicaret, in nostra acie Castor et Pollux ex equis pugnare visi sunt, et recentiore 5 memoria iidem Tyndaridae Persen victum nuntiaverunt. P. enim Vatinius, avus huius adolescentis, quum e praefectura Reatina Romam venienti noctu duo iuvenes cum equis albis dixissent regem Persen illo die captum, senatuique nuntia- visset, primo, quasi temere de republica locutus, in carcerem 10 coniectus est ; post, a Paullo litteris allatis, quum idem dies constitisset, et agro a senatu et vacatione donatus est. Atque etiam quum ad fluvium Sagram Crotoniatas Locri maximo praelio devicissent, eo ipso die auditam esse eam pugnam ludis Olympiae memoriae proditum est. Saepe Faunorum 15 voces exauditae, saepe visae formae deorum quemvis non aut hebetem aut impium deos praesentes esse confiteri coegerunt. 2. Praedictiones vero et praesensiones rerum futurarum quid aliud declarant, nisi hominibus ea quae futura sunt 20 ostendi, monstrari; portendi, praedici ? ex quo ilia ostenta, 1 2 I08 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. III. monstra, portenta, prodigia dicuntur. Quod si ea ficta cre- dimus licentia fabularum, Mopsum, Tiresiam, Amphiaraum, Calchantem, Helenum, quos tamen augures ne ipsae quidem fabulae ascivissent, si res omnino repudiaret, ne domesticis quidem exemplis docti numen deorum comprobabimus? 25 Nihil nos P. Claudii bello Punico primo temeritas movebit, qui etiam per iocum deos irridens, quum cavea liberati pulli non pascerentur, mergi eos in aquam iussit, ut biberent^ quo- niam esse noUent ? Qui risus, classe devicta, multas ipsi la- crimas, magnam populo Romano cladem attulit. 30 3. Quid? coUega eius lunius eodem bello nonne tem- qestate classem amisit, quum auspiciis non paruisset ? Itaque Claudius a populo condemnatus est, lunius necem sibi ipse conscivit. C. Flaminium Caelius religione neglecta cecidisse apud Thrasimenum scribit cum magno reipublicae vulnere. 35 Quorum exitio intelligi potest, eorum imperils rempublicam amplificatam, qui religionibus paruissent. Et, si conferre volumus nostra cum externis, ceteris rebus aut pares aut etiam inferiores reperiemur, religione, id est cultu deorum, multo superiores. An Attii Navii lituus ille, quo ad investi- 40 gandum suem regiones vineae terminavit, contemnendus est ? Crederem, nisi eius augurio rex Hostilius maxima bella ges- sisset. Sed negligentia nobilitatis augurii disciplina omissa, Veritas auspiciorum spreta est, species tantum retenta. Itaque maximae reipublicae partes, in his bella, quibus reipublicae 45 salus continetur, nullis auspiciis administrantur ; nulla per- emnia servantur, nulla ex acuminibus; nulli viri vocantur, ex quo in procinctu testamenta perierunt. Tum enim bella gerere nostri duces incipiunt, quum auspicia posuerunt. 4. At vero apud maiores tanta religionis vis fuit, ut quidam 50 imperatores etiam seipsos diis immortalibus capite velato verbis certis pro republica devoverent. Multa ex Sibyllinis vaticinationibus, multa ex haruspicum responsis commemo- rare possum, quibus ea confirmentur quae dubia nemini Chap. II. OMENS AND DREAMS. TO9 55 debent esse. Atqui et nostrorum augurum et Etruscorum haruspicum disciplinam P. Scipione, C. Figulo consulibus res ipsa probavit: quos quum Ti. Gracchus, consul iterum, crearel, primus rogatorum, ut eos retulit, ibidem est repente mortuus. Gracchus quum comitia nihilominus peregisset, 60 remque illam in religionem populo venisse sentiret, ad sena- tum retulit. Senatus quos ad soleret referendum censuit. Haruspices introducti responderunt non fuisse iustum comi- tiorum rogatorem. Tum Gracchus, ut e patre audiebam, incensus ira, * Itane vero ? ego non iustus, qui et consul rogavi 65 et augur et auspicato ? an vos, Tusci ac barbari, auspiciorum populi Romani ius tenetis et interpretes esse comitiorum potestis ?' Itaque tum illos exire iussit. Post autem ex pro- vincia litteras ad collegium misit, se, quum legeret libros, re- cordatum esse, vitio sibi tabernaculum captum fuisse, hortos 70 Scipionis, quod, quum pomoerium postea intrasset habendi senatus causa, in redeundo, quum idem pomerium transiret, auspicari esset oblitus: itaque vitio creatos consules esse. Augures rem ad senatum : senatus, ut abdicarent consules : abdicaverunt. Quae quaerimus exempla maiora ? Vir sapi- 75 entissimus atque baud scio an omnium praestantissimus peccatum suum, quod celari posset, confiteri maluit, quam haerere in republica religionem : consules summum impe- rium statim deponere, quam id tenere punctum temporis contra religionem. CHAP. 11. 1. Quid est igitur, cur dubitandum sit, quin sint ea, quae disputavi, verissima? Si ratio mecum facit, si eventa, si populi, si nationes, si Graeci, si barbari, si maiores etiam nostri, si denique hoc semper ita putatum est? si summi 5 philosophi, si poetae, si sapientissimi viri, qui respubUcas no EXTRACTS FROM CICERO, Sect. III. constituerunt, qui urbes condiderunt? an, dum bestiae lo- quantur, exspectamus, hominum consentiente auctoritate contenti non sumus ? Nec vero quidquam aliud affertur, cur ea quae dico divi- nandi genera nulla sint, nisi quod difficile dictu videtur, lo quae cuiusque divinationis ratio, quae causa sit. Quid enim habet haruspex, cur pulmo incisus etiam in bonis extis di- rimat tempus et proferat diem? quid augur, cur a dextra corvus, a sinistra cornix faciat ratum ? quid astrologus, cur Stella lovis aut Veneris coniuncta cum Luna ad ortus pue- 15 rorum salutaris sit, Saturni Martisve contraria? cur autem deus dormientes nos moneat, vigilantes negligat? Quid deinde causae est, cur Cassandra furens futura prospiciat, Priamus sapiens hoc idem facere non queat ? Cur fiat quid- que, quaeris ? Recte omnino. Sed non nunc id agitur. Fiat, 20 necne fiat, id quaeritur. Ut si magnetem lapidem esse dicam, qui ferrum ad se alliciat et attrahat, rationem, cur id fiat, afferre nequeam, fieri omnino neges ? Quod idem facis in divinatione ; quam et cernimus ipsi, et audimus, et legimus et a patribus accepimus ; neque ante philosophiam patefactam, 25 quae nuper inventa est, hac de re communis vita dubitavit ; et postea quam philosophia processit, nemo aliter philoso- phus sensit, in quo modo esset auctoritas. Dixi de Pythagora, de Democrito, de Socrate : excepi de antiquis praeter Xeno- phanem neminem : adiunxi veterem Academiam, Peripa- 30 teticos, Stoicos. Unus dissentit Epicurus. Quid vero ? hoc turpius, quam quod idem nullam sensit gratuitam esse virtutem ? 2. Quis est autem quem non moveat clarissimis monu- mentis testata consignataque antiquitas ? Calchantem augu- 35 rem scribit Homerus longe optimum, eumque ducem classis fuisse ad Ilium, auspiciorum credo scientia, non locorum. Amphilochus et Mopsus Argivorum reges fuerunt, sed iidem augures : iique urbes in ora maritima Ciliciae Graecas con- Chap. II. OMENS AND DREAMS. Ill 40 diderunt. Atque etiam ante hos Amphiaraus et Tiresias, non humiles et obscuri, neque eorum similes, ut apud Ennium est, qui sui quaestus causa fictas suscitant sententias, sed clari et praestantes viri, qui avibus et signis admoniti fu- 45 tura dicebant. Quorum de altero etiam apud inferos Homerus ait, solum sapere, ceteros umbrarum vagari modo. Amphia- raum autem sic honoravit fama Graeciae, deus ut haberetur, atque ut ab eius solo, in quo est humatus, oracula peterentur. Quid ? Asiae rex Priamus nonne et Helenum filium et Cas- 50 sandram filiam divinantes habebat, alterum auguriis, alteram mentis incitatione et permotione divina? Quo in genera Marcios quosdam fratres, nobili loco natos, apud maiores nostros fuisse scriptum videmus. Quid? Polyidum Corin- thium nonne Homerus et aliis multa, et filio ad Troiam pro- 55 ficiscenti mortem praedixisse commemorat? Omnino apud veteres qui rerum potiebantur iidem auguria tenebant. Ut enim sapere, sic divinare regale ducebant. Testis est nostra civitas, in qua et reges augures, et postea privati eodem sa- cerdotio praediti rempublicam religionum auctoritate rex- 60 erunt. 3. Eaque divinationum ratio ne in barbaris quidem gen- tibus neglecta est, si quidem et in Gallia Druidae sunt, e quibus ipse Divitiacum Aeduum cognovi, qui et naturae rationem, quam physiologiam Graeci appellant, notam esse 65 sibi profitebatur, et partim auguriis, partim coniectura, quae essent futura dicebat, et in Persis augurantur et divinant Magi, qui congregantur in fano commentandi causa atque inter se colloquendi : quod etiam idem vos quondam facere Nonis solebatis. Nec quisquam rex Persarum potest esse, 70 qui non ante magorum disciplinam scientiamque perceperit. Licet autem videre et genera quaedam et nationes huic sci- entiae deditas. Telmessus in Caria est, qua in urbe excellit haruspicum disciplina : itemque Elis in Peloponneso familias 112, EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. III. duas certas habet, lamidarum unam, alteram Clytidarum, haruspicinae nobilitate praestantes. In Syria Chaldaei cogni- 75 tione astrorum sollertiaque ingeniorum antecellunt. Etruria autem de caelo tacta scientissime animadvertit : eademque interpretatur, quid quibusque ostendatur monstris atque por- tentis. Quocirca bene apud maiores nostros senatus, turn quum florebat imperium, decrevit ut de principum filiis sex 8c singulis Etruriae populis in disciplinam traderentur, ne ars tanta propter tenuitatem hominum a religionis auctoritate abduceretur ad mercedem atque quaestum. Phryges autem et Pisidae et Cilices et Arabum natio avium significationibus plurimum obtemperant : quod idem factitatum in Umbria 85 accepimus. 4. Ac mihi quidem videntur e locis quoque ipsis qui a quibusque incolebantur, divinationum opportunitates esse ductae. Etenim Aegyptii et Babylonii, in camporum paten- tium aequoribus habitantes, quum ex terra nihil emineret, 90 quod contemplationi caeli officere posset, omnem curam in siderum cognitione posuerunt ; Etrusci autem, quod religione imbuti studiosius et crebrius hostias immolabant, extorum cognitioni se maxime dediderunt: quodque propter aeris crassitudinem de caelo apud eos multa fiebant, et quod ob 95 eamdem causam multa inusitata partim e caelo, alia ex terra oriebantur, quaedam etiam ex hominum pecudumve conceptu et satu, portentorum exercitatissimi interpretes exstiterunt. , Quorum quidem vim, ut tu soles dicere, verba ipsa prudenter a maioribus posita declarant. Quia enim ostendunt, porten- 100 dunt, monstrant, praedit:unt ; ostenta, portenta, monstra, pro- digia dicuntur. Arabes autem et Phryges et Cilices, quod pastu pecudum maxime utuntur, campos et montes hieme et aestate peragrantes, propterea facilius cantus avium et volatus notaverunt. Eademque et Pisidiae causa fuit et huic nostrae 105 Umbriae. Tum Caria tota, praecipueque Telmesses, quos ante dixi, quod agros uberrimos maximeque fertiles incolunt Chap. II. OMENS AND DREAMS, in quibus multa propter fecunditatem fingi gignique possunt. in ostentis animadvertendis diligentes fuerunt. no 5. Quis vero non videt in optima quaque republica pluri- mum auspicia et reliqua divinandi genera valuisse? Quis rex umquam fuit, quis populus, qui non uteretur pre- dictione divina ? neque solum in pace, sed in bello multo etiam magis, quo mains erat certamen et discrimen salutis. 115 Omitto nostros, qui nihil in bello sine extis agunt, nihil sine auspiciis domi habent. Externa videamus. Namque et Athen- ienses omnibus semper publicis consiliis divinos quosdam sacerdotes, quos fxdvreis vocant, adhibuerunt: et Lacedae- monii regibus suis augurem assessorem dederunt; itemque 120 senibus (sic enim consilium publicum appellant) augurem interesse voluerunt: iidemque de rebus maioribus semper aut Delphis oraculum, aut ab Ammone aut a Dodona petebant. Lycurgus quidem, qui Lacedaemoniorum rem- publicam temperavit, leges suas auctoritate Apollinis Del- 125 phici confirmavit. Quas quum vellet Lysander commutare, eadem est prohibitus religione. Atque etiam, qui praeerant Lacedaemoniis, non contenti vigilantibus curis, in Pasiphaae fano, quod est in agro propter urbem, somniandi causa incubabant, quia vera quietis oracula ducebant. 130 6. Ad nostra iam redeo. Quoties senatus decemviros ad libros ire iussit ! quantis in rebus, quamque saepe responsis haruspicum paruit ! Nam et quum duo visi soles essent, et quum tres lunae, et quum faces, et quum sol nocte visus esset, et quum e caelo fremitus auditus, et quum caelum disces- 135 sisse visum est atque in eo animadversi globi. Delata etiam ad senatum labes agri Privernatis, quum ad infinitam alti- tudinem terra desedisset, Apuliaque maximis terrae moti- bus conquassata esset: quibus portentis magna populo Romano bella perniciosaeque seditiones denuntiabantur. 140 Inque his omnibus responsa haruspicum cum Sibyllae versibus congruebant. Quid, quum Cumis Apollo sudavit. 1 14 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. III. Capuae Victoria? quid ortus androgyni? nonne fatale quoddam monstmm fuit ? Quid, quum fluvius atratus san- guine fluxit? quid, quum saepe lapidum, sanguinis non- numquam, terrae interdum, quondam etiam lactis imber 145 defluxit? quid, quum in Capitolio ictus Centaurus e caelo est, in Aventino portae et homines, Tusculi aedes Castoris et Pollucis, Romaeque Pietatis? nonne et haruspices ea responderunt, quae evenerunt, et in Sibyllae libris eaedem repertae praedictiones sunt? 150 7. Caeciliae Q. filiae somnio modo Marsico bello templum est a senatu lunoni Sospitae restitutum. Quod quidem som- nium Sisenna quum disputavisset mirifice ad verbum cum re convenisse, tamen insolenter, credo ab Epicureo aliquo in ductus, disputat somniis credi non oportere. Idem contra 155 ostenta nihil disputat exponitque initio belli Marsici et deo- rum simulacra sudavisse, et sanguinem fluxisse, et discessisse caelum, et ex occulto auditas esse voces, quae pericula belli nuntiarent, et Lanuvii clypeos, quod haruspicibus tristissimum visum esset, a muribus esse derosos. 160 8. Quid, quod in annalibus habemus, Veienti bello, quum lacus Albanus praeter modum crevisset, Veientem quemdam ad nos hominem nobilem profugisse, eumque dixisse, ex fatis quae Veientes scripta haberent Veios capi non posse, dum lacus is redundaret: et, si lacus emissus 165 lapsu et cursu suo ad mare profluxisset, perniciosum populo Romano ; sin autem ita esset eductus, ut ad mare pervenire non posset, tum salutare nostris fore ? Ex quo ilia admira- bilis a maioribus Albanae aquae facta deductio est. Quum autem Veientes bello fessi legatos ad senatum misissent, 170 tum ex his quidam dixisse dicitur, non omnia ilium trans- fugam ausum esse senatui dicere : in iisdem enim fatis scriptum Veientes habere, *Fore ut brevi a Gallis Roma caperetur:' quod quidem sexennio post Veios captos esse factum videmus. ^75 Chap. II. OMENS AND DREAMS. 9. Saepe etiam et in praeliis Fauni auditi, et in rebus turbidis veridicae voces ex occulto missae esse dicuntur: cuius generis duo sunt ex multis exempla, sed maxima. Nam non multo ante Urbem captam exaudita vox est a 1 80 luco Vestae, qui a Palatii radice in novam viam devexus est: *Ut muri et portae reficerentur ; futurum esse, nisi provisum esset, ut Roma caperetur.' Quod neglectum, quum caveri poterat, post acceptam illam maximam cladem expiatum est. Ara enim Aio Loquenti, quam septam 185 videmus, exadversus eum locum consecrata est. Atque etiam scriptum a multis est, quum terrae motus factus esset, *Ut sue plena procuratio fieret,' vocem ab aede lunonis ex arce exstitisse: quocirca lunonem illam appel- latam Monetam. Haec igitur et a diis significata et a i9onostris maioribus iudicata contemnimus? 10. Neque solum deorum voces Pythagorei observitaverunt, sed etiam hominum, quae vocant omina. Quae maiores nostri quia valere censebant, idcirco omnibus rebus agendis, * Quod bonum, faustum, felix fortunatumque esset,' praefa- 195 bantur : rebusque divinis quae publicae fierent ut ' faverent Unguis' imperabatur ; inque feriis imperandis, ut Mitibus et iurgiis se abstinerent.' Itemque in lustranda colonia, ab eo qui eam deduceret, et quum imperator exercitum, censor populum lustraret, bonis nominibus qui hostias ducerent 200 eligebantur. Quod idem in delectu consules observant, ut primus miles fiat bono nomine. Praerogativam etiam maiores omen iustorum comitiorum esse voluerunt. 11. Atque ego exempla ominum nota proferam. L. Paul- lus consul iterum, quum ei bellum ut cum rege Perse gereret 205 obtigisset, ut ea ipsa die domum ad vesperum rediit, filio- 1am suam Tertiam, quae tum erat admodum parva, osculans animadvertit tristiculam. ' Quid est/ inquit, * mea Tertia ? quid tristis es ?' * Mi pater,' inquit, ' Persa periit.' Tum ille arctius puellam complexus, ' Accipio,' inquit, * mea filia, Il6 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. III. omen: erat autem mortuus catellus eo nomine. L. Flaccum 210 flaminem Martialem ego audivi quum diceret Caeciliam Metelli, quum vellet sororis suae filiam in matrimonium collocare, exisse in quoddam sacellum ominis capiendi causa; quod fieri more veterum solebat. Quum virgo staret, et Caecilia in sella sederet, neque diu ulla vox 215 exstitisset, puellam defatigatam petiisse a matertera ut sibi concederet paullisper, ut in eius sella requiesceret : illam autem dixisse, ' Vero, mea puella, tibi concedo meas sedes.' Quod omen res consecuta est. Ipsa enim brevi mortua est; virgo autem nupsit, cui Caecilia nupta fuerat. 220 Haec posse contemni vel etiam rideri praeclare intelligo : sed id ipsum est, deos non putare, quae ab iis signifi- cantur contemnere. 12. Quid de auguribus loquar? Tuae partes sunt: tuum, inquam, auspiciorum patrocinium debet esse. Tibi 225 App. Claudius augur consuli nuntiavit, addubitato Salutis augurio, bellum domesticum triste ac turbulentum fore: quod paucis post mensibus exortum, paucioribus a te est diebus oppressum. Cui quidem auguri vehementer assen- tior. Solus enim multorum annorum memoria non de- 230 cantandi augurii *sed divinandi tenuit disciplinam. Quern irridebant collegae tui, eumque tum Pisidam, tum Soranum augurem esse dicebant. Quibus nulla videbatur in auguriis aut auspiciis praesensio aut scientia veritatis futurae, sapi- enter aiebant ad opinionem imperitorum esse fictas reli- 235 giones. Quod longe secus est: neque enim in pastoribus illis, quibus Romulus praefuit, nec in ipso Romulo haec calliditas esse potuit, ut ad errorem multitudinis religionis simulacra fingerent. Sed difficultas laborque discendi disertam negligentiam reddidit. Malunt enim disserere 240 nihil esse in auspiciis, quam quid sit ediscere. 13. Quid est illo auspicio divinius, quod apud te in Mario est? ut utar potissimum te auctore: Chap. II. OMENS AND DREAMS. 117 ' Hie lovis altisoni subito pinnata satelles, 245 Arboris e trunco serpentis saucia morsu, Subigit ipsa, feris transfigens unguibus, angiiem Semianimum et varia graviter cervice micantem. Quern se intorquentem lanians rostroque cruentans, lam satiata animos, iam duros ulta dolores, 250 Abiicit efflantem, et laceratum affligit in unda, Seque obitu a solis nitidos convertit ad ortus. Hanc ubi praepetibus pinnis lapsuque volantem Conspexit Marius, divini numinis augur, Faustaque signa suae laudis reditusque notavit, 255 Partibus intonuit caeli pater ipse sinistris; Sic aquilae clarum firmavit luppiter omen.* 14. Atque ille Romuli auguratus pastoralis non urbanus fuit; nec fictus ad opiniones imperitorum, sed a certis ac- ceptus et posteris traditus. Itaque Romulus augur, ut apud 260 Ennium est, cum fratre item augure, Curantes magna cum cura, concupientes Regni, dant operam simul auspicio augurioque. Hinc Remus auspicio se devovet atque secundam Solus avem servat. At Romulu' pulcher in alto 25- Quaerit Aventino, servans genus altivolantum. Certabant, urbem Romamne Remamne vocarent. Omnis cura viris, uter esset induperator. Exspectant, veluti, consul quum mittere signum Volt, omnes avidi spectant ad carceris oras, 270 Quam mox emittat pictis e faucibu' currus : Sic expectabat populus, atque ore timebat Rebus, utri magni victoria sit data regni. Interea sol albu' recessit in infera noctis ; Exin Candida se radiis dedit icta foras lux; 275 Et simul ex alto longe pulcherrima praepes Laeva volavit avis : simul aureus exoritur sol. Cedunt de caelo ter quattuor corpora sancta Avium, praepetibus sese pulchrisque locis dant. Conspicit inde sibi data Romulus esse priora, Auspicio regni stabilita scamna solumque. EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. III. CHAP. III. 1. Nihil fere quondam maioris rei nisi auspicato ne pri- vatim quidem gerebatur : quod etiam nunc nuptiarum aus- pices declarant, qui, re omissa, nomen tantum tenent. Nam ut nunc extis, (quamquam id ipsum aliquanto minus, quam dim,) sic tum avibus magnae res impetriri solebant. Itaque, 5 sinistra dum non exquirimus, in dira et in vitiosa incurrimus. Ut P. Claudius, Appii Caeci filius, eiusque collega, L. lunius, classes maximas perdiderunt, quum vitio navigassent. Quod eodem modo evenit Agamemnoni : qui, quum Achivi coe- pissent lo Inter sese strepere, aperteque artem obterere extispicum; Solvere imperat secundo rumore adversaque avi. 2. Sed quid Vetera ? M. Crasso quid acciderit, videmus, dirarum obnuntiatione neglecta. In quo Appius, collega tuus, bonus augur, ut ex te audire soleo, non satis scienter 15 virum bonum et civem egregium censor C. Ateium notavit, quod ementitum auspicia subscripserit. Esto : fuerit hoc censoris, si iudicabat ementitum. At illud minime auguris, quod ascripsit, ob cam causam populum Romanum cala- mitatem maximam cepisse. Si enim ea causa calamitatis 20 fuit, non in eo est culpa qui obnuntiavit, sed in eo qui non paruit. Veram enim fuisse obnuntiationem, ut ait idem augur et censor, exitus approbavit : quae si falsa fuisset, nullam afferre potuisset causam calamitatis. Etenim dirae, sicut cetera auspicia, ut omina, ut signa, non causas afferunt cur 25 quid eveniat, sed nuntiant ventura nisi provideris. Non igitur obnuntiatio Ateii causam finxit calamitatis, sed signo obiecto monuit Crassum, quid eventurum esset nisi cavisset. Ita aut ilia obnuntiatio nihil valuitj aut si, ut Appius iudicat, Chap. III. OMENS AND BREAMS, II9 30 valuit, id valuit, ut peccatum haereret non in eo qui monu- erit, sed in eo qui non obtemperarit. 3. Quid? lituus iste vester, quod clarissimum est insigne auguratus, unde vobis est traditus ? Nempe eo Romulus regiones direxit turn quum Urbem condidit. Qui quidem 35 Romuli lituus, id est incurvum et leviter a summo infiexum bacillum, quod ab eius litui quo canitur similitudine nomen invenit, quum situs esset in curia Saliorum, quae est in Palatio, eaque deflagravisset, inventus est integer. Quid ? multis annis post Romulum, Frisco regnante Tarquinio, quis 40 veterum scriptorum non loquitur, quae sit ab Attio Navio per lituum regionum facta descriptio ? Qui quum propter paupertatem sues puer pasceret, una ex iis amissa, vovisse dicitur, si recuperavisset, uvam se deo daturum quae maxima esset in vinea : itaque sue inventa, ad meridiem spectans in 45 vinea media dicitur constitisse ; quumque in quattuor partes vineam divisisset, tresque partes aves abdixissent, quarta parte, quae erat reliqua in regione distributa, mirabili mag- nitudine uvam, ut scriptum videmus, invenit. Qua re cele- brata, quum vicini omnes ad eum de rebus suis referrent, 50 erat in magno nomine et gloria. Ex quo factum est, ut eum ad se rex Priscus arcesseret. Cuius quum tentaret scientiam auguratus, dixit ei, cogitare se quiddam; id possetne fieri, consuluit. Ille, augurio acto, posse respondit. Tarquinius autem dixit, se cogitasse cotem novacula posse praecidi. 55 Tum Attium iussisse experiri. Ita cotem in comitium alla- tam, inspectante et rege et populo, novacula esse discissam. Ex eo evenit ut et Tarquinius augure Attio Navio uteretur, et populus de suis rebus ad eum referret. Cotem autem illam et novaculam defossam in comitio supraque impositum 60 puteal accepimus. I20 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. Ill, CHAP. IV. 1. Facta coniectura in Dionysio est paullo ante quam regnare coepit : qui quum per agrum Leontinum iter faciens equum ipse demisisset in flumen, submersus equus voragi- nibus non exstitit: quern quum maxima contentione non potuisset extrahere, discessit, ut ait Philistus, aegre ferens. 5 Quum autem aliquantulum progressus esset, subito exaudivit hinnitum, respexitque et equum alacrem laetus aspexit, cuius in iuba examen apum consederat. Quod ostentum habuit banc vim, ut Dionysius paucis post diebus regnare coeperit. 2. Quid ? Lacedaemoniis paullo ante Leuctricam cala- 10 mitatem quae significatio facta est, quum in Herculis fano arma sonuerunt, Herculisque simulacrum multo sudore ma- navit? At eodem tempore Thebis, ut ait Callisthenes, in templo Herculis valvae clausae repagulis subito se ipsae aperuerunt, armaque, quae fixa in parietibus fuerant, ea sunt 15 humi inventa. Quumque eodem tempore apud Lebadiam Trophonio res divina fieret, gallos gallinaceos in eo loco sic assidue canere coepisse, ut nihil intermitterent : tum augures dixisse Boeotios, Thebanorum esse-victoriam, propterea quod avis ilia victa silere soleret, canere, si vicisset. Eademque 20 tempestate multis signis Lacedaemoniis Leuctricae pugnae calamitas denuntiabatur. Namque et Lysandri, qui Lacedae- moniorum clarissimus fuerat, statuae, quae Delphis stabat, in capite corona subito exstitit ex asperis herbis et agrestibus : stellaeque aureae, quae Delphis erant a Lacedaemoniis po- 25 sitae post navalem illam victoriam Lysandri, qua Athenienses conciderunt, (qua in pugna quia Castor et Pollux cum Lace- daemoniorum classe visi esse dicebantur, eorum insignia deorum, stellae aureae, quas dixi, Delphis positae,) paullo ante Leuctricam pugnam deciderunt neque repertae sunt. 30 Maximum vero illud portentum iisdem Spartiatis fuit, quod. Chap. IV. OMENS AND DREAMS, 121 quum oraculum ab love Dodonaeo petivissent, de victoria sciscitantes, legatique illud in quo inerant sortes colloca- vissent, simia, quam rex Molossorum in deliciis habebat, et 35 sortes ipsas et cetera, quae erant ad sortem parata, disturbavit et aliud alio dissipavit. Turn ea quae praeposita erat ora- culo sacerdos dixisse dicitur, de salute Lacedaemoniis esse non de victoria cogitandum. 3. Quid ? bello Punico secundo nonne C. Flaminius consul 40 iterum neglexit signa rerum futurarum magna cum clade reipublicae ? Qui, exercitu lustrato, quum Arretium versus castra movisset et contra Hannibalem legiones duceret, et ipse et equus eius ante signum lovis Statoris sine causa re- pente concidit, nec eam rem habuit religioni, obiecto signo, 45 ut peritis videbatur, ne committeret praelium. Idem quum tripudio auspicaretur, pullarius diem praelii committendi dif- ferebat. Tum Flaminius ex eo quaesivit, si ne postea quidem pulli pascerentur, quid faciendum censeret. Quum ille qui- escendum respondisset, Flaminius : ' Praeclara vero auspicia, 50 si esurientibus pullis res geri poterit, saturis nihil geretur/ Itaque signa convelli, et se sequi iussit. Quo tempore, quum signifer primi hastati signum non posset movere loco, nec quidquam proficeretur plures quum accederent, Flaminius, re nuntiata, suo more neglexit. Itaque tribus horis concisus 55 exercitus, atque ipse interfectus est. Magnum illud etiam, quod addidit Caelius, eo tempore ipso, quum hoc calamito- sum fieret praelium, tantos terrae motus in Liguribus Gallia compluribusque insulis totaque in Italia factos esse, ut multa oppida corruerint, multis locis labes factae sint terraeque 60 desederint fluminaque in contrarias partes fluxerint atque in amnes mare influxerit. 4. Fiunt certe divinationum coniecturae a peritis. Midae illi Phrygio, quum puer esset, dormienti formicae in os tritici grana congesserunt. Divitissimum fore praedictum est : quod 65 evenit. At Platoni, quum in cunis parvulo dormienti apes in K 122 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO, Sect. III. labellis consedissent, responsum est singular! ilium suavitate orationis fore. Ita future eloquentia provisa in infante est. Quid ? amores ac deliciae tuae Roscius num aut ipse aut pro eo Lanuvium totum mentiebatur ? Qui quum esset in cunabulis educareturque in Solonio, qui est campus agri 70 Lanuvini, noctu lumine apposito experrecta nutrix animad- vertit puerum dormientem circumplicatum serpentis amplexu. Quo aspectu exterrita clamorem sustulit, pater autem Roscii ad haruspices retulit : qui responderunt, nihil illo puero cla- rius, nihil nobilius fore. Atque hanc speciem Pasiteles cae- 75 lavit argento et noster expressit Archias versibus. 5. Obiiciuntur etiam saepe formae, quae reapse nullae sunt, speciem autem offerunt. Quod contigisse Brenno dicitur eiusque Gallicis copiis, quum fano Apollinis Delphici nefarium bellum intulisset. Tum enim ferunt ex oraculo 80 effatam esse Pythiam : Ego providebo rem istam et albae virgines. Ex quo factum, ut et viderentur virgines ferre arma contra, et nive Gallorum obrueretur exercitus. CHAP. V. 1. Ex te ipso non commentitiam rem, sed factam, eiusdem generis audivi : C. Coponium ad te venisse Dyrrhachio, quum praetorio imperio classi Rhodiae praeesset, cum primis ho- minem prudentem atque doctum : eumque dixisse, remigem quemdam e quinqueremi Rhodiorum vaticinatum,madefactum 5 iri minus xxx diebus Graeciam sanguine ; rapinas Dyrrhachii et conscensionem in naves cum fuga, fugientibusque mise- rabilem respectum incendiorum fore, sed Rhodiorum classi propinquum reditum ac domum itionem dari: tum neque te ipsum non esse commotum, Marcumque Varronem et 10 Chap. V. OMENS AND DREAMS. 123 M. Catonem, qui turn ibi erant, doctos homines, vehementer esse perterritos : paucis sane post diebus ex Pharsalica fuga venisse Labienum: qui quum interitum exercitus nuntia- visset, reliqua vaticinationis brevi esse confecta. Nam et ex ^5 horreis direptum effusumque frumentum vias omnes an- giportusque constraverat ; et naves subito perterriti metu conscendistis ; et noctu ad oppidum respicientes, flagrante s onerarias, quas incenderant milites, quia sequi noluerant, videbatis : postremo a Rhodia classe deserti, verum vatem 20 fuisse sensistis. 2. Ti. Gracchus, P. F., qui bis consul et censor fuit, idemque et sumnws augur et vir sapiens civisque praestans, nonne (ut C. Gracchus, filius eius, scriptum reliquit), duobus anguibus domi comprehensis, haruspices convocavit ? Qui 25 quum respondissent, si marem emisisset, uxori brevi tem- pore esse moriendum ; si feminam, ipsi : aequius esse cen- suit, se maturam oppetere mortem, quam P. Africani filiam adolescentem : feminam emisit : ipse paucis post diebus est mortuus. 30 3. Tages quidam dicitur in agro Tarquiniensi, quum terra araretur, et sulcus altius esset impressus, exstitisse repente et eum affatus esse, qui arabat. Is autem Tages, ut in libris est Etruscorum, puerili specie dicitur visus, sed senili fuisse prudentia. Eius aspectu quum obstupuisset bubulcus, cla- 35 moremque maiorem cum admiratione edidisset ; concursum esse factum, totamque brevi tempore in eum locum Etruriam convenisse ; tum ilium plura locutum multis audientibus, qui omnia eius verba exceperint litterisque mandaverint : omnem autem orationem fuisse cam, qua haruspicinae disciplina 40 contineretur : eam postea crevisse rebus novis cognoscendis et ad eadem ilia principia referendis. Haec accepimus ab ipsis : haec scripta conservant : hunc fontem habent disciplinae. 4. Rarum est quoddam genus eorum, qui se a corpora K 2 124 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. III. avocent et ad divinarum rerum cognitionem cura omni 45 studioque rapiantur. Horum sunt auguria non divini impetus, sed rationis humanae : nam et natura futura praesentiunt, ut aquarum fluxiones et deflagrationem futuram aliquando caeli atque terrarum. Alii autem in republica exercitati, ut de Atheniensi Solone accepimus, orientem tyrannidem multo 50 ante prospiciunt : quos prudentes possumus dicere, id est providentes ; divinos nullo modo possumus ; non plus, quam Milesium Thalem, qui, ut obiurgatores suos convinceret, ostenderetque etiam philosophum, si ei commodum esset, pecuniam facere posse, omnem oleam, antequam florere coe- 55 pisset, in agro Milesio coemisse dicitur^ Animadverterat fortasse quadam scientia, olearum ubertatem fore. Et qui- dem idem primus defectionem solis, quae Astyage regnante facta est, praedixisse fertur. Multa medici, multa guberna- tores, agricolae etiam multa praesentiunt : sed nullam eorum 60 divinationem voco, ne illam quidem, qua ab Anaximandro physico moniti Lacedaemonii sunt, ut urbem et tecta linque- rent armatique in agro excubarent, quod terrae motus in.- staret, tum, quum et urbs tota corruit, et ex monte Taygeto extrema montis quasi puppis avulsa est. Ne Pherecydes 65 quidem, ille Pythagorae magister, potius divinus habebitur, quam physicus; qui quum vidisset haustam aquam de iugi puteo, terrae motus dixit instare. CHAP. VL 1. Veniamus ad somnia. Matrem Phalaridis scribit Pon- ticus Heraclides, doctus vir, auditor et discipulus Platonis, visam esse videre in somnis simulacra deorum, quae ipsa domi consecravisset : ex his Mercurium e patera, quam dex- tra manu teneret, sanguinem visum esse fundere : qui quum 5 terram attigisset refervescere videretur sic, ut tota domus Chap. VI. OMENS AND DREAMS. 125 sanguine redundaret. Quod matris somnium immanis filii crudelitas comprobavit. Quid ego, quae magi Cyro illi principi interpretati sunt, ex Dinonis Persicis proferam? lo Nam quum dormienti ei sol ad pedes visus esset, ter eum scribit frustra appetivisse manibus, quum se convolvens sol elaberetur et abiret : ei magos dixisse, (quod genus sapientum et doctorum habebatur in Persis,) ex triplici appetitione solis, XXX annos Cyrum regnaturum esse, portendi. Quod 15 ita contigit. Nam ad septuagesimum pervenit, quum xl natus annos regnare coepisset. 2. Est profecto quiddam etiam in barbaris gentibus prae^ sentiens atque divinans: siquidem ad mortem proficiscens Calanus Indus, quum ascenderet in rogum ardentem, *0 20 praeclarum discessum,' inquit, ' e vita ! quum, ut Herculi con- tigit, mortali corpore cremato, in lucem animus excesserit !' Quumque Alexander eum rogaret, si quid vellet, ut diceret ; * Optime,' inquit : ^ propediem te videbo.' Quod ita contigit. Nam Babylone paucis post diebus Alexander est mortuus. 25 Discedo parumper a somniis, ad quae mox revertar. Qua nocte templum Ephesiae Dianae deflagravit, eadem constat ex Olympiade natum esse Alexandrum, atque, ubi lucere coepisset, clamitasse magos, pestem ac perniciem Asiae proxima nocte natam. Haec de Indis et magis. 30 3. Redeamus ad somnia. Hannibalem Caelius scribit, quum columnam auream quae esset in fano lunonis Laci- niae auferre vellet, dubitaretque utrum ea solida esset, an extrinsecus inaurata, perterebravisse : quumque solidam in- venisset, statuissetque tollere, ei secundum quietem visam 35 esse lunonem praedicere ne id faceret, minarique, si fecisset, se curaturam ut eum quoque oculum, quo bene videret, amitteret ; idque ab homine acuto non esse neglectum. Ita- que ex eo auro, quod exterebratum esset, buculam curasse faciendam, et cam in summa columna collocavisse. 40 4. Hoc idem in Sileni, quem Caelius sequitur, Graeca 126 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. HI. historia est : is autem diligentissime res Hannibalis perse- cutus est: Hannibalem, quum cepisset Saguntum, visum esse in somnis a love in deorum concilium vocari: quo quum venisset, lovem imperasse ut Italiae bellum inferret, ducemque ei unum e concilio datum ; quo ilium utentem 45 cum exercitu progredi coepisse ; tum ei ducem ilium prae- cepisse ne respiceret; ilium autem id diutius facere non potuisse elatumque cupiditate respexisse ; tum visam beiluam ^ vastam et immanem, circumplicatam serpentibus, quacumque incederet, omnia arbusta, virgulta, tecta pervertere ; et eum 50 admiratum quaesisse de deo quodnam illud esset tale mon- strum: et deum respondisse vastitatem esse Italiae, prae- cepisseque ut pergeret protinus ; quid retro atque a tergo fieret ne laboraret. 5. Apud Agathoclem scriptum in historia est, Hamilcarem 55 Karthaginiensem, quum oppugnaret Syracusas, visum esse audire vocem, se postridie caenaturum Syracusis: quum autem is dies illuxisset, magnam seditionem in castris eius inter Poenos et Siculos milites esse factam : quod quum sensissent Syracusani, improviso eos in castra irrupisse 60 Hamilcaremque ab iis vivum esse sublatum. Ita res som- nium comprobavit. Plena exemplorum est historia, tum re- ferta vita communis. 6. At vero P. Decius ille Q. F. qui primus e Deciis consul fuit, quum esset tribunus militum M. Valerio, A. Cornelio 65 consulibus, a Samnitibusque premeretur noster exercitus, quum pericula praeliorum iniret audacius, monereturque ut cautior esset, dixit, quod exstat in annalibus, sibi in somnis visum esse, quum in mediis hostibus versaretur, occidere cum maxima gloria. Et tum quidem incolumis exercitum 70 obsidione liberavit. Post triennium autem, quum consul esset, devovit se, et in aciem Latinorum irrupit armatus. Quo eius facto superati sunt et deleti Latini. Cuius mors ita gloriosa fuit ut eamdem concupisceret filius. Chap. VI. OMENS AND DREAMS. 127 75 7. Sed veniamus nunc, si placet, ad somnia philosopho- rum. Est apud Platonem Socrates, quum esset in custodia publica, dicens Critoni, suo familiari, sibi post tertium diem esse moriendum : vidisse se in somnis pulchritudine eximia feminam, quae se nomine appellans diceret Homericum 80 quemdam eiusmodi versum : Tertia te Phthiae tempestas laeta locabit. Quod ut est dictum sic scribitur contigisse. Xenophon Socraticus (qui vir et quantus !) in ea militia, qua cum Cyro minore perfunctus est, sua scribit somnia ; quorum eventus 85 mirabiles exstiterunt. Mentiri Xenophontem, an delirare dicemus ? 8. Quid ? singulari vir ingenio Aristoteles et paene divino ipsene errat, an alios vult errare, quum scribit, Eudemum Cyprium, familiarem suum, iter in Macedoniam facientem 90 Pheras venisse ; quae erat urbs in Thessalia tum admodum nobilis, ab Alexandro autem tyranno crudeli dominatu tene- batur: in eo igitur oppido ita graviter aegrum Eudemum fuisse, ut omnes medici diffiderent : ei visum in quiete egregia facie iuvenem dicere, fore ut perbrevi convalesceret, paucis- 95 que diebus interiturum Alexandrum tyrannum, ipsum autem Eudemum quinquennio post domum esse rediturum ? Atque ita quidem prima statim scribit Aristoteles consecuta, et con- valuisse Eudemum, et ab uxoris fratribus interfectum tyran- num ; quinto autem anno exeunte, quum esset spes ex illo 100 somnio in Cyprum ilium ex Sicilia esse rediturum, praelian- tem eum ad Syracusas occidisse : ex quo ita illud somnium esse interpretatum, ut, quum animus Eudemi e corpore ex- cesserit, tum domum revertisse videatur. 9. Adiungamus philosophis doctissimum hominem, poe- ^05 tam quidem divinum, Sophoclem : qui, quum ex aede Her- culis patera aurea gravis surrepta esset, in somnis vidit ipsum deum dicentem, qui id fecisset. Quod semel ille iterumque 128 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. III. neglexit. Ubi idem saepius^ ascendit in Areopagum : detulit rem. Areopagitae comprehendi iubent eum, qui a Sophocle erat nominatus. Is, quaestione adhibita, confessus est, pater- r lo amque retulit. Quo facto, fanum illud Indicis Herculis nomi- natum est. 10. Sed quid ego Graecorum? Nescio quo modo me magis nostra delectant. Omnes hoc historici, Fabii, Gellii, sed proxime Caelius. Quum bello Latino ludi votivi maximi 1 1 5 primum fierent, civitas ad arma repente est excitata. Itaque, ludis intermissis, instaurativi constituti sunt. Qui antequam fierent, quumque iam populus consedisset, servus per circum, quum virgis caederetur, furcam ferens ductus est. Exin cui- dam rustico Romano dormienti visus est venire, qui diceret, 120 praesulem sibi non placuisse ludis ; idque ab eodem iussum esse eum senatui nuntiare : ilium non esse ausum. Iterum esse idem visum, et monitum ne vim suam experiri vellet : ne tum quidem esse ausum. Exin filium eiusesse mortuum; eamdem in somnis admonitionem fuisse tertiam. ■ Tum ilium 125 etiam debilem factum, rem ad amicos detulisse, quorum de sententia lecticula in curiam esse delatum, quumque senatui somnium enarravisset, pedibus suis domum revertisse. Itaque somnio comprobato a senatu, ludos illos iterum instauratos memoriae proditum est. 130 11. C. vero Gracchus multis dixit, ut scriptum apud eum- dem Caelium est, sibi in somnis quaesturam petenti Ti. fratrem visum esse dicere, quam vellet cunctaretur, tamen eodem sibi leto quo ipse interisset esse pereundum. Hoc, antequam tribunus plebi C. Gracchus factus esset, et se 135 audisse scribit Caelius, et dixisse multis. Quo somnio quid inveniri potest certius ? ■ 12. Quid.? ilia duo somnia, quae creberrime commemo- rantur a Stoicis, quis tandem potest contemnere ? unum de Simonide : qui quum ignotum quemdam proiectum mortuum 140 vidisset, eum.que humavisset, haberetque in animo navem Chap. VI. OMENS AND DREAMS. 129 Gonscendere, moneri visus est ne id faceret ab eo quern sepultura affecerat; si navigasset, eum naufragio esse peri- turum ; itaque Simonidem redisse ; perisse ceteros, qui turn 45 navigassent : alterum ita traditum, clarum admodum som- nium: 13. quum duo quidam Arcades familiares iter una face- rent, et Megaram venissent, alterum ad cauponem devertisse, ad hospitem alterum. Qui ut caenati quiescerent, concubia 50 nocte visum esse in somnis ei, qui erat in hospitio, ilium alterum orare ut subveniret, quod sibi a caupone interitus pararetur ; eum primo perterritum somnio surrexisse ; dein quum se collegisset idque visum pro nihilo habendum esse duxisset, recubuisse ; tum ei dormienti eumdem ilium visum 55 esse rogare ut, quoniam sibi vivo non subvenisset, mortem suam ne inultam esse pateretur, se interfectum in plaustrum ^ a caupone esse coniectum, et supra stercus iniectum ; petere, ut mane ad portam adesset, priusquam plaustrum ex oppido exiret. Hoc vero eum somnio commotum, mane bubulco 60 praesto ad portam fuisse ; quaesisse ex eo quid esset in plaustro : ilium perterritum fugisse, mortuum erutum esse ; cauponem, re patefacta, poenas dedisse. Quid hoc somnio dici potest divinius ? 14. Sed quid aut plura aut Vetera quaerimus Saepe tibi 65 meum narravi ; saepe ex te audivi tuum somnium : Me, quum Asiae provinciae praeessem, vidisse in quiete, quum tu equo advectus ad quamdam magni fluminis ripam, provectus subito atque delapsus in flumen, nusquam apparuisses, me contre- muisse, timore perterritum : tum te repente laetum exstitisse, 70 eodemque equo adversam ascendisse ripam, nosque inter nos esse complexos. Facilis coniectura huius somnii : mihique a peritis in Asia praedictum est, fore eos eventus rerum qui acciderunt. 15. Venio nunc ad tuum : audivi equidem ex te ipso, sed 75 mihi saepius noster Salustius narravit ; quum in ilia fuga, 130 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. III. nobis gloriosa, patriae calamitosa, in villa quadam campi Atinatis maneres, magnamque partem noctis vigilasses, ad lucem denique arete et graviter dormitare te coepisse. Ita- que, quamquam iter instaret, se tamen silentium fieri iussisse, neque esse passum te excitari : quum autem experrectus 180 esses hora secunda fere, te sibi somnium narravisse : visum tibi esse, quum in locis solis maestus errares, C. Marium cum fascibus laureatis quaerere ex te quid tristis esses; quumque tu te tua patria vi pulsum esse dixisses, prehendisse- eum dextram tuam, et bono animo te iussisse esse, lictorique 185 proximo tradidisse, ut te in monumentum suum deduceret ; et dixisse in eo tibi salutem fore. Tum et se exclamasse Saustius narrat, reditum tibi celerem et gloriosum paratum, et te ipsum visum somnio delectari. Nam illud mihi ipsi celeriter nuntiatum est, ut audivisses, in monumento Marii 190 de tuo reditu magnificentissimum illud senatus consultum esse factum, referente optimo et clarissimo viro consule, idque frequentissimo theatro, incredibili clamore et plausu comprobatum, dixisse te, nihil illo Atinati somnio fieri posse divinius. '95 SCIPIO'S DREAM. 1. Quum in Africam venissem M\ Manilio consuli ad quartam legionem tribunus, ut scitis, militum, nihil mihi potius fuit quam ut Masinissam convenirem, regem familiae nostrae iustis de causis amicissimum. Ad quem ut veni, complexus me senex collacrimavit, aliquantoque post sus- 5 pexit in caelum, et, * Grates,' inquit, * tibi ago, summe Sol, vobisque, reliqui Caelites, quod ante quam ex hac vita migro conspicio in meo regno et his tectis P. Cornelium Sect. III. SCIPld'S DREAM. Scipionem, cuius ego nomine ipso recreor : ita numquam 10 ex animo meo discedit illius optimi atque invictissimi viri memoria/ Deinde ego ilium de suo regno, ille me de nostra re publica percontatus est: multisque verbis ultro citroque habitis ille nobis consumptus est dies. 2. Post autem regio apparatu accepti sermonem in 15 multam noctem produximus, quum senex nihil nisi de Africano loqueretur, omniaque eius non facta solum sed etiam dicta meminisset. Deinde, ut cubitum discessimus, me et de via, et qui ad multam noctem vigilassem, arctior quam solebat somnus complexus est. Hie mihi, (credo 20 equidem ex hoc, quod eramus locuti : fit enim fere, ut cogitationes sermonesque nostri pariant aliquid in somno tale, quale de Homero scribit Ennius, de quo videlicet saepissime vigilans solebat cogitare et loqui:) Africanus se ostendit ea forma, quae mihi ex imagine eius quam 25 ex ipso erat notior ; quem ut agnovi, equidem cohorrui : sed ille, * Ades,' inquit, * animo, et omitte timorem, Scipio, et quae dicam, trade memoriae. 3. *Videsne illam urbem, quae, paiere populo Romano coacta per me, renovat pristina bella, nec potest quiescere, 30 (ostendebat autem Karthaginem de excelso et pleno stella- rum, illustri et claro quodam loco,) ad quam tu oppugnan- dam nunc venis paene miles ? hanc hoc biennio consul evertes, eritque cognomen id tibi per te partum, quod habes adhuc a nobis hereditarium. Quum autem Kartha- 35 ginem deleveris, triumphum egeris censor que fueris et obieris legatus Aegyptum, Syriam, Asiam, Graeciam, deli-.^ gere iterum consul absens bellumque maximum conficies, Numantiam excides. Sed quum eris curru Capitolium in- vectus, offendes rem publicam perturbatam consiliis nepotis 40 mei. 4. *Hic tu, Africane, ostendas oportebit patriae lumen animi ingenii consiliique tui. Sed eius temporis ancipitem 13^ EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. III. video quasi fatorum viam. Nam quum aetas tua septenos octies solis amfractus reditusque converterit, duoque hi numeri, quorum uterque plenus, alter altera de causa, 45 habetur, circuitu naturali summam tibi fatalem confece- rint, in te unum atque in tuum nomen se tota convertet civitas: te senatus, te omnes boni, te socii, te Latini in- tuebuntur : tu eris unus, in quo nitatur civitatis salus ; ac ne multa, dictator rem publicam constituas oportet, si 50 impias propinquorum manus effugeris/ 5. * Sed quo sis, Africane, alacrior ad tutandam rem publicam, sic habeto : omnibus, qui patriam conservarint, adiuverint, auxerint, certum esse in caelo definitum locum, ubi beati aevo sempiterno fruantur: nihil est enim illi 55 principi deo, qui omnem hunc mundum regit, quod qui- dem in terris fiat, acceptius, quam conciHa coetusque hominum iure sociati, quae civitates appellantur : harum rectores et conservatores hinc profecti hue revertuntur/ 6. Hie ego, etsi eram perterritus non tam metu mortis, 60 quam insidiarum a meis, quaesivi tamen, viveretne ipse et Paullus pater et alii, quos nos exstinctos arbitraremur. ^ Immo vero,' inquit, ' ii vivunt, qui ex corporum vinculis, tamquam e carcere evolaverunt : vestra vero, quae dicitur, vita mors est. Quin tu aspicis ad te venientem Paullum 65 patrem.? ' Quem ubi vidi, equidem vim lacrimarum pro- fudi; ille autem me complexus atque osculans flere pro- hibebat. 7. Atque ego ut primum, fletu represso, loqui posse coepi, ' Quaeso,' inquam, * pater sanctissime atque optime, 70 quoniam haec est vita, ut Africanum audio dicere, quid moror in terris.? quin hue ad vos venire propero?' 'Non est ita,' inquit ille. * Nisi enim deus is, cuius hoc templum est omne quod conspicis, istis te corporis custodiis libera- verit, hue tibi aditus patere non potest. Homines enim 75 sunt hac lege generati, qui tuerentur ilium globum, quem Sect. III. SCIPIO'S DREAM. ^33' in hoc templo medium vides, quae terra dicitur : hisque animus datus est ex illis sempiternis ignibus, quae sidera et Stellas vocatis ; quae globosae et rotundae, divinis ani- 80 matae mentibus, circos suos orbesque conficiunt celeritate mirabili. Quare et tibi, Publi, et piis omnibus retinendus est animus in custodia corporis : nec iniussu eius, a quo ille est vobis datus, ex hominum vita migrandum est, ne munus humanum assignatum a deo defugisse videamini. 85 Sed sic, Scipio, ut avus hie tuus, ut ego, qui te genui, iustitiam cole et pietatem : quae quum sit magna in parentibus et propinquis, tum in patria maxima est: ea vita via est in caelum et in hunc coetum eorum qui iam vixerunt, et corpore laxati ilium incolunt locum, quern 90 vides : ' erat autem is splendidissimo candore inter flammas elucens circus, quem vos, ut a Graiis accepistis, orbem lacteum nuncupatis : ex quo omnia mihi contemplanti praeclara cetera et mirabilia videbantur. Erant autem eae stellae, quas numquam ex hoc loco vidimus, et eae magni- 95 tudines omnium, quas esse numquam suspicati sumus : ex quibus erat ilia minima, quae ultima caelo, citima terris, luce lucebat aliena. Stellarum autem globi terrae magnitudinem facile vincebant. Iam ipsa terra ita mihi parva visa est, ut me imperii nostri, quo quasi punctum 100 eius attingimus, poeniteret. 8. Quam quum magis intuerer, * Quaeso,' inquit Africanus, ' quousque humi defixa tua mens erit? Nonne aspicis, quae in templa veneris? Novem tibi orbibus vel potius globis connexa sunt omnia: quorum unus est caelestis, 105 extimus, qui reliquos omnes complectitur, summus ipse deus, arcens et continens ceteros: in quo infixi sunt illi qui volvuntur stellarum cursus sempiterni : cui subiecti sunt septem, qui versantur retro contrario motu atque caelum; e quibus unum globum possidet ilia, quam in no terris Saturniam nominant: deinde est hominum generi 134 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. III. prosperus et salutaris ille fulgor, qui dicitur lovis : turn rutilus horribilisque terris, quern Martium dicitis : deinde subter mediam fere regionem sol obtinet, dux et princeps et moderator luminum reliquorum, mens mundi et tem- peratio, tanta magnitudine, ut cuncta sua luce illustret et 115 compleat. Hunc ut comites consequuntur Veneris alter, alter Mercurii cursus: in infimoque orbe Luna, radiis solis accensa, convertitur. Infra autem iam nihil est nisi mortale et caducum, praeter animos munere deorum hominum generi datos : supra lunam sunt aeterna omnia: 120 nam ea, quae est media et nona, tellus neque movetur et infima est, et in eam feruntur omnia nutu suo pondera/ 9. Quae quum intuerer stupens, ut me recepi, 'Quid? hie/ inquam, * quis est, qui complet aures meas, tantus et tam dulcis sonus ? ' * Hie est,' inquit ille, *qui intervallis con- 125 iunctus imparibus, sed tamen pro rata parte ratione dis- tinctis, impulsu et motu ipsorum orbium conficitur et, acuta cum gravibus temperans, varios aequabiliter con- centus efficit : nec enim silentio tanti motus incitari possunt, et natura fert ut extrema ex altera parte graviter, 130 ex altera autem acute sonent. Quam ob causam summus ille caeli stellifer cursus, cuius conversio est concitatior, acuto et excitato movetur sono, gravissimo autem hie lunaris atque infimus: nam terra nona immobilis manens ima sede semper haeret, complexa medium mundi locum. 135 Illi autem octo cursus, in quibus eadem vis est duorum, septem efficiunt distinctos intervallis sonos: qui numerus rerum omnium fere nodus est: quod docti homines ner- vis imitati atque cantibus, aperuere sibi reditum in hunc locum, sicut alii, qui praestantibus ingeniis in vita humana 140 divina studia coluerunt. Hoc sonitu oppletae aures homi- num obsurduerunt : nec est ullus hebetior sensus in vobis, sicut, ubi Nilus ad ilia, quae Catadupa nominantur, prae- cipitat ex altissimis montibus, ea gens, quae ilium locum Sect. III. SCI pig's dream. ^35 145 accolit, propter magnitudinem sonitus sensu audiendi caret. Hie vero tantus est totius mundi incitatissima conversione sonitus, ut eum aures hominum capere non possint, sicut intueri solem adversum nequitis, eiusque radiis acies vestra sensusque vincitur/ Haec ego admirans, referebam tamen 150 oculos ad terrain idemtidem. 10. Turn Africanus, ' Sentio/ inquit, ' te sedem etiam nunc hominum ac domum contemplari: quae si tibi parva, ut est, ita videtur ; haec caelestia semper spectato, ilia humana contemnito. Tu enim quam celebritatem sermonis homi- 155 num, aut quam expetendam gloriam consequi potes? Vides habitari in terra raris et angustis locis, et in ipsis quasi maculis, ubi habitatur, vastas solitudines interiectas: eos- que, qui incolunt terram, non modo interruptos ita esse, ut nihil inter ipsos ab aliis ad alios manare possit, sed 160 partim obliquos, partim transversos, partim etiam adversos stare vobis: a quibus exspectare gloriam certe nullam potestis. IL 'Cernis autem eamdem terram quasi quibusdam re- dimitam et circumdatam cingulis; e quibus duos maxime 165 inter se diversos, et caeli verticibus ipsis ex utraque parte subnixos, obriguisse pruina vides; medium autem ilium et maximum solis ardore torreri : duos habitabiles, quorum australis ille, in quo qui insistunt, adversa vobis urgent vestigia, nihil ad vestrum genus : hie autem alter subiectus 170 aquiloni, quem incolitis, cerne quam tenui vos parte con- tingat: omnis enim terra, quae colitur a vobis, angusta verticibus, lateribus latior, parva quaedam insula est, cir- cumfusa illo mari, quod Atlanticum, quod magnum, quem Oceanum appellatis in terris: qui tamen tanto nomine 175 quam sit parvus, vides. Ex his ipsis cultis notisque terris num aut tuum aut cuiusquam nostrum nomen vel Cau- casum hunc, quem cernis, transcendere potuit vel ilium Gangem tranatare? Quis in reliquis orientis aut obeuntis 136 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO^ Sect. III. soils ultimis aut aquilonis austrive partibus tuum nomen audiet? Quibus amputatis, cernis profecto quantis in 180 angustiis vestra gloria se dilatari velit. Ipsi autem, qui de vobis loquuntur, quamdiu loquentur? 12. * Quin etiam si cupiat proles ilia futurorum hominum deinceps laudes unius cuiusque nostrum a patribus acceptas posteris prodere, tamen propter eluviones exustionesque 185 terrarum, quas accidere tempore certo necesse est, non modo aeternam, sed ne diuturnam quidem gloriam asse- qui possumus. Quid autem interest ab iis, qui postea nascentur, sermonem fore de te, quum ab iis nullus fuerit, qui ante nati sunt? qui nec pauciores, et certe meliores 190 fuerunt viri : quum praesertim apud eos ipsos, a quibus audiri nomen nostrum potest, nemo unius anni memoriam consequi possit. Homines enim populariter annum tan- tum.modo solis, id est unius astri, reditu metiuntur : quum autem ad idem, unde semel profecta . sunt, cuncta astra 195 redierint, eamdemque totius anni descriptionem longis inter- vallis retulerint, tum ille vere vertens annus appellari potest : in quo vix dicere audeo quam multa saecula hominum teneantur. Namque ut olim deficere sol hominibus ex- stinguique visus est, quum Romuli animus haec ipsa in 2co templa penetravit; ita, quandoque eadem parte sol eodem- que tempore iterum defecerit, tum signis omnibus ad idem; principium stellisque revocatis, expletum annum habeto: huius quidem anni nondum vigesimam partem scito esse . conversam. 205 13. 'Quocirca, si reditum in hunc locum desperaveris, in quo omnia sunt magnis et praestantibus viris, quanti tandem est ista hominum gloria, quae pertinere vix ad unius anni partem exiguam potest? Igitur alte spectare si voles, atque hanc sedem et aeternam domum contueri, 210 neque te sermonibus vulgi dederis, nec in praemiis humanis spem posueris rerum tuarum: suis te oportet illecebris Sect. III. SCIPIO'S DREAM, ipsa virtus trahat ad verum decus ; quid de te alii loquantur, 215 ipsi videant; sed loquentur tamen. Sermo autem omnis ille et angustiis cingitur iis regionum, quas vides, nec um- quam de ullo perennis fuit, et obruitur hominum interitu et oblivione posteritatis exstinguitur/ 14. Quae quum dixisset, ' Ego vero/ inquam, * o Africane, 220 si quidem bene meritis de patria quasi limes ad caeli aditum patet, quamquam, a pueritia vestigiis ingressus patriis et tuis, decori vestro non defui, nunc tamen, tanto praemio proposito, enitar multo vigilantius/ Et ille : * Tu vero enitere et sic habeto, non esse te mortalem, sed corpus hoc : nec 225 enim tu es, quem forma ista declarat; sed mens cuiusque is est quisque, non ea figura, quae digito demonstrari potest. Deum te igitur scito esse : si quidem deus est, qui viget, qui sentit, qui meminit, qui providet, qui tam regit et moderatur et movet id corpus, cui praepositus est, quam 230 hunc mundum ille princeps deus : et ut mundum ex qua- dam parte mortalem ipse deus aeternus, sic fragile corpus animus sempiternus movet. 15. Nam quod semper movetur, aeternum est; quod autem motum affert alicui, quodque ipsum agitatur aliunde, 235 quando finem habet motus, vivendi finem habeat necesse est. Solum igitui* quod sese movet, quia numquam de- seritur a se, numquam ne moveri quidem desinit. Quin etiam ceteris, quae moventur, hie fons, hoc principium est movendi. Principio autem nulla est origo: nam ex 240 principio oriuntur omnia : ipsum autem nulla ex re alia nasci potest: nec enim id esset principium, quod gigne- retur aliunde: quod si numquam oritur, ne occidit qui- dem umquam. Nam principium exstinctum nec ipsum ab alio renascetur, nec ex se aliud creabit: siquidem 245 necesse est a principio oriri omnia. Ita fit, ut motus principium ex eo sit, quod ipsum a se movetur : id autem nec nasci potest nec mori: vel concidat omne caelum L 138 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. III. omnisque natura consistat necesse est, nec vim ullam nanciscatur, qua a primo impulsu moveatur. 16. Quum pateat igitur aeternum id esse, quod a se 250 ipso moveatur; quis est, qui banc naturam animis esse tributam neget.? Inanimum est enim omne, quod pulsu agitatur externo : quod autem animal est, id motu cietur interiore et suo : nam haec est natura propria animi atque vis. Quae si est una ex omnibus, quae sese moveat, 255 neque nata est certe et aeterna est. Hanc tu exerce optimis in rebus; sunt autem optimae curae de salute patriae : quibus agitatus et exercitatus animus velocius in hanc sedem et domum suam pervolabit. Idque ocius faciet, si iam tum, quum erit inclusus in corpore, emine- 26a bit foras et ea, quae extra erunt, contemplans quam maxime se a corpore abstrahet. Namque eorum animi, qui se corporis voluptatibus dediderunt earumque se quasi ministros praebuerunt, impulsuque libidinum voluptatibus obedientium deorum et hominum iura violaverunt, cor- 265 poribus elapsi circum terram ipsam volutantur ; nec hunc in locum, nisi multis exagitati saeculis, revertuntur.' — lUe discessit; ego somno solutus sum. NOTES. I. 2. Bello Latinorum, *in the war with the Latins.* Genitive of Object. 5. lidem, * again;* literally, 'the same.' See note on ch. 2. 23. 6. Huius, 'of our own times/ Vatinius the grandson was one of the most unscrupulous public men of the day. Cicero on one occasion made a violent speech against him, which is still extant. He was one of Caesar's strongest supporters. Praefectura. A * praefectura' was a municipal town, which, instead of electing its own chief officers, who were in that case called * duumviri,* a sort of imitation of the Roman consuls, had a governor appointed annually at Rome, styled ' praefectus iuri dicundo.' 9. Temere, 'indiscreetly,' 'without authority.' De republica, *on matters of state.* 10. Quum idem dies constitisset, 'when the days were found to correspond literally, * when the same day had concurred,* i. e. in both statements. 11. Vacatione, * exemption from military service.' 12. Locri, the people of Locri, in South Italy, on the south-east coast of Brutii, called Epizephyrii (in the west), to distinguish it from the Locri in Greece. This battle took place in the early times of the Greek colonies in Italy. The date is uncertain, but it was somewhere in the last half of the sixth century B. c. The accounts of it are plainly unhistorical, e. g. the army of Crotona is said to have amounted to 1 30,000, and to have been beaten by 10,000 Locrians. 14. Ludis Olympiae, * at the Olympic games;* literally, *at the games at Olympia.* Ludis is abl. of time, being equivalent to 'tempore ludorum,' and Olympiae is a locative case. 20. Ostenta — dicuntur. As Cicero's argument is that the derivation of these substantives from the verbs proves that the popular belief of his own nation, as expressed in their language, agreed with his assertion, it loses its force if they are translated into another language. It is better to leave them in their Latin form. Translate, * are called in Latin " ostenta," " monstra,*" &c. 21. Prodigia. Cicero is right in connecting this word with ' praedicere,' though it is not directly formed from it. It is derived from * pro,' ' before,* and * DIG,* • to point out,' the root from which * dic-o,* * doc-eo,' ' in-dic-are,' * dig-itus,' and deifc-i/vfii in Greek, are all formed. L 2 140 NOTES. Sect. III. Ea . . . . Mopsum, &c. Observe the apposition here, Mopsum standing for ' the tales about Mopsus.* Such an inaccurate apposition is common in poetry, but not in prose. Translate, ' all these stories about Mopsus, Tiresias,' &c. 23. Augures ascivissent, * would have adopted as augurs.* 24. Si res — repudiavit, 'if facts were altogether against them ;* lite- rally, ' rejected them.* Ne domesticis comprobabimus, &c. * shall we not even learn from the instances in our own history to believe in the power of the gods V Numen (from 'nuo'), literally, * the nod;' then 'the will,* as expressed by the nod ; then, generally, ' the power of the gods,* but always as exerted in human affairs. 26. P. Claudii. Consul in 249 b. c, commanded a fleet sent to take part in the siege of Lilybaeum in the first Punic War. 27. Cavea, ' their coop.* For the sacred chickens not to feed was a bad omen. The best was, when they ate so greedily that the grains of corn fell from their mouths on the ground. 29. Esse nollent, * they would not eat.* 34. Religione neglecta, 'having neglected the proper observances.' He left Rome before the day for entering on his consulship, and performed the usual ceremonies at Ariminum, instead of at Rome. Various omens are described by Livy, B. 21. 63, as having accompanied this act of profanity, as it was regarded. 38. Nostra cum externis, * our history with that of other nations.* 40. Lituus was the crooked staff borne by the augurs. See Diet, of Ant. 41. Regiones vineae terminavit, 'marked out a vineyard with regions.' Regiones was the technical name for the divisions into which the augurs divided the sky before taking the omens. The story is told more fully below. 43. Nobilitatis, 'the aristocracy.* 44. Species tantum, 'merely the semblance' or 'outward form.* 45. Maximae reipublicae partes, 'the most important departments of government.* 46. Peremnia — ex acuminibus : these were terms of augury. Per- emnia (from 'per,* * amnis') were omens taken on crossing a river, ex acu- minibus, from the way in which the points of the spears of an army shone. It is described elsewhere by Cicero as ' auspicium omnino militare.* 47. Nulli viri vocantur. This refers to some formality of taking auspices in the camp. 48. Testamenta in procinctu, * the custom of making wills on the field of battle,* * In procinctu,' literally, * when girded up for action.' Turn — quum, ' only then — when,* i. e. 'not until.' 50. Quidam imperatores. Especially the two Decii. See note on Sect. II. § 15. 52. Verbis certis, ' with a regular form of words.' Chap. II. OMENS AND DREAMS. 57. Tib. Gracchus, the father of the two famous tribunes, and husband of Cornelia-. He was consul a second time in 163 B.C. 58. Primus rogatorum — mortuus, ' the first voter, as he gave his vote for them, fell down suddenly dead on the spot.* * Rogatorum' comes from * rogatus,' with which is to be supplied ' sententiam hterally, ' one asked for his vote.' 60. In religionem populo venisse, ' had raised scruples in the minds of the people.' 61. Quos ad soleret, *to the usual authorities/ i.e. the haruspices. The order of the words is that of the ancient formula ; the full sentence would be, * ad eos, ad quos soleret referri.* 62. Introducti : i.e. into the Senate-house. Non fuisse — rogatorem, *that the man who had presided at the elec- tions had acted irregularly.' Rogator, literally, the man who puts the ques- tion ; cp. * rogatus,' above. 66. lus tenetis, * control.' Potestis esse, * are you to be?' 68. Collegium, supply ' haruspicum.* A co-llegium was a body of men who filled up by election the vacancies in their own body. 69. Vitio sibi — fuisse, ' that he had made an omission in choosing the site for his tent.' The person who took the auspices had to pitch a tent outside the walls. 70. Pomerium, (from * post-murus,') was a line running parallel to the walls of the city, marked by pillars, on either side of which a space was kept clear from buildings, and regarded as sacred. 73. Rem ad senatum, supply ' retulerunt.* Senatus, supply * censuit.* 76. Quod celari posset, * though it might have been concealed.* Quod is concessive, and so followed by subjunctive. 78. Deponere, supply *maluerunt.* II. I. Ea quae disputavi, *my arguments,* referring to what the speaker had said before, to prove the reality of the interference of the Gods in human affairs. 2. Ratio, 'principle.* Mecum facit, *is on my side.* 11. Quid habet, * what reason can he give?' 12. Cur pulmo — diem, * why, a split in the lungs (of the victim), even when the entrails are otherwise of good omen, requires the breaking off and postponement (of the matter in hand).' 19. Cur fiat — quaeritur, ' do you ask the reason of each of these things ? You are quite right to do so. But that is not the point now. The question is, whether they are true or no.* 21. Ut, * for instance.* 23. Nequeam, insert 'but' or 'while* in English. Quod idem facis, 'yet you do this.* Observe in this, and in the 14^ NOTES. Sect. III. sentence just below, * quod idem nullam sensit gratuitam esse virtutem,* two idiomatic usages of ' idem.* In opposed sentences it is always equivalent to • tamen.* Where, on the contrary, the sentences are parallel, it is equiva- lent to *etiam,' and in both cases it is literally *you* or 'he,' * the same person.* 26. Communis vita, * ordinary folk.* 28. In quo asset. Qui is here consecutive after a negative, = * talis, ut in eo.* 34. Monumentis, 'records.' 35. Consignata, * vouched,' * attested ;* literally, * sealed.* 36. Ducem, * guide.* 45. Homerus. In Od. 10. 492 ipvxii xPl^^t^^^^^^ @7]paiov Teipeffiao, IxdvTios d\aoVy tov t€ (ppeves 'iixirihoi elffi' rf KoX reOveiaiTi voov rrope Il€p(T€^6v€ia OL(x) ire-rrvvaOai' toi de CKial ataaovaiv, 51. Permotione divina, 'inspiration.* 52. Marcios. Livy, 25. 12, mentions two prophecies of one Marcius, the first foretelling the defeat at Cannae, the other ordering the establishment of the Ludi Apollinares. Whether there were one or two, or when they lived, cannot be ascertained. 53. Polyidum. The story is told in Hom. II. 13. 663 — 668. 56. Auguria tenebant, ' understood augury.* 58. Eodem sacerdotio praediti ; referring to the ' rex sacrificulus,' who, after the expulsion of the kings, was appointed to discharge those priestly functions which had belonged to the kings, under the notion that the gods would not be satisfied with the offerings of any one with an inferior title. So the priestly archon at Athens was called apxoiv PaaiXevs. 63. Naturae rationem, ' the system of nature.' 68. Vos. The college of augurs at Rome, of whom Cicero was one. In this passage Quintus Cicero is the speaker, addressing his brother, who was an augur. 70. Perceperit, ' has learnt.* Percipio is literally * to gather,* e.g. 'percipere fruges,' *to gather in crops;' then it is applied to the mind, reaping, as it were, a harvest of knowledge. 72. Telmessus. The Telmessian k^TjyrjTai, or interpreters of oracles, are mentioned by Herodotus, I. 78. 74. I a m i d a e : the descendants of lamus, a mythical personage of Olympia. 77. De caelo tact a, ' places struck by lightning.' 81. Singulis populis, ' to each of the states.* Etruria was not a single state, but a confederacy of twelve cities with their districts. In disciplinam, ' to learn their art.* 83. Abduceretur, 'should be perverted.* 90. Aequoribus. Aequor (from 'aequus') means properly any level surface ; here applied to plains. Chap. II. OMENS AND DREAMS, 95. De caelo multa fiebant, * many signs in the sky occurred,* e. g. lightning, meteors, &c. 99. Verba ipsa. See above, ch. I. 1. 20. 108. Multa fingi gignique possunt, * many strange creatures and births may occur/ referring to the omens supposed to be derived from irregular births of animals. Many such are mentioned in Livy, e. g. among the omens at the beginning of the second Punic War he mentions ' capras quasdam lanatas esse factas.* 117. Divinos, * inspired.* 120. Senibus, i. e. the ycpovaia or council ofyipovres. See Diet, of Ant. 124. Temperavit, * organized.* 125. Lysander. At the end of his career he is said to have endeavoured to change the Spartan constitution, and to abolish the hereditary monarchy, having been constantly thwarted by the opposition of Pausanias, and to have tried to obtain the sanction of the oracle for his projects, but in vain. 129. Quietis oracula, * oracles received in sleep.* 130. Decemviros: * the decemviri sacrorum,' whose chief duty was the charge of the Sibylline books. 133. Faces, ' meteors' generally, or specially ' shooting stars.* Virg. Ae. 2. 694. ' De caelo lapsa per umbras Stella facem ducens multa cum luce cucurrit.* Two of these omens are mentioned together in Livy 41. 21 *Tressimul soles effulserunt, et faces eadem nocte plures per caelum lapsae sunt and 29. 14 ' Duos soles visos, et nocte interluxisse, et facem Setiae ab ortu solis ad occidentem porrigi visum.* 135. Globi, 'balls of fire/ Cp. Livy 21. l * Faleriis caelum findi velut magno hiatu visum, quaque patuerit, ingens lumen effulsisse.' 136. Labes agri, 'a settlement/ probably caused by an earthquake. Cp. de Div. I. 15 'Tantos terrae motus in Italia factos esse, ut multis locis labes factae sint, terraeque desederint.* 141. Apollo, *the statue of Apollo.* Cp. Livy 43. 15 'Apollo Cumis in arce triduum ac tres noctes lacrimavit/ He also mentions more than once the perspiring of statues, e. g. ' per idem tempus Romae signum Martis Appia via ad sinmlacra luporum sudasse.' Cp. also Virg. G. i. 480 'Et maestum illacrimat templis ebur, aeraque sudant/ 142. Ortus androgyni ; cp. Liv. 27. 11 ' Sinuessae natum ambiguo inter marem et feminam sexu infantem, quos androgynos vulgus appellat.* 144. Lapidum. All these prodigies are recorded by Livy, e. g. 21. 62 ' in Piceno lapidibus pluisse.* 22. I * Praeneste ardentes lapides caelo cecidisse/ 22. 36 'aquae multo cruore e fonte calidae manarunt.* 30. 38 'in Palatio lapidibus pluit.' 27. 1 1 ' lacte pluisse/ 151. Caeciliae. This was the daughter of Q. Caecilius Metellus Balea- ricus. She was married to Ap. Claudius Pulcher, and was mother of Cicero's great enemy, P. Clodius the tribune, who procured his banishment. J 44 NOTES. Sect. III. Marsico bello. Another name for the Social war, 90 to 88 b. c. Cp. Hor. Od. 3. 14, 18 'Et cadiim Marsi memorem duelli.* 155. Idem, 'yet he/ Cp. note on 1. 23. 163. Profugisse. According to Livy he was taken prisoner. 166. Lapsu et cursu suo, 'in its natural course and stream.* 169. Deductio, 'draining;* the emissary or tunnel by which the water was drawn oft' remains to the present time. A description of it may be found in Smith's Diet, of Geogr. 180. A Palatii — devexus est, * slopes down from the foot ot the Palatine hill to the Via Nova.' 181. Nisi provisum esset, 'unless precautions were taken.* 182. Quod neglectum, 'the neglect of which.* 184. Aio loquenti. Cp. Livy 5. 50 ' Expiandae etiam vocis nocturnae, quae nuntia cladis ante bellum Gallicum audita neglectaque esset, mentio illata, iussumque templum in Nova Via Aio Locutio fieri.* Quam septam videmus, 'which is to be seen now-a-days with an enclosure round it.' The enclosure would be called ' Puteal.* See Diet, of Ant. sub. voce. 188. Exstitisse, * was uttered.' 189. Monetam : as if from ' moneo,* * to warn.* This temple was after- wards the place where money was coined ; hence ' moneta ' was afterwards used for ' the mint.* From it comes our English ' money,' and ' mint' itself. 19T. Observitaverunt, 'always noticed.' Observe the force of the fre- quentative verb. 194. Quod bonum, &c. This formula was always prefixed to all public documents. 195. Faverent Unguis. * Favete Unguis' was the order given by the crier when the priest was commencing the service. Cp. Hor. Od. 3. I, 2 'favete linguis.' Virg. Ae. 5. 71 * Ore favete omnes et cingite tempora ramis.* Ov. Fasti, I. 71 ' Prospera lux oritur, linguis animisque favete, Nunc dicenda bono sunt bona verba die.' 196. Litibus et iurgiis. So Ovid begins his notice of New-year's Day. Fasti I. 73 'Lite vacent aures, insanaque protinus absint lurgia, diff'er opus livida lingua tuum.' 197. Lustranda, 'purifying.' See Diet, of Ant. ' Lustratio.' 199. Bonis nominibus, 'men with lucky names.' 201. Praerogativam. * Praerogativa,* properly an adj. agreeing with ' tribus * or ' centuria,' was the tribe or century which gave its vote first in the comitia. Its vote was generally followed by ihe rest, as being regarded as an omen. Hence ' pr:ierogativa' as a subst. came to mean (l) a prognostic, (2) a preference or privilege. 207. Quid est? ' what is the matter ?' 217. Sibi concederet, ' to give up her place to her.* Chap. 11. OMENS AND DREAMS, 222. Sed id — contemnere, 'despising the tokens which the gods send is in reaHty not believing in them.* 224. Tuae partes sunt, 'that is your duty.* This is addressed to Cicero, who was one of the college of augurs, by his brother Quintus. 226. Addubitato, * called in question.' Salutis augurio. Salus was the goddess who personified 'health and wealth,* either of individuals or of the commonwealth. In the latter capacity she was styled ' Salus publica.' The augurium Salutis was a ceremony by which the augurs at the beginning of the consular year observed the signs to ascertain the fortune of the commonwealth for the coming year. 230. Non decantandi — disciplinam, 'maintained the established method not merely of repeating off the form of augury, but of really divining. ' Decantare' is to recite off by heart something well known. Cp. Cic. de Orat. 2. 18 'Nec mihi opus est Graeco aliquo doctore, qui mihi per- vulgata praecepta decantet.' Divinandi means, going through the whole ceremony. 232. Pisidam — Soranum. They were evidently terms of contempt, but it does not appear why. Sora is in Latium, on the Liris. 233. Quibus videbatur, 'those who believed.* 234. Sapi enter — religiones, ' that the ceremonies (of augury) had been cleverly invented to suit the notions of the ignorant.* 236. Quod longe secus est, ' the truth is just the contrary.* 239. Simulacra, ' shams.' 242. Apud te in Mario, 'in your poem "Marius."* Among Cicero's poetical effusions was a poem under this title, which described the exploits of Marius, who was a native of Arpinum, which was also Cicero's birthplace. The lines are interesting as a specimen of his attempts at poetry, of which he was very vain. 244. Altisoni, 'who thunders from on high.* 246. Subigit, 'carries aloft.* Observe that Cicero lengthens the first syllable of this word, which is properly short. 248. Se intorquentem, ' as it writhed.' 251. Obitu — ortus, 'from west to east.* The direction of the flight of birds made the omen favourable or the contrary. 252. Praepetibus pennis. Cp. Virg. Ae. 6. T 5 'Praepetibus pennis ausus se credere caelo.' ' Praepes * is also applied to birds who give omen by their flight ; so it is used below 1. 278 'Praepetibus sese pulchrisque locis dant.* Cp. Virg. Ae. 3. 361 'Et volucrum linguas, et praepetis omina pennae.' 253. Divini numinis, ' of the will of the god.' 254. Fausta. ' Faustus ' is derived from the root of ' fav-eo' and 'fav-or,* being probably a contraction from ' fav-estus.* It always refers to the favour of Fortune, being used in connection with omens, or where success is wished or prayed for. 257. Pastoralis non urbanus, 'exercised among shepherds, not in a 146 NOTES. Sect. in. great city.' He means that it was of a simple kind, and used in good faith, not invented as a piece of state-craft. 258. A certis acceptus, 'derived from trusty sources.* 262. Regni, gen. of limitation after concupientes used as an adjective. 264. Servat, * watches for.* *De caelo servare* was a regular phrase in augury for taking omens. Romulo*. The final * s* is often dropped before a consonant in the earlier Latin poets. It is plain from the two endings of 2nd pers. sing, in the passive voice (* amaris ' and ' amare *), that the Latin pronunciation tended to slur the final ' s.' 268. Signum, * the signal for starting in the chariot race.* 269. Carceris. See Diet, of Ant. * Circus.' 270. Faucibus, *the barriers,' a number of which made up the career.* 271. Ore timebatrebus, * their faces showed their fear for the result.* 274. Dedit se foras, 'came forth abroad.' Foras, originally an acc. plur., is used where motion is implied 'to out of doors;' foris, which was an abl., is used where there is no motion. 277. Quattuor. The ' u' is to be pronounced like a * v*, so that the word is a spondee: so in the next line * avium* is a dissyllable, 'i' being pro- nounced like * y.* 278. Praepetibus. *Praepes,* as a word of augury, is opposed to * infera,* flying high being regarded as lucky, flying low as unlucky : then the word is transferred here from the birds themselves to the part where they are seen. It may here, therefore, mean either ' lofty,' or, as implied by that, * lucky.* 280. Scamna, 'throne.' Scamnum, usually *a bench;* fr. scando, * to climb.' III. I. Nihil fere maioris rei, 'scarce anything of importance.' Rei, a partitive genitive, or ' genitivus rei distributae.* Ne privatim quidem, 'not even by individuals.' 2. Nuptiarum auspices. These were probably employed to fix by augury a lucky day for the wedding. 4. Id ipsum, ' even that is done : * ' fit,' or * geritur,* or some such word, is understood. 5. Impetriri, fr. ' impetrio,* a word only used in augury, *to seek favour- able omens:' * favourable omens were sought for all matters of importance.' 6. Sinistra — incurrimus, * by not finding out what is unlucky, we run recklessly into what is boding and ill-omened.* Both * dims ' and ' vitiosus ' are specially used with reference to the omens. Cp. Cic. de Legg. 2. 8 * Quae augur injusta, nefasta, vitiosa, dira defixerit, irrita infectaque sunto.* And above, ch. 1. 11. 69 and 72, the substantive * vitium ' is used in the same way. II. Inter sese. The lines are from Accius. Secundo — avi, 'the popular voice being favourable, though the omens were against it.* 14. Dirarum obnuntiatione, 'the announcement of the augurs that Chap. IV. OMENS AND DREAMS. H7 the omens were unfavourable/ * Nuntiatio * was the regular term for the declaration of the augurs, * obnuntiatio * being used if the omen was un- propitious. * Dirae * is used as a substantive for ' portents of evil/ ' unlucky omens/ 17. Quod subscripserit, 'charging him with having falsified the auspices/ 'Subscribo' is *to sign one's name to an accusation,* and so * to accuse/ The form of the expression is like that used above. Pt. 2. § 12, 3, 10, 20. The reason is not really in the verb to which * quod* belongs, but in that which is dependent on it. It is a sort of abbreviation for * quod ementitus esset auspicia, ut ipse subscripserat.* Esto — censor is, * well; this may have been his duty as censor/ Fuerit conjunctive used potentially. 23. Quae si — calamitatis, *and if it had been false, it could have given no occasion for disaster.* 27. Signo obiecto, literally, 'putting the omen in his way to stop him.* 30. Id valuit ut, * its effect was that,* &c. 34. Regiones direxit, ' marked out his boundary lines/ *Regio,* from * rego,* ' to make straight/ is literally, * a making straight,' hence, * a straight line,* then * a tract bounded by such lines.* 35. Leviter a summo inflexum, 'slightly bent at the top/ 36. Eius litui quo canitur, 'the musical instrument called "lituus/** The shape of them both may be seen in Diet, of Ant. * Lituus.* 37. Curia Saliorum. The official residence of the Salii was called * Curia,* as having a sacred character, analogous to that of the Curiae, or guild-halls of the thirty curiae. See Diet, of Ant. ' Curia/ 46. Abdixissent, ' had rejected,' i. e. had said that none of those three parts was the right one. 51. Cuius scientiam auguratus. * Cuius* is gen. of the subject, * auguratus * of the object. * Wishing to test his skill in augury.* 60. Puteal, an enclousure like the wall round the edge of a well (* pu tens'). Any place which was specially sacred was kept from risk of profanation by such a fence. Accepimus, 'tradition tells us/ IV. I. Coniectura, * a prophecy.* In, 'about;' literally, 'in the case of/ 3. Demisisset in flumen, 'had ridden his horse down into a river.* Cp. Liv. 23. 47 'Nisi e campo in cavam banc viam demittimus equos/ 4. Non exstitit, 'disappeared.' Maxima contentione, 'with the greatest efforts/ Contentio is lite- rally, ' the straining of the muscles/ 5. Philistus was an historian, a contemporary and great supporter of Dionysius the Elder. II. S ignifi cat i o, ' prognostic/ 17. Res divina fieret, 'sacrifice was being offered.* 22. Lysandri. The main sentence here is, 'corona subito exstitit in 148 NOTES, Sect. Ill capite statuae Lysandri.* Each of the two dependent genitives has a relative clause defining it. 26. Navalem illam victoriam, the battle of Aegospotami, 405 b. c. Athenienses conciderunt, *the power of Athens was destroyed.' Cp. Virg. Ae. II. 245 * Contigimusque manum qua concidit Ilia tellus.* Hor. Od. 3. 16, II * Concidit auguris Argivi domus.* 33. Illud in quo inerant sortes collocavissent, 'had arranged the vessel which contained the lots.* 34. In deliciis habebat, *kept as a pet.* 37. Sacerdos, ' the priestess.' 41. Exercitu lustrato. A ceremony of * lustratio,* or purification, was always performed before an army took the field. See Diet, of Ant. • Lustratio.' 44. Nec earn rem habuit religioni, 'yet did not let this cause him any scruple.* Obiecto signo, 'though it was an omen sent to stop him.* See above, ch. 3. 1. 27, and ' obnuntiatio,* ch. 3. 1. 14. 46. Tripudio auspicaretur, * was taking omens by the feeding of the sacred fowls.' * Tripudium * was when the fowls ate so greedily that the grains fell from their mouths and struck the ground. Differebat, 'put off,* i.e. ' bade him put off.* 49. Praeclara, ironical, like 'fine* in English, fcaXbs in Greek. 51. Signa convelli. The standards were planted in the ground during a halt : 'plucking up the standards ' was therefore the signal for marching. The opposite word of command was ' statuere signa,* 'to halt.* Cp. Livy 5. 55 * Signifer, statue signum : hie manebimus optime.' 52. Primi hastati. Supply * ordinis.* 'The standard-bearer of the first company of the " hastati.'* * The * hastati ' were the vanguard of the heavy- armed troops. An ' ordo ' is the same as a century. ' Ordinum ductor* is a centurion. See Diet, of Ant. under ' Exercitus.* Nec quidquam proficeretur, ' and they were no more successful.* Literally, ' and no more progress was made.* Though * facio * has no passive of its own, several of its compounds have, though some of them use the compounds of ' fio ' also, e. g. * conficio.* 59. Labes factae sint : see above, ch. 2. 1. 136. 62. Midae in os congesserunt. Observe the construction, the da- tivus commodi, where in English we should use a genitive dependent on the other substantive. Compare the French construction, e. g. ' II me pin9a I'oreille,* ' he pinched my ear.* So in the next sentence, ' quum in cunis parvulo dormienti apes in labellis consedissent,* * when a swarm of bees settled on his lips, when he was sleeping in infancy in his cradle.* The idiom should be carefully observed in writing Latin. 68. Amores ac deliciae tuae, 'your darling friend.' Amores in plur. is constantly used in this sense. Cp. ad Att. 2. 19 ' Pompeius, nostri Chap. V. OMENS AND DREAMS. 149 amores,* * my dear friend, Pompeius.' Phil. 6. 5 ' redeo ad amores delicias- que nostras, Antonium,' where it is used ironically, * my particular friend, Antonius.* Roscius. Roscius, celebrated as an actor of comedy at Rome. Cicero pleaded his cause in a speech still extant among his Orations. 71. Lumine apposito, 'as there was a light by his bed-side.* 75. Hanc speciem, 'this incident;* 'species,' properly *a vision,* or * apparition,' apphed to this incident as happening in the night. Pasiteles, a famous sculptor and silver-chaser of Cicero's time. There was another, famous as a statuary in much earlier times. 77. Quae reapse nullae sunt, ' which have no real existence/ * Reapse* is a corruption of ' re ipsa * 'in reality.* 78. Speciem, * a resemblance.* Brenno. This is not the Brennus who took Rome, but another chief, who, more than 100 years later, 279 b. c, led a horde of Gauls that had previously settled in Pannonia southwards into Macedonia and Greece ; and, after being defeated, like the Persians, at the pass of Thermopylae, made their way over the same mountain-pass and advanced to the sack of Delphi. It is probable that the name Brennus is really not a proper name, but a Celtic word signifying * king * or * chief.* 80. Nefarium, * sacrilegious.' 81. Pythiam. The priestess who gave the oracles was called rj UvOia. 83. Viderentur — contra, ' there was an appearance of maidens carrying arms against them.' These were the * formae,' the prophecy being really fulfilled by the snow-storm, the flakes of which were the real ' albae virgines,* of which they presented a * species.* V. This chapter consists of four detached passages, which have been grouped together for convenience. The other Chapters of this part are all consecutive passages. 1. Commentitiam, • imaginary.* 2. Ad te. It is not certain where Cicero was. He had stayed behind when Pompeius advanced to Pharsalia, and was probably in the neigbour- hood of Dyrrachium. 3. Praetorio imperio, * with a praetor's commission,* i.e. 'as admiral of the fleet.* 6. Dyrrachii, at 'Dyrrachium.* Fugientibus — fore, 'that the fugitives would look back, and see a piteous sight of flames.* Cp. Virg. Ae. 5. 3, where Aeneas puts to sea, ' Moenia respiciens, quae iam infelicis Elissae CoUucent flammis.* 18. Onerarias, supply ' naves,' * merchant-vessels.* 21. P. F. 'Publii Alius.' This is Tib. Gracchus, the father of the two famous tribunes, and conqueror of the Celtiberians in Spain. 25. Uxori. Cornelia, daughter of Scipio Africanus Major. 30 Tages. This story is also told in Ovid. Met. 15. 553-559- 150 NOTES. Sect. 111. 31. Sulcus — impressus, *a furrow had been drawn deeper than usual/ • Imprimere ' is properly applied to the plough, which makes the furrow by the pressure on it. Hor. Od. i. 16, 20 * Imprimeretque muris Hostile aratrum exercitus insolens.* Exstitisse, * to have emerged from the ground.' 35. Cum admiratione, ' in amazement.' 38. Exceperint is subj. because it is in oratio obliqua. 39. Disciplina, * system.* 40. Rebus novis — referendis, * by the ascertaining of new facts, and referring of them to the same principles.* 41. Ab ipsis, i.e. from the Etruscan. 42. Haec scripta conservant, * these are preserved in written docu- ments.* There were said to be twelve * books of Tages.* Hunc fontem — 'disciplinae, * these are the sources of the systems of augury.* 44. Rarum est quoddam — avocent, * there is a class of men, few in number, who withdraw themselves.* The construction is, * rarum est quod- dam genus, (genus) eorum, qui,' &c. 46. Horum sunt — humanae, * their auguries come, not from divine inspiration, but from human wisdom.' 48. Aquarum fluxiones, ' deluges.' 50. Tyrannidem, 'usurpation.' The Greeks meant by rvpavvos one who gained his power by usurpation : the word had no reference with them to the way in which the power was used, as it has with us. Several of their Tvpavvot were noted for their mild and beneficent sway. 53. Convinceret, *to refute.* 58. Defectionem solis. This eclipse is mentioned by Herodotus, I. 74, and he there adds that it had been predicted by Thales. 59. Gubernatores, 'pilots,* ' sailors.* 60. NuUani. Observe that it agrees in gender with divinationem, though strictly it does not belong to it, but refers to some other word implied from * praesentiunt.* This is a not uncommon construction with factitive or copulative verbs, and is like the construction of the relative with the same class of verbs, e. g. below, ch. 6 * magi, quod genus sapientum et doctorum habebatur.* 64. Ex monte — avulsa est, * the end of Mount Taygetus was torn off as the stern might be rent from a ship.* It is impossible to imitate in English the brevity with which the image is here suggested by the one word quasi. 66. Potius divinus quam physicus, * a prophet so much as a natural philosopher.* VI. I. Phalaridis. Phalaris was tyrant of Agrigentum, and his name was a proverb among the Greeks and Romans as a monster of cruelty. The story of the brazen bull is well known, and shews what was the popular no- tion of him, though it is probably itself unhistorical. Chap. VI. OMENS AND DREAMS. 3. Visam esse videre, * thought she saw/ 4, Consecravisset : this and the following verbs are subjunctive only as being in oratio obliqua. 8. Q_uae magi interpretati sunt, * the interpretations given by the magi.' ' Quae ' is a cognate accusative. 9. Principi may mean either 'the elder,' literally *the first,' i.e. of the name, or ' the king.' Dinonis. Dinon or Deinon wrote a history ot Persia. His son Clei- tarchus accompanied Alexander the Great in his campaigns, and wrote a history of them. 12. Magi, quod genus habebatur. Observe the relative with a copu- lative verb agreeing with the substantive which follows the verb instead of with its real antecedent. 17. Quiddam praesentiens atque divinans, *a certain power of presage and divination.* 18. Siquidem, 'inasmuch as,* literally * if at least,' * if it be true, that.' It is used to introduce evidence in favour of a statement which has been made. 22. Si quid vellet, * if he had anything to say.* *Volo' is often used with an acc. in this sense, Caes. B. G. I. 34.* Si quid ille se velit, eum ad se venire oportere,' * if he had anything to say to him.' It is very common in the colloquial language of Terence and Plautus. 23. Optime, an expression of polite declining. 'You are very kind.' * I am much obliged to you.* The full phrase * optime facis.* *Bene facis ' is common in the same sense. So KaXws and KaWiara are used in Greek. 29. Haec — Magis, * So much about the Indians and the Magi.' 31. Laciniae, * of Lacinium.' There was a famous temple of Juno on the promontory of Lacinium, on the east coast of Bruttii, now called from the ruins of the temple Capo delle Colonne. Cp. Virg. Ae. 3. 552 * Attolht se Diva Lacinia contra.' 32. Solida, * of solid gold.* 34. Secundum quietum, 'during sleep,' 'while sleeping.* So Trapd is used in Greek ; Trap' oivov, or nap* olvo)^ * while drinking.* 35. Praedicere, * to warn.* 42. Visum esse vocari, 'thought he was summoned.* 45. Quo utentem, 'with whom.* 47. Id, i.e. *non respicere.' We should say in English, 'could not keep from doing it,' our idiom not admitting of applying the word * doing * to a negative. 48. C up id itate, * curiosity.* Visam belluam — pervertere, * he thought he saw a monster over- throwing,' &c. 54. Ne laboraret, 'not to trouble himself about.* 55. Apud Agathoctem. This Agathocles was a Greek historian. Hamilcarem. The first of the famous Carthaginian generals of this 152 NOTES, Sect. III. name, who led the expedition against Sicily in 480 b. c, which was defeated by Gelon in the battle of Himera, said to have been fought on the same day with the battle of Salamis. 62. Turn, *and moreover.* * Tum * is generally in such a position pre- ceded by ' quum * in the previous clause, in the sense of ' not only — but also.' 64. F. Quinti Filius. This Decius was the one who devoted himself at the battle under Vesuvius in the Latin War. 71. Obsidione. According to the story, the army of Cossus, when in- vading Samnium, was hemmed in by the Samnites in a defile of the Apen- nines, and only saved by Decius occupying a hill, and bearing the whole brunt of the enemy's attack, till the rest of the army made their way back. 74. Filius. The one who commanded at the battle of Sentinum in the third Samnite war, -295 B.C. 76. Est apud Platonem Socrates, * we have Socrates in Plato.* This is mentioned in the dialogue called ' Crito.* 81. Tertia te. The line is from II. 9. 363 ijfjiaTL K€V TpLTCLTCp ^OlTjV €pL^Oj\OV IKOLO. 82 Xenophon. He narrates his dreams in Anab. 3. i, 12, and 4. 3, 8. 91. Alexandre. See Pt. i. § 17. Diffiderent, * despaired of him.* 97. Prima, * the two first predictions.' 102. Excesserit — videatur. The tenses refer the interpretation to the time when the dream occurred. ' When Eudemus' soul has left his body, then he is to be considered to have returned home.' 108. Ubi idem saepius, * when the dream recurred again and again.* The verb is to be supplied from * vidit ' above. Areopagum, the highest judicial court at Athens. See Diet, of Ant. no. Quaestione adhibita, * being put to torture.' * Quaestio,' which literally means ' enquiry,' is often used by itself for investigation by torture, and the use of ' adhibita ' with it implies that that is its meaning here. III. Indicis Herculis, ' of Hercules the Revealer.' * Index * from ' Die-,' the root of ' dico,' deiKW/JH, ' digitus,' means literally * that which points out ; * hence it means (i) ' the fore-finger,* as being used to point with ; (2) 'an informer ;' (3) * a sign or mark.' 113. Sed quid ego Graecorum, supply ' somnia commemorem.' 114. Fabii, Gellii. The plurals here do not mean that there was more than one historian of each name, but it is a common idiom in Latin, as in English, to put a string of names in the plural, meaning no more than to give a kind of greater notion of the number of instances. So one might say, * All the great English generals, the Marlboroughs, the Wellingtons.' The Fabius here meant is Fabius Pictor, who lived in the time of the second Punic War, and wrote a history of Rome from the earliest times down to his own day. Gellius also wrote a history of Rome down to his own date; he lived in the times of the Gracchi. They belong to the class of historians called .Chap. VI. OMENS AND DREAMS. Annalists, their histories being called * Annales.' L. Caelius Antipater was another of the same class of writers. He was contemporary with Gellius. The story is also told by Livy, 2. 36. Bello Latino. This did not occur in the great Latin War, but, according to Livy, during the war with the Volscians, in which Coriolanus com- manded. 115. Ludi maximi. More commonly called * Magni' or ' Circenses.* They were said to have been instituted by Romulus, and consisted of races and other amusements in the Circus. See Diet, of Ant. ' Circus.* 116. Primum does not mean that this was the first occasion on which they were ever performed, but that this was the first time of their perform- ance that year, as opposed to the repetition of them related below. 117. Instaurativi ; supply ' ludi.' * The games were commenced over again.* 119. Furc am, literally, ' a fork :' here an instrument of punishment in use among the Romans for slaves. It was an instrument of wood, in the shape of a Greek A, which was placed over the shoulders of the victim, and his hands tied to it : hence came the word ' furcifer ' as a term of reproach. Sometimes it was used to tie criminals to, who were then scourged, some- times to death. So Livy, 2. 36, describes it as being used in this case, ' ser- vum quidam paterfamiliae, nondum commisso spectaculo, sub furca caesum medio egerat circo.* The ' triangles' used in military floggings in our own army are somevv^hat similar. 120. Visus est venire qui diceret, ' one seemed to come to him, who said.' Cicero mentions no name. Livy says, 'visus Jupiter venire.' 121. Praesulem ludis, 'the man who danced before the games.' If * praesulem* is the true reading, the word is used in a very unusual sense. • Praesul * is properly ' a president,' literally, ' one who sits above,' from * prae * and ' SOL,' which is a variety of ' sed,' the root of ' sedeo,* the 'd* being changed into 'l,* as in ' solium* and ' sella,* just as ' consul' is properly ' col- league,' literally, * one who sits with another,' and ' exsul,' literally, * one who sits or lives away from home.* If it is genuine here, it must be on a false derivation from ' salio,* ' to leap.* Livy uses ' praesultatorem,' and perhaps the word here is ' praesultorem.* 'Ludis* is an ablative of time, being equivalent to ' tempore ludorum.' lussum esse. The construction here suddenly changes to infinitives, de- pendent on ' dicitur' or ' fertur' to be supplied. 123. Suam is used here because it is the oratio obliqua of* meam.* 1.6. Debilem factum, 'was paralysed.' Debilis is derived from *de* and 'habilis,' and so is literally 'disabled,* 'unhandy.' Cp. the use of 'habilis* in Virg. G. 4. 418 ' Atque habilis membris venit vigor.* 129. Iterum instauratos, ' renewed once more.' Livy does not men- tion the first ' instauratio.* 132. Quaesturam petenti. According to the received story it was M 154 NOTES. Sect. III. while serving as Quaestor in Sardinia, where the opposite party were trying to detain him, that he saw this vision. 133' Quam vellet cunctaretur, * however much he might delay,* literally, * let him delay as he would.* * Cunctaretur ' is oratio obliqua of an imperative mood. 142. Moneri — affecerat, 'he thought he saw the man whom he had buried warning him not to do so.* 148. Ad cauponem. *Ad' here is like *chez* in French, * at the house of.' 149. Caenati. Passive participle with active signification. So * iuratus,' having sworn. Concubia nocte, *in his first sleep.* 150. Visum esse — orare, * the one who was staying with a friend thought he saw the other entreating him.* 159. Bubulco praesto fuisse, ' waited for the carter.' 163. Divinius, * a clearer proof of the intervention of heaven.* 165. Me: dependent on ' narravi,' not on the nearer verb * audivi.* Translate, * Mine was, that I,' &c. 'Me* is Cicero's brother Quintus. 171. Facilis coniectura huius somnii, 'it is easy to make out the meaning of this dream.* 172. Eventus rerum, * events,' literally ' results of circumstances.* He refers to Cicero's banishment and recall. 175. Salustius. Nothing special is known of this person. He is not the historian Sallust. 176. Campi Atinatis. The 'Campus Atinas' was near a town called Atina, in Lucania, on the banks of the Tanager, and on the Via Aquilia, the high road to Rhegium. 179. Iter instaret, 'it was nearly time to start.' 18 r. Hora secunda fere, 'about eight in the morning.* 183. Laureatis, ' wreathed with bay.' This was a symbol of victory. 1S6. Monumentum suum. The temple built by Marius in com- memoration of his victories. Deduceret, 'conduct,' 'escort,' like Greek TrpOTTejxireiv, 390. Ut audivisses,' that, when you had heard.* * Ut* here is temporal, dependent on 'dixisse' below. 192. Referente, 'on the motion of.* The Consul who proposed Cicero's recall was P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, one of the two Consuls of 57 B. c. 193, Frequentissimo theatre, * by a crowded assembly of spectators.* Sect. ru. SCIPIO'S DREAM, SCIPIO'S DREAM. Cicero, in this extract, represents Scipio Africanus Minor narrating a remarkable dream which he saw when in Africa. 1. M'. Manilio. Manilius was Consul in 149 b. c. with L. MarciusCen- sorinus. The two Consuls were sent to Africa with an army to aid Masinissa, and so commenced the third Punic War. 2. Tribunus militum. This was the title of the chief officers of the Legion. In Scipio's time six had become the established number to each Legion. They did not command different divisions of the Legion, but divided the command among them by rotation. Nihil mihi potius fuit, * there was nothing I was so desirous of.' 3. Masinissam. Masinissa was king of Numidia, and had aided the Romans against Carthage in the second Punic War. He had been of great service to Scipio Africanus Major when he invaded Africa at the end of the war, and a great friendship had been established between them. 5. Senex. He was 89 years old. He died in the following year, and Scipio divided his kingdom between his three sons. 9. Ita numquam — memoria, ' so constantly do I cherish in my mind the recollection of that great and invincible hero.* 10. Illius, i. e. Scipio Africanus Major, the conqueror of Hannibal at the battle of Zama. 12. Multis verbis ultro citroque habitis, * in much interchange of conversation.' Ultro citroque, literally 'backwards and forwards.' 14. Regio apparatu accepti, 'entertained with royal state.' Appara- tus is specially appHed to elaborate banquets : cp. Hor. Od. i. 38, i ' Persicos odi, puer, apparatus.' And so Cicero uses the verb *apparare' in Verr. 2.4, 20 * Licuit Calidio posse domesticis copiis, quum magistratum aut aliquem superiorem invitasset, ornare et apparare convivium.* In multam noctem, ' till late at night.* Similar phrases are, 'ad mul- tam diem,' ' till late in the day ;' ' multa nocte,' * late at night ;* * multo mane,* ' very early in the morning.' 18. Et de via — vigil ass em, ' both from my journey, and because I had sat up so late.* Qui here is causal, and so joined with a subj. 22. De Homero. He means that Ennius asserted that Homer appeared to him by night. Cicero alludes to this again, quoting Ennius' own words, Acad. Prior. 2. 16 * Quum somniavit [Ennius], ita narravit, Visus Homerus adesse poeta.* De quo — loqui, ' the reason being that he was constantly thinking and speaking of him in his waking moments.* Ennius is also recorded to have expressed his fondness for Homer in another way. Being a Pythagorean, M 2 156 NOTES. Sect. in. and so a believer in the transmigration of souls, he maintained that the soul which had once dwelt in Homer's body, after dwelling among others in that of a peacock, and also of Pythagoras himself, now dwelt in his own body. 24. Ex imagine eius, 'from his bust.* Busts made in wax of their deceased ancestors were kept in the atria of the houses of distinguished men. The *Jus Imaginum' was an established legal distinction of those whose families had been ennobled by one of their members holding a curule office. Quam ex ipso. The younger Africanus could hardly remember the elder, his grandfather by adoption, at all. He was born in 185 b. c, and the other, according to Cicero, de Senect. 6, died in the same year. Other accounts make his death two years later. 26. Ades animo, 'be of good courage:* cp. Mil. 2. 4 ' Adeste animis, judices, et timorem, si quern habetis, deponite.' Sometimes ' adesse animo' means ' to attend.' 32. Paene miles, * little more than a common soldier.* Hoc biennio, ' within two years from now.' 33. Per te, 'by your own exploits.' 34. Hereditarium,' by inheritance.' The title * Africanus' had descended to the elder Africanus' son, and from him had passed to Aemilianus, whom he adopted. 36. Obieris, * have traversed.* 39. Nepotis mei. Tiberius Gracchus the tribune. His father Tib. Gracchus, who distinguished himself in Spain, married Cornelia, the daughter of Africanus Major. Africanus Minor, though thus related to him, and further connected by having married his sister Sempronia, did not disguise his approval of the murder of Gracchus. When he heard of it at Numantia he quoted the line of Homer, Od. i. 47 ojs diroXoiTO Koi dWos, oris roiavra pi^oi, and, when publicly asked in the assembly after his return, what his opinion was of the deed, he replied, ' that he was justly slain,' whereby he gave lasting offence to the popular party. 42. Eiustemporis, genitive after ' fatorum viam,* regarded as one com- pound substantive. The 'quasi' here implies that 'viam' is used in its literal sense. Translate, ' I see that at that time the path, so to speak, which the fates destine for you, will be a critical one.* 43. Septenos octies. The distributive numerals, and not the cardinal ones, are almost always used with the numeral adverbs, e. g. ' twice two ' is m Latin 'bis bina,' not ' bis duo.' Septenos — converterit, 'has passed through eight times seven re- volutions of the sun.* Both * amfractus* and 'reditus' are used separately for ' revolutions of the sun :' ' reditus' is so used infr. 1. 196 ' annum soHs reditu metiuntur ;' ' amfractus' in Cic. de Legg. 2. 8 ' in annuls amfractibus.' Here * amfractus' must mean the sun's passage along one half of the ecliptic, and * reditus,' its passage along the other half, on the other side of the equator, by which it returns to the point from which it starte4. Sect. III. SCIPIO'S DREAM. 45. Plenus, *a perfect number.* He is here using the terms of Astrology. 46. Summam tibi fatalem confecerint, ' having brought about the crisis of your Hfe.' Scipio was 56 in 129 b. c. In that year attempts were made to reverse some of the measures of Tib. Gracchus, and Scipio was looked up to by the aristocracy as their champion. After a vehement debate in the Senate, in which he was violently assailed by Carbo, one of the popular leaders, he went home and retired to his sleeping-room to prepare a speech for the next day, and in the morning he was found dead in his bed. It was generally believed that he was murdered, as the context impHes. 48. Socii . . . Latini. The various peoples of Italy were connected with Rome as allies on different terms. The most favoured of these were called specifically ' Socii the lower class, with inferior privileges, ' Latini,* or ' nomen Latinum.* The latter name originated in their standing to Rome in the same relation in which the Latins did after they had been conquered, and had ceased to be on equal terms with the Romans. 51. Impias, ' unnatural.' Propinquorum. This alludes to the common report that Sempronia, who was Scipio's wife and Gracchus' sister, and C. Gracchus, the brother of Tiberius, had had a hand in the murder. 53. Habeto. Observe the accurate use of the future imperative. 56. Quod quidem fiat. *Quod* is here consecutive, after the negative * nihil.* ' Quidem,' like ye in Greek, marks a limitation, * nothing, that is, which takes place on earth.' 59. Hinc, literally ' from where I am,* i. e. * from heaven.* 62. Paullus. Aemilius Paullus, son of the one who fell in Cannae, sur- named Macedonicus, as being the conqueror of Perses at Pydna, 168 b. c. His son was adopted by the son of Africanus Major, and so became P. Cor- nelius Scipio Aemilianus. Arbitraremur. The mood implies that this was part of the question which he asked. 66. Vim lacrimarum, * a shower ot tears.* 70. Sanctissime, * most revered.* 73. Cuius hoc templum est, * to whom all this expanse which you see belongs.' Templum, from tem-, the root of Gr. rifMi/co, Lat. * temno,' is, literally, * a piece cut off.* Hence it was used of the region of the sky, which the augur marked off with his Htuus to take observations in, and from this, apparently, it got the meaning of * a wide open space,' * an expanse,' i especially of the sky, in which sense it is mostly used in poetry, and has a somewhat archaic sound, the instances quoted being mostly from Ennius and Lucretius. It is used for the universe in Lucr. 5. 1435 * caeli magnum et vorsatile templum.* Its common meaning, * a temple,* comes from the same original meaning, being literally, * a place cut off and set apart,* 74. Istis custodiis, 'from your present confinement.' 76. Qui tuerentur, * to keep in order.' Qui is here final. 158 NOTES. Sect. III. 77- Quae. The antecedent to quae is globum, but, being nom. to a copulative verb, it agrees with the following substantive and not with its antecedent. 79. Divinis animatae mentibus. He is here adopting one of the prevailing theories of the origin of the soul. 80. Circos suos orbesque, * their circuits and orbits.' 82. Iniussu. Cp. Tusc. i. 30 'Vetat enim dominans ille in nobis deus, iniussu hinc nos suo demigrare.' De Senect. 20 * Vetatque Pythagoras iniussu imperatoris, id est, Dei, de praesidio et statione vitae decedere/ The same idea is thus expanded by Spenser, F. i. 9. 41 * The Knight much wondred at his suddeine wit, And sayd : " The terme of Hfe is limited, Ne may a man prolong, nor shorten, it: The soldier may not move from watchfull sted, Nor leave his stand until his captaine bed." "Who life did limit by Almightie doome," Quoth he, " knowes best the termes established; And he, that points the centonell his roome. Doth license him depart at sound of morning droome.'** 84. Munus humanum, * your duty as men.' 86. Quae, i.e. * pietas.' * In parentibus,' literally * in the case of,' i.e. *when practised towards parents and relatives.' Quum — turn, * great indeed ' — ' but greatest.' 93. Erant — vidimus. *Eae' is here the predicate of the clause — *the stars were such as we have never seen from the earth.' 96. Ilia, i. e. the moon. 99. Imperii — poeniteret, *I was ashamed of [the smallness of] our empire, which covers (literally, with which we cover) no more than a speck in it, so to speak.* T04. Globis, 'spheres.' Tibi, * you see.' 106. Arcens et continens, 'enclosing and containing,' the two words are used together in the same way, Sect. 4. 1. 249 * Alvus arcet et continet quod recipit.' It is an unusual sense of ' arceo,* which generally means 'to keep out, or off.' In quo — sempiterni, 'in which are fixed the everlasting revolving orbits of the stars.* 107. Cui subiecti sunt septem, 'subordinate to this are seven others,* i. e. seven spheres. 108. Contrario — caelum, 'opposite to that of the heavenly sphere.' 109. Ilia, i.e. Stella. 110. Hominum generi prosperus. In astrology Jupiter is the favourable planet to be under the influence of ; Mars the threatening and dangerous one. 112. Rutilus, 'glaring;' the fiery red colour marks its threatening aspect. Sect. III. SCIPIO-S DREAM. 113. Subter Is here an adverb. Regionem is governed by obtinet. 114. Temperatio, 'the controlling principle.' 118. Infra iam nihil est, * below this there is nothing.* The force of iam is, 'when you come below this, henceforth you find nothing.* 12 r. Media. Observe that the earth is regarded as the centre of the system, and as alone fixed, all the rest moving round it. It is interesting to compare these ancient notions of the universe with the more accurate knowledge of modern times. 122. Nutu suo, 'by their own gravity.* Cp. De Or. 3. 45 'terra sua vi nutuque tenetur.* 123. Ut me recepi, 'when I recovered myself.* 125. Tam dulcis sonus. The idea which is here expressed of the * music of the spheres * was a favourite one with the ancient philosophers. That the harmonious order of the universe should produce a harmony of sound seemed to them natural, from the high place which they gave to musical harmony in their systems. The language of Milton's Hymn on the Nativity, st. 13, will illustrate several of the expressions which Cicero here ^ses : * Ring out, ye crystal spheres, Once bless our human ears, If ye have power to touch our senses so, And let your silver chime Move in melodious time. And let the base of heaven's deep organ blow, And with your ninefold harmony Make up full consort to the angelic symphony.' Hie est — efficit. The musical terms here are somewhat difficult to render. * This is/ said he, ' the sound which, made up of intervals unequal, but yet proportionally divided by [divine] reason, is produced by the swing and movement of the spheres themselves, and, blending treble with base, produces uniformly varied harmonies.' * Ratione * means ' the mind of the " summus deus " ' mentioned above. 128. Acuta cum gravibus : cp. Hor. A. P. 349 'Poscentique gravem persaepe remittit acutum.' 129. Tanti motus incitari, 'such mighty movements be set going.' 131. Quam ab causam — infimus, 'hence it comes to pass that the heavenly sphere wherein the stars are set, being the highest, as its revolution is more rapid, moves with a treble and lively sound ; our lunar sphere, which is lowest, with the deepest bass.* 134. Nam gives the reason why the lunar sphere, and not the earth, is reckoned as the lowest. 136. In quibus — duorum, 'two of which have the same note.* Vis here means ' musical power.' He does not say which two out of the eight he means. i6o NOTES. Sect. III. 137. Septem efficiunt — sonos, 'produce seven notes with distinct intervals.* 138. Nodus, the bond.* He means that the number seven is the ele- mentary number of all parts of creation. Nervis atque cantibus, *in instrumental and vocal music* 141. Oppletae, * stunned:' cp. Plant. Rud. 4. i, 14 'Jam meas opplebit aures sua vaniloquentia.' He means that men in their mortal state cannot hear the heavenly sounds because their sense of hearing is overpowered by them. T43. Catadupa. The Greek name for the cataracts of the Nile. Cp. Hdt. 2. 17 o NefAos dp^dfKvos kfc rcuy KaTadovirojv pici^ fiiarjv A'iyvirTOV axK^Vj Is OdXaaaav. The word is commonly derived from mTadovirioOj * to pour down with a roar,' but see Liddell and Scott sub voce. 148. Acies vestra sensusque, 'your sense of sight.* 156. Habitari is used impersonally, * that the earth is inhabited.* In ipsis — habitatur, ' even among the specks, so to speak, where men do dwell.* 158. Ita interruptos, ' so cut oflf from one another.* 160. Partim obliquos — vobis, 'some are placed at one side of you, some at right angles to you, some opposite,* i. e. on the other side of the globe. 164. Cingulis, the five 'zones.* The Greek (ouvrj is literally, like cingulus, ' a belt.' Cp. with this description of the five zones that of Virgil in G. I. 233 * Quinque tenent caelum zonae : quarum una corusco Semper sole rubens, et torrida semper ab igni: Quam circum extremae dextra laevaque trahuntur Caerulea glacie concretae atque imbribus atris. Has inter mediamque duae mortalibus aegris Munere concessae divum.* 165. Caeli verticibus, 'the two poles.* 168. Ille, ' yonder.' Adversa vobis urgent vestigia, ' are the antipodes to you.' 169. Nihil ad vestrum genus : supply * pertinet.' 170. Quam tenui vos parte contingat, ' with how small a part of it you are concerned.* i73' Quod Atlanticum — appellatis, 'which you call the Atlantic, or the Great Sea, or the Ocean.* Observe that the relative, with the same antecedent, changes its gender to agree with the substantive connected with it by a factitive verb. 174. Tanto nomine, ' for all its grand name:* ablative of quality. 176. Caucasum, Gangem. The range of Caucasus and the river Ganges were boundaries of the ' Orbis veteribus notus.* 180. Quantis in angustiis — velit, 'how narrow the space is within which your fame desires to spread.' Sect. III. SCIPIO'S DREAM. 185. Propter eluviones. A traditional knowledge of the deluge was preserved among men, as is shewn, among other things, by the legend of Deucalion; and the impression also prevailed that the world was some day to be destroyed by fire. 192. Unius anni. Scipio is here speaking of the * annus magnus* of ancient astronomy, the period of time in which the whole system of the universe makes its revolution. Macrobius, a grammarian who Hved about A.D. 400, and wrote a commentary on this passage of Cicero, elaborating from it a formal theory of the constitution of the universe, fixes it at a period of 15,000 common solar years. Virgil alludes to this ' great year' in the ' Pollio,' E. 4. 5 ' Magnus ab intrego saeclorum nascitur ordo,' 194. Reditu, ' revolution.* See above, I. 43. 196. Descriptionem, * plan.* 197. Vertens annus was a common phrase for the * current year.' So * mensis vertens,' * the current month,* literally, *the year or month now re- volving.' It is here applied to the * annus magnus.* 203. Habeto. Here the imperative is a genuine future, referring to the time, long distant, when the * annus magnus* is completed. Scito is not future, as it refers to the time at which Scipio is speaking, but scio has no imperative ' sci * or ' scite,* and the future form is used for present as well. 208. Ista hominum gloria, ' the fame you can win among men.* Pertinere ad, 'affect.' 214. Ipsi videant, 'that is their concern,* literally 'let them see to it themselves.* Sed loquentur tamen, ' still be sure that they will talk of you.* 221. Non defui, 'have done my duty to.' 223. Non esse te mortalem — potest, 'that it is not you who are mortal, but this body of yours, for your " self" is not that which your out- ward form displays, but each man's mind is his " self," not the shape which can be pointed to with the finger.* 226. Qui viget — providet, 'which has life and sensation and memory and forethought.' 227. Tam, ' as truly.' 236. Numquam ne moveri quidem desinit, * never has an end of motion.' 237. Principium movendi, 'the principle of motion.* 240. Nec enim — aliunde, ' for it would not be a principle, if it had its origin from any other source but itself.* 246. Vel, ' otherwise.* 247. Consistat, 'come to a stand-still.* 248. Qua a primo impulsa moveatur, 'to give it its first impulse and motion.* 251. Pulsu agitatur externo, ' is moved by impulse from without.' NOTES. Sect. III. 255. Neque nata est certe et aeterna est, * it is clear that it has neither beginning nor ending.' 257- Qui bus — animus, * a mind employed and exercised in these.' 259. Eminebit foras, * it goes forth abroad,* i. e. beyond the concerns of the body. 262. Quasi ministros, 'the slaves, so to speak/ 266. Nisi multis exagitati saeculis, ' till they have been tormented for many af;;es.' Cp. Virg. Ae. 0. 739 -747. SECTION IV. BEAUTIES OF NATURE. SECTION IV. BEAUTIES OF NATURE. 1. Principio terra universa cernatur, locata in media mundi sede, solida et globosa, vestita floribus, herbis, arboribus, frugibus, quorum omnium incredibilis multitude insatiabili varietate distinguitur. Adde hue fontium gelidas peremni- tates, liquores perlucidos amnium, riparum vestitus viridissi- mos, speluncarum concavas altitudines, saxorum asperitates, impendentium montium altitudines immensitatesque cam- porum; adde etiam reconditas auri argentique venas infi- nitamque vim marmoris. Quae vero et quam varia genera bestiarum vel cicurum vel ferarum ! qui volucrum lapsus atque cantus ! qui pecudum pastus 1 quae vita silvestrium ! Quid iam de hominum genere dicam ? qui quasi cultores terrae constituti non patiuntur eam nee immanitate belluarum efferari nee stirpium asperitate vastari : quorumque operibus agri insulae littoraque coUucent, distincta tectis et urbibus. Quae si, ut anirnis, sic oculis videre possemus, nemo cunctam intuens terram de divina ratione dubitaret. 2. At vero quanta maris est pulchritudo ! quae species universi ! quae multitude et varietas insularum ! quae amoe- nitates orarum ac littorum ? quot genera quamque disparia partim submersari^m, partim fluitantium et innantium bellua- EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. IV. rum, partim ad saxa nativis testis inhaerentium I Ipsum au- tem mare sic terram appetens littoribus alludit, ut una ex duabus naturis conflata videatur. Exinde mari finitimus aer die et nocte distinguitur, isque turn fusus et extenuatus sub 25 lime fertur, tum autem concretus in nubes cogitur humorem- que colligens terram auget imbribus, tum effluens hue et illuc ventos efficit. Idem annuas frigorum et calorum facit varie- tates, idemque et volatus alitum sustinet et spiritu ductus alit et sustentat animantes. 30 3. Restat ultimus et a domiciliis nostris altissimus omnia cingens et coercens caeli complexus, qui idem aether vocatur, extrema ora et determinatio mundi; in quo cum admirabi- litate maxima igneae formae cursus ordinatos definiunt. E quibus sol, cuius magnitudine multis partibus terra superatur, 35 circum cam ipsam voivitur, isque oriens et occidens diem noctemque conficit, et modo accedens, tum autem recedens, binas in singulis annis reversiones ab extremo contrarias facit, quarum intervallo tum quasi tristitia quadam contrahit terram, tum vicissim laetificat, ut cum caelo hilarata videatur. 40 Luna autem, quae est, ut ostendunt mathematici, maior quam dimidia pars terrae, iisdem spatiis vagatur, quibus sol : sed tum congrediens cum sole, tum digrediens, et eam lucem quam a sole accepit mittit in terras, et varias ipsa mutationes lucis habet ; atque etiam tum subiecta atque opposita soli 45 radios eius et lumen obscurat, tum ipsa incidens in umbram terrae, quum est e regione solis, interpositu interiectuque terrae repente deficit. lisdemque spatiis eae stellae, quas vagas dicimus, circum terram feruntur eodemque modo ori- untur et occidunt, quarum motus tum incitantur, tum retar- 50 dantur, saepe etiam insistunt. Quo spectaculo nihil potest admirabilius esse, nihil pulchrius. Sequitur stellarum iner- rantium maxima multitudo, quarum ita descripta distinctio est, ut ex notarum figurarum similitudine nomina invenerint. Haec omnis descriptio siderum atque hie tantus caeli ornatus 55 Sect. IV. BEAUTIES OF NATURE, 167 ex corporibus hue et illuc casu et temere cursitantibus potu • isse effiei cuiquam sano videri potest ? An vero alia quae natura, mentis et rationis expers, haec efficere potuit, quae non modo ut fierent ratione eguerunt, sed intelligi qualia sint 60 sine summa ratione non possunt ? 4. Age, ut a caelestibus rebus ad terrestres veniamus, quid est in his, in quo non naturae ratio intelligentis appareat ? Principio eorum, quae gignuntur e terra, stirpes et stabilita- tem dant iis quae sustinent, et ex terra succum trahunt, quo 65 alantur ea quae radicibus continentur, obducunturque libro aut cortice trunci, quo sint a frigoribus et caloribus tutiores. lam vero vites sic claviculis adminicula tamquam manibus apprehendunt, atque ita se erigunt ut animantes. Quin etiam a caulibus, si propter sati sint, ut a pestiferis et nocentibus 70 refugere dicuntur nee eos ulla ex parte contingere. Ani- mantium vero quanta varietas est I quanta ad earn rem vis, ut in suo quaeque gener permaneant ! Quarum aliae coriis tectae sunt, aliae villis vestitae, aliae spinis hirsutae ; pluma alias, alias squama videmus obductus; alias esse cornibus 75 armatas, alias habere effugia pennarum. Pastum autem ani- mantibus large et copiose natura eum, qui cuique aptus erat, comparavit. Enumerare possum, ad eum pastum capes- sendum conficiendumque quae sit in figuris animantium et quam sollers subtilisque descriptio partium, quamque admi- 80 rabilis fabrica membrorum. Omnia enim, quae quidem intus inclusa sunt, ita nata atque ita locata sunt, ut nihil eorum supervacaneum sit, nihil ad vitam retinendam non necessa- rium. Dedit autem eadem natura belluis et sensum et appe- titum, ut altero conatum haberent ad naturales pastus capes- 85 sendos, altero secernerent pestifera a salutaribus. lam vero alia animalia gradiendo, alia serpendo ad pastum accedunt, alia volando, alia nando; cibumque partim oris hiatu et den- tibus ipsis capessunt, partim unguium tenacitate arripiunt, partim aduncitate rostrorum ; alia sugunt, alia carpunt, alia i68 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. IV. vorant, alia mandunt. Atque etiam aliorum ea est humilitas, 90 ut cibum terrestrem rostris facile contingant. Quae autem altiora sunt, ut anseres, ut cygni, ut grues, ut cameli, adiu- vantur proceritate collorum. Man us etiam data elephantis, quia propter magnitudinem corporis difficiles aditus habebant ad pastum. 95 5. At quibus bestiis erat is cibus ut alius generis bestiis vescerentur aut vires natura dedit aut celeritatem. Data est quibusdam etiam machinatio quaedam atque sollertia : ut in araneolis aliae quasi rete texunt, ut, si quid inhaeserit, con- ficiant : aliae autem ex inopinato observant et, si quid incidit, 100 arripiunt, idque consumunt. Pinna vero, (sic enim Graece dicitur,) duabus grandibus patula conchis, cum parva squilla quasi societatem coit comparandi cibi : itaque quum pisciculi parvi in concham hiantem innataverunt, tum admonita squillae pinna morsu comprimit conchas. Sic dissimillimis bestiolis 105 communiter cibus quaeritur. In quo admirandum est, con- gressune aliquo inter se, an iam inde ab ortu natura ipsa congregatae sint. Est etiam admiratio nonnulla in bestiis aquatilibus iis, quae gignuntur in terra: veluti crocodili fluviatilesque testudines quaedamque serpentes ortae extra no aquam, simul ac primum niti possunt, aquam persequuntur. Quin etiam anatum ova gallinis saepe supponimus ; e quibus pulli orti primum aluntur ab his, ut a matribus, a quibus exclusi fotique sunt; deinde eas relinquunt, et effugiunt sequentes, quum primum aquam, quasi naturalem domum, videre potu- 115 erunt. Tantam ingenuit animantibus conservandi sui natura custodiam. 6. Legi etiam scriptum esse avem quamdam, quae pla- talea nominaretur ; cam sibi cibum quaerere advolantem ad eas aves, quae se in mari mergerent; quae quum emersissent 120 piscemque cepissent, usque eo premere earum capita mor- dicus, dum illae captum amitterent, in quod ipsa invaderet. Eademque haec avis scribitur conchis se solere complere Sect. IV. BEAUTIES OF NATURE, 169 easque, quum stomachi calore concoxerit, evomere, atque ita 25 eligere ex iis, quae sunt esculenta. Ranae autem marinae dicuntur obruere sese arena solere, et moveri prope aquam, ad quas quasi ad escam pisces quum accesserint, confici a ranis atque consumi. Milvo est quoddam bellum quasi na- turale cum corvo. Ergo alter alterius, ubicumque nactus est, 30 ova frangit. Illud vero quis potest non mirari grues, quum loca calidiora petentes maria transmittant, trianguli efficere formam; eius autem summo angulo aer ab iis adversus pel- litur; deinde sensim ab utroque latere tamquam remis, ita pennis cursus avium levatur. Basis autem trianguli, quem 35 grues efficiunt, ea tamquam a puppi ventis adiuvatur, eaeque in tergo praevolantium colla et capita reponunt ; quod quia ipse dux facere non potest, quia non habet cui innitatur, revolat, ut ipse quoque quiescat ; et in eius locum succedit ex iis quae acquierunt, eaque vicissitudo in omni cursu con- 40 servatur. Multa eiusmodi proferre possum, sed genus ipsum videtis. lam vero ilia etiam notiora, quanto se opere custo- diant bestiae, ut in pastu circumspectent, ut in cubilibus deli- tescant. Atque ilia mirabilia. Quid ea, quae nuper, id est paucis ante saeculis, medicorum ingeniis reperta sunt .? vomi- 45 tione canes, purgatu autem alvos ibes Aegyptiae curant. Auditum est, pantheras, quae in barbaria venenata carne caperentur, remedium quoddam habere, quo quum essent usae, non morerentur; capras autem in Creta feras, quum essent confixae venenatis sagittis, herbam quaerere, quae 50 dictamnus vocaretur ; quam quum gustavissent, sagittas ex- cidere dicunt e corpore. Cervaeque paullo ante partum per- purgant se quadam herbula, quae seselis dicitur. lam ilia cernimus, ut contra vim et metum suis se armis quaeque defendat. Cornibus tauri, apri dentibus, morsu leones, aliae 55 fuga se, aliae occultatione tutantur, atramenti effusione se- piae, torpore torpedines : multae etiam insectantes odoris intolerabili foeditate depellunt. N I70 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. IV. 7. Ut vero perpetuus mundi esset ornatus magna adhibita cura est a providentia deorum, ut semper essent et bestiarum genera et arborum omniumque rerum, quae a terra stirpibus 160 continerentur. Quae quidem omnia eam vim seminis habent in se, ut ex uno plura generentur, idque semen inclusum est in intima parte earum baccarum, quae ex quaque stirpe fun- duntur; iisdemque seminibus et homines afFatim vescuntur et terrae eiusdem generis stirpium renovatione complentur. 165 Quid loquar quantus amor bestiarum sit in educandis custo- diendisque iis quae procreaverunt, usque ad eum finem dum possint se ipsa defendere ? Etsi' pisces, ut aiunt, ova quum genuerunt, relinquunt : facile enim ilia aqua et sustinentur, et fetum fundunt. Testudines autem et crocodilos dicunt, 170 quum in terra partum ediderint, obruere ova, deinde disce- dere: ita et nascuntur et educantur ipsa per sese. lam gallinae avesque reliquae et quietum requirunt ad pariendum locum, et cubilia sibi nidosque construunt, eosque quam possunt mollissime substernunt, ut quam facillime ova ser- i75 ventur : ex quibus pullos quum excluserint, ita tuentur, ut et pennis foveant, ne frigore laedantur, et, si est calor a sole, se opponant. Quum autem pulli pennulis uti possunt, turn volatus eorum matres prosequuntur, reliqua cura liberantur. Accedit etiam ad nonnullorum animantium et earum refum iBo quas terra gignit conservationem et salutem hominum sol- lertia et diligentia. Nam multae et pecudes et stirpes sunt, quae sine procuratione hominum salvae esse non possunt. 8. Magnae etiam opportunitates ad cultum hominum atque abundantiam aliae aliis in locis reperiuntur. Aegyptum Nilus 185 irrigat, et, quum tota aestate obrutam oppletamque tenuit, tum recedit mollitosque et oblimatos agros ad serendum re- linquit. Mesopotamiam fertilem efficit Euphrates, in quam quotannis quasi novos agros invehit. Indus vero, qui est omnium fluminum maximus, non eiqua solum agros laetificat 190 et mitigat, sed eos etiam conserit : magnam enim vim semir Sect. IV. BEAUTIES OF NATURE. 171 num secum frumenti et similium dicitur deportare. Multaque alia in aliis locis commemorabilia proferre possum, multos fertiles agros, alios aliorum fructuum. Sed ilia quanta be- 195 nignitas naturae, quod tarn multa ad vescendum, tarn varia, tamque iucunda gignit, neque ea uno tempore anni, ut sem- per et novitate delectemur et copia ! Quam tempestivos au- tem dedit, quam salutares non modo hominum, sed etiam pecudum generi, iis denique omnibus quae oriuntur e terra, 200 ventos Etesias, quorum flatu nimii temperantur calores ! Ab iisdem etiam maritimi cursus celeres et certi diriguntun Multa praetereunda sunt, et tamen multa dicuntur. Enu- merari enim non possunt fluminum opportunitates, aestus maritimi, tum accedentes, tum recedentes, montes vestiti 205 atque silvestres, salinae ab ora maritima remotissimae, medi- camentorum salutarium plenissimae terrae, artes denique innumerabiles ad victum et ad vitam necessariae. lam diei noctisque vicissitudo conservat animantes, tribuens aliud agendi tempus, aliud quiescendi. Sic undique omni ratione 2 1 o concluditur, mente consilioque divino omnia in hoc mundo ad salutem omnium conservationemque admirabiliter ad- ministrari. 9. Hie quaerat quispiam, cuiusnam causa tantarum rerum molitio facta sit ; arborumne et herbarum ? quae quamquam 215 sine sensu sunt, tamen a natura sustinentur. At id quidem absurdum est. An bestiarum ? Nihilo probabilius, deos mutorum et nihil intelligentium causa tantum laborasse. Quorum igitur causa quis dixerit effectum esse mundum.? Eorum scilicet animantium, quae ratione utuntur. Hi sunt 220 dii et homines, quibus profecto nihil est melius: ratio est enim, quae praestat omnibus. Ita fit credibile deorum et hominum causa factum esse mundum quaeque in eo sint omnia. Faciliusque intelligetur, a diis immortalibus homini- bus esse provisum, si erit tota hominis fabricatio perspecta, 225 omnisque humanae naturae figura atque perfectio. N 2 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. IV. 10. Nam quum tribus rebus animantiiim vita teneatur, cibo, potione, spiritu ; ad haec omnia percipienda os est ap- tissimum : quod adiunctis naribus spiritu augetur. Dentibus autem in ore constructis manditur, atque ab his extenuatur et molitur cibus. Eorum adversi acuti morsu dividunt escas, 230 intimi autem conficiunt, qui genuini vocantur ; quae confectio etiam a lingua adiuvari videtur. Linguam autem ad radices eius haerens excipit stomachus, quo primum illabuntur ea, quae accepta sunt ore. Is utraque ex parte tonsillas attingens palato extremo atque intimo terminatur. Atque is, agitatione 235 et motibus linguae quum depulsum et quasi detrusum cibum accepit, depellit. Ipsius autem partes eae, quae sunt infra id, quod devoratur, dilatantur : quae autem supra, contrahuntur. Sed quum aspera arteria (sic enim a medicis appellatur) ostium habeat, adiunctum linguae radicibus, paullo supra 240 quam ad linguam stomachus annectitur, eaque ad pulmones usque pertineat excipiatque animam eam, quae ducta sit spi- ritu, eamdemque a pulmonibus respiret et reddat : tegitur quo dam quasi operculo, quod ob eam causam datum est, ne, si quid in eam cibi forte incidisset, spiritus impediretur. Sed 245 quum alvi natura, subiecta stomacho, cibi et potionis sit re- ceptaculum, pulmones autem et cor extrinsecus spiritum ad- ducant : in alvo multa sunt mirabiliter effecta, quae constat fere e nervis. Est autem multiplex et tortuosa arcetque et continet, sive illud aridum est, sive humidum, quod recipit, 250 ut id mutari et concoqui possit ; eaque tum astringitur, tum relaxatur, atque omne, quod accipit, cogit et confundit ; ut facile et calore, quem multum habet, exterendo cibo et prae- terea spiritu omnia cocta atque confecta in reliquum corpus dividantur. In pulmonibus autem inest raritas quaedam et 255 assimilis spongiis mollitudo, ad hauriendum spiritum aptis- sima : qui tum se contrahunt aspirantes, tum respiratu dila- tant, ut frequenter ducatur cibus animalis, quo maxime alun- tur animantes. Ex intestinis autem et alvo secretus a reliquo Sect. IV. BEAUTIES OF NATURE. ^73 260 cibo sucus is, quo alimur, permanat ad iecur, per quasdam a medio intestino usque ad portas iecoris (sic enim appel- lantur) ductas et directas vias, quae pertinent ad iecur eique adhaerent. Atque inde aliae pertinentes sunt, per quas cadit cibus a iecore delapsus. Ab eo cibo quum est secreta bilis 265 iique humores, qui e renibus profunduntur : reliqua se in sanguinem vertunt ad easdemque portas iecoris confluunt, ad quas omnes eius viae pertinent : per quas lapsus cibus in hoc ipso loco in earn veiiam, quae cava appellatur, confunditur, perque earn ad cor confectus iam coctusque perlabitur; a 27^ corde autem in to turn corpus distribuitur per venas admodum multas, in omnes partes corporis pertinentes. 11. Iam ilia explicetur incredibilis fabrica naturae. Nam quae spiritu in pulmones anima ducitur, ea calescit primum ab ipso spiritu, deinde coagitatione pulmonum: ex eaque 275 pars redditur respirando, pars concipitur cordis parte qua- dam, quem ventriculum cordis appellant, cui similis alter adiunctus est, in quem sanguis a iecore per venam illam cavam influit. Eoque modo ex his partibus et sanguis per venas in omne corpus diffunditur et spiritus per arterias. 280 Utraeque autem crebrae multaeque toto corpore intextae vim quamdam incredibilem artificiosi operis divinique testantur. Quid dicam de ossibus, quae subiecta corpori mirabiles com- missuras habent et ad stabilitatem aptas et ad artus finiendos accommodatas et ad motum et ad omnem corporis actionem. ^^5 Hue adde nervos, a quibus artus continentur, eorumque im- plicationem toto corpore pertinentem, qui sicut venae et arteriae a corde tracti et profecti in corpus omne ducuntur. 12. Ad banc providentiam naturae tam diligentem tamque sollertem adiungi multa possunt, e quibus intelligatur, quan- 290 tae res hominibus a diis, quamque eximiae tributae sint : qui primum eos humo excitatos celsos et erectos constitait, ut deorum cognitionem caelum intuentes capere possent. Sunt enim e terra homines non ut incolae atque habitatores, sed ^74 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. IV. quasi spectatores superarum rerum atque caelestium, quarum spectaculum ad nullum aliud genus animandum pertinet. 295 Sensus autem, interpretes ac nuntii rerum, in capite tamquam in arce mirifice ad usus necessaries et facti et collocati sunt. Nam oculi tamquam speculatores altissimum locum obtinent, ex quo plurima conspicientes fungantur suo munere. Et aures, quum sonum percipere debeant, qui natura sublime 300 fertur, recte in altis corporum partibus collocatae sunt. Itemque nareS; eo quod omnis odor ad supera fertur, recte sursum sunt: et quod cibi et potionis indicium magnum earum est, non sine causa vicinitatem oris secutae sunt. lam gustatus, qui sentire eorum quibus vescimur genera debet, 305 habitat in ea parte oris, qua esculentis et potulentis iter na- tura patefacit. Tactus autem toto corpore aequabiliter fusus est, ut omnes ictus omnesque minimos et frigoris et caloris appulsus sentire possimus. 13. Quis vero opifex praeter naturam, qua nihil potest esse 310 callidius, tantam sollertiam persequi potuisset in sensibus? quae primum oculos membranis tenuissimis vestivit et sepsit ; quas primum perlucidas fecit, ut per eas cerni posset, firmas autem, ut continerentur. Sed lubricos oculos fecit et mobiles, ut et declinarent, si quid noceret, et aspectum, quo vellent, 315 facile converterent ; aciesque ipsa, qua cernimus, quae pu- pula vocatur, ita parva est, ut ea, quae nocere possint, facile vitet: palpebraeque, quae sunt tegmenta oculorum, mollis- simae tactu, ne laederent aciem, aptissime factae et ad clau- dendas pupulas, ne quid incideret, et ad aperiendas : idque 320 providit ut idemtidem fieri posset cum maxima celeritate. Munitaeque sunt palpebrae tamquam vallo pilorum, quibus et apertis oculis si quid incideret, repelleretur, et somno con- niventibus, quum oculis ad cernendum non egeremus, ut iis tamquam involuti quiescerent. Latent praeterea utiliter, et 325 excelsis undique partibus sepiuntur. Primum enim superiora, superciliis obducta, sudorem a capite et a fronte defluentem Sect. IV. BEAUTIES OF NATURE. repellunt. Genae deinde ab inferiore parte tutantur subiectae leniterque eminentes. Nasusque ita locatus est, ut quasi 330 mums oculis interiectus esse videatur. Auditus autem semper patet ; eius enim sensu etiam dormientes egemus : a quo quum sonus est acceptus, etiam a somno excitamur. Flexuo- sum iter habet, ne quid intrare possit, quod posset, si simplex et directum pateret; provisum etiam, ut, si qua minima be- 335 stiola conaretur irrumpere, in sordibus aurium tamquam in visco inhaeresceret. ' Extra autem eminent, quae appellantur aures, et tegendi causa factae tutandique sensus, et ne ad- iectae voces laberentur atque errarent,~priusquam sensus ab his pulsus esset. Sed duros et quasi corneolos habent in- 340 troitus multisque cum flexibus ; quod his naturis relatus am- plificatur sonus. Quocirca et in fidibus testudine resonatur aut cornu et ex tortuosis locis et inclusis soni referuntur ampliores. Similiter nares, quae semper propter necessarias utilitates patent, contractiores habent introitus, ne quid in 345 eas, quod noceat, possit pervadere, humoremque semper habent, ad pulverem multaque alia depellenda non inutilem. Gustatus praeclare septus est, ore enim continetur, et ad usum apte et ad incolumitatis custodiam. Omnisque sensus hominum multo antecellit sensibus bestiarum. 350 14. Primum enim oculi in iis artibus, quarum iudicium est oculorum, in pictis, fictis, caelatisque fprmis, in corporum etiam motione atque gestu multa cernunt subtilius ; colorum etiam et figurarum tum venustatem atque ordinem et, ut ita dicam, decentiam oculi indicant: atque etiam alia maiora. 355 Nam et virtutes et vitia cognoscunt: iratum propitium, lae- tantem dolentem, fortem ignavum, audacem timidumque cognoscunt. Auriumque item est admirabile quoddam artifi- ciosumque iudicium, quo iudicatur et in vocis, et in tibiarum nervorumque cantibus varietas sonorum, intervalla, distinctio, 360 et vocis genera permulta : candidum fuscum, leve asperum, grave acutum, flexibile durum ; quae hominum solum auribus EXTRACTS FROM CICERO, Sect. IV. iudicantur. Nariumque item et gustandi pariter et tangendi magna iudicia sunt. Ad quos sensus capiendos et per- fruendos plures etiam quam vellem artes repertae sunt. Perspicuum est enim quo compositiones unguentorum, 365 quo ciborum conditiones, quo corporum lenocinia proces- serint. 15. lam vero animum ipsum mentemque hominis, ratio- nem, consilium, prudentiam qui non divina cura perfecta esse perspicit, is his ipsis rebus mihi videtur carere. Quanta 370 primum intelligentia, deinde consequentium rerum cum pri- mis coniunctio et comprehensio est in nobis, ex quo videlicet, quid ex quibusque rebus efficiatur, idque ratione, concludi- mus: singulasque res definimus circumscripteque complec- timur; ex quo scientia intelligitur quam vim habeat, qualis 375 sit, qua ne in deo quidem est res ulla praestantior. Quanta vero ilia sunt, quod et sensibus et animo ea, quae extra sunt, percipimus atque comprehendimus ! Ex quibus collatis inter se et comparatis artes quoque efficimus, partim ad usum vitae, partim ad oblectationem necessarias. lam vero domina 380 rerum, ut vos soletis dicere, eloquendi vis, quam est prae- clara, quamque divina ! quae primum efficit, ut et ea quae ignoramus discere, et ea quae scimus alios docere possimus. Deinde hac cohortamur, hac persuademus, hac consolamur afflictos, hac deducimus perterritos a timore, hac gestientes 385 comprimimus, hac cupiditates iracundiasque restinguimus ; haec nos iuris, legum, urbium societate devinxit, haec a vita immani et fera segregavit. Ad usum autem orationis, incre- dibile est, ubi diligenter attenderis, quanta opera machinata natura sit. Primum enim a pulmonibus arteria usqae ad os 390 intimum pertinet, per quam vox, principium a mente ducens, percipitur et funditur. Deinde in ore sita lingua est, finita dentibus. Ea vocem immoderate profusam fingit et terminat : atque sonos vocis distinctos et pressos efficit, quum et ad dentes et ad alias partes pellit oris. Itaque plectri similem 395 Sect. IV. BEAUTIES OF NATURE. 177 linguam nostri solent dicere, chordarum denies, nares cor- nibus iis, qui ad nervos resonant in cantibus. 16. Quam vero aptas, quamque multarum artium ministras manus natura homini dedit ! Digitorum enim contractio 400 facilis facilisque porrectio propter molles commissuras et artus nullo in motu laborat. Itaque ad pingendum, ad fin- gendum, ad scalpendum, ad nervorum eliciendos sonos ac tibia rum apta manus est admotione digitorum. Atque haec oblectationis : ilia necessitatis, cultus dico agrorum, exstruc- 405 tionesque tectorum, tegumenta corporum vel texta vel suta, omnemque fabricam aeris et ferri : ex quo intelligitur, ad in- venta animo, percepta sensibus, adhibitis opificum manibus, omnia nos consecutos, ut tecti, ut vestiti, ut salvi esse pos- semus, urbes, muros, domicilia, delubra haberemus. lam 410 vero operibus hominum, id est manibus, cibi etiam varietas invenitur et copia. Nam et agri multa efferunt manu quae- sita, quae vel statim consumantur, vel mandentur condita vetustati. Et praeterea vescimur bestiis et terrenis et aquatili- bus et volatiiibus, partim capiendo, partim alendo. Efficimus 415 etiam domitu nostro quadrupedum vectiones : quorum cele- ritas atque vis nobis ipsis affert vim et celeritatem. Nos onera quibusdam bestiis, nos iuga imponimus ; nos elephan- torum acutissimis sensibus, nos sagacitate canum ad utilita- tem nostram abutimur ; nos e terrae cavernis ferrum elicimus, 420 rem ad colendos agros necessariam ; nos aeris, argenti, auri venas penitus abditas invenimus et ad usum aptas et ad ornatum decoras : arborum autem consectione omnique ma- teria et culta et silvestri partim ad calefaciendum corpus igni adhibito et ad mitigandum cibum utimur, partim ad 425 aedificandum, ut tectis septi frigora caloresque pellamus. 17. Magnos vero usus affert ad navigia facienda, quorum cursibus suppeditantur omnes undique ad vitam copiae : quasque res violenlissimas natura genuit, earum modera- tionem nos soli habemus, maris atque ventorum, propter 178 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. IV. nauticarum rerum scientiam ; plurimisque maritimis rebus 430 fruimur atque utimur. Terrenorum item commodorum omnis est in homine dominatus. Nos campis, nos montibus frui- mur ; nostri sunt amnes, nostri lacus : nos fruges serimus, nos arbores ; nos aquarum inductionibus terris fecunditatem damns ; nos flumina arcemus, dirigimus, avertimus ; nostris 435 denique manibus in rerum natura quasi alteram naturam efficere conamur. Quid vero ? hominum ratio non in caelum usque penetravit? Soli enim ex animantibus nos astrorum ortus, obitus, cursusque cognovimus ; ab hominum genere finitus est dies, mensis, annus ; defectiones solis et lunae 440 cognitae praedictaeque in omne posterum tempus, quae, quantae, quando futurae sint. Quae contuens animus accipit ab his cognitionem deorum, ex qua oritur pietas, cui con- iuncta iustitia est reliquaeque virtu tes, e quibus vita beata exsistit par et similis deorum ; nulla alia re, nisi immortali- 445 tate, quae nihil ad bene vivendum pertinet, cedens caelesti- bus. Quibus rebus expositis, satis docuisse videor hominis natura quanto omnes anteiret animantes. Ex quo debet intelligi, nec figuram situmque membrorum, nee ingenii mentisque viam talem effici potuisse fortuna. 450 18. Restat ut doceam atque aliquando perorem, omnia, quae sint in hoc mundo, quibus utantur homines, hominum causa facta esse et parata. Principio ipse mundus deorum hominum que causa factus est, quaeque in eo sunt ea parata ad fructum hominum et inventa sunt. Est enim mundus 455 quasi communis deorum atque hominum domus, aut urbs utrorumque. Soli enim ratione utentes iure ac lege vivunt. Ut igitur Athenas et Lacedaemonem Atheniensium Lacedae- moniorumque causa putandum est conditas esse, omniaque quae sint in his urbibus eorum populorum recte esse di- 460 cuntur : sic, quaecumque sunt in omni mundo, deorum atque hominum putanda sunt. lam vero circuitus solis et lunae reliquorumque siderum, quamquam etiam ad mundi cohae- Sect. IV. BEAUTIES OF NATURE. 179 rentiam pertinent, tamen et spectaculum hominibus praebent ; 465 nulla est enim insatiabilior species, nulla pulchrior et ad rationem sollertiamque praestantior ; eorum enim cursus dimetati, maturitates temporum et varietates mutationesque cognovimus. Quae si hominibus solis nota sunt, hominura causa facta esse iudicandum est. Terra vero feta frugibus et 470 vario leguminum genere, quae cum maxima largitate fundit, ea ferarumne an hominum causa gignere videtur ? Quid de vitibus olivetisque dicam quarum uberrimi laetissimique fructus nihil omnino ad bestias pertinent. Neque enim se- rendi, neque colendi, nec tempestive demetendi percipien- ♦75 dique fructus, neque condendi ac reponendi ulla pecudum scientia est, earumque omnium rerum hominum est et usus et cura. Ut fides igitur et tibias eorum causa factas dicendum est, qui illis uti possunt, sic ea, quae dixi, iis solis confiten- dum est esse parata, qui utuntur ; nec si quae bestiae furantur 480 aliquid ex iis aut rapiunt, illarum quoque causa ea nata esse dicemus. Neque enim homines murium aut formicarum causa frumentum condunt, sed coniugum et liberorum et familiarum suarum. Itaque bestiae furtim, ut dixi, fruuntur, domini palam et libere. 485 19. Hominum igitur causa eas rerum copias comparatas esse fatendum est; nisi forte tanta ubertas et varietas po- morum, eorumque iucundus non gustatus solum, sed odo- ratus etiam et aspectus dubitationem afFert, quin hominibus solis ea natura donaverit : tantumque abest, ut haec bestia- 490 rum etiam causa parata sint, ut ipsas bestias hominum gratia generatas esse videamus. Quid enim oves aliud afferunt, nisi ut earum villis confectis atque contextis homines vestiantur ? Quae quidem neque ali, neque sustentari, neque ullum fruc- tum edere ex se sine cultu hominum et curatione possent. 495 Canum vero tam fida custodia, tamque amans dominorum adulatio, tantumque odium in externos, et tam incredibilis ad investigandum sagacitas narium, tanta alacritas in venando l8o EXTRACTS FROM CICERO, Sect. IV. quid significat aliud, nisi se ad hominum commoditates esse generates ? Quid de bobus loquar ? quorum ipsa terga nonne declarant esse se ad onus accipiendum figurata ? cervices au- 500 tern natae ad iugum : turn vires humerorum et latitudines ad aratra extrahenda. Quibus quum terrae subigerentur fissione glebarum, ab illo aureo genere, ut poetae loquuntur, vis nulla umquam afferebatur. Ferrea turn vero proles exorta repente est, Ausaque funestum prima est fabricarier ensem, Et gustare manu vinctum domitumque iuvencum. Tanta putabatur utilitas percipi ex bobus, ut eorum visceribus vesci scelus haberetur. Longum est mulorum persequi uti- litates et asinorum, quae certe ad hominum usum parataesfo sunt. Sus vero quid habet praeter escam ? Cui quidem, ne putresceret, animam ipsam pro sale datam dicit esse Chry- sippus. Qua pecude, quod erat ad vescendum hominibus apta, nihil genuit natura fecundius. Quid multitudinem sua- vitatemque piscium dicam? quid avium? ex quibus tanta 515 percipitur voluptas, ut interdum Pronoea nostra Epicurea fuisse videatur. Atque hae ne caperentur quidem, nisi homi- num ratione atque sollertia ; quamquam aves quasdam et alites et oscines, ut nostri augures appellant, rerum auguran- darum causa esse natas putamus. lam vero immanes et 520 feras belluas nanciscimur venando, ut et vescamur iis, et exerceamur in venando ad similitudinem bellicae disciplinae, ut utamur domitis et condocefactis, ut elephantis, multaque ex earum corporibus remedia morbis et vulneribus eliciamus, sicut ex quibusdam stirpibus etherbis, quarum utilitates Ion- 525 ginqui temporis usu et periclitatione percepimus. Totam licet animis, tamquam oculis, lustrare terram mariaque om- nia ; cernes iam spatia frugifera atque immensa camporum vestitusque densissimos montium, pecudum pastus, tum in- credibili cursus maritimos celeritate. Nec vero supra terram, 530 sed etiam in intimis eius tenebris plurimarum rerum latet Sect. IV. BEAUTIES OF NATURE, l8l utilitas, quae ad usum hominum orta ab hominibus solis invenitur. 20. Praedictio autem rerum futurarum mihi videtur vel 535 maxime confirmare deorum providentia consuli rebus hu- manis. Est enim profecto divinatio, quae multis locis, rebus, temporibus apparet, quum in privatis, turn maxime in pub- licis. Multa cernunt haruspices, multa augures provident, multa oraculis declarantur, multa vaticinationibus, multa 540 somniis, multa portentis ; quibus cognitis, multae saepe res ex hominum sententia atque utilitates partae, multa etiam pericula depulsa sunt. Haec igitur sive vis sive ars sive na- tura ad scientiam rerum futurarum homini profecto est nee alii cuiquam a diis immortalibus data. Quae si singula vos 545 forte non movent, universa certe tamen inter se connexa atque coniuncta movere debebunt. 21. Nec vero universo generi hominum solum, sed etiam singulis a diis immortalibus consuli et provideri solet. Licet enim contrahere universitatem generis humani eamque gra- 550 datim ad pauciores, postremo deducere ad singulos. Nam si omnibus hominibus, qui ubique sunt, quacumque in ora ac parte terrarum, ab huiusce terrae, quam nos incolimus, continuatione distantium, deos consulere censemus ob eas causas, quas ante diximus : his quoque hominibus consulunt, 555 qui has nobiscum terras ab'oriente ad occidentem colunt. Sin autem iis consulunt, qui quasi magnam quamdam in- sulam incolunt, quam nos orbem terrae vocamus : etiam illis consulunt, qui partes eius insulae tenent, Europam, Asiam, Africam. Ergo et earum partes diligunt, ut Romam, Athenas, 560 Spartam, Rhodum, et earum urbium separatim ab universis singulos diligunt, ut Pyrrhi bello Curium, Fabricium, Corun- canium, primo Punico Calatinum, Duillium, Metellum, Lu- tatium; secundo Maximum, Marcellum, Africanum ; post hos Paullum, Gracchum, Catonem, patrum vero memoria 565 Scipionem, Laelium ; multosque praeterea et nostra civitas l82 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO, Sect. IV. et Graecia tulit singulares viros ; quorum neminem, nisi iuvante deo, talem fuisse credendum est. Quae ratio poetas maximeque Homerum impulit, ut principibus heroum, Ulixi, Diomedi, Agamemnoni, Achilli, certos deos discriminum et periculorum comites adiungeret. Praeterea ipsorum deorum 570 saepe praesentiae declarant, ab his et civitatibus et singulis hominibus consuli : quod quidem intelligitur etiam signifi- cationibus rerum futurarum, quae turn dormientibus, turn vigilantibus portenduntur. Multa praeterea ostentis, multa extis admonemur, multisque rebus aliis : quas diuturnus usus 575 ita notavit, ut artem divinationis efficeret. Nemo igitur vir magnus sine aliquo afflatu divino umquam fuit. Nee vero ita refellendum est, ut, si segetibus aut vinetis cuiuspiam tempestas nocuerit, aut si quid e vitae commodis casus abstulerit, eum, cui quid horum acciderit, aut invisum deo 580 aut neglectum a deo iudicemus. Magna dii curant, parva negligunt. Magnis autem viris prospere semper eveniunt omnes res. AN ARGUMENT AGAINST PROVIDENCE, L Telamo uno versu locum totum conficit, cur dii homines negligant : Nam si curent, bene bonis sit, male malis ; quod nunc abest. Debebant illi quidem omnes bonos efficere, si quidem 5 hominum generi consulebant : sin id minus, bonis quidem certe consulere debebant. Cur igitur duo Scipiones, fortis- simos et optimos viros, in Hispania Poenus oppressit? Cur Maximus extulit filium consularem ? Cur Marcellum Hannibal interemit ? Cur Paullum Cannae sustulerunt ? 10 Cur Poenorum crudelitati Reguli corpus est praebitum ? Cur Africanum domestici parietes non texerunt? Sed haec Vetera, et alia permulta. Propiora videamus. Cur avunculus mens, vir innocentissimus idemque doctissimus, P. Rutilius, in exsilio est? cur sodalis mens interfectus ^5 domi suae, Drusus? cur temperantiae prudentiaeque speci- men ante simulacrum Vestae pontifex maximus est Q. Scaevola trucidatus? cur ante etiam tot civitatis principes a Cinna interempti ? cur omnium perfidiosissimus, C. Marius, Q. Catulum, praestantissima dignitate virum, mori potuit 20 iubere ? Dies deficiat, si velim numerare, quibus bonis male evenerit, nec minus, si commemorem, quibus improbis optime. Cur enim Marius tam feliciter septimum consul domi suae senex est mortuus? cur omnium crudelissimus tam diu Cinna regnavit? 184 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. IV. 2. At dedit poenas. Prohiberi melius fuit impedirique, ne 25 tot summos viros interficeret, quam ipsum aliquando poenas dare. Summo cruciatu supplicioque Q. Varius, homo im- portunissimus, periit; si, quia Drusum ferro, Metellum veneno sustulerat : illos conservari melius fuit, quam poenas sceleris Varium pendere. Duodequadraginta annos Diony- 30 sius tyrannus fuit opulentissimae et beatissimae civitatis. Quam multos ante hunc in ipso Graeciae flore Pisistratus ! At Phalaris, at Apollodorus poenas sustulit. Multls quidem ante cruciatis et necatis. Et praedones multi saepe poenas dant : nec tamen possumus dicere, non plures captivos 35 acerbe, quam praedones necatos. Anaxarchum Democri- teum a Cyprio tyranno excarnificatum accepimus, Zenonem Eleae in tormentis necatum. Quid dicam de Socrate, cuius morti illacrimari soleo Platonem legens ? Videsne igitur, deorum iudicio, si vident res humanas, discrimen esse sub- 40 latum ? 3. Diogenes quidem Cynicus dicere solebat, Harpalum, qui temporibus illis praedo in Pamphylia felix habebatur, contra deos testimonium dicere, quod in ilia fortuna tam diu viveret. Dionysius, de quo ante dixi, quum fanum 45 Proserpinae Locris expilavisset, navigabat Syracusas : isque quum secundissimo vento cursum teneret, ridens, Videtisne, inquit, amici, quam bona a diis immortalibus navigatio sacrilegis detur? Idque homo acutus quum bene planeque percepisset, in eadem sententia perseverabat : qui, quum 50 ad Peloponnesum classem appulisset, et in fanum venisset lovis Olympii, aureum ei detraxit amiculum, grandi pon- dere, quo lovem ornarat ex manubiis Karthaginiensium tyrannus Hiero. Atque in eo etiam cavillatus est, aestate grave esse aureum amiculum, hieme frigidum, eique laneum 55 pallium iniecit, quum id esse aptum ad omne anni tempus diceret. Idemque Aesculapii Epidauri barbam auream demi iussit. Neque enim convenire barbatum esse filium, quum Sect. IV. AN ARGUMENT AGAINST PROVIDENCE. 185 60 in omnibus fanis pater imberbis esset. Idem mensas ar- genteas de omnibus delubris iussit auferri, in quibus quod more veteris Graeciae inscriptum esset, bonorum deorum, uti se eorum bonitate velle dicebat. Idem Victoriolas aureas et pateras et coronas, quae simulacrorum porrectis 65 manibus sustinebantur, sine dubitatione tollebat, eaque se accipere, non auferre dicebat. Esse enim stultitiam, a quibus bona precaremur, ab iis porrigentibus et dantibus nolle sumere. Eumdemque ferunt haec omnia, quae dixi, sublata de fanis in forum protulisse et per praeconem 70 vendidisse : exactaque pecunia edixisse, ut, quod quisque a sacris haberet, id ante diem certam in suum quodque fanum referret. Ita ad impietatem in deos in homines adiunxit iniuriam. 4. Hunc igitur nec Olympius luppiter fulmine percussit 75 nec Aesculapius misero diuturnoqiie morbo tabescentem interemit, atque in suo lectulo mortuus est, eamque potest- atem, quam ipse per scelus erat nactus, quasi iustam et legitimam, hereditatis loco filio tradidit. Invita in hoc loco versatur oratio : videtur enim auctoritatem afferre 80 peccandi ; et recte videretur, nisi et virtu tis et vitiorum sine ulla divina ratione grave ipsius conscientiae pondus esset, qua sublata iacent omnia. Ut enim nec domus nec respublica ratione quadam et disciplina designata videatur, si in ea nec recte factis praemia exstent ulla 85 nec supplicia peccatis : sic mundi divina in homines moderatio profecto nulla est, si in ea discrimen nullum est bonorum et malorum. 5. At nonnumquam bonos exitus habent boni. Eos quidem arrpimus attribuimusque sine ulla ratione diis 90 immortalibus. At Diagoras, quum Samothraciam venisset, Atheos ille qui dicitur, atque ei quidam amicus, * Tu, qui deos putas humana negligere, nonne animadvertis ex tot tabulis pictis, quam multi votis vim tempestatis effugerint 1 86 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. IV. in portumque salvi pervenerint ?' * Ita fit,' inquit ; ' illi enim nusquam picti sunt, qui naufragia fecerunt in mari- 95 que perierunt.' Idemque, quum ei naviganti vectores, adversa tempestate timidi et perterriti, dicerent non iniuria sibi illud accidere, qui ilium in eamdem navem recepissent, ostendit eis in eodem cursu multas alias laborantes quae- sivitque, num etiam in iis navibus Diagoram vehi crederent. loo Sic enim se res habet, ut ad prosperam adversamve fortu- nam, qualis sis aut quemadmodum vixeris, nihil intersit. NOTES. BEAUTIES OF NATURE. I. Locata in media mundi sede. The ancients believed the earth to be the centre of the universe, and that it alone was stationary while all else moved around it. See Scipio's Dream, 11. 80 and 1 24. 3. Frugibus, 'crops.' * Fruges * always refers to the produce of the ground, and so is distinguished here from *arboribus.' Cp. below, 1. 433, * nos fruges serimus, nos arbores.* For * fruit * in our sense, meaning the * fruit of trees,* the Romans sometimes used ' fructus ; ' more often ' poma/ for the larger kind of fruit, * baccae * for the smaller. 4. Fontium gelidas peremnitates, &c. Observe the fondness of the Latin idiom for abstract substantives, which are often best rendered in English by adjectives. So here * the cool ever-flowing springs, the rivers with their clear transparent streams, the banks clad with verdure,' &c. 8. Reconditas, * hid in its bosom.' II. Silvestrium, * wild animals ; ' opposed to * pecudum/ which includes all tame animals kept by man. 12. Cultores, * civilizers.* 13. Non patiuntur — vastari, 'do not leave it either for fierce wild beasts to make a wilderness of, or wild shrubs, with their tangled shoots, a waste.* 15. Distincta, 'dotted.* 'Stinguo* is derived from * stig,* the same root from which the Greek (TTifcy {ariy-fxa) comes, which means, literally, * to mark with a pointed instrument.* The simple verb is only used in old Latin. 17. De divina ratione dubitaret, 'would doubt the existence of a Providence,' or, as it is expressed more fully by Cicero (de Nat. Deor. I. 2) * deorum mente atque ratione omnem mundum administrari et regi.' 18. Qiiae species universi, *how beautiful it is as a whole.* 22. Nativis, * natural.* 24. Finitimus, ' which most nearly resembles.* Aer, aether. Observe the distinction between these two words: 'aer' is the lower air, ' the atmosphere ; * ' aether * the clear upper air, ' the sky.' 25. Fusus et extenuatus, * expanded and rarefied.' Sublime fertur. Cp. Virg. E. 9. 29 ^ Cantantes sublime ferent ad sidera cycni.* O 2 i88 NOTES. Sect. IV. 26. Concretus in nubes cogitur, * is condensed and thickened into clouds.' Cp, Virg. Ae. 5. 20 *In nubem cogitur aer.' 29. Spiritu ductus, * inh.iled.* 32. Caeli complexus, * the encircling sky.* 'Complexus' is a subst. * Determinatio/ boundary. 34. Igneae formae, *the fiery bodies/ i. e. sun, moon, and stars, &c. Cursus ordinatos definiunt, 'perform their appointed courses.' E qui bus sol, &c. It is not easy to realize exactly Cicero's notion of the movements of the heavenly bodies, but his meaning seems to be some- thing of this sort : that the sun and moon revolved round the earth once in twenty-four hours in the same sphere, but that their orbits were in entirely different planes ; hence the lunar phases and eclipses. The sun, however, did not describe a perfect circle round the earth, but kept taking a wider and wider range daily from mid-winter to mid-summer, and then a gradually decreasing one : hence the phenomena of increasing and decreasing length of day, and the changes of the seasons. 35. Multis partibus, ablative of measure. The sun is, in round num- bers, one million and a quarter times as large as the earth. 36. Circum eam volvitur. That the sun and all the other heavenly bodies moved round the earth was the popular belief of ancient times, and was worked out by Claudius Ptolemaeus, who lived in Egypt in the second century, a. d. into a regular system, called from him the Ptolemaic. The opposite or solar system, which makes the sun the centre of the universe, was known to Pythagoras and taught by some of his disciples, but was never extensively accepted till comparatively modern times, when it was firmly established by Copernicus, Galileo, and lastly by Sir Isaac Newton. The story of Galileo being condemned by the Pope for teaching that the earth moved round the sun, not the sun round the earth, is well known. 38. Binas in anno — facit, * twice in the year turns back from its furthest point in opposite directions.' He is referring to the summer and winter solstices, when the sun, having reached its greatest declination north- ward or southward, turns back towards the equator. 39. Contrahit, * congeals,' the * quaedam* qualifying the boldness of the metaphor. ' Contraho ' is used of the effect of cold, * to pinch ' or * shrivel up : ' cp. Virg. G. 4. 259 ' Ignavaeque fame et contracto frigore pigrae.' 41. Maior quam dimidia pars terrae, * more than half as big as the earth.* In reality, the earth is about forty-nine times as big as the moon. 45. Subiecta atque opposita soli, literally, * coming immediately under, and in the way of, the sun,' i. e. ' passing in front of the sun's disk, and so obstructing his rays in their passage to the earth.* 47. E region e sol is, *on the opposite side (of the earth) to the sun.* 48, Deficit, Ms eclipsed.' Cp. Virg. G. 2. 478 * Defectus solis varios, lunaeque labores.* Sect. IV. BEAUTIES OF NATURE. 50. Quarum motus— insistunt, * moving sometimes quicker, sometimes slower, sometimes standing still.* 53. Quarum ita descripta distinctio est, *so accurately arranged in separate divisions.* It is impossible to translate an abstract substantive like ' distinctio' literally in such a passage as this. * Distinguo' is ' to mark off by a scratched or dotted line.* For ' descripta' see note on Pt. I. Sect. I. 5. 12. 54. Notarum figurarum. He is referring to the way in vi^hich the Greeks mapped out the stars into figures of men and animals, giving . them names by which they are still commonly known. 56. Casu at temere, 'by chance and at random.' * Casu' is the more general word, * temere' always marks the absence of design or plan. 59. Sed intelligi qualia sint non possunt,'but whose nature cannot be understood.' 62. Appareat is subj., as being consecutive, after a question which is equivalent to a negative. 65. Ea quae radicibus continentur, 'everything which is connected with the earth by roots.* Cp. below 1. 160, 'omnium rerum, quae a terra stirpibus continerentur.* Libro aut cortice. 'Liber' is the inner bark or rind, 'cortex* the outer. 71. Quanta ad earn rem vis, ut, ' how much is done to itlake them,* &c. 75. Effugia pennarum, ' wings to escape with,* contrasted with the horns which are given for defence. 78. Conficiendum, 'to chew it.' Cp. below 1. 230 'adversi dentes dividunt escas, intimi autem conficiunt.* Livy 2. 32, in the account of the fab!e of the Belly and the Members, ' conspirasse inde (Membra) ne manus ad OS cibum ferrent, nec os acciperet datum, nec dentes conficerent.' 79. Sollers subtilisque. 'Sollers' is derived from * sollo,' an Oscan word meaning ' whole,' and ' ars,' and so means literally ' clever at all things,* then generally, ' clever,' ' ingenious.' ' Subtilis' is a contraction of subtextilis,' and means literally, ' woven fine,' ' fine spun,' and thence generally applied to anything that is minute, fine, precise, delicate, nearly = Gr. X^-nros. 80. Quae quidem intus inclusa sunt, ' at least, all the internal parts,* * qnidem' limits the * omnia.' Nata, ' made,* 84. Conatum haberent, ' use eftbrts,* 'exert themselves.* 88. Unguium tenacitate, aduncitate rostrorum, * with griping talons,* ' with hooked beaks.' Observe again the abstract substantives. See above on 1. 53. 89. Carpunt, ' browse.* *Carpo*is properly applied to graminivorous animals only. It is probably connected with the same root as'rap-io' and Or. apTT-a^oj. Alia vorant, alia mandunt, ' some swallow their food whole, some masticate it.' 190 NO TES, Sect. IV. 94. Habebant is here equivalent to 'would otherwise have;* literally, * they had,' i. e. before their trunk was added. 98. In araneolis aliae — aliae. He is here alluding to the two kinds of spiders, those who spin nets and those who spin webs. The former are most frequently met with in the fields, and are called geometrical spiders, the latter are usually found in dwellings. See an interesting description of the two in Kirby and Spence's Entomology, pp. 229 foil. 7th ed. TOO. Ex inopinato, * in ambush,* *out of sight ;* Hterally, 'from a place from which they are not expected.* It more often means * unexpectedly.* ' She does not station herself upon the surface of the net, but in the small silken apartment constructed below it, and completely hidden from view. But, thus removed to a distance from her net, and entirely out of sight of it, how is she to know when her prey is entrapped ? For this difficulty our ingenious weaver has provided. She has taken care to spin several threads from the edge of the net to that of her hole, which at once inform her by their vibrations of the capture of a fly, and serve as a bridge on which in an instant she can run to secure it.' Kirby and Spence, p. 231. loi. Pinna. This tale of the 'pinna* and the 'squilla* is told by Aristotle, who calls the latter from it -nivvocpvKa^ or TTivvorr]pr]$. Cicero elsewhere (De Fin. 3. 19) gives another reason for the alliance, that the Squilla gives warning to the Pinna of the approach of enemies. But there is no foundation for either story. See Hartwig's * Sea and its Living Wonders,' p. 253. 'If many crabs are burdened with small animals and plants, others live parasitically in the shells of mollusks. Thus the small " Pinnotheres vetcrum *' claims the hospitahty of the Pinna, a large bi-valve of the Medi- terranean. The ancients supposed that this was a friendly connexion, an *' entente cordiale** formed for mutual defence: that the Pinna being destitute of eyes, and thus exposed when he opened his shell to the attacks of the cuttle- fish and other enemies, was warned of their approach by his little lodger, upon which he immediately closed his shell, and both were safe. Un- fortunately there is not one word of truth in the whole story. The sole reason for which the Pinnotheres takes up its abode under a stranger*s roof is the softness of its own integuments, which otherwise would leave it utterly defenceless ; nor does the Pinna show the least sign of affection for its guest, who on returning from an excursion often finds it very difficult to slip again into the shell.* 106. Congressu ne — congregatae sint, * whether it is by some mutual agreement, or by nature and from the very first, they thus combine/ 108. Est etiam admiratio nonnulla in, &c., ' there is also something to admire in.* ' In* here means ' in the case of.* III. Persequuntur, * make for.' 113. Exclusi fotique, 'hatched and reared.* Cp. below 1. 176, 'Ex quibus (ovis) pullos quum excluserint, ita tuentur ut et pennis foveant.' 118. Platalea, * the spoonbill/ 120. Mergerent. This and the other imperfects are to be translated Sect. IV, BEAUTIES OF NATURE. jgi in English by present tenses. The Latin idiom requires the verbs of a passage quoted in * oratio obliqua' to be in imperfect subjunctive, even though they do not refer to what is past, but to what happens constantly. Observe further that though * legi* is strictly a perfect not an aorist, ' I have read,' not* I read,* yet it takes past tenses after it. This is often the case in Latin where the dependent verb refers rather to the commencement or progress of the action of the principal verb than to its completion. Thus, ' feci hoc ut in- telligeres,* ' I have done this that you may understand.' The full force of the Latin is, * I have done this, and when 1 set about it, my object was that you might understand.' So here, ' I have read an account and there it was stated that there was a bird,* &c. See Zumpt. Lat. Gr. § 514. 122. Invaderet, * seizes.* *Tnvado' is often used of taking, generally by force, what does not belong to one; cp. Cic. Phil. i. i, 'qui in C. Marii nomen invaserat/ 'who had usurped the name of C. Marius.* lb. 2. 16, • in multas pecunias aHenissimorum hominum ejectis veris heredibus invasit.* 123. Conchis, 'with shell-fish.* T25. Rana marina, 'the frog-fish,' also called the * angler' or 'fishing-frog' or ' sea-devil.' ' On its head are two elongated bony appendages, curiously articulated to the skull by a joint formed something like the links of a chain, and capable of movement in any direction. The angler couches close to the bottom of the sea, and by the movement of its pectoral fins stirs up the sand and mud, and agitates the bony appendages amid the turbid cloud produced. The small fishes observing the muddy water, and taking the filaments for worms, approach to seize them, and are instantly engulphed in the capacious jaws of the crafty Angler.' Wood's Natural History, p. 359. Couch, British Fishes, vol. 2. p. 207, mentions an instance in which seventy-five herrings, and another in which twenty-one flounders and a dory were found inside an Angler, and in both cases the fish were of sufficient size, and sufhciently uninjured to be sent to market. 126. Prope aquam, 'just below the water.* 127. Ad quas='et ad eas,' and therefore the verb is in infinitive, as being coupled by the implied conjunction to ' moveri.* 130. Illud, in English ' this,' i. e. what follows, literally, 'that other matter,' as contrasted with the one previously mentioned. 135. Tanquam a puppi, 'as a ship by a wind blowing aft.* Cp. Virg. Ae. 3. 130 ' Prosequitur surgens a puppi ventus euntes.* 139. Ex iis qui acquierunt, ' one of those which have had a rest.' * Acquierunt,* contracted perf. of ' acquiesco.* 143' Quid ea, supply ' censes* or some such word, ' What are we to think of those things ?' 145. Alvos curant, 'keep themselves in health.' Cp, the phrase ' corpora curare,* for ' taking meals.' 147. Caperentur. Another series of imperfects subj. after a principal verb in the perfect, * auditum est.' See above, note on 1. 1 20. 192 NOTES, Sect. IV. 150. Dictamnus, * dittany/ There does not appear to be any founda- tion for the story here told. 152. Seselis, * hart- wort.* 155. Sepiae, * the cuttle-fish.* * It might be supposed that the dibranchiate cephalopods, by their swiftness, their arms, and their powerful jaws, were sufficiently provided with means of attack or defence ; but it must be remembered that their body is soft and naked, and that, though well armed in front, they may readily be attacked in the rear. To afford them the additional protection they required, nature, ever ready to minister to the real wants of her children, has furnished them with an internal bag, com- municating with the respiratory tube, and secreting a large quantity of an inky fluid, which they can squirt out with force in the face of their foe, and which, mixing readily with the water, envelopes them in an opaque cloud, and thus screens them from pursuit. But this inky fluid, thus useful to its owner, is often the cause of its destruction by man, who applies it to his own purposes ; for the Italian pigment called " sepia," so invaluable to painters in water-colours, is prepared from the inspissated contents of the ink-bag of a cuttle-fish.' Hartwig, * The Sea and its Living Wonders,* p. 275. 156. Torpedines, *the electric ray,* torpore, *by causing numbness,* i. e. by electric shocks. * This fish possesses the power of accumulating in its electrical organs a considerable amount of the electric fluid, much in the same manner in which it is accumulated in the Leyden phial, so that while one of its surfaces, the back, is in the positive condition, the belly is negative ; and the equiHbrium could be restored by the interposition of water, metals, or the human body.* Couch's History of British Fishes, vol. i. p. 125. 158. Esset, essent, continerentur. The imperfects again are depend- ent on ' adhibita est* which is a genuine perfect. See above, note on 1. 120. Ut — deorum, 'great care moreover has been bestowed by Divine Provi- dence to perpetuate everything with which the earth is furnished.* * Orna- tus* is here used metaphorically, animals, plants, &c., being regarded as the * furniture* (ornatus) of the earth. 159. Essentjhere used absolutely, ^should always exist,' * should never fail.* 160. A terra stirpibus continerentur, ' are connected with the earth by roots.* 161. Eam vim, *such abundance.* 167. Usque ad eum finem dum — defendere, * till such time as they are able to take care of themselves.' 168. Etsi. The force of the conjunction is, * not however that all creatures do so, for fish,* &c. 173. Requirunt, 'seek out.' 175. Substernunt, ' line them.' 177. Se opponant, ' shelter them. from it,* literally, ' put their own bodies in the way of it.' 180. Accedit, 'is applied,' literally, 'is added,* i.e. to what nature does for them. Sect. IV. BEAUTIES OF NATURE. Earum rerum quas terra gignit, 'of the produce of the earth.' 184. Opportunitates, 'adaptations.' Ad cultum hominum atque abiindantiam, * to enable man to till the ground, and reap abundant crops.* 185. Aegyptum Nilus irrigat. It is only by the inundations of the Nile and the deposits which it brings with it that any part of Egypt is made capable of producing vegetation. The whole of the Delta is formed of alluvial soil deposited by it, and the rest of the country owes its fertility entirely to the 'yearly deposit of mud left by the river when it floods the country in autumn. The manner of its cultivation is described by Hdt. 2. 14, who also says, in 2. 5 Ai7U7rTos Icti AiyvirTiOKn kniKTrjTos re 7^, nal dwpov tov TTOTa/JLOV. 188. Euphrates. This river, flowing from the snow mountains of Armenia, is in flood during the spring and early summer. It deposits a considerable body of alluvial soil, and, like the Nile, has formed a Delta at its mouth. 189. Indus. On the subject of this assertion, I have been favoured with the following interesting remarks by Dr. Mitchinson, the Head Master of the King's School, Canterbury. He says, ' Though it is not probable that the Indus sows its own alluvial soil with grain, yet it is a certain fact that rivers do transport the vegetable product of their upland valleys, and of the mountains from which they spring, to the low-lying alluvial plains, which they in the first instance create. As an example of this, I may mention that two summers ago I found, quite in the low-lying valley of that tributary of the Aberdeen- shire Dee which takes its rise out of the bosom of Ben-muic-dhui, an Alpine plant, Arabis Petraea, which is frequent upon the summit and higher regions of that mountain : it had evidently been transported by the river to a distance of some ten miles, and, oddly enough, had adapted its mode of growth to its new habitat, so much so as to seem to be almost a different plant altogether.' 194. Fructuum, genitive, dependent on 'fertiles ' as implying * plenty.' 200. Ventos Etesias, * monsoons.* eTTjaiai is the Greek name for the north-westerly wind which blows in the Aegean for forty days during the dog- days, but it was also given to other winds of the same character, e. g. to the Egyptian monsoons, in Hdt. 2. 20. 205. Ab ora maritima remotissima, i.e. so as to supply those who would have difficulty in procuring supplies of sea-salt. 209. Sic undique — concluditur, 'thus from all points, and by every kind of argument, we arrive at the conclusion.* 213. Tantarum rerum molitio facta sit, * so vast a scheme of con- trivance has been expended,' lit. 'the contriving of such great things has been effected.* 228. Spiritu augetur, * draws in a larger amount of breath.' 230. Molitur, from ' molo,' to * grind.* Eorum — escas, ' of these the front teeth are sharp and cut up the food as they bite it.' 194 NOTES. Sect. IV. 231. Genuini, *the jaw-teeth,' ' grinders,* from ' genae,* • the jaws.' 233. Excipit, * succeeds,' * comes next to.' Stomachus, here means *the gullet,* or * aesophagus,* It is a Greek word connected with arofxa, and it was only in later medical writers that it was applied to what we call ' the stomach.* Strictly speaking the pharynx comes immediately behind and below the tongue, then the aesophagus, ' stomachus * therefore here must include both. 237. Ipsius partes eae, &c. The pharynx and aesophagus are tubes, composed of muscular rings, which spontaneously contract as the food passes downwards, so as to force it on towards the stomach, and prevent regurgitation. 239. Aspera arteria, * the wind-pipe,* 77 rpax^Ta dpTTjpta; from the Greek adjective comes the other medical name, the 'trachea.* 240. Paullo supra quam — annectitur, ' a little above where the tongue joins the gullet.* 244. Operculo. The epiglottis, a sort of moveable valve, which protects the aperture by which the trachea communicates with the pharynx. 246. Alvi. * Alvus * is properly ' the abdomen : * here it is used for the principal contents of the abdomen, viz. the intestine. 249. Nervis, not * nerves,* but 'fibrous tissue.' Arcet, 'shuts in;' its more usual sense is 'to shut out,' 'exclude/ but cp. Scipio's Dream, 1. 109, where it is again joined in this sense with con- tineo, ' orbis caelestis, arcens et continens ceteros.' 252. Ut facile — dividantur, the order is, *ut, exterendo cibo, et ( = both) calore, quem multum habet, et praeterea spiritu, omnia cocta atque confecta facile dividantur in reliquum corpus.' 255. Raritas quaedam, ' a kind of looseness of texture.' Cp. Plin. 8. 43, 68, quoted in Smith's Diet. * (asini) nec pontes transeunt, per raritatem eorum translucentibus fluviis.' 258. Cibus animalis, 'the air which is their nourishment.* * Cibus animalis * might be construed ' oxygen,' though this ingredient of the at- mosphere, necessary for the life of all animated beings, was only discovered by Priestley in a.d. 1774, and therefore must have been unknown, as distinct from the air generally, by Cicero. 261. Portas iecoris, ' the orifice of the liver.* 262. Pertinent ad iecur, 'lead to the liver.' 263. Inde pertinentes, 'leading from it,* i. e. from the liver. 272. Ilia, 'another,' literally, ' that other one.* Nam is used here, to introduce the fulfilment of the promise implied in ' explicetur,' as yap is so often in Greek after a future tense, or anything equivalent to one. It is best omitted in translating. 275. Respirando, 'by the act of respiration.* Concipitur, *is received.' Cicero's anatomy and physiology are at fault here. He is wrong in giving to the heart anything to do with respiration. It is the centre of the circulatory system. Sect. IV. BEAUTIES OF NATURE, 277. Illam, * which I have mentioned/ 282. Subiecto corpori, * forming the basis of the body.' 291. Humo excitatos. This contrast between man and the lower animals is a favourite topic with the ancients. Cp. Ov. Met. i. 85 * Pronaqiie quum spectent animalia cetera terram, Os homini sublime dedit, caelumque tueri lussit, et arrectos ad sidera tollere vultus.* 293. E terra. The preposition here belongs properly only to ' spectatores * in the second clause. Fully expressed it would be ' non ut incolae atque habitatores in terra, sed e terra spectatores.* 296. Interpretes. *Interpres' is literally *a go between' of any kind. Here it is a synonym of *^nuntii:* 'the conveyancers and messengers:' rerum, * of all that happens.* 32T. Providit, i. e. *natura,* from above, though the two intermediate verbs have different subjects. 323. Incideret. Here again this and the following imperfects subj. are de- pendent on ' munitae sunt,* which is not in itself historical, because the Latin idiom refers the dependent verbs to the time when the action of the principal verb was first contemplated by Nature ; and so the force of the tenses is this : * the eyelids are fortified with a kind of palisade of hair, which nature placed there in order that, if anything were falling into them, it might be repelled,' &c. 324. ut iis. This, if it be the true reading, is a repetitionof the preceding *quibus,* which = et iis. 325. Latent utiliter, * it is advantageous that they are sunk back.' Excelsis, 'prominent.* 327. Supercil iis is ablative not dative. 337. Adiectae voces, 'the sounds which reach them.* 340. Relatus, 'echoed.' Cp. Virg. E. 6. 84 ' Ille canit: pulsae referunt ad sidera valles.' G. 4. 526 ' Ah miseram Eurydicen anima fiigiente vocabat : Eurydicen toto referebant flumine ripae.* 341. Resonatur, may either be used impersonally, or * sonus ' may be supplied to it from the previous sentence. A drawing of a lyre may be seen in Diet, of Ant. v. Lyra, which has both the tortoise shell at the bottom, and a pair of horns projecting above between which the strings (fides) are drawn. * Resonare* is used for ' to echo ' in Virg. E. i. 5 * Formosam resonare doces Amaryllida silvas.* Cp. also G. 3. 338, and Hor. S. i. 4. 76 * Suave locus voci resonat conclusus.' 343. Propter ne.cessarias utilitates, 'because their use is always required.* 348. Ad incolumitatis custodiam, 'to keep it unimpaired.* * In- columis,' like ' calamitas,* is derived from ' cado,* by the common substitution of d for / in Latin. NOTES. Sect. IV. 351. In pictis — form is,* in painting, statuary, and chased work.' *Fingo' with its derivatives is properly applied to figures moulded in soft material, as wax or clay, but is extended as a general term to all kinds of statuary, as even figures cut out in stone are first modelled in clay or wax. * Caelatura * was used for all kinds of ornamental metal work, but especially for what was wrought in relief. 355. Iratum propitium, the pairs of adjectives here are contrasted : * they can distinguish an angry from a friendly man,* &c. We should prefer in English the abstract substantives, * anger from friendliness,' &c. 358. In vocis — cantibus, ' both in vocal music and in that of pipes or stringed instruments.' 360. Candidum fuscum, * the clear from the husky.* These are used by Quintilian as technical terms of rhetoric. 361. Grave acutum, 'bass from treble.* Durum would be expressed by our word ' wooden.* 362. Et gustandi et tangendi, 'the senses of taste and touch.* 366. Quo processerint, ' to what a pitch have run.* Corporum lenocinia, 'ways of embellishing the person.* See Diet, of Ant. V. Unguenta. 368. Animum ipsum mentemque, of these two words 'animus' is the wider, embracing properly the whole rational principle in man, as ' anima* does the principle of animal life, while ' mens* denotes specially the intellec- tual faculties. When they are joined together ' animus ' refers rather to the will and the emotional part of the mind. ' Consilium ' is the power of com- bination by which he forms plans, ' prudentiam ' his power of foresight by which he foresees the consequences and results of actions. 369. Perfecta. Observe that an adjective or participle agreeing with a number of substantives of different genders, if they denote inanimate things, is always itself neuter. The rule that the masculine is preferred to the feminine is confined to things animate. 371. Consequentium — comprehensio, 'how great a power of com- bining and grasping together consequences with their antecedents.* 374. Singulas res, ' separate objects.* Circumscripte complectimur, * comprise in a few words.' 377. Ea quae extra sunt, ' external objects.'' 378. CoUatis et comparatis. Observe all through this passage the numerous instances of Cicero's fondness for using two synonymous or nearly synonymous words where one would suffice. It is often better in English to drop one of them. 379. Ad usum vitae necessarias, 'required for the necessities of life.' 380. Domina rerum, 'that queen of the world.* Cp. Virg. G. 2. 534 ' Scilicet et rerum facta est pulcherrima Roma.' And Ae. I. 282 'Romanes rerum dominos.* Sect. IV. BEAUTIES OF NATURE. 197 382. Efficit ut possimus, ' enables us to,* &c. 385. Gestientes comprimimus, ' we calm excitement.' 387. luris, legum, 'law and enactments.* *Ius* is the more general word, and comprehends all that is included under the word 'law* in its widest sense; 'lex* always refers to a specific enactment. (From Smith's Dict.^ 388. Immani et fera, 'uncivilized and savage.* 390. Arteria, ' the wind-pipe,' called above 1. 239, ' aspera arteria.* 392. Percipitur et funditur, 'is received (i.e. from the mind) and uttered.' Finita dentibus; cp. the well-known expression of Homer epfcos 393. Fingit et terminat, ' it reduces to shape and controls.* 394. Pressos, 'accurate,* 'plain.* It is more usually applied to style of speech, and then means ' compressed,* * concise.* 395. Similem. Observe the change of case with * similis.* 'Plectri* and ' chordarum * are in the genitive, because their resemblance to the tongue and the teeth is in use, an inward likeness, ' cornibus * is in the dative, be- cause the resemblance between them and the nostrils is one of external appearance. 396. Cornibus lis. See above on I. 342 ; in cantibus, * in music' 401 NuUo in motu laborat, 'can perform any movement without difficulty.' Ad pingendum, &c. The three words correspond to the ' pictae, fictae, et caelatae formae* mentioned above, 1. 351. 404. Ilia, literally, ' those other,' as contrasted with those which have been just mentioned (haec), in English, ' the following.* 406. Ad inventa — manibus, 'when we add the hands of craftsmen to what the mind has invented and the senses discovered.* 408. Possemus, haberemus. Imperfects again referring, not to the completed action of ' consecutos,' but to that end as aimed at from the beginning. See notes on 11. 120 and 323. 411. Manu quaesita, 'produced by cultivation.* 413. Bestiis — volatilibus, 'birds, beasts, and fishes.* Partirn ca- piendo, partim alendo, ' some of which we catch, others we rear.' 414. Efficimus domitu nostro quadrupedum vectiones, 'we tame animals and make them carry us.* 419. Abutimur, ' make full use of.* 422. Materia, * timber.' 424. Ad mitigandum cibum, * for cooking food.* 428. Moderationem habemus, 'have the control of.' Observe that * res * is expressed with the relative, not with the demonstrative ' earum * a.s an antecedent. 430. Maritimis rebus, ' things which the sea supplies us with.* 198 NOTES. Sect. IV. 434. Aquarum induction ibus, 'by irrigation,' which was, and still is much practised in Italy on the slopes of the hills; cp. Virg. G. i. 106 * Deinde satis fluvium inducit rivosque sequentes ; Et cum exustus ager morientibus aestuat herbis, Ecce ! supercilio clivosi tramitis undam Elicit, ilia cadens rancum per levia murmur Saxa ciet, scatebrisque arentia temperat arva.* 435. Arcemus, 'confine within banks;' cf. above 1. 249. Avertimus, * divert their channels/ 437. Quid vero ? *nay more;* literally, * but what (will you say of this?)* 438. Astrorum, *of the heavenly bodies,* * astra ' is here used as a ge- neric term for sun, moon, and stars. 450. Talem effici potuisse, * could have been made what they are.* 451. Atque aliquando perorem comes in between ' doceam' and its dependent clause, ' omnia — parata,* without affecting the construction. ' Ali- quando' in such a position means 'at last.' 452. Quae sint. If the subjunctive is the correct reading here, it must be explained as a sort of anacoluthon, Cicero having begun the sentence as if he were going to end it with an impersonal verb, such as * dicendum est,' in which case the relative clause would belong to the dependent infinitive, of which * omnia' would then be the subject, and so would be rightly in the subjunctive. As the sentence stands, the relative clause belongs to the principal verb, and therefore would strictly be in the indicative, as in the sentences immeditately preceding and following. There is, however, anothei reading, * sunt.' 463. Ad mundi cohaerentiam pertinent, * they assist in keeping the universe together/ the notion being that the revolutions of the heavenly bodies, * Cycle on epicycle, orb on orb,' were combined into one harmonious movement, by which the whole universe was as it were kept together. 464. Et spectaculum hominibus praebent, *they also furnish an object for men to gaze on with admiration ;* i.e. another object with which they were created was to give pleasure to man, by offering a sight on which his eyes might feast with delight. 465. Nulla est insatiabilior species, 'there is no other sight which never cloys (or, produces satiety), like this.* A word like ' insatiabilis/ as containing a negative, is, strictly speaking, incapable of degrees of com- parison. Ad rationem sollertiamque praestantior, * so surpassing in refer- ence to reason and contrivance,' i. e. * so conspicuous a proof of reason and contrivance,* employed in the creation of the universe. 467. Dimetati is here used as a deponent participle, governing * cursus/ The more usual form is ' dimensi,' from 'dimetior :' the forms from 'meto' Sect. IV. BEAUTIES OF NATURE, 199 and its compounds are rarely used, and when they do occur, the participle is usually, as would naturally be the case, a genuine passive. 471. Ea, accusative after * gignere,* referring to * frugibuset vario legumi- num genere.' 474. Percipiendi, 'gathering in,' 'harvesting.' This is the literal sense of the word, from which it derives its other meaning, whence we get our word * perceive,' by metaphor, acquiring knowledge being, in a way, a reap- ing of a mental harvest. 475. Reponendi, * storing up.* Cp. Virg. Ae. 4. 402 *Ac veluti ingentem formicae farris acervum Quum populant, hiemis memores, tectoque reponunt.' And so Horace, Epod. 9. i, speaks of the wine in his cellar as *repostum Caecubum ad festas dapes.* The gerunds in this sentence are genitives of the object, *pecudum* is genitive of the subject. So in the following sentence *earum omnium rerum' is objective, *hominum* subjective. 486. Nisi forte. The sentence in the parenthesis is to be regarded as ironical. Pomorum, * fruits,' a generic term. See above, note on 1. 3. 492. Confectis, * prepared,' * manufactured.' 493. Quae quidem — potuissent, *nay, they could not even have been reared,' &c. 496. Adulatio. This is the literal meaning of the word, *adulor* is properly applied to a dog, fawning upon its master by wagging its tail. It is probably derived from the same root as Gr. oupa, the tail, / being often substituted for r. 502. Extrahenda ; if the reading is correct, this word is used in the sense of the simple * trahenda :' but there is no other instance of its being so used. The force of the preposition is generally very emphatic wherever it is used. Quibus is dative after * afferebatur,' and is not to be connected with * subigerentur,' though no doubt it suggests 'ab iis' to express the agent of the latter verb. Quum terrae subigerentur, * when the earth was first being broken up :* this must be the meaning, as oxen were still used for ploughing. He is contradicting the common tradition about the golden age, in which, ac- cording to the poets, the earth produced crops without any tillage. Cp. Virg. G. I. 125 •Ante lovem nuUi subigebant arva coloni. ipsaque tellus Omnia liberius, nullo poscente, ferebat.* *Subigere* (see note on Pt. i. Sect. I. 5, 9) is a regular agricultural term and not a poetical metaphor. Conington (note on Virg. G. 2. 50) quotes from Columella, a writer on agriculture, * Locum subigere oportet bene ; ubi erit subactus areas facito.* 503* Vis nulla afferebatur. There is a passage quoted in Davies' note 200 NOTES, Sect. IV. from the same writer, Columella, to the same effect ; * bovis tanta fuit apud antiquos veneratio ut tam capitale esset bovem necasse quam civem.' 505. Ferrea, &c. These lines are translated from Aratus. The original lines are XaXfceirj yevcrj^ trpOTepcov oKoouTepoi dvdpes Ol TTpajTOi KaKoepyov hxo.KKevaavro fxax^ipCLV Eivod'iTjVf TTpwTOi 5^ ^oobv kiraaavT dpoTrjpcuv, 508. Visceribus, here used generally for * flesh.' Cp. Virg. Ae. 6. 253 'Et solida imponit taurorum viscera flammis.* 512. Ghrysippus. The saying of Chrysippus is given in Creuzer's note quoted from Porphyry, dl vs oil di dWo ri TrXrjv OveaOai kyeyovci, ml ry, cap/cl rfjv ipvxrjv 6 Oeds oTov d\as kvifjii^ev, cvoif/iav -qpuv jJLjjxavujfxcvos. 516. Pronoea, from Gr. Trpovoia, Providence personified. Athena was worshiped at Delphi under the title of *A6Tjvci Upovoia. Liddell and Scott V. irpovoia. By saying that ' Providence might be thought to be an Epi- curean' Cicero means that she had provided so richly for man's enjoyment that one might think she accepted Epicurus' principle that pleasure was the * summum bonum.* 519. Alites et oscines, * those which give omens by their flight and those which give them by their note.* The two are expressed by Virg. Ae. 8. 360 *qui sidera sentis Et volucrum linguas et praepetis omina pennae,* 'praepes* being the more usual word than * ales.' 528. Spatia — camporum, 'the wide extent of fruitful plains.* 529. Tum — celeritate, * and moreover how we voyage over the sea with incredible speed.' 530. Nec vero supra terram, * and not only on the surface of the earth is this the case.* There is no verb which can be directly supplied from what has gone before with these words, and 'latet' which follows is of course in itself inapplicable. Some general expressions must be supplied as suggested by the whole context. The omission of *modo* where the * sed etiam* in the following clause of necessity suggests it is not uncommon. So in Greek ov sometimes stands alone, without ijlovov or oirws, before a following dWa Kai, but chiefly in late Greek. 532. Utilitas. Here is another abstract substantive where we can hardly use one in English. See above, note 1. 4. Translate, * many useful things are hidden, which being created for man's service, are by man alone discovered.* He uses * invenitur ' rather than ' inventae sunt,* because dis- coveries were continually going on. The other would only refer to those which had been already made. 536. Est enim profecto divinatio, ' for it is certain there is such a thing as divination.* * Divinatio' was a generic term for all the different ways in which the will of the gods was supposed to be conveyed to man. ^37' Quum — publicis, *not only in regard to individuals, but much more in regard to the state.* Sect. IV. ARGUMENT AGAINST PROVIDENCE. 201 541. Ex hominum sententia, 'according to men's wishes.' 542. Haec sive vis sive ars sive natura, 'this energy, or art, or natural endowment, or whatever it be.' 549. Contrahere universitatem generis hum an i, ' narrow the wide field of the whole human race.' 552. Ab huiusce terrae continuatione distantium, ' separated from all connection with this earth of ours.' ' Continuatio' is literally * the being connected in unbroken line with anything,' from ' continuus,' ' uninterrupted.' 560. Separatim ab universis singulos, ' individual inhabitants dis- tinctly from the whole body.' 571. Ab his — consuli, '.that they take care of the mterests of both states and individuals.* 572. Significationibus, 'prognostics.' 576. Artem, ' a scientific system.' 579. Quid e vitae commodis, 'any of the blessings of life.* ARGUMENT AGAINST PROVIDENCE. This passage occurs among the arguments used against the existence of a Providence, in reply to those from which the previous passage is taken. It is inserted here as containing several interesting anecdotes. The difficulty which it raises is, of course, no difficulty to a Christian. I. Tel a mo. Cicero is quoting a line from some tragedy in which Telamon is one of the characters. A play of Pacuvius called 'Teucer' is often quoted by Cicero, in which Telamon is one of the characters, and from which this verse is probably taken. Cp. de Orat. 2. 46, Tusc. Disp. 5- 37- Locum totum conficit, 'sums up the whole argument,' 'Locus,' in the sense in which it is used here, is a translation of the Greek tottos. tottoi in Aristotle are ' general heads of argument.' Cur. The sense of ' cur' here is peculiar, for the verse which follows does not give the reason why the gods pay no regard to men, but the grounds upon which the writer believed it to be the case that they did so disregard them. It may be translated, ' the whole argument which proves that the gods pay no regard to man.' 3. Curent — sit. A bare supposition, like ei with opt. followed by an opt. with du in Greek. ' If they were to care for man, it would be well,' &c. Quod nunc abest, ' which, as things are, is far from being the case.' 8. Extulit, 'buried.' Maximus here means Q^ Fabius Maximus Cunc- tator, the hero of the early part of the second Punic War. His loss of his son is mentioned in Pt. i. Sect. I. 10, 30 foil., where Cicero records that he spoke his funeral oration (laudatio). P 202 NOTES. Sect. IV. II. Africanum. He means Scipio Africanus Minor, who was believed to have been murdered in his bed by agents of the popular party, whom he opposed, B. c. 129. Cp. Scipio's Dream, note on 1. 50, 13. Meus. The speaker is C. Aurelius Cotta, a distinguished orator. His mother was Rutilia. 14. Rutilius. This was P. Rutilius Rufus. He was a man of great integrity and firmness, and when serving as Legatus in Asia, under Q^Mucius Scaevola, he incurred the hostility of the Publicani by the vigour with which he repressed their extortions, and was in consequence impeached and con- victed on a false charge of malversation, got up against him by those whose robberies he had interfered with, and compelled to go into banishment. He was famous as an orator. 15. Drusus. M. Livius Drusus who was assassinated B.C. 91. 17. Scaevola. Mucius Scaevola, who perished in the Proscription of Marius and Carbo, B. c. 82. 20. Quibus bonis male evenerit, * all the good men who have been unfortunate.* 25. At, ' but, it will be said.' 'At' here introduces a supposed objection which the speaker answers. ' At enim* is more usual in this sense. See note on Pt. i. Sect. i. 25, 44. Melius fuit, 'it would have been better.* The English idiom with such expressions as this is adapted to the fact that that which ought to or might have happened, did not happen, and implies this by the use of the subjunctive mood. The Latin idiom, more strictly accurate, expresses that the expediency or possibility was real, although the event did not happen. This is the regular Latin construction with such words and phrases as ' oportet,' ' necesse est,* •par,* 'fas/ 'justum est,' ' debeo,' 'possum,' 'licet.* See Zumpt, Lat. Gr, § 518. 27. Varius. Q^Varius Hybrida, a native of Sucro in Spain, who was tribune of the plebs in b. c. 90. He was put to death in the following year under a law which he himself had carried for punishing all who had aided the Socii in taking up arms against Rome. Nothing more is known of his having been the murderer of Drusus and Metellus beyond Cicero's assertion here. 28. Si, supply ' periit.* The argument is, ' If you mean to say that Varius' punishment is a proof of the interference of the gods, then I reply that they had better have prevented the crime than punished it.' 32. In ipso Graeciae flore. Two different meanings are assigned to this expression, i. 'when Greece was just at its prime,' 2. 'in the choicest city of Greece,' i. e. at Athens. The latter seems to give most tone to the sentence. 33. At, same as above, 'but, you will say.' Apollodorus. The sentence does not run very regularly. If he repeats the name of Phalaris in the supposed objection, it would have been consistent to have repeated that of Pisistratus also, instead of substituting a fresh in- Sect. IV. ARGUMENT AGAINST PROVIDENCE, ^03 stance. Apollodorus was a tyrant of Cassandreia, formerly Potidaea, in Paliene. He lived in the earlier part of the third century b. c. He is thus described by Polyaenus, rvpavvos kyiv€TO cpovLKojTaros kol ajfioTaros ttclvtcov, oaoi rrn p' ''EWt] (Tiv irapa /Bap^dpois hrvpavvriaav. Multis quidem ante cruciatis et necatis, ' yes, but not till they had first tortured and put to death numbers.' 36. Anaxarchum. Anaxarchus was a philosopher, a native of Abdera. He was a friend of Alexander the Great, and accompanied him to Asia. 37. Cyprio tyranno. Nicocreon, king of Salamis in Cyprus. Accord- ing to the story, Anaxarchus .had oflfended Nicocreon, when visiting Alex- ander, and when Anaxarchus fell into his hands by being wrecked on his coast, he pounded him to death in a mortar. Zenonem. Not the famous Stoic philosopher, who was a native of Citium in Cyprus, but an earlier philosopher, who also took part in the politics of his native city, Elea, or Veha, on the west coast of Lucania. He is said to have perished in an attempt to deliver his city from a tyrant, but the details are uncertain. 40. Discrimen, ' distinction between good and bad.' 44. Contra deos testimonium dicere, i.e. he was a Hving proof that the gods could not care for man. * 56. Quum id — diceret, 'as that, he said, was suitable all the year round.' The *quum' really belongs to ' esse' and not to ' diceret,' which is superfluous. Cp. Pt. I. Sect. 2. 12; 12. 45, 90. 60. Pater. Apollo. 1 61. Quod — esset. Subjunctive as being oratio obliqua, included in the words attributed to Dionysius. 63. Victoriolas, ' little figures of Victory.' It was common for statues of the gods to be made with outstretched hands, holding out little figures of Victory, or garlands. An instance occurs in Pt. 3. II. ch. 12, 1. 65, p. 255, where a statue is described as representing Ceres, holding in her hand a figure of Victory. 67. Precaiemur, subjunctive because in oratio obliqua. 70. Quod — haberet, 'anything that any one had which belonged to the gods.' 76. Atque. We should perhaps rather have expected ' at' here : but the copulative particle is preferred to the adversative, because his dying in his own bed is a further degree of good fortune, beyond, rather than contrasted with, his escaping everything which could be regarded as a punishment from heaven. 78. Hereditatis loco, 'as an heir-loom.* Invita in hoc loco versatur oratio, * I dwell unwillingly on this topic' 79. Auctoritatem peccandi, 'encouragement to do wrong.' See note on 'auctor' Pt. I. Sect. I i. P 2 204 NOTES. Sect. IV. 8l. Sine ulla divina ratione, 'without taking any account of the gods; 83. Qiiadam is not to be connected with the negative, in which case * ulla' would be required, but it quaHfies 'ratione.* The positive sentence would run thus, ' et domus et respublica ratione quadam et disciplina desig- nata videtur,' where 'quadam' implies that ' ratione' is to be taken with some modification, and is not used in its full literal significance. Then the negatives imply that the whole sentence would under certain circum- stances be untrue. 88. At, as before, in the sense of ' at enim.' 94. Ita fit, inquit, 'true, said he.' 96. Vectores, 'the passengers.' An irregular use of a verbal substantive in '-or' with a passive signification. SECTION V. ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES. I. AN IDEAL OF A ROMAN GOVERNOR. Cicerds Letter to his brother Quintus on his duties as Pro-praetor of Asia, II. SOME SPECIMENS OF PRACTICE. Extracts from the evidence produced on the impeachment of Verres for malversation in his Office of PrO'praetor of Sicily, SECTION V. t ROME'S RULK OF HER PROVINCES. I. AN IDEAL OF A ROMAN GOVERNOR. Cicero's Letter to his brother Quintus on his duties as Pro-praetor of Asia, MARCUS Q. FRATRI S. I. Etsi non dubitabam quin banc epistolam multi nuntii, fama deiiique esset ipsa sua celeritate superatura, tuque ante ab aliis auditurus esses annum tertium accessisse desiderio nostro et labori tuo, tamen existimavi a me quoque tibi 5 huius molestiae nuntium perferri oportere. Nam superioribus litteris non unis, sed pluribus, quum iam ab aliis desperata res esset, tamen tibi ego spem maturae decessionis adfe- rebam, non solum ut quam diutissime te iucunda opinione oblectarem, sed etiam quia tanta adhibebatur et a nobis et a 10 praetoribus contentio, ut rem posse confici non diffiderem. Nunc quoniam ita accidit, ut neque praetores suis opibus neque nos nostro studio quidquam proficere possemus, est omnino difficile non graviter id ferre, sed tamen nostros ani- mos maximis in rebus et gerendis et sustinendis exercitatos 15 frangi et debilitari molestia non oportet. Et quoniam ea molestissime ferre homines debent, quae ipsorum culpa con- Q 2 208 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. V. tracta sunt, est quiddam in hac re mihi molestius ferendum quam tibi. Factum est enim mea culpa, contra quam tu mecum et proficiscens et per litteras egeras, ut priore anno non succederetur. Quod ego, dum salud sociorum consulo, 20 dum impudentiae nonnullorum negotiatorum resisto, dum nostram gloriam tua virtute augeri expeto, feci non sapienter, praesertim quum id commiserim, ut ille alter annus etiam tertium posset adducere. Quod quoniam peccatum meum esse confiteor, est sapientiae atque humanitatis tuae curare 25 et perficere, ut hoc minus sapienter a me provisum diligentia tua corrigatur. Ac si te ipse vehementius ad omnes partes bene audiendi excitaris, non ut cum aliis, sed ut tecum iam ipse certes, si omnem tuam mentem, curam, cogitationem ad excellentis in omnibus rebus laudis cupiditatem incitaris, 30 mihi crede, unus annus additus labori tuo multorum anno- rum laetitiam nobis, immo vero etiam posteris nostris adferet. Quapropter hoc te primum rogo, ne contrahas ac demittas animum, neve te obrui tamquam fluctu, sic magnitudine negotii sinas, contraque erigas ac resistas sive etiam ultro 35 occurras negotiis. Neque enim eiusmodi partem rei pub- licae geris, in qua fortuna dominetur, sed in qua plurimum ratio possit et diligentia. Quod si tibi bellum aliquod mag- num et periculosum administranti prorogatum imperium viderem, tremerem animo, quod eodem tempore esse intelli- 40 gerem etiam fortunae potestatem in nos prorogatam. Nunc vero ea pars tibi rei publicae commissa est, in qua aut nul- 1am aut perexiguam partem fortuna tenet, et quae mihi tota in tua virtute ac moderatione animi posita esse videatur. Nullas, ut opinor, insidias hostium, nullam proelii dimica- 45 tionem, nullam defectionem sociorum, nullam inopiam sti- pendii aut rei frumentariae, nullam seditionem exercitus pertimescimus : quae persaepe sapientissimis viris acciderunt, ut, quem ad modum gubernatores optimi vim tempestatis, sic illi fortunae impetum superare non possent. Tibi data 50 I. Rome's rule of her provinces. 209 est summa pax, summa tranquillitas, ita tamen, ut ea dor- mientem gubernatorem vel obruere, vigilantem etiam delec- tare possit. Constat enim ea provincia primum ex eo genere sociorum, quod est ex hominum omni genere hu- 55 manissimum, deinde ex eo genere civium, qui aut quod publicani sunt, nos summa necessitudine attingunt, aut quod ita negotiantur, ut locupletes sint, nostri consulatus beneficio se incolumes fortunas habere arbitrantur. 2. At enim inter hos ipsos exsistunt graves controversiae, 60 multae nascuntur iniuriae, magnae contentiones consequun- tur. Quasi vero ego id putem, non te aliquantum negotii sustinere. Intelligo permagnum esse negotium et maximi consilii, sed memento consilii me hoc negotium esse magis aliquanto quam fortunae putare. Quid est enim negotii 65 continere eos, quibus praesis, si te ipse contineas ? Id autem sit magnum et difficile ceteris, sicut est difficillimum : tibi et fuit hoc semper facillimum et vero esse debuit, cuius natura talis est, ut etiam sine doctrina videatur moderata esse potu- isse, ea autem adhibita doctrina est, quae vel vitiosissimam 70 naturam excolere possit. Tu quum pecuniae, quum volup- tati, quum omnium rerum cupiditati resistes, ut facis, erit, credo, periculum ne improbum negotiatorem, paullo cupi- diorem publicanum comprimere non possis. Nam Graeci quidem sic te ita viventem intuebuntur, ut quemdam ex 75 annalium memoria aut etiam de caelo divinum hominem esse in provinciam delapsum putent. Atque haec nunc non ut facias, sed ut te facere et fecisse gaudeas scribo. Prae- clarum est enim summo cum imperio fuisse in Asia trien- nium sic ut nullum te signum, nulla pictura, nullum vas, 80 nulla vestis, nullum mancipium, nulla forma cuiusquam, nulla conditio pecuniae, quibus rebus abundat ista provincia, ab summa integritate continentiaque deduxerit. Quid autem reperiri tam eximium aut tam expetendum potest quam istam virtutcm, moderationem animi, temperantiam non latere in 2^10 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO, Sect. V. tenebris neque esse abditam, sed in luce Asiae, in oculis 85 clarissimae provinciae atque in auribus omnium gentium ac nationum esse positam? non itineribus tuis perterreri homines, non sumptu exhauriri, non adventu commoveri? esse quocumque veneris et publice et privatim maximam laetitiam, quum urbs custodem non tyrannum, domus hos- 90 pitem non expilatorem recepisse videatur ? 3. His autem in rebus iam te usus ipse profecto erudivit nequaquam satis esse ipsum has te habere virtutes, sed esse circumspiciendum diligenter, ut in hac custodia provinciae non te unum, sed omnes ministros imperii tui sociis et civi- 95 bus et rei publicae praestare videare. Quamquam legatos habes eos, qui ipsi per se habituri sint rationem dignitatis suae, de quibus honore et dignitate et aetate praestat Tubero, quem ego arbitror, praesertim quum scribat historiam, multos ex suis annaHbus posse deligere quos velit et possit imitari. 100 Alienus autem noster est quum animo et benevolentia tum vero etiam imitatione vivendi. Nam quid ego de Gratidio dicam? quem certe scio ita laborare de existimatione sua, ut propter amorem in nos fraternum etiam de nostra laboret. Quaestorem habes non tuo iudicio delectum, sed eum, quem 105 sors dedit. Hunc oportet et sua sponte esse moderatum et tuis institutis ac praeceptis obtemperare. Quorum si quis forte esset sordidior, ferres eatenus, quoad per se negiigeret eas leges quibus esset astrictus, non ut ea potestate quam tu ad dignitatem permisisses ad quaestum uteretur. Neque no enim mihi sane placet, praesertim quum hi mores tantum iam ad nimiam lenitatem et ad ambitionem incubuerint, scrutari te omnes sordes, excutere unum quemque eorum, sed quanta sit in quoque fides tantum cuique committere. Atque inter hos eos, quos tibi comites et adiutores negotio- 115 rum publicorum dedit ipsa res publica; dumtaxat finibus iis praestabis, quos ante praescripsi. 4, Quos vero aut ex domesticis convictionibus aut ex I. Rome's rule of her provinces. 211 necessariis apparitionibus tecum esse voluisti, qui quasi ex i2ocohorte praetoris appellari solent, horum non modo facta, sed etiam dicta omnia praestanda nobis sunt. Sed habes eos tecum, quos possis recte facientes facile diligere, minus consulentes existimationi tuae facillime coercere : a quibus, rudis quum esses, videtur potuisse tua liberalitas decipi : nam 125 ut quisque est vir optimus, ita difficillime esse alios improbos suspicatur : nunc vero tertius hie annus habeat integritatem eamdem quam superiores, cautiorem etiam ac diligentiorem. Sint aures tuae, quae id quod audiunt existimentur audire, non in quas ficte et simulate quaestus causa insusurretur. 130 Sit anulus tuus non ut vas aliquod, sed tamquam ipse tu: non minister alienae voluntatis, sed testis tuae. Accensus sit eo numero, quo eum maiores nostri esse voluerunt, qui hoc, non in beneficii loco sed in laboris ac muneris, non temere nisi libertis suis deferebant : quibus illi quidem non 135 multo secus ac servis imperabant. Sit lictor non suae, sed tuae lenitatis apparitor, maioraque praeferant fasces illi ac secures dignitatis insignia quam potestatis. Toti denique sit provinciae cognitum, tibi omnium quibus praesis salutem, liberos, famam, fortunas esse carissimas. Denique haec 140 opinio sit, non modo iis qui aliquid acceperint, sed iis etiam qui dederint, te inimicum, si id cognoveris, futurum. Neque vero quisquam dabit, quum erit hoc perspectum, nihil per eos, qui simulant se apud te multum posse, abs te solere impetrari. Nec tamen haec oratio mea est eiusmodi, ut te M5 in tuos aut durum esse nimium aut suspiciosum velim. Nam si quis est eorum qui tibi biennii spatio numquam in suspi- cionem avaritiae venerit, ut ego Caesium et Chaerippum et Labeonem et audio et, quia cognovi, existimo, nihil est quod non et iis et si quis est alius eiusdemmodi et committi et 150 credi rectissime putem. Sed si quis est in quo iam offen- deris, de quo aliquid senseris, huic nihil credideris, nullam partem existimationis tuae commiseris. 212 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. V. 5. In provincia vero ipsa si quern es nactus, qui in tuam familiaritatem penitus intrarit, qui nobis ante fuerit ignotus, huic quantum credendum sit vide, non quin possint multi 155 esse provinciales viri boni, sed hoc sperare licet, iudicare periculosum est. Multis enim simulationum involucris tegi- tur et quasi velis quibusdam obtenditur unius cuiusque natura : frons, oculi, vultus persaepe mentiuntur, oratio vero saepissime. Quam ob rem qui potes reperire ex eo genere 160 hominum, qui pecuniae cupiditate adducti careant iis rebus omnibus, a quibus nos divulsi esse non possumus, te autem, alienum hominem, ament ex animo ac non sui commodi causa simulent? Mihi quidem permagnum videtur, prae- sertim si iidem homines privatum non fere quemquam, prae- 165 tores semper omnes amant. Quo ex genere si quem forte tui cognosti amantiorem (fieri enim potuit) quam temporis, hunc vero ad tuum numerum libentur ascribito : sin autem id non perspicies., nullum genus erit in familiaritate caven- dum magis, propterea quod et omnes vias pecuniae norunt 170 et omnia pecuniae causa faciunt et, quicum victuri non sunt, eius existimationi consulere non curant. Atque etiam e Graecis ipsis diligenter cavendae sunt quaedam familiaritates praeter hominum perpaucorum, si qui sunt vetere Graecia digni. Sic vero fallaces sunt permulti et leves et diuturna 175 servitute ad nimiam adsentationem eruditi. Quos ego uni- versos adhiberi liberaliter, optimum quemque hospitio ami- citiaque coniungi dico oportere : nimiae familiaritates eorum neque tam fideles sunt (non enim audent adversari nostris voluntatibus) et invident non nostris solum, verum etiam 180 suis. 6. lam qui in eiusmodi rebus, in quibus vereor etiam ne durior sim, cautus esse velim ac diligens, quo me animo in servis esse censes? quos quidem quum omnibus in locis tum praecipue in provinces regere debemus. Quo de genere 185 multa praecipi possunt, sed hoc et brevissimum est et facil- I. ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES. 213 lime teneri potest, ut ita se gerant in istis Asiaticis itineribus, ut si iter Appia via faceres, neve interesse quidquam putent utrum Tralles an Formias venerint. Ac si quis est ex servis 190 egregie fidelis, sit in domesticis rebus et privatis : quae res ad officium imperii tui atque ad aliquam partem rei publicae pertinebunt, de his rebus ne quid attingat. Multa enim, quae recte committi servis fidelibus possunt, tamen sermonis et vituperationis vitandae causa committenda non sunt. Sed 195 nescio quo pacto ad praecipiendi rationem delapsa est oratio mea, quum id mihi propositum initio non fuisset. Quid enim ei praecipiam, quem ego in hoc praesertim genere intelligam prudentia non esse inferiorem quam me, usu vero etiam superiorem ? Sed tamen si ad ea, quae faceres, aucto- 200 ritas accederet mea, tibi ipsi ilia putavi fore iucundiora. Quare sint hac fundamenta dignitatis tuae : tua primum inte- gritas et continentia, deinde omnium qui tecum sunt pudor, delectus in familiaritatibus et provincialium hominum et Graecorum percautus et diligens, familiae gravis et constans 205 disciplina. Quae quum honesta sint in his privatis nostris quotidianisque rationibus, in tanto imperio, tarn depravatis moribus, tam corruptrice provincia divina videantur necesse est. Haec institutio atque haec disciplina potest sustinere in rebus statuendis et decernendis cam severitatem, qua tu 210 in iis rebus usus es, ex quibus nonnullas simultates cum magna mea laetitia susceptas habemus : nisi forte me Paco- nii nescio cuius, hominis ne Graeci quidem ac Mysi aut Phrygis potius, querelis moveri putas, aut Tuscenii, hominis furiosi ac sordidi, vocibus, cuius tu ex impurissimis faucibus 215 inhonestissimam cupiditatem eripuisti summa cum aequitate. 7. Haec et caetera plena severitatis, quae statuisti in ista provincia, non facile sine summa integritate sustineremus : quare sit summa in iure dicundo severitas, dummodo ea rie varietur gratia, sed conservetur aequabilis. Sed tamen parvi 220 refert abs te ipso ius dici aequabiliter et diligenter, nisi idem 2T4 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. V. ab iis fiet, quibus tu eius muneris aliquam partem con- cesseris. Ac mihi quidem videtur non sane magna varietas esse negoliorum in administranda Asia, sed ea tota iuris- dictione maxime sustineri. In qua scientiae praesertim pro- vincialis ratio ipsa expedita est: constantia est adhibenda 225 et gravitas quae resistat non solum gratiae, verum etiam suspicioni. Adiungenda etiam est facilitas in audiendo, lenitas in decernendo, in satis faciendo ac disputando dili- gentia. His rebus nuper C. Octavius iucundissimus fuit, apud quem primus lictor quievit, tacuit accensus, quotiens 230 quisque voluit dixit et quam voluit diu. Quibus ille rebus fortasse nimis lenis videretur, nisi haec lenitas illam severi- tatem tueretur. Cogebantur Sullani homines quae per vim et metum abstulerant reddere. Qui in magistratibus iniu- riose decreverant, eodem ipsis privatis erat iure parendum. 235 Haec illius severitas acerba videretur, nisi multis condi- mentis humanitatis mitigaretur. Quod si haec lenitas grata Romae est, ubi tanta arrogantia est, tam immoderata liber- tas, tam infinita hominum licentia, denique tot magistratus, tot auxilia, tanta vis, tanta senatus auctoritas, quam iucunda 240 tandem praetoris comitas in Asia potest esse, in qua tanta multitudo civium, tanta sociorum, tot urbes, tot civitates unius hominis nutum intuentur, ubi nullum auxilium est, nulla conquestio, nullus senatus, nulla contio ? Quare per- magni hominis est et quum ipsa natura moderati tum vero 245 etiam doctrina atque optimarum artium studiis eruditi sic se adhibere in tanta potestate, ut nulla alia potestas ab iis qui- bus is praesit desideretur. 8. Cyrus ille a Xenophonte non ad historiae fidem scri- ptus, sed ad effigiem iusti imperii, cuius summa gravitas ab 250 illo philosopho cum singulari comitate coniungitur, quos quidem libros non sine causa noster ille Africanus de mani- bus ponere non solebat : nullum est enim praetermissum in his officium diligentis et moderati imperii : eaque si sic I. ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES, 21^ 55 coluit ille, qui privatus futurus numquam fuit, quonam modo fetinenda sunt iis, quibus imperium ita datum est, ut redde- rent, et ab iis legibus datum est, ad quas revertendum est ? Ac mihi quidem videntur hue omnia esse referenda iis qui praesunt aliis, ut ii qui erunt in eorum imperio sint quam 60 beatissimi : quod tibi et esse antiquissimum et ab initio fuisse, ut primum Asiam attigisti, constante fama atque om- nium sermone celebratum est. Est autem non modo eius qui sociis et civibus, sed etiam eius, qui servis, qui mutis pecudibus praesit, eorum quibus praesit commodis utili- 65 tatique servire. Cuius quidem generis constare inter omnes video abs te summam adhiberi diligentiam : nullum aes alienum novum contrahi civitatibus, vetere autem magno et gravi multas abs te esse liberatas : urbes complures di- rutas ac paene desertas, in quibus unam loniae nobilissimam, 70 alteram Cariae, Samum et Halicarnassum, per te esse re- creatas : nullas esse in oppidis seditiones, nullas discordias : provideri abs te, ut civitates optimatium consiliis adminis- trentur : sublata Mysiae latrocinia : caedes multis locis re- pressas : pacem tota provincia constitutam : neque solum 75 ilia itinerum atque agrorum, sed multo etiam plura et maiora oppidorum et fanorum furta et latrocinia esse depulsa: remotam a fama et a fortunis et ab otio locupletium illam acerbissimam ministram praetorum avaritiae, calumniam : sumptus et tributa civitatum ab omnibus, qui earum civi- 80 tatum fines incolant, tolerari aequabiliter : facillimos esse aditus ad te : patere aures tuas querelis omnium : nullius inopiam ac solitudinem non modo illo populari accessu ac tribunali, sed ne domo quidem et cubiculo esse exclusam tuo : toto denique in imperio nihil acerbum esse, nihil cru- 85 dele, atque omnia plena clementiae, mansuetudinis, huma- nitatis. 9. Quantum vero illud est beneficium tuum, quod iniquo et gravi vectigali aedilicio cum magnis nostris simultatibus zi6 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. V. Asiam liberastil Etenim, si unus homo nobilis queritur palam te, quod edixeris, ne ad ludos pecuniae decerne- 290 RENTUR, HS cc. sibi eripuisse, quanta tandem pecunia pen- deretur, si omnium nomine, quicumque Romae ludos face- rent, quod erat iam institutum, erogaretur ? Quamquam has querelas hominum nostrorum illo consilio oppressimus, quod in Asia nescio quonam modo, Romae quidem non mediocri 295 cum admiratione laudatur, quod, quum ad templum monu- mentumque nostrum civitates pecunias decrevissent, quumque id et pro meis magnis meritis et pro tuis maximis beneficiis summa sua voluntate fecissent, nominatimque lex exciperet, UT AD TEMPLUM ET MONUMENTUM CAPERE LICERET, qUUm- 300 que id quod dabatur non esset interiturum, sed in orna- mentis templi futurum, ut non mihi potius quam populo Romano ac dis immortalibus datum videretur, tamen id, in cjuo erat dignitas, erat lex, erat eorum qui faciebant vo- luntas, accipiendum non putavi, quum aliis de causis, tum 305 etiam ut animo aequiore ferrent ii, quibus nec deberetur nee liceret. Quapropter incumbe toto animo et studio omni in eam rationem qua adhuc usus es, ut eos, quos tuae fidei potestatique senatus populusque Romanus commisit et cre- didit, diligas et omni ratione tueare et esse quam beatissimos 310 velis. Quod si te sors Afris aut Hispanis aut Gallis prae- fecisset, immanibus ac barbaris nationibus, tamen esset hu- manitatis tuae consulere eorum commodis et utilitati salutique servire. Quum vero ei generi hominum praesimus, non modo in quo ipsa sit, sed etiam a quo ad alios pervenisse 315 putetur humanitas, certe iis eam potissimum tribuere de- bemus, a quibus accepimus. Non enim me hoc iam dicere pudebit, praesertim in ea vita atque in iis rebus gestis, in quibus non potest residere ineitiae aut levitatis ulla suspicio, nos ea, quae consecuti sumus, iis studiis et artibus esse 320 adeptos, quae sint nobis Graeciae monumentis disciplinisque tiadita. Quarc praeter communem fidem, quae omnibus I. ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES. 21 7 debetur, praeterea nos isti hominum generi praecipue debere videmur, ut, quorum praeceptis simus eruditi, apud eos 325 ipsos quod ab iis didicerimus velimus expromere. 10. Atque ille quidem princeps ingenii et doctrinae Plato turn denique fore beatas res publicas putavit, si aut docti et sapientes homines eas regere coepissent, aut ii qui regerent omne suum studium in doctrina et sapientia collocassent. 330 Hanc coniunctionem videlicet potestatis et sapientiae saluti censuit civitatibus esse posse. Quod fortasse aliquando universae rei publicae nostrae, nunc quidem profecto isti provinciae contigit, ut is in ea summam potestatem haberet, cui in doctrina, cui in virtute atque humanitate percipienda 335 plurimum a pueritia studii fuisset et temporis. Quare cura, ut hie annus, qui ad laborem tuum accessit, idem ad salutem Asiae prorogatus esse videatur. Quoniam in te retinendo fuit Asia felicior quam nos in deducendo, perfice ut laetitia provinciae desiderium nostrum leniatur. Etenim, si in pro- 340 merendo ut tibi tanti honores haberentur, quanti baud scio an nemini, fuisti omnium diligentissimus, multo maiorem in his honoribus tuendis adhibere diligentiam debes. Equidem de isto genere honorum quid sentirem scripsi ad te ante. Semper eos putavi, si vulgares essent, viles, si temporis causa 345 constituerentur, leves : si vero, id quod ita factum est, meritis tuis tribuerentur, existimabam multam tibi in iis honoribus tuendis operam esse ponendam. Quare quoniam in istis urbibus cum summo imperio et potestate versaris, in quibus tuas virtutes consecratas et in deorum numero collocatas 350 vides, in omnibus rebus, quas statues, quas decernes, quas ages, quid tantis hominum opinionibus, tantis de te iudiciis, tantis honoribus debeas cogitabis. Id autem erit eiusmodi, ut consulas omnibus, ut medeare incommodis hominum, provideas saluti, ut te parentem Asiae et dici et haberi velis. 355 II. Atque huic tuae voluntati ac diligentiae difficultatem magnam adferunt publicani : quibus si adversamur, ordinem 2l8 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. V. cle nobis optime meritum et per nos cum re publica con- iunctum et a nobis et a re publica diiungemus : sin autem omnibus in rebus obsequemur, funditus eos perire patiemur, quorum non modo saluti, sed etiam commodis consulere 360 debemus. Haec est una, si vere cogitare volumus, in toto imperio tuo difficultas. Nam esse abstinentem, continere omnes cupiditates, suos coercere, iuris aequabilem tenere rationem, facilem se in rebus cognoscendis, in hominibus audiendis admittendisque praebere praeclarum magis est 365 quam difficile. Non est enim positum in labore aliquo, sed in quadam inductione animi et voluntate. Ilia causa publi- canorum quantam acerbitatem adferat sociis intelleximus ex civibus, qui nuper in portoriis Italiae tollendis non tarn de portorio quam de nonnullis iniuriis portitorum querebantur. 370 Quare non ignoro quid sociis accidat in ultimis terris, quum audierim in Italia querelas civium. Hie te ita versari, ut et publicanis satisfacias, praesertim publicis male redemptis, et socios perire non sinas, divinae cuiusdam virtutis esse videtur, id est, tuae. Ac primum Graecis id, quod acerbis- 375 simum est, quod sunt vectigales, non ita acerbum videri debet, propterea quod sine imperio populi Romani suis institutis per se ipsi ita fuerunt. Nomen autem publican! aspernari non possunt, qui pendere ipsi vectigal sine publi- cano non potuerint, quod iis aequaliter Sulla descripserat. 380 Non esse autem leniores in exigendis vectigalibus Graecos quam nostros publicanos hinc intelligi potest, quod Caunii nuper, omnesque ex insulis, quae erant ab Sulla Rhodiis attributae, confugerunt ad senatum, nobis ut potius vectigal quam Rhodiis penderent. Quare nomen publican! neque ii 385 debent horrere qui semper vectigales fuerunt, neque ii as- pernari qui per se pendere vectigal non potuerunt, neque ii recusare qui postulaverunt. Simul et illud Asia cogitet, nullam a se neque belli extern! neque domesticarum dis- cordiarum calamitatem afuturam fuisse, si hoc imperio non 390 I. ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES. teneretur. Id autem imperium quum retineri sine vectiga- libus nullo modo possit, aequo animo parte aliqua suorum fructuum pacem sibi sempiternam redimat atque otium. 12. Quod si genus ipsum et nomen publicani non iniquo 395 animo sustinebunt, poterunt lis consilio et prudentia tua re- liqua videri mitiora. Possunt in pactionibus faciendis non legem spectare censoriam, sed potius commoditatem con- ficiendi negotii et liberationem molestiae. Potes etiam tu id facere, quod et fecisli egregie et facis, ut commemores 400 quanta sit in publicanis dignitas, quantum nos illi ordini debeamus, ut remoto imperio ac vi potestatis et fascium publicanos cum Graecis gratia atque auctoritate coniungas. Sed et ab iis, de quibus optime tu meritus es et qui tibi omnia debent, hoc petas, ut facilitate sua nos cam necessi- 405 tudinem, quae est nobis cum publicanis, obtinere et con- servare patiantur. Sed quid ego te haec hortor, quae tu non modo facere potes tua sponte sine cuiusquam praeceptis, sed etiam magna iam ex parte perfecisti? Non enim de- sistunt nobis agere quotidie gratias honestissimae et maximae 410 societates, quod quidem mihi idcirco iucundius est, quod idem faciunt Graeci. Difficile est autem ea, quae commodis utilitate et prope natura diversa sunt, voluntate coniungere. At ea quidem, quae supra scripta sunt, non ut te instituerem scripsi, (neque enim prudentia tua cuiusquam praecepta desi- 415 derat), sed me in scribendo commemoratio tuae virtutis delectavit: quamquam in his litteris longior fui quam aut vellem aut quam me putavi fore. 13. Unum est, quod tibi ego praecipere non desinam, neque te patiar, quantum erit in me, cum exceptione laudari. 420 Omnes enim, qui istinc veniunt, ita de tua virtute, integritate, humanitate commemorant, ut in tuis summis laudibus exci- piant unam iracundiam. Quod vitium quum in hac privata quotidianaque vita levis esse animi atque infirmi videtur, tum vero nihil est tarn deforme quam ad summum imperium 220 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. V. etiam acerbitatem naturae adiungere. Quare illud non sus- 425 cipiam, ut, quae de iracundia dici solent a doctissimis hominibus, ea nunc tibi exponam, quum et nimis longus esse nolim et ex multorum scriptis ea facile possis cogno- scere: illud, quod est epistolae proprium, ut is ad quern scribitur de iis rebus quas ignorat certior fiat, praeter- 43© mittendum esse non puto. Sic ad nos omnes fere deferunt : nihil, quum absit iracundia, dicere solent te fieri posse iucundius, sed quum te alicuius improbitas perversitasque commoverit, sic te animo incitari, ut ab omnibus tua desi- deretur humanitas. Quare quoniam in eam rationem vitae 435 nos non tarn cupiditas quaedam gloriae quam res ipsa ac fortuna deduxit, ut sempiternus sermo hominum de nobis futurus sit, caveamus, quantum efficere et consequi possumus, ut ne quod in nobis insigne vitium fuisse dicatur. Neque ego nunc hoc contendo, quod fortasse quum in omni natura 44"^ tum iam in nostra aetate difficile est, mutare animum et, si quid est penitus insitum moribus, id subito evellere, sed te illud admoneo, ut, si hoc plene vitare non potes, quod ante occupatur animus ab iracundia quam providere ratio potuit ne occuparetur, ut te ante compares quotidieque meditere 445 resistendum esse iracundiae, quumque ea maxime animum moveat, tum tibi esse diligentissime linguam continendam : quae quidem mihi virtus interdum non minor videtur quam omnino non irasci. Nam illud est non solum gravitatis, sed nonnumquam etiam lentitudinis, moderari vero et animo et 450 orationi, quum sis iratis, aut etiam tacere et tenere in sua potestate motum animi et dolorem, etsi non est perfectae sapientiae, tamen est non mediocris ingenii. Atque in hoc genere multo te esse iam commodiorem mitioremque nun- tiant. Nullae tuae vehementiores animi concitationes, nulla 455 maledicta ad nos, nullae contumeliae perferuntur: quae quum abhorrent a litteris, ab humanitate, tum vero contraria sunt imperio ac dignitati. Nam si implacabiles iracundiae 1. ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES, 221 sunt, summa est acerbitas: sin autem exorabiles, summa 460 levitas : quae tamen, ut in malis, acerbitati anteponenda est. 14. Sed quoniam primus annus habuit de hac reprehen- sione plurimum sermonis, credo propterea quod tibi homi- num iniuriae, quod avaritia, quod insolentia praeter opinio- nem accidebat et intolerabilis videbatur, secundus autem 465 multo lenior, quod et consuetudo et ratio et, ut ego arbitror, meae quoque litterae te patientiorem lenioremque fecerunt, tertius annus ita debet esse emendatus, ut ne minimam qui- dem rem quisquam possit ullam reprehendere. Ac iam hoc loco non hortatione neque praeceptis, sed precibus tecum 470 fraternis ago, totum ut anim.um curam cogitationemque tuam ponas in omnium laude undique colligenda. Quod si in mediocri statu sermonis ac praedicationis nostrae res essent, nihil abs te eximium, nihil praeter aliorum consue- tudinem postularetur. Nunc vero propter earum rerum, in 475 quibus versati sumus, splendorem et magnitudinem, nisi summam laudem ex ista provincia adsequimur, vix videmur summam vituperationem posse vitare. Ea nostra ratio est, ut omnes boni quum faveant tum etiam omnem a nobis diligentiam virtutemque et postulent et exspectent, omnes 480 autem improbi, quod cum his bellum sempiternum sus- cepimus, vel minima re ad reprehendendum contenti esse videantur. Quare quoniam eiusmodi theatrum es sortitus, celebritate refertissimum, magnitudine amplissimum, iudicio eruditissimum, natura autem ita resonans, ut usque Romam 485 significationes vocesque referantur, contende, quaeso, atque elabora, non modo ut his rebus dignus fuisse, sed etiam ut ilia omnia tuis artibus superasse videare. 15. Et quoniam mihi casus urbanam in magistratibus ad- ministrationem rei publicae, tibi provincialem dedit, si mea 490 pars nemini cedit, fac ut tua ceteros vincat. Simul et illud cogita, nos non de reliqua et sperata gloria iam laborare, sed de parta dimicare: quae quidem non tam expetenda nobis R %21 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. V. fuit quam tuenda est. Ac si mihi quidquam esset abs te separatum, nihil amplius desiderarem hoc statu, qui mihi iam partus est. Nunc vero sic res sese habet, ut, nisi omnia tua 495 facta atque dicta nostris rebus istinc respondeant, ego me tantis meis laboribus tantisque periculis, quorum tu omnium particeps fuisti, nihil consecutum putem. Quod si, ut am- plissimum nomen consequeremur, unus praeter ceteros ad- iuvisti, c'erte idem, ut id retineamus, praeter ceteros ela- soo borabis. Non est tibi his solis utendum existimationibus ac iudiciis qui nunc sunt hominum, sed iis etiam qui futuri sunt : quamquam illorum erit verius indicium obtrectatione et malevolentia Hberatum. Denique illud etiam debes cogi- tare, non te tibi soli gloriam quaerere : quod si esset, tamen 505 non negligeres, praesertim quum amphssimis monumentis consecrare voluisses memoriam nominis tui, sed ea tibi est communicanda mecum, prodenda liberis nostris. In quo cavendum est ne, si negligentior fueris, non solum tibi parum consuluisse, sed etiam tuis invidisse videaris. 510 16. Atque haec non eo dicuntur, ut te oratio mea dormi- entem excitasse, sed potius ut currentem incitasse videatur. Facies enim perpetuo, quae fecisti, ut omnes aequitatem tuam, temperantiam, severitatem, integritatemque laudarent. Sed me quaedam tenet propter singularem amorem infinita 515 in te aviditas gloriae, quamquam illud existimo, quum iam tibi Asia, sicut uni cuique sua domus, nota esse debeat, quum ad tuam summam prudentiam tantus usus accesserit, nihil esse quod ad laudem attineat, quod non tu optime per- spicias et tibi non sine cuiusquam exhortatione in mentem 520 veniat quotidie. Sed ego, qui, quum tua lego, te audire, et qui, quum ad te scribo, tecum loqui videor, idcirco et tua longissima quaque epistola maxime delector et ipse in scri- bendo sum saepe longior. Illud te ad extremum et oro et hortor, ut tamquam poetae boni et actores industrii solent, 525 sic tu in extrema parte et conclusione muneris ac negotii tui II. I. Rome's rule of her provinces. 22^ diligentissimus sis, ut hie tertius annus imperii tui tamquam tertius aetus perfectissimus atque ornatissimus fuisse videatur. Id faeillime faeies, si me, cui semper uni magis quam uni- 530 versis placere voluisti, tecum semper esse putabis et omnibus lis rebus, quas dices et facies, interesse. Reliquum est ut te orem ut valetudini tuae, si me et tuos omnes valere vis, diligentissime servias. Vale. II. SOME SPECIMENS OF PRACTICE. 1. T/ie Claims of the Province of Sicily on Rome, Antequam de incommodis Siciliae dicam, pauca mihi videntur esse de provinciae dignitate, vetustate, utilitate di- cenda. Nam quum omnium sociorum provinciarumque rationem diligenter habere debetis, tum praecipue Siciliae, 5 iudices, plurimis iustissimisque de causis : primum, quod omnium nationum exterarum princeps Sicilia se ad ami- citiam fidemque populi Romani applicuit: prima omnium, id quod ornamentum imperii est, provincia est appellata: prima docuit maiores nostros, quam praeclarum esset, exte- 10 ris gentibus imperare : sola fuit ea fide benevolentiaque erga populum Romanum, ut civitates eius insulae, quae semel in amicitiam nostram venissent, numquam postea deficerent, pleraeque autem et maxime illustres in amicitia perpetuo manerent. Itaque maioribus nostris in Africam ex hac 15 provincia gradus imperii factus est. Neque enim tarn facile opes Karthaginis tantae concidissent, nisi illud et rei fru- mentariae subsidium et receptaculum classibus nostris pat- eret. Quare P. Africanus, Karthagine deleta, Siculorum urbes signis monumentisque pulcherrimis exornavit: ut, quos vic- 20 toria populi Romani maxime laetari arbitrabatur, apud eos R 2 224 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. V. monumenta victoriae plurima collocaret. Denique ille ipse M. Marcellus, cuius in Sicilia virtutem hostes, misericordiam victi, fidemque ceteri Siculi perspexerunt, non solum sociis in eo bello consuluit, verum etiam superatis hostibus tem- peravit. Urbem pulcherrimam, Syracusas, quae quum manu 25 munitissima esset, turn loci natura terra ac mari claudebatur. quum vi consilioque cepisset, non solum incolumem passus est esse, sed ita reliquit ornatam, ut esset idem monumentum victoriae, mansuetudinis, continentiae : quum homines vide- rent et quid expugnasset, et quibus pepercisset, et quae 30 reliquisset. Tantum ille honorem Siciliae habendum puta- vit, ut ne hostium quidem urbem ex sociorum insula tollen- dam arbitraretur. Itaque ad omnes res Sicilia provincia semper usi sumus, ut, quidquid ex sese posset efFerre, id non apud eos nasci, sed domi nostrae conditum putaremus. 35 Quando ilia frumentum quod deberet non ad diem dedit? quando id quod opus esse putaret non ultro pollicita est? quando id quod imperaretur recusavit ? Itaque ille M. Cato Sapiens cellam penariam reipublicae nostrae, nutricem plebis Romanae Siciliam nominabat. Nos vero experti sumus 40 Italico maximo difficillimoque bello Siciliam nobis non pro penaria cella, sed pro aerario illo maiorum vetere ac referto fuisse. Nam sine ullo sumptu nostro, coriis, tunicis, fru- mentoque suppeditato, maximos exercitus nostros vestivit, aluit, armavit. Quid ? ilia, quae forsitan ne sentiamus qui- 45 dem, indices, quanta sunt ? quod multis locupletioribus civi- bus utimur, quod habent propinquam, fidelem, fructuosamque provinciam, quo facile excurrant, ubi libenter negotium gerant : quos ilia partim mercibus suppeditandis cum quae» stu compendioque dimittit, partim retinet, ut arare, ut pas- 50 cere, ut negotiari libeat, ut denique sedes ac domicilium coUocare. Quod commodum non mediocre populi Romani est ; tantum civium Romanorum numerum, tarn prope ab domo, tam bonis fructuosisque rebus detineri. Et quoniam II. 2. ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES. 22 S 55 quasi quaedam praedia populi Romani sunt vectigalia nostra atque provinciae, quemadmodum propinquis vos vestris prae- diis maxime delectamini, sic populo Romano iucunda sub- urbanitas est huiusce provinciae. lam vero hominum ipso- rum, iudices, ea patientia virtus frugalitasque est, ut proximo 00 ad nostram disciplinam illam veterem, non ad banc quae nunc increbruit, videantur accedere. Nihil ceterorum simile Graecorum : nulla desidia, nulla luxuria; contra summus la- bor in publicis privatisque rebus, summa parsimonia, summa diligentia. Sic porro nostros homines diligunt, ut his solis 65 neque publicanus, neque negotiator odio sit. Magistratuum autem nostrorum iniurias ita multorum tulerunt, ut numquam ante hoc tempus ad aram legum praesidiumque vestrum pub- lico consilio confugerint : tametsi et ilium annum pertulerant, qui sic eos afflixerat, ut salvi esse non possent, nisi C. Mar- 70 cellus quasi aliquo fato venisset, ut bis ex eadem familia salus Siciliae constitueretur, et postea M. Antonii infinitum illud imperium senserant. Sic a maioribus suis acceperant, tanta populi Romani in Siculos esse beneficia, ut etiam iniu- rias nostrorum hominum perferendas putarent. Hunc deni- 75 que ipsum pertulissent, si humano modo, si usitato more, si denique uno aliquo in genere peccasset. Sed, quum per- ferre non possent luxuriem, crudelitatem, avaritiam, super- biam; quum omnia sua commoda, jura, beneficia senatus populique Romani, unius scelere ac libidine perdidissent, 80 hoc statuerunt, aut istius iniurias per vos ulcisci ac persequi, aut, si vobis indigni essent visi, quibus opem auxiliumque ferretis, urbes ac sedes suas relinquere, quandoquidem agros iam ante istius iniuriis exagitati reliquissent. 2. T/ie Case of Sopaier. I. Sopater quidam fuit Halicyensis, homo domi suae cum primis locuples atque honestus. Is ab inimicis suis 226 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. V. apud C. Sacerdotem praetorem rei capitalis quum accusatus esset, facile eo iudicio est liberatus. Huic eidem Sopatro iidem inimici ad C. Verrem, quum is Sacerdoti successisset, 5 eiusdem rei nomen detulerunt. Res Sopatro facilis vide- batur, et quod erat innocens, et quod Sacerdotis iudicium improbare istum ausurum non arbitrabatur. Citatur reus: causa agitur Syracusis : crimina tractantur ab accusatore ea, quae erant antea non solum defensione, verum etiam iudicio lo dissoluta. Causam Sopatri defendebat Q. Minucius, eques Romanus in primis splendidus atque honestus, vobisque, iudices, non ignotus. Nihil erat in causa, quod metuendum aut omnino quod dubitandum videretur. Interea istius liber- tus et accensus idem Timarchides, qui est, id quod ex pluri- 15 mis testibus priore actione didicistis, rerum huiusmodi om- nium transactor et administer, ad Sopatrum venit; monet hominem, ne nimis iudicio Sacerdotis et causae confidat: accusatores inimicosque eius habere in animo pecuniam praetori dare : praetorem tamen ob salutem malle accipere : 20 et simul malle, si fieri posset, rem iudicatam non rescindere. Sopater, quum hoc illi improvisum atque inopinatum acci- disset, commotus est sane, neque in praesentia Timarchidi quid responderet habuit, nisi se consideraturum quid sibi de ea re esset faciendum : et simul ostendit se in summa 25 difficultate esse nummaria. Post ad amicos retulit; qui quum ei fuissent auctores redimendae salutis, ad Timarchi- dem venit. Expositis suis difficultatibus, hominem ad HS. Lxxx perducit : eamque ei pecuniam numerat. 2. Posteaquam ad causam dicendam ventum est : turn 30 vero sine metu, sine cura omnes erant, qui Sopatrum de- fendebant. Crimen nullum erat : res iudicata : Verres num- mos acceperat. Quis posset dubitare, quidnam esset futu- rum ? Res illo die non peroratur : dimittitur iudicium. Ite- rum ad Sopatrum Timarchides venit : ait accusatores eius 35 multo maiorem pecuniam praetori polliceri, quam quantam II. 2. ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES. hie dedisset: proinde, si saperet, videret quid sibi esset faciendum. Homo, quamquam erat et Siculus et reus, hoc est, et iure iniquo et tempore adverso, ferre tamen atque 40 audire diutius Timarchidem non potuit : *Facite,' inquit, ' quod vobis libet ; daturus non sum amplius.' Idemque hoc amicis eius et defensoribus videbatur : atque eo etiam magis, quod iste, quoquo modo se in ea quaestione praebebat, tamen in consilio habebat homines honestos e conventu Syracusano, 45 qui Sacerdoti quoque in consilio fuerant tum, quum est idem hie Sopater absolutus. Hoe rationis habebant, facere eos nullo modo posse, ut eodem crimine, iisdem testibus, So- patrum condemnarent iidem homines, qui antea absolvissent. Itaque hae una spe ad indicium venitur. Quo posteaquam 50 ventum est, quum in consilium frequentes convenissent iidem qui solebant, et hae una spe tota defensio Sopatri niteretur, consilii frequentia et dignitate, et quod erant, ut dixi, iidem, qui antea Sopatrum eodem illo crimine liberarant: cogno- scite hominis apertam, ae non modo non ratione, sed ne 55 dissimulatione quidem tectam improbitatem et audaciam. M. Petilium, equitem Romanum, quem habebat in consilio, iubet operam dare, quod rei privatae index esset. Petilius recusabat, quod suos amicos, quos sibi in consilio esse vellet, ipse Verres retineret. Iste homo liberalis negat se quem- 60 quam retinere eorum, qui Petilio vellent adesse. Itaque discedunt omnes. Nam ceteri quoque impetrant, ne reti- neantur, qui se velle dicebant alterutri eorum, qui tum illud indicium habebant, adesse. Itaque iste solus cum sua cohorte nequissima relinquitur. Non dubitabat Minucius, 65 qui Sopatrum defendebat, quin iste, quoniam consilium dimi- sisset, illo die rem illam quaesiturus non esset: quum re- pente iubetur dicere. Respondet : 'Ad quos?' *Ad me/ inquit, * si tibi idoneus videor, qui de homine Siculo ae Grae- culo iudicem/ ' Idoneus es,' inquit ; ' sed pervellem adessent 70 ii, qui affuerant antea causamque cognorant.' ' Die,' inquit : 228 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. V. ' illi adesse non possunt/ ' Nam hercule/ inquit Q. Minu- cius, ' me quoque Petilius, ut sibi in consilio adessem, roga- vit/ Et simul a subselliis abire coepit. Iste iratus hominem verbis vehementioribus prosequitur, atque ei gravius etiam minari coepit, quod in se tantum crimen invidiamque con- 75 flaret. 3. Minucius, qui Syracusis sic negotiaretur, ut sui iuris dignitatisque meminisset, et qui sciret, ita se in provincia rem augere oportere, ut ne quid de libertate deperderet; homini quae visa sunt, et quae tempus illud tulit et causa, 80 respondit : causam sese dimisso atque ablegato consilio de- fensurum negavit. Itaque a subselliis discessit : idemque hoc praeter Siculos ceteri Sopatri amici advocatique fecerunt. Iste, quamquam est incredibili importunitate et audacia, tamen subito solus destitutus pertimuit et conturbatus est. 85 Quid ageret, quo se verteret, nesciebat. Si dimisisset eo tempore quaestionem, post, illis adhibitis in consilium, quos ablegarat, absolutum iri Sopatrum videbat : sin autem homi- nem miserum atque innocentem condemnasset, quum ipse praetor sine consilio, reus autem sine patrono atque advo- 9^ catis fuisset, iudiciumque C. Sacerdotis rescidisset, invidiam se sustinere non posse tantam arbitrabatur. Itaque aestuabat dubitatione: versabat se in utramque partem non solum mente, verum etiam corpore : ut omnes qui aderant intelli- gere possent, in animo eius metum cupiditatemque pugnare. 95 Erat hominum conventus maximus, summum silentium, sum- ma exspectatio, quonam esset eius cupiditas eruptura : cre- bro demittebat se accensus ad aurem Timarchides. Tum iste aliquando, * Age, die,' inquit. Reus implorare hominum atque deum fidem, ut cum consilio cognosceret. Tum 100 repente iste testes citari iubet: dicit unus et alter breviter: nihil interrogatur : praeco dixisse pronuntiat. Iste, quasi metueret, ne Petilius privato illo iudicio transacto aut dilato cum ceteris in consilium reverteretur, ita properans de sella II. 3. ROME^S RULE OF HER PROVINCES. 'Z2g 105 exsiluit : hominem innocentem, a C. Sacerdote absolutum, indicta causa, de sententia scribae medici haruspicisque con- demnat. 3. T/ie Case of Sthemus, 1. Sthenius est, is qui nobis assidet, Thermitanus, antea multis propter summam virtutem summamque nobilitatem, nunc propter suam calamitatem atque istius insignem iniuriam omnibus notus. Huius hospitio Verres quum esset usus, et 5 quum apud eum non modo Thermis saepenumero fuisset, sed etiam habitasset ; domo eius omnia abstulit, quae paullo magis animum cuiuspiam aut oculos possent commovere. Etenim Sthenius ab adolescentia paullo studiosius haec com- pararat, supellectilem ex acre elegantiorem, et Deliacam et 10 Corinthiam, tabulas pictas, etiam argenti bene facti, prout Thermitani hominis facultates ferebant, satis: quae, quum esset in Asia adolescens, studiose, ut dixi, comparabat, non tarn suae delectationis causa, quam ad invitationes adventus- que nostrorum hominum, amicorum suorum atque hospitum. 15 Quae posteaquam iste omnia abstulit, alia rogando, alia pos- cendo, alia sumendo: ferebat Sthenius, ut poterat: tange- batur tamen animi dolore necessario, quod domum eius exornatam atque instructam fere iam iste reddiderat nudam atque inanem : verumtamen dolorem suum nemini impertie- 20 bat : praetoris iniurias tacite, hospitis placide ferendas arbi- trabatur. Interea iste cupiditate ilia sua nota atque apud omnes pervagata, quum signa quaedam pulcherrima atque antiquissima Thermis in publico posita vidisset, adamavit : a Sthenio petere coepit, ut ad ea tollenda operam suam pro- 25 fiteretur seque adiuvaret. Sthenius vero non solum negavit, sed etiam ostendit, id fieri nuUo modo posse, ut signa anti- quissima, monumenta P. Africani, ex oppido Thermitanorum, incolumi ilia civitate imperioque populi Romani, tollerentur. 2, Etenim ut simul P. Africani quoque humanitatem et 230 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. V. aequitatem cognoscatis, oppidum Himeram Karthaginienses 30 quondam ceperant, quod fuerat in primis Siciliae clarum et ornatum. Scipio, qui hoc dignum populo Romano arbitraba- tur, bello confecto socios sua per nostram victoriam recupe- rare, Siculis omnibus, Karthagine capta,quae potuit restituenda curavit. Himera deleta, quos cives belli calamitas reliquos 35 fecerat, ii sese Thermis collocarant in eiusdem agri finibus, neque longe ab oppido antiquo. Hi se patrum fortunam ac dignitatem recuperare arbitrabantur, quum ilia maiorum ornamenta in eorum oppido collocabantur. Erant signa ex aere complura : in his mira pulchritudine ipsa Himera, in 40 muliebrem figuram habitumque formata, ex oppidi nomine et fluminis. Erat etiam Stesichori poetae statua senilis in- curva, cum libro, summo, ut putant, artificio facta; qui fuit Himerae, sed et est et fuit tota Graecia, summo propter ingenium honore et nomine. Haec iste ad insaniam con- 45 cupiverat. Etiam, quod paene praeterii, capella quaedam est, ea quidem mire, ut etiam nos, qui rudes harum rerum sumus, intelligere possimus, scite facta et venuste. Haec et alia Scipio non negligenter abiecerat, ut homo intelligens Verres auferre posset ; sed Thermitanis restituerat : non quo 50 ipse hortos aut suburbanum aut locum omnino, ubi ea poneret, nullum haberet ; sed si domum abstulisset, non diu Scipionis appellarentur, sed eorum, ad quoscumque illius morte venissent : nunc his locis posita sunt, ut mihi semper Scipionis fore videantur itaque dicantur. 55 3. Haec quum iste posceret, agereturque ea res in senatu, Sthenius vehementissime restitit ; multaque, ut in primis Sicu- lorum in dicendo copiosus est, commemoravit : urbem relin- quere Thermitanos esse honestius, quam pati, tolli ex urbe monumenta maiorum, spolia hostium, beneficia clarissimi viri, 60 indicia societatis populi Romani atque amicitiae. Commoti animi sunt omnium : repertus est nemo, quin mori diceret satius esse. Itaque hoc adhuc oppidum Verres invenit prope II. 3« ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES. 2,^1 solum in orbe terrarum, unde nihil eiusmodi rerum de publico 65 per vim, nihil occulte, nihil imperio, nihil gratia, nihil pretio posset auferre. Verumtamen hasce eius cupiditates exponam alio loco : nunc ad Sthenium revertar. Itaque iste vehe- menter Sthenio infensus hospitium ei renuntiat : domo eius emigrat atque adeo exit: nam iam ante migrarat. Eum 70 autem inimicissimi Sthenii domum suam statim invitant, ut animum eius in Sthenium inflammarent ementiendo aliquid et criminando. Hi autem erant inimici Agathinus, homo nobilis, et Dorotheus, qui habebat in matrimonio Callidamam, Agathini eius filiam. 75 4. Itaque hortari homines coepit, ut aliquid Sthenio peri- culi crearent criminisque confingerent. Dicebant se illi nihil habere, quod dicerent. Tum iste his aperte ostendit et con- firmavit, eos in Sthenium, quidquid vellent, simul atque ad se detulissent, probaturos. Ita illi non procrastinant : Sthe- 80 nium statim educunt : aiunt ab eo litteras publicas esse cor- ruptas. Sthenius postulat, ut quum secum sui cives agant de litteris publicis corruptis, eiusque rei legibus Thermitanorum actio sit; quum senatus populusque Romanus Thermitanis, quod semper in amicitia fideque mansissent, urbem, agros, 85 legesque suas reddidisset ; Publiusque Rupilius postea leges ita Siculis ex senatusconsulto de decem legatorum sententia dedisset, ut cives inter sese legibus suis agerent; idemque hoc haberet Verres ipse in edicto ; ut de his omnibus causis se ad leges reiiceret. Iste, homo omnium aequissimus atque 90 a cupiditate remotissimus, se cogniturum esse confirmat : paratum ad causam dicendam venire hora nona iubet. Non erat obscurum, quid homo improbus ac nefarius cogitaret. Intellectum est, id istum agere, ut, quum Sthenium sine uUo argumento ac sine teste damnasset, tum homo nefarius de 95 homine nobili atque id aetatis suoque hospite virgis sup- plicium crudelissime sumeret. Quod quum esset perspi- cuum, de amicorum hospitumque suorum sententia Thermis 2^2 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. V. Sthenius Romam profugit : hiemi sese fluctibusque commit- tere maluit, quam non istam communem Siculorum tempes- tatem calamitatemque vitare. loo 5. Iste homo certus et diligens ad horam nonam praesto est. Sthenium citari iubet. Quern posteaquam videt non adesse, dolore ardere atque iracundia furere coepit : Vene- rios in domum Sthenii mittere: equites circum agros eius villasque dimittere. Itaque dum exspectat, quidnam sibi 105 certi afferatur, ante horam tertiam noctis de foro non discedit. Postridie mane descendit : Agathinum ad sese vocat : iubet eum de litteris publicis in absentem Sthenium dicere. Erat eiusmodi causa, ut ille ne sine adversario qui- dem apud inimicum iudicem reperire posset quid diceret. no Itaque tantum verbo posuit, Sacerdote praetore Sthenium Htteras pubHcas corrupisse. Vix ille hoc dixerat, quum iste pronuntiat, sthenium litteras publicas corrupisse vi- DERI : et haec praeterea addidit homo Venerius, novo modo, nullo exemplo, ob eam rem hs quingenties veneri ery- 115 ciNAE DE STHENII BONIS EXACTURUM : bouaque cius statim coepit vendere : et vendidisset, si tantulum morae fuisset, quo minus ei pecunia ilia numeraretur. Ea posteaquam numerata est, contentus hac iniquitate non fuit : palam de sella ac tribunali pronuntiat: si quis absentem sthenium 120 REi capitalis reum facere vellet, sese eius nomen recepturum : et simul, ut ad causam accederet nomenque deferret, Agathinum, novum affinem atque hospitem, coepit hortari. Tum ille clare omnibus audientibus, sese id non esse facturum neque se usque eo Sthenio esse inimicum, ut 125 eum rei capitahs affinem esse diceret. Hie tum repente Pacilius quidam, homo egens et levis, accedit: ait, si liceret, nomen absentis deferre se velle. Iste vero, et licere et fieri solere et se recepturum. Itaque defertur. Edicit statim, ut Kalendis Decembr. adsit Sthenius Syracusis. Hie, qui Ro- 130 mam pervenisset satisque feliciter anni iam adverso tempore II. 3. ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES. 333 navigasset omniaque habuisset aequiora et placabiliora quam animum praetoris atque hospitis, rem ad amicos suos detuHt: quae, ut erat acerba atque indigna, sic videbatur omnibus. 135 6. Itaque in senatu continuo Cn. Lentulus et L. Gellius consules faciunt mentionem, placere statui, si patribus con- scriptis videretur, ne absentes homines in provinciis rei FiERENT RERUM CAPiTALiUM I causam Sthenii totam, et istius crudelitatem et iniquitatem senatum docent. Aderat in se- 140 natu Verres, pater istius, et flens unum quemque senatorem rogabat, ut filio suo parceret; neque tamen multum profi- ciebat : erat enim summa voluntas senatus. Itaque sententiae dicebantur, quum sthenius absens reus factus esset, de ABSENTE lUDICIUM NULLUM FIERI PLACERE, ET, SI QUOD 145 ESSET FACTUM, ID RATUM ESSE NON PLACERE. Eo die transigi nihil potuit, quod et id temporis erat, et ille, pater istius, invenerat homines, qui dicendo tempus consumerent. Postea senex Verres defensores atque hospites omnes Sthenii convenit : rogat eos atque orat, ne oppugnent filium suum ; 150 de Sthenio ne laborent : confirmat his, curaturum se esse, ne quid ei per filium suum noceatur : se homines certos eius rei causa in Siciliam et terra et marl esse missurum. Et erat spatium dierum fere triginta ante Kalendas Decembr. : quo die iste ut Syracusis Sthenius adesset dixerat. Commoventur 155 amici Sthenii, sperant fore, ut patris litteris nuntiisque filius ab illo furore revocetur. In senatu postea causa non agitur. Veniunt ad istum domestici nuntii litterasque a patre afferunt ante Kalendas Decembr., quum isti etiam tum de Sthenio in integro tota res esset : eodemque ei tempore de eadem re 160 litterae complures a multis eius amicis ac necessariis afFe- runtur. 7. Hie iste, qui prae cupiditate neque officii sui neque periculi neque pietatis neque humanitatis rationem habuisset umquam, neque in eo quod monebatur auctoritatem^ patris, 165 ncc in eo quod rogabatur voluntatem anteponendam putavit ^34 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. V. libidini suae : mane Kalendis Decemt»*. ut edixerat, Sthe- nium citari iubet. Si abs te istam rem parens tuus alicuius amici rogatu benignitate aut ambitione adductus petisset, gravissima tamen apud te voluntas patris esse debuisset, quum vero abs te tui capitis causa peteret hominesque certos 1 70 domo misisset, hique eo tempore ad te venissent, quum tibi in integro tota res esset, ne tum quidem te potuit, si non pietatis, at salutis tuae ratio ad officium sanitatemque redu- cere ? Citat reum : non respondet. Citat accusatorem : (attendite, quaeso, iudices : videte, quanto opere istius amen- 175 tiae fortuna ipsa adversata sit, et simul videte, quis Sthenii causam casus adiuverit : ) citatus accusator, M. Pacilius, nescio quo casu, non respondit, non affuit. Si praesens Sthenius reus esset factus: si manifesto in maleficio tene- retur ; tamen, quum accusator non adesset, Sthenium con- 180 demnari non oporteret. Etenim, si posset reus absente accu- satore condemnari, non ego a Vibone Veliam parvulo navigio inter fugitivorum ac praedonum ac tua tela venissem, quo tempore omnis ilia mea festinatio fuit cum periculo capitis ob cam causam, ne tu ex reis eximerere, si ego ad diem non 185 affuissem. Quod igitur tibi erat in tuo iudicio optatissimum, me, quum citatus essem, non adesse, cur Sthenio non pu- tasti prodesse oportere, quum eius accusator non affuisset? Itaque fecit, ut exitus principio simillimus reperiretur : quem absentem reum fecerat, eum absente accusatore condemnat. 190 4. The Story of Caius Heius, I. C. Heius est Mamertinus (omnes hoc mihi, qui Mes- sanam accesserunt, facile concedent) omnibus rebus in ilia civitate ornatissimus. Huius domus est vel optima Mes- sanae, notissima quidem certe, et nostris hominibus apertis- sima maximeque hospitalis. Ea domus ante adventum istius 5 sic ornata fuit, ut urbi quoque esset ornamento. Nam ipsa 11. 4« ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES. 235 Messana, quae situ moenibus portuque ornata sit, ab his re- bus, quibus iste delectatur, sane vacua atque nuda est. Erat apud Heium sacrarium magna cum dignitate in aedibus, a 10 maioribus traditum, perantiquum; in quo signa pulcherrima quattuor summo artificio, summa nobilitate, quae non modo istum hominem ingeniosum atque intelligentem, verum etiam quemvis nostrum, quos iste idiotas appellat, delectare pos- sent : unum Cupidinis marmoreum Praxiteli : nimirum didici J 5 etiam, dum in istum inquiro, artificum nomina. Idem, opinor, artifex eiusdemmodi Cupidinem fecit ilium, qui est Thespiis, propter quem Thespiae visuntur : nam alia visendi causa nulla est. Itaque ille L. Mummius, quum Thespiadas, quae ad aedem Felicitatis sunt, ceteraque profana ex illo 20 oppido signa tolleret, hunc marmoreum Cupidinem, quod erat consecratus, non attigit. 2. Verum, ut ad illud sacrarium redeam, signum erat hoc, quod dico, Cupidinis e marmore : ex altera parte Hercules, egregie factus ex acre : is dicebatur esse Myronis, ut opinor: 25 et certe. Item ante hos deos erant arulae, quae cuivis sacrarii religionem significare possent: erant aenea praeterea duo signa, non maxima, verum eximia venustate, virginali habitu atque vestitu, quae manibus sublatis sacra quaedam more Atheniensium virginum reposita in capitibus sustinebant: 30 Canephoroe ipsae vocabantur : sed earum artificem, quem ? quemnam ? recte admones, Polycletum esse dicebant. Mes- sanam ut quisque nostrum venerat, haec visere solebat : omnibus haec ad visendum patebant quotidie: domus erat non domino magis ornamento, quam civitati. C. Claudius, 35 cuius aedilitatem magnificentissimam scimus fuisse, usus est hoc Cupidine tamdiu, dum forum diis immortalibus popu- loque Romano habuit ornatum: et, quum esset hospes Heiorum, Mamertini autem populi patronus, ut illis benignis usus est ad commodandum, sic ipse diligens fuit ad repor- 40 tandum. Nuper homines nobiles eiusmodi, iudices, et quid 236 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. V. dico nuper? immo vero modo ac plane pauUo ante vidimus, qui forum ac basilicas non spoliis provinciarum, sed orna- mentis amicorum; commodis hospitum, non furtis nocen- tium, ornarent : qui tamen signa atque ornamenta sua cuique reddebant, non ablata ex urbibus sociorum, quatridui causa, 45 per simulationem aedilitatis, domum deinde atque ad suas villas auferebant. Haec omnia quae dixi signa, indices, ab Heio de sacrario Verres abstulit : nullum, inquam, horum reliquit, neque aliud ullum tamen, praeter unum pervetus ligneum, Bonam Fortunam, ut opinor. Earn iste habere 50 domi suae noluit. 3. Pro deum hominumque fidem! quid hoc est? quae est haec causa ? quae haec impudentia est ? Quae dico signa, antequam abs te sublata sunt, Messanam cum imperio nemo venit, quin viderit. Tot praetores, tot consules in Sicilia, tum 55 in pace, tum etiam in bello fuerunt ; tot homines cuiusque modi; non loquor de integris, innocentibus, religiosis: tot cupidi, tot improbi, tot audaces : quorum nemo sibi tam vehemens, tam potens, tam nobilis visus est, qui ex illo sacrario quidquam poscere aut tollere aut attingere auderet. 60 Verres, quod ubique erit pulcherrimum, auferet ? nihil habere praeterea cuiquam licebit ? tot domus locupletissimas domus istius una capiet? idcirco nemo superiorum attigit, ut iste toUeret ? ideo C. Claudius Pulcher retulit, ut C. Verres posset * auferre ? ^5 4. Sed quid ego tam vehementer invehor ? verbo uno repellar. ' Emi,' inquit. O dii immortales ! praeclaram defensionem ! Mercatorem cum imperio ac securibus in provinciam misimus, omnia qui signa, tabulas pictas, omne argentum, aurum, ebur, gemmas coemeret, nihil cuiquam 7© relinqueretl Haec enim mihi ad omnia defensio patefieri videtur, emisse. Primum, si id quod vis tibi ego concedam, ut emeris, quoniam in toto hoc genere hac una defensione usurus es : quaero, cuiusmodi tu indicia Romae putaris esse, II. 4. Rome's rule of her provinces, 237 75 si tibi hoc quemqiiam concessurum putasti, te in praetura atque imperio tot res, tarn pretiosas, omnes denique res, quae alicuius pretii fuerint, tota ex provincia coemisse? Videte maiorum diligentiam, qui nihildum etiam istiusmodi suspicabantur ; verumtamen ea, quae parvis in rebus accidere 80 poterant, providebant. Neminem, qui cum potestate aut legatione in provinciam esset profectus, tarn amentem fore putaverunt, ut emeret argentum, (dabatur enim de publico) : ut vestem, (praebebatur enim legibus) : mancipium putave- runt, quo et omnes utimur, et non praebetur a populo. 85 Sanxerunt, ne quis emeret mancipium, nisi in demortui LOCUM. Si qui Romae esset demortuus ? immo, si quis ibidem. Non enim te instruere domum tuam voluerunt in provincia, sed ilium usum provinciae supplere.. Quae fuit causa, cur tarn diligenter nos in provinciis ab emptionibus 90 removerent ? Haec, indices, quod putabant ereptionem esse, non emptionem, quum venditori suo arbitratu vendere non liceret. In provinciis intelligebant, si is, qui esset cum im- perio ac potestate, quod apud quemque esset emere vellet, idque ei liceret, fore uti, quod quisque vellet, sive esset 95 venale, sive non esset, quanti vellet auferret. Dicet aliquis : * Noli isto modo agere cum Verre : noli eius facta ad anti- quae religionis rationem exquirere : concede, ut impune emerit, modo ut bona ratione emerit, nihil pro potestate, nihil ab invito, nihil per iniuriam.' Sic agam. Si quid venale 100 habuit Heius; si id, quanti aestimabat, tanti vendidit: desino quaerere, cur emeris. 5. Quid igitur nobis faciundum est? Num argumentis utendum in re eiusmodi.^* Quaerendum est, credo, Heius iste num aes alienum habuerit, num auctionem fecerit: si 105 fecit, num tanta difficultas eum rei nummariae tenuerit, tanta egestas, tanta vis presserit, ut sacrarium suum spoliaret, ut deos patrios venderet. At hominem video auctionem fecisse nullam ; vendidisse praeter fructus suos nihil umquam ; non s 238 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO, Sect. V. modo in acre alieno nullo, sed in suis nummis multis esse ac semper fuisse; si haec contra ac dico essent omnia, tamen no ilium haec, quae tot annos in familia sacrarioque maiorum fuissent, venditurum non fuisse. Quid, si magnitudine pecu- niae persuasum est ei ? verisimile non est, ut ille homo tarn locuples, tarn honestus, religioni suae monumentisque maio- rum pecuniam anteponeret. Sunt ista: verumtamen abdu- 115 cuntur homines nonnumquam etiam ab institutis suis magni- tudine pecuniae. Videamus, quanta ista pecunia fuerit, quae potuerit Heium, hominem maxime locupletem, minime ava- rum, ab humanitate, a pietate, a religione deducere. Ita iussisti, opinor, ipsum in tabulas referre : haec omnia signa 120 PRAXITELI, MYRONIS, POLYCLETI, HS VI. MILL. ET ID VERRI vendita sunt. Recita ex tabulis. luvat me haec praeclara nomina artificum, quae isti ad caelum ferunt, Verris aestima- tione sic concidisse. Cupidinem Praxitelis hs cioidc 1 Pro- fecto hinc natum est: * Malo emere, quam rogare.' 125 6. Dicet aliquis: 'Quid? tu ista permagno aestimasP* Ego vero ad meam rationem usumque meum non aestimo : verumtamen a vobis ita arbitror spectari oportere, quanti haec eorum iudicio, qui studiosi sunt harum rerum, aesti- mentur; quanti venire soleant; quanti haec ipsa, si palam 130 libereque venirent, venire possent; denique ipse Verres quanti aestimet. Numquam enim, si denariis quadringentis Cupidinem ilium putasset, commisisset, ut propter eum in sermonem hominum atque in tantam vituperationem veniret. Quis vestrum igitur nescit, quanti haec aestimentur? In 135 auctione signum aeneum non magnum hs xl millibus venire non vidimus ? Quid, si velim nominare homines, qui aut non minoris aut etiam pluris emerint ? nonne possum Etenim qui modus est in his rebus cupiditatis, idem est aestimationis. Difficile est enim finem facere pretio, si non libidini feceris. 140 Video igitur Heium neque voluntate neque difficultate aliqua temporis neque magnitudine pecuniae adductum esse, ut II. 4. Rome's rule of her provinces, 239 haec signa venderet: teque ista simulatione emptionis, vi, metu, imperio, fascibus, ab homine eo, quern una cum ceteris [45 sociis non solum potestati tuae, sed etiam fidei populus Ro- manus commiserat, eripuisse atque abstulisse. 7. Quid mihi tam optandum, iudices, potest esse in hoc crimine, quam ut haec eadem dicat ipse Heius ? Nihil pro- fecto. Sed ne difificilia optemus. Heius est Mamertinus: 150 Mamertina civitas istum publice communi consilio sola lau- dat : omnibus ipse ceteris Siculis odio est : ab his solis ama- tur : eius autem legationis, quae ad istum laudandum missa est, princeps est Heius : etenim est primus civitatis : ne forte, dum publicis mandatis serviat, de privatis iniuriis reticeat. 155 Haec quum scirem et cogitarem, commisi tamen, iudices, Heio. Produxi eum prima actione : neque id tamen ullo periculo feci. Quid enim poterat Heius respondere, si esset improbus, si sui dissimilis ? Esse ilia signa domi suae, non esse apud Verrem ? Qui poterat quidquam eiusmodi dicere ? 160 Ut homo turpissimus esset impudentissimeque mentiretur, hoc diceret : ilia se habuisse venalia, eaque se, quanti volu- erit, vendidisse. Homo domi suae nobilissimus, qui vos de religione sua ac dignitate vere existimare maxime vellet, primo dixit se istum publice laudare, quod sibi ita mandatum 165 esset : deinde neque se ilia hubuisse venalia neque ulla con- ditione, si, utrum vellet, liceret, adduci umquam potuisse, ut venderet ilia, quae in sacrario fuissent a maioribus suis relicta et tradita. 8. Verum haec emisse te dicis. Quid ? ilia Attalica tota 170 Sicilia nominata ab eodem Heio peripetasmata emere oblitus es ? Licuit eodem modo, ut signa. Quid enim actum est ? An litteris pepercisti ? Verum hominem amentem hoc fugit : minus clarum putavit fore, quod de armario, quam quod de sacrario esset ablatum. At quo modo abstulit ? Non possum 175 dicere planius, quam ipse apud vos dixit Heius. Quum quae- sissem, numquid aliud de bonis eius pervenisset ad Verrem, s 2 240 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. V. respondit istum ad se misisse, ut sibi mitteret Agrigentum peripetasmata. Quaesivi, an misisset: respondit id, quod necesse erat, scilicet dicto audientem fuisse praetori ; misisse. Rogavi, pervenissentne Agrigentum : dixit pervenisse. Quae- 1 80 sivi, quemadmodum revertissent : negavit adhuc revertisse. Risus popnli atque admurmuratio omnium facta est. Hie tibi in mentem non venit iubere, ut haec quoque referret HS VI millibus id se tibi vendidisse ? MetuisLi, ne aes alie- num tibi cresceret, si hs vi millibus id tibi constarent ea, 1^5 quae tu facile posses vendere hs cc millibus? Fuit tanti, mihi crede : haberes quod defenderes : nemo quaereret, quanti ilia res esset : si modo te posses docere emisse, facile cui velles tuam causam et factum probares: nunc de peri- petasmatis quemadmodum te expedias, non habes. 190 5. Verres' Agents, How Pamphilus saved his Cups, I. lam, ut haec omnia reperire ac perscrutari solitus sit, indices, est operae pretium cognoscere. Cibyratae sunt fratres quidam, Tlepolemus et Hiero: quorum alterum fin- gere opinor e cera solitum esse, alterum esse pictorem. Hosce opinor Cibyrae, quum in suspicionem venissent suis 5 civibus fanum expilasse ApoUinis, veritos poenam iudicii ac legis, domo profugisse. Quod Verrem artificii sui cupidum cognoverant, domo perfugientes ad eum se ex- sules, quum iste esset in Asia, contulerunt. Habuit se- cum eos ab illo tempore, et in legationis praedis atque 10 furtis multum illorum opera consilioque usus est. Hi sunt illi, quibus in tabulis retulit sese Q. Tadius dedisse iussu istius Graecis pictoribus. Eos iam bene cognitos et re pro- batos secum in Siciliam duxit. Quo posteaquam venerunt, mirandum in modum, (canes venaticos diceres,) ita odora- 15 bantur omnia et pervestigabant, ut, ubi quidque esset, aliqua 11.5. ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES. 24 1 ratione invenirent. Aliud minitando, aliud pollicendo, aliud per servos, aliud per liberos, per amicum aliud, aliud per inimicum inveniebant. Quidquid illis placuerat, perdendum 20 erat. Nihil aliud optabant quorum poscebatur argentum, nisi ut Hieroni et Tlepolemo displiceret. 2. Verum mehercule hoc, iudices, dicam. Memini Pam- philum Lilybaetanum, hospitem meum et amicum, nobilem hominem, mihi narrare, quum iste ab sese hydriam, Boethi 25 manu factam, praeclaro opere et grandi pondere, per pot- estatem abstulisset, se sane tristem et conturbatum domum revertisse, quod vas eiusmodi, quod sibi a patre et a maio- ribus esset relictum, quo solitus esset uti ad festos dies, ad hospitum adventum, a se esset ablatum. Quum sederem, 30 inquit, domi tristis, accurrit Venerius : iubet me scyphos sigillatos ad praetorem statim afferre. Permotus sum, inquit: binos habebam: iubeo promi utrosque, ne quid plus mali nasceretur, et mecum ad praetoris domum ferri. Eo quum veni, praetor quiescebat : fratres illi Cibyratae inambulabant. 35 Qui, me ubi viderunt : * Ubi sunt, Pamphile,' inquiunt, ' scy- phi?' Ostendo tristis; laudant : incipio queri me nihil habi- turum, quod alicuius esset pretii, si etiam scyphi essent ablati. Turn illi, ubi me conturbatum vident : ' Quid vis nobis dare, ut isti abs te ne auferantur ? ' Ne multa, * sestertios cio 40 me,' inquit, * poposcerunt : dixi me daturum/ Vocat interea praetor : scyphos poscit. Tum illos coepisse praetori dicere, putasse se, id quod audissent, alicuius pretii scyphos esse Pamphili : luteum negotium esse : non dignum, quod in suo argento Verres haberet. Ait ille, idem sibi videri. Ita Pam- 45 philus scyphos optimos aufert. Et mehercule ego antea, tametsi hoc nescio quid nugatorium sciebam esse, ista intel- ligere, tamen mirari solebam, istum in his ipsis rebus aii- quem sensum habere, quem scirem nulla in re quidquam simile hominis habere. 50 3. Tum primum intellexi, ad cam rem istos fratres Ciby- EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. V. ratas fuisse, ut iste in furando manibus suis, oculis illorum uteretur. At ita studiosus est huius praeclarae existima- tionis, ut putetur in hisce rebus intelligens esse, ut nuper (videte hominis amentiam) posteaquam est comperendinatus, quum iam pro damnato mortuoque esset, ludis Circensibus 55 mane apud L. Sisennam, virum primarium, quum essent triclinia strata argentumque expositum in aedibus; quum, pro dignitate L. Sisennae, domus esset plena hominum ho- nestissimorum, accessit ad argentum, contemplari unum quodque otiose et considerare coepit. Mirari stultitiam alii, 60 quod in ipso iudicio eius ipsius cupiditatis, cuius insimu- laretur, suspicionem augeret ; alii amentiam, cui comperen- dinato, quum tam multi testes dixissent, quidquam illorum veniret in mentem. Pueri autem Sisennae, credo, qui audi- vissent, quae in istum testimonia dicta essent, oculos de isto 65 nusquam deiicere, neque ab argento digitum discedere. Est boni iudicis, parvis ex rebus coniecturam facere unius cuius- que et cupiditatis et incontinentiae. Qui reus, et reus lege comperendinatus, re et opinione hominum paene damnatus, sibi temperare non potuerit maximo conventu, quin L. Sisen- 70 nae argentum tractaret et consideraret ; hunc in provincia praetorem quisquam putabit a Siculorum argento cupidi- tatem aut manus abstinere potuisse ? 6. JIow Diodorus ivas all hut robbed. T. Melitensis Diodorus est, qui apud vos antea testimo- nium dixit. Is Liiybaei multos iam annos habitat, homo et domi nobilis, et apud eos, quo se contulit, propter virtutem splendidus et gratiosus. De hoc Verri dicitur, habere eum perbona toreumata; in his pocula duo quaedam, quae Theri- 5 clea nominantur, Mentoris manu summo artificio facta. Quod iste ubi audivit, sic cupiditate infiammatus est non solum inspiciundi, verum etiam auferendi, ut Diodorum ad se voca- II. 6. ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES. 243 ret ac posceret. Ille, qui ilia non invitus haberet, respondet 10 Lilybaei se non habere, Melitae apud quemdam propinquum suum reliquisse. Turn iste continue mittit homines certos Melitam: scribit ad quosdam Melitenses, ut ea vasa per- quirant : rogat Diodorum, ut ad ilium propinquum suum det litteras: nihil ei longius videbatur, quam dum illud videret 15 argentum. Diodorus, homo frugi ac diligens, qui sua servare vellet, propinquo suo scribit, ut iis, qui a Verre venissent, responderet, illud argentum se paucis illis diebus misisse Lilybaeum. Ipse interea recedit : abesse ab domo paullisper maluit, quam praesens illud optime factum argentum amit- 20 tere. Quod ubi audivit iste, usque eo est commotus, ut sine ulla dubitatione insanire omnibus ac furere videretur. Quia non potuerat argentum eripere, ipse a Diodoro erepta sibi vasa optime facta dicebat: minitari absenti Diodoro: voci- ferari palam : lacrimas interdum vix tenere. Eriphylam 25 accepimus in fabulis ea cupiditate, ut, quum vidisset monile, ut opinor, ex auro et gemmis, pulchritudine eius incensa, salutem viri proderet. SimiUs istius cupiditas; hoc etiam acrior atque insanior, quod ilia cupiebat id quod viderat, huius libidines non solum oculis, sed etiam auribus exci- 30 tabantur. 2. Conquiri Diodorum tota provincia iubet. Ille ex Sicilia iam castra moverat et vasa collegerat. Homo, ut aliquo modo ilium in provinciam revocaret, banc excogitavit ratio- nem: si haec ratio potius quam amentia nominanda est. 35 Apponit de suis canibus quemdam, qui dicat se Diodorum Melitensem rei capitalis reum velle facere. Primo mirum omnibus videri, Diodorum reum, hominem quietissimum, ab omni non modo facinoris, verum etiam minimi errati suspi- cione remotissimum : deinde esse perspicuum, fieri omnia ilia 40 propter argentum. Iste non dubitat iubere nomen deferri: et tum primum opinor istum absentis nomen recepisse. Res clara Sicilia tota, propter caelati argenti cupiditatem reos 244 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. V. fieri rerum capitalium: neque solum praesentes reos fieri, sed etiam absentes. Diodorus Romae sordidatus circum patronos atque hospites cursare : rem omnibus narrare. Lit- 45 terae mittuntur isti a patre vehementes, ab amicis item, videret, quid ageret de Diodoro, quo progrederetur : rem claram esse et invidiosam : insanire hominem : periturum hoc uno crimine, nisi cavisset. Iste etiam tum patrem, si non in parentis, at in hominum numero putabat : ad iudi- 5^ cium nondum se satis instruxerat : primus annus erat pro- vinciae ; non ut in Sthenio, iam refertus pecunia. Itaque furor eius paullulum, non pudore, sed metu ac timore re- pressus est. Condemnare Diodorum non audet: absentem de reis eximit. Diodorus interea praetore isto prope Irien- 55 nium provincia domoque caruit. 7. How Verres robbed Prince Aniiochus of Syria, I. Venio nunc, non iam ad furtum, non ad avaritiam, non ad cupiditatem, sed eiusmodi facinus, in quo omnia nefaria contineri mihi atque inesse videantur ; in quo dii immortales violati, existimatio atque auctoritas nominis populi Romani imminuta, hospitium spoliatum ac proditum, abalienati see- 5 lere istius a nobis omnes reges amicissimi nationesque quae in eorum regno ac ditione sunt. Nam reges Syriae, regis Antiochi filios pueros, scitis Romae nuper fuisse : qui vene- rant non propter Syriae regnum ; nam id sine controversia obtinebant, ut a patre et a maioribus acceperant : sed reg- 10 num Aegypti ad se et ad Selenen, matrem suam, pertinere arbitrabantur. Hi ipsi posteaquam, temporibus reipublicae exclusi, per senatum agere quae voluerant non potuerunt, in Syriam in regnum patrium profecti sunt. Eorum alter, qui Antiochus vocatur, iter per Siciliam facere voluit. Itaque, 15 isto praetore, venit Syracusas. Hie Verres hereditatem sibi venisse arbitratus est, quod in eius regnum ac manus venerat II. 7. Rome's rule of her provinces. 245 is, quern iste et audierat multa secum praeclara habere, et suspicabatur. Mittit homini munera satis large; haec ad 20 usum domesticum : olei, vini, quod visum erat : etiam tritici, quod satis esset, de suis decumis. Deinde ipsum regem ad coenam vocavit : exornat ample magnificeque triclinium : exponit ea, quibus abundabat, plurima ac pulcherrima vasa argentea : omnibus curat rebus instructum et paratum ut sit 25 convivium. Quid muita? rex ita discessit, ut et istum co- piose ornatum et se honorifice acceptum arbitraretur. Vocat ad coenam deinde ipse praetorem : exponit suas copias om- nes, multum argentum, non pauca etiam pocula ex auro, quae, ut mos est regius et maxime in Syria, gemmis erant 30 distincta clarissimis. Erat etiam vas vinarium ex una gemma pergrandi, truUa excavata, manubrio aureo : de qua satis, credo, idoneum satis gravem testem Q. Minucium dicere audistis. Iste unum quodque vas in manus sumere, laudare, mirari. Rex gaudere, praetori populi Romani satis iucun- 35 dum et gratum illud esse convivium. Posteaquam inde discessum est, cogitare iste nihil aliud, quod ipsa res de- claravit, nisi quemadmodum regem e provincia spoliatum expilatumque dimitteret. Mittit rogatum vasa ea quae pul- cherrima apud ilium viderat : ait se suis caelatoribus velle 40 ostendere. Rex, qui istum non nosset^ sine uUa suspicione libentissime dedit. Mittit etiam trullam gemmeam rogatum : velle se eam diligentius considerare. Ea quoque ei mittitur. 2. Nunc reliquum, indices, attendite, de quo et vos audi- stis, et populus Romanus non nunc primum audiet, et in 45 exteris nationibus usque ad ultimas terras pervagatum est. Candelabrum e gemmis clatissimis opere mirabili perfectum reges hi, quos dico, Romam quum attulissent, ut in Capi- tolio ponerent, quod nondum perfectum templum ofFende- rant, neque ponere potuerunt, neque vulgo ostendere ac pro- 50 ferre voluerunt ; ut et magnificentius videretur, quum suo tempore in cella lovis Optimi Maximi poneretur, et clarius, 246 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. V. quum pulchritudo eius recens ad oculos hominum atque Integra perveniret : statuerunt id secum in Syriam repor- tare, ut, quum audissent simulacrum lovis Optimi Maximi dedicatum, legates mitterent, qui cum ceteris rebus illud 55 quoque eximiiim ac pulcherrimum donum in Capitolium afferrent. Pervenit res ad istius aures, nescio quomodo. Nam rex celatum voluerat; non quo quidquam metueret aut suspicaretur, sed ut ne multi illud ante perciperent oculis quam populus Romanus. Iste petit a rege et eum pluribus Co verbis rogat, ut id ad se mittat : cupere se dicit inspicere, neque se aliis videndi potestatem esse facturum. Antiochus, qui animo et puerili esset et regio, nihil de istius improbitate suspicatus est : imperat suis, ut id in praetorium involutum quam occultissime deferrent. Quo posteaquam attulerunt 65 involucrisque reiectis constituerunt : iste clamare coepit, dig- nam rem esse regno Syriae, dignam regio munere, dignam Capitolio. Etenim erat eo splendore, qui ex clarissimis et pulcherrimis gemmis esse debebat : ea varietate operum, ut ars certare videretur cum copia : ea magnitudine, ut intelligi 70 posset, non ad hominum apparatum, sed ad amplissimi templi ornamentum esse factum. Quod quum satis iam perspexisse videretur, tollere incipiunt, ut referrent. Iste ait se velle illud etiam atque etiam considerare : nequaquam se esse satiatum : iubet illos discedere et candelabrum relinquere. 75 Sic illi tum inanes ad Antiochum revertuntur. 3. Rex primo nihil metuere, nihil suspicari. Dies unus, alter, plures : non referri. Tum mittit rex ad istum, si sibi videatur, ut reddat. Iubet iste posterius ad se reverti. Mi- rum illi videri. Mittit iterum : non redditur. Ipse hominem 80 appellat : rogat, ut reddat. Os hominis insignemque impu- dentiam cognoscite. Quod sciret, quodque ex ipso rege audisset in Capitolio esse ponendum, quod lovi Optimo Maximo, quod populo Romano servari videret, id sibi ut donaret, rogare et vehementer petere coepit. Quum ille se 85 IL 7. ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES, 247 et religione lovis Capitolini et hominum existimalione impe- diri diceret, quod multae nationes testes essent illius operis ac muneris : iste homini minari acerrime coepit. Ubi videt, eum nihilo magis minis quam precibus permoveri : repente 90 hominem de provincia iubet ante noctem decedere : ait se comperisse ex eius regno piratas in Siciliam esse venturos. Rex maximo conventu Syracusis, in foro, ne quis forte me in crimine obscuro versari atque affingere aliquid suspicione hominum arbitretur, in foro, inquam, Syracusis flens ac deos 95 hominesque contestans clamare coepit, candelabrum factum e gemmis, quod in Capitolium missurus esset, quod in tem- plo clarissimo populo Romano monumentum suae societatis amicitiaeque esse voluisset, id sibi C. Verrem abstulisse : de ceteris operibus ex auro et gemmis, quae sua penes ilium ICO essent, se non laborare : hoc sibi eripi, miserum esse et indignum : id etsi antea iam mente et cogitatione sua fra- trisque sui consecratum esset, tamen tum se in illo conventu civium Romanorum dare, donare, dicare, consecrare lovi Optimo Maximo, testemque ipsum lovem suae voluntatis ac 105 religionis adhibere. 4. Quae vox, quae latera, quae vires huius unius criminis querimoniam possunt sustinere ? Rex Antiochus, qui Romae ante oculos omnium nostrum biennium fere comitatu regio atque ornatu fuisset, is quum amicus et socius populi Ro- iiomani esset, amicissimo patre, avo, maioribus, antiquissimis et clarissimis regibus, opulentissimo et maximo regno, prae- ceps provincia populi Romani exturbatus est. Quemadmo- dum hoc accepturas nationes exteras, quemadmodum huius tui facti famam in regna aliorum atque in ultimas terras 115 perventuram putasti, quum audirent, a praetore populi Ro- mani in provincia violatum regem, spoliatum hospitem, eiectum socium populi Romani atque amicum ? Nomen vestrum populique Romani odio atque acerbitati scitote na- tionibus exteris, indices, futurum, si istius haec tanta iniuria 248 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. V. impunita discesserit. Sic omnes arbitrabuntur, praesertim 120 qimm haec omnino fama de nostrorum hominum avaritia et cupiditate percrebruerit, non istius solius hoc esse facinus, sed eorum etiam qui approbarint. Multi reges, multae iiberae civitates, multi privati opulenti ac potentes habent profecto in animo Capitolium sic ornare, ut templi dignitas 125 imperiique nostri nomen desiderat : qui si intellexerint, inter- verso regali hoc dono, graviter vos tulisse, grata fore vobis populoque Romano sua studia ac dona arbitrabuntur. Sin hoc vos in rege tam nobili, in re tam eximia, in iniuria tam acerba neglexisse audierint, non erunt tam amentes, ut 130 operam, curam, pecuniam impendant in eas res, quas vobis gratas fore non arbitrentur, 8. Hozv Verres robbed Segesia 0/ an i?7iage of Diana, I. Segesta est oppidum pervetus in Sicilia, indices, quod ab Aenea fugiente a Troia atque in haec loca veniente con- ditum esse demonstrant. Itaque Segestani non solum per- petua societate atque amicitia, verum etiam cognatione se cum populo Romano coniunctos esse arbitrantur. Hoc 5 quondam oppidum, quum ilia civitas cum Poenis suo no- mine ac sua sponte bellaret, a Karthaginiensibus vi captum atque deletum est : omniaque, quae ornamento urbi esse pos- sent, Karthaginem sunt ex illo loco deportata. Fuit apud 10 Segestanos ex acre simulacrum Dianae, quum summa atque antiquissima praeditum religione, tum singulari opere artifi- cioque perfectum. Hoc tralatum Karthaginem, locum tantum hominesque mutarat: religionem quidem pristinam conser- vabat. Nam propter eximiam pulchritudinem etiam hostibus 15 digna quam sanctissime colerent videbatur. Aliquot saeculis post P. Scipio bello Punico tertio Karthaginem cepit : qua in victoria, (videte hominis virtutem et diligentiam, ut et domesticis praeclarissimae virlutis exemplis gaudeatis et eo 11. 8. ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES, ^49 20 maiore odio dignam istius incredibilem audaciam iudicetis,) convocatis Siculis omnibus, quod diutissime saepissimeque Siciliam vexatam a Karthaginiensibus cognorat, iubet omnia conquirir pollicetur sibi magnae curae fore, ut omnia civi- tatibus, quae cuiusque fuissent, restituerentur. Turn ilia, 25 quae quondam erant Himera sublata, de quibus antea dixi, Thermitanis sunt reddita : tum alia Gelensibus, alia Agri- gentinis : in quibus etiam ille nobilis taurus, quem crude- lissimus omnium tyrannorum Phalaris habuisse dicitur, quo vivos supplicii causa demittere homines et subiicere flammam 30 solebat : quem taurum Scipio quum redderet Agrigentinis, dixisse dicitur, aequum esse illos cogitare, utrum esset Si- culis utilius, suisne servire, an populo Romano obtemperare; quum idem monumentum et domesticae crudelitatis et no- strae mansuetudinis haberent. 35 2. Illo tempore Segestanis maxima cum cura haec ipsa Diana, de qua dicimus, redditur : reportatur Segestam : in suis antiquis sedibus summa cum gratulatione civium et lae- titia reponitur. Haec erat posita Segestae, sane excelsa in basi : in qua grandibus litteris p. africani nomen erat in- 40 cisum eumque Karthagine capta restituisse perscriptum. Colebatur a civibus : ab omnibus advenis visebatur : quum quaestor essem, nihil mihi ab illis est demonstratum prius. Erat admodum amplum et excelsum signum cum stola: verumtamen inerat in ilia magnitudine aetas at que habitus 45 virginalis : sagittae pendebant ab humero : sinistra manu retinebat arcum : dextra ardentem facem praeferebat. Hanc quum iste sacrorum omnium hostis religionumque praedo vidisset; quasi ilia ipse face percussus esset, ita flagrare cupiditate atque amentia coepit. Imperat magistratibus, ut 50 eam demoliantur et sibi dent : nihil sibi gratius ostendit futu- rum. lUi vero dicere id sibi nefas esse, seque quum summa re- iigione, tum summo metu legum et iudiciorum teneri. Iste tum petere ab illiS; tum minari, tum spem, tum metum ostendere. 250 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. V. Opponebant illi interdum nomen Africani ; donum po- puli Romani illud esse dicebant; nihil se in eo potestatis 55 habere, quod imperator clarissimus, urbe hostium capta, mo- numentum victoriae populi Romani esse voluisset. Quum iste nihilo remissius atque etiam multo vehementius instaret quotidie, res agitur in senatu. Vehementer ab omnibus reclamatur. Itaque illo tempore ac primo istius adventu 60 pernegatur. Postea, quidquid erat oneris in nautis remigi- busque exigendis, in frumento imperando, Segestanis praeter ceteros imponebat aliquanto amplius, quam ferre possent. Praeterea magistratus eorum evocabat: optimum quemque et nobilis'simum ad se arcessebat : circum omnia provinciae ^5 fora rapiebat: singillatim uni cuique calamitati fore se de- nuntiabat: universam se funditus illam eversurum esse civi- tatem minabatur. Itaque aliquando multis malis magnoque metu victi Segestani praetoris imperio parendum esse decre- verunt : magno cum luctu et gemitu totius civitatis, multis 70 cum lacrimis et lamentationibus virorum mulierumque om- nium simulacrum Dianae tollendum locatur. 3. Videte quanta religio fuerit apud Segestanos : reper- tum esse, indices, scitote neminem, neque liberum neque servum, neque civem neque peregrinum, qui illud signum 75 auderet attingere. Barbaros quosdam Lilybaeo scitote ad- ductos esse operarios : hi denique illud, ignari totius negotii ac religionis, mercede accepta, sustulerunt. Quod quum ex oppido exportaretur, quem conventum mulierum factum esse arbitramini ? quem fletum maiorum natu ? quorum nonnulli 80 etiam ilium diem memoria tenebant, quum ilia eadem Diana Segestam Karthagine revecta victoriam populi Romani re- ditu suo nuntiasset. Quam dissimilis hie dies illi tempori videbatur ! Tum imperator populi Romani, vir clarissimus, deos patrios reportabat Segestanis ex urbe hostium recu- 85 peratos : nunc ex urbe sociorum praetor eiusdem populi turpissimus atque impurissimus eosdem illos deos nefario II. 9. ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES. 251 sgelere auferebat. Quid hoc tota Sicilia est clarius, quam omnes Segestanas matronas et virgines convenisse, quum 90 Diana exportaretur ex oppido, unxisse unguentis, com- plesse coronis et floribus, ture odoribusque incensis usque ad agri fines prosecutas esse ? Hanc tu tantam religionem si turn in imperio propter cupiditatem atque audaciam non pertimescebas : ne nunc quidem in tanto tuo liberorumque 95 tuorum periculo perhorrescis ? Quern tibi aut hominem invitis diis immortalibus, aut vero deum tantis eorum reli- gionibus violatis auxilio futurum putas ? Tibi ilia Diana in pace atque in otio religionem nullam attulit? quae quum duas urbes in quibus locata fuerat captas incensasque 100 vidisset, bis ex duorum bellorum flamma ferroque servata est ; quae Karthaginiensium victoria loco mutato religionem tamen non amisit, P. Africani virtute religionem simul cum loco recuperavit. Quo quidem scelere suscepto, quum inanis esset basis, et in ea P. Africani nomen incisum : res indigna 105 atque intoleranda videbatur omnibus, non solum religiones esse violatas, verum etiam P. Africani, viri fortissimi, rerum gestarum gloriam, memoriam virtutis, monumenta victoriae C. Verrem sustulisse. Quod quum isti renuntiaretur de basi ac litteris, existimavit homines in oblivionem totius negotii no esse venturos, si etiam basim, tamquam indicem sui sceleris, sustulisset. Itaque tollendam istius imperio locaverunt ; quae vobis locatio ex publicis Segestanorum litteris priore actione recitata est. 9. Hozv Verres treated Sopater at Tyjtdaris, I. At hoc solum Africani monumentum violasti ? Quid? a Tyndaritanis non eiusdem Scipionis beneficio positum simulacrum Mercurii pulcherrime factum sustulisti? At quemadmodum, dii immortales ! quam audacter ! quam libi* 5 dinose I quam impudenter 1 Audistis nuper dicere legatos Tyndaritanos, homines honestissimos ac principes civitatis, 252 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. V. Mercurium, qui sacris anniversariis apud eos ac summa religione coleretur, quern P. Africanus Karthagine capta Tyndaritanis non solum suae victoriae, sed etiam illorum fidei societatisque monumentum atque indicium dedisset, lo huius vi scelere imperioque esse sublatum : qui, ut primum in illud oppidum venit, statim, tamquam ita fieri non solum oporteret, sed etiam necesse esset, tamquam hoc senatus mandasset, populusque Romanus iussisset, ita continuo, sig- num ut demolirentur et Messanam deportarent, imperavit. 15 Quod quum illis qui aderant, indignum, qui audiebant, incredibile videretur, non est ab isto, primo illo adventu, perseveratum. Discedens mandat proagoro Sopatro, cuius verba audistis, ut demoliatur. Quum recusaret, vehementer minatur. Et statim ex illo oppido proficiscitur. Proagorus 20 refert rem ad senatum : vehementer undique reclamatur. Ne multa : iterum iste aliquanto post ad illos venit ; quaerit con- tinuo de signo. Respondetur ei senatum non permittere : poenam capitis constitutam, si iniussu senatus quisquam attigisset: simul religio commemoratur. Tum iste: * Quam 25 mihi religionem narras? quam poenam? quem senatum? vivum te non relinquam : moriere virgis, nisi signum traditur.' Sopater iterum flens ad senatum defert; istius cupiditatem minasque demonstrat. Senatus Sopatro responsum nullum dat, sed commotus perturbatusque discedit. Ille, praetoris 30 arcessitus nuntio, rem demonstrat; negat ullo modo fieri posse. Atque haec (nihil enim praetermittendum de istius impudentia videtur) agebantur in conventu palam, de sella ac de loco superiore. 2. Erat hiems summa; tempestas, ut ipsum Sopatrum 35 dicere audistis, perfrigida ; imber maximus : quum iste im- perat lictoribus, ut Sopatrum de porticu, in qua ipse sedebat, praecipitem in forum deiiciant nudumque constituant. Vix erat hoc plane imperatum, quum ilium spoliatum stipatumque lictoribus videres : omnes id fore putabant, ut miser atque 40 II. 9. ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES, 253 innocens virgis caederetur: fefellit haec homines opinio. Virgis iste caederet sine causa socium populi Romani atque amicum ? Non usque eo improbus : non omnia sunt in eo uno vitia : numquam fuit crudelis. Leniter hominem cle- 45 menterque accepit. Equestres sunt medio in foro Marcel- lorum statuae, sicuti fere ceteris in oppidis Siciliae : ex qui- bus iste C. Marcelli statuam delegit, cuius officia in illam civitatem totamque provinciam recentissima erant et maxima ; in ea Sopatrum, hominem quum domi nobilem, tum summo 50 magistratu praeditum, divaricari ac deligari iubet. Quo cru- ciatu sit affectus, venire in mentem necesse est omnibus, quum esset vinctus nudus in aere, in imbri, in frigore. Neque tamen finis huic iniuriae crudelitatique fiebat, donee populus atque universa multitudo, atrocitate rei misericordiaque com- 55 mota, senatum clamore coegit, ut ei simulacrum illud Mer- curii polliceretur. Clamabant fore ut ipsi se dii immortales ulciscerentur : hominem interea perire innocentem non oportere. Tum frequens senatus ad istum venit : pollicetur signum. Ita Sopater de statua C. Marcelli, quum iam paene 60 obriguisset, vix vivus aufertur. 3. Non possum disposite istum accusare, si cupiam : opus est non solum ingenio, verum etiam artificio quodam sin- gulari. Unum hoc crimen videtur esse, et a me pro uno ponitur, de Mercurio Tyndaritano : plura sunt. Sed ea quo 65 pacto distinguere ac separare possim, nescio. Est pecunia- rum captarum, quod signum a sociis pecuniae magnae sus- tulit. Est peculatus, quod publicum populi Romani signum, de praeda hostium captum, positum imperatoris nostri no- mine, non dubitavit auferre. Est maiestatis, quod imperii 70 nostri gloriae rerumque gestarum monumenta evertere atque asportare ausus est. Est sceleris, quod religiones maximas i violavit. Est crudelitatis, quod in hominem innocentem, in socium nostrum atque amicum, novum et singulare supplicii genus excogitavit. Illud vero quid sit, iam non queo dicere : T 254 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. V. quo nomine appellem, nescio, quod in C. Marcelli statua. 75 Quid est hoc? Patronusne quod erat? Quid turn? Quo id spectat ? Utmm ea res ad opem, an ad calamitatem clientium atque hospitum valere debebat ? an ut hoc osten- deres, contra vim tuam in patronis praesidii nihil esse ? Quis hoc non intelligeret, in improbi praesentis imperio maiorem 80 esse vim, quam in bonorum absentium patrocinio ? An vero ex hoc ilia tua singularis significatur insolentia, superbia, contumacia? detrahere videlicet aliquid te de amplitudine Marcellorum putasti. Itaque nunc Siculorum Marcelli non sunt patroni : Verres in eorum locum substitutus est. Quam 85 in te tantam virtutem esse aut dignitatem arbitratus es, ut conarere clientelam tarn illustrem, tam splendidae provinciae, traducere ad te, auferre a certissimis antiquissimisque pa- tronis ? Tu ista stultitia, nequitia, inertia non modo totius Siciliae, sed unius tenuissimi Siculi cHentelam tueri potes ? 9^ Tibi Marcelli statua pro patibulo in clientes Marcellorum fuit ? tu ex illius honore in eos ipsos, qui honorem illi habu- erant, supplicia quaerebas ? Quid postea ? quid tandem tuis statuis fore arbitrabare ? An vero id, quod accidit ? Nam Tyndaritani statuam istius, quam sibi propter Marcellos 95 altiore etiam basi poni iusserat, deturbarunt, simulac suc- cessum isti audierunt. 4. Dedit nunc igitur tibi fortuna Siculorum C. Marcellum iudicem, ut, cuius ad statuam Siculi te praetore alligabantur, eius religioni te eumdem vinctum astrictumque dederemus. 100 Ac primo, indices, hoc signum Mercurii dicebat iste Tynda- ritanos M. Marcello huic Aesernino vendidisse, atque hoc sua causa etiam Marcellum ipsum sperabat esse dicturum: quod mihi numquam verisimile visum est, adolescentem illo loco natum^ patronum Siciliae, nomen suum isti ad tralatio- 105 nem criminis commodaturum. Verumtamen ita res mihi tota provisa atque praecauta est, ut, si maxime esset inventus, qui in se suscipere istam culpam crimenque cuperet, tamen is II. lo. ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES. 2^5 proficere nihil posset. Eos enim deduxi testes et eas litteras no deportavi, ut de istius facto dubium esse nemini posset. Publicae litterae sunt, deportatum esse Mercurium Messanam sumptu publico : dicunt, quanti : praefuisse huic negotio pub- lice legatum Poleam. Quid ? is ubi est ? Praesto est : testis est. Proagori Sopatri iussu. Quis est hie ? qui ad statuam 115 astrictus est. Quid? is ubi est? Testis est: vidistis homi- nem et verba eius audistis. Demoliendum curavit Demetrius gymnasiarchus, quod is ei loco praeerat. Quid? hoc nos dicimus? Immo vero ipse praesens: Romae nuper istum ipsum esse pollicitum, sese id signum legatis esse redditu- 120 rum, si eius rei testificatio tolleretur, cautumque esset eos testimonium non esse dicturos. Dixit hoc apud vos Zosippus et Ismenias, homines nobilissimi et principes Tyndaritanae civitatis. 10. Verres* Rohheries at Agrigentum, Assorus, Engtiium, Caiina, I. Herculis templum est apud Agrigentinos non longe a foro, sane sanctum apud illos et religiosum. Ibi est ex acre simulacrum ipsius Herculis, quo non facile quidquam dixe- rim me vidisse pulchrius, (tametsi non tam multum in istis 5 rebus intelligo, quam multa vidi,) usque eo, indices, ut rictum eius ac mentum pauUo sit attritius, quod in precibus et gratulationibus non solum id venerari^ verum etiam oscu- lari solent. Ad hoc templum, quum esset iste Agrigenti, duce Timarchide repente nocte intempesta servorum arma- 10 torum fit concursus atque impetus. Clamor a vigilibus fani- que custodibus tollitur. Qui primo quum obsistere ac de- fendere conarentur, male mulcati clavis ac fustibus repel- luntur: postea convulsis repagulis effractisque valvis demo- liri signum ac vectibus labefactare conantur. Interea ex 15 clamore fama tota urbe percrebruit, expugnari deos patrios T 2 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO, Sect. V. non hostium adventu necopinato neque repentino praedonum impetu ; sed ex domo atque cohorte praetoria manum fugi- tivorum instructam armatamque venisse. Nemo Agrigenti neque aetate tarn afFecta neque viribus tarn infirmis fuit, qui non ilia nocte eo nuntio excitatus surrexerit, telumque, quod 20 cuique fors ofFerebat, arripuerit. Itaque brevi tempore ad fanum ex urbe tota concurritur. Hora amplius iam in demo- liendo signo permulti homines moliebantur : illud interea nulla lababat ex parte ; quum alii vectibus subiectis cona- rentur commovere, alii deligatum omnibus membris rapere 25 ad se funibus. Repente Agrigentini concurrunt : fit magna lapidatio : dant sese in fugam istius praeclari imperatoris nocturni milites. Duo tamen sigilla perparvula tollunt, ne omnino inanes ad istum praedonem religionum reverterentur. Numquam tam male est Siculis, quin aliquid facete et com- 30 mode dicant : velut in hac re aiebant, in labores Herculis non minus hunc immanissimum Verrem, quam ilium aprum Erymanthium referri oportere. 2. Hanc virtutem Agrigentinorum imitati sunt Assorini postea, viri fortes et fideles, sed nequaquam ex tam ampla 35 neque tam ex nobili civitate. Chrysas est amnis, qui per Assorinorum agros fluit : is apud illos habetur deus et reli- gione maxima colitur. Fanum eius est in agro propter ipsam viam, qua Assoro itur Hennam. In eo Chrysae est simulacrum, praeclare factum e marmore. Id iste poscere 40 Assorinos propter singularem eius fani religionem non ausus est : Tlepolemo dat Hieronique negotium. Illi noctu facta manu armataque veniunt : fores aedis effringunt : aeditui custodesque mature sentiunt : signum, quod erat notum vici- nitati, buccina datur: homines ex agris concurrunt: eiicitur 45 fugaturque Tlepolemus : neque quidquam ex fano Chrysae praeter unum perparvulum signum ex acre desideratum est. 3, Matris magnae fanum apud Enguinos est. In hoc fano loricas galeasque aeneas, caelatas opere Corinlhio, II. JO. ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES. 2^y 50 hydriasque grandes, simili in genere atque eadem arte per- fectas, idem ille P. Scipio, vir omnibus rebus praecellentis- simus, posuerat et suum nomen inscripserat. Quid iam de isto plura dicam aut querar ? Omnia ilia, indices, abstulit : nihil in religiosissimo fano praeter vestigia violatae religionis 55 nomenque P. Scipionis reliquit : hostium spolia, monumenta imperatorum, decora atque ornamenta fanorum posthac his praeclaris nominibus amissis in instrumento atque in supel- lectile C. Verris numerabuntur. 4. Audite etiam singularem eius, indices, cupiditatem, auda- 60 ciam, amentiam, in his praesertim sacris polluendis, quae non modo manibus attingi, sed ne cogitatione quidem violari fas fuit. Sacrarium Cereris est apud Catinenses eadem reli- gione, qua Romae, qua in ceteris locis, qua prope in toto orbe terrarum. In eo sacrario intimo fuit signum Cereris 65 perantiquum, quod viri, non modo cuiusmodi esset, sed ne esse quidem sciebant. Aditus enim in id sacrarium non est viris ; sacra per mulieres ac virgines confici solent. Hoc signum noctu clam istius servi ex illo religiosissimo atque antiquissimo fano sustulerunt: postridie sacerdotes Cereris 70 atque illius fani antistitae maiores natu, probatae ac nobiles mulieres, rem ad magistratus suos deferunt. Omnibus acer- bum, indignum, luctuosum denique videbatur. Tum iste permotus ilia atrocitate negotii, ut ab se sceleris istius suspi- cio demoveretur, dat hospiti suo cuidam negotium, ut ali- 75 quem reperiret, quem illud fecisse insimularet ; daretque operam, ut is eo crimine damnaretur, ne ipse esset in cri- mine. Res non procrastinatur ; nam quum iste Catina pro- fectus esset, servi cuiusdam nomen defertur. Is accusatur : flcti testes in eum dantur : rem cunctus senatus Catinensium 80 legibus iudicat. Sacerdotes vocantur : ex his quaeritur se- creto in curia, quid esset factum, quemadmodum arbitra- rentur signum esse ablatum. Respondent illae, praetoris in eo loco servos esse visos. Res, quae esset iam antea 2SS EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. V. non obscura, sacerdotum testimonio perspicua esse coepit. Itur in consilium : servus ille innocens omnibus sententiis ^5 absolvitur, quo facilius vos hunc omnibus sententiis con- demnare possetis. 11, Hozv Verres carried off the Image of Juno from Melita, Insula est Melita, indices, satis lato ab Sicilia mari peri- culosoque disiuncta : in qua est eodem nomine oppidum, quo iste numquam accessit ; quod tamen isti textrinum per triennium ad muliebrem vestem conficiendam fuit. Ab eo oppido non longe, in promontorio, fanum est lunonis anti- 5 quum : quod tanta religione semper fuit, ut non modo illis Punicis bellis, quae in his fere locis navali copia gesta atque versata sunt, sed etiam in hac praedonum multitudine sem- per inviolatum sanctumque fuerit. Quin etiam hoc memo- riae proditum est, classe quondam Masinissae regis ad eum 10 locum appulsa, praefectum regium dentes eburneos incredibili magnitudine e fano sustulisse et eos in Africam portasse, Masinissaeque donasse. Regem quidem primo delectatum esse munere : post, ubi audisset, unde essent, statim certos homines in quinqueremi misisse, qui eos dentes reportarent. J 5 Itaque in his inscriptum litteris Punicis fuit: regem masi- NISSAM IMPRUDENTEM ACCEPISSE : RE COGNITA, REPONENDOS RESTiTUENDOSQUE cuRASSE. Erat practcrea magna vis eboris, multa ornamenta, in quibus eburneae Victoriae, antiquo opera ac summa arte perfectae. Haec iste omnia, ne multis 20 morer, uno impetu atque uno nuntio per servos Venerios, quos eius rei causa miserat, tollenda atque asportanda cura- vit. Pro dii immortales ! quem ego hominem accuso ? quem legibus ac iudiciali iure persequor ? de quo vos sententiam . per tabellam feretis ? Dicunt legati Melitenses publice, spo- 25 liatum templum esse lunonis : nihil istum in religiosissimo fano reliquisse, quem in locum classes hostium saepe acces- II. 11^ 12. ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES. 259 serint, ubi piratae fere quotannis hiemare soleant: quod neque praedo violaverit antea neque hostis attigerit, id ab 30 uno isto sic spoliatum esse, ut nihil omnino sit relictum. 12. Vcrres compared to Pluto, 1. Vetus est haec opinio, indices, quae constat ex anti- quissimis Graecorum litteris ac monumentis, insulam Sici- lian! totam esse Cereri et Liberae consecratam. Hoc quum ceterae gentes sic arbitrantur, turn ipsis Siculis ita persua- 5 sum est, ut animis eorum insitum atque innatum esse vide- atur. Nam et natas esse has in his locis deas et fruges in ea terra primum repertas arbitrantur, et raptam esse Liberam, quam eamdem Proserpinam vocant, ex Hennensium nemore : qui locus, quod in media est insula situs, umbilicus Siciliae 10 nominatur : quam quum investigare et conquirere Ceres vellet, dicitur inflammasse taedas iis ignibus, qui ex Aetnae vertice erumpunt: quas sibi quum ipsa praeferret, orbem omnium peragrasse terrarum. Henna autem, ubi ea, quae dico, gesta esse memorantur, est loco praecelso atque edito : 15 quo in summo est aequata agri planities et aquae perennes; tota vero ab omni aditu circumcisa atque directa est. Quam circa lacus lucique sunt plurimi et laetissimi flores omni tempore anni: locus ut ipse raptum ilium virginis, quern iam a pueris accepimus, declarare videatur. Etenim 20 prope est spelunca quaedam, conversa ad aquilonem, infinita altitudine, qua Ditem patrem ferunt repente cum curru ex- stitisse, abreptamque ex eo loco virginem secum asportasse, et subito non longe a Syracusis penetrasse sub terras, lacum- que in eo loco repente exstitisse : ubi usque ad hoc tempus 25 Syracusani festos dies anniversarios agunt celeberrimo viro- rum mulierumque conventu. 2. Propter huius opinionis vetustatem, quod eorum in his locis vestigia ac prope incunabula reperiuntur deorum, mira 26o EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. V. quaedam tota Sicilia privatim ac publice religio est Cereris Hennensis. Etenim multa saepe prodigia vim eius numen- 30 que declarant : multis saepe in difficiilimis rebus praesens auxilium eius oblatum est, ut haec insula ab ea non solum diligi, sed etiam incoli custodirique videatur. Nec solum Siculi, verum etiam ceterae gentes nationesque Hennensem Cererem maxime colunt. Etenim, si Atheniensium sacra 35 summa cupiditate expetuntur, ad quos Ceres in illo errore venisse dicitur frugesque attulisse : quantam esse religionem convenit eorum, apud quos eam natam esse et fruges inve- nisse constat ? Itaque apud patres nostros atroci ac difficili reipublicae tempore, quum Ti. Graccho occiso magnorum 40 periculorum metus ex ostentis portenderetur, P. Mucio L. Cal- purnio consulibus, aditum est ad libros Sibyllinos : in quibus inventum est, cererem antiquissimam placari oportere. Tum ex amplissimo collegio decemvirali sacerdotes populi * Romani, quum esset in Urbe nostra Cereris pulcherrimum 45 et magnificentissimum templum, tamen usque Hennam pro- fecti sunt. Tanta enim erat auctoritas et vetustas illius reli- gionis, ut, quum illuc irent, non ad aedem Cereris, sed ad ipsam Cererem proficisci viderentur. Non obtundam diutius. Etenim iamdudum vereor, ne oratio mea aliena ab iudiciorum 50 ratione et quotidiana dicendi consuetudine esse videatur. Hoc dico, banc ipsam Cererem, antiquissimam, religiosissi- mam, principem omnium sacrorum, quae apud omnes gentes nationesque fiunt, a C. Verre ex suis templis ac sedibus esse sublatam. Qui accessistis Hennam, vidistis simulacrum Ce- 55 reris e marmore et in altero templo Liberae: sunt ea per- ampla atque praeclara, sed non ita antiqua. Ex acre fuit quoddam, modica amplitudine ac singulari opere, cum faci- bus, perantiquum, omnium illorum, quae sunt in eo fano, multO antiquissimum. Id sustulit ; ac tamen eo contentus 60 non fuit. Ante aedem Cereris in aperto ac propatulo loco signa duo sunt, Cereris unum, alterum Triptolemi, et pul- II. 13. ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES. iGl cherrima et perampla. His pulchritudo periculo, amplitude saluti fuit, quod eorum demolitio atque asportatio perdifficilis 65 videbatur. Insistebat in manu Cereris dextra simulacrum pulcherrime factum Victoriae : hoc iste e signo Cereris avel- lendum asportandumque curavit. 3. Qui tandem istius animus est nunc in recognitione sce- lerum suorum, quum ego ipse in commemoratione eorum 70 non solum animo commovear, verum etiam corpore per- horrescam? Venit eni'm mihi fani, loci, religionis illius in mentem : versantur ante oculos omnia ; dies ille, quo ego Hennam quum venissem, praesto mihi sacerdotes Cereris cum infulis ac verbenis fuerunt : concio conventusque civium, 75 in quo ego quum loquerer, tanti fletus gemitusque fiebant, ut acerbissimus tota urbe luctus versari videretur. Non illi decumarum imperia, non bonorum direptiones, non iniqua indicia, non importunissimas istius libidines, non vim, non contumelias, quibus operti oppressique erant, conquerebantur : 80 Cereris numen, sacrorum vetustatem, fani religionem istius sceleratissimi atque audacissimi supplicio expiari volebant; omnia se cetera pati ac negligere dicebant. Hie dolor erat tantus, ut Verres alter Orcus venisse Hennam, et non Pro- serpinam asportasse, sed ipsam abripuisse Cererem videre- 85 tur. Etenim urbs ilia non urbs videtur, sed fanum Cereris esse : habitare apud sese Cererem Hennenses arbitrantur : ut mihi non cives illius civitatis, sed omnes sacerdotes, omnes accolae atque antistites Cereris esse videantur, 13. Verres* Robberies at Syracuse. I. Unius urbis, omnium pulcherrimae atque ornatissimae, Syracusarum direptionem commemorabo et in medium pro- feram, indices : ut aliquando totam huius generis orationem concludam atque definiam. Nemo fere vestrum est, quin, 5 quemadmodum captae sint a M. Marcello Sjracusae, saepe 262 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. V. audierit, nonnumquam etiam in annalibus legerit. Conferte banc pacem cum illo bello, huius praetoris adventum cum illius imperatoris victoria, huius cohortem impuram cum illius exercitu invicto, huius libidines cum illius continentia : ab illo qui cepit conditas, ab hoc qui constitutas accepit cap- lo tas dicetis Syracusas. Ac iam ilia omitto, quae disperse a me multis locis dicentur ac dicta sunt : forum Syracusano- rum, quod introitu Marcelli purum caede servatum est, id adventu Verris Siculorum innocentium sanguine redundasse; portum Syracusanorum, qui tum et nostris classibus et Kar- 15 thaginiensium clausus fuisset, eum isto praetore Cilicum myoparoni praedonibusque patuisse. Mitto adhibitam vim ingenuis, matresfamilias violatas ; quae tum urbe capta com- missa non sunt neque odio hostili neque licentia militari neque more belli neque iure victoriae : mitto, inquam,. 20 haec omnia, quae ab isto per triennium perfecta sunt : ea, quae coniuncta cum illis rebus sunt, de quibus antea dixi, cognoscite. 2. Urbem Syracusas maximam esse Graecarum urbium pulcherrimamque omnium saepe audistis. Est, indices, ita 25 ut dicitur : nam et situ est quum munito, tum ex omni aditu vel terra vel mari praeclaro ad aspectum: et portus habet prope in aedificatione aspectuque urbis inclusos : qui quum diversos inter se aditus habeant, in exitu coniunguntur et confluunt. Eorum coniunctione pars oppidi, quae appellatur 50 Insula, mari disiuncta angusto, ponte rursum adiungitur et continetur. Ea tanta est urbs, ut ex quattuor urbibus maxi- mis constare dicatur : quarum una est ea quam dixi Insula : quae duobus portubus cincta, in utriusque portus ostium aditumque proiecta est : in qua domus est, quae Hieronis 35 regis fuit, qua praetores uti solent. In ea sunt aedes sacrae complures, sed duae quae longe ceteris antecellant, Dianae una, et altera, quae fuit ante istius adventum ornatissima, Minervae. In hac Insula extrema est fons aquae 'dulcis^ cui II. 13- ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES, 263 40 nomen Arethusa est, incredibili magnitudine, plenissimus piscium ; qui fluctu totus operiretur, nisi munitione ac mole lapidum disiunctus esset amari. Altera autem est urbs Syra- cusis, cui nomen Achradina est : in qua forum maximum, pulcherrimae porticus, ornatissimum prytaneum, amplissima 45 est curia, templumque egregium lovis Olympii, ceteraeque urbis partes, una lata via perpetua multisque transversis divisae, privatis aedificiis continentur. Tertia est urbs, quae, quod in ea parte Fortunae fanum antiquum fuit, Tycha nominata est, in qua et gymnasium amplissimum est et com- 50 plures aedes sacrae : coliturque ea pars et habitatur frequen- tissime. Quarta autem est urbs, quae quia postrema coaedi- ficata est, Neapolis nominatur : quam ad summam theatrum est maximum: praeterea duo templa sunt egregia, Cereris unum, alterum Liberae, signumque Apollinis, qui Temenites 55 vocatur, pulcherrimum et maximum, quod iste si portare potuisset, non dubitasset auferre. 3. Nunc ad Marcellum revertar, ne haec a me sine causa commemorata esse videantur. Qui quum tam praeclaram urbem vi copiisque cepisset, non putavit ad laudem populi 60 Romani hoc pertinere, banc pulchritudinem, ex qua praeser- tim nihil periculi ostenderetur, delere et exstinguere. Itaque aedificiis omnibus publicis et privatis, sacris et profanis sic pepercit, quasi ad ea defendenda cum exercitu, non expug- nanda venisset. In ornatu urbis habuit victoriae rationem, 65 habuit humanitatis. Victoriae putabat esse, multa Romam deportare, quae ornamento urbi esse possent ; humanitatis, non plane exspoliare urbem, praesertim quam conservare voluisset. In hac partitione ornatus non plus victoria Mar- celli populo Romano appetivit, quam humanitas Syracusanis 70 reservavit. Romam quae asportata sunt ad aedem Honoris atque Virtutis itemque aliis in locis videmus. Nihil in aedibus, nihil in hortis posuit, nihil i^i suburbano : puXavit, si Urbis ornamenta domum suam non contulisset, domum 264 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. V. suam ornamento Urbi futuram. Syracusis autem permulta atque egregia reliquit : Deiim vero nullum violavit, nullum 75 attigit. Conferte Verrem : non ut hominem cum homine comparetis, ne qua tali viro mortuo fiat iniuria : sed ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et iurisdictionem cum ferro et armis, adventum et comitatum cum exercitu et victoria conferatis. 4. Aedes Minervae est in Insula, de qua ante dixi : quam Marcellus non attigit, quam plenam atque ornatam reliquit : quae ab isto sic spoliata atque direpta est, non ut ab hoste aliquo, qui tamen in bello religionum et consuetudinis mra retineret, sed ut a barbaris praedonibus vexata esse videatur. 85 Pugna erat equestris Agathocli regis in tabulis picta prae- clare : his autem tabulis interiores templi parietes vestie- bantur. Nihil erat ea pictura nobilius, nihil Syracusis, quod magis visendum putaretur. Has tabulas M. Marcellus, quum omnia ilia victoria sua profana fecisset, tamen religione im- 90 peditus non attigit : iste, quum ilia iam, propter diuturnam pacem fidelitatemque populi Syracusani sacra religiosaque accepisset, omnes eas tabulas abstulit: parietes, quorum ornatus tot saecula manserat, tot bella effugerat, nudos ac deformatos reliquit. Et Marcellus, qui, si Syracusas cepisset, 95 duo templa se Romae dedicaturum voverat, id, quod erat aedificaturus, his rebus ornare, quas ceperat, noluit : Verres, qui non Honori neque Virtuti, ut ille, sed Veneri et Cupidini vota deberet, is Minervae templum spoliare conatus est. Ille deos deorum spoliis ornare noluit : hie ornamenta Minervae 100 virginis in meretriciam domum tratulit. Septem et viginti praeterea tabulas pulcherrime pictas ex eadem aede sustulit : in quibus erant imagines Siciliae regum ac tyrannorum, quae non solum pictorum artificio delectabant, sed etiam com- memoratione hominum et cognitione formarum. Ac videte, 105 quanto taetrior hie tyrannus Syracusanis fuerit, quam quis- quam superiorum : quum illi tamen ornarint templa deorum II. 13. Rome's rule of her provinces. 265 immortalium, hie etiam deorum monumenta atque orna- menta sustulerit. no 5* I^i^ vero quid ego de valvis illius templi eommemo- rem? Vereor ne haee qui non viderint omnia me nimis augere atque ornare arbitrentur : quod tamen nemo suspicari debet, tarn esse me cupidum, ut tot viros primarios velim, praesertim ex iudicum numero, qui Syracusis fuerint, qui 115 haee viderint, esse temeritati et mendacio meo conscios. Confirmare hoc liquido, iudices, possum, valvas magnificen- tiores, ex auro atque ebore perfectiores nullas umquam ullo templo fuisse. Incredibile dictu est, quam multi Graeci de valvarum harum pulchritudine scriptum reliquerint. Nimium 1 20 forsitan haee illi mirentur atque efferant. Esto ; verumtamen honestius est reipublicae nostrae, iudices, ea, quae illis pul- chra esse videantur, imperatorem nostrum in bello reliquisse, quam praetorem in pace abstulisse. Ex ebore diligentissime perfecta argumenta erant in valvis : ea detrahenda curavit 125 omnia. Gorgonis os pulcherrimum, crinitum anguibus, re- vellit atque abstulit : et tamen indicavit, se non solum arti- ficio, sed etiam pretio quaestuque duci. Nam bullas aureas omnes ex his valvis, quae erant et multae et graves, non dubitavit auferre : quarum iste non opere delectabatur, sed 130 pondere. Itaque eiusmodi valvas reliquit, ut, quae olim ad ornandum templum erant maxime, nunc tantum ad clauden- dum factae esse videantur. Etiamne gramineas hastas (vidi enim vos in hoc nomine, quum testes dicerent, commoveri, quod erant eiusmodi, ut semel vidisse satis esset : in quibus 135 neque manu factum quidquam, neque pulchritudo erat ulla, sed tantum magnitudo incredibilis, de qua vel audire satis esset, nimium videre plus quam semel) etiamne id con- cupisti ? 6. Nam Sappho, quae sublata de prytaneo est, dat tibi 140 iustam excusationem, prope ut concedendum atque igno- scendum esse videatur. Silanionis opus tarn perfectum, tam 266 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. V. elegans, tarn elaboratum, quisquam non modo privatus, sed populus potius haberet, quam homo elegantissimus atque eruditissimus Verres ? nimirum contra dici nihil potest. Nostrum enim unus quisque, qui tam beati quam iste est ^45 non sumus, tam delicati esse non possumus, si quando aliquid istiusmodi videre volet, eat ad aedem Felicitatis, ad monumentum Catuli, in porticum Metelli; det operam, ut admittatur in alicuius istorum Tusculanum ; spectet forum ornatum, si quid iste suorum aedilibus commodarit : Verres 15^ haec habeat domi ? Verres ornamentis fanorum atque oppi- dorum habeat plenam domum, villas refertas ? Etiamne huius operarii studia ac delicias, iudices, perferetis ? qui ita natus est, ita educatus, ita factus et animo et corpore, ut multo appositior ad ferenda, quam ad auferenda signa esse vide- 155 atur. Atque haec Sappho sublata quantum desiderium sui reliquerit, dici vix potest. Nam quum ipsa fuit egregie facta, tum epigramma Graecum pernobile incisum habuit in basi, quod iste eruditus homo et Graeculus, qui haec subtiliter iudicat, qui solus intelligit, si unam litteram Graecam scisset, 160 certe non sustulisset. Nunc enim quod inscriptum est inani in basi declarat quid fuerit, et id ablatum indicat. 7. Quid? signum Paeanis ex aede Aesculapii praeclare factum, sacrum ac religiosum, non sustulisti.? quod omnes propter pulchritudinem visere, propter religionem colere so- 165 lebant. Quid ? ex aede Liberi simulacrum Aristaei non tuo imperio palam ablatum est ? Quid ? ex aede lovis religio- sissimum simulacrum lovis Imperatoris, quem Graeci Ovpiov nominant, pulcherrime factum, nonne abstulisti ? Quid ? ex aede Liberae parvum illud caput pulcherrimum, quod visere 170 solebamus, num dubitasti tollere ? Atque ille Paean sacrificiis anniversariis simul cum Aesculapio apud illos colebatur; Aristaeus, qui, ut Graeci ferunt, Liberi filius, inventor olei esse dicitur, una cum Libero patre apud illos eodem erat in templo consecratus. lovem autem imperatorem quanto i;;* li. 13. Rome's rule of her provinces. 267 honore in suo templo fuisse arbitramini ? coniicere potestis, si recordari volueritis, quanta religione fuerit eadem specie atque forma signum illud, quod ex Macedonia captum in Capitolio posuerat Flamininus. Etenim tria ferebantur in 180 orbe terrarum signa lovis imperatoris uno in genere pulcher- rime facta: unum illud Macedonicum, quod in Capitolio vidimus : alterum, in Ponti ore et angustiis : tertium, quod Syracusis ante Verrem praetorem fuit. Illud Flamininus ita ex aede sua sustulit, ut in Capitolio, hoc est in terrestri 185 domicilio lovis, poneret. Quod autem est ad introitum Ponti, id, quum tarn multa ex illo mari bella emerserint, tarn multa porro in Pontum invecta sint, usque ad banc diem integrum inviolatumque servatum est. Hoc tertium, quod erat Syracusis, quod M. Marcellus, armatus et victor, viderat, 190 quod religioni concesserat, quod cives atque incolae Syracu- sani colere, advenae non solum visere, verum etiam venerari solebant : id C. Verres ex templo lovis sustulit. Ut saepius ad M. Marcellum revertar, indices, sic habetote : plures esse a Syracusanis istius adventu deos, quam victoria Marcelli 195 homines desideratos. Etenim ille requisisse dicitur etiam Archimedem ilium, summo ingenio hominem ac disciplina, eumque quum audisset interfectum, permoleste tulisse : iste omnia, quae requisivit, non ut conservaret, verum ut aspor- taret, requisivit. lam ilia, quia leviora videbuntur, ideo prae- 200 teribo : quod iste mensas Delphicas e marmore, crateras ex acre pulcherrimas, vim maximam vasorum Corinthiorum ex omnibus aedibus sacris Syracusis abstulit. Itaque, indices, hi, qui hospites ad ea quae visenda sunt ducere solent et unum quidque ostendere, quos illi mystagogos vocant, con- 205 versam iam habent demonstrationem suam. Nam, ut ante demonstrabant, quid ubique esset: ita nunc, quid undique ablatum sit, ostendunt, 8. Quid tum ? mediocrine tandem dolore eos affectos esse arbitramini ? Non ita est, iudices : primum, quod omnes 268 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. V. religione moventur, et deos patrios, quos a maioribus acce- 210 perunt, colendos sibi diligenter et retinendos esse arbitrantur: deinde hie ornatus, haec opera atque artificia, signa, tabulae pictae Graecos homines nimio opere delectant. Itaque ex illorum querimoniis intelligere possumus, haec illis acerbis- sima videri, quae forsitan nobis levia et contemnenda esse 215 videantur. Mihi credite, iudices, (tametsi vosmetipsos haec eadem audire certo scio,) quum multas acceperint per hosce annos socii atque exterae nationes calamitates et iniurias; nullas Graeci homines gravius tulerunt, nec ferunt, quam huiuscemodi spoliationes fanorum atque oppidorum. Licet 220 iste dicat emisse se, sicuti solet dicere : credite hoc mihi, iudices : nulla umquam civitas tota Asia et Graecia signum uUum, ullam tabulam pictam, ullum denique ornamentum urbis, sua voluntate cuiquam vendidit : nisi forte existimatis, posteaquam indicia severa Romae fieri desierint, Graecos 225 homines haec venditare coepisse, quae turn non modo non venditabant, quum indicia fiebant, verum etiam coemebant : aut nisi arbitramini L. Crasso, Q. Scaevolae, C. Claudio, potentissimis hominibus, quorum aedilitates ornatissimas vidimus, commercium istarum rerum cum Graecis hominibus 230 non fuisse ; his, qui post iudiciorum dissolutionem aediles facti sunt, fuisse. 9. Acerbiorem etiam scitote esse civitatibus falsam istam et simulatam emptionem, quam si quis clam surripiat, aut eripiat palam atque auferat. Nam turpitudinem summam 235 esse arbitrantur, referri in tabulas, pretio adductam civitatem et pretio parvo ea quae accepisset a maioribus vendidisse atque abalienasse. Etenim mirandum in modum Graeci rebus istis, quas nos contemnimus, delectantur. Itaque maiores nostri facile patiebantur haec esse quam plurima 240 apud socios, ut imperio nostro quam ornatissimi florentissi- mique essent : apud eos autem, quos vectigales aut stipen- diarios fecerant, tamen haec relinquebant, ut illi, quibus ea II. 13. ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES, 269 iucunda sunt, quae nobis levia videntur, haberent haec ob- 45 lectamenta et solatia servitutis. Quid arbitramini Rheginos, qui iam cives Romani sunt, merere velle, ut ab eis marmorea Venus ilia auferatur ? quid Tarentinos, ut Europam in tauro sedentem amittant? ut Satyrum, qui apud illos in aede Vestae est ? ut cetera ? quid Thespienses, ut Cupidinis sig- 50 num, propter quod unum visuntur Thespiae ? quid Cnidios, ut Venerem marmoream ? quid, ut pictam, Coos ? quid Ephesios, ut Alexandrum ? quid Cyzicenos, ut Aiacem aut Medeam ? quid Rhodios, ut lalysum ? quid Athenienses, ut ex marmore lacchum, aut Paralum pictum, aut ex aere 55 Myronis buculam ? Longum est et non necessarium com- memorare, quae apud quosque visenda sunt tota Asia et Graecia: verum illud est, quamobrem haec commemorem, quod existimare vos hoc volo, mirum quemdam dolorem accipere eos, ex quorum urbibus haec auferantur. 60 10. Atque, ut ceteros omittamus, de ipsis Syracusanis cognoscite : ad quos ego quum venissem, sic primo existi- mabam, ut Romae ex istius amicis acceperam, civitatem Syracusanam propter Heraclii hereditatem non minus esse isti amicam, quam Mamertinam propter praedarum ac fur- 65 torum omnium societatem. Itaque Syracusis cum civibus Romanis eram : eorum tabulas exquirebam, iniurias cogno- scebam : a Syracusanis prorsus nihil adiumenti neque publice neque privatim exspectabam: neque erat in animo postulare. Quum haec agerem, repente ad me venit Hera- 70 clius is, qui tum magistratum Syracusis habebat, homo no- bilis, qui sacerdos lovis fuisset, qui honos apud Syracusanos est amplissimus : agit mecum, et cum fratre meo, ut, si nobis videretur, adiremus ad eorum senatum : frequentes esse in curia: se iussu senatus a nobis petere, ut veniremus. Primo 75 nobis fuit dubium quid ageremus : deinde cito venit in mentem non esse vitandum nobis ilium conventum et locum. u EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. V. 11. Itaque in curiam venimus. Honorifice sane consur- gitur: nos rogatu magistratus assedimus. Incipit is loqui, qui et auctoritate et aetate et, ut mihi visum est, usu rerum 280 antecedebat, Diodorus Timarchidi : cuius omnis oratio banc babuit primo sententiam : senatum populumque Syracusanum moleste graviterque ferre, quod ego, quum in ceteris Siciliae civitatibus senatum populumque docuissem, quid iis utilitatis, quid salutis afferrem, et quum ab omnibus mandata, legatos, 285 litteras, testimoniaque sumpsissem, in ilia civitate nihil eius- modi facerem. Respondi, neque Romae in conventu Sicu- lorum, quum a me auxilium communi omnium legationum consilio petebatur, causaque totius provinciae ad me defere- batur, legatos Syracusanorum affuisse, neque me postulare, 290 ut quidquam contra C. Verrem decerneretur in ea curia, in qua inauratam C. Verris statuam viderem. Quod postea- quam dixi, tantus est gemitus factus aspectu statuae et com- memoratione, ut illud in curia positum monumentum scele- rum, non beneficiorum videretur. Tum pro se quisque, 295 quantum dicendo assequi poterat, docere me coepit ea quae paullo ante commemoravi : spoliatam urbem, fana direpta : de Heraclii hereditate, quam palaestritis concessisset, multo maximam partem ipsum abstulisse : neque postulandum fuisse, ut ille palaestritas diligeret, qui etiam inventorem 300 olei deum sustulisset: neque illam statuam esse ex pecunia publica neque publice datam : sed eos, qui hereditatis diripi- endae participes fuissent, faciendam statuendamque curasse : eosdem Romae fuisse legatos, illius adiutores improbitatis, socios furtorum, conscios flagitiorum : eo minus mirari me 3^5 oportere, si illi communi legatorum voluntati et saluti Siciliae defuissent. 12. Ubi eorum dolor em ex istius iniuriis non modo non minorem, sed prope maiorem, quam ceterorum Siculorum esse cognovi : tum ego meum animum in illos, tum mei 310 consilii negotiique totius suscepti causam rationemque pro- II. 13. ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES. 27 1 posui, turn eos hortatus sum, ut causae communi salutique ne deessent: ut illam laudationem, quam se vi ac metu coactos, paucis illis diebus, decresse dicebant, tollerent. 315 Itaque, iudices, Syracusani haec faciunt, istius clientes atque amici. Primum mihi litteras publicas, quas in aerario sanc- tiore conditas habebant, proferunt : in quibus ostendunt omnia, quae dixi ablata esse, perscripta, et plura etiam, quam ego potui dicere : perscripta autem hoc modo : quod 520 EX AEDE MINERVAE HOC ET ILLUD ABESSET I QUOD EX AEDE lovis, QUOD EX AEDE LiBERi : ut quisquc eis rebus tuendis conservandisque praefuerat, ita perscriptum erat, quum ra- tionem e lege redderet, et quae acceperat, deberet tradere : petisse, ut sibi, quod hae res abessent, ignosceretur : itaque 325 omnes liberatos discessisse, et esse ignotum omnibus : quas ego litteras obsignandas publico signo deportandasque cu- ravi. De laudatione autem ratio sic mihi reddita est. Primum quum a C. Verre litterae aliquanto ante adventum meum de laudatione venissent, nihil esse decretum : deinde, quum 330 quidam ex illius amicis commonerent, oportere decerni, maximo esse clamore et convicio repudiatos : posteaquam mens adventus appropinquaret, imperasse eum, qui summam potestatem haberet, ut decernerent: decretum ita esse, ut multo plus illi laudatio mali, quam boni posset afferre. Id 335 adeo, indices, ut mihi ab illis demonstratum est, sic vos ex me cognoscite. 13. Mos est Syracusis, ut, si qua de re ad senatum refe- ratur, dicat sententiam qui velit. Nominatim nemo rogatur. Et tamen, ut quisque honore et aetate antecedit, ita primus 340 solet sua sponte dicere : idque a ceteris ei conceditur. Sin aliquando tacent omnes, tunc sortito coguntur dicere. Quum hie mos esset, refertur ad senatum de laudatione Verris. In quo primum, ut aliquid esset morae, multi interpellant : de Sex. Peducaeo, qui de ilia civitate totaque provincia optime meritus 345 esset, sese antea, quum audissent ei negotium facessitum, u 2 272 EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. V. quumque eum publice pro plurimis eius et maximis meritis laudare cuperent, a C. Verre prohibitos esse : iniquum esse, tametsi Peducaeus eorum laudatione iam non uteretur, tamen non id prius decernere, quod aliquando voluissent, quam quod turn cogerentur. Conclamant omnes et appro- 35° bant ita fieri oportere. Refertur de Peducaeo. Ut quisque aetate et honore antecedebat, ita sententiam dixit ex ordine. Id adeo ex ipso senatus consulto cognoscite : nam principum sententiae perscribi solent. Recita. quod verba facta sunt DE SEX. PEDUCAEO. Dicit, qui primi suaserint. Decernitur. 355 Refertur deinde de Verre. Die, quaeso, quomodo? quod VERBA FACTA SUNT DE c. VERRE. Quid postea scriptum est ? QUUM SURGERET NEMO NEQUE SENTENTIAM DICERET. Quid hoc est? soRS DUCiTUR. Quamobrem? Nemo erat volun- tarius laudator praeturae tuae, defensor periculorum, prae- 360 sertim quum inire a praetore gratiam posset? nemo. Illi ipsi tui convivae, consiliarii, conscii, socii verbum facere non audebant. Atque etiam hoc me docent, eiusmodi senatus consulto sese fecisse laudationem, ut omnes intelli- gere possent non laudationem, sed potius irrisionem esse 3^5 illam, quae commonefaceret istius turpem calamitosamque praeturam. Etenim scriptum esse ita: quod iste virgis NEMiNEM cecidisset: a quo cognoscetis nobilissimos homi- nes atque innocentissimos securi esse percussos : hoc autem scriptum etiam, quod proferre non auderet reus, accusator 37© recitare non desineret : quod praedones procul ab insula siciLiA prohibuisset verres : quos etiam intra Syracusa- nam Insulam recepisset. Quae posteaquam ex illis cognovi, discessi cum fratre e curia, ut nobis absentibus, si quid vel- lent, decernerent. 14. Decernunt statim : primum, ut cum l. fratre hos- piTiUM publice fieret, quod is eamdem voluntatem erga Syracusanos suscepisset, quam ego semper habuissem. Id non modo tum scripserunt, verum etiam in aere incisum II. 13. ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES, 273 380 nobis tradiderunt. Valde hercule te Syracusani tui, quos crebro commemorare soles, diligunt: qui cum accusatore tuo satis iustam causam coniungendae necessitudinis putant, quod te accusaturus sit, et quod ad inquirendum in te venerit. Poslea decernitur, ac non varie, sed prope cunctis senten- 385 tiis : UT LAUDATIO, QUAE C. VERRI DECRETA ESSEX, TOLLE- RETUR. At vero, quum iam non solum discessio facta esset, sed etiam perscriptum atque in tabulas relatum, praetor appellatur. At quis appellat ? magistratus aliqui ? nemo. Senator ? ne id quidem. Syracusanorum aliquis ? minime. 390 Quis igitur praetorem appellat ? qui quaestor istius fuerat, Caesetius. O rem ridiculam ! o desertum hominem ! o des- peratum ac relictum a magistratu Siculo ! Ne senatus con- sultum Siculi homines facere possent, ne suum ius suis moribus, suis legibus obtinere possent, non amicus istius, non 395 hospes, non denique aliquis Siculus, sed quaestor populi Romani praetorem appellat. Quis hoc vidit ? quis audivit ? Praetor aequus et sapiens dimitti iubet senatum. Concurrit ad me maxima multitudo. Primum senatores clamare, eripi sibi ius, eripi libertatem : populus senatum laudare, gratias 400 agere : cives Romani a me nusquam discedere. Quo qui- dem die nihil aegrius factum est multo labore meo, quam ut manus ab illo appellatore abstinerentur. Quum ad prae- torem in ius adissemus, excogitat sane acute, quid decernat. Nam ante quam verbum facerem, de sella surrexit atque 405 abiit. Itaque tum de foro, quum iam advesperasceret, dis- cessimus. 15. Postridie mane ab eo postulo, ut Syracusanis liceret senatus consultum, quod pridie fecissent, mihi reddere. Ille enimvero negat : et ait indignum facinus esse, quod ego in 410 senatu Graeco verba fecissem: quod quidem apud Graecos Graece locutus essem, id ferri nullo modo posse. Respondi homini, ut potui, ut volui, ut debui. Tum multa, tum etiam hoc me memini dicere, facile esse perspicuum, quantum inter EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. Sect. V. hunc et ilium Numidicum, verum ac germanum Metellum interesset. Ilium noluisse sua laudatione iuvare L. Lucullum, 415 sororis virum, quicum optime convenisset ; hunc homini alienissimo a civitatibus laudationes per vim et metum com- parare. Quod ubi intellexi, multum apud ilium recentes nuntios, multum tabulas non commendaticias, sed tributarias valuisse : admonitu ipsorum Syracusanorum impetum in eas 4^0 tabulas facio, in quibus senatus consulta perscripta erant. Ecce autem nova turba atque rixa. Ne tamen istum omnino Syracusis sine amicis, sine hospitibus, plane nudum esse ac desertum putetis : retinere coepit tabulas Theomnastus qui- dam, homo ridicule insanus, quem Syracusani Theoractum 425 vocant: qui illic eiusmodi est, ut eum pueri sectentur: ut omnes, quum loqui coepit, irrideant. Huius tamen insania, quae ridicula est aliis, mihi tum molesta sane fuit. Nam quum spumas ageret in ore, arderent oculi, voce maxima vim me sibi afferre clamaret, copulati in ius pervenimus. 430 Hie ego postulare coepi, ut mihi tabulas obsignare ac de- portare liceret. Ille contra dicere : negare esse illud senatus consultum, in quo praetor appellatus esset ; negare id mihi tradi oportere. Ego legem recitare, omnium mihi tabularum et litterarum fieri potestatem oportere. Ille furiosus urgere, 435 nihil ad se nostras leges pertinere. Praetor intelligens negare sibi placere, quod senatus consultum ratum esse non debe- ret, id me Romam deportare. Quid multa ? Nisi vehemen- tius homini minatus essem : nisi legum sanctionem poenam- que recitassem, tabularum mihi potestas facta non esset. 440 Ille autem insanus, qui pro isto contra me vehementissime declamasset, postquam non impetravit, credo, ut in gratiam mecum rediret, libellum mihi dat, in quo istius furta Syra- cusana perscripta erant : quae ego iam antea ab illis cogno- ram et acceperam. 446 NOTES. I. Cicero*s Letter to his brother Quintus, Cicero, brother of Marcus, was Praetor in 62 B.C. At the expiration of his year of office, he, as was usual, was appointed to a Province, and that of Asia fell to his lot. The following extract from Merivale's Translation of Abeken's Life of Cicero (p. 80) will sufficiently explain the circumstances under which this letter was written. * The passages in which Cicero mentions his brother Quintus at this period deserve particular attention. He describes him as a man of sanguine and irritable temperament, friendly and genial, easily offended, but as easily pacified ; tender-hearted, and possessed of great kindness of disposition. But these qualities, though accompanied by an excellent understanding, were not based upon strength of character or will ; and we shall see in the sequel into what errors such a disposition could lead him. That Quintus possessed con- siderable talent is evident from the long letter his elder brother addressed to him when he was Pro-praetor of the Province of Asia, whither he was sent in 61 B.C., the year after he had held, in conjunction with Caesar, the office of Praetor. It is true he was free from the common vices of Roman governors, corruption and avarice, but his fault was that he trusted others too easily, and his administration was wanting in that vigorous and uncompromising spirit of justice which is the first virtue of every man who fills an official station, whether it be great or small. In many of Cicero's letters to Atticus we perceive how much he had it at heart, that his brother's conduct should be above reproach. Nothing mean or dishonourable, he felt, ought to attach to the name of Cicero, the name of one who aspired to be regarded as chief of the Optimates. On this account he exerted all his influence to get his brother's office prolonged a second year, hoping he might thus retrieve the errors of the first. It was in fact prolonged to a third year, against the wishes of both; and thereupon the elder Cicero addressed the younger in the long letter with which the present period closes ; a letter which might rather be called a treatise on the right government of a Province. So rich in fact is it in the noblest political principles and moral axioms, and in expressions of 276 NOTES, Sect. V. gratitude to a people to whom he owed much of his own mental culture, so full of worldly wisdom, and betraying so profound a knowledge of human nature, so pure, moreover, and lofty is the style in which it is written, that it deserves to be considered a model of its kind. It is at the same time a monument of true fraternal affection endeavouring to efface or mitigate the sense of a brother's errors by the remembrance of his virtues.* I. I. Dubi tab am, an epistolary imperfect, as it is called. At the beginning and end of letters the Romans generally used past tenses, which would be appropriate to the time when the letter was received, some considerable time generally elapsing between the sending of a letter and its arrival at its destina- tion. In the body of the letter they generally change into the present, the natural tense for the writer to use. See note on Pt. i. Sect. I. 21. 3. 3. Desiderio nostro, 'my longing to get you home.' 6. Unis. Observe the plural of *unus* in agreement with a substantive plural in form but singular in meaning. It is more common in the sense of • alone.' Quum, concessive, 'although.' 7. Spem maturae decessionis, *a hope that you might soon leave your province.' 10. Contentio, 'effort,' literally, * straining of muscles.* 18. Contra quam. Quam, * than,' naturally follows a word expressing difference. Transl. ' contrary to what,* &c. 20. Non succederetur, * no successor was appointed to you.* The verb is impersonal. 23. Id commiserim ut, 'allowed;* literally, * acted in such a way, that,' &c. 27. Ad omnes partes bene audiendi, *to do everything necessary to gain a good reputation,' literally, * for every department of being well spoken of.* * Bene audire' is * to be well spoken of.' See Pt. i. Sect. i. 24. 40. 36. Eiusmodi partem rei publicae, in qua, &c., 'a department of government, in which,' &c. 39. Prorogatum. ' Rogo ' and several of its compounds are used in political senses. * Rogo * is properly applied to the presiding officer either at an election or a debate. It means therefore either, i. *to propose a candidate;* literally, * to ask the electors whether they support him;' or, 2. *to put a measure (hence called *rogatio,' 'a bill*) to the vote,* literally, * to ask the assembly whether they approve of it.* The compounds are used, some in one, some in the other sense, some in both. The following scheme exhibits them at a glance : — I. Rome's rule of her provinces. 277 Table of * Rogo' and its compounds. Kogo, lit. • to ask.' Pro-rogo, lit. ' to ask for- ward.* Ab-rogo, lit. * to ask away from one.' Sub-rogo, ///. * to ask into the place of.* De-rogo, lit. * to ask off of something.* Ob-rogo, lit. * to ask against something.' In an Election, * To take the votes for a candidate.* I. ' To propose a man*s continuance in office;* then 2. generally * to continue in office,* — prorogare alicui impe- rium or magistratum. I. ' To propose a man's dismissal from office;* 2. *to dismiss him,* — abrogare alicui magi- stratum. Lit. * to propose as a sub- stitute to fill a vacancy.* Cp. sufficio. Not used. Not used. In Legislation. * To put a bill (rogatio) to the vote.* Not used. To propose the repeal of a law,' — abrogare le^em. ' To propose an addi- tion or rider to a law.* (Rarely used.) * To propose the repeal of part of a law.' * To propose a measure which clashes with, and so supersedes an- other,*— obrogare legi. 42. Quae tenet, quae videatur. Observe the two relative clauses, one in the indicative, the other in the subjunctive mood. In the first the antecedent *ea* is regarded as a simple demonstrative pronoun, in the second as = talis, and therefore requiring a subjunctive. The sense of the passage would admit of both clauses being treated either way: the shade of difference expressed by the combination of the two is an instance of the flexible power of the relative in Latin. 49. Ut, Mn such wise, that.' With gubernatores optimi supply • superare non possint.' 54. Humanissimum, *most civih'sed.* 56. Publicani. For an account of the ' Publicani,* see Diet, of Ant. sub voce. Cicero speaks of them as closely connected with him and his brother, 2/8 NOTES. Sect. V. because they were chiefly of the rank of Equites, to which Cicero himself belonged, and with whose interests he had on several occasions identified himself. 57. Nostri consulatus. Here is an instance of Cicero's excessive vanity. He injured the credit which his overthrow of Catiline's conspiracy had fairly earned him, by his constant display of his consciousness of his services. 59. At enim, starts a supposed objection, in order to answer it. 61. Id is explained by the following clause, non te aliquantum negotii sustinere. 64. Quid est negotii, *what difficulty is there in?' &c. Negotii is genitive of quantity or * rei dimensae* after quid, which = quantum. Observe the delicacy with which Cicero hints to his brother his need of self-control. 66. Sit, a potential clause instead of an hypothetical or concessive one. See note on Pt. i. Sect. i. I. 67. Cuius natura — potuisse, * whose disposition is one which one can see was capable of self-restraint even without education.* 70. Excolere, * refine.* 72. Credo is ironical. 73. Nam refers to a suppressed sentence, for which it gives the reason; something of this kind may be supplied : * and it will only be the negotiatores and publicani (who were Roman citizens) who will give you any trouble, /or the Greeks (the natives of the Province),' &c. 74. Quemdam ex annalium memoria, *one of the heroes of their ancient records.* 81. Conditio pecuniae, *a bribe,* literally, *terms of money.' 85. In luce Asiae, 'in the broad daylight of the Province of Asia.* * Asia* in Cicero's time meant that part of Asia Minor which had been the Kingdom of Pergamus, and which was the first Province which the Romans got possession of in the Continent of Asia. This is the meaning of Asia in the Acts of the Apostles. Its boundaries varied at different times. The governor of the Province resided at Ephesus. 87. Itineribus, 'progresses.* The Roman governors made their pro- gresses through their Provinces at the expense of the provincials, and often put them to great cost. 90. Urbs — domus, * each city,* * each house.* 92. Profecto, *I am sure,* used when something is taken for granted. 96. Praestare, * to be answerable for.* From the literal meaning, * to stand before another,' comes naturally the sense of becoming surety for another. It is used in the same sense below, 11. 1 17. 121. And cp. Cic. de Or. 2. 28 'Impetus populi praestare nemo potest/ Legatos. 'Legatus' is properly the pass. part, of 'lego,* 'to depute.' It means, I. * an ambassador,' as being the representative of the sovereign or people who send him. 2. As a military term, ' a lieutenant-general,' subordi- I. ROiME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES, 279 nate to an * imperator,* and acting as his representative. 3. As a civil term it describes an officer attending on the governor of a province, and acting for him in various duties where he was not present in person. A governor had several such Legati, the number varying according to the importance of the Province, but their duties were most frequently of a civil character. 98. Tubero. No writings of his have survived, nor is anything known of them. 101. Noster est, * is ours,* i.e. Ms attached to us.* 102. Nam here again is elliptical, some such phrase as, * and I need not mention more,' is to be supplied in thought. 108. Ferres eatenus, &c., 'you would not interfere (literally, *you would bear it ') so long as he was only neglecting laws to which he was personally responsible, but you would not allow him to use (literally, ' not so that he should use ') for his own gain the power which you lent him to give him rank.* 111. Hi mores, ' the habits of the day.* 112. Ambitionem, 'courting popularity.* 114. Quanta — committere, * to trust each man in proportion to his trustworthiness.' 118. Ex domesticis — apparitionibus, 'among your private intimates or necessary attendants.' 'Apparitor' was the regular term for officials in waiting upon a high officer of state, such as lictors, &c. 'Apparere' is sometimes used for ' to be an apparitor.* Cp. Liv. 9. 46 * Quum appareret aedilibus,' * as he was attendant on the aediles.* 119. Quasi. This word is inserted because, strictly speaking, those to whom Cicero refers in this chapter were not included in the 'cohors praetoria,' as those of whom he has just been speaking were. 124. Rudis, 'inexperienced.' 130. Vas, 'an utensil,' i.e. 'his signet must not be regarded as meant for common use.* 131. Accensus was an officer in attendance on Roman magistrates, especially when administering justice. If the word be translated at all, perhaps the word 'marshal' would render it as well as any. 132. Qui — deferebant, 'who, regarding the office not as a piece of patronage, but as a post of toil and service, seldom bestowed it on any but their own freedmen.' 'Beneficium' was a technical term for some definite grant of honour or emolument, formally conferred, either by the people or by a magistratus. The ecclesiastical terms * benefice,' * beneficed,' come from it. 135. Non suae sed tuae lenitatis. Cicero means, 'let him not show consideration to those who come under his hands on his own account, but only at your bidding.' 136. Maioraque — potestatis, 'and let the fasces which he carries before you be emblems of rank rather than of power.* ' Maiora* is here used predicatively. The sense is much the same as if he had written 28o NOTES. Sect. V. ' fascesque praeferant illi ac secures dignitatis magis insignia quam potestatis,* but the position of maiora gives more emphasis to the comparison as the leading idea of the sentence. 140. Aliquid acceperint, * take a bribe.* 143, Se apud te multum posse, 'that they have great influence v^ith you.' 150. In quo iam offenderis, * with whom you have already had to find fault.* 155. Huic quantum credendum sit vide, *take care how far you trust him.* Non quin = * non quo non,* and * non quo = * non eo, quod,* ' not on the ground that,* * not as if.' Observe that the negative sentence, as speaking of a supposed reason, has the subjunctive, the opposed positive sentence intro- duced here by * sed ' (oftener by ' sed quia ') as giving the real reason, stated as fact, has the indicative. Zumpt, Sect. 537. Cp. Cic. Tusc. 2. 23 ' Pugiles in iactandis caestibus ingemiscunt, non quod doleant animove succum- bant, sed quia in profundenda voce omne corpus intenditur, venitque plaga vehementior.* 161. Qui pecuniae, &c. The antecedent to 'qui' is * eos,' to be supplied after * invenire.' * How then is it possible for you to find in that class of people (the * Provinciales * whom he has just mentioned) persons who, while under the incitement of the love of gain they are foregoing all those things, from which we cannot bear to be severed, shall yet sincerely love you, who are a stranger to them, and not merely pretend to do so for their own advantage ?' By * iis omnibus,* &c., Cicero means their country, home, friends, the dignity of residing at Rome, which these men, who went into the Provinces to make their fortunes, gave up. 164. Permagnum, *a very difficult matter.* 167. Tui amantiorem, quam temporis, 'more devoted to yourself than to his own occasions.' 168. Ascribito. Cicero, laying down rules for his brother's conduct, naturally adopts the future imperative, in the style of laws, wills, &c. 175. Sic vero, * but now-a-days,' opposed to * vetere Graecia.* 177. Adhiberi, 'to be entertained.* 182. Iam — censes. The order is, * lam quo animo in servis censes esse me, qui cautus esse velim ac diligens in eiusmodi rebus, in quibus vereor etiam ne durior sim.* * In servis ' is literally, *in the case of slaves,* i. e. in deahng with them. 188. Ut si — faceres, i.e. ut se gererent, si — faceres. As this is a supposition contrary to the actual fact, it is rightly put in the imp. subj., and need not be altered as in some edd. into ' facias.* Either way of expressing the supposition is admissible here. 190. Sit, ' let him be so,' i.e. be content with his sh >wing his fidelity in your own private affairs. I. ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES, 28 1 196. Quid enim ei praecipiam quern, &c., 'for why should I lay down rules for one whom ?' &c. * Praecipiam ' is a deliberative conjunctive. 205. Quae quum — necesse est, 'these things are creditable indeed in our private and every-day life here, but in so high a command, where morals are so depraved, in a province so full of temptations, they cannot but seem more than human.* 208. Haec institutio, 'these rules.* 211. Susceptas habemus. This circumlocution is not to be regarded as a mere substitute for the perfect : it always implies more emphatically the present existence of the state expressed by the verb. 6XTai fj aOX'qrai. Here, applied to matters of art, it expresses the opposite to * a connoisseur,* — ' an ignoramus.' 14. Praxiteli. The genitive of Greek words in -es is generally formed in Latin in -i instead of -is. So we have in Virgil, Achillij Ulixi. See Zumpt, 61. I. 18. Ille, 'the great.* Thespiadas. These were statues of the Muses, who were called @€(Tniad€s, because specially worshipped at Thespiae. 25. Quae possent. ' Possent' is either subjunctive here, the clauss II. 4. Rome's rule of her provinces. 295 being consecutive, or conjunctive, the clause being regarded as the apodosis of a suppressed hypothetical clause. 30. Canephoroe. Gr. f{ayrj(p6poif literally, * basket-bearers.* The appliances for a sacrifice, such as the sacred cake, frankincense, garlands, sacrificial knife, &c, were carried by young maidens in baskets (Kaveou), which they bore on their heads. In the greater festivals the office of KavT](p6pos was one of high honour. As the attitude was a graceful one, it was a favourite subject of Greek art. Illustrations may be seen in the Diet, of Ant., and in Rich*s Companion to the Latin Dictionary. Quem ? Cicero here pretends to forget his name, and to be reminded of it by some one sitting by. 35. Aedilitatem. The aediles had the general charge of the public build- ings, and among them of the temples. Along with these they had the duty of superintending the festivals of the gods, and the games (ludi) which were performed in their honour. In the later period of the republic the aediles, in order to make themselves popular, with a view to gaining afterwards the higher offices, incurred enormous expenses in making these as splendid as they could, and adding various attractions to them. Cicero here alludes to one way in which they did this, by borrowing works of art to adorn the forum or other places where the celebrations were held. See alsoPt. l. Sect. 2. 26. 2, and the note on Letter to Quintus, 1. 228. 38. Illis benignis usus est, * found them kind.' See note above on 2. 1.46. 41. Nuper — modo. * Nuper* implies a longer interval than * modo.* * Why do I say, not long ago ? Nay, very lately, but a very short time back,' &c. 4-2. Basilicas. See Diet, of Ant. sub voce. 43. Commodis hospitum, 'with what their friends lent.* This sense IS more common in the verb ' commodo,* ' to lend.* 45. Qjiatridui causa, i.e. for the few days that some show or enter- tainment which they gave to the people lasted. 52. Pro deum hominumque fidem, * heaven help us,* 'good heavens,* or some such phrase will sufficiently render this exclamation. 'Pro' is of course the interjection, not the preposition. 'Fidem' means here 'help,' 'protection.* It is governed by 'obsecro' understood. 55. Tot has here no correlative, and may be rendered generally 'many,* ' numbers of.' 63. Superiorum, ' his predecessors.' 74. Cuiusmodi — esse, 'what you thought the courts at Rome were like.' 77' Qjiae fuerint. This would be subjunctive, even apart from its being in oratio obliqua, for the relative here is consecutive, ' such as were,' limiting the ' omnes res.* 81. Legatione, 'the office of a legatus,* who, as being only the deputy of another, had no ' potestas * or ' imperium ' of his own, but only acted in 2g6 NOTES. Sect. V. the name of, and used the power of his superior. On the meanings of * legatus/ see note on Cicero's Letter to Quintus, 1. 96. 83. Ma'ncipium, ' a slave.* 84. Et non praebetur. As the relative in this clause would be in a different case, it would be more accurate for it to be expressed, * et quod non praebetur.* 86. Si qui — demortuus? The question here implies, 'Does it mean, if one dies at Rome?* 88. Ilium — supplere. The force of 'ilium* may be expressed thus, • to supply your want there (or ' yonder ') in the province.' 90. Quod putabant, &c. The clause is in apposition to * haec' 95. Quanti- vellet, ' at his own price.* 96. Ad rationem, 'according to the standard,* 97. Concede — emerit. 'Grant that his purchase escapes the penalty of the law, if it be true that it was a bona-fide purchase.* 103. Credo is ironical. Cicero is ridiculing the idea of a man like Heius selling the statues out of his chapel. 104. Auctionem fecerit, ' had a sale of his goods.* 109. In suis nummis multis esse, ' has plenty of ready money.* no. Tamen, ' even then,* ' no doubt.* 121. 10. This is the original way of representing 500, the I and the reversed C being afterwards drawn together and made into D. The number which follows, CIOIOC, stands for 1600, CIO being the original representative of 1000, the C before the 10 doubling it, while the second 10 stands for 500, and the last C for 100. See explanations in Zumpt, 115, note i. Cupidinem. This is an elliptical exclamation. We must fill up the sense in some such way as this, ' to think that any one would sell a Cupid by Praxiteles for 1600 sesterces !* Profecto hinc natum est, 'this must surely be the origin of the saying.' 127. Ad meam rationem usumque meum, 'by my own standard and practice,* i.e. I do not value them at what I could afford or should be willing to give. 132, Denariis quadr ingentis. A denarius = four sestertii, so that 400 denarii is the same sum as is given above as 1 600 sestertii. The HS stands throughout this for sestertii. 133. Putasset, 'had reckoned.* 144. Fascibus, 'by threat of punishment.' 150. Publice, 'officially.* 153. Ne forte — reticeat. These words state what the difficulty would be, which is hinted at in the words 'ne difficilia optemus' above. The sentence would have been more complete had some such words as ' ut metuendum sit ' preceded the ' ne forte.' 160. Ut, ' granted that.' 162. Qui — vellet, ' one who wished,' a consecutive sentence. ! II. 5. ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES. 297 170. Peripetasmata, 'tapestry,' probably called *Attalica/ from one of the kings of Pergamus, who either introduced or patronised the manufacture. They belonged to what the Romans called ' vestis stragula,' which were used for spreading over couches, chairs, sofas, &c. 171. Licuit eodem modo. He means that Verres might have made a forged entry as he had done before. 172. An litteris pepercisti? * Was it too much trouble to write it?* 173. Armario. See note on Pt. i. Sect. 2. 8. 5. 179. Dicto audientem. In this phrase * audio* takes a dative, as being equivalent to a verb of obeying. 183. Referret, supply 'in tabulas,' 'make an entry in his accounts.* 186. Fuit tanti, * it was worth your while.' 187. Haberes quod defenderes, 'if you had, you would have some- thing to allege in your defence.' * Haberes ' requires to complete the sense the suppressed clause ' si id fecisses,* which is implied from ' fuit tanti.' 189. Nunc — habes, *as it is, you cannot find any way to extricate your- self from the charge about the tapestry.' Peripetasmatis. * With regard to the dative and ablative plural, it is to be observed that the (Latinised) Greek words in -ma prefer the termination -is of the second declension to -ibus. Thus Cicero and other authors use poematis, cpigrammatis, emblematis, hypomnematis, peripetasmatis, peristro- matis, toreumatis.* Zumpt, 67. 8. 5. Verres* Agents, How Pamphilus saved his Cups, II. 5. I. Haec omnia, * the different works of art which he carried off.* 3. Fingere — esse, *is, I believe, a modeller in wax.* Busts (imagines) were usually made in wax, as were also sculptors* models. 6. Expilasse follows 'in suspicionem venissent ' as being equivalent to a simple verb, otherwise a gerund in -di would be the natural construction, as a genitive after ' suspicionem.* The passive * to be suspected ' is necessarily expressed by a phrase, because the only verb for ' to suspect ' is * suspicor,* a deponent : * suspicio * is never used in that sense, though its participle ' suspectus * constantly is. 10. In legationis praedis, 'his depredations when he was legatus.* Verres served as ' legatus * to Dolabella, when he was pro-praetor of Cilicia in 80 B.C. 13. Graecis pictoribus. These words would in English be attached to the demonstrative rather than the relative. * These are the Greek painters to whom,* &c. Dedisse has no accusative expressed. It may be supplied from the following sentence from an earlier part of the argument : * Q. Tadius — tabulas protulit quibus pecuniam se dedisse ostendit.* 19. Perdenduni erat, 'the owners had to part with.' 298 NOTE S. Sect. V. 25. Per potestatem. ^Potestatem* is here used in its technical sense, the 'potestas' which his office of pro-praetor conferred, 30. Venerius. Cp. above, note on 2. 3. 103. 31. Sigillatos, 'with figures ('sigilla,' diminutive of 'signa^) on them.' These figures were either made in relief in the material of the cup, or made of other material and fixed on to it. Those made in the latter way are called ' emblemata.* 34. Quiescebat, * was taking a siesta,* * was lying down.' 37. Quod— -ess et. Subjunctive, as being a consecutive clause, Hmiting the ' nihil.' 42. Id quod audissent, * from what they had heard literally, * a thing which they had heard.' 43. Luteum negotium. * Negotium ' is here used in the sense in which * res * is more common. Just as we use in similar expressions ' affair * or * concern * instead of * thing,' — ' a shabby concern.* 46. Hoc is explained afterwards by the clause * ista intelligere,' which is in apposition with it. Nescio quid nugatorium, *a mere trifle.* 48. Quem scirem, ' when I knew that he,' &c. 54. Posteaquam est comperendinatus, 'after the adjournment of the trial.* ' Comperendinatio * was the adjournment of a trial till the third day after (perendie) the first hearing, to give the prosecutor time to prepare his reply. 55. Pro damnato, *as good as condemned.' Ludis Circensibus. See Diet, of Ant. *Ludis* is ablative of time. 59. Accessit, coepit. If the reading be correct this is an instance of Anacoluthon. The length of the sentence has caused Cicero to forget that, as he has framed his sentence, these verbs are in dependent consecutive clauses, following the * ut ' above. But as Cicero is too careful and accurate a writer to be likely to make such a blunder, it is perhaps better to suppose, as Orelli does, that the error is in the MSS., and to correct the words to * accesserit,* ' coeperit,* 62. Cui — veniret in mentem, *that it should come into his head to do anything of the kind during the adjournment of his trial, after so many witnesses had given their evidence.* 64. Pueri, 'the servants.* Q_ui audivissent, ' because they had heard,' a causal relative sentence, and therefore in the subjunctive. 66. Digitum, *an inch,' 'a finger's breadth,' accusative of 'measure of space.* 67. Unius cuiusque, ' of individuals.* 69. Re, 'practically,* 'to all intents and purposes.' II. 6. ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES. 299 How DiodoniB was robbed. II. 6. 2. Multos iam annos habitat, 'has been living these many years/ The form of expression combines both past and present. 3. Qjio, here = ad quos. 4. Gratiosus, ' influential.' 5. Toreumata, 'specimens of chased work.* TopevTiKrj is the Greek term corresponding to the Latin * caelatura,' and they both express the art of chasing in the precious metals. See Diet, of Ant., * Caelatura.* Thericlea, * in the style of Thericles.* He was an artist of Corinth, whose works were famous, and called @7]pif£\€ia or ©rjpiKXuai kvXlk£s. Diet, of Biog. sub voce. 6. Qui — haberet, a causal sentence, * as he was loath to lose them.* 14. Nihil ei longius videbatur quam cum, &c., ' the time seemed very long to him, until,* i. e. ' he could not rest, till.' 17. Paucis illis diebus, ' a few days before.* 26. Ut opinor — gemmis, 'no doubt made of gold and precious stones,* as these cups of Diodorus were. He is ironically making the parallel between Eriphyle and Verres as close as possible. 32. Vasa collegerat is a military phrase, like the one it is coupled to. *Vasa colligere' is 'to pack up the baggage.* Another phrase is 'vasa conclamare,* to give the word to pack up the baggage. See Caes. B. G. i. 66, The two clauses may be reversed in English, * had packed up his baggage and marched out of Sicily,' or the order may be kept by rendering ' had marched out of Sicily with bag and baggage.* 33. Rationem— ratio. There is a play on the double meaning of the word. * Rationem' means ' plan ;* ' ratio,* standing in antithesis to ' amentia/ means * sanity.' The English word ' reason' will render both. * He devises the following reason for recalling him to Sicily, if it should not rather be called loss of reason than reason.* 35. Apponit, ' he sets at him.' 37. Reum, supply * esse.' 44. Sordidatus, 'in mean attire.* This was the custom of persons in such danger as Diodorus was, in order to excite pity, and induce their friends to take up their cause. 47. Videret. Oratio obliqua of the imperative, in which the letter would be expressed. It would run, ' Vide quid agas de Diodoro, quo progrediaris ; res clara est et invidiosa,' &c. 49. Etiam turn, ' still.* He is alluding here to the utter disregard of his father's advice which Verres showed afterwards in the case of Sthenius, which, though mentioned earlier in the speech, happened later in point of time. See above, 2. 3. 159 foil. 54. Absentem de reis eximit, 'he suspends the trial during his absence.* 300 NOTES. Sect. V. 7. Hoiv Verres robbed Prince Aniiochus of Syria, 11. 7. I. Non iam, literally, ' no longer.' It is as if he had said, * I have now no longer to tell of theft,' &c. 5. Hospitium, * the tie of hospitality.* The two Syrian princes were * hospites populi Romani.' * Hospitium spoliatum ' is a stronger expression than * hospites spoliati,* implying more fully the enormity of the crime ; but it sounds strange in English. It will be better to say, ' the tie of hospitality violated by plunder and treachery.' 6. Nationes, ' tribes,' generally applied to less organised communities than * gentes.' 10. Sed regnum. This is made an independent sentence, but strictly it should either be ' qui non venerant propter Syriae regnum, sed arbitra- bantur,* or * qui venerant non propter Syriae regnum, sed quod arbitra- bantur.* As the sentence stands, ' venerant ' is the principal verb to the whole, and * quod arbitrabantur * would be correlative to the prepositional phrase * propter Syriae regnum.' The intervention of the parenthesis has caused the exact construction to be forgotten. 12. Temporibus reipublicae, * the circumstances of the State.* He is alluding to the servile war, which gave the Romans full occupation at that time. 17. Quod in eius regnum venerat. This is a reason assigned by Cicero, not part of what Verres thought : if so, the verb would have been in the subjunctive mood, and * eius ' would have been * suum.* Observe that Cicero uses the word * regnum' for * provinciam ' as an invidious term, to suggest that Verres was more like an Oriental despot than a Roman governor. 25. Copiose ornatum, * had a splendidly furnished establishment' 31. TruUa was 'a table utensil employed for taking the wine out of a larger recipient, which contained a quantity mixed with snow. It was a species of " cyathus" of an improved character, being furnished with an inner case perforated as a strainer, and fitting into the hollow bowl of the cup.* Rich, Companion to Latin Diet. p. 693, where may be seen an engraving of one found at Pompeii, which looks something like a rigid landing-net. 40. Qui istum non nosset, * as he did not know him.' The relative clause suggests a reason why he was so ready to let Verres have them, and therefore the verb is in the subjunctive. 42. V elle se, * saying that he wished.* * Velle ' is dependent on a * verbum dicendi ' implied from * rogatum.* 46. Candelabrum — afferrent. This long sentence is not quite regular; * potuerunt * and * voluerunt ' are evidently meant for principal verbs (if they were meant to be correlative to ' offenderant' they would be pluperfects); then, after the intervention of a long final clause, ' ut— perveniret,' the speaker forgets that he has already introduced any principal verb, and puts * statu- erunt' without any conjunction. If he had remembered that * potuerunt' II. 7. ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES. 301 and ' voluerunt* had preceded, he would have coupled *statuerunt* to them by * autem * or some such word. E gemmis, * adorned with precious stones.* 48. Nondum per.fectum. The temple had been burnt down in 83 B.C. and was rebuilt principally by Sulla, but was not finished till 69 B.C. 63. Qui esset, a causal clause. Animo et puerili et regio. As a boy he would naturally be unsuspi* cious, as a king he would be above entertaining such a suspicion. 64. In praetorium, * to Verres' lodgings.* 'Praetorium' is, literally, *the place where the praetor is to be found.' 'Praetor* originally meant a general at the head of his army, and so the commonest sense of 'praetorium* is ' the general's tent,* * head quarters.* But it is also applied to the residence of the governor of a province, whether he was actually called praetor or no. 70. Ars certare videretur cum copia, * the workmanship seemed well-matched with the costliness ' (of the material). 71. Apparatum. 'Apparatus* is 'magnificence,' 'state,' especially such as was displayed in the accessories of great entertainments. See note in Pt. 2 on Scipio's Dream, 1. 14. 78. Si videatur, ut reddat, *to beg him to be good enough to return it.* The order is, * Turn mittit (rogatum) ut reddat, si videatur,' * then he sends to ask him to return it, if it seemed good to him.* 82. Quod sciret, a concessive clause, and therefore in subjunctive. 91. Piratas. The head-quarters of the pirates, who swarmed in the Mediterranean until finally put down by Pompey in 67 B.C., were in the eastern part of its coasts, especially the south of Asia Minor. There was therefore some amount of plausibility about the charge. 93. Affingere aliquid suspicione hominum, *am adapting to it something founded on mere general suspicion.* 103. Dare, donare, &c. This accumulation of verbs marks a formal legal consecration. 106. Quae latera, * what lungs.* 107. Qui fuisset. The relative clauses here are consecutive, *a man who had been,* &c. 118. Scitote. There is no special future force here, but *scio* has no present imperative. 121. Haec fama, 'the present report,' 'the report now prevailing.' 125. Profecto, 'no doubt.* 126. Interverso, 'intercepted.* • Intervertere * is properly applied to turning the course of a stream on its way, before it reaches its destination. 129. In rege, 'in the case of a king.* 130. Neglexisse, 'have left unpunished.* *Hoc' refers to 'interverso hoc regali dono,* Y 303 NOTES, Sect. V. 8. How Verres robbed Segesta of an Image of Diana, II. 8. I. Segesta. The legends about the foundation of Segesta vary considerably. Thucydides, 6. 2, speaks of it as founded by Trojan settlers, fugitives from the destruction of their city by the Greeks. According to another version, it was founded by Egestus or Acestes, who was the son of a Trojan mother and the river-god Crimisus. Virg. Ae. 5. 38 •Troia Crimiso conceptum fiumine mater Quern genuit.' The story of the Trojan origin of Segesta was convenient to the Romans when at war with the Carthaginians in Sicily, and they naturally made the most of it. 7. A Karthaginiensibus vi captum. The destruction of Segesta by the Carthaginians is nowhere recorded in history. It may be an exaggerated account of its conquest by Agathocles. 24. De quibus antea dixi. See above, 2. 3, 29 foil, 27. Quo = in quem. 28. Supplicii causa, *by way of punishment.* 30. Utrum, * which of the two.' 31. Suis, * their own countrymen,' like Phalaris. 47. Quasi ilia ipse face percussus esset. Cicero means, * as though he were a lunatic,* struck by Diana's torch, i.e. by the rays of the moon, 49. Demoliantur, *take it down trom its pedestal.* 53. Opponebant, * quoted to him,* * met him with.' 60. Nautis exigendis, * in pressing men for the navy.' 61. Frumento imperando, in fixing the amount of corn they had to pay as * decima' or tithe. * Imperare frumentum civitati* is the usual phrase for this, like * imperare milites sociis,* and as * imperare' in this sense takes an accusative, it can have in this sense the gerundive construction. 63. Evocabat, * summoned from home.* 71. Tollendum locatur, *is ordered to be taken down.* Literally, * the taking of it down is let by contract.' * Locare * is the opposite word to * redimere.* 77* Quod quum exportaretur. Zumpt's reading is * exportabatur.* Either mood is admissible, and the sentence is a good instance of the differ- ence between 'quum' with the indicative and *quum* with the subjunctive in a narrative. With the indicative quum = * whilst,* and the two actions are regarded as coincident; with the subjunctive quum = * when,' and the action of the principal verb is regarded as consequent on, and so caused by that of the temporal sentence. Below, in 1. 89, the verb must be * expor- taretur,* because it is dependent on an infinitive mood. 89. Complesse, • loaded it.* 101. Tamen is correlative to 'loco mutato,' which quantum locum mutaverat,* 11,8, 9- Rome's rule of her provinces, 303 102. Quo scelere suscepto, 'having committed this crime,' Hterally, • having incurred, taken upon himself, this guilt.' 107. Quod quum, * but when ;* ' quod* is here merely a conjunction. See note below on * quod tamen,' 2. 13. 112. 9. How Verres treated Sopater at Tyndaris. II. 9. 7. A pud eos — -coleretur. The mood of ' coleretur' makes it part of what the deputies had said, and therefore we should have expected •se' rather than *eos.* Cicero uses the 'eos* as if he were inserting the clause in which it occurs as his own remark. 18. Proagoro, This appears to have been the title of the chief magis- trate. 21. Ne multa, i.e. • dicam,* 'to be brief,' 'not to make a long story of it.* 25. Attigisset is the oratio obliqua of ' attigerit.* Quam mihi — senatum? 'Don't talk to me of sacred character, or penalties, or senate.' 33. Conventu. See above, note on 2. 2. 44. 40. Videres, 'you might see,' or rather in English, 'you might have seen,* i.e. 'if you had been there.' It is a conjunctive, being the apodosis of the suppressed hypothetical sentence, not dependent on ' quum,' for in an inverted sentence like this, where the verb which follows ' quum * is really the principal verb, it is always put in the indicative, except when, as here, the principal verb would of itself be conjunctive. The real sentence is, ' Hoc vix plane imperato, ilium videres.' On these inverted sentences, which are very common, especially at the beginning of a fresh stage in a narrative, see Zumpt, 580. 12. 42. Caederet. Conjunctive of deliberation. The whole passage is, of course, ironical. 50. Deligari, 'tied down.* It is the regular word for fastening a man up for scourging. 52. Acre. This may be either from ' aer,* in which case it means * in the open air ; * or from ' aes,* in which case it means * on metal.' The former seems the best. 61. D isposite, * arranging his offences under different heads.* 65. Est. With each * est* supply * crimen.' Est pecuniarum captarum, 'it comes under the head of extortion,* the usual title for which was * repetundae.' 66. Pecuniae magnae. This is a genitive of quality attached to ' signum,* * a statue of, i.e. worth, a large sum.* Peculatus, 'embezzlement of state property.' Under these two heads he represents it as an offence both against the allies, to whom the statue belonged, and against the respublica who had restored it to them, Y 2 NOTES. Sect. V. 71. Sceleris,* sacrilege.* 74- lam non queo dicere, *I cannot go on to say.* 75. Q.uod in C. Marcelli statua, supply • deligavit,' * that he selected C. Marcellus' statue to bind him to.* 76, Q_uo id spectat? ♦Which way does that tell?' 90. Ciientelam tueri, * undertake the protection.' 93. Ex illius honore, 'out of what was a compliment to him,* i.e. the statue they had erected in his honour. ' Honorem habuerant, * had paid him the compliment.* 95. Propter, 'alongside of.' 100. Eius religione, 'to the vengeance due for the outrage done him.* Verres' act is called ' religio,' * an offence against religion,' because the cir- cumstances under which the statue was set up, and relation of patronus in which he stood to the Tyndaritans, gave it a quasi-sacred character. 104. Quod, * whereas.' 107. Si maxime esset inventus, * if Verres succeeded ever so well in finding one,' &.c. 112. Dicunt quanti, * they mention the price paid.* 117. Ei loco, i.e. the gymnasium. Hoc nos dicimus? the emphasis is on the * nos.* *Is it I who mako this assertion ?* 120. Si — dicturos, *if all evidence on the subject were destroyed, and they gave him security that they would not give evidence against him.* ^ Testiiicatio* is documentary evidence; 'testimonium* viva-voce evidence, 122. Dixit, the singular verb with two nominatives so close together is unusual. Other instances are quoted in Zumpt, 373. 5. note i. He says, * Even where the subject consists of the names of two or more persons, the predicate is not unfrequently found in the singular, and that not only in cases where it may seem that the writer at first thought only of one person, and afterwards of the other, e.g. Cic. Tusc. i. i "si quidem Homerus fuit et Hesiodus ante Romam conditam," but also without this excuse.* 10, Verres* Robberies at Agrigentum^ Assorus, Enguium, Catina. 11. 10. 4. Tametsi — vidi, 'though my knowledge of such matters is not in proportion to the number of objects I have seen.' 9. Nocte intempcsta, * at the dead of night.* 12. Male mulcati, 'roughly handled.' 15. Expugnari deos, &c. The order of the words in this sentence is not quite accurate. As the first part stands, 'expugnari' being before the * non,* should have governed not only the ablatives which follow it, but others in the same construction, in the clause beginning with ' sed,' thus, * sed manu fugitivorum instructa armataque, quae ex domo atque ex cohorte II. 10-12. ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES. praetoria venisset/ Afterwards Cicero substitutes a different form of sen- tence in the latter part, leaving the first part unaltered, so that they do not exactly fit. 21. Offerebat. This relative clause is in the indicative mood, although dependent on a subjunctive, because it is merely a circumlocution taking the place of an adjective to * telum,' such as * forte oblatum,' and therefore is not affected by the mood of the other verbs. 22. Hora amplius iam moliebantur, * had been working for more than an hour.' The combination of the imperfect with the ' hora amplius iam' implies the continuance of the action as well as the time it had already been going on. The full force would be * had been working for more than an hour, and were still at work.* It is the same idiom in an historic narrative as that which joins a present tense with ' iam,* * diu,' and such words, or with TraKai in Greek. 32. Verrem, the joke turning on the literal meaning of *Verres,* *a boar-pig,' on v/hich Cicero makes many coarse personal jokes in the course of his speech. 42. Facta manu armataque, 'having collected a body of men and armed them.* 57. In instrumento atque in supellectile, * among the equipage and furniture,* The two words are here really synonymous. 60. Praesertim, 'and that too.* 83. Quae esset, 'though it was;* a concessive relative clause. 87. Possetis. Zumpt has *possitis.' Either reading is admissible. * Possetis* may be justified on the ground that the principal verb is an historic present, * possitis' on the ground that the purpose is now present though the act of which it was the purpose is past. 11. How Verres carried off the Image of Juno from Melita, II. 11. I. Satis la to. It is forty-seven geographical miles from the nearest point of Sicily. Diet, of Geogr. 6. Ulis, 'in former days,* in antithesis to ' hac,' 'the present,* 17. Imprudentem, 'unaware whence they came.* 24. ludiciali i u re, * regular judicial process.* 12. Verres compared to Pluto, II. 12. r. Constat ex, 'rests upon.' 9. Umbilicus. So on the same ground Delphi was called y^s oficpaXos, 15. Aequata agri planities. A sort of table-land. 16. Ab omni aditu circumcisa atque directa, ' steep and precipitous 3o6 NOTES, Sect. V. of access on all sides/ For 'directus' in this sense, cp. Caes. B. G. I. 45 'praeruptus locus utraque ex parte directus.* 18. Locus ut ipse — videatur, * so that the very spot seems to point itself out as the scene of the famous rape of Proserpine, which we have heard of from our childhood.' 29. Privatim ac publice, *both by individuals and states.' 39. Atroci ac difficili reipublicae tempore, *in a gloomy and perilous crisis of public affairs.' Tib. Gracchus was murdered in a riot 133 B. C. 44. Collegio decemvirali, the 'decemviri sacrorum,' who had the charge of the Sybilline Books. They were originally only two in number, ' duumviri.* 49. Obtundam, ' weary you.' The accusative * aures* is generally added in this sense. Cp. Cic. Or. 66 * Ne brevitas defraudasse aures videatur, neve longitudo obtudisse.* 50. ludiciorum ratione, * the established practice of the courts.* 65. Insistebat — Victor iae. Cp. note on Pt. -2, Argument against Providence, 1. 63. 71. Fani, &c., are genitives after ' venit in mentem,* which is equivalent to a verb of remembering. 74. V erb en i s, ' sacred boughs.* * Verbenae sunt omnes herbae frondesque festae ad aras coronandas, vel omnes herbae frondesque ex aliquo loco puro decerptae.* Donatus on Ter. Andr. 4. 3, ii, quoted by Prof. Conington on Virg. E. 8. 65. Cp. Hor. Od. i. 19, 14 'Verbenas, pueri, ponite ttiuraque.* And 4. II, 7 * Ara castis Vincta verbenis avet immolato Spargier agno.* 13. Verres* Robberies at Syracuse, II. 13. 3. AHquando, *at last.' 6. Conferte — dicetis. Here the imperative mood is equivalent to an hypothetical clause, * si confertis — dicetis.* See note on Pt. i. Sect. i. 1. i. It must be remembered throughout this passage that Cicero is here speaking as an advocate. He makes out Marcellus to have shown much greater consideration than he really did to the Syracusans, to make the contrast of Verres' conduct the more marked. Cp. Livy 25. 31 * Urbs diripienda militi data est. Quum multa irae, multa avaritiae, foeda exempla ederentur,' &;c„ and 25. 40 ' Marcellus — ornamenta urbis, signa tabulasque, quibus abunda- bant Syracusae, Romam devexit. Hostium quidem ilia spolia, et parta belli iure : ceterum inde primum initium mirandi Graecarum artium opera, licentiaeque huic sacra profanaque omnia vulgo spoliandi factum est.' II. 13. ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES. ^QJ '7. Adventum. See note on 2. 3. 13. 15. Karthaginiensium. This is quite contrary to what Livy says. Cp. 25. 25, where he speaks of the Carthaginian fleet under Bomilcar as having its station in the harbour of Syracuse, and sailing out from thence to attack the Roman fleet outside. 17. Myoparoni. This is a Greek word, fxvoirapcuv, apparently the name of some kind of h'ght, swift-sailing vessel, used by the pirates. 24. Urbem Syracusas. This description of Syracuse will be best understood by referring to plans, such as may be found in the ordinary Greek and Roman histories, or in Arnold's Thucydides, vol. 3. 28. Prope — inclusos. He means this as a special feature of Syracuse, because it was more common for ancient towns, especially Greek ones, to be built at some distance from the sea, with a harbour detached from them, though sometimes joined by long walls, as at Athens. 29. In exitu, 'at their outlet.* He must refer to the narrow channel between the Island of Ortygia and the main-land, which connected the two harbours, and served as a sort of outlet from one into the other. He evidently uses the word 'exitus,* as a sort of antithesis to *aditus,* the mouth of the harbour. 31. Disiuncta, 'separated from the rest.' 39. In hac Insula extrema, 'on the shore or edge of this island. *Extrema insula' is used like ' summus mons,' and such-like phrases. 44. Prytaneum, Gr. irpvTav^Tov. See Diet, of Ant. sub voce. 47. Continentur, 'consist of.' Cp. Cic. N. D. 2. 23 'Non enim Dii venis et nervis et ossibus continentur,* ' are not made up of,* &c. 52. Theatrum est maximum. * Of all the buildings described by Cicero as existing in Neapolis, the only one still extant is the theatre, which he justly extols for its large size. Diodorus also alludes to it as the largest in Sicily, a remark which is fully borne out by the existing remains. It is not less than 440 feet in diameter, and appears to have had sixty rows of seats, so that it could have accommodated no less than 24,000 persons.' Smith's Diet, of Geogr. vol. 2. p. 1065. 56. Non dubitasset auferre. It was afterwards transported to Rome by Tiberius (Suet. Tib. 74). Diet, of Geogr. ubi supra. 61. Ostenderetur is subjunctive, not merely as being in oratio obliqua, but on its own account, as being in a causal sentence. 64. In ornatu. *In* here is, literally, 'in the case of.' It may be translated * in reference to,* ' in dealing with.* Habuit rationem, 'he took account of,* i.e. he attended to the claims of. 72. Suburbano. Cp. note on 2. I. 57. 73. Domum suam — futuram. Cicero means that if Marcellus abstained from taking any of these 'ornamenta* for the decoration of his own house, the very absence of them would serve to remind people that he had studied, not his own selfish advantage, but the glory of the state, and so suggest a 308 NOTES. Sect. V. feeling of pride in his patriotic spirit. His conduct would be in keeping with the character Horace, Od. 2. 15. 13, gives of the old Roman heroes — *Privatns illis census erat brevis, Commune magnum.* 79. Adventum et comitatum. For *adventum* cp. above on 2. 3. 13. *Comitatus* is the word for the suite of a civil governor. Translate * a peaceful entry with a civil suite.* 84. Tamen, *at all events.' It refers to a suppressed concessive clause, * who, though he was an enemy, yet,* &c. 86. Agathocli. See note above on 2. 4. 14. In tabulis p ict a, * painted on panels.* * Tabula picta* is the regular Latin phrase for a picture, and from it * tabula * came to be used in the same sense by itself. 88. Pictura, * series of pictures.* 89. Quum, concessive, ' although.* 90. Profana fecisset,i.e. by the laws of war everything in the conquered city became the property of the conquerors, and so even what had been dedicated to the gods lost its sacred character. 95. Si cepisset, the pluperfect is used as the oratio obliqua of * si cepero.* 104. Commemoratione hominum, *by recalling the remembrance of the individuals.* 107. Tamen is used like the same word just above. Supply in thought, * tyrants though they were,' and translate * at all events.* 112. Quod tamen, * whereas.* *Quod* is used here as in * quod si,* *quod nisi,* &c., losing its signification as a pronoun. See Zumpt, 342 note, and 807, where he explains the usage as arising from the fondness of Latin for using the relative to connect sentences. 113. Tarn cupidum, *so set upon my object,* i.e. so eager to say any- thing which may help to throw odium on Verres. 124. Argumenta, * subjects.* Cp. Virg. Ae. 7. 789 *At levem clypeum sublatis cornibus lo Auro insignibat, jam setis obsita, jam bos, Argumentum ingens.* Ovid Met. 13. 683 *(Cratera) fabricaverat Alcon Myleus, et longo caelaverat argumento.' lb. 6. 69 *Et vetus in tela deducitur argumentum.* 127. Bullas aureas, 'the golden nail-heads.* These were *made of rich and elaborate designs in bronze, or sometimes gold, and used for orna- menting the external panels of a door.' Rich's Companion to the Latin Dictionary, p. 92, where an illustration of one may be seen. 132. Gramineas hastas. These were ' bamboo-canes,* which in those days were no doubt rare and valuable. II. 13. Rome's rule of her provinces, 309 137. Id, instead of *eas,* referring to and repeating the *hastas' after the long parenthesis. Insert in EngHsh * I say.* 139. Nam, here, as several times before, is to be explained by an ellipse, such as, * I need not say much about the Sappho, for it,* &c. 145. Beati, * wealthy ;* delicati, * dainty.' 148. Monumentum Catuli, *the temple built by Catulus to record his victory.* This was a temple of Fortuna, built by Lutatius Catulus, to commemorate his victory over the Cimbri at Vercellae loi B.C. 149. In alicuius istorum Tusculanum, *the country-seat of Verres or some of those like him,* i.e. men who adorned their houses with plunder which they brought from their provinces. Tusculum was a favourite place for the villas of the wealthy Romans. Cicero had one there himself later in his life. Tusculanum agrees with ' praedium * understood. Forum ornatum, * the forum when decked out,' i.e. by the aediles for some great festival or show. See above on 2. 4. 35. 152. Huius operarii, 'a coarse fellow like this.' *WiIl you let a coarse fellow Hke this have his tastes and fancies?* Cicero turnf suddenly from irony to violent direct invective. 155. Ad ferenda signa, i.e. to be a porter. 159. Quod — sustulisset. The difficulty of this sentence consists in this, that ' quod,* which was originally intended to be the accusative of the verb, is superseded by the * unam literam,' which is joined with the verb. It is an anacoluthon : the sentence should have ended in this sort of way, ' quod — si intellexisset,' then to add more force to his description of Verres' ignorance, he inserts the * unam literam Graecam,* to the derangement of the grammar of the sentence, which is sacrificed to the vehemence of the invective. Care must be taken not to translate the sentence as if ' quod * were accusative after * sustulisset.' It will be best to substitute a conjunction for * quod.* The sentence may illustrate the idiom noticed above in ' quod si,' and such phrases, showing how a relative is introduced as a connecting link, even where its full force is superfluous. 168. Ovpiov. The Greek Zevs Ovpios, 'the god of favourable weather.* He is changed by the Romans into Jupiter Imperator, probably because they had no title of Jupiter which corresponded to OvpLos, 173. Aristaeus, as being one of the deities connected with agriculture, is joined in worship with Liber or Bacchus. 183. Ita — ut, the force of the particles is this, * This one Flamininiis took away, it is true, from the temple it belonged to, but only to place it in the Capitol.' 186. Emerserint— invecta sint. *Emerserint* refers to offensive wars waged by those who lived on the shores of the Euxine beyond their own coasts, so that they had to come out of it (emergere) to wage them ; * invecta sint ' to those in which the Romans had invaded their territories, and entered the Euxine to do so. The first war with Mithridates, King of Pontus, is an instance of the former kind; while in the third, Mithridates NOTES. Sect. V. at the beginning 'emerged' from the Euxine to the siege of Cyzicus; at the end the Romans invaded his dominions and 'carried war into* the Euxine. 193. Sic habetote, *you are to understand,' *I beg you to believe.' In some such way as this the future force of the imperative may be given. 200. Mensas Delphicas. * Mensa Delphica ' was a name applied to an 'abacus* or sideboard for displaying plate on. See Diet, of Ant. under 'Abacus.' The name probably originated from their being used in the temple at Delphi to hold the offerings (JiLvaOfjjjuaTa) which were presented to the temple. 201. Vasorum. Observe that * vas,' * vasis,' is an heteroclite word ; in the plural it prefers the forms of the second declension. 204. Mystagogos. Mvarayoo'^os in Greek meant originally one who initiated others into the * mysteries.* It appears to have been used m Sicily, as Cicero here applies it, as meaning 'a guide' or * cicerone.' See Lidd. and Scott, sub voce. Conversam iam habent demonstrationem suam, * have henceforth to point out just the opposite of what they did before.* 208. Mediocri, *but slight.' 213. Nimio opere, ' excessively,* a phrase formed on the analogy of magnopere = magno opere, maximopere = maximo opere, tantopere = tanto opere, &c., all of which are used sometimes in the compounded form, some- times as separate words. 225. Posteaquam, &c. Cicero's argument is that it is not likely that the Greeks would sell their works of art now, when from the lax state of the courts they might fail to get their money paid, while in the days when they could depend on finding impartial justice they never did so. 227. Quum iudicia fiebant, * when trials were a reality.' The *severa' which is joined with 'indicia* just above explains the force of 'indicia' by itself here. 230. Commercium istarum — non fuisse, 'had no opportunities of dealing with the Greeks for such matters.* 236. Referri in tabulas, 'that it should be entered in the accounts of the State.* 242. Vectigales aut stipendiarios. The distinction between these two words is this; 'vectigales' denotes those conquered nations who paid their tribute to Rome in the form of taxes or imposts, whether paid in kind, as the Sicilian decimae or tithe of their corn, or in money ; ' stipendiarii ' those who had to pay a fixed sum annually. Where the words are used separately, they are not always confined to their accurate meaning. In Livy 21. 41, Hannibal is spoken of with rhetorical exaggeration by Scipio as ' vectigalis stipendiariusque et servus populi Romani a patre relictus.' 243. Tamen, 'still,' implying 'although they did make them vecti- gales,* &c. Cp. I. 84. 246. Merere, 'to take/ literally, 'to receive as payment.' IL 13. ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES, 31 1 247. Europam in tauro, 'their Europa on the bull/ Cicero is here referring to works of art which were well known at the time. This Europa on the bull was probably a work of statuary, 249. Cupidinis signum. Mentioned above, 2. 4. 16, 253. lalysum. lalysus was a mythic hero of Rhodes. Lindus, lalysus, and Cameirus are mentioned in Hdt. 1. 144 as the three cities of Rhodes, which were included in the Dorian Hexapolis, or League of six cities. They were personified by the Greeks as three brothers. Pindar, 01. 7. 74, celebrating the victory of Diagoras of Rhodes, speaks of *P65os as a nymph wedded to Helios, the Sun-god, and giving birth to various sons — WV €LS fxlv Kdpi€ipov iTpeffpvTaTov T€ *Ia\v(Xov €T€K€i/ Aivdov re. 254. Par alum. This was a painting by Protogenes, a famous Greek painter of the fourth century, B.C., representing the Paralus, one of the State vessels of the Athenians. See Diet, of Ant. under * Paralus.' 255. Myronis buculam. Myron was a statuary, who lived about 480 B.C. His 'Cow' was one of the most famous works of Greek art. 257. Illud est — volo, 'the reason why I mention these is, that I wish you to believe,* &c. The clause 'quod — auferantur' is in apposition with ' illud.' 263. Heraclii hereditatem. He is referring to a case, which had been spoken of in detail in a previous part of the pleadings, in which Verres had deprived Heraclius of an inheritance amounting to 3,000,000 sesterces, on a false charge, and distributed it among the people of Syracuse. 264. Propter societatem, 'because he made them sharers.* 266. Tabulas, i.e. the 'tabulae publicae,' 'the accounts and records of the city.* 267. Neque publice neque privatim, ' neither from the authorities nor from private individuals.* Cp. above, on 2. 12. 29. 270. Qui — fuisset. The relative is followed by a subjunctive, because the clause gives an instance to prove his ' nobilitas,* and so is consecutive = • talis, ut.* 272. Fratre. It appears from the mention below of the praenomen Lucius, that it was his cousin Lucius Cicero, not his brother Qiiintus, who was with him in Sicily. 273. Esse, dependent on a ' verbum dicendi' implied. 278. Honorifice sane consurgitur, 'they stood up in a body to receive us, in the most complimentary manner.' ' Consurgo * is used in the same sense as Pt. I. Sect. i. 6. 8. 280. Usu rerum, 'experience.' 281. Timarchidi. Another instance of a genitive in -i, from a Greek noun in -es. See note on 2. 4. 14. 284. Quid utilitatis. 'Quid' in such sentences as this takes a geni- tive, as being equivalent to a word of quantity. S12 NOTES. Sect. V. 2S8. Quum petebatur— deferebatur. As included in the account which Cicero gives of his own words in the oratio obliqua, these verbs would naturally have been in the subjunctive. If the reading is correct, we must suppose that he does not give them as part of what he said at the time, but inserts them as a sort of parenthesis, to explain to his present audience what occasion he was referring to when he used the phrase 'in conventu Siculorum.' They then would be indicative, though past tenses with * quum,' because the two clauses refer to simultaneous time, not consecutive. 293. Commemoratione, either 'my calling it to their mind,* i.e. *my allusion to it,' or * what it called to their mind,* i.e. * the recollections it suggested.* The former is perhaps the simpler. 296. Qiiantum — poterat. They would be trying to speak in Latin, a foreign language, and one which as Greeks they would despise as ' barbarous.' 298. Palaestritis. Heraclius* inheritance was claimed by the ' palae- stritae,' or * guardians of the palaestra,* on a false plea that he had neglected to fulfil a clause in the will which required him to set up certain statues in the palaestra. The inheritance which was thus transferred to the palaestritae should by them have been held in trust for the people of Syracuse, but, as is implied below, it was distributed among a few only, who were Verres* supporters. 300. Inventorem olei. Aristaeus, mentioned above, 1. 173. 307. Defuissent. A sort of zeugma, as the word is used in a slightly different sense with the two datives. ' Had refused to join in the general wish of the deputies (that Cicero should undertake the prosecution of Verres), and deserted the cause (saluti) of Sicily.* 311. Proposui. Another zeugma. * Proposui * would not be the natural verb to use with ' meum animum in illos ' if it had stood alone. 313. Quam — dicebant. This is in the indicative, because the clause is a sort of a parenthesis, explaining to his present hearers what *laudatio' he meant. *Laudatio* here means *a favourable testimony' voted by the assembly. * A vote of thanks ' would perhaps nearly express it. 316. Aerario sanctiore. The *aerarium* or state treasury at Rome was divided into the ' aerarium commune,' where the ordinary revenue of the State was deposited, and the * aerarium sanctius,' where the reserve fund was kept, which was never touched except on great emergencies. Cp. Livy 27. 10 *Aurum vicesimarium (the produce of a tax of 5 per cent, on the value of manumitted slaves), quod in sanctiore aerario ad ultimos casu servabatur, promi placuit.' See Diet, of Ant. under 'Aerarium.' There may have been something corresponding to this at Syracuse, or the phrase may be used by analogy for ' the safest place in the treasury.' 319. Perscripta, *a list written out in full.' 322. Ita perscriptum erat, 'there was this entry made.* 325. Esse ignotum. Impersonal passive perfect of ' ignosco.' II. 13. ROME'S RULE OF HER PROVINCES. 313 326. Deportandas, * taken to Rome.* 'Deportare* is constantly used of persons and things brought home from the provinces. 327. Ratio sic mihi reddita est, * the following account was given me.* 331. Repudiatos, 'their proposal was rejected.* 332. Eum. L. Metellus was propraetor of Sicily at the time. 'His administration is praised by Cicero for restoring peace and security to the inhabitants, after the frightful scenes which had been enacted there by Verres ; but he nevertheless attempted, in conjunction with his brothers, to shield Verres from justice, and tried to prevent the Sicilians from bringing forward their testimony and complaints against him/ Diet, of Biog. vol. ii. p. 1064. 345. Ei negotium facessitum, * that he was in trouble.' Peducaeus had been propraetor in Sicily in 76 and 75 B.C. Cicero describes him else- where as ' vir optimus et innocentissimus.* 348. lam non uteretur, *no longer required.* 354. Recita. This is addressed to the clerk of the court, who read out all documents quoted on a trial. Quod verba facta sunt. This is the formal way in which the preamble of a measure was commenced, like * whereas,* &c., in an English bill. 360. Praesertim quum, 'and that too, when/ &c. 363. Eiusmodi senatus consulto fecisse laudationem, 'that the resolution voting the testimony was couched in such terms.* 368. A quo cognoscetis. The relative clauses here are introduced as oratio recta, addressed to the indices before whom Cicero represents himself as pleading, inserted parenthetically in the oratio obliqua dependent on * docent,* which recounts what the Syracusans had said to him. The sentences beginning with * quod * are clauses of the preamble of the senatus consultum, quoted indirectly, and therefore in the subjunctive. 376. Hospitium publico fieret, that is, that L. Cicero should be formally voted ' hospes ' of the state. ' Hospitium ' is a formal bond of sacred friendship. 384. Varie, 'with opposition.* 386. Discessio facta esset, * the division had been taken.' 'Discedere* and 'discessio* are technical terms for dividing in order to vote on a measure. 387. Perscriptum agrees with 'senatus consultum.* 396. Quis hoc vidit? quis audivit? * Who ever saw or ever heard of such a thing?* 401. Nihil aegrius — abstinerentur, * I had the greatest difficulty in inducing them, by the utmost efforts on my part, to keep their hands off the man who made the appeal.* 403. In ius, 'into court,' 'to have the matter decided.' 409. Enimvero is here ironical, 'forsooth.* 411. Graece locutus essem. It would be considered too great a con- descension for a Roman to adopt the language of a conquered people. It 314 NOTES, Sect. V. II. 13. was a rule that * ne Graecis unquam nisi Latine responsa darent magistratus; * Valerius Maximus, quoted by Long. 412. Turn multa — dicere, *I remember many things that I said, and this among the rest.* 413. Facile, * quite.* 416. Quicum optime convenisset, 'though he had been on the best of terms with him/ i.e. had no personal grounds for refusing him his testimony. 418. Quod ubi. On this *quod* see note above on I. 1 1 2. Here it admits of explanation as = et ubi hoc intellexi. 419. Tabulas non commendaticias sed tributarias. * Litterae commendaticiae* were formal letters of introduction or recommendation, which were constantly given; 'litterae tributariae* is a phrase coined by Cicero to suggest that the communications which Metellus received from Verres offered him some substantial consideration if he would try to quash the charges against him. Cicero had mentioned previously that Metellus at his first coming to Sicily had taken a strong line against Verres, but after a while, on the receipt of certain letters from Verres, had entirely changed his policy, and did everything to hinder the prosecution. It might be trans- lated perhaps * letters, not of introduction, but of credit.* 420. Impetum — facio, *I endeavour to take forcible possession of the documents.* 422. Tamen, *in spite of all.* 425. Theoractum. ©eopafCTos, literally * godstruck,* was a nickname formed on his name Theomnastus. The fondness of both Greeks and Romans for broad personalities is well known. 430. Copulati, 'clinging to one another.* In ius, * into court.* 434. Legem. The law of Rome, which gave a prosecutor, officially appointed in a public prosecution, the right to insist on the production of all documents which were required in evidence. 435. Fieri potestatem is the passive of the phrase ' facere alicui potest- atem rei,' * to give anyone the right to anything.* 436. Nihil— pertinere, * that he had nothing to do with our laws.* Negare sibi placere, * said that he would not allow.* 439. Legum sanctionem. The 'sanctio' of a law was that which gave it ratification, i.e. the penalty which it imposed on those who violated it. Poenam is therefore a mere synonym of 'sanctionem.* They are not two different things, but two names for the same thing. 441. Qui declamasset, * after having declaimed.* ' Qui' is here equi- valent to ' quum,* which ' quum ' would be concessive. OXFORD PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS BY HORACE HART, M.A. PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY Books published during the twelve months ending June /, 79/0, or in the presSy or in preparation^ are underlined. LATIN DICTIONARIES ELEMENTARY LATIN DICTIONARY. By C. T. Lewis. 7s. 6d. SCHOOL LATIN DICTIONARY. By C. T. Lewis. I2S. 6d. LARGER LATIN DICTIONARY. Founded on Andrews's edition of Freund's Latin Dictionary. Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten, by C. T. Lewis and C. Short. 25s. GRAMMARS, READERS, ETC. J. B. ALLEN'S ELEMENTARY SERIES RUDIMENTA LATINA. Very elementary accidence and exercises for beginners. 2s. ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR. New Edition, revised and enlarged (238th thousand). 2s. 6d. FIRST LATIN EXERCISE BOOK. Eighth Edition. 2s. 6d. SECOND LATIN EXERCISE BOOK. With hints for continuous prose. 2nd Ed. 3s. 6d. Key, to both Exercise Books, 5s. net. (Applications for all Keys to be made direct to the Secretary^ Clarendon Press , Oxford.) J. B. ALLEN'S READERS With notes, maps, vocabularies, and exercises, is. 6d. each, LIVES FROM CORNELIUS NEPOS. TALES OF EARLY ROME. Adapted from Livy. TALES OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC, Part I. Adapted from Livy. TALES OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC, Part II. Adapted from Livy. LATIN OTHER LATIN READERS, ETC. CAESAR IN BRITAIN. Selections from the Gallic War. With historical introduction, notes, vocabularies, and exercises. By W. D. Lowe. Illustrated, is. SCENES FROM THE LIFE OF HANNIBAL. Selections from Livy. With historical introduction, notes, maps, vocabularies, and exercises. By W. D. Lowe. is. 6d. TALES OF THE CIVIL WAR. From the third book of Caesar's Civil War. With historical introduction, notes, maps, vocabu- laries, and exercises. By W. D. Lowe. is. 6d. EXTRACTS FROM CICERO. With notes. By Henry Walford. Third Edition, revised. Three parts, 4s. 6d., or each part IS. 6d. Part I : Anecdotes from Greek and Roman History. Part II : Omens and Dreams ; Beauties of Nature. Part III : Rome's Rule of her Provinces. EXTRACTS FROM LIVY. With notes and maps. By H. Lee- Warner. Each part, is. 6d. Part I : The Caudine Disaster. New Edition, revised. Part II ; HannibaPs Campaign in Italy. Part III (By H. Lee- Warner and T. W. Gould) : The Macedonian War. New Edition. FIRST LATIN READER. By T.J. Nunns. 3rd Ed. 2s. REDDENDA MINORA. Latin and Greek passages for unseen translation. For lower forms. By C. S. Jerram. Sixth Edition, revised and enlarged, is. 6d. ANGLICE REDDENDA. Latin and Greek passages for unseen translation. For middle and upper forms. By C. S. Jerram. Fifth Edition. 2s. 6d. Second Series, New Edition (13th thousand), 3s. Third Series, 3s. Separately, Latin Passages (First and Second Series), 2s. 6d. MODELS AND EXERCISES IN UNSEEN TRANS- LATION (LATIN AND GREEK). By H. F. Fox and J. M. Bromley. With versions of the early passages. Revised Edition. 5s. 6d. Key, with references for later passages, 6d. net. RESPONSIONS PAPERS,i90i-6. With answers to mathe- matical questions. By C. A. MARCONand F. G. Brabant. 3s. 6d. net. 2 CLARENDON PRESS SCHOOL BOOKS COMPOSITION PROSE PRIMER OF LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. By J. Y. Sargent. 2s. 6d. EASY PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN. By J. Y. Sargent. Eighth Edition, as. 6d. Key, 5s. net. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. With notes, vocabu- lary, and appendix with introduction to continuous prose. By G. G. Ramsay. 4th Ed. Vol. I : Syntax and Exercises. 4s. 6d. Separately: Part I (Junior Grade), is. 6d. ; Part II (Senior Grade), is. 6d. ; Part III (Syntax and Appendix), 2s. 6d. Key, 5s. net. Vol. II : Passages for Translation. 4s. 6d. VERSE HELPS, HINTS, AND EXERCISES FOR LATIN ELEGIACS. With vocabulary. By H. Lee- Warner. 3s. 6d. Key, 4s. 6d. net. DEMONSTRATIONS IN LATIN ELEGIAC VERSE. Exercises, versions, and notes. For teachers. By W. H. D. Rouse. 4s. 6d. ANNOTATED TEXTS CAESAR: Gallic War, I-VII. By St. George Stock. Vol. I : Introduction, 5s. Vol. II : Text and Notes, 6s. Gallic War. By C. E. Moberly. With maps. 2nd Ed, I-II, 2S., III-V, 2S. 6d. ; VI-VIII, 3S. 6d. Civil War. By C. E. Moberly. New Edition. 3s. 6d. CATULLUS: Selections. (Text only.) By Robinson Ellis, 3s. 6d. 3 LATIN CICERO : De Amicitia. By St. George Stock. 3s. De Senectute. By L. Huxley. 2s. In Catilinam. By E. A. Upcott. 3rd Ed., rev. 2s. 6d. In Q. Caecilium Divinatio and In Verrem I. By J. R, King. is. 6d. Pro Cluentio. By W. Ramsay, re-edited by G. G, Ramsay, Second Edition. 3s. 6d. Pro Marcello, Pro Ligario, Pro Rege Deiotaro. By W. Y. Faussett. Second Edition. 2s. 6d. Pro Milone. By A. B. Poynton. Second Ed. 2s. 6d. Philippic Orations, I, II, III> V, VII. By J. R. King, New Edition, revised by A. C. Clark. 3s. 6d. Pro Roscio. By St. George Stock. 3s. 6d. Select Orations, viz. In Verrem Actio Prima, Delmperio Gn. Pompeii, Pro Archia, Philippica IX. By J. R. King. Second Edition (loth thousand). 2S. 6d. Selected Letters. By C. E. Prichard and E. R. Ber- nard. Second Edition. 3s. Selected Letters. (Text only.) By Albert Watson. Second Edition. 4s. CORNELIUS NEPOS. By Oscar Browning. Third Edition, revised by W. R. Inge. 3s. ERASMUS: Selections. By P. S. Allen, Illustrated^ With vocabulary. 3s. 6d. and (India Paper) 4s. 6d. HORACE. By E. C. Wickham. Selected Odes. Second Edition. 2s. Odes, Carmen Saeculare, and Epodes. Third (large) Edition (1896), 12s. Second (School) Edition (1904), 6s. Sepa- rately, Odes^ I, 2S. Satires, Epistles, and De Arte Poetica. 6s. JUVENAL: Thirteen Satires (I, III-V, VII, VIII, X-XVI). By C. H. Pearson and Herbert A. Strong. Second Edition. 9s. 4 CLARENDON PRESS SCHOOL BOOKS LIVY : I. By Sir J. R. Seeley. 6s. V-VII. By A. R. Cluer. New Edition, revised by P. E. Matheson. 5s. Separately : V, 2s. 6d. ; VI and VII, as. each. IX. By T. NicKLiN. With vocabulary, 3s. ; without, 2s. 6d. XXI-XXIII. By M. t1 Tatham. Second Edition, en- larged. 5s. Separately : XXI and XXII, 2s. 6d. each. LUCRETIUS, V. By W. D. Lowe. 3s. 6d. Separately, 11. 1-782, 2S. ; 11. 783-1457, 2S. MARTIAL: Select Epigrams. By R. T. Bridge and E. D. C. Lake. Spectaculorum Liber & I-VI. 3s. 6d. Separately, Introduction and Notes, 2s. VII-XII. 3s. 6d. Separately, Introduction and Notes, 2s. Select Epigrams. Text and critical notes. By W. M. Lindsay. 3s. 6d. and (India Paper) 5s. OVID : Selections. By G. G. Ramsay. With appendix on Roman calendar, by W. Ramsay. Third Edition. 5s. 6d. Tristia. By S. G. Owen. I, Third Edition, 3s. 6d. Ill, Second Edition, revised, 2s. Metamorphoses, III . By M. Cartwright. With or without vocabulary, 2S. Metamorphoses, XI. By G. A. T. Davies. With or w^ithout vocabulary, 2S. Stories from Ovid's Metamorphoses. Selected and edited by D. A. Slater. 2S. 6d. PLAUTUS : Captivi. By W. M. Lindsay. 4th Ed. 2s. 6d. Mostellaria. By E. A. Sonnenschein. Text interleaved. Second Edition. 4s. 6d. Rudens. By E. A. Sonnenschein. Text and appendix on scansion interleaved. 4s. 6d. Trinummus. By C. E. Freeman and A. Sloman. Fourth Edition. 3s. PLINY : Selected Letters. By C. E. Prichard and E. R. Bernard. Third Edition. 3s. QUINTILIAN : Institutio Oratoria, X. By W. Peterson. Second Edition. 3s. 6d. SALLUST : CatiHne and Jugurtha. By W. W. Capes. Second Edition. 4s. 6d. TACITUS. By H. Furneaux. Annals, I~IV. Second Edition. 5s. Separately, I, 2S. Annals. (Text only.) 6s. Agricola. 6s. 6d. Germania. 6s. 6d. By H. Pitman. Annals, XII I-X VI. With map. 4s. 6d. 5 LATIN TERENCE : Adelphi. ByA. Sloman. Second Edition. 3s. Andria. By C. E. Freeman and A. Sloman. 2nd Ed., revised. 3s. Famulus. As performed at Westminster School. By J. Sargeaunt and A. G. S. Raynor. 2s. Phormio. By A. Sloman. Second Edition, revised. 3s. Comedies. By S. G. AsHMORE. 6s. {Published by Mr. Frowde,) TIBULLUS AND PROPERTIUS : Selections. By G. G. Ramsay. Third Edition, revised. 6s. VIRGIL. By T. L. Papillon and A. E. Haigh. Works. Two volumes. 3s. 6d. (cloth 6s.) each. Sepa- rately : Aeneid, in parts, I-lII, IV-VI, VII-IX, X-XII, 2s. each i Aeneid, IX, by A. E. Haigh, is. 6d. ; Bucolics diud. Georgics, 2s. 6d. Text only, 3s. 6d. (India Paper, 5s.). By C. S. Jerram. Aeneid, I. is. 6d. Bucolics. 2S. 6d. Georgics, I-II and III-IV. 2s. 6d. each. SELECTIONS FROM THE LATIN LITERATURE OF THE EARLY EMPIRE . Part A : Inner Life ; Part B : Outer Life. Edited by A. C. B. Brown. Crown 8vo, with two maps, price 2S. 6d. each, or in one volume, 4s. 6d. For Oxford Classical Texts see p. 39. GREEK DICTIONARIES BY H. G. LIDDELL AND R. SCOTT ABRIDGED GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON. Twenty- first Edition. 7s. 6d. INTERMEDIATE GREEK - ENGLISH LEXICON. I2S. 6d, LARGER GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON. Eighth Ed., revised throughout. 36s. 6 CLARENDON PRESS SCHOOL BOOKS GRAMMARS, READERS, ETC. ELEMENTARY GREEK GRAMMAR. By J. B. Allen, 3S. WORDSWORTH'S GREEK PRIMER, is. 6d. GREEK READER. Adapted, with English notes, from Professor von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff's Griechisches Lesebuch. With vocabularies. By E. C. Marchant. Two volumes. 2S. each. SELECTIONS FROM PLUTARCH'S LIFE OF CAESAR. With notes. By R. L. A. Du Pontet. as. SELECT DIALOGUES OF LUCIAN. Prepared for schools, with short notes in Greek. By W. H. D. Rouse. Text, 2S. Notes, 2S. FIRST GREEK READER. With notes and vocabu- lary. By W. G. RusHBROOKE. Third Edition. 2S. 6d. SECOND GREEK READER. Selections from Herodotus. With introd., notes, and vocabulary. By A. M. Bell, 2nd Ed. 3s. EASY SELECTIONS FROM XENOPHON. Adapted, with notes, vocabulary, maps, and illustrations. By J. S. Phillpotts and C. S. Jerram. Third Edition. 3s. 6d. SELECTIONS FROM XENOPHON. Adapted, with notes, maps, and illustrations as above. By J. S. Phillpotts. New Edition. 3s. 6d. Key (to §§ 1-3), 2s. 6d.net. SELECTIONS FROM GREEK EPIC AND DRAMATIC POETRY. With introd. and notes. By Evelyn Abbott. 4s. 6d. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE COMPARATIVE Grammar of Greek and Latin. By J. E. King and C. Cookson. 5s. 6d. REDDENDA MINORA. Greek and Latin passages for unseen translation. For lower forms. By C. S. Jerram. Sixth Edition, revised and enlarged, is. 6d. ANGLICE REDDENDA. Greek and Latin passages for unseen translation. For middle and higher forms. By C. S. Jerram. Fifth Edition. 2s. 6d. Second Series, New Edition, 3s. Third Series, 3s. Separately, Greek Passages (First and Second Series), 3s. MODELS AND EXERCISES IN UNSEEN TRANS- LATION (LATIN AND GREEK). By H. F. Fox and J. M. Bromley. With versions of the early passages. Revised Edition. 5s. 6d. Key, with references for later passages, 6d. net. 7 GREEK COMPOSITION PROSE PRIMER OF GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION. By J. Y. Sargent. 3s. 6d. Key, 5s. net. GRAECE REDDEN DA. Exercises for translation into Greek, with vocabulary. By C. S. Jerram. 2s. 6d. PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION INTO GREEK. By J.Y.Sargent. 3s. EXEM PLARI A GRAECA (select Greek versions of some passages in same) , 3s. VERSE HELPS, HINTS, AND EXERCISES FOR GREEK VERSE COMPOSITION. By C. E. Laurence. 3s. 6d. Key, 5s. net. MODELS AND MATERIALS FOR GREEK IAMBIC VERSE. By J. Y. Sargent. 4s. 6d. Key, 5s. net. NEW TESTAMENT IN GREEK GREEK TESTAMENT. With the Readings adopted by the Revisers of the Authorized Version, and marginal references. New Edition. 4s. 6d. NOVUM TESTAMENTUM. Edidit C. Lloyd. 3s. With Appendices by W. Sanday, 6s. NOVUM TESTAMENTUM. Juxta exemplar Millianum. 2S. 6d. EVANGELIA SACRA GRAECE. is. 6d. GREEK TESTAMENT PRIMER. By E. Miller. Second Edition. 2S. and 3s. 6d. RESPONSIONS PAPERS, 1901-6. With answers to mathematical questions. By C. A. Marcon and F. G. Brabant. 3s. 6d. net. 8 CLARENDON PRESS SCHOOL BOOKS ANNOTATED TEXTS AESCHYLUS. By A. Sidgwick. Agamemnon. Sixth Edition, revised. 3s. Choephoroi. New Edition, revised. 3s. Eumenides. Third Edition. 3s. Persae. 3s. Septem contra Thebas. 3s. By A. O. Prickard. Prometheus Bound. Fourth Edition, revised. 2s. Prometheus Bound. Translated by R. Whitelaw. With introduction and notes by J. Churton Collins, is. net. Agamemnon. Translated by J. Conington. With intro- duction and notes by J. Churton Collins, is. net. APPIAN, I. With map. By J. L. Strachan-Davidson. 3s. 6d. ARISTOPHANES. By W. W. Merry. Acharnians. Fifth Edition, revised. 3s. Birds. Fourth Edition. 3s. 6d. Clouds. Third Edition. 3s. Frogs. Fifth Edition. 3s. Knights. Second Edition, revised. 3s. Peace, 3s. 6d. Wasps. Second Edition. 3s. 6d, CEBES : Tabula. By C. S. Jerram. Paper, is. 6d.; cloth, 2s. 6d. DEMOSTHENES. ByEvELVN Abbott and P. E.Matheson. Against Philip. Vol. I: Philippic I, Olynthiacs I-HI. Fourth Edition. 3s. Vol. H : De Pace, Philippics H-HI, De Chersoneso. 4s. 6d. Separately, Philippics I-HI, 2s. 6d. On the Crown. 3s. 6d. Against Meidias. By J. R. King. 3s. 6d. 9 GREEK EURIPIDES: Alcestis. By C. S. Jerram. 5th Ed. 2s. 6d. Bacchae. By A. H. Cruickshank. 3s. 6d. Cyclops. By W. E. Long. 2s. 6d. Hecuba. By C. B. Heberden. 2s. 6d. Helena. By C. S. Jerram. Second Ed., revised. 3s. Heracleidae. By C. S. Jerram. New Ed., revised. 3s. Ion. By C. S. Jerram. 3s. Iphigenia in Tauris. By C. S. Jerram. New Ed. 3s. Medea. By C. B. Heberden. 3rd Ed., revised. 2s. Alcestis. Translated by H. Kynaston. With intro- duction and notes by J. Churton Collins, is. net. HERODOTUS : Selections. By W. W. Merry. 2s. 6d. IX. By Evelyn Abbott. 3s. V-VI. By Evelyn Abbott. 6s. HOMER: Iliad, I-XII. With Homeric grammar. By D. B. Monro. Fifth Edition, revised. 6s. Separately, I, with grammar and notes, Third Edition, is. 6d. XIII-XXIV. By D. B. Monro. Fourth Edition. 6s. III. By M. T. Tatham. is. 6d. XXI. By Herbert Hailstone, is. 6d. Odyssey. By W. W. Merry. I-XII. Sixty-sixth thousand. 5s. Separately, I and II, IS. 6d. each; VI-VII, is. 6d. ; VII-XII, 3s. XIII-XXIV. Sixteenth thousand, revised. 5s. Sepa- rately, XIII-XVIII, 3S.; XIX-XXIV, 3s. LUCIAN : Vera Historia. By C. S. Jerram. Second Edition, revised and enlarged, is. 6d. LYSIAS : Epitaphios. By F. J. Snell. 2s. PLATO : Apology. By St. George Stock. 3rd Ed. 2s. 6d. Crito. By St. George Stock. 2s. Euthydemus. By E. H. Gifford. 3s. 6d. Euthyphro. By St. George Stock. 2s. 6d. Ion. By St. George Stock. 2s. 6d. Menexenus. By J. A. Shawyer. 2s. Meno. By St. George Stock. Third Edition, revised, with appendix. 2s. 6d. Selections. By J. Purves. With Preface by B. Jowett. Second Edition. 5s. 10 CLARENDON PRESS SCHOOL BOOKS PLUTARCH : Lives of the Gracchi. By G. E. Underhill. 4S. 6d. Life of Coriolanus. 2S. SOPHOCLES : Works. By Lewis Campbell and Evelyn Abbott. New and revised Edition. VoL I : text, 4s. 6d. Vol. II : notes, 6s. Separately (text with notes) : Ajax, Antigone^ Electra^ Oedipus ColoneuSf Oedipus Tyrannus, Philodetes, Trachiniae, 2s. each. Scenes. With illustrations. By C. E. Laurence. I : Ajax. II : Antigone, is. 6d. each. Antigone. Translated by R. Whitelaw. With intro- duction and notes by J. Churton Collins, is. net. THEOCRITUS. By H. Kynaston. Fifth Edition. 4s. 6d. THUCYDIDES, HL By H. F. Fox. 3s. 6d. IV. By T. R. Mills. 3s. 6d. Separately, Notes, 2S. 6d. XENOPHON : Anabasis. With vocabulary to each volume. By J. Marshall. I, II (by C. S. Jerram), III, IV, is. 6d. each. III-IV, 3s. Separately, Vocabulary, is. Cyropaedia. By C. Bigg. I, 2s. IV-V, 2s. 6d. Hellenica. By G. E. Underhill. 7s. 6d. Separately, I-II, 3S. Memorabilia. By J. Marshall. 4s. 6d. ANCIENT HISTORY JUNIOR HISTORY OF ROME. By M. A. Hamilton. Crown 8vo, with illustrations and maps. 4s. 6d. SOURCES FOR ROMAN HISTORY, b.c. 133-70. By A. H. J. Greenidge and A. M. Clay. 5s. 6d. net. SOURCES FOR GREEK HISTORY between the Per- sian and Peloponnesian Wars. By G. F. Hill. Reissue. los. 6d. net. LATIN HISTORICAL INSCRIPTIONS, illustrating the history of the Early Empire. By G. M^N. Rushforth. ids. net. MANUAL OF GREEK HISTORICAL INSCRIP- TIONS. By E. L. Hicks. New Edition, revised by G. F. Hill. las. 6d. ATTIC theatre! A description of the Stage and Theatre of the Athenians. ByA. E. Haigh. Illustrated. Third Edition, revised and partly rewritten by A. W. Pickard-Cambridge. ios. 6d. net. RISE OF THE GREEK EPIC. By Gilbert Murray. 7s. 6u. net. ANCIENT CLASSICAL DRAMA. By R. G. Moulton. 8s. 6d. II OXFORD CLASSICAL TEXTS Asconius. Clark. 3s. 6d. Caesaris Commentarii . Du Pontet. 2 vols. 2s.6d. and 3s. (Complete, 7s.) Catulli Carmina. Ellis. 2s. 6d. Catullus, TibuUus and Propertius. 8s. 6d. Ciceronis Epistulae. Purser. 4 vols. 6s., 4s. 6d., 4s. 6d., 3s. (Complete, 21s.) Ciceronis Orationes. Clark. Pro Milone, Caesarianae, Philippicae, 3s. Pro Roscio, De Imperio Cn. Pompei, Pro Cluentio, In Cati- linam, Pro Murena, Pro Caelio, 3s. In Q. Caecilium, In C. Verrem. Peterson. 4s. (Complete, i8s. 6d.) Pro P. Quinctio, Pro Q. Roscio Comoedo, Pro A. Caecina, De Lege Agraria contra Rullum, Pro C. Rabirio Perduellionis Reo, Pro L. Flacco, In L. Pisonem, Pro P. Rabirio Postumo, 3s. Ciceronis Rhetorica. Wilkins. 2 vols. 3s. and 3s. 6d. (Complete, 7s. 6d.) CorneliNepotisVitae. Winstedt. 2s. Horati Opera. Wickham. 3s. (4S.6d.) Lucreti de Rerum Natura. Bailey. 3S. (4s.) Martialis Epigrammata. Lindsay. 6s. (7s. 6d.) Persi et luvenalis Saturae. Owen. 3s. (4s.) Plauti Comoediae. Lindsay. Vol. I, 6s. Vol. II, 6s. (Complete, i6s.) Properti Carmina. Phillimore. 3s. Stati Silvae. Phillimore. 3s. 6d. Statius, Thebais and Achilleis. Gar- rod. 6s. (With Silvae, los. 6d.) Taciti Op. Min. Furneaux. 2s. Taciti Annales. Fisher. 6s. (7s.) Terenti Comoediae. Tyrrell. 3s. 6d. (5S.) Tibulli Carmina. Postgate. 2s. Vergili Opera. Hirtzel. 3s. 6d. (45. 6d.) Appendix Vergiliana. Ellis. 4s. Aeschyli Tragoediae. Sidgwick. 3s. 6d. (4s. 6d.) Antoninus. Leopold. 3s. (4s.) Apollonii Rhodii Argonautica. Sea- ton. 3s. Aristophanis Comoediae. Hall and Geldart. 2 vols., 3s. 6d. each. (Complete, 8s. 6d.) Bucolici Graeci. von Wilamo- witz-Moellendorff. 3s. (4s.) Demosthenis Orationes. Butcher. Vol. I, 4s. 6d. Vol. II, Pt. 1, 3s. 6d. (Vols. I and II, Pt. I, 12s. 6d.) Euripidis Tragoediae. Murray. Vol. I, 3s. 6d. Vol. II, 3s. 6d. (Vols. I and II together, 9s.) Vol. Ill, 3s. 6d. (4s. 6d.) (Complete, 12s. 6d.) Hellenica Oxyrhynchia cum Theo- pompi et Cratippi Fragmentis. Grenfell and Hunt. 4s. 6d. Herodoti Historiae. Hude. 2 vols., 4s. 6d. each. (Complete, 12s. 6d.) Homeri Ilias. Monro and Allen. 2 vols., 3s. each. (Complete, 7s.) Homeri Odyssea. Allen. 2 vols., 3s. each. (Complete, 6s.) Hyperides. Kenyon. 3s. 6d. Longinus. Prickard. 2S. 6d. Platonis Opera. Burnet. Vols. I-III, 6s. each (7s. each). Vol. IV, 7s. (8s. 6d.). Vol. V, 8s. (los. 6d.). Separately — Respublica, 6s. (7s.) ; on 4to paper, los. 6d. First and Fifth Tetralogies, separately, paper covers, 2s. each. Theophrasti Characteres. Diels 3s. 6d. Thucydidis Historiae. Stuart Jones. 2 vols., 3s. 6d. each. (Complete, 8s. 6d.) Xenophontis Opera. Marchant. 4 vols. I, III, 3s. each ; II, IV, 3s. 6d. each. (Complete, 12s. 6d. ) Prices above are for cloth bindings (in brackets, for editions on Oxford India paper). In paper covers, 6d. less per vol. (is. less for those from 6s. in cloth). Prices for interleaved copies in stiff cloth on appHcation. 1 3 3125 01409 5141