— 
 
 T.('vn.l,r fuipf 
 
ARRIAN'S 
 
 VOYAGE 
 
 ROUND 
 
 EUXINE SEA 
 
 TRANSLATED $ 
 
 AND ACCOMPANIED WITH 
 
 A GEOGRAPHICAL DISSERTATION, 
 AND MAPS. 
 
 TO WHICH ARE ADDED 
 
 THREE DISCOURSES, 
 
 I. On the Trade to the Eqft Indies by means of the Euxine Sea. 
 
 II. On the Di/lance which the Ships of Antiquity ufually failed 
 
 in twenty-four Hours. 
 
 TIL On the Meafure of the Olympic Stadium. 
 
 THE 
 
 OXFORD: 
 
 SOLD BY J. COOKE; AND BY MESSRS. CADELL AND DAVIES r 
 STRAND, LONDON. 
 
 1805. 
 
 S.. Collingwood, Printer, Oxford, 
 
TO THE EMPEROR 
 
 CAESAR ADRIAN AUGUSTUS, 
 
 ARRIAN WISHETH HEALTH AND PROSPERITY. 
 
 We came in the courfe of our voyage to Trapezus, a Greek 
 city in a maritime fituation, a colony from Sinope, as we are in- 
 formed by Xenophon, the celebrated Hiftorian. We furveyed the 
 Euxine fea with the greater pleafure, as we viewed it from the 
 lame fpot, whence both Xenophon and Yourfelf had formerly ob- 
 ferved it. Two altars of rough Hone are ftill landing there ; but, 
 from the coarfenefs of the materials, the letters infcribed upon 
 them are indiftincliy engraven, and the Infcription itfelf is incor- 
 rectly written, as is common among barbarous people. I deter- 
 mined therefore to erect altars of marble, and to engrave the In- 
 fcription in well marked and diftinct characters. Your Statue, 
 which Hands there, has merit in the idea of the figure, and of the 
 defign, as it reprefents You pointing towards the fea; but it bears 
 no refemblance to the Original, and the execution is in other re- 
 fpects but indifferent. Send therefore a Statue worthy to be called 
 Yours, and of a fimilar delign to the one which is there at prefent, 
 
 b as 
 
2 
 
 ARYAN'S PERIPLUS 
 
 as the fituation is well calculated for perpetuating, by thefe means, 
 the memory of any illuftrious perfon. A Fane or Temple is there- 
 conftru&ed, built of fquared Hone, and is a refpectable edifice ; 
 but the Image of Mercury, which it contains, is neither worthy 
 the Temple, nor the fituation in which it Hands. Wherefore, if 
 You fhould think proper, fend to me a Statue of Mercury of not 
 more than five feet in height, as fuch a fize feems well propor- 
 tioned, and fuitable to that of the building. I requefr. alfo a Statue 
 of Philefius of four feet in height ; for it feems to me reafonable 
 that the latter fhould have a temple and an altar in common with 
 his Anceflor. Hence whilfl fome perfons facrifice to Mercury, 
 and fome to Philefius, and others to both, they will all do what is 
 agreeable to both thefe Deities ; to Mercury, as they honour his 
 Defcendant ; to Philefius, as they honour his Anceflor. Where- 
 fore I myfelf facrificed an Ox there ; not as Xenophon did in the 
 port of Calpe, when he took an Ox from a waggon on account 
 of the fcarcity of victims ; whereas here the Trapezuntines them- 
 felves furnifhed no contemptible facrifice. We examined the en- 
 trails of the animals facrificed, and performed our libations upon 
 them. I need not mention to You in whofe behalf we firfl offered 
 our prayers, as You are well acquainted with our cuflom on fuch 
 occafions, and as You mutt be confcious, that You deferve the 
 prayers of all, and efpecially of thofe who are under lefs obliga- 
 tions of gratitude than myfelf. 
 
 Having then failed from Trapezus, we arrived the firft day at 
 the port of HyfTus, and exercifed the foot-foldiers, whom we found 
 there. This body of men, as You know, confilts of foot, although 
 they have befides belonging to them twenty horfemen, who are 
 defigned for private fervices only. It has however been found ne- 
 
 celTary 
 
OF THE EUXINE SEA, 
 
 3 
 
 ceflliry for thefe men fometimes to a& in the capacity of thofe 
 who throw javelins. 
 
 Thence we failed, at firlt. Only with the breezes which blow 
 early in the morning from the mouths of the rivers, uung however 
 oars at the fame time. Thefe breezes were indeed cool, as a Homer 
 exprelTes himfelf, but not fufficiently ftrong for us, who wifhed for 
 a quick voyage. A calm foon followed, when we were reduced 
 to depend upon our oars only. Soon after a cloud fuddenly ariling 
 burn: nearly in an eafterly direction from us, and brought on a 
 violent ftorm of wind, which was entirely contrary to the courfe 
 that we held, and from the fatal efFecl:s of which we had a narrow 
 <efcape. For it almojl inftantly produced fuch a fwell of the fea, 
 as to make it appear hollow to the view, and caufed a deluge of 
 water to break not only over that part of the mip where the 
 benches of the rowers were placed, but alfo over the part which 
 is between them and the poop. Our ntuation was then truly tra- 
 gical, fince as fall as we pumped out the water, fo fall did it burft 
 in upon us. The fwell of the fea did not however bear upon the 
 fide of our velfel ; and from this circumftance we were enabled, 
 although with great trouble and difficulty, to make ufe of our oars, 
 and, after much diltrefsful fuffering, to arrive at Athena?. For 
 there is upon the Euxine fea a place fo called, where there is a 
 temple in the Grecian flyle, from which circumftance the place 
 feems to have derived its name. There is a ruined caftle at this 
 place, and a port, which in the fummer feafon cannot indeed con- 
 tain many mips, but is fufficient to afford them a melter from the 
 South wind, and even from the South-Eaft. Ships that put in there 
 
 ** Avpi ^ ' Ik wstw/xs ■^vxiyi Wti %u$i o. Odyff. t , ver, 469. 
 
 might 
 
4 
 
 ARR LAN'S PERIPLUS 
 
 might indeed be fafe from the North-Earl wind, but not from the 
 North, nor from that wind, which is called in Pontus, Thrafcias> 
 but in Greece, Sciron. During the night there came on a violent, 
 ftorm of thunder and lightning ; nor did the wind continue in the 
 fame quarter, but came about to the South, and foon after from 
 the South to the South-Weft, which rendered the bay, or road, m 
 which we lay, no longer a fafe ftation. Therefore, before the fea 
 had begun to rage violently, we drew up into the harbour of 
 Athena? as many of our mips as it would contain, excepting one 
 trireme, which having found a convenient fhelter under cover of a 
 rock, rode there in fafety. We thought proper alfo to fend feveral 
 of our vefTels to the neighbouring Ihores to be drawn aground ; 
 which fucceeded fo well, that they all efcaped fafe, excepting one, 
 which entering the bay expofed its lide improperly to the wind, 
 and the fwell of the fea drove it afhore, where it was wrecked. 
 Every thing on board however was faved, not the fails only, and 
 the nautical intlruments, but the bolts alfo, and the men. We 
 alfo fcraped off the wax, which is as neceflary an article in mip- 
 building as any, timber excepted ; of which laft material there is, 
 as You know, a great quantity in the countries that border upon 
 this fea. The Horm continued two days, and necefTarily detained 
 us during that time. It would indeed have indicated a want of 
 refpecl to have pafTed by Athena?, even the one of that name on 
 the Pontic fea, as if it were fome deferted and namelefs port. 
 
 Setting fail thence early in the morning, we attempted to make 
 our way with the waves, or fwell of the fea, bearing upon the fide 
 of our ihip ; but as the day advanced, the North-Eafl wind blow- 
 ing gently calmed the fea, and rendered it altogether fmooth and 
 tranquil. Before noon we reached Apfarus, having failed more 
 
 than 
 
OF THE EUXINE SEA. 
 
 5 
 
 than five hundred ftadia. At this place five cohorts are Rationed, 
 to whom we delivered their pay, and inlpecled their arms, the 
 walls, and the ditch, their lick, and their prefent flock of provi- 
 lions. My report concerning thefc fubjecls has been already 
 written in the Latin language. Apfarus, it is faid, formerly bore 
 the name of Apfyrtus, from the perfon who was murdered by 
 Medea, and whofe fepulchre is Hill Ihewn there. Its prefent name 
 was corrupted by the Barbarians from the ancient one, as has 
 taken place in many other inflances. Thus they fay, that Tyana 
 in Cappadocia was called, about the time alluded to, Thoana, from 
 Thoas, King of the Tauri ; who, it is reported, came thither in pur- 
 fuit of Pylades and Oreftes, and their companions, and died there 
 of fome difeafe. 
 
 The rivers, which we pafied fince our departure from Trapezus, 
 are as follows. 
 
 The Hyflus, from which the port of that name is called, is dif- 
 tant from Trapezus an hundred and eighty ftadia. 
 
 The Ophis ; which is diflant from the port of Hyflus, at molt, 
 ninety itadia, and feparates the country of Colchis from that of 
 Thyana. 
 
 The Pfychrus; diitant from the Ophis about thirty itadia.* 
 The Calus ; diflant from the Pfychrus thirty itadia. 
 The Rhizius lies alfo in the neighbourhood of the Pfychrus, and 
 is diitant from the Calus an hundred and twenty itadia. 
 
 From the Rhizius to the Afcurus the diftance is thirty itadia. 
 From the Afcurus to the Adienus fixty itadia. 
 From the Adienus to Athenae an hundred and eighty itadia. 
 The river Zagatis lies at moit only feven Itadia from Athenae. . 
 
 In 
 
6 
 
 ARRIAN'S PERIPLUS 
 
 In failing from Athena? we palled by Prytanis, a palace of An- 
 chialus, which is diftant from Athena? forty fladia. 
 
 The river Pyxites is diftant from Prytanis ninety fladia. 
 The diftance from Pyxites to Archabis is alfo ninety fladia. 
 From Archabis to Apfarus fixty ftadia. 
 
 When we fet fail from Apfarus, we patted by the river Acamp- 
 fis in the night, at the diftance of fifteen fladia from Apfarus. The 
 river Bathys is feventy-five fladia diftant from the Acampfis. 
 
 From the Bathys to the Acinafis ninety fladia. 
 
 From the Acinafis to the Ifis ninety fladia. The Acampfis and 
 the Ills are both of them navigable rivers, from whofe mouths iffue 
 ftrong morning breezes. 
 
 Sailing from the mouth of the Ifis, we pafTed by the Mogrus, 
 which alfo is a navigable river, and at the diftance of ninety ftadia 
 from the Ills. We then entered the Phafis, which is diftant from 
 the Mogrus ninety fladia. The water of this river is lighter in the 
 balance, and more changeable in its colour, than any with which 
 I am acquainted. Any perfon may fatisfy himfelf of the fuperior 
 lightnefs of this water by weighing it, or by obferving that it floats 
 on the furface of the fea without mingling with it. In the fame 
 manner Homer fays, that the water of the river Titarefius floats 
 upon the furface of the Peneus : 
 
 " Yet o'er the filver furface pure they flow, 
 
 " The filver ftream unmix'd with ftreams below." II. i. ver. 754. 
 
 The water of the Phafis, if you take it from the furface, is frefh; 
 but if any one lets down a jar deep into the ftream, he finds the 
 water brackilh. It mull however be obferved, that the Pontic fea 
 is much lefs fait than the fea without the Hellefpont, on account 
 of the rivers which difcharge themfelves into the former, the num- 
 ber 
 
OF THE EUXINE SEA. 7 
 
 her and fize of which are bey ond computation. We may bring as 
 a proof of its frefhnefs, if any proof can be necelTary refpecting 
 what is the object of our fenfes, that all the people who live on its 
 borders lead out their cattle to drink of the water of the fea, which 
 they willingly do; and experience has fhewn that they thrive bet- 
 ter with this than with frefh water. The colour of the water of 
 the Phafis refembles that of water impregnated with lead or tin; 
 but on ftanding and depoliting a fediment, it becomes perfectly 
 pure. It is even provided by the law, that thofe who fail into 
 the Phatis mould not import any foreign water into the country ; 
 but as foon as they enter the rtream, it is fignified to them, that 
 they fhould pour out what water is left in the Ihip ; which if they 
 neglect to do, the common opinion is that their future voyages 
 will not be profperous. The water of the Phafis does not corrupt 
 by keeping, })ut continues free from any taint of this kind for 
 more than ten years. The only change that takes place is, that it 
 becomes fweeter than it was originally. The Statue of the God- 
 defs Phafiana is placed to the left of the entrance into the Phafis ; 
 which Deity we may reafonably conjecture, from her figure and 
 appearance, to be the fame with Rhea, as me holds in her hands a 
 cymbal, has lions under her throne, and is feated in the fame man- 
 ner as the Statue by Phidias in the temple of Cybele at Athens. 
 An anchor, faid to be of the Ihip Argo, is fhewn here ; but as it 
 is of iron, it does not feem to be ancient ; it differs indeed both in 
 lize and Ihape from thofe at prefent in ufe, but neverthelefs ap- 
 pears to me to be of later date than the Argonautic period. They 
 alfo fhew there fome fragments of an ancient ftone anchor, which 
 are more likely than the other to be the remains of the anchor of 
 the Argo. No other monument is now to be found there of the 
 fabulous hiftory of Jafon. The calile, in which four hundred fe- 
 ted 
 
8 
 
 ARRIAN'S PERIPLUS 
 
 lect men are Rationed, feems to me very firong by fituation, and 
 conveniently fituated for the protection of thofe that fail upon the 
 river. It was furrounded with a ditch and a double wall, each ot 
 them very broad. The walls were formerly of earth, and the 
 towers of wood ; but at prefent both the wall and the towers are 
 built of baked brick, the foundations of which are fecurely laid, 
 and the whole furnimed with warlike engines, and, in Ihort, fo 
 fortified in every refpedt, as to afford no accefs to the Barbarians, 
 nor to expofe thofe who defend it to the danger of a fiege. But 
 as it is advifable that the port mould be rendered fafe for fea- 
 faring people, and that other places iliould be fecured which lie 
 without the walls of the cafile, and are inhabited by people who 
 are now exempted from military fervice, or by perfons engaged in 
 commerce, I thought proper to carry from the double ditch, that 
 furrounds the wall, another ditch, as far as the river, which may 
 include both the harbour, and the buildings, that lie beyond the 
 walls of the fortifications. 
 
 Leaving the Phafis we palled by the Chariens, a navigable river, 
 at the diftance of ninety fiadia from the, Phafis. From the Cha- 
 riens we failed to the Chobus, which is ninety fiadia diftant 
 from the Chariens. We here went into the harbour ; but for 
 what caufes, and what bufinefs we tranfa&ed there, the Latin 
 letters will explain. Proceeding from the Chobus we failed by 
 the Singamis, a navigable river, at the diftance from the Cho- 
 bus of two hundred and ten fiadia at the utmoft. Next to the 
 Singamis, and at the diftance of one hundred and ninety fiadia, 
 lies the river Tarfuras. From the Tarfuras to the Hippus is one 
 hundred and fifty fiadia. From Hippus to Afielephus is thirty 
 fiadia. In our courfe from the Chobus we palled by Afielephus, 
 
 and 
 
OF THE EUXINE SEA. 
 
 9 
 
 and got to Sebaftopolis before noon ; which laft place is one hun- 
 dred and twenty ftadia from Aftelephus. We fpent the remainder 
 of the day in diftributing the pay to the foldiers, in reviewing the 
 horfes and the arms, and in obferving the dextrous activity of the 
 horfemen in leaping upon their horfes ; in viewing the fick, and 
 in furveying the provifion of corn, and the condition of the walls 
 and of the ditch. The diftance from the Chobus to Sebaftopolis is 
 fix hundred and thirty ftadia ; but from Trapezus to Sebaftopolis 
 two thoufand two hundred and fixty fladia. This place (Sebafto- 
 polis) was formerly called Diofcurias, and was a colony from Mi- 
 letus. The nations which we failed by on our voyage are as fol- 
 lows. The Colchians, who, as Xenophon obferves, border on the 
 Trapezuntines ; as do the Drillae, as he calls them, but who feem 
 to me to be more properly called the Sanni ; a people, whom he 
 records to be of a warlike difpofition, and very hoftile to the Tra- 
 pezuntines ; both which characters they preferve to the prefent 
 time. They dwell in ftrongly fortified places, and do not live un- 
 der a monarchical government. They were formerly tributary to 
 the Romans ; but of late, being addicted to plunder, they do not 
 pay the tribute regularly : however, now, by the Gods' afiiftance, 
 we will either oblige them to be more punctual, or exterminate 
 them. The Machelones and the Heniochi border on thefe people, 
 the latter of whom have a King called Anchialus. Next to thefe 
 lie the Sydretae, fubject to Pharafmanus • and adjoining to the Sy- 
 dretae are the Lazi, a people fubject to King Malaflas, who holds 
 his kingdom from You. Bordering on the Lazi are the Apfila?, 
 governed by King Julianus, who received his kingdom from your 
 Father. The Abafci border on the Apfilae, wtiofe King, Rhefma- 
 gus, received his crown from You. The Sanigai border on the 
 Abafci. Sebaftopolis is a city of the Saniga?, who are fubject to 
 
 c King 
 
10 
 
 ARRIAN'S PERIPLUS 
 
 King Spadagas, who received his kingdom from You. As far as 
 Apfarus our courfe lay Eaflward, on the right fide of the Euxine 
 fea. Apfarus appears to me to terminate the Pontus, when we 
 eflimate its greateft length. 
 
 From thence our courfe was Northerly to the river Chobus, and 
 from thence to Singames. From Singames we turned to the left 
 fide of the Pontus as far as the river Hippus ; and from thence to 
 Altelephus and Diofcurias, where we had a view of Mount Cau- 
 cafus, the height of which is much the fame with that of the Cel- 
 tic Alps. The higheft point of the mountain called Strobilus is 
 vilible here, where Prometheus is fabled to have been fufpended 
 by Vulcan, according to the commands of Jupiter. 
 
 The diflances of the places from one another, that lie between 
 the Thracian Bofporus and Trapezus, are as follows. The temple 
 of Jupiter Urius is diflant from Byzantium an hundred and twenty 
 lladia. The Thracian Bofporus is, as You know, the narrower! of 
 the mouths of the Pontus, through which it difcharges itfelf into 
 the Propontis. The river Rhebas lies on the right hand of thofe 
 Who fail from the temple above mentioned, and is at the diflance 
 of ninety lladia from it. From the river Rhebas to Acra Melasna 
 is one hundred and fifty fladia. From Acra Melasna to the river 
 Artanes, where there is a harbour for fmall vefTels near a temple 
 of Venus, is one hundred and fifty lladia. From the river Artanes 
 to Pfilis, where fmall velfels may lie fafely under the fhelter of a 
 projecting rock, not far from the mouths of the river, an hundred 
 and fifty fladia. Prom Plilis to the port of Calpe two hundred and 
 ten fladia. 
 
 Xenophon 
 
OF THE EUXINE SEA. 
 
 1 1 
 
 Xenophon the elder has defcribed at large the port and fituation 
 of Calpe, and informed us, that there is there a cool and pure 
 fpring, and woods of timber fit for building mips, and wild animals. 
 
 From the port of Calpe to Rhoe, a harbour for fmall veffels, 
 twenty fladia. From Rhoe to Apollonia, a fmall iiland at a lit- 
 tle diftance from the Continent, twenty fladia. In this fmall 
 ifland there is a port. From hence to Chelae twenty fladia. From 
 Chelae to the place where the river Sangarius flows into the Pon- 
 tus an hundred and eighty fladia. From thence to the mouths of 
 the Hyppius an hundred and eighty fladia. From Hyppius to the 
 mart of Lillium an hundred fladia. From Lillium to Elaeum fixty 
 fladia. From Elaeum to another mart called Cales an hundred and 
 twenty fladia. From Cales to the river Lycus eighty fladia. From 
 Lycus to Heraclea, a Dorian Greek city, a colony of the Mega- 
 reans, twenty fladia. Here there is a harbour for fliips. From 
 Heraclea to a place called Metroum eighty fladia. From Metroum 
 to Pofldaeum forty fladia. From Pofldaeum to the Tyndaridae for- 
 ty-five fladia. From the Tyndaridae to Nymphaeum fifteen fladia. 
 From Nymphaeum to the river Oxinas thirty fladia. From the 
 river Oxinas to Sandaraca, a port for fmall velfels, ninety fla- 
 dia. From Sandaraca to Crenides fixty fladia. From Crenides 
 to the mart of Pfylla thirty fladia. From Pfylla to Tios, an 
 Ionian Greek city, fituated on the fea, and a colony of the Mi- 
 lefians, ninety fladia. From Tios to the river Billaeus twenty 
 fladia. From Billaeus to the river Parthenius an hundred fla- 
 dia. The country fo far is inhabited by the Thracian Bithy- 
 nians, of whom Xenophon has made mention in his Memoirs, as 
 the mofl warlike of the Afiatics, and from whom the army of the 
 Greeks fuflered much, after the Arcadians had feparated them- 
 felves from the other divifion of the army, commanded by Chiri- 
 
 c 2 fophus 
 
li ARRIAN'S PERIPLUS 
 
 fophus and Xenophon. Here commences the boundary of Paph- 
 lagonia. From the river Parthenius to Amaftris, a Greek city, 
 where there is a port for mips, ninety ftadia. From thence to the 
 Erythini fixty ftadia. From the Erythini to Cromna fixty ftadia. 
 From Cromna to Cy torus, where there is a port, ninety ftadia. 
 From Cytorus to iEgialus fixty ftadia. From iEgialus to Thyme* 
 na ninety ftadia. From Thymena to Carambis an hundred and 
 twenty ftadia. From Carambis to Zephyrium an hundred and 
 fixty ftadia. From Zephyrium to the fortrefs of Abonum, where 
 there is a fmall city, one hundred and fifty ftadia. The port here is 
 not altogether fafe; neverthelefs, Ibips may lie here free from harm, 
 if the tempeft be not very violent. From the fortrefs of Abonum 
 to ^Eginetis an hundred and fifty ftadia. From JEginetis to the 
 mart of Cinolis fixty ftadia. In the fummer feafon ftiips may lie 
 here. From Cinolis to Stephanes, a fafe port for ftiips, an hundred 
 and eighty ftadia. From Stephanes to Potamos an hundred and 
 fifty ftadia. From Potamos to Lepte Acra one hundred and twenty 
 ftadia. From Lepte Acra to Harmene fixty ftadia. There is a 
 port at Harmene. This place is mentioned by Xenophon. From 
 Harmene to Sinope, a colony of the Milefians, forty ftadia. From 
 Sinope to Carufa, where there is an open road where ftiips lie, but 
 no port, an hundred and fifty ftadia. From Carufa to Zagora an 
 hundred and fifty ftadia. From Zagora to the river Halys three 
 hundred ftadia. This river was formerly the boundary between 
 the kingdom of Croefus and that of the Perfians ; but now it is in 
 the Roman territory. Its courfe is not from the South, as Hero- 
 dotus defcribes it, but from the Eaft ; and where it difcharges it- 
 felf into the Pontus, it forms the boundary between the Sinopians 
 and the Amifenians. From the river Halys to Nauftathmus, where 
 there is a marlh, ninety ftadia. From hence to Conopceum^ where 
 there is another marlh, fifty ftadia. From Conopreum to Eufene 
 
 an 
 
OF THE EUXINE SEA, 
 
 an hundred and twenty lladia. From Etifene to Amifus an hun- 
 dred and lixty lladia. Amifus lies upon the fea, is a Greek city, 
 and an Athenian colony. From Amifus to the port of Ancon, 
 where the river Iris empties itfelf into the fea, an hundred and 
 twenty lladia. From the mouths of the Iris to the port of Hera- 
 cleum three hundred and lixty lladia. From Heracleum to the ri- 
 ver Thermodon forty lladia. This is the river Thermodon, on 
 whofe banks the Amazons are faid to have dwelt. From the 
 Thermodon to the river Beris ninety lladia. From the Beris to 
 the river Thoaris lixty rtadia. From Thoaris to CEnoe thirty lladia. 
 From CEnoe to the river Phigamus forty lladia. From Phigamus 
 to the fortrefs of Phadifana one hundred and fifty lladia. From 
 Phadifana to the city of Polemonium ten fladia. From Polemo- 
 nium to the promontory called the Jafonian an hundred and thirty 
 rladia* From the Jafonian promontory to the iuand of the Cilices 
 fifteen lladia. From this iiland to Boona, where there is a port 
 for fhips, feventy-five lladia. From Boona to Cotyora ninety lla- 
 dia. Xenophon mentions Cotyora as a city, and fays, that it was 
 a colony of the Sinopians : at prefent it is no more than a village, 
 and that not a large one. From Cotyora to the river Melanthius 
 is, at the utmoll, lixty lladia. From the Melanthius to the Phar- 
 matenus, another river, an hundred and fifty lladia. From the 
 Pharmatenus to Pharnacea an hundred and twenty lladia. Phar- 
 nacea was formerly called Ceralus, and was a colony from Sinope. 
 From Pharnacea to the iiland Arrhentias thirty lladia. From 
 Arrhentias to Zephyrium one hundred and twenty lladia. There 
 is here a port for lliips. From Zephyrium to Tripolis ninety lla- 
 dia. From Tripolis to Argyria twenty lladia. From Argyria to 
 Philocalea ninety lladia. From Philocalea to Coralla an hundred 
 lladia. From Coralla to the facred mountain Qephv opoi) an hun- 
 dred 
 
 it. « i , Jiifh* ajf* I m at.. 
 
 m 
 
i4 A R R I AN ' S PERIPLUS 
 
 dred and fifty lladia. From the facred mountain to Cordyla forty 
 lladia. Here there is a port for mips. From Cordyla to Hermo- 
 nafla forty-five lladia. Here alfo is a port for mips. From Her- 
 monafia to Trapezus fixty lladia. Here You are conllru6ling a 
 harbour, as there was formerly only a road or llation, where lhips 
 might ride in fafety during the fummer feafon. 
 
 The dillances between the places that lie between Trapezus and 
 Diofcurias have been before fet down,, according to the intervals 
 between the rivers. If thefe feparate dillances between Trapezus 
 and Diofcurias, now called Seballopolis, be collected, they will 
 amount to two thoufand two hundred and fixty lladia. This is 
 the dillance, if you fail on the right hand from Byzantium to Di- 
 ofcurias, which place is the lafh in the Roman territory to thofe 
 who keep to the right hand fide in failing into the Pontic fea. For 
 as foon as I was informed of the death of Cotys, King of the Cim- 
 merian Bofporus, I took care that You Ihould be made acquainted 
 with the navigation of this fea as far as the Bofporus, that if You 
 Ihould be inclined to interfere in the affairs of that country, You 
 might execute your intentions with greater eafe, by being ac- 
 quainted with the navigation. 
 
 The flrll port to be met with after quitting Diofcurias is Pityus, 
 at the dillance of three hundred and fifty lladia. From Pityus to 
 Nitica is one hundred and fifty lladia. This was formerly inha- 
 bited by a Scythian nation, of whom Herodotus, who is apt to re- 
 late improbable llories, has made mention, and fpoken of them as 
 eaters of lice ; and indeed the fame opinion of them prevails in 
 the prefent age. From Nitica to the river Abafcus is ninety lladia. 
 From Abafcus to Bprgys an hundred and twenty lladia. From 
 
 Borgys 
 
OF THE EUXINE SEA. i 5 
 
 Borgys to Nefis, which includes the Herculean promontory, fixty 
 ftadia. From Nefis to Mafaitica ninety ftadia. From Mafaitica to 
 the river Achaius, which feparates the Zicchi from the Sanichae, 
 fixty ftadia. Satchempax is the King of the Zicchi, and received his 
 kingdom from You. From Achasus to the Herculean promontory, 
 where there is a ftation meltered from the North-Wefterly wind, 
 called Thrafcias, and from the North-Eafterly wind called Boreas, 
 an hundred and eighty ftadia. From thence to a place called an- 
 cient Lazica an hundred and twenty ftadia. From hence to an- 
 cient Achaia an hundred and fifty ftadia. From thence to the port 
 of Pagrae three hundred and fifty ftadia. From the port of Pagrse 
 to the port of Hierus (or the facred port) an hundred and eighty 
 ftadia. From thence to Sindica three hundred ftadia. From Sin- 
 dica to the Bofporus, called Cimmerian, and to Panticapaeum, a 
 city of the Bofporus, five hundred and forty ftadia. From Panti- 
 capseum to the river Tanais, which is faid to divide Europe from 
 Afia, lixty ftadia. This river burfts forth from the Palus Maeotis, 
 and empties itfelf into the Euxine fea. iEfchylus however, in the 
 tragedy of Prometheus Delivered, makes the Phafis the boundary 
 between Europe and Alia. He there introduces the Titans fpeak- 
 ing thus to Prometheus : " Hither are we come to fee thy labours, 
 " O Prometheus ! and the fufFerings which thou undergoeft in 
 " confequence of thy bonds:" and in fpecifying how large a fpace 
 of ground they had palTed over in their journey, they fpeak of the 
 Phafis " as the twin-born offspring of the earth, and the great 
 " boundary of Europe and Afia." The circuit of the Palus Maotis 
 is faid to be about nine thoufand ftadia. From Panticapazum to a 
 village called Cazeca, fituated upon the fea, four hundred and 
 twenty ftadia. From Cazeca to Theodofia, a deferted city, two 
 hundred and eighty ftadia. This was formerly an Ionian Greek 
 
 city, 
 
16 ARRIAN'S PERIPLUS 
 
 city, a colony from Miletus, the memory of which is preferred in 
 the works of many writers. From Theodolia to a port of the 
 Tauro-Scythae, now deferted, two hundred ftadia. From thence 
 to Halmitis Taurica fix hundred ftadia. From Lampas to Symboli 
 Portus, which is alfo a Tauric port, five hundred and twenty ftadia. 
 From Symbolus to Cherfonefus Taurica a hundred and eighty ftadia. 
 From Cherfonefus Taurica to Cercinetis fix hundred ftadia. From 
 Cercinetis to Calos, a Scythian port, feven hundred ftadia. From 
 the port of Calos to Tamyraca three hundred ftadia. Within the 
 limits of Tamyraca there is a fmall lake. From Tamyraca to the 
 place where the lake difcharges itfelf, three hundred ftadia. From 
 the mouth of the lake to Eona three hundred and eighty ftadia. 
 From Eona to the river Boryfthenes a hundred and fifty ftadia. 
 When you fail up the river you meet with a Greek city of the 
 name of Olbia. From the Boryfthenes to a fmall, deferted, name- 
 lefs illand, fixty ftadia. From the defert illand to OdelTus, where 
 there is a port for lliips, eighty ftadia. The port of the Iftrians is 
 the next place in order from OdeiTus, and lies at the diftance of 
 two hundred and fifty ftadia. Next in order is a port of the Ifiaci, 
 at the diftance of fifty ftadia. From the port of the Ifiaci to the 
 mouth of the river Ifter, called Pfilon, one thoufand two hundred 
 ftadia. The intermediate places are defert and namelefs. ExaAly 
 over againft this mouth there lies an illand, fituated direclly oppo- 
 fite to the courfe of thofe who fail with a North wind. Some 
 call this the illand of Achilles ; others call it the chariot of Achil- 
 les ; and others Leuce, from its colour. Thetis is faid to have 
 given up this illand to her fon Achilles, by whom it was inhabited. 
 There are now exifting a temple, and a wooden ftatue of Achilles, 
 of ancient workmamliip. It is deftitute of inhabitants, and paftured 
 only by a few goats, which thofe, who touch here, are faid to of- 
 fer 
 
OF THE EUXINE SEA, 
 
 fer to the memory of Achilles. Many offerings are fufpended in 
 this temple, as cups, rings, and the more valuable gems. All thefe 
 are offerings to the memory of Achilles. Infcriptions are alfo fuf- 
 pended, written in the Greek and Latin language, in praife of 
 Achilles, and compofed in different kinds of metre. Some are in 
 praife of Patroclus, whom thofe, who are difpofed to honour 
 Achilles, treat with equal refped. Many birds inhabit this ifland, 
 as fea-gulls, divers, and coots innumerable* Thefe birds frequent 
 the temple of Achilles. Every day in the morning they take their 
 night, and having moiftened their wings, fly back again to the 
 temple, and fprinkle it with the moifture ; which having per- 
 formed, they brum and clean the pavement with their wings. 
 This is the account given by fome perfons. Thole, who come on 
 purpofe to the ifland, carry animals proper for facrifice with them 
 in their mips, fome of which they immolate, and others they fet 
 at liberty in honour of Achilles. Even thofe, who are compelled 
 by ftrefs of weather to land upon the ifland, muft Confult the God 
 himfelf, whether it would be right and proper for them to felecl: 
 for facrifice any of the animals, which they mould find feeding 
 there; offering, at the fame time, fuch a recompenfe, as to them 
 feems adequate to the value of the animal fo felected. But if this 
 mould be rejected by the Oracle, for there is an Oracle in this tem- 
 ple, they muft then add to their valuation ; and if the increafed 
 valuation be ftill rejected, they muft increafe it again, till they find, 
 from the alfent of the Oracle, that the price they offer is deemed 
 fufficient. When this is the cafe, the beaft to be facrificed Hands 
 dill of its own accord, and makes no effort to efcape. A consider- 
 able treafure is laid up in this temple as the priee of thefe victims. 
 It is faid that Achilles has appeared in time of fleep both to thofe 
 who have approached the coaft of this iiland, and alfo to fuch as 
 
 D have 
 
 m 
 
i8 
 
 ARRIAN'S PERI PLUS 
 
 have been failing a ihort diftance from it, and inilru&ed them 
 where the iiland was moll fafely accemble, and where the ihips 
 might befl lie at anchor. They even fay further, that Achilles has 
 appeared to them not in time of ileep, or a dream, but in a viiible 
 form on the mall, or at the extremity of the yards, in the fame 
 manner as the Diofcuri have appeared. This diilin&ion however 
 muft be made between the appearance of Achilles, and that of the 
 Diofcuri, that the latter appear evidently and clearly to perfons, , 
 who navigate the fea at large,, and when fo feen foretell a profper- 
 ous voyage ; whereas the figure of Achilles is feen only by fuch 
 as approach this iiland. Some alfo fay, that Patroclus has appeared 
 to them during their ileep. I have thus put down what I have 
 heard concerning this iiland of Achilles, either from perfons who 
 had touched there themfelves, or from others that had made the 
 fame enquiries ; and indeed thefe accounts feem to me to be not 
 unworthy of belief. I am myfelf perfuaded, that Achilles was a 
 hero, if ever man was, being illurtrious by his noble birth, by the 
 beauty of his perfon, by the ilrength of his mind and underiland* 
 ing, by his untimely death in the flower of youth, by his being 
 the fubjecl of Homer's poetry, and, lailly, by the force of his love, 
 and conliancy of his friendihip, infomuch that he would even die 
 for his friends. 
 
 From the mouth of the Iiler called Pliion to the fecond mouth 
 is iixty iladia. Thence to the mouth called Calon forty iladia. 
 From Calon to Naracum, which lail is the name of the fourth 
 mouth of the liter, iixty iladia. Hence to the fifth mouth a hun- 
 dred and twenty iladia. Hence to the city of Iilria- five hundred 
 iladia. From Iilria to the city of Tomea three hundred iladia. 
 From Tomea to the city of Callantra, where there is a port, three 
 
 hundred 
 
OF THE EUXINE SEA. ?$ 
 
 hundred ftadia. From Callantra to the port of the Carians a hun- 
 dred and eighty ftadia. The diftrid furrounding this port is called 
 €aria. From the port of the Carians to Tetrifias a hundred and 
 twenty ftadia. Thence to Bizus, a deferted place, fixty ftadia. 
 From Bizus to Dionyfopolis eighty ftadia. From Dionyfopolis to 
 Odeflus, where there is a road for mips, two hundred ftadia. From 
 Odeflus to the borders of Mount Hamius, which range of moun- 
 tains is extended even into Pontus, three hundred and fey fladia. 
 From Heemus to the city of Mefembria ninety fladia. Here there 
 is a road for fhips. From Mefembria to the city of Anchialus fe- 
 venty fladia. From Anchialus to Apollonia a hundred and eighty 
 ftadia. Thefe are all of them Greek cities, which lie on the left 
 hand of thofe who fail into the Euxine fea. From Apollonia to 
 Cherronefus fixty ftadia. Here there is a road for fhips. From 
 Cherronefus to the fortrefs of Aulaeon two hundred and fifty fla- 
 dia. From Aulseon to Thynias a hundred and twenty ftadia. 
 From Thynias to Salmydeflus two hundred ftadia. Mention is made 
 of this place by the elder Xenophon, who fays, that the Grecian 
 army, which he commanded himfelf, came fo far in their march, 
 when at the conclufion of the expedition he engaged his army in 
 the fervice of Seuthes the Thraciam The fame writer has de- 
 ferred at length the dangers that accrue to mips at this place, 
 from want of a good harbour ; that fhips forced hither by ftrefs of 
 weather are apt to be loft; and that the Thracians who live in the 
 neighbourhood quarrel about the plunder of the wreck. From 
 Salmydeflus to Phrygia three hundred and thirty ftadia. From Phry- 
 gia to the Cyanean iflands three hundred and twenty ftadia. Thefe 
 are the Cyanean illands, which the Poets have defcribed as having 
 been formerly moveable, and liable to change their fituation. Be- 
 tween thefe the Argo, the firft ftiip on record, and which carried 
 
 d 2 Jaibn 
 
ARRIAN'S PERIPLUS, &c. 
 
 Jafon to Colchis, paused. From the Cyanean iflands to the temple 
 of Jupiter Urius, which ftands at the mouth of the Euxine fea, is 
 forty ftadia. Thence to the port of Daphne, which is denomi- 
 nated the Infane,, forty ltadia. From Daphne to Byzantium eighty 
 itadia* 
 
 Such are the obfervations which have occurred in the pailage 
 from the Cimmerian to the Thracian Bofporus, and to the city of 
 Byzantium. 
 
DISSERTATION. 
 
 FlAVIUS ARRIANUS*, the Author of the work now under 
 confideration, was a native of Nicomedia, the metropolis of Bithy- 
 nia, a city lituated at the extremity of a bay of the Propontis, on 
 the Afiatic fide. He was early in life remarkable for learning, 
 which recommended him to the notice of the b Emperor Hadrian, 
 and procured for him, although a ftranger, the freedom of the Ro- 
 man and c Athenian ftates. He afterwards became Priefl: of Ceres 
 and of Proferpine in his native city, and was raifed by his Patron, 
 the Emperor, to the dignity of a Roman Senator, and to the Con- 
 fulate. In this character he was made d Praefecl of Cappadocia, 
 and waged a fuccefsful war with the Alani, and with the Maflage- 
 tae. He died probably during the reign of Marcus Aurelius, but 
 at what exacT: time is not certain. He left feveral works behind 
 him of confiderable merit, and among them the one now before 
 us. His qualifications in Literature and Science, particularly Geo- 
 graphy, mull have been very agreeable to the difpofition of the 
 Emperor Hadrian, who was himfelf fond of travelling, and had 
 vifited in perfon a large proportion of his own extenfive domi- 
 nions. 
 
 a Dio. Caff, ad fin. Vit. Hadr. Imp. 
 b Suidae Lex. Vox 'Apptato^, 
 
 c Lucian in Paedomante. 
 d Suidae Lex. ut fupra, 
 
 The 
 
24 
 
 DISSERTATION. 
 
 The Periplus appears in form of an Epiftle from Arrian to the 
 Emperor, giving him a geographical, or perhaps, to fpeak more 
 properly, a topographical Iketch, or furvey, of the coafl of the 
 Euxine fea, proceeding Ealtward from Trapezus, and returning 
 to the fame place by Byzantium from the Weil. It is written in 
 the Greek language, which was probably more familiar to himfelf 
 than the Latin, and more agreeable to the Emperor, who was 
 attached to the Greek language and e literature. He alludes how- 
 ever to Letters or Difpatches in the f Latin language, which alone 
 was ufed in properly official communications, 
 
 It is not unlikely that the Periplus was undertaken by com- 
 mand of the Emperor himfelf, and that it was executed when 
 Arrian was Preefecl of Cappadocia. Mr. Dodwell thinks that it 
 was performed early in the reign of Hadrian, as one of the petty 
 Kings of that country was advanced to the regal dignity by Tra- 
 jan, Hadrian's predeceflbr, and was living at the time that the ac- 
 count of the Periplus was written. This conje&ure however is 
 weakened by the confideration, that Arrian mentions feveral other 
 Kings of that country, who received their advancement from 
 Hadrian himfelf. 
 
 The province of Cappadocia, which included Trapezus, from 
 whence the expedition was fitted out, was well fuited for fuch a 
 purpofe, being probably under his jurifdi&ion, and as it furnifhed, 
 by his own account, materials for fliip -building, and other Itores 
 
 c Imbutufque Hadrianus impenfius Graecis <bvat\ ?h QiXoXoyos w er inarepx t55 yXuo-o-y. 
 ftudiis, ingenio ejus fic ad ea declinante, ut a Suid. Lex. Vox 'A^avo*. 
 nonnullis Grseculus diceretur. Spartian. Fit. f See Cafaubon's note on the above paflage 
 fladr. of Spartian. 
 
 for 
 
DISSERTATION. 
 
 n 
 
 for a fea voyage. We mould obferve further, that the Periplus of 
 Arrian is not the hirtory of one voyage executed by the narrator, 
 as that of Nearchus, and others. It confilts of three leparate 
 voyages, or expeditions of difcovery, and thefe perhaps -executed 
 by different perfons, and at confiderable intervals. 
 
 The firft of thefe, in the order of his relation, is the report of 
 his own voyage along the coaft from Trapezus to Diofcurias, or 
 "Sebaflopolis ; a city fituated upon the Northern part of the Eaftern 
 extremity of the Euxine fea, lying in Latitude 43° 18' nearly, and 
 in Longitude Eali from the Canaries about 6o° a . This was evi- 
 dently performed by Arrian himfelf in perfon, and feems to be the 
 rnofl correct of any. 
 
 The next divifion of the Periplus comprehends the account of 
 the diflances of the places from one another, which lie upon the 
 Southern coaft of the Euxine fea, from Byzantium to Trapezus. 
 Whether thefe are put down from the perfonal experience of the 
 Author, is not afcertained. Mr. Dodwell thinks that they might 
 be the refult of his own examination in his journey from Byzan- 
 tium, when he went to take poneuion of his government of Cap- 
 padocia ; and this conjecture is not improbable. This part of the 
 Periplus is more correct than the one remaining to be fpoken of; 
 but lefs fo, I think, than the former. It is however a valuable 
 performance. 
 
 The third and lafl part of the Periplus contains an account of 
 the diflances between the places that lie on the coafl of the Euxine 
 
 * D'Anville, Ancient Geogr. Map of Ada rias nearly in Lat. 43 0 19', and in j8° 17' 
 Minor, — Arrowfmith's Chart places Diofcu- 50" E. Long, from Ferro. 
 
 e lea, 
 
*6 
 
 DISSERTATION. 
 
 fea, proceeding from Diofcurias, round the Northern and Weftern 
 mores,, as far as Byzantium. This furvey, as it feems to be, is 
 probably the work of fome other hand ; as it is lefs correct than 
 the former parts, and the materials, of which it is compofed, might 
 be collected by Arrian from various perfons, in order to complete 
 the circuit of the Euxine fea. 
 
 In the computation of the mearurements referred to in this Dif- 
 fertation, I have followed the calculation laid down by the late 
 Dr. Reinhold Forfter, in the Geographical DhTertation annexed to 
 Spelman's Tranllation of Xenophon's Anabafis, which ftates, that 
 9O0 Greek feet are equal to 967 Englilh, and, of courfe, that a 
 Itadium of Goo Greek feet would be equal to 0o4 Englilh feet, and 
 375 decimal parts. 
 
 My reafons for adopting this calculation will be feen in a Dif- 
 courfe annexed to the prefent work. 
 
 ~ I proceed now to the examination of the Periplus- 
 The Title of it, according to the Casfarean MS. is as follows. 
 
 'Appic&vx Tle(>i7rAiSf Evfyivx Hong, y&j 
 
 Bi$"uwW rr\? vsfe tov Tlovroy. 
 
 Ut(n7rXiis Ylct/pXcuyovicts. 
 
 Ti€^7rXas TIovtuv tuv £va* 
 
 ne^7rAaf roov iv r>j Yxjquttv] pepav T8 Hovw* 
 
 Ylifiw^as ®{ia,xrif xcti wpW Uqvtov. 
 
 Perhaps thefe different heads, or divilions, as they appear to be* 
 may have been the titles of fome ancient detached accounts, from 
 which a part at leaft of the Periplus may have been compiled. 
 The voyage feems to have been intended for the purpofe of geo- 
 graphical 
 
DISSERTATIO K 
 
 27 
 
 graphical information, and perhaps with a view of contracting an 
 Itinerary of this coaft, fimilar to thofe of various other parts by 
 Antoninus. The meafurements of the diftances in the firft part 
 appear to have been taken at fea ; but how they were afcertained, 
 it is not eafy to fay. Several mips we know were employed, and 
 perhaps the diftances may have been computed from a medium of 
 the calculation of each. They are too near the truth to allow us 
 t° fuppofe, that the time which elapfed in the paflage from one 
 place to another was the only guide they had in eftimating the in- 
 terval between them. They may poffibly be reckoned according 
 to the meafurements by land. The commencement of the voyage 
 is dated from Trapezus, a Greek city, and a colony from Sinope, 
 fituated on the Southern fide of the Euxine fea 5, nearly in the 
 
 Chart puts down the mouth of the Phafis in 
 Long. 41° 21' 30", and the oppofite (bore on 
 the parallel of 4a 0 in nearly 2 8°. The diffe- 
 rence of thefe is 13 0 21' 30", equal to 68/ 
 Englifh miles and a half nearly. 
 
 According to Citizen Beauchamp, the 
 length of the Black fea is 214 nautical 
 leagues, equal to 642', equal to 740.44Englifh 
 miles nearly: but I think this calculation 
 over-rated. He computes from the mouth of 
 the Phafis to the meridian of Trebizond 32.6 
 leagues, equal to 97'. 8, equal to 113 En- 
 glifh miles nearly : but the Charts make the 
 difference of Longitude between Trebizond 
 and the Phafis to be no more than i° 40', 
 equal to 86 Englifh miles nearly, which 
 makes a difference of 27 Englifh miles in that 
 portion of the diftance. It mufl however be 
 confidered, that as Varna lies i° 14' to the 
 North of the Phafis, he eftimates the diftance 
 from S. E. to N. W. but this obliquity will 
 only make the whole diftance to be 690 Eng- 
 lifh miles, which is 5.0 Englifh miles fhort 
 of what he fpecifies. 
 E 2 The 
 
 g The dimenfions of the Euxine fea have been 
 varioufly reprefented. I here give the beft ac- 
 count of its length and breadth I am able to 
 colleft from modern writers and geographers. 
 
 Firft then of its length. 
 
 Its greateft length, as meafured nearly on a 
 parallel of Latitude from Eaft to Weft, feems 
 to be from the mouth of the Phafis to the cor- 
 refponding Latitude on the oppofite fide. 
 
 According to Laurie's Chart, the mouth of 
 the Phafis lies in Long. 41 0 3 8 ' Eaft > and 
 Varna on the oppofite fide lies in Long. 2 8° 
 13' Eaft. The difference of thefe is 13 0 25', 
 which in Latit. 42 0 30' amounts nearly to 
 687 Englifh miles. Faden's Map of Turkey 
 in Europe makes the mouth of the Phafis to 
 be in Longit. 41 0 28', and Varna to be in 
 28 0 24'. The difference of thefe is 13 0 4', or 
 nearly 669 Englifh miles and a half. D'An- 
 ville places the mouth of the Phafis in Longi- 
 tude from London 42 0 31' 10", and the op- 
 pofite fhore (in the fame Latitude) in 28 0 46' 
 10". The difference of thefe is 13 0 45', equal 
 to 703.564 Englifh miles. Arrowfmith's 
 
28 
 
 DISSERTATION. 
 
 fame Latitude with Conftantinople, but about 10° 4 \' 25" more to 
 the Eaftward. This city had been in early times, and probably 
 was even in thofe of Arrian, a place of great trade, and of courfe 
 much refort of fhipping, and was alfo the principal rendezvous of 
 the Roman naval force on the Euxine fea. Both Arrian and Tour- 
 nefort remark the abundance of materials and other necelTaries for 
 fhip-building, which were afforded by the furrounding country; 
 and navigation appeared to be their primary object. Arrian tells 
 us, that the ftatue of the Emperor Hadrian was conuru&ed in an 
 attitude pointing towards the fea h , as the fource of their riches and 
 profperity. Goltzius has given two figures of Trapezuntine coins, 
 one of which exhibits an anchor, and the other the prow of a Ihip, 
 as emblems of naval induftry. This was the firft Greek city, which 
 the army led by Xenophon reached in their retreat after the death 
 ©f Cyrus : and probably the view of the fea, to which Arrian here 
 
 The breadth of the Euxine fea, reckoned 
 from the Southernmoft part of the bay of He- 
 raclea to the oppofite fliore near Ockfacow, 
 and meafured on the meridian of 32°, amounts 
 according to To 
 Laurie's Chart 5 0 50' 30" = 406 E. m. 
 Faden's Map 5 0 52' = 40S E. m. 
 
 Arrowfmith's Chart 5 0 31' =383 E. m. 
 
 Average of the above calculation, 
 Length 698 Englifli miles nearly. 
 Breadth 392.37 Englifli miles. 
 
 The circumference of the Euxine fea was 
 eftimated by Polybius at 22000 ftadia, equal to 
 about 2518.23 Englifli miles, or 2750 Greek 
 miles j and this computation approaches very 
 nearly to that of* Arrian. The number of 
 ftadia fet down in the diftances fpecified in 
 the Periplus amount to 22635, ^ rom which 
 we muft deduft 240, as the diftance from the 
 temple of Jupiter Urius to Byzantium and 
 
 back again, which interval, as Byzantium 
 does not lie upon the Euxine fea, cannot be 
 included in the meafurement of its circumfe- 
 rence. This reduces the numbers of Arrian 
 to 22395, which varies from that of Poly- 
 bius only as 10 17 does from 1000, and the 
 whole difference does not amount to 50 En- 
 glifli miles, which is a remarkable approxi- 
 mation, as the calculation of Polybius being 
 exprefled in round numbers, can only be re- 
 garded as a grofs eftimate. Strabo makes it 
 25000 ftadia, or 2861 Englifli miles, or 3x25 
 Greek miles. It extends, according to the 
 latter writer, between Msefia Inferior and 
 Thrace to the Weft, the Hither Ana to the 
 South, Colchis to the Eaft, and Sarmatia Eu- 
 ropsea and Afiatica to the North. 
 
 h In like manner Themiftocles directed the 
 pulpit for public orations to be turned to- 
 wards the fea. Plut. Vit. Themift. 
 
 alludes, 
 
DISSERT A TIO 1ST. 
 
 alludes, was that which took place at the games, which the Greeks 
 celebrated at Trapezus, as a thankfgiving for their reaching a Gre- 
 cian city, and which were performed, as Xenophon informs us, on 
 the declivity of a hill towards the fea. Hutchinfon, in his Notes 
 on this palfage of Xenophon's Anabalis, remarks, that the altars 
 mentioned by Arrian might be the fame with thofe which ferved 
 as metse, or goals, at the games above mentioned. 
 
 The firft place that Arrian' s fleet reached on their voyage was 
 HylTus, a port at the mouth of a river, and a fmall Roman military 
 ftation, at the diftance of 180 ftadia (equal to 22.5 Greek miles, 
 and to 20.6037 Englilh) from Trapezus. In D'Anville's map 
 HylTus is placed to the Eaft of Trapezus, as we might expecl it to 
 be, from the direction of the intended voyage ; but in the text of 
 Ptolemy, it is put down as lying in 15' of Longitude to the Weft 
 of Trapezus, and is fo laid down in the firft and third maps of Alia 
 in Bertius's edition. It feems indeed fomewhat extraordinary, 
 that a place to the Weft of Trapezus fhould lie in the way of Ar- 
 rian' s fleet, which were meant to proceed Eaftward. But the 
 maps, if they are to be trufted, explain this difficulty, as Trapezus 
 appears in them to be placed at the Southern extremity of a bay 
 of fome depth, and HylTus is laid down at the Weftern extremity 
 of the promontory, that forms the bay on that fide, and might 
 therefore ferve as a ftation, or rendezvous, where the fliips might 
 collect, and put out again to fea when the wind ferved ; which 
 convenience might compenfate for their deviating a little from 
 their courfe. Pliny » feems to allude to this fltuation of Trapezus, 
 when he defcribes it as inclofed by a vaft mountain, (vafto monte 
 
 1 Lib. vi. cap. 4. 
 
 claufum,) 
 
DISSERTATION. 
 
 claufum,) and the print in Tournefort's Travels feems to coincide 
 with the account in Pliny. It mufl however be owned, that the 
 Peutingerian Tables place the port of k Hyflus at the diflance of 
 24 miles to the Earl of Trapezus, which differs but little from that 
 affigned by Arrian ; from which indeed that of Ptolemy, in point 
 of diftance, does not greatly vary, Ptolemy placing Trapezus in 
 Longit. ;o° 45', Latit. 43° 6' ; and HyfTi Portus in Longit. 70° 3o', 
 and Latit. 43° 2o' ; fo that there is a difference of 15' of Longitude, 
 and 14' of Latitude, which gives a diflance equal to about 20 En- 
 glim miles and a half, or 179 ftadia and fome fraction befides, ap- 
 proaching very near to the computation of Arrian. 
 
 From HylTus to the river Ophis 90 ftadia. 
 
 No river appears in the place affigned by Arrian either in Pto- 
 lemy, or in the modern maps ; but a city is defcribed by Ptolemy 
 in this fituation, which is called in the Greek text ' O^*?, and Opius 
 in the Latin tranflation. It is called in the maps in Ptolemy's 
 Geography, Pityufa, which is faid in the margin of the text to have 
 been its ancient name ; doubtlefs derived from the pine trees, 
 which both ancient and modern accounts affure us grow fo plen- 
 tifully on this coafl. The word Ophis (fuppofing, with Arrian, 
 that it is a river) may imply, either that it flowed in a ferpentine 
 direction, or that its banks or neighbourhood were infefled with 
 ferpents. But perhaps the name of this river, or place, which- 
 fbever it be, may admit of a different interpretation. The word 
 "Ojtw?, the name given by Ptolemy, may imply a relation to the 
 
 k In the Peutingerian Tables it is fpelt Nyflilime, which can mean nothing but 'Ycro-5 feftw, 
 or Hyfli portus. 
 
 drug 
 
DISSERTATION. 
 
 drug called "Otiov, which was a 1 Greek as well as a Latin word, 
 exprefling the m fubltance, which we call Opium at prefent. 
 
 Colchis was famed in all ages for its fertility both in, medicinal 
 
 and poifonous plants n . 
 
 Ille et venena Colchica, 
 
 Et quicquid ufquam concipitur nefas 
 Tra&avit* Hor. Od. lib. ii. 13 r 
 
 Herbafque quas et Colchos atque Iberia 
 
 Mittit, venenorum ferax. Hor. Epod. v. ai. 
 
 The drugs, with which Medea fupplied Jafon, in order to appeafe 
 the fury of the bulls, which guarded the golden fleece, are called 
 by Apollonius 
 
 Argonaut, lib. iii. ver. 738. 
 words, which imply a foothing or anodyne quality. The prepa- 
 ration itfelf is defcribed by the fame writer as procured from the 
 root of a plant, which bears a yellow flower, and is about a cubit 
 in height 0 ; and, as it mould feem, the drug was gained by pref- 
 fure, or rather perhaps by incifion, as it is faid to be in form of a 
 black juice, collected in a fhell. 
 
 TV cifjv t ev op£<r<rt xehcuvriv Ik/au^o, <p*iyii 
 
 KcL7-7riY\ hi xo%A<w a>^<rctT0 <pct(>fA,ci<r<r£(8-a,i. 
 
 Argon, lib. iii. ver. 858. 
 
 This account bears a great refemblance to Opium, The effects: 
 produced, its black colour, and its being collected in a fhell, which 
 
 1 Pliny calls Opium, Opion. Lib. xx. n See Tournefort's Travels in Georgia. 
 
 cap. 18. 0 Ta ^' jjto» a»5o? ocrov tavi^vtov V7reftt-. 
 
 m This place is called Opiunte in the Peu- Xpoij? K«pvx»« 'UcXon x^xu, i%i<paxt$ri. 
 
 tingerian Tables. Argon, lib. iii. ver. 854. 
 
 was 
 
3 2 
 
 DISSERTATION. 
 
 was the method in ufe in the time of Diofcorides, both with 
 ° Opium, and with P Scammony, and is mentioned by Dr. RmTel 
 to be the method praclifed at prefent in the Eaft for collecting the 
 latter 9 drug, indicates this very firongly. As to its being procured 
 from the root, Diofcorides fays, that in his time the whole plant 
 of the Poppy was prefied, and its infphTated juice made ufe of, 
 which had the name of r Meconium, and was much weaker than 
 Opium ; and this account is confirmed by s Pliny. The juice of 
 the root therefore, though not in ufe at prefent, might have been 
 fo formerly, and is probably pofleffed of fimilar virtues with that 
 of the reli of the plant. Mithridates, whofe kingdom was conti- 
 guous to Colchis, and included the place in queftion, was cele- 
 brated for his Ikill in * Botany and Medicine. He invented the 
 celebrated Antidote, or Alexipharmic, which has his name, and 
 which has been retained in medical practice even to the prefent 
 day. The principal ingredient is well known to be Opium ; and 
 
 ° Porro opii faciundi haec ratio eft. Cum 
 ros in eo exaruerit, cultro decuffatim in ftellas 
 ne penitus adigatur, ex obliquo in rectum 
 fommam cutem incidere oportet, lacrimam 
 exeuntem digito in concham abftergere. Di- 
 ofcor. Matthioli Edit. p. 526. Conftantine, 
 in his Lexicon., Vox "Owo?, reads a paffage in 
 Pliny, refpe&ing the collection of Opium, "in 
 " conchis," inftead of " ut lactucis." 
 
 P Legitur ad hunc modum fuccus. Capite 
 exempto radix in teftudinis fpeciem cultro 
 excavatur, quo fit ut in cavum confluat fuc- 
 cus, qui conchis demum excipitur. Matth. 
 Diofc. p. 610. 
 
 1 The method of collecting the Scammony 
 is this : having cleared away the earth from 
 about the upper part of the root, they cut off 
 the top in an oblique direction, about two 
 
 inches below where the (talks fpring from it. 
 Under the moft depending part of the flope 
 they fix a Jhell, or fome other convenient re- 
 ceptacle, into which the milky juice gradu- 
 ally flows. Med. Obferv. vol. i. p. 18. 
 
 r Aliqui capita ipfa et folia tundunt et 
 prelo exprimunt, terentefque digerunt mor- 
 tario in paftillos, id Meconium vocatur, mul- 
 tum Opio ignavius. Matth. Diofc. p. 526. 
 
 s Cum capita ipfa et folia decoquuntur, 
 fuccus Meconium vocatur multum Opio igna- 
 vior. Plin. lib xx. cap. 18. 
 
 Sutdas and Cselius Rhodoginus both men- 
 tion a city of the name of lAmun, derived 
 probably from the abundance of poppies that 
 grew in the neighbourhood. 
 
 1 Plin. lib. xxv. c. 2. 6. 10. 
 
 in 
 
DISSERTATION. 
 
 33 
 
 in that light almoft altogether is the preparation regarded by mo- 
 dern practitioners. 
 
 The country, of which we are fpeaking, lull produces Opium in 
 great plenty and perfection. Dr. Alfton fays, that " the Opium of 
 " Natolia, or Anatolia," (the modern name of the country, that lies 
 on the fouthern fide of the Euxine, or Black Sea,) " is produced in 
 " greater quantity, and is of a better quality, than what comes from 
 " Egypt u ." 
 
 It is as probable that the name of this place, or river, might be 
 derived from the production of Opium, as that its other and an- 
 cient name, Pityufa, mould be derived from the pine trees, which, 
 Tournefort x tells us, flill grow in great numbers and perfection in 
 that country. 
 
 From the river Ophis to the river Pfychrus 30 ftadia. 
 
 The name of this river is doubtlefs derived fromy its coldnefs, a 
 quality remarked of other rivers in Alia Minor, particularly the 
 Cydnus, which had nearly proved fatal to Alexander the Great, 
 who bathed in it, and is faid to have actually caufed the death of 
 the Emperor Frederic Barbarofla. 
 
 n Edin. Med. Elfays, vol. v. fame may be faid of the coins of Tios, Aboni- 
 
 It is remarkable that many of the coins of tichos, and other places on the fame coaft. 
 
 the cities fituated upon the- fouthern coaft of x Tournefort's Trav. yoI. iii. p. 75. Eng. 
 
 the Black Sea have a reference to medicine. Tranfl. 
 
 Tournefort fays, " that many of the medals - v Vvxpk, cold. Ariftotle mentions a river 
 
 " of Amaftris are in honour of phytic, as a of the fame name in Thrace, probably fo 
 
 " great many Efculapius's with fticks, round called for the fame reafon. Hift. Anim. 
 
 " which a ferpent is winded, and of the God- lib. xii, c, 12. 
 " defs of Health with the ferpents." The 
 
 f From 
 
34 
 
 DISSERTATION. 
 
 From the river Pfychrus to the river Cams 3o lladia. From the 
 river Calus to the river Rhizius 120 lladia. 
 
 A port of this name is put down in Ptolemy, probably the 
 mouth of this river, which he places at only io', or about loo 
 lladia to the Earl: of the Ophis, or rather of the place* which he 
 calls Opius, or v Onw. 
 
 From the river Rhizius to the river Afcurus 3o lladia. 
 From the river Afcurus to the river Adienus 60 lladia. 
 From the river Adienus to Athenae Pontics 180 lladia. 
 
 Arrian makes the whole dirtance from Trapezus to Athenje Pon- 
 tics 720 lladia, equal to 90 Greek miles, or 82£ Englilh miles. Its 
 direction is nearly Eall. The Peutingerian Tables make this dif- 
 tance to be z 91 m. p. or 728 lladia, very near to the calculation 
 of Arrian. It had its name a , as Arrian fays, from a temple in the 
 Grecian Hyle, which was built there; but the place appears to have 
 been, even in his time, in a deferted Hate, the callle being in ruins ; 
 and the whole was probably noticed here more for its name, than 
 on any other account. This was the firll place the fleet touched 
 at, being driven in by a violent tempell, which endangered them 
 very much. He defcribes it as preceded by a cloud fuddenly 
 
 From Trapezus 
 Nyffilime 
 Opiunte 
 Reila 
 Ardinco 
 
 to 
 
 Nyffilime 
 
 Opiunte 
 
 Reila 
 
 Ardinco 
 
 Athenis 
 
 24 M. p. 
 18 
 
 18 
 1(5 
 
 91 M. P. = ^28 ftadia. 
 
 a It is now called Ortouna, or Athenah. 
 
 ariling 
 
DISSERTATION. 
 
 35 
 
 ariung in the Eaft, which was followed by a violent guft of wind 
 from the fame quarter, and oppofite to the courfe they held. In 
 the fame manner the cloud, defcribed in the Book of Kings b , fore- 
 told wind, as well as rain ; and Sir John Chardin informs us, that 
 great ftorms are wont to begin with fuch a kind of cloud, and that 
 it is the lign of them at fea in the Eaftern countries c . 
 
 The Eafl wind is often fpoken of as being of a violent and dan- 
 gerous nature. It is faid in the Book of Pfalms d to " break the 
 « fliips of Tarfhifh;" and a limilar expreflion concerning it is found 
 in the Prophet EzechieK Virgil mentions its ravages in the 
 woods of Mount Caucafus, a part of which, and that with which 
 Virgil was moil likely to be acquainted, lies on the Eaftern border 
 of the Blacck Sea. 
 
 Ipfas Caucafio fteriles in vertice fylvae, 
 
 Quas animofi Euri affidue franguntque feruntque. 
 
 Geor. lib. ii. ver. 439, 440. 
 
 It is defcribed by others as accompanied by clouds, and as railing 
 fuch a fwell of the fea, as Arrian tells us was experienced by his 
 fleet. 
 
 — — — - . — quodcunque minabitur Eurus 
 
 Flu&ibus Hefperiis. Horat. Carm. lib. i. xxviii. ver. 35. 
 
 <— — — ubi nubifer Eurus 
 
 Naufragium fpargens, operit freta. Sil. Ital. lib. x. ver. 333, 324. 
 
 Niger rudentes Eurus inverfo mari 
 
 Fra&ofque reraos differat. Hor. Epod. x. ver. 5. 
 
 b " Behold there arifeth a little cloud from ver. 43. 45. 
 " the lea, of the bignefs of a man's hand. c Harmer's Obferyat. vol. i. p. $6. 
 " And it came to pafs in the mean time, that d Pfalm xlviii. 7. 
 " the heaven was black with clouds and wind, f Chap. xxii. 25. 
 " and there was a great rain." B. I. ch. xviii. 
 
 F2 It 
 
3 6 
 
 DISSERTATION. 
 
 It was alfo a principal inftrument of the mifchief done to the fleet 
 of iEneas. 
 
 Tres Eurus ab alto 
 In brevia, et Syrtes urget. JEn. lib. i. ver. 114. 
 
 Vix feptem convulfce undis Euroque fuperfunt. JEn. lib. i. ver. 386.. 
 
 Ovid fpeaks of the fwell of the Euxine Sea in terms nearly fimilar 
 to thofe of Arrian. 
 
 Inque modum tumuli concava furgit aqua. 
 
 Trift. lib. ii. Eleg. x. ver. 30. 
 
 Apollonius defcribes the Ihip Argo, as nearly funk in the fame 
 lituation with that of Arrian, by the fwell of the fea breaking over 
 the middle or fide of the velTel. 
 
 v Ev$ct [uv qXtGctTU evaXiyxiov ov^s'i yZjxct 
 'Efttpepercii zspo^Sei^oiB-ev £®ctt<r<roncu eoiKor, 
 
 Aa&pov £7rix(>tfA,a,Tcu xcL&cmep vzQos. 
 
 Apoll. lib. ii. vex. 169... 
 
 The embarraflment however of Arrian and his aflbciates did 
 not terminate altogether on their arrival at this port. The llorm 
 continued, and the wind veered about to different points, as is com- 
 mon both in the Mediterranean, and in other places fubjecT: to hur- 
 ricanes. Thus Virgil, defcribing a ftorm, rpecifies feveral winds as 
 either blowing at the fame time, or in rapid fucceflion. 
 
 Una Eurus Notufque ruunt, creberque procellis 
 
 Africus. JEn. lib. i. ver. 89^ 
 
 And Ovid in more exprefs terms. 
 
 Inter utrumque fremunt immani turbine venti. 
 Nefcit, cui domino pareat, unda maris. 
 
 Nam 
 
DISSERTATIO N. 
 
 37 
 
 Nam modo purpureo vires capit Eurus ab ortu :. 
 
 Nunc Zephyrus, fero vefpere minus, adeft : 
 Nunc gelidus ficca Boreas bacchatur ab Ar&o : 
 
 Nunc Notus adverfa praelia fronte gerit. Trift. lib. i. El. ii. ver. 25.. 
 
 TheyfeemtO have been firft incommoded by the North-Weft 
 wind, called in that country Thrafcias, or by the Greeks Sciron. 
 This probably brought the thunder and lightning, which Mr. 
 Stuart, in his account of the winds on the Temple of Andronicus 
 Cyrrheftes at Athens, tells us, is the diftinguilhing chara&er of this 
 wind f . It came however about to the South, and from thence to 
 the South-Weft, fo that in the courfe of the tempeft the wind 
 ftiifted to every point of the compafs, like the ftorm above de- 
 fcribed by Ovid.. 
 
 The harbour of Athena; Ponticars proved however a fufncient 
 protection for moft of the lliips ; and the trireme, which rode out 
 the ftorm, under ftielter of a rock, perhaps owed its fafety to the 
 promontory mcqov 'ASW^i mentioned by Ptolemy. They how- 
 ever uled the precaution to draw many of their fhips alhore in the 
 manner, in which the Grecian fleet is defcribed by Homer; which 
 feems to have been the means of their prefervation, but implied 
 that their draught of water, and confequently their ability to fail 
 near the wind, was but fmall.. It feems however, from an expref- 
 
 f " It is," he fays, " accompanied with- 
 '* fierce and frequent lightnings." Stuart's 
 Athens, vol. i. p. 23. 
 
 g The harbour of Athenae Ponticse was, as. 
 Arrian tells us, ftieltered from the N. E. wind, 
 called Boppds, but expofed to the North 'Aw- 
 <ifXTiaf, and to the North- Weft *£xiput. It 
 feems probable that the wind had fhifted from 
 
 the laft mentioned quarter before they reached 
 the harbour, as Arrian tells us, the tempeft 
 blew at firft from thence, but came about- 
 afterwards to. the South and South-Welt. 
 Had the original wind T.«\^m continued to 
 blow, the harbour would not have afforded ■ 
 to the fleet fufficient protection. 
 
 fton, . 
 
38 
 
 DISSERTATION. 
 
 fion, which occurs a little after, that they were able to fail with a 
 wind at right angles to the mip's courfe, or, as it is expreffed in 
 nautical language, " with the wind on the beam." 
 
 One of the veflels was wrecked by the fea breaking over it, but 
 the rigging and naval (lores were preferved. He alfo tells us, that 
 they even fcraped off the wax ; , with which the fides were fmeared, 
 which he and other writers reprefent as one of the molt neceifary 
 articles in the fitting out mips. Wax was produced in great quan- 
 tity in this country. Xenophon k , Polybiusl, Pliny™, and Diof- 
 corides n , all mention the abundance of honey; and it appears from 
 Pliny, that part of the tribute of thefe countries was paid in wax°, 
 the ufe of which in large quantities is, in fome degree, explained by 
 this paflage of Arrian. It may appear extraordinary that the ufe 
 of pitch P for naval purpofes being then well known, it was not 
 employed preferably to wax, as being more adhefive, tenacious, 
 and permanent. But it appears that both of them were in ufe 
 mixed together, for naval purpofes, into a compofition called Zo- 
 phTa a. 
 
 It appears from Xenophon's Anabafis, lib. 
 v. p. 402. cd. Hutch. 8vo. that a North 
 wind (Bop'fj'af) was counted favourable to thofe, 
 who intended to fail from the Southern coaft 
 of the Black fea to Greece. This, it is plain 
 by the map, muft have been nearly at right 
 angles to their courfe. I fuppofe Bo/Spas here 
 means the North wind, as it is oppofed to 
 Notus, and as it fignifies the North wind on 
 the temple of Andronicus Cyrrheftes at 
 Athens: but it has not this meaning in Arri- 
 an, as Boppctf there means the North-Eaft, or 
 fome point near it. 
 
 1 Veget. lib. iv. c. 37. Ovid Metam. 
 
 lib. xi. ver. 314. Lucan. lib. iii. ver. 685. 
 k Anabaf. lib. iv. 
 
 I Wax was one of the articles of trade from 
 this country to Byzantium. Polyb. lib. iv.'c. 5. 
 
 m Lib. xxi. c. 14. 
 
 II V. Cera et Mel. 
 
 0 Genfque ea, cum ceram in tributa Ro- 
 manis praeftet, mel (quoniam exitiale eft) non 
 vendit. Lib. xxi. c. 13. 
 
 p There was an ancient Athenian law, pro- 
 hibiting the exportation of wood and pitch, 
 to which fome add wax. Petit. Leg. Att. 
 
 1 Plin. lib. xvi. c. 12. Diofcorid. v. Zo- 
 piffa. 
 
 Soon 
 
DISSERTATION. 
 
 39 
 
 Soon after their fetting fail from Athene Ponticae, the North 
 or North-Eall wind, (Bopped) he tells us, calmed the fea. This ef- 
 fect is much the fame as is afcribed to it by other Eaftern writers. 
 Thus it is faid in the Book of Job r , that " fair weather cometh 
 " out of the North," and in The Proverbs % " that the North 
 " wind driveth away rain." Boreas is called by Homer 1 A;3-p??ys- 
 veTqz, or ferenitatem inducens, in feveral places. u Hippocrates, 
 who may be regarded much in the fame light with Homer, as an 
 Oriental writer, obferves, that the North wind produces fair wea- 
 ther, and clears the air, and is on that account the moft healthy of 
 all the winds. We are next informed, that before noon they 
 reached Apfarus, having, as he fays, failed more than five hundred 
 Itadia. There is fome difficulty refpe&ing this account of the 
 diflance. If it be meant of the whole diflance from Trapezus, it 
 is much too fmall, indeed nearly by one half, as he himfelf com- 
 putes it to be a thoufand fladia. If it be meant to mark the in- 
 terval between Athenae Pontics and Apfarus, it is too great, as 
 Arrian fays it is only 280 fladia. Perhaps he might mean, that, 
 by the wind being contrary, they were driven fo far out of their 
 courfe, that they were obliged to traverfe near double the real dif- 
 tance between Apfarus and Athene Ponticae. At Apfarus Arrian 
 took a furvey of the fortifications, and reviewed the troops fla- 
 tioned there ; which circumflance indicates, that he was one of the 
 military governors, or x Propraetors, nominated by the Emperor, 
 
 r Job, chap, xxxvii. vcr. 22. the North wind : but he adds, that they were 
 
 s Prov. chap. xxv. ver. 23. very unfkilful, and that the North wind 
 
 1 II. xv. ver. 171. xix. ver. 358. Odyff. v. caufed little difturbance to their navigation, 
 
 ver. 296. Tcurnefort's Trav. vol. iii. p. 56. Eng. Tranfl. 
 
 " Hippocr. de morbo facro, §. 15. Tour- x It was underftood that the Emperor and 
 
 nefort however fays, that the Turkifh failors the Senate, in their quality of partners in the 
 
 on the Black fea were particularly afraid of fovereignty, mould have the nomination of the 
 
 governors 
 
4o 
 
 DISSERTATION. 
 
 and not one of the Senatorian Proconfuls. He mentions, that his 
 reports on this fubjecl: were tranfmitted in the Latin language, 
 in which the properly official communications were always made. 
 
 Arrian derives the name of this place from Abfyrtus, the brother 
 of Medea, whom fhe is faid to have murdered at this place, and 
 whofe fepulchre was flill to be feen. 
 
 I wifh to obferve here, that the numerous traditions and local 
 evidences of the Argonautic expedition, which Arrian difcovered 
 on this coaft, and which other writers have recorded to have ex- 
 ited in the neighbouring countries, are ftrong prefumptive proofs 
 that fuch a voyage was once undertaken, and that the hiftory of it 
 is not merely an allegorical tale invented by poets, or perfons of 
 fertile and flowery imagination, but a narrative of a real event. 
 The purpofe of it is undoubtedly very myfterious, and the circum- 
 ftances, which accompany it, complicated with poetical imagery 
 and mythological machinery; but that fuch a hero as Jafon com- 
 manded fuch an expedition, feems to me unqueftionable. The 
 proofs of it are not derived from Greece y, the region of fabulous 
 invention, but were found to fubM in countries barren, unculti- 
 vated, and of vail; extent, fuch as no forgery of fuch a kind could 
 influence, or probably penetrate- z Strabo and Diodorus obferve, 
 
 governors in their refpeftive provinces ; that 
 thofe named by the Senate mould be civil officers, 
 merely with the title of Proconful, but with- 
 out the power of the fword, or any military 
 rank ; and they were not to remain in office 
 longer than one year ; that the officers to be 
 named by the Emperor fhould have military 
 rank, with the title of Propraetor, and were 
 to aft in the capacity of his Lieutenants, ac- 
 
 countable only to himfelf, and to hold their 
 commiffions during his pleafure. Fergufon's 
 Hill, of the Progrefs and Termination of the 
 Roman Republic, vol. iii. p. 360. ed. 4to. 
 
 - v Grseciae fabulofitas. Plin. lib. iv. in 
 Praef. 
 
 1 Strabo, lib. i. p. 4.5, 46. lib. xi. p. 526. 
 Diodorus, lib. xiv. c. 30. 
 
 that 
 
DISSERTATION. 
 
 4i 
 
 that Armenia, Media, Colchis, Iberia, the whole coaft of the Euxine 
 fea, the Propontis, and the Hellefpont, were full of heroic a monu- 
 ments of this expedition. It is indeed fomewhat extraordinary 
 that any of thefe mould have remained even to the time of Strabo, 
 fince he tells us, that they were induftrioufly deftroyed by Alex- 
 ander's Generals, from a ridiculous jealoufy, left the fame of Jafon 
 might outrival that of their matter. Parmenio, as b Strabo tells us, 
 deftroyed one of this kind at Abdera. 
 
 This account is confirmed by c Juftin, who alio fays, that nearly 
 the whole of theEaft paid divine honours to Jafon as to their founder, 
 and that the jealoufy of Parmenio prompted him to deftroy feveral 
 of the temples erected in honour of Jafon. 
 
 Tacitus obferves, that the Iberians and Albanians, nations almoft 
 barbarous, retained notwithstanding, even in his time, the tradi- 
 tion refpe&ing Jafon, and the Argonautic expedition d . Thefe are 
 fads which cannot be forged, and afford arguments of the authen- 
 ticity of the hiftory much fuperior to any, that can be urged againft 
 it from its feeming improbability and abfurdity, things of which 
 we are at prefent very incompetent judges, conftdering the diffe- 
 rence of our age, climate, and manners, and alfo the obfcure and 
 mutilated accounts, which we have of thofe remote ages. But 
 
 * 'h^hov — lAwp-Jov. Hefych. et Phavor. eflet. Juftin. lib. xlii. cap. 3. 
 
 monumentum heroi dicatum. - d Feruntque feTheflalis ortos, qua tempef- 
 
 b Strab. lib. xi. p. 530. tate Jafon, poft ave6lam Medeam genitofque 
 
 c Itaque Jafoni totus ferme Oriens, ut con- ex ea liberos, inanem mox regiam JEetx, va- 
 
 ditori, divinos honores templaque conftituit, cuofque Colchos, repetivit. Multaque de no- 
 
 quae Parmenion, dux Alexandri Magni, poft mine ejus, et oraculum Phryxi celebrant. Ta-» 
 
 multos annos dirui juflit, ne cujufquam no- cit. Annal. lib. vi. cap. 34. 
 men in Oriente venerabilius quam Alexandri 
 
 g Ihouid - 
 
42 
 
 DISSERTATION. 
 
 mould we prefume to declare all hiftory fabulous, or unfounded, 
 in which the events did not exa&ly coincide with our ideas of 
 probability, we mould expofe our own pride and narrownefs of 
 fentiment, which cannot fubmit to credit any thing, but fuch as 
 we can exaclly reconcile to fuch principles, as we may premife as 
 neceffary to truth. « 
 
 The hiftory of the Crufades, an expedition almoft as unaccount- 
 able as that of Jafon, undertaken by a fet of military adventurers, 
 in an age nearly as rude and as warlike as that of the Argonauts, is 
 difguifed in the profe accounts we have of it, with as much 
 e imagery as the poem of Apollonius Rhodius, and little lefs in- 
 credible. Yet we do not therefore queftion the exigence of Peter 
 the Hermit, of Godfrey of Bouillon, or of Raymond of Touloufe ; 
 or deny, that fuch perfons conducted armies into Paleftine, and 
 actually founded a kingdom there, which fubfifted for more than 
 two centuries. 
 
 But to return to the fubjecl:. 
 
 From Athense Pontics to the river Prytanis 40 ftadia. This is 
 marked as a river in D'Anville, but is not fo Ipecined in Arrian, 
 although I think it is implied. Here was a palace of King Anchia- 
 lus, probably the one mentioned afterwards by Arrian, as King of 
 the Heniochi. From Prytanis to the river Pyxites 90 lladia. This 
 
 e See the account of the vifion, that led to p. 155. Vifion of the Crucifixion, and of 
 
 the difcovery of the head of the fpear which St. Mark the E\ angelift. Raymond de A- 
 
 pierced the fide of our Lord, when on the giles, pp. 166,167. Vifion of Peter the Her- 
 
 crofs, which was to enfure vi&ory to thofe, mit. Albert. Aquenf. §. v. Effects of pieces 
 
 who were in pofTeflion of this holy relic. Ro- of the crofs in defeating the Turks, recorded 
 
 bert. Monach. lib. vii. Baldrici Archiepifc. in the fame writer, with much more in the 
 
 Hift. Hierofol. lib. iii. Raymond de Agiles, fame ftrain. Gefla Dei per Francos. 
 
 river 
 
DISSERTATION. 
 
 43 
 
 river is mentioned by f Pliny, as lying between Trapezus and 
 Apiarus. 
 
 From the Pyxites to Archabis 90 Itadia. This is put down as a 
 river in Ptolemy, but not in Arrian, although, I think, implied. 
 The text of Ptolemy is undoubtedly very corrupt. According to 
 the Latin copy, it is placed in E. Long. 6l° 59', and according to 
 the Greek in 52° E. Long, a difference of full ten degrees, or more 
 than 500 Englilh miles. The longitude according to D'Amille 
 is nearly 5Q° 4o' Earl. In the maps of Ptolemy it is placed, as it 
 ought to be, to the North -Earl of Trapezus and A thenar Ponticae. 
 It feems to be fpecifled in the Peutingerian Tables under the name 
 of Abgabes ; but is there placed too much to the Well, being only 
 nine miles, or feventy-two lfadia, from Athene Pontics; whereas 
 Arrian counts it to be 227 fladia, or more than 28 miles. 
 
 From Archabis to s Apfarus 60 liadia. This is the name of a 
 river, and of a caltle on its banks. It is placed by h Ptolemy 80' 
 
 f Plin. lib. vi. cap. 4. 
 
 g Now called Gonieh. 
 
 h ** The latitudes laid down in Ptolemy's 
 Geography are very incorrect, and particu- 
 larly thofe in the neighbourhood, or under the 
 fame parallel with Byzantium. He errone- 
 oufly fuppofed, as indeed Strabo had done be- 
 fore him, that this city and Marfeilles were 
 in the fame latitude ; and as the latitude of 
 Marfeilles had been afcertained by Pytheas 
 by the proportion of the length of the gno- 
 mon to its lhadow at the Summer folftice, 
 and found, according to his computation, to 
 be 43 0 5', or according to a more accurate 
 calculation, which included the femidiameter 
 
 G 
 
 of the Sun, 43 0 19' 25", they reckoned the 
 latitudes of many other places according to 
 their diftance North or South from the one, 
 which they alfumed as a ftandard ; which was 
 the fource of great confufion, fince the true 
 latitude of Byzantium is only 41 0 i', and of 
 courfe it was placed by Ptolemy i° 1 8' 25" 
 too far to the North 5 a fpace, which is nearly 
 equal to 160 Englifh miles ; and the fame er- 
 ror was extended to every place, whofe lati- 
 tude was computed from a comparifon of its 
 difference with that of Byzantium." Blair's 
 Hiftory of the Rife and Progrefs of Geo- 
 graphy, p. 88. 
 
 2 to 
 
44 
 
 DISSERTATION. 
 
 i 
 
 to the Eafl of Athene Pontics, which, in the latitude laid down 
 by D'Anville, is equal to 0;i Englilli miles, or in the latitude, ac- 
 cording to Ptolemy, to about 67 Englifh miles. According to Arrian, 
 it is 287 ftadia, or nearly 33 Englilh miles; fo that thefe computa- 
 tions differ considerably. According to D'Anville, Apfarus is but 
 little to the North of Athenaj Pontics, fo that the difference of 
 longitude of thefe two places fcarcely varies from their true dis- 
 tance by fea. In the Peutingerian Tables Apfarus is fet down as 35 
 miles from Athenae Ponticae. Pliny feems to fay, that Apfarus was 
 150, or, as fome copies read, 140 miles from Trapezus. Accord- 
 ing to Arrian, it is 1000 ftadia, or 125 Greek miles, or 114.4G5 
 Englifh miles. From Apfarus to the » Acampfis 15 ftadia. From the 
 Acampfis to the k Bathys 75 ftadia. This river is not, as far as I 
 can find, mentioned by name by any other writer, except Pliny ; 
 but probably the Portus Altus fet down in the Peutingerian Tables, 
 and which is nearly in the fame fltuation, may be the place meant 
 by Arrian. It appears to have been no unufual appellation, as a 
 port fo called (BetBv? A/^v) in Africa, is mentioned by Ptolemy. 
 From the 1 Bathys to the Acinafis 90 fladia. This river feems to 
 have derived its name from the Scythian m Sword fo called, which 
 was worfhipped as a deity. Whether its name was employed to 
 denote the flraight courfe of the river, or to indicate that it was a 
 
 1 The coaft here begins to verge towards 1 A place called Batumi is ftill to be found 
 
 the North. in this fituation in modern maps. The river 
 
 k D'Anville feems to think the Bathys and feems to be the Ifcharuk. 
 the Acampfis the fame river. They have both m It was the emblem of Mars. K«l t5t 
 
 of them Greek names, the former implying (umvaxns) sn "Apws to ayatyta- tbtw & ru 
 
 depth (jSaSy?, akus), and the other a ftraight dwuxxt'i Svo-icts 'nrtTiius irfoaayaai TrpaQctruv xui 
 courfe fixate, rigidus): but I know not Herodot. lib. iv. p. 62. Ed. Weffel. See 
 
 that thefe epithets have any connection, al- alfo Lucian's Jupiter Tragoedus et Toxaris. 
 though they are by no means incompatible. 
 
 facred 
 
DISSERT A T I O N. 
 
 45 
 
 facred llream, is doubtful. From the Acinafis to the Ifis go ftadia. 
 From the Ifis to the Mogrus 90 lladia. This river is noticed by 
 Pliny under the name of Nogrus. From the Mogrus to the n Pha- 
 fis 90 fladia. This river preferves in fome degree its ancient name, 
 being Hill called the Fafz, or Rion. Its mouth is placed by Pto- 
 lemy in 45° N. Lat. and 72 0 3o' E. Long. According to Ar- 
 rowfmith's Chart it lies in nearly 42° of N. L. and 59° 6' 50" E. 
 Long, from the Canaries. The map of the country between the 
 Cafpian and the Black fea makes it to be 42° 25' N. L. and 59 0 2' 
 E. from the Canaries. Ptolemy then makes it, according to the 
 laft computation, no lefs than 13° 28' too far to the Eaftward, 
 which is nearly 685 Englifh miles, a vaft difference, which mull 
 effe&ually confound all calculation. 
 
 The mouth of the Phafis is, according to Ptolemy, of an hour 
 to the Eaft of Alexandria, which is equal to 35 minutes of time, 
 or 8° 45' of longitude, which in latitude 42° is equal to nearly 
 452 Englifh miles. This calculation, although erroneous, is lefs fo 
 than the former. 
 
 Long, of the Phafis — -- 5Q° 0' 50" E. Arrowfmith 
 Long, of the 0 Pharos at Alexandria 47 30 50 E. Walfh's Journal. 
 
 Difference 11° 36' 
 
 n Pliny fays it is iooo miles from Chal- 
 cedon to the Phafis. Arrian makes it to be 
 8385 ftadia, or 1048 Greek miles. D'Anville 
 makes it about 13 degrees of Long, and ^ or 
 about 688 Englifti miles. Arrowfmith's Chart 
 makes it confiderably lefs, and not more than 
 630 Englifh miles. 
 
 0 The Pharos of Alexandria lies, according 
 to Walfti's Journal, in Lat. 31 0 13' 5" N. L. 
 
 and in 29 0 45' Eaft Long, from Greenwich. 
 
 N. B. The Ifle of Ferro in the Canaries is 
 1 7° 44' 50" Weft of Greenwich. The Long, 
 and Lat. of Alexandria, according to Denon, 
 are 
 
 Long. E. from Paris 2 7 0 35' 
 Latitude 31° 12 20" 
 
 Difference 10' more Eafterly than Walfti's 
 
 calculation. 
 
 equal 
 
4 6 
 
 DISSERTATION. 
 
 equal to 5Q8 Englifh miles, and 46' 24" of time. In this calcula- 
 tion the error of Ptolemy is of an oppofite kind to the former, as 
 he places the mouth of the Phafis, compared with the Pharos of 
 Alexandria, 146 Englifh miles nearly too far to the Wefiward* 
 From Apfarus to the Phafis is, according to P Pliny, 75, or, as fome 
 copies read, 70 miles, equal to 600, or 5 Go fladia. D'Anville agrees 
 nearly with Arrian. The Ruffian map makes it 54 Englifh miles, 
 or about 470 fladia. 
 
 qStrabo fays, it is 1400 fladia from Trapezus to the Phafis. 
 Arrian makes it 1450 fladia, which agrees nearly with Strabo. 
 The diflance between the Bathys and the Phafis is, according to 
 Arrian, 3 60 fladia. The map of the country between the Black 
 fea and the Cafpian makes it 375 fladia, differing but little from 
 Arrian. D'Anville's map agrees nearly herewith. 
 
 Arrian fays, that the water of the Phafis is lighter in the ba- 
 lance, and more changeable in colour, than any water, with 
 which he was acquainted. It may probably be foft, as being 
 moflly rain water, which is alfo light. It is however, according 
 to r Hippocrates, a fluggifh and almofl flagnant river, and its water 
 not at all coinciding with the character given of it by Arrian. It 
 further appears from Hippocrates that the water of the Phafis is 
 fubjecl: to become putrid from its s flagnation, and the warmth of 
 the fun ; and that thofe, who drink it, are liable to i difeafes from 
 
 P Plin. lib. vi. cap. 4. 
 1 P. 548. Paris ed. 
 
 7tqtoi[au)/, xxl fiut wiwrara. Hippocrat. de Aer. 
 Aq.et Loc. §. 83. Ed.Coray. a Paris, 1800. 
 ' T« $1 vSoctci, SegjAa Kcti rtkaipx wii/uat. Lira 
 
 Ti tS riXm aviro pence, xxt vno twv ojA.Ccu» ivctv^o- 
 Ibid. 
 
 1 Tvv T£ xgowi/ wxpw e^vcn, uarcto lire Ixrepe 
 ixpptvoi. §. 84. Pindar calls them KoX^otcr* 
 xifacnuvcffcri. Pyth. iv. Stroph. 10. verf.377. 
 Ed. Heyne. 
 
 this 
 
DISSERTATION. 47 
 
 this circumftancc. Arrian, although he ufes an u expreffion de- 
 noting clearnefs and tranfparency, allows that it refembles water 
 impregnated with x lead or tin, and that it depolits a fediment on 
 Handing. He adds, that it does not become putrid by keeping, a 
 quality feemingly inconfiftent with that afcribed to it by Hippo- 
 crates. Very different accounts of this river are given by other 
 writers. Although Hippocrates reprefents it as the moll ftagnant 
 of all rivers, others defcribe it as rapid and violent ; 
 
 rapidas limofi Phafidis undas, Ovid. Met. lib. vii. ver. £. 
 
 Magnus ubi adverfum fpumanti Phafis in aequor 
 
 Ore ruit. Val. Flacc. lib. v. ver. 179. 
 
 But I think thefe feemingly oppofite accounts may be reconciled, 
 if we confider, that this river rifes among the mountains of Arme- 
 nia, which during a confiderable part of the year are covered with 
 fnowy; and whilft that remains unmelted, the river may be as 
 Hippocrates reprefents it; but on the melting of the fnow, it may 
 become rapid and violent, like other rivers that rife in mountainous 
 countries. It is called Nivofi by z Statius, which indicates fome- 
 what of this kind. a Hippocrates alfo mentions, that large and 
 violent mowers frequently fall in that region, which might contri- 
 bute to fwell it. b Plutarch fays, that this river was formerly 
 
 u KetBxfurotTov. 
 
 * Chardin makes the fame obfervation. 
 L'eau en eft fort bonne a botre, quoique elle 
 foit trouble, epaifie, et de couleur de plomb. 
 Vol. i. p. 148. 
 
 y Mount Niphates, which lies to the South 
 of the fource of the Phafis, had its name from 
 the mows, which cover it ; and Mount Cau- 
 cafus is fo called from the fame circumftance. 
 N»<P«tjk, fic di6lus «7ro t5j? a nivibus. 
 
 Vid. Stephan. — Et Caucafum montem, 
 Graucafum hoc eft nive candidum. Plin. 
 lib. vi. c. 17. Le haut du mont Caucafe eft 
 perpetuellement couvert de neige. Chardin, 
 liv. i. pag. 155. 
 
 z Thebaid. lib. xii. ver. 182. 
 
 * "OffJo^oi tg avToSt ylypovrou Truaocv upriv 7ra^« 
 Xai T6, not lo-yjjp'i. Hippocr. §. 83. 
 
 b Plut. de Fluv. 
 
 called 
 
DISSERTATION. 
 
 called Arclurus, which may probably allude to its periodical ov er- 
 flow about the time of year, when this ftar rifes cofmically, which 
 took place then about the latter end of Auguft, when the fnows 
 are melting. Apollonius remarks in the fame country the wet 
 weather, which accompanied the rifing of Ar&urus, which might 
 contribute to the fame purpofe, and is agreeable to the obfervation 
 of Hippocrates mentioned above. 
 
 Argon, lib. ii. ver. iioi. 
 
 It may be added in confirmation of what has been juft. obferved, 
 that the Nile, whofe annual increafe is thought to be owing to 
 the fame caufe, which is here fuggefted refpe&ing the Phafis, be- 
 gins to increafe about the Summer folfKce, and continues increaf- 
 ing until September ; but as it rifes in very hot countries, it may 
 begin to overflow earlier than the Phafis, as the fnow melts fooner. 
 Somewhat of a fimilar analogy may, according to Selden, be ob- 
 ferved between the Nile and Sirius, as is here fuggefted between 
 the Phafis and Ar&urus. The Dog-liar (Sirius) was, as he thinks, 
 fo called from Siris, the ancient name of the Nile, a§ the Gofmical 
 rife of c Sirius coincided with the time of the greater! increafe of 
 the river. 
 
 The fame cireumliance may account for the different character 
 given of the falubrity of the water. That of the Nile is thought 
 uirwholefome, when the river is rifing ; but at other times, if al- 
 
 c Sirio cane, cujus exortu Nili afcenfus Aureo, Syntagm. i. c. 4. The Nile is called 
 quotannis fiebat, a Siri, id eft Nilo, etiam Sihor in various paflages of Scripture, 
 procul dubio denominato. Selden. de Vitulo 
 
 lowed 
 
DISSERTATION. 
 
 49 
 
 lowed to d Hand, and depolit its fediment, as Arrian fays of the 
 Phafis, it becomes like that river, limpid, and e excellent for drink. 
 
 What Arrian fays respecting the ftatue of Cybele, and its re- 
 femblance, both in attitude and accompaniments, to the one by 
 Phidias at Athens, argues ftrongly in favour of the early intercourle, 
 which is fuppofed to have fublifted between Greece and this coun- 
 try. The liatue of the Goddefs is defcribed by Arrian as holding 
 a cymbal in her hand, with lions under her throne, or feat. This 
 is exactly the fame reprefentation, as is to be found in f Montfau- 
 con's Antiquities, of which many examples both from coins and 
 g fculpture are produced. Arrian obferves, that the ftatue of Cy- 
 bele at Athens was placed h Mnrpaa. This word was applied in 
 general to the temples of Cybele, as appears from many ancient 
 coins and infcriptions, as well as authors. h Paufanias fpeaks of a 
 Myrpcaov at Elis in Greece, which he remarks, as lingular from its 
 not having a flatue of 5 Cybele in it. 
 
 k Julius Pollux fays, that the temple of Cybele at Athens was 
 called MtjTpuov; and Suidas, Harpocration, and 1 Athenreus add, that 
 it was the repofitory of the public records, and of the laws. 
 
 d Pocock's Travels, vol. i. p. 199. WalftVs 
 Journal of the Campaign in Egypt, p. 254. 
 e Harmer's Obfervat. vol. ii. p. 295. 
 f Vol. i. p. 1. 
 
 s See Muf. Florentln. vol. i. plate 96. 
 
 h Lib. i. p. 429. Ed. Kiihn. 
 
 1 Cybele was a Phrygian Goddefs, and much 
 revered throughout the courfe of the Euxine 
 fea. Jafon in Apollonius, lib. i. ver. 1094. 
 is commanded to facrifice to\, and to propiti- 
 ate her, as being the direclrefs of the earth, 
 
 winds, and leas. Strabo tells us, that at Din- 
 dymene in Phrygia there was a temple built 
 by the Argonauts, and dedicated to the mo- 
 ther of the Gods. Strab. lib. xiii. 
 
 k Jul. Poll. lib. iii. cap. 3. 
 
 1 Athenaeus fays, that Apellicon the Gram- 
 marian, whofe library fell into the hands of 
 Sylla at the taking of Athens, was in poffef- 
 fion of the original legal decrees of ancient 
 times, which had been ftolen out of the M»r 
 T(fc)o£ Athen. lib. v. p. 214. Ed. Cafaub. 
 
 H At 
 
DISSERTATION. 
 
 At or near this temple, an anchor of iron was fliewn, which 
 was reported to have belonged to the fhip Argo; which Arrian very 
 juftly rejects as fpurious, lince anchors of Hone only were in ufe at 
 that early period. The fragments of a ftone anchor, which was re- 
 ported to have belonged to the fame Ihip, are properly determined 
 by him to be more probably genuine. Perhaps thefe fragments 
 might be the remains of the anchor, which the Argonauts brought 
 from Cyzicus, where, as Apoilonius tells us, they exchanged a fmall 
 ftone anchor for a larger of the fame kind. It is remarkable that 
 Apoilonius m notices, that the old anchor w T as laid up as a facred 
 depofit in a temple at Cyzicus, as probably the fragments of the 
 new were preferved in the time of Arrian in the temple of Cybele. 
 
 The caftle at the mouth of the river appears to have been regu- 
 larly fortified as a frontier place. He notices, that it was built of 
 baked brick (irXiv$-x wrnf?), a circumftance particularly mentioned 
 to diftinguim it from fun-dried brick, which formed the walls of 
 many of the cities and caftles in Alia Minor, and, as it mould 
 feem, even in Greece. n Xenophon obferves, that the wall of 
 Media, which extended from the Euphrates to the Tigris, was 
 built of burnt brick, in oppolition to raw brick. Herodotus no- 
 tices, that the walls of Babylon were, in like manner, conftru6ted 
 of burnt bricks. Paufanias, fpeaking of the walls of Mantinea, 
 which were deltroyed by Agelipolis, who turned the ftream of the 
 river Ophis againft them, tells us, that they were 6*$; aKo^o^fzevtjf 
 iaXtv&it f built of raw or crude bricks, which, he fays, diflblved by 
 water °, as wax does by the fun. 
 
 rt Argon, lib. i. vcr. 955. 0 Paufan. lib. viii. 
 
 11 Anabaf. lib. ii. p. 145. Ed. Hutcb. 8vo. 
 
 Arrian 
 
DISSERTATION. 
 
 5* 
 
 Arrian obferves in this part of the work, that the Pontic fea was 
 much lefs fait than the fea without the Hellefpont, on account of 
 the numerous rivers, which difcharge themfelves into it. P Strabo 
 and other writers make the fame obfervation, and afcribe it to the 
 fame caufe. Modern accounts agree with ancient s in this refped:. 
 
 From the Bhafis to the Chariens 90 ftadia. This is the Chariftus 
 of Ptolemy, and, according to him, lies N. E. of the mouth of the 
 Phafis, with 15' difference of latitude, equal to 17.4 Englifh miles. 
 It feems in the Ruffian map to be about ten Greek miles, or 80 
 ftadia, from the mouth of the Phafis. In the Peutingerian Tables, 
 only three miles are fet down, as the diftance from the Phans to the 
 Chariens, and 16 miles from the Chariens to the Chobus. Thefe 
 numbers are probably erroneous ; but the whole diftance from the 
 Phafis to the Chobus is not fo different from the one given by Ar- 
 rian, as to make it probable that they ufed a different calculation. 
 
 From the Chariens to the r Chobus 90 ftadia. According to 
 fome modern maps, a place of the name of Copi ftill remains at 
 the mouth of this river. From the Chobus to the Singamis 210 
 lladia. The Greek copy of Ptolemy makes the difference of lati- 
 tude between the Chariftus and Siganeum to be 30 minutes, equal, 
 as was then fuppofed, to 3 00 Hadia, which is exactly the diliance 
 
 p Aio nut y?MxvTa.Tov tin at tov Uonov. Strab. 1 Tournefort remarks, that it is certain that 
 
 lib. i. Ipfum mare Ponticum dulcius quam the water of the Black fea is lefs briny than 
 
 caetera. Fragm. SaUuJiii.Amm. Marc. xxii. c.8. the water of our feas. Defc. of the Canal of 
 
 Copia tot laticum, quas auget, adulterat the Black Sea. 
 
 undasj r In D'Anville's map the Chariens and 
 
 Nec patitur vires aequor habere fuas. the Chobus feem to have changed places, as 
 
 Ovid. Ep. lib. iv. ep. 10. he lays down the Chobus to the South of the 
 
 Vim que fretum multo perdit abamne fuam. Chariens, whereas Arrian puts it to the 
 
 Ibid. verf. 46. North. 
 
 h 2 laid 
 
5* 
 
 DISSERTATION. 
 
 laid down by Arrian. The Peutingerian Tables count from the 
 Chariens to Sicanabis 35 miles, or 280 lladia. From the Singamis 
 to Tarfuras 120 lladia. The Peutingerian Tables make this dis- 
 tance to be 1 0 miles, or only eight lladia more than it is reckoned 
 by Arrian. From Tarfuras to Hippus 150 lladia. From Hippus 
 to Allelephus 30 lladia. From Allelephus to Sebaftopolis 120 
 lladia. This place was, in early times, called Diofcurias from the 
 Diofcuri (Callor and Pollux), who were reported to have s founded 
 it. It has now recovered its ancient name, although much cor- 
 rupted, being called by the Turks Ilkouriah, or t Ifagour, although 
 the Greeks, I believe, retain the nrodern name of Sevatopoli. It 
 is placed by Ptolemy in Latitude 44° 45' N. and Long. E. 72° 2o\ 
 By the Ruffian map the latitude is 43° 27' 3o", and by Arrow- 
 fmith's Chart 43° 1 8'. Longitude by the Ruffian Map, 57° 56'; by 
 Arrowfmith, 58° 24' 5o". It is reckoned by Arrian to be 220o 
 lladia, equal to 282 Greek miles, or 258.08 Englilh, dillant from 
 Trapezus. Pliny fays, that it is loo miles dillant from the Phalis, 
 which agrees nearly with Arrian, who reckons this interval at 
 810 lladia, equal to 101 Greek miles and a quarter. The medium 
 dillance in u two modern maps is 96 Englilh miles, equal to 838 
 lladia, or three Greek miles and a half more than Arrian's calcu- 
 lation. 
 
 Arrian, having enumerated the rivers, by which he palled, pro- 
 ceeds to fpeak of the inhabitants of the country. His account 
 
 s Solinus and Ammianus Marcellinus fay, Marcell. lib. xxii. c. 8. 
 that Diofcurias was founded by Amphitus 1 Ifagour is ftill a road for (hips, but the 
 
 and Cercius, the charioteers to Caftor and place is in ruins, and uninhabited. Chardin, 
 
 Pollux, from whom alfo originated the nation vol. i. p. 54. 
 
 of the Heniochi. Strabo calls them Rhecas u Arrowfmith's and Laurie's Charts, 
 and Amphiftratus. Strab. lib. xi. Amm. 
 
 Of 
 
DISSERTATION. 
 
 53 
 
 of the Drillae agrees with that of x Xenophon, fare that the latter 
 lays nothing of their form of government. We fee by the threats, 
 which Arrian exprelfes towards this people, the manner in which 
 the Romans treated their refractory tributaries ; which explains the 
 reafon, why thefe nations, when they gained the fuperiority, as 
 they did a few centuries afterwards, retorted the fame ill ufage on 
 the Romans. The accounts of thefe writers agree very well with 
 thofe given of the modern predatory inhabitants of thefe countries. 
 It appears, that thefe nations were tributary, and perhaps feuda- 
 tory, to the Romans, and governed by princes nominated by the 
 Emperors. The defcription, which Arrian gives of the direction 
 in which he proceeded in his courfe by fea, is perfectly correct. 
 As far as Apfarus, he obferves, that their courfe lay Ealtward, and 
 this place he confiders as the 7 extremity of the Euxine fea towards 
 that point ; and this is true of it, as to what regards the Southern 
 coaft, or the right fide of the Pontus. From thence their courfe 
 lay Northward to the Chobus and the Singamis. At the latter 
 place the more began to verge a little to the Weltward, or what 
 he calls the left fide of the Pontus, and continued in that direction 
 to Aftelephus and Diofcurias, where his voyage terminated. 
 
 The view of mount Caucafus from Diofcurias defcribed by Ar- 
 rian refembles that given by z Apollonius Rhodius. I do not find 
 that the fummit of mount Caucafus is called Strobilus by any 
 other writer. It is undoubtedly fo named from its refemblance 
 in fhape to a pine cone; and the plenty of trees of this kind in the 
 furrounding a country makes this more evident. Strabo mentions 
 
 x Xenoph. Anabaf. of the Pontic fea. Lib. ii. ver. 1265. 
 
 y Apollonius, with more propriety, fuppofes z Lib. ii. ver. 12 51. 
 the mouth of the Phafis to be the extremity * Virg. Georg. lib. ii. ver. 440. 
 
 a moun- 
 
54 
 
 DISSERTATION. 
 
 a mountain of this fliape, which is obferved indeed to be the gene- 
 ral form of fuch as have been volcanic, which might in early ages 
 have been the cafe with mount Caucafus. The Periplus now re- 
 verts to an account of the diilances of the feveral places from one 
 another, that lie between the Thracian Bofporus and Trapezus. 
 
 From Byzantium to the temple of Jupiter Urius 120 fiadia. 
 This was fituated on the Afiatic fide of the Thracian Bofporus, 
 and nearly on the point of land, which joins that flrait on the 
 Eafiern fide, and the Euxine fea on the North. It might poflibly 
 be on the fpot, where the Argonauts facrificed to the fame b deity, 
 by the advice of Phineus. c Polybius fays, that the place bore the 
 name of 'Isfiv in his time, and that Jafon facrificed there to the 
 twelve deities, a circumftance recognized by Apollonius d . The 
 Scholiafi: on Apollonius fays, the fpot was fo called in his 
 time. Gyllius fays, that in his time it bore the name 'lefiv, and 
 Tournefort mentions its being called Ioro, which he takes to be a 
 corruption of 'lefbv, or pofilbly of Urii. The word otyor is faid to be 
 particularly applicable to fea- voyages. It is derived from ovpa, Cau- 
 da, and fignifies, as we are informed by the Scholiafi; on Thucydi- 
 des, a wind that blows on the hinder part, or ftern, of the fhip, 
 and, by an eafy accommodation, a fair or a profperous wind. The 
 Greeks, being defective in navigation, regarded that wind as the 
 molt favourable, that blew directly towards the point aimed at, al- 
 though they could fail with one more oblique, and even with the 
 wind on the beam . The deity here mentioned feems to be the fame 
 with the one, which is called in Apollonius, A/W ixpcuof, or Jupiter 
 humidus. Thus the Scholiafi: explains it. Perhaps Tournefort's 
 
 b Apoll. lib. ii. ver. 52 j, *' A poll. lib. ii. 53,3, 534, and the Scholiafi. 
 
 c Lib. iv. c. 39. 
 
 obfer- 
 
DISSERTATION. 
 
 55 
 
 obfervation may be thought more applicable to the epithet, when 
 he tells us, e " that much more rain falls in the Black lea than in 
 " the Hellefpont." The word then bore a proper application to a 
 fituation, which marked the boundary between a moift and a dry 
 climate. The diftance of this f temple from Byzantium, as laid 
 down by Arrian, is, as nearly as poffible, agreeable to modern 
 meafurements. The Peutingerian Tables appear to fet it down too 
 far to the Eaflward : but no dependence is to be placed on them 
 as a map, otherwife than by the meafurements expreffed in the 
 numbers annexed. 
 
 From the temple of Jupiter Urius to the river Rhebas 90 ftadia. 
 This river ftill goes by the name of Irva, or Riva, and appears 
 to be, by the map, about nine Englim miles, or about 80 ftadia, 
 from the temple above mentioned. The ftage to this river is put 
 down in the Peutingerian Tables, Adherbas, which -is probably a 
 mif-fpelling of Rhebas. The Rhebas is called by Apollonius s a 
 fwift flowing river (axvfov). Dionyfms Periegetes defcribes it as 
 a beautiful ftream flowing into the Pontic fea near its mouth h . It 
 appears from Strabo to be a winding ftream, as he fays the road 
 crofles it feven times in a fhort fpace. Tournefort however fays, 
 that, when he palled it, it was no better than a brook 
 
 From the river Rhebas to Acra Melsena 150 ftadia. This place is 
 twice mentioned by k Apollonius under this name. It is alfo called 
 
 e Vol. iii. p. 16. h Line 795, 796. 
 
 f It was probably In this temple, that Da- * Tournefort obferres, that mod of the 
 
 rius Hyftafpis fat, when he fet out on his ex- brooks or rivers on this coaft are either dried 
 
 pedition againft the Scythians. Herod, lib. up, or reduced almoft to nothing, j 
 
 iv. p. 320. Ed. Weflel. k Lib. ii, ver. 349, 653. 
 
 £ Lib. ii. ver. ^49, 6<2, 
 
 by 
 
56 
 
 DISSERTATION. 
 
 by Ptolemy 'AxpiW clk^cl, or the indiftincl: cape, or promontory, 
 perhaps from its being often enveloped in k clouds, which might 
 alfo be the origin of its other name. It ftill retains its ancient epi- 
 thet, being now called Kalin acron, or the Black cape. Its dif- 
 tance from the Rhebas, as here laid down, agrees with modern 
 maps, it being in the latter 18 Englilh miles, which differs only 
 a fra&ion of a mile from Arrian's computation. It is put down 
 in the Peutingerian Tables, as 25 miles from the temple of Jupi- 
 ter Urius ; but, according to Arrian, it Is 240 fladia, or 30 Greek 
 miles. 
 
 From Acra Melaena to Artanes 150 ftadia. Some think that 
 this was a fortrefs, not a river. Ptolemy calls it 'Ap-aw %u>(w. 
 D'Anville adds a river, and there is one about this dilianee in the 
 modern maps. It is fet down in the Peutingerian Tables under 
 the name of Artane, and is placed at the diflance of nineteen miles 
 from Acra Melaena, which is as near as po&ble to Arrian's calcu- 
 lation of 150 ftadia. 
 
 From Artanes to Pfilis 150 tfadia. This feems to be mentioned 
 by Ptolemy, but the text is corrupted, or doubtful ; and it is un- 
 certain whether the Pfilis or the Rhebas be meant, and the longi- 
 tude indicates that the latter was underftood. A place or ilage 
 called Philium is put down in the Peutingerian Tables, at the 
 diflance of 19 miles from Artanes, which agrees fo nearly with 
 the interval afligned by Arrian, that there is little doubt that the 
 fame place is meant by both. The mouth of this river is men- 
 
 k Trecarris, or the Black mountain in fame reafbn, 
 South Wales, is probably fo* called for the 
 
 tioned 
 
DISSERTATION, 
 
 57 
 
 tioned by 1 Apollonius, and confirmed by the Scholiaft to be a river 
 of Bithynia. It is alfo mentioned by m Pliny and n Strabo. 
 
 From Pfilis to ° Portus Calpes 2 1 o ftadia. This place is probably 
 fo called from its refemblance in lhape to a water-pot. The port 
 is accurately defcribed by P Xenophon, being, as he fays, " fituated 
 " in Afiatic Thrace in the midway between 4 Heraclea and By- 
 " zantium. r A promontory runs out into the fea, of which that 
 " part, which lies contiguous to the fea, is a craggy rock ; in height, 
 " where it is loweft, not lefs than twenty fathoms. The neck of 
 " land, by which this promontory is joined to the continent, is 
 " about 400 feet in breadth, and the fpace within the neck is 
 *« ample enough to afford habitation for ten thoufand men. The 
 " port lies under the rock upon the weflern more, and clofe to the 
 " fea flows a fpring, plentifully fupplied with frelh water ; this 
 " fpring is commanded by the rock. This place affords great 
 *' plenty of timber, particularly fuch as is proper for fhip-building, 
 " in great quantity and perfection, clofe to the fea." 
 
 Ptolemy makes it to lie in 25 ' of longitude to the eaftward of 
 Plilis, equal to about twenty-one Englifh miles, or 183 ftadia. 
 This river is- fpecified by Apollonius to be s remarkable for its 
 depth. 
 
 1 Lib. ii. ver. 654. 
 m Lib. vi. c. 3. 
 » Lib. xii. 
 
 0 KaAflV itycc, rcLpm. Hefych. According to 
 Steph. Byz. there was both a city and a port 
 of this name. 
 
 P Anabaf. lib. vi. 
 
 1 This agrees nearly with Arrian's compu- 
 
 tation. According to him, 
 
 From Byzantium to Heraclea is 1670 ftadia. 
 
 From Byzantium to Calpe 870 ftadia. 
 
 r This is an exact delcription of Gibraltar, 
 (Calpe) with the difference of the propor- 
 tions of fize in its refpective parts. Editor. 
 
 s |3«$vf>EtWa ts Ketone. Argqn. lib. ii. verf. 
 661. 
 
 i From 
 
58 
 
 DISSERTATION. 
 
 From Calpe to Rhoe Portus 20 tfadia. I do not find this place 
 mentioned by any other writer. From Rhoe Portus to Apollonia 
 Infula 20 ftadia. This ifland was facred to Apollo, as we learn 
 from 'Apollonius Rhodius, and from thence had its name. It was 
 ufually called Thynias, or Daphnufa. It appears to have been 
 uninhabited in early times. It is called Kerbeh, or Kirbe, in the 
 modern maps. 
 
 From Apollonia to Chelas 20 ftadia. The diftance from PfiHs to 
 Chelas is fet down in the Peutingerian Tables as 20 u miles, equal to 
 l6o ftadia. It is fet down in Ptolemy 2o' to the eaift of Calpe. In 
 Arrian the fame fpace is reckoned to be 270 tfadia, or 33.75 Greek 
 miles. This river is now called by the Greeks Ava, or Ayala ; but 
 Tournefort fays, the Turks call it Sagari, or Sacari; by the former 
 of which names it appears both in the Peutingerian Tables, and in 
 modern maps. This river was the boundary between Cappadocia 
 and Bithynia. Tournefort £iys, he found no river between the 
 Rhebas and the Sangarius. This river is mentioned by Homer in 
 v two places, as a river of Phrygia, fo that its ancient name has 
 been continued through many ages. x Apollonius notices the 
 mouth of this river, as appearing to the Argonauts early in the 
 morning, on the third day of their voyage from the entrance of 
 the Euxine fea. 
 
 Arrian fays, it is 990 ftadia from the temple of Jupiter Urius to 
 
 1 Argon, lib. ii. verf. 688, 1589. mouth of the river, called A^r,r f0i Ufiv, 
 
 * Q.. if not 28 miles = 224 ftadia. probably to mark the boundary between the 
 v Iliad iii. verf. 187. II. xvi. verf. 719. countries. In like manner Jupiter was under 
 
 * Argon, lib. ii. verf. 724. The Scholiaft certain circumftances called Z S D S h^, or Aioj 
 fays, there was a temple of Cybele at the i fe ' l05) an d in the Latin, Jupiter terminalis. 
 
 the 
 
DISSERTATION. 
 
 59 
 
 the mouth of the Sangarius, or about 113 Englifh miles; and 
 feveral maps agree nearly with this diftance : but Mr. Arrowfmith's 
 chart makes it to be lefs than 8/ Englifh miles, or about y 7Go 
 ftadia. The Peutingerian Tables make it 148 miles, equal to 1184 
 ftadia. Strabo fays, that it is 500 ftadia from the mouth of the 
 Sangarius to Heraclea. Arrian makes it to be 66o. Modern maps 
 in general agree with Strabo's computation ; but Mr. Arrowfmith's 
 chart makes it only about 30 Englifh miles, or about 202 ftadia. 
 Ptolemy makes the diftance to be one degree of longitude, which 
 in that latitude is about 52 Englifh miles and a half, or about 46o 
 Itadia. 
 
 From the mouth of the Sangarius to that of the Hippus ISO 
 ftadia. This diftance is fet down in Ptolemy as equal to a degree 
 of longitude, or 52.452 Englifli miles; but Arrian makes it 22.5 
 Greek miles, equal to 20.5 Englifh miles, and is nearer the truth. 
 The Peutingerian Tables make it 19 Greek miles, or about 152 
 ftadia. The Hippus is mentioned by Scylax, and by Apollonius, 
 and chara6lerifed by the z latter as a deep river. 
 
 From the Hippus to Lilium Emporium loo ftadia. D'Anville's 
 map places a river here ; if fo, this was the port at its mouth ; 
 but I cannot find any mention of one. There is, however, in all 
 the modern maps, a place called Halebli, at the mouth of a river, 
 which agrees nearly with the fituation of this place. 
 
 From Lilium Emporium to Ekeum Oo ftadia. D'Anville's map 
 
 y Mr. Arrowfmith's chart feems to mean rivers, 
 the Sangarius by the Kara : the other maps z (3z$v£s!ono<; Z<p' dx^tvuTq vwloto. Argon, ii. 
 and the chart make them to be two diftinft verf. 797, 
 
 i 2 places 
 
6a 
 
 DISSERTATION. 
 
 places a river here, and there is one in modern maps in this place,, 
 called Kaba-Sakal. A place nearly in this fituation, of the name 
 of Bylaeum, is to be found in the Peutingerian Tables. 
 
 From Elasum to Cales Emporium 120 ftadia. There is in 
 D'Anville's map a river of the name of Cales, If fo, the port, or 
 emporium, was probably formed by its mouth. 
 
 From Cales to the river Lycus 80 lladia. This river is men- 
 tioned by a Apollonius, by Scylax, and by Xenophon; the latter 
 of whom fays, it was near Heraclea, and 200 feet wide. 
 
 From the Lycus to Heraclea 20 ftadia. - Heraclea was a Greek 
 colony, faid to be founded by the Argive Hercules. Strabo afcribes 
 it to the Milefians, and Arrian and Xenophon to the Megareans. 
 There is in Goltzius a plate of a coin of Heraclea, exhibiting a 
 figure crowned with towers, and bearing a cornucopia filled with 
 fruits, indicatory of the plenty of provilions, with which it was 
 furnimed. Strabo and Xenophon, as well as Arrian, notice Hera- 
 clea as a haven for mips, and it was at one time a confiderable 
 naval power, but was deftroyed by Cotta, in the Mithridatic war. 
 It appears from Tournefort to have had no natural harbour, but a 
 mole only, which is now in ruins. Its prefent name is Pen- 
 derachi, or Elegri, both of which are perhaps corruptions of the 
 ancient name. 
 
 It is fet down in the Peutingerian Tables at the diftance of only 
 38 miles from the Hippus. Arrian makes it 380 ftadia, or 47 
 
 * Lib. ii. Yerf. 7 16. 
 
 Greek 
 
DISSERTATION. 
 
 61 
 
 Greek miles and a half, Strabo fays, that Heraclca is diftant 1500 
 ftadia "from Chalcedon. This is probably too large a computation, 
 as it meafures only c 128 Englifh miles, equal to 1118 ftadia, on 
 Arrowfmith's chart. Marcianus Heracleota fays, that it is 1530 
 ftadia from the d Fanum Jovis Urii to e Heraclea, and that it is only 
 1200 ftadia in a direct line by fea. The anonymous author of 
 the Periplus of the Euxine fea makes it to be 1550 lladia. Strabo 
 fays, that it is 500 lladia from the Sangarius to Heraclea. Arrian 
 makes it 56o. Arrowfmith's chart makes it to be little more than 
 35 Englilh miles, or rather more than f 305 ftadia. 
 
 From & Heraclea to Metroum 80 ftadia. I do not find any 
 mention of this place elfewhere. It was probably fo called from 
 being facred to Cybele, or from there being at the place a fane, 
 or temple of that goddefs, both of which were very numerous on 
 this coaft, as I before obferved. 
 
 From Metroum to h Pofidseum 40 ftadia. I find no account of 
 this place in any author. It might be fo called from a temple of 
 Neptune. 
 
 & Pliny fays, lib. vi. cap. l. that Heraclea 
 is 200 miles from the mouth of the Pontus, 
 which is 1600 ftadia. Arrian makes it 1^50 
 ftadia. 
 
 c Laurie and Whittle's charts make it 3 0 
 jo' of longitude, which in lat. 41 0 amounts 
 to about 166 Englifh miles, or about 1450 
 ftadia. Faden's map makes it 173 Englilh 
 miles, or 151 1 ftadia. 
 
 d Xenophon, in the Anabafis, fays, that a 
 trireme galley would, in the fpace of a very 
 long day, fail from Byzantium to Heraclea. 
 
 c Heraclea is faid by Ptolemy to be 4' or 
 T ' T of a degree, to the weft of Alexandria. 
 
 f The chart publifhed by Laurie makes it 
 54.5 Englifh miles, or about 476 ftadia. 
 
 £ From Heraclea to Amaftris is by Arrow- 
 fmith's chart 61 Englifli miles ; according to 
 Laurie, 63.5 ; according to Citizen Beau- 
 champ, 60 or 69.5 Englilh miles nearly. 
 
 h Marcianus Heracleota makes Pofidaeum 
 to be 100 ftadia from Heraclea. Arrian makes 
 it to be 120, as does the anonymous author 
 of the Periplus of the Euxine fea. 
 
 From 
 
62 DISSERTATION. 
 
 From Pofidaeum to Tyndaridze 45 ftadia. This place was pro- 
 bably fo called from Caftor and Pollux, the fons of Tyndarus, who 
 were adventurers in the Argonautic expedition, and forms another 
 local evidence of that event. 
 
 From Tyndaridae to Nymphaeum 1 5 ftadia. From Nymphceum 
 to Oxinas 30 ftadia. 
 
 Marcianus Heracleota makes it to be go ftadia from Pofidaeum to 
 Oxinas, which agrees with Arrian. 
 
 From Oxinas to Sandaraca go ftadia. From Sandaraca to Cre- 
 nides Co fladia. From Crenides to Pfylla 30 ftadia. 
 
 This place is mentioned by Ptolemy, under the name of Pfyl- 
 lium, and is placed 26' to h the weft of Tios, or Tion, which is 
 near double the diftance afligned by Arrian. Scyllaeum is placed 
 in the Peutingerian Tables 12 Greek miles diftant from Tion, which 
 is nearer the computation of Arrian. 
 
 From Pfylla to Tios go fladia. Pliny fays, that Tios is 38 miles 
 diftant from Heraclea. This is not 1 t of the diftance aligned by 
 Arrian. Perhaps the doubling of the Acherufia Cherfonefus 
 might caufe fo great a difference between the computation by 
 land and that by fea. The diftance by land agrees nearly with 
 Pliny's computation. 
 
 h The Greek copy of Ptolemy makes a dif- 1 It feems by the Peutingerian Tables to be 
 ference of 56 minutes of longitude between 42 miles from Heraclea to Tium. 
 Plyllium and Tios. 
 
 From 
 
DISSERTATION. 
 
 63 
 
 From Tios to the river Bilkeus 20 ftadia. This river is men- 
 tioned by k Apollo nius as a dark coloured water, and is noticed by 
 Pliny. 
 
 From the River Billaeus to the river Parthenius 100 rladia. This 
 river is mentioned by 'Homer, and in a commentary on the paflage, 
 it is defcribed as " rluens per regiones valde amoenas et valde pla- 
 " cide, unde hoc delicatum nomen nactus eft." It is called a very 
 gentle river by m Apollonius. Tournefort fays, the Greeks re- 
 tain its name, calling it Partheni, but the Turks call it Dolap. 
 He confirms the opinion that its name was derived from its 
 beauty, and the flowery meadows through which it flows, which 
 had been before obferved by "Strabo. It is placed by Ptolemy 
 19' to the eaft of Tion, equal to about 164 Englifh miles, or 144 
 ftadia, not very different from Arrian. It was the boundary be- 
 tween Bithynia and Paphlagonia. 
 
 From the Parthenius to Amaftris 90 ftadia. Amaftris is de- 
 fcribed by Strabo as lituated on a peninfula, the ifthmus of 
 which forms a port on each fide. This correlponds exadlly 
 
 * *0(rcWf Bt^Aatoto piXou vstfictyvvrou v$a%. 
 
 Argon, lib. ii. ver. 791. 
 Piin. lib. vi. c. 1. The Billaeus is reprefented 
 in a coin of Antoninus Pius under a female 
 form, with ears of corn and a cornucopia. 
 Vaillant, Numifm. Graec. 
 
 1 II. ii. verf. 854. See Damm's Lexic. vox 
 Tlu.fi. 
 
 Tlfr,vrotri3 i70T«/Aa, <nragf/*ETp£oi'. 
 
 Argon, lib. ii. ver. 936. 
 
 Scymnus Chius defcribes the Parthenius as a 
 gentle river, but large enough to be navigable. 
 Verf. 226, 227. 
 
 n Strab. lib. xii. In Vaillant's Numifmat. 
 Graeca, there is an account of a medal of 
 Marc. Aurelius, with the river Parthenius on 
 the reverfe, reprefented by the figure of a 
 young man with a reed in his right hand, and 
 leaning on an eminence, out of which the 
 river flows, with an infcription, AMACTPIA- 
 NftN riAP0ENIO£. 
 
 with 
 
6 4 
 
 DISSERTATION. 
 
 with the description given by Tournefort, who remarks at the 
 fame time, that both thefe ports are now ctioaked up with fand< 
 The goodnefs of its ports gave occafion for feveral medals to be 
 Itruck, celebrating their convenience and utility. It is now 
 called "Amaliro, and is about 12 Greek miles, or loo Itadia, diltant 
 from the Parthenius by modern maps. 
 
 From Amaftris to Erythinus Oo ftadia. This place was fo called, 
 according to p Strabo, from two red rocks, like the Saxa rubra on 
 the Flaminian way in Etruria. 
 
 From Erythinus to Cromna Oo ftadia. Cromna is placed by 
 Ptolemy lo' to the eaft of Amaftris, equal nearly to 73 ftadia, 
 whereas in Arrian it is 120 Itadia. The diftance from Cromna to 
 Cy torus is in Arrian 90 Itadia, but in Ptolemy it is nearly 
 113.5 Itadia. But although there be a difference here, yet the, 
 whole diftance between Amaftris and Cytorus does not vary 
 greatly in the two authors, it being in Arrian 210 Itadia, and in 
 the Latin copy of Ptolemy 192 Itadia nearly. 
 
 From Cromna to Cytorus 90 Itadia. This was a place dependent 
 upon Sinope, and had its name from the box-trees that grew 
 there, as we are told by Strabo, and Theophraftus. Catullus and 
 Yirgil both remark the abundance of this tree at the fame place q . 
 Apollonius calls it OAjjWc* Kvt^ov, which the Scholialt explains by 
 
 • From Amaftris toCarambis is, according P Strabo fays, that in his time they were 
 to Arrowfmith, 63 Englifti miles ; according to called Erythrini, from their red colour. 
 Citizen Beauchamp, 38', or 44 Englifh miles, ^ Et juvat undantem buxo fpe&are Cyto- 
 and according to D'Anville, 54 Englilh rum. Virg. Georg. ii. verf. 437. 
 
 miles. 
 
 faying, 
 
DISSERTATION. 
 
 65 
 
 faying, that this epilhet was applied on account of the box-tree 
 growing there in griat plenty. The name of Cytorus is partly 
 preferved in that of a village called Kitros, which is diflant from 
 Amaflris, by the mia>, 25 Greek miles, or 200 fladia. Pliny lays, 
 that it is 04 miles* rom Tios to Cytorus, which is equal to 5 1 2 
 ftadia, but, accordunr, to Arrian, it is only 420 fladia. Ptolemy 
 makes it equal to 4 35 Englifh miles, or 380 fladia, which calcula- 
 tion is nearer to Arran than to Pliny. 
 
 From Cytorus to .'Egialos 60 fladia. This place was, in later 
 times, called 'Hovon-Ats, which has the fame fignification with 
 ^Egialos, importing a place or city on the fea-coafl. This, as 
 well as Cromna, Cytorus, and Erythinus, are mentioned both by 
 Homer and Apolloniis. 
 
 From ^Egialos to Thymena 90 fladia. This was formerly called 
 Teuthrania, and feems to be the place now called Temeneh in 
 Arrowfmith's chart. 
 
 From Thymena to Carambis 120 fladia. This diflance meafures 
 on Arrowfmith's chart 13' of latitude nearly, equal to about 131 
 fladia. Carambis is a promontory, now known by the name of 
 Cape Pifello, or Comana, among the Greeks • but among the Turks 
 it retains fomewhat of its ancient appellation, being called Karempi 
 Bouroun. It is the mofl northerly fpot on the fouthern fhore of 
 the Black fea from the Fanum Jovis Urii to Apfarus. Two maps 
 and one "chart of the Black fea place this promontory in Lat. 41 0 
 
 '•D'Anville — Faden — Laurie and Whittle's fays, that the promontory Carambis is diftant 
 Chart. Ammianus Marcellinus, after Strabo, from the oppofite one of Criumetopon in the 
 
 K Taurica 
 
66 
 
 DISSERTATION. 
 
 Si'; but Arrowfmith's chart places it inLat. 42° 24', or 4f more to 
 the northward. 
 
 Pliny fays, that the promontory Carambis is diftant from the Os 
 Ponti 315, or as fome fay 350, miles. The latter number ap- 
 proaches nearly to the computation of Arrian, who makes it 
 amount to 2810 ftadia, equal to 351 Greek miles, which is a clofe 
 coincidence. In Ptolemy, the difference of longitude between 
 Carambis and the Os Ponti is 4° 56', equal to 258 Englifh miles „ 
 or nearly to 28 1£ Greek miles, or 2252 ftadia. D'Anville makes 
 it to be 275 Greek miles, or about 2200 ftadia, and Faden's map 
 and Laurie's chart agree nearly herewith. But Arrowfmith's 
 chart differs confiderably, making the difference to be no more 
 than 4° ll' of Long, and 1° f of Lat. equal nearly to 226 Englifh 
 miles, or 1974 ftadia nearly. This place is defcribed as a pro- 
 jecting cape by Apollonius. 
 
 From Carambis to the promontory Zephyrium Co ftadia. From 
 Zephyrium to Abonitichos 150 ftadia. Ptolemy places a city 
 called Calliftratia half way between Zephyrium and Abonitichos, 
 but I do not find any mention of it elfewhere. Tournefort fays, 
 that there is ftill a place of the name of Abono in that fltuation. 
 The maps remark a caftle in ruins near this place. Abonitichos 
 is twice mentioned by Lucian, once in the Pfeudomantis, and 
 
 Taurica Cherfonefus 2500 ftadia. Plinymakes makes it nearly 1500 ftadia, or 187 Greek 
 
 it only 170 miles, or 1360 ftadia. It mea- miles. Arrowfmith's chart makes it to be 
 
 lures on Laurie and Whittle's chart 186 mi- 117 minutes of latitude, or 1178 ftadia only, 
 
 nutes of latitude, equal to about 1873 ftadia. The relative fltuation of thefe places is but 
 
 Faden's map makes it about 197 Englifh imperfectly afcertained, even by modern geo- 
 
 miles, equal to about i^SO ftadia, D'Anville graphers. 
 
 again 
 
DISSERTATION. 
 
 67 
 
 again in the Alexander Pfeudomantis, with fome reflections on 
 the folly and fuperltition of the inhabitants. 
 
 From Abonitichos to the river ^Eginetis 150 ftadia. From the 
 river JBginetis to Cinolis 150 ftadia. This place Hill retains its 
 ancient name, being now called Cimoli, or Cinoli. 
 
 From Cinolis to Stephanes 180 ftadia. This place alfo keeps its 
 ancient name, being now called Stephane, or, according to Arrow- 
 fmith's chart, Iftifane. Tournefort fays, it is a beautiful village, 
 in which rank it is placed by Ptolemy. 
 
 From Stephanes to Potamos 150 ftadia. From Potamos to 
 Leptes acra 120 ftadia. From Leptes acra to Harmene 60 ftadia. 
 Harmene was a village s belonging to Sinope, with a good port, 
 as we are told by Strabo, Marcianus Heracleota, and Scylax. 
 Ptolemy makes the 1 diftance between Harmene and Carambis to 
 be 78O ftadia, and "Arrowfmith's chart gives 855 ftadia, but Arrian 
 makes it 930 ftadia. As Arrian followed the coaft, the doubling 
 of Cape Stephane would increafe the diftance, and perhaps to that 
 amount. It is now called Armiro. 
 
 From Harmene to Sinope 40 ftadia. Strabo makes this diftance 
 
 14 Xenoph. Anab. lib. vi. of 768 ftadia nearly. Average of both 751 
 
 1 The difference between Harmene and Ca- ftadia nearly. The Greek copy gives the la- 
 
 rambis is, according to Ptolemy, titude both of Carambis and Harmene nearly 
 
 Long. i° 36', Lat. 24', Latin copy j true, according to fome maps ; but maps, 
 
 Long. i° 5', Lat. i°, Greek copy; even the moft modern, vary much from one 
 
 equal, according to the Latin copy, to 84.285 another. 
 
 Englifti miles, or 734 ftadia nearly. Accord- u 98 Englifti miles, 
 ing to the Greek copy, = 88 Englifti miles, 
 
 to 
 
68 DISSERTATION, 
 
 to be 50 tfadia. Sinope was a colony of the Milefians, and the 
 moft famous of any of the cities on the Euxine fea. It was the 
 birth-place and refidence of Mithridates Eupator, who made it the 
 capital city of Pontus. It was fituated upon the ifthmus of a pen- 
 infula, about fix miles in circuit, and terminating in a confiderable 
 cape, or head-land. It is mentioned by Apollonius and by Vale- 
 rius Flaccus, as fubfifting in the time of the Argonauts. It had 
 two ports, one on each fide of the ifthmus, and was remarkable 
 for its tunny filhery. The city, and particularly the fuburbs, 
 were very magnificent, and ornamented with a gymnafium, a 
 forum, and fuperb porticos. The land furrounding it was fertile, 
 and fuited both to gardens and agriculture. It was once a feat of 
 learning, and of arts, being the birth-place of Diogenes, the 
 Cynic philpfopher; and Strabo mentions the Sphere of Billarus the 
 aftronomer, which was taken away from this city by Lucullus. 
 Both Strabo and Plutarch mention a celebrated fiatue, by the 
 fculptor Sthenis, of Autolycus, who was one of the companions 
 of Hercules, and, as Strabo thinks, one of the Argonauts, and the 
 founder of Sinope, which fiatue was carried away by Lucullus. 
 Tournefort, who was at Sinope, concurs exactly with Strabo in his 
 account of this place. Its prefent trade confifis of fiilted fifh, 
 particularly young tunnies, as in former ages. 
 
 Stadia. 
 
 From Heraclea to Sinope is, according to Strabo, 2000 
 
 according to A rrian, 2140 
 
 according to Ptolemy,/ 1881 J'--".' C °^' 
 fo 12 1 57 Lat.cop. 
 
 In a firaight line, according to D'Anville, 1 300 
 according to Arrowfmith, 1747 
 
 From 
 
i 
 
 DISSERTATION, 69 
 
 Stadia. 
 
 From Fanum Jovis Urii to Sinope is, according to Strabo, 3500 
 
 according to Arrian, 3690 
 according to Ptolemy, 3476.5 * 
 
 In a itraight line, according to D'Anville, 2644 
 according to Arrowfmith, 2733 
 
 From Carambis to Sinope is, according to Strabo, 700 
 
 according to Arrian, 970 
 
 according to D'Anville, 5 00 
 
 according to Arrowfmith, 838 
 
 From Cy torus to Sinope is, according to Pliny, 104 Greek 
 miles, equal to 
 
 according to Arrian, - - 1240 
 according to Arrowfmith's chart, 
 115 Eng. miles, or 
 
 From Sinope to Carufa 150 fladia. This place ftill preferves its 
 name, being called Carfa at prefent, according to Tournefort, or 
 Kefereh, according to Arrowfmith's chart. Tournefort travelled 
 this ftage himfelf, and found it, as he fays, 1 8 miles, and obferves 
 thereupon, that 18| miles make juft 150 lladia ; and that " it is 
 " furprifing that the meafures of the ancients mould anfwer fo 
 " exactly as they do to modem computation." In confirmation 
 of this, we may obferve, that Arrowfmith's chart makes this dif- 
 tance to be 19 miles. 
 
 From Carufa to Zagora 150 iladia. Zagora in the Peutingerian 
 
 x This is the average of the numbers in the Latin and Greek copy. 
 
 Tables 
 
 1312 
 
 1004 
 
7 o 
 
 DISSERTATION. 
 
 Tables is placed to the eaft of the Halys. Ptolemy, as well as 
 Arrian, places it to the well of that river. 
 
 From Zagora to the river Halys 300 ftadia. This river takes its 
 name, as Strabo tells us, from the beds of foffil fait, through which 
 it flows. Tournefort obferves, in confirmation hereof, that " all 
 " the country is full of foffil fait, which is found even in the great 
 " roads, and arable grounds." Arrian' s account of the rife of this 
 river to the eaftward, rather than to the fouth, is confirmed by 
 Tournefort, who alfo bears teftimony to the accuracy of Strabo, 
 who fays, that it rifes in the greater Cappadocia, where it flows 
 towards the weft, and then winds towards the north, through 
 Galatia and Paphlagonia. The maps of Ptolemy mark its courfe in 
 much the fame way. It muft however be acknowledged, in favour 
 of Herodotus, who gives the account, which is here corrected by 
 Arrian, that its courfe is, for a conliderable fpace, from the fouth- 
 ward. D'Anville's map makes two rivers of this name, which, in 
 their courfe, unite. One of thefe, according to him, rifes near the 
 borders of Cilicia, not far from the Cydnus, and nearly fouth of 
 the mouth of the Halys. Xenophon } fays, that it was (not far 
 from the mouth, I fuppofe) two ftadia, or 1208^ feet, in breadth ; 
 but perhaps this may not be a correct account, as it is in a Ipeech 
 intended to magnify the difficulties of the paflage. This river is 
 mentioned by ' Apollonius, and by a Valerius Flaccus. 
 
 From the river Halys to Nauftathmos 30 ftadia. From Nauftath- 
 mos to Conoparum 50 ftadia. This was a lake, probably fo called 
 from the multitude of infe&s which it produced. 
 
 y Xenoph. Anabaf. lib. v. a Val. Flacc. lib. iii. verf. 157. 
 
 f Argon, lib. ii. verf. 
 
 From 
 
DISSERTATION. 
 
 From Conopaium to Eufene 120 Iladia. From Eufene to 
 Amifus 1O0 Iladia. Strabo and Stephanus Byzantinus fay, that it 
 is 900 Iladia from Sinope to Amifus. Arrian makes it loOo. 
 According to the Peutingerian Tables, it is 94 m. p. from Sinope 
 to Amifus, equal to 752 Iladia. Pliny fays, that it is 130 miles, 
 equal to 1040 Iladia, not very different from Arrian's computation. 
 D'Anville makes it to be only 740 Iladia. Arrowfinith's chart 
 makes it to be about 89.5 Englifh miles, equal to about 78 1 Iladia. 
 Citizen Beauchamp's Geography of the Black fea makes it to be 
 75', equal to about 87 Englifh miles, or 756 Iladia. Strabo fays, 
 that the dillance from Trapezus to Amifus is about 2200 Iladia. 
 According to Arrian, it is 2325 Iladia. Arrowfmith's chart makes 
 it nearly 3° of longitude, which in latitude 41° is about 157.5 
 Englifh miles, or 1370 Iladia nearly. 
 
 From Trapezus to the Phafis is, according to Strabo, near 1400 
 Iladia. Arrian makes it 1450, which agrees well with Strabo, 
 who meant to exprefs a rude calculation only. It is not, by 
 Arrowfmith's chart, more than 947 Iladia, in a direcl line; but 
 that is not the dillance underilood by thefe writers, 
 
 Strabo, in the fame place, counts it about 8000 Iladia from the 
 Fanum Jovis Urii to the Phafis. Arrian makes it, from the Fanum 
 Jovis Urii to Trapezus, O935 Iladia, and from Trapezus to the 
 Phafis 1450, in all 8385 Iladia; a difference in the proportion 
 nearly of 20 to 19, which is no great difference in a rude cal- 
 culation. 
 
 From Amifus to Ancon 160 Iladia. This is the mouth of the 
 Iris, the larger! river, according to Tournefort, on this coall. The 
 
 river 
 
J2 
 
 DISSERTATION. 
 
 river is now called Cafalmac. The dillance is put down in the 
 Peutingerian Tables at 22 Greek miles, not far from Arrian's 
 calculation. 
 
 From Ancon to the promontory Heraeleum 3 So ftadia. The Peu- 
 tingerian Tables make it 40 miles, or 320 ftadia. 
 
 From Heraeleum to the river Thermodon 40 lladia. This river 
 is mentioned by b Apollonius, who fays, that it rifes in the moun- 
 tains of the Amazons, and that it divides into no lefs than 96 
 ftreams. This circumftance feems to indicate, that it runs through 
 a flat country, which is laid by Tournefort to be the cafe. This 
 river is alfo mentioned by c Valerius Flaccus. It rifes, according to 
 Strabo, among hills, bordering on the plains of Themifcyra, from 
 a variety of fources ; whereas Apollonius fays, that it rifes from 
 one only. Perhaps Strabo might take, what Apollonius defcribes 
 as fo many divilions or branches of the river, for fo many Itreams, 
 that contributed to form it. Xenophon fays, that it was 3 00 feet 
 wide. Arrowfmith's, and another chart, put it down under the, 
 name of Therme, or Termeh. 
 
 From the river Thermodon to the river Beris 90 lladia. From 
 the river Beris to the river Thoaris Go fladia. From the river 
 Thoaris to Oenoe 30 fladia. From Oenoe to Phigamus 40 fladia. 
 From Phigamus to Phadifana 150 lladia. 
 
 From the river Thermodon to Phadifana is nearly 31 Englim 
 miles, by Arrowfmith's chart, which is little more than 270 liadia; 
 
 b Argon, lib. ii. verf. 972. c Lib. iv. verf. 610. 
 
 whereas 
 
DISSERTATION. 73 
 
 whereas Arrian makes it to be 370 ftadia. Arrian's meamrement 
 however followed the coaft, which is rather irregular. A place 
 called Fatfa, faid to be of great trade, is in this lituation, and the 
 river, at the mouth of which it Hands, is called Phadizza, or, ac- 
 cording to Tournefort, Yatiza. He mentions the place at the 
 mouth as a village only. 
 
 From Phadifana to Polemonium lo ftadia. Pliny fays, that from 
 Amifus to Polemonium is 120 miles, equal to 9G0 Itadia. Arrian 
 makes it 940 itadia, or U7i miles". 
 
 From Polemonium to Cape Jafonium 130 ftadia. This cape 
 retains its ancient name, and adds to the teftimonies yet remaining 
 of the Argonautic expedition. 
 
 From Jafonium to the Infula Cilicum 15 ftadia. From the 
 Infula Cilicum to Boona 75 Itadia, (now Cape Vona, according to 
 Arrowfmith. 6 ) From Boona to Cotyora 90 Itadia. This feems 
 to have been in ruins in Strabo's time, having been demolifhed to 
 build Cerafus and Ifchopolis. It was probably a larger place at 
 the time of Cyrus's expedition. Xenophon informs us, that it 
 was a Greek city and a colony from Sinope. 
 
 d The Peutingerian Tables make it 127 
 miles, or 1016 itadia. 
 
 From Amifus to Ancon, 
 From Ancon to Heracleum, 
 From Heracleum to Cena, 
 From Cena to Camila, 
 From Camila to Pytane, 
 From pytane to Polemonium, 
 127 x 8 = iox6. 
 
 M. P. 
 
 22 
 40 
 30 
 7 
 
 127 
 
 e From Cape Jafonium to Cape Vona is, 
 on Arrowfmith's chart, about nine Englifh 
 miles and a quarter, or about 82 ftadia, in a 
 right line. 
 
 From 
 
74 
 
 DISSERTATION. 
 
 From Cotyora to Melanthius Co lladia. From Melanthius to 
 Pharmatenus 150 lladia. From Pharmatenus to Pharnacea 120 
 lladia. This place, as well as fome others in the fame country, 
 has recovered its ancient name, being now called Cerafonte, or Kiri- 
 fontho f . It is well known to have been famous in early times for 
 the cherry fruit; andTournefort fays, that at prefent cherry-trees e 
 grow naturally, and in great abundance, in that neighbourhood. 
 
 From Pharnacea to the- ifland Arrhentias 3o lladia. From 
 Arrhentias to Zephyrium 120 lladia. Arrian makes it 420 iladia 
 from Melanthius to Zephyrium h , the Pcutingerian Tables make it 
 to be 480 lladia, or 6o Greek miles. 
 
 From Zephyrium to Tripolis go lladia. Tournefort fays, that 
 Tripolis is 30 miles from Cerafonte. Arrian makes it 240 lladia, 
 er 30 Greek miles. 
 
 From Tripolis to Argyria 20 lladia. From Argyria to Philocalea 
 go Itadia. From Philocalea to Coralla loo lladia. From Coralla 
 to Hieron Oros 150 lladia. This is called Cape Ioros, or Ioros 
 
 f Kerefoun, Arrowfmith — Ghirecin, or 
 Kerefontas, Laurie's chart. 
 
 e Pliny, St. Jerome, and one of the Sophifts 
 in Athenaeus, fpeak of the cherry-tree as 
 being firft brought into Italy from the town 
 of Cerafus, in Pontus. But it was well known 
 in Greece at the time of Theophraftus, who 
 defcribes it accurately, and at length, and calls 
 it by the name of xegac-o?. The perfon like- 
 wife, who anfwers the Sophift in Athenaeus, 
 fays, that Diphilus, who lived in the time of 
 Lyfimachus, had delcribed the fruit byjuame, 
 
 and given an account of its qualities. It ap- 
 pears from Servius, that the tree was known in 
 Italy before the time of Lucullus, but that he 
 introduced a better kind from Afia Minor. 
 Cafaubon thinks, that the place received its 
 name from the fruit, and the obfervation of 
 Tournefort, cited here, gives probability to 
 this conjecture. 
 
 h This was a promontory, now called Kara 
 Bouroun, or the Black Cape, perhaps for the 
 fame reafons as Acra Melaena was fo called. 
 
 Burun, 
 
DISSERTATION. 
 
 75 
 
 Burun, at prefent. From Hieron Oros to Cordyla 40 Itadia. The 
 Peutingerian Tables make it to be 30 miles from Cordyla to Philo- 
 calea. Arrian reckons it to be 290 liadia, or 364 miles. 
 
 From Cordyla to HermonalTa 45 Itadia. From Hermonafla to 
 Trapezus Oo Itadia. The Peutingerian Tables make it 15 miles 
 from Trapezus to Cordyla. Arrian makes it 105 itadia, equal to 
 rather more than 1 3 Greek miles. 
 
 Arrian here fums up the account of the diitances of T:he places 
 from one another, in his own voyage from Trapezus to Diofcurias, 
 and finds them to amount to 2260 liadia, which number cor- 
 refponds exactly with the feparate accounts of the diftances, and 
 is an undeniable proof of the corredtneis of the numbers fpecified 
 in the text. 
 
 The voyage from Diofcurias to the Cimmerian Bofporus was 
 alfo, I am inclined to think, performed by Arrian himfelf in per- 
 fon, on his hearing of the death of King Cotys ; and was meant 
 to facilitate any interference which the Roman Government might 
 choofe to employ in the affairs of that country. This was pro- 
 felTedly his intention ; but whether he executed it personally, or 
 not, is not clear. 
 
 The firlt place mentioned in the voyage, northward from Diof- 
 curias, is Pityus, which lies rather to the north-well of Diofcurias, 
 and is the firft lituation mentioned, where the coaft bends in any 
 confiderable degree to the weilward, which circumftance is re- 
 marked by Strabo 1 , when fpeaking of the direction of the coall. 
 
 ' Lib. xi. p. 497. Ed. Parif. 
 L 2 
 
 rt 
 
7 6 
 
 DISSERTATION. 
 
 It is reckoned by Arrian to be 350 ftadia, or 4 3. 75 Greek miles, 
 or about 40 Englith miles diflant from Diofcurias. Strabo agrees 
 nearly herewith, as he makes it 36o ftadia, a trifling difference 
 from the calculation of Arrian. There is a place of nearly the 
 fame name k Hill on this coaft, but it appears much farther to the 
 north than the lituation defcribed by Arrian. It probably derived 
 its name from the pine-trees, which ftill grow in great plenty 
 throughout all that country. It is called by Strabo " the great 
 " Pityus," and by Pliny, " oppidum opulentiffimum," probably 
 from its Iharing with Diofcurias in the trade of the Eaft. 
 
 Arrian fpeaks of Diofcurias as the boundary of the Roman 
 Empire, whereas Theodoret, who lived in the fifth century, and at 
 leafi: 300 years later than Arrian, and when the Empire was in 
 a declining ftate, mentions Pityus as the frontier 1 place. It was 
 regarded in Hill later times as a fortrefs only, and both this place 
 and Sebaliopolis are confidered in that light by Procopius, and in 
 the Preface to the 28 th Conftitution of the Novels of Jullinian. 
 
 From Pityus m to Nitica 150 fladia. Beyond Pityus, Theodoret 
 reprefents the people, as ferocioully favage", and this is probable 
 from A man's account of them, as Nitica was the refort or the 
 refidence of the Scythian Phthirophagi, or Lice-eaters. Arrian 
 feems to caft an oblique cenfure on Herodotus, for his account of 
 Ihefe people; but they are mentioned both by Strabo and by Pliny, 
 
 k Bityunta — Map of the country between 
 the Black lea and the Cafpian. Byzjunta — 
 Arrowfmith's chart. 
 
 1 Theodor. Ilift. Ecclefiaft. lib. v. c. 34. 
 
 m Frocopiys fays, it is two days journey 
 
 •from Sebaftopolis to Pityus. If this be meant 
 of a day's journey for a foot traveller, which 
 was ufually reckoned at 20 miles a day, it agrees 
 nearly with Strabo and Arrian. 
 
 11 WWWTOTOIJ fiuf^XfOiq, 
 
 without 
 
DISSERTATION. 
 
 77 
 
 without any marks of dilbelief of their exiitence ; and it is faid% 
 that fome modern favages refemble the ancient, and their counter- 
 part monkies, in being fond of this beailly viand. Arrian might 
 certainly have fpared his cenfure of Herodotus, as he owns, that 
 what that Hiftorian relates was the common opinion in his own 
 time. 
 
 From Nitica to the river Abafcus 90 fladia. This river proba- 
 bly belonged to the Abafgi before mentioned. 
 
 From the Abafcus to the river Borgys 120 lladia. From the 
 Borgys to the Nells 60 fladia. Arrian fays, that here was the 
 promontory Herculeum. If there be no millake here, there was 
 another place of the fame name about 300 fladia to the northward. 
 
 From Nells to Mafaetica 90 fladia. From Mafktica to the 
 Achceus 60 fladia. Arrian obferves, that this river feparates the 
 nation of the Zicchi from that of the Sanigae, and that Satchempax 
 was king of the Zicchi, and nominated by Hadrian, which mews 
 that the Romans interfered in the nomination of kings beyond 
 the limits of their own acknowledged territories. 
 
 From the Achams to Promontorium Herculis 150 fladia. From 
 Promontorium Herculis to another promontory 1 80 lladia. From 
 the other promontory to ancient Lazica 120 iladia. The Lazi were 
 the old inhabitants of this country, according to Procopius p , and 
 changed their name into that of Colchi. Thefe people were in 
 fome meafure fubjed to Rome, as Julius Capitolinus tells us, that 
 
 0 See Hearne's Journey from Prince of fan. Editor. 
 Wales's fort to the Copper-mine river, pal- v Bell. Goth. lib. iv. c. 13. 
 
 Antoninus 
 
7 8 
 
 DISSERTATION. 
 
 Antoninus Pius nominated Pacorus to be their king; and it appears 
 from Procopius q , that fomething of the fame kind, although pro- 
 bably more in mew than in reality, was continued for many ages 
 afterwards. 
 
 From ancient Lazica to ancient Achaia 150 ftadia. Strabo inti- 
 mates, that this name of Achaia was derived from fome of the 
 Theffalians of Phthiotis, who fettled here at the time of the Argo- 
 nautic expedition, and that the Lacedemonians alfo formed a 
 fettlement in Ileniochia under their leaders, Rhecas and Amphi- 
 ftratus, who were charioteers to the Diofcuri, or Caftor and 
 Pollux ; and this circumftance is faid to have given occalion to the 
 name 'Hv/o^os- ; another memorial of the Argonautic expedition. 
 
 From ancient Achaia to Pagrae 350 ftadia. From Pagra; to the 
 Sacred port 180 ftadia. There is a place on this coaft, which ftill 
 retains the name in a kind of mixture of Turkilh and Greek, 
 being called Koddos-liman r , which has the fame meaning. This 
 is about l6o Englifli miles, or 1400 fladia, in a ftraight line from 
 Ilkouriah, or Diofcurias ; but Arrian makes it amount to 1990 
 ftadia. The computation however of thefe diftances may be ex- 
 pected to be lefs correct, as they refer to places beyond the bounds 
 of the Empire. 
 
 From the Sacred port to Sindica 3 00 ftadia. Strabo calls this a 
 port, and one called Sundgik Liman ftill remains at the diftance of 
 about 5 1 Englifli miles from the Sacred port, which is fufficiently 
 
 * Bell. Perficum, lib. ii. c. i^. fea. Arrowfmith's chart calls it Kaldof- 
 
 r JLaurie and Whittle's chart of the Black liman. 
 
 near 
 
DISSERTATION. 
 
 79 
 
 near to make it probable that this is the place meant by Arrian, 
 Scylax, as well as Strabo, calls it the Sindic port. 
 
 From Sindica to Panticapseum 540 ftadia. The diftance on the 
 modern maps is about 74 miles, or rather more than 640 ftadia 8 . 
 Panticapaeum was the principal city of the Cimmerian Bofporus, 
 on the European fide, as Phanagoria was on the Aliatic. It was 
 a colony of the Milefians \ frtuated on an eminence, 20 ftadia in 
 compafs, with a port and a citadel to the eaftward. It was in 
 early times a free city, but fell afterwards under the power of 
 Mithridates. It feems however to have been a free city in the time 
 of Arrian. The mouth of the Tanais, where it empties itfelf into 
 the Black fea, through the Palus Maeotis, forms the Cimmerian 
 Bofporus, and in early times was counted to mark the boundary 
 between Europe and Afia, as Arrian mews by his quotation from 
 ^Efchylus. 
 
 The whole diftance from Diolcurias to Panticapaeum is, according 
 to Arrian, 2890 ftadia, equal to 331 Englilh miles nearly. Ac- 
 cording to Arrowfmith's chart, the rectilinear diftance is 251 
 Englifh miles nearly, or about 2200 ftadia. The map of the 
 country between the Black fea and the Cafpian makes it 236" 
 miles, and Faden's map 243 Engliih miles. 
 
 We now enter upon the European part of this voyage. 
 
 From Panticapaeum to Cazeca 420 ftadia. This is probably the 
 
 8 By Faden's map : but Arrowfmith makes 
 it much lefs, not more than 56^ Englifh 
 miles : the Ruffian map however makes it 70 
 Englifh miles. 
 
 1 Harum (fc. Milefiarum civitatum) velut 
 mater omnium, Panticapaeum. Ammian. 
 lib. xxii* c, 8. 
 
 place 
 
8o 
 
 DISSERTATION. 
 
 place fet down in the Ruffian map under the name of Konezek, 
 *is it lies oil. tlie conXl^ nfoont of* tlie way from Panticapaeum 
 to Theodofia. 
 
 From Cazeca to Theodofia 280 ftadia. Strabo computes the 
 difrance between Panticapaeum and Theodofia to be 530 ftadia. 
 This is nearly true, if it be reckoned in a ilraight line : but if it 
 be meafured round the capes and head-lands, it will agree nearly 
 with that given by Arrian. The account of the diltance in Plinv 
 is too corrupt to be depended upon. The author of the fragment 
 of the Periplus of the Euxine fea fays, that Theodofia was then 
 called by the Alani, Ardauda, from the feven deities worshipped 
 there, as that word lignifies in the Alanic language. 
 
 Theodofia was an ancient Greek city, a colony of the Milefians, 
 and, with many cities" on this coaft, was remarkable for monu- 
 ments of literature. Arrian remarks, that it was deferted, and 
 probably in ruins, in his time. It ltill fubfifts under the name of 
 KafFa; but whether the modern town Hands exactly on the fame 
 fite with the ancient, is doubtful. It had a good port, and was 
 fituated in a fertile country. It recovered itfelf during the middle 
 ages under the Genoefe government, who took it A. D. 1200, 
 and made it an emporium for eafiern commodities. It was taken 
 from them by the Turks, A. D. 1474, and is again in decay, 
 although it Hill fubfifts as a confiderable town. 
 
 From Theodofia to a port of the Tauro-Scytha? 200 ftadia. 
 We are told by Pliny, that there were feveral of thefe on this 
 
 11 Ammianus fays of the Cherronefus, that it was " coloniarum plena Grsecarum." Lib. xxii. 
 cap. 8. 
 
 coafL 
 
DISSERTATION. 
 
 81 
 
 coaft. They feem to have been the refort of pirates, which was 
 the character of the people. It appears from the fragment of 
 the Periplus above cited, that this place was called Athenaion. In 
 Arrian's time it was deferted. 
 
 From the port of the Tauro-Scytha? to Halmitis Taurica Ooo 
 ftadia. It is fomewhat extraordinary that Arrian mould pafs by 
 the celebrated promontory of Criu-Metopon x unnoticed, which 
 lies between the port laft mentioned and Halmitis Taurica, and is 
 oppofite nearly to the promontory of Carambis on the fouth fide, 
 and, as it were, divides the Euxine fea into two parts. 
 
 From Halmitis to Symboli Portus 520 Itadia. This was, ac- 
 cording to Strabo, a piratical fea-port, belonging to the ancient 
 Scythians. 
 
 From Symboli Portus to Cherronefus Taurica 180 ftadia. This 
 was a colony from Heraclea, fituated on the fouth-weft part of 
 the peninfula. It was called Cherfon by the late writers, as 
 Zonaras, Procopius, and others. It is not, however, the fame 
 place with the one which has at prefent that name, that being 
 fituated on the weftern fide of the Boryfthenes. 
 
 From Cherronefus Taurica to Cercinetis Ooo fladia. From Cer- 
 cinetis to Calus 700 ftadia. From Calus to Tamyraca 3 00 fiadia. 
 There is here a road or fiation for Ihips, according to Strabo. 
 This place was, at an early period, the capital city of Sarmatia 
 Europaea. 
 
 x Now called Cape Avia, Arrowfmith ; or Ava-Burun, or Cape Karadge, Faden. 
 
 m From 
 
DISSERTATION. 
 
 From Tamyraca to the Oftium Paludis 300 fladia. The marlh 
 here alluded to is formed by the peninfula of Dromos Achillis 
 running parallel with the more to the welfward. 
 
 From the Qftium Paludis to iEona 380 fladia. From JEona to 
 the Boryllhenes 150 lladia. Arrian mentions Olbia, which lies on 
 the weftern lide of the Boryllhenes, near its mouth, which was a 
 Greek city, and in the time of Strabo a place of great trade, and 
 an emporium for manufactures. It was alfo called Boryllhenes, 
 and feems to have been lituated nearly where Ockzakow now 
 Hands. 
 
 From the Boryllhenes to a defert ifland Oo lladia. From the 
 defert ifland to Odeflus 80 fladia. This is called (Melius, or Or- 
 delTus, by Ptolemy, and is defcribed by him as lying on the river 
 Axiacus, which does not difagree with the lituation affigned by 
 Arrian. 
 
 From Odeflus to the Portus Iftrianorum 250 fladia. From the 
 Portus Illrianorum to the Portus Iliacorum 50 fladia. From the 
 Portus Iliacorum to the Pfilon Os Mri 1200 fladia. The inter- 
 mediate country was defert, and without a name. This mouth, 
 as the name implied, was the fmallefl of the mouths of the Da- 
 nube, and feems now to be nearly choaked up. It is called Kilia- 
 Bogali in Arrowfmith's chart, and lies in Lat. 45° 28', and in 
 Long, eall from Greenwich, 29 0 15', and from Ferro 47 0 o' 5'd'. 
 
 From the Os Pfilon to the fecond mouth of the Danube 60 lladia. 
 Some of the modern maps mark out five mouths of the Danube; 
 but Arrowfmith's chart notices four only. The fecond mouth is 
 
 called 
 
DISSERTATION. 
 
 83 
 
 called Rufld Bogafi, and is faid to be the deepen 1 . To the north 
 of the firfi: mouth lay the illand of Achilles, which Arrian feems 
 to have miftaken for the Dromos, or Courfe of Achilles, which 
 was a peninfula to the north of the hland. The ifland was called 
 Leuce y , or white, from its colour, and is noticed under that name 
 by Ptolemy. It feems the fame that is at prefent called Uan- 
 Adafli, or Serpents Ifland. Arrian fpends more words in the de- 
 fcription of this infignificant place than it feems to merit ; but as 
 he has thought proper to do fo, I fhall notice what he fays. It. 
 appears to have been inhabited 2 in his time by a few goats only ; 
 but there was a temple in it, which contained many votive offer- 
 ings 1 , as cups, rings, and precious ftones. There were likewife 
 infcriptions, both in the Greek and Latin languages, hung up in 
 the temple, in honour both of Achilles and of Patroclus ; and 
 facrifices were performed there, which fhews that the fuperftition 
 continued until the time of Arrian, and is another inftance of the 
 prefervation of the ancient Greek traditions in this country. He 
 remarks, that the fiery vapours, which are probably electrical, and 
 which are frequently leen in the Mediterranean fea, playing about 
 the mails, yards, and rigging of the fliip, which went formerly 
 under the name of Cailor and Pollux, and are now called the fires 
 of St. Helmo, were feen about this illand, and were then called 
 the fires of Achilles, and were at that time thought, as they have 
 been in later times, to foretell a prolperous voyage. 
 
 From the fecond mouth of the Danube to the one called KctAov 
 40 ftadia. From the mouth called KdXov to the one called NcL&utov 
 
 >' Philoftratus fays, it was 30 ftadia in length, being inhabited. Philoftrat. Heroic, 
 and four in breadth. Heroic, c. xix. feci. 16. a Donariis eidem heroi confecratis. Am- 
 z The fuperftition of the times forbad its mian. lib. xxii. c. 8. 
 
 M 2 Oo 
 
8 4 
 
 DISSERTATION. 
 
 Go ftadia. From the mouth laft mentioned to the fifth mouth 
 120 ftadia. Arrian makes only five mouths to the Danube, but 
 Pliny and Ptolemy reckon fix. The names afligned by Pliny are, 
 1. Spireofioma ; 2. Boreoiioma ; 3. Pfeudoftoma; 4. Caloftoma ; 
 5. Naracoftoma; 6. Peuce. Pliny fays, that the fifth mouth was 
 fo called, " a congelatis et ftupidis pifcibus, quarum ibi magna copia 
 " reperitur." The fixth mouth is probably fo called from the pine- 
 trees, which grow plentifully on all the fides of the Euxine fea. 
 The names given by Ptolemy agree nearly with thofe of Pliny. 
 
 Names of the 
 mouths. 
 
 Longitude. 
 
 Latitude. 
 
 
 Diftances. 
 
 From 
 
 
 55° 2°' 
 
 4 6° 30' 
 
 Latin copy and 
 Greek agree 
 
 36.5 Eng. miles. 
 
 To 
 From 
 
 
 5 6° 
 
 4^° 45' 
 
 Latin copy and 
 Greek agree 
 
 54 Eng. miles. 
 
 To 
 From 
 
 
 55° 40' 
 5b° 15' 
 
 47° 15 
 47 0 
 
 Latin copy 
 Greek copy 
 
 26 Eng. miles, Latin copy. 
 
 To 
 From 
 
 
 56° 15' 
 
 47° 
 
 Latin copy and 
 Greek agree 
 
 21 Eng. miles. 
 
 To 
 From 
 
 BooeIov 
 
 5 6 °3°' 
 
 4-6° 45 
 47° 
 
 Latin copy 
 Greek copy 
 
 47.5 Eng. miles. Gr. copy. 
 
 fo 
 
 From 
 
 'IvccpiocKlov 
 
 5 6° 20' 
 
 46 0 20' 
 
 Latin copy and 
 Greek agree 
 
 t 
 
 26 Eng. miles. 
 
 To 
 From 
 
 
 5^° 15' 
 
 46° 40' 
 
 Latin copy and 
 Greek agree 
 
 1 1. 5 Eng. miles. 
 
 re 
 
 KaXov 
 
 5*° 15' 
 
 46 0 30' 
 
 Latin copy and 
 Greek agree 
 
 Total 222.5 Englifh miles, 
 very incorrect. 
 
 Arrian makes this diftance to be only 280 fladia, a wide dif- 
 ference from the computation of Ptolemy. 
 
 Arrowfmith's chart, and that of Laurie and Whittle, make 
 only four mouths of the Danube ; but Faden's map makes them 
 to be five, one of them a branch of one of the other mouths, and 
 
 which 
 
DISSERTATION. 
 
 85 
 
 which I fuppofe to be the one called (probably from that circum- 
 ftance) Pfeudoftoma, by Pliny and Ptolemy. 
 
 Diftance according to Arrowfmith's chart, 
 
 From the firft mouth (Kilia Bogafi) to the fe- 7 ^, 
 
 cond, called Sulina Bogafi, * 
 From the fecond to the third, Ghiurcheri, .... 17' 
 From the third to the fourth, Vizi Bogafi, 7' 3o" 
 
 40' 30" 
 
 Equal to 47 Englilh miles, or about 409 ftadia. 
 
 Laurie and Whittle's chart varies but little, and thefe calculations 
 are a kind of mean between thofe of Arrian and of Ptolemy. It 
 is pofiible that the river may have changed its courfe, and fome of 
 the mouths be blocked up, or choaked with foil and fund, brought 
 down by the current. 
 
 The fifth mouth of Arrian is the fame with the fixth of Pliny 
 and of Ptolemy. Strabo makes feven mouths, and about 300 
 ftadia, or about 37i Greek miles, or 34l Englifh miles from the 
 firft to the feventh. He reckons the order of them in an oppofite 
 direction to Arrian, as he counts the moft foutherly to be the firft. 
 
 From the fifth mouth to the city of Iftria 500 ftadia. Strabo 
 fays, that from Peuce to Iftria is 500 ftadia. D'Anville makes it 
 to be 400 ftadia only, which is nearly the diftance which a place 
 called Viftar, or Viftwar, meafures on modern maps. Perhaps this 
 may be the fite of the ancient city of Iftria, or Iftropolis, although 
 the diftances do not exactly agree. 
 
 From 
 
86 
 
 DISSERTATION. 
 
 From Ifhia toTomi 300 fladia. This is fet down in the Peutin- 
 gerian Tables at 40 Greek miles, equal to 320 ftadia, agreeing nearly 
 with Arrian. Antoninus's Itinerary makes it to be 30 miles, or 
 288 ftadia, which approaches flill nearer to Arrian. Strabo makes 
 it to be only 250 ftadia, or 31i Greek miles. From the mouth of 
 the river, on which Vifiwar is lituated, to Baba, or Tomifwar, is, 
 by Laurie and Whittle's chart, 34 Englifh miles, equal to 37 Greek 
 miles nearly, and very near 300 ftadia. Tomi feems to have been 
 a more confiderable place at the time the Peutingerian Tables were 
 conftrucled, than it was in that of Ovid b . Hoffman fays, in his 
 Lexicon, that there is a lake there, which in its name (Ouvido 
 Jezeoro) carries fome memorial of that poet. The name of Tomi e 
 bears, according to Ovid, a teftimony refpe&ing the Argonautic 
 expedition. Perhaps Tomi might have become more confiderable* 3 
 after the removal of the imperial feat to Confiantinople, from its 
 neighbourhood to that city. 
 
 From Tomi to Callantra 3oo ftadia. This appears to be the 
 Callatis of other authors. Strabo makes this diftance to be 280 
 ftadia, or 35 Greek miles. The Peutingerian Tables make it to be 
 34 Greek miles, equal to 272 ftadia. The Itinerary makes it 30 
 Greek miles, or 240 ftadia. The diftance from Tomi to Callatis 
 is, in D'Anville's map, about 2 80 fladia. In Arrowfmith's chart, 
 
 b There is in Goltzius a coin of Tomi, of from the cutting the tunnies into pieces for 
 
 the head of a young man with a laurel crown, curing. The Tomus Thyrianus is well known, 
 
 with a lyre by him, which probably was and why mould not a place on a coaft fo cele- 
 
 meant for Ovid. brated for the preparation of the tunny, have 
 
 « Inde Tomos dictus locus hie, quia fertur the name of Tomi ? Editor. 
 
 in iHo d Iftropolis, Tomi, and Callatis appear to 
 
 Membra foror fratris confecuiffe fui. have been flourishing places in Pliny's time, 
 
 Trift. lib. iii. eleg. 9. as he calls them " pulcherrimas urbes." 
 I mould rather fuppofe, that it had its name 
 
 the 
 
DISSERTATION. 
 
 »7 
 
 the diftance from Tomifwar to Mankala is 3 1 i Engluli miles, equal 
 nearly to 273 ftadia, which makes it likely to be the fame place. 
 
 From Callantra to Cams Portus 180 ftadia. From Cams to Te- 
 trifias Acra 120 jftadia. This is probably the place called TrhTa in 
 the Peutingerian Tables, and is placed 24 miles from Callantra, or 
 Callatis. It is called Tirillria Promontorium by Ptolemy, and Ti- 
 riftis by Mela. 
 
 From Tetrhlas to Bizus 60 lladia. This is called Bizon in Pliny, 
 and is faid by him to have been fwallowed up by an earthquake c . 
 It is called Bihone in the Peutingerian Tables, and is put down as 
 1 2 miles dillant from Trilfa. 
 
 From Bizus to Dionyfopolis 80 ftadia. This diftance is marked 
 12 miles, or 96 ftadia, in the Peutingerian Tables. The Itinerary 
 makes it 42 miles from Callatis to Dionyfopolis, equal to 330 
 ftadia. Arrian makes it 440 ftadia. From Tomi to Varna, or 
 Dionyfopolis, meafures on the map 97 Englilh miles, allowing for 
 the doubling of the Cape. In Arrowfmith's chart, it meafures 91 
 miles, or nearly 800 ftadia. Arrian makes it to be 740 ftadia, or 
 nearly 85 Engluli miles. It was formerly called Kpvm, from the 
 fprings of water in its neighbourhood ; and afterwards Dionyfo- 
 polis, from a ftatue of Bacchus being there caft up by the fea f . 
 
 From Dionyfopolis to OdelTus 200 ftadia. This diftance is 
 marked in the Itinerary, 24 m. p. which agrees nearly with Arrian. 
 
 e Lib. iv. c. 11. Mel. lib. ii. c. 2. f Anonymi Peripli Pont. Eux. Steph. Byzant. 
 
 In 
 
88 
 
 DISSERTATION. 
 
 In the Peutingerian Tables it feems to be 32 m. p. equal to 256 
 ftadia. Cedrenus the hiftorian fays, that in the eighteenth year 
 of the Emperor Juftinian, A. D. 544, the fea inundated the cities 
 of Dionyfopolis and Odeflus. 
 
 From Odeflus to the foot of Mount Hcemus h , 360 ftadia. This 
 place is called Mefembria by Strabo, and in the Peutingerian 
 Tables. In the latter the diftance is fet down as 43 miles, equal 
 to 344 ftadia, not very different from Arrian's calculation. Arrian, 
 however, places Mefembria farther on towards Apollonia. 
 
 From the foot of Mount Haemus to Mefembria go ftadia. This 
 place retains, in fome degree, its ancient name, being called Mi- 
 feure, Mifeuria, or Mifeurin. 
 
 From Mefembria to Anchialus '' 70 ftadia. This diftance is fet 
 down in the Peutingerian Tables at 12 miles, or QO* ftadia. 
 
 From Anchialus to Apollonia 180 ftadia. The Peutingerian 
 Tables count this diftance to be 18 miles, or 144 ftadia. Laurie 
 and Whittle's chart makes it to be about 1 4 Englilh miles, or 112 
 ftadia. Arrowfmith's chart does not make it to be fo much. 
 Strabo accounts the diftance from Callatis to Apollonia to be 1300 
 ftadia. Arrian makes it to be 1340, a remarkable coincidence, 
 which argues ftrongly, that the ftadia ufed by Arrian and Strabo 
 were the fame. The Peutingerian Tables reckon it at 153 miles, 
 
 h Now called Emireh Burun. rowfmith's chart it feems to be called Ak- 
 
 ' Anchialus is ftiil called Akkiali. Ia Ar- liman. 
 
 or 
 
DISSERTATION. 
 
 89 
 
 or 1224 fladia \ Arrowfmith's chart makes it to be in a flraight 
 line 113 Englifh miles, equal nearly to 123 Greek miles, or 984 
 fladia only. Pliny 1 reckons it at 188 miles, or about 1504 fladia. 
 It is now called Sizeboli! Apollonia was a colony of the Mile- 
 fians, and formerly remarkable for a coloflal flatue of Apollo, 
 which Lucullus carried away, and placed in the Capitol. It was 
 30 cubits high, (equal, if Roman meafure, to 43.5 Englim feet,) and 
 coil 550 talents, equal to 10(5,562 pounds flerling. 
 
 From Apollonia m to Cherronefus 60 fladia. From Cherronefus 
 to Aulai-tichos 250 fladia. From Aulai-tichos to Thynias 120 
 fladia. This feems to have been a colony from Apollonia. The 
 ifland of Thynias on the fouth fide of the Euxine fea was facred 
 to Apollo, and called Apollonia. There is flill a cape Thyniada in 
 this fituation. It is called a promontory by Ptolemy. 
 
 From Thynias to Salmydeflus 200 fladia. Strabo fays, that it is 
 700 fladia from hence to the Cyaneee Infulae. According to Arrian, 
 it is 650 fladia. Strabo fays, the coafl is defert, flony, without 
 harbours, and expofed to the north wind, which may account for 
 
 k From Callatis to Trifla 24 m. p. 1 Lib. iv. c. 12. 
 
 Trifla to Bihone 12 m From Apollonia to the Os Ponti is,^c- 
 
 Bihone to Dionyfopolis 12 cording to Pliny, 188 m. p. or 1504 ftadia. 
 
 Dionyfopolis to Odeflus 32 Arrian makes it to be 1320 ftadia only. 
 
 Odeflus to Erite 11 
 
 Erite to Tempi. Jovis 16 
 Tempi. Jovis to Mefembria 16 
 
 Mefembria to Anchialus 1 2 
 
 Anchialus to Apollonia 18 
 
 153 = 1224 ftadia. 
 
 n the 
 
9 o 
 
 DISSERTATION. 
 
 the great degree of cold mentioned by Ovid and by Xenophon in 
 this country, which might otherwife appear rather extraordinary 
 in a latitude not exceeding 43 degrees. SalmydelTus has fome- 
 what of the old name preferred in Midiah, (Midjeh, Arrowfmith,) 
 a place built on the fame fpot. Xenophon, in the paltage alluded 
 to in the text of Arrian, fays, that many mips, upon their arrival in 
 the Euxine fea, Itrike, and are driven alhore, the coaft being full of 
 fhoals, that run a conliderable way into the fea". The Thracians, 
 who inhabit this coaft, raife pillars, and every man plunders the 
 wreck that is call upon his own coaft. SalmydelTus is mentioned 
 by iEfchylus in the Prometheus, with much the fame character as 
 is here afcribed to it ; but the place there meant is faid to be 
 on the eaftern fide of the Propontis, and near to the river Ther- 
 modon. 
 
 From SalmydelTus to Phrygia 330 ftadia. This place is called 
 Philea in Anonymi Periplus Maris Euxini, and Philias in the Peu- 
 tingerian Tables. A place called Philin now ftands on the fame 
 fpot, which is in the modern maps nearly 40 Englilh miles, or 340, 
 ftadia, from Salmydeftus. 
 
 From Phrygia to the Cyanean rocks 320 ftadia. Thefe are now 
 called Urek Tachi. 
 
 From the Cyanean rocks to the Fanum Jovis Urii 0 40 ftadia. 
 
 n In Arrowfmith's chart it is remarked, nominant, pulcherrime factum, nonne abftu- 
 
 that this is the mod dangerous place, where lifti ? — Jovem autem Imperatorem quanto 
 
 ihipwreck is to be feared, being at the en- honore in fuo templo fuiife arbitramini? hinc 
 
 trance of the Bofporus. colligere poteftis, fi recordari volueritis, quanta 
 
 0 Quid ? ex aede Jovis, religiofiflimum fimu- religione fue'rit eadem fpecie atque forma 
 
 lacrum Jovis Imperatoris, quern Graeci Urion lignum iilud, quod ex Macedonia captum in 
 
 Capitolio 
 
DISSERTATION. 
 
 9 1 
 
 From the Farmm Jovis Urii to Daphne 40 liadia. From Daphne 
 to Byzantium 80 liadia. 
 
 Capitolio pofuerat Flamininus. Etenim tria emerferint, tarn multa porro in Pontum in- 
 
 ferebantur in orbe terrarum figna Jovis Impe- -ve6ta fint, ufque ad hanc diem integrum, in- 
 
 ratoris uno in genere pulcherrima fafta, unum violatumque fervatum eft. Verres took away 
 
 illud Macedonicum, alterum in Ponti ore et the ftatue from the temple at Syracufe. Cic. 
 
 anguftiis. — Quod autem eft ad introitum in Verr. ii. lib. iv. fec~t. 57,58. Editor. 
 Ponti ; id, cum tam multa ex illo mari bella 
 
 » 2 
 
coast of the ErXLXJS SlKA from ihe PeTttingeriari Tables. 
 
 pox t r s 
 
 begmentimi 
 
 Segmentimi 
 A TI . 
 
 Misium jt 
 
 \ 
 
 P o i t r s 
 
 E. TJ X I .1 V s , 
 
 Segniexitiini 
 VI. 
 
 P O XT ¥ 8 E U X I X TT S 
 
 Segmeirttim. 
 VI . 
 
 .A///' 
 
 Segmentum 
 VI 
 
 P O JT x TT 
 
 IS p Q 
 
 S AOETAE 
 
 % L a ax Bnio c hi C HI soe 
 
 Stracodit 
 
 begoientnirL 
 VI . 
 
 Cap / '/ ~8utaeu* 
 
 inejituin 
 
 5 as one Sarj/ iftf 
 
 ,jL Tviiuah, ! r«__ hasiihm m y, )jn , vi _ P/ll . fl „ m . . 
 
 Segnieiituiii 
 VH 
 
 turn. 
 
 ■\iMtf k Ute>i>ft// t 
 
 SegmentuiiA 
 V. 
 
 .ri ' , .l/f..r_'i' 
 
 S 1 N TT S A r 
 
 L r X 1 
 
 C ous t an timo tfpoli s ~ ^ 
 
 Seguientum 
 VI . 
 
Table of the Dijlances of the Places, mentioned in the Periplus of 
 Arrian, one froihi another, together with their Latitudes and Longi- 
 tudes, according to Ptolemy, and to modern obfervation. 
 
 From TRAPEZUS to DIOSCURIAS. 
 
 Prom 
 
 To 
 
 Dif- 
 tance 
 
 in 
 (ladia. 
 
 Longitude 
 according to 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 Latitude 
 according to 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 Modern 
 Longitude. 
 
 Modem 
 Latitude. 
 
 Trapezus 
 
 Hylius 
 
 IOO 
 
 0 ' /' 
 
 70 50 0 
 70 45 oL.c 
 
 0 ' " 
 
 43 5 0 
 
 43 6 0 L. c. 
 
 0 1 a 
 
 r 1 h 0 P* .*"\ A rrnwi 
 S 7 20 O XXliUWl. 
 
 0 ' " 
 
 AT O A TTAWl 
 ii JL v XXI Wit 
 
 Hyffus 
 
 Ophis 
 
 90 
 
 71 00 
 
 70 30 0 L, c. 
 
 43 0 0 
 
 43 20 oL.c. 
 
 38 0 0 D'Anv. 
 
 41 7 0 D'Anv. 
 
 Ophis 
 
 Pfychrus 
 
 3° 
 
 71 0 0 L. c. 
 
 43 2 5 0 
 
 41 26 0 L. c. 
 
 57 55 5° Arrowf. 
 
 41 3 0 Arrowf. 
 
 Pfychrus 
 
 Calus 
 
 3° 
 
 67 20 0 
 
 47 20 0 
 
 58 10 0 D'Anv. 
 
 41 0 0 D'Anv. 
 
 Calus 
 
 Rhizius 
 
 120 
 
 
 
 58 12 0 D'Anv. 
 
 41 2 0 D'Anv. 
 
 Rhizius 
 
 Afcurus 
 
 3° 
 
 71 0 0 
 
 71 10 oL.c, 
 
 43 10 0 
 
 43 36 oL.c. 
 
 <8 3 50 Arrowf. 
 58 6 0 Ruf. map 
 58 28 24 D'Anv. 
 
 41 10 0 Arrowf. 
 41 12 0 Ruf. map 
 41 10 0 D'Anv. 
 
 Afcurus 
 
 Adienus 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 58 34 0 D'Anv. 
 
 41 11 0 D'Anv. 
 
 Adienus 
 
 Athenae 
 
 180 
 
 
 
 58 45 0 D'Anv. 
 
 41 16 0 D'Anv. 
 
 Athenae 
 
 Prytanis 
 
 40 
 
 71 00 
 
 43 15 0 
 
 43 45 oL - c - 
 
 58 25 50 Arrowf. 
 
 59 3 0 D'Anv. 
 
 41 15 0 Arrowf. 
 41 19 0 D'Anv. 
 
 Prytanis 
 
 Pyxites 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 59 10 0 D'Anv. 
 
 41 20 0 D'Anv. 
 
 Pyxites 
 
 Archabis 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 59 23 0 D'Anv. 
 
 41 20 0 D'Anv. 
 
 Archabis 
 
 Apfarus 
 
 6c 
 
 61 S9 0 
 52 0 0 
 
 44 0 0 
 
 S9 35 0 D'Anv. 
 
 41 25 0 D'Anv. 
 
 Apfarus 
 
 Acampfis 
 
 i« 
 
 ,72 20 0 
 
 44 20 0 
 44 40 0 
 
 59 7 0 Ruf. mar- 
 
 141 37 0 Ruf. map 
 
94 
 
 TABLE OF DISTANCES. 
 
 From 
 
 -t , , .... 
 
 To 
 
 nil 
 tance 
 
 in 
 ftadia 
 
 j Longitude 
 according to 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 Latitude 
 according to 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 Modem 
 Longitude. 
 
 Modern 
 
 Acampfis 
 
 Bathys 
 
 75 
 
 0 ' H 
 
 0 1 11 
 
 0 ' // 
 
 0 1 II 
 
 Bathys 
 
 Acinacis 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 59 9 0 Ruf. map 
 
 60 0 0 D'Anv. 
 
 41 43 0 Ruf. map 
 41 40 0 D'Anv. 
 
 Acinacis 
 
 Ifis 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 60 0 0 D'Anv. 
 
 41 40 0 D'Anv. 
 
 Ifis 
 
 Mogrus 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 60 6 0 D'Anv. 
 
 41 47 0 D'Anv. 
 
 Mogrus 
 
 Phafis 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 60 7 0 D'Anv. 
 
 41 55 0 D'Anv. 
 
 Phafis 
 
 Chariens 
 
 90 
 
 72 30 O 
 
 44 45 0 
 
 59 5 5° Arrowf. 
 59 5 0 Ruf. map 
 
 42 2 0 Arrowf. 
 42 25 0 Ruf. map 
 
 Chariens 
 
 Chobus 
 
 90 
 
 72 O O 
 
 45 J 5 0 
 
 60 20 0 D'Anv. 
 
 42 37 0 D'Anv. 
 
 Chobus a 
 
 Singames 
 
 210 
 
 
 
 60 18 0 D'Anv. 
 
 42 22 0 D'Anv. 
 
 Singames b 
 
 Tarfura 
 
 120 
 
 
 
 60 16 0 D'Anv. 
 
 42 47 0 D'Anv. 
 
 Tarfura c 
 Hippus d 
 
 Hippus 
 
 J 5° 
 
 
 
 60 6 0 D'Anv. 
 
 42 57 0 D'Anv. 
 
 Aftelephus 
 
 
 58 20 0 
 
 58 40 0 L. c. 
 
 42 15 0 
 
 42 45 0 L. c. 
 
 60 4 0 D'Anv. 
 
 43 2 0 D'Anv. 
 
 Aitelephus 
 
 Diofcurias 
 
 120 
 
 
 
 60 2 - 0 D'Anv. 
 
 43 8 0 D'Anv. 
 
 Diofcurias 
 
 
 
 72 20 0 
 
 41 45 0 
 44 45 L - c - e 
 
 5831 50 Arrowf. 
 58 0 0 Ruf. map 
 
 43 18 0 Arrowf. 
 43 23 0 Ruf. map 
 
 Trapezus 
 
 Diofcurias 
 
 2260 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 Cobi, Chardin. t. i. p. 56. 
 b Tachar, Chardin. 
 
 Socom, Chardin. 
 4 Schinifcari, i.e. le fleuve,Cheval, Chardin. 
 e It is in Ptolemy (Greek copy) ^ which is 
 
 4 1 0 , but probably fhould be ^, or 44 0 , as it is in 
 the Latin copy. In chap, to, Diofcurias is put 
 down 71 0 10', Long. 46 0 5', both in the Greek 
 and Latin copies. 
 
 From 
 
TABLE OF DISTANCES. 
 From BYZANTIUM to TRAPEZUS. 
 
 95 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 Dif- 
 tance 
 
 in 
 ftadia. 
 
 Longitude 
 according to 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 Latitude 
 according to 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 Modem 
 Longitude. 
 
 Modern 
 Latitude. 
 
 Byzanti- 
 
 f 
 
 um 1 
 
 Fanum 
 Jovis Urii 
 
 120 
 
 • 1 a 
 
 56 O O 
 
 43 $ 0 
 
 0 1 a 
 
 46 39 39 
 
 0 1 a 
 
 41 1 0 Blair's 
 Geog. 
 
 41 1 24 Requif. 
 
 Tahleq 
 
 Fanum 
 Jovis Urii 
 
 Rhebas 
 
 9° 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rhebas 
 
 Acra 
 Melaena 
 
 I^O 
 
 
 
 
 
 Acra 
 Melaena 
 
 Artanes 
 
 150 
 
 56 20 O 
 
 43 35 0 
 
 43 45 oL - c - 
 
 47 *5 5° Arrowf. 
 47 16 0 D'Anv. 
 
 41 0 0 Arrowl. 
 41 0 0 DAnv. 
 
 Artanes 
 
 Pfilis 
 
 *5° 
 
 57 0 0 
 
 43 5 0 
 
 
 
 Pfilis 
 
 Port. 
 Calpes 
 
 2IO 
 
 57 x 5 0 
 
 43 5 °. 
 43 15 0 L - c ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Port. 
 
 Calpes 
 
 Rhoe 
 
 20 
 
 57 20 0 
 57 4° ° L - C - 
 
 43 0 0 
 
 43 6 0 
 
 
 
 Rhoe 
 
 Apollonia 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 Apollonia 
 
 Chelae 
 
 20 
 
 54 5° 0 
 
 44 20 0 
 
 
 
 Chelae 
 
 Oft. 
 Sangarii 
 
 180 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oft. San- 
 
 £arii 
 
 Oft. 
 
 Hippi 
 
 l80 
 
 58 0 0 
 
 42 15 0 
 
 48 47 0 D'Anv. 
 
 40 53 0 DAnv. 
 
 ' The difference of longitude between Byzan- 42' 45" of time, equal to io° 41' it}', which in 
 tium and Trapezus amounts, according to Beau- that latitude are equal to 55^ Englifh miles, 
 champ's calculation and Arrowfmith's chart, to 
 
 Oft. 
 
TABLE OF DISTANCES. 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 Dif- 
 
 in 
 (ladia- 
 
 Longitude 
 according to 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 Latitude 
 according to 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 TVTrwl prn 
 
 JLTlUUtl 11 
 
 Longitude. 
 
 Modern 
 Latitude. 
 
 Oft. 
 Hippi 
 
 Lilium 
 Empori- 
 
 IOO 
 
 a 1 11 
 71 O O 1. V. 
 
 cap. 10. 
 
 0 ' 11 
 46 30 O 
 
 0 / a 
 
 0 i » 
 
 
 um 
 
 
 58 20 0 
 58 40 0 L. c. 
 l.v. cap. 1. 
 
 42 45 O 
 
 42 15 0 L. c, 
 
 
 
 LiLium 
 Empori- 
 um 
 
 Eheum 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 Eleum 
 
 Cales Em- 
 porium 
 
 12© 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cales Em- 
 porium 
 
 Lycus ■ 
 fluv. 
 
 SO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lycus 
 fluv. 
 
 Heraclea 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 Heraclea 
 
 Metroum 
 
 80 
 
 <o 0 0 
 
 4.4 TO O 
 
 <o 0 0 D'Anv. 
 49 10 0 Arrowf. 
 
 41 0 0 D'Anv. 
 41 10 0 Arrowf. 
 
 Metroum 
 
 Pofidaeum 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pofidaeum 
 
 Tyndaridae 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tynda- 
 ridae 
 
 Nymphae- 
 um 
 
 *5 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nymphae- 
 
 Oxinas 
 
 
 63 45 0 
 
 47 3° 0 
 
 
 
 Oxinas 
 
 Sandaraca 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sandaraca 
 
 Crenides 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 Crenides 
 
 Pfylla Em- 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 porium 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pfylla Em- 
 porium 
 
 Tios 
 
 90 
 
 59 30 0 
 59 10 0 
 
 43 10 © 
 
 43 30 oL. c. 
 
 
 
 Tios 
 
 Billaeus 
 fluv. 
 
 20 
 
 60 0 0 
 
 59 56 oL.c. 
 
 43 10 0 
 
 43 30 oL.c. 
 
 5030 0 D'Anv. 
 
 41 12 0 D'Anv. 
 
 Billaeus 
 
TABLE OF DISTANCES. 
 
 97 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 Dif- 
 tance 
 in 
 ftadia. 
 
 Longitude 
 according to 
 Ptolemy . 
 
 Latitude 
 according to 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 Modern 
 Longitude. 
 
 Modern 
 Latitude. 
 
 Billseus 
 fluv. 
 
 Partheni- 
 us fluv. 
 
 IOO 
 
 
 
 49 5 2 3° 
 
 41 36 0 Arrowf. 
 
 Partheni- 
 us fluv. 
 
 Amaftris 
 
 9° 
 
 60 15 O 
 
 43 10 0 
 
 5° 3 5° 
 
 41. 39 0 Arrowf. 
 
 Amaftris 
 
 Erythinus 
 
 6o 
 
 62 10 0 
 
 43 10 0 
 
 50 12 50 Arrowf. 
 
 51 0 0 D'Anv. 
 
 41 45 0 Arrowf. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Erythinus 
 
 Cromna 
 
 6o 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cromna 
 
 Cytorus 
 
 9° 
 
 6l O O 
 
 43 0 
 
 
 
 Cy torus 
 
 iEgialos 
 
 6o 
 
 6l O O 
 
 41 20 0 
 
 53 39 5° Arrowf. 
 
 41 54 0 Arrowf. 
 
 vEgialos 
 
 Thymena 
 
 9° 
 
 
 
 
 
 Thymena 
 
 Carambis 
 
 120 
 
 
 
 5° 59 5° 
 
 42 11 24 
 
 Carambis 
 
 Zephy- 
 rium 
 
 6o 
 
 6l 20 O 
 
 41 25 0 
 
 44 26 0 L. c. 
 
 52 0 0 D'Anv. 
 51 6 20 Arrowf. 
 
 41 36 0 D'Anv. 
 
 42 23 0 Arrowf. 
 
 Zephy- 
 rium 
 
 Aboniti- 
 chos 
 
 i5° 
 
 61 10 0 
 
 6l 30 O 
 
 41 15 0 
 
 44 20 oL. c. 
 
 
 
 Aboniti- 
 chos 
 
 ./Eginetis 
 
 
 62 a 0 
 
 41 25 0 
 44 0 0 
 
 52 8 0 
 
 41 20 0 D'Anv. 
 
 ^Eginetis 
 
 Cinolis 
 
 6o 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cinolis 
 
 Stephanes 
 
 i8-o 
 
 61 20 0 
 
 40 15 0 
 
 5 1 57 5° 
 
 42 3 0 
 
 Stephanes 
 
 Potamos 
 
 150 
 
 63 20 0 
 
 43 5 6 0 
 43 2 5 0 
 
 5* 33 5° 
 
 42 16 0 
 
 Potamos 
 
 Leptis 
 Acra 
 
 120 
 
 
 
 
 
 LeptisAcia 
 
 Harmene 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 Harmene 
 
 Sinope 
 
 40 
 
 62 25 0 
 
 40 2JJ 0 
 
 
 
 Sinope 
 
 Carufa 
 
 *5° 
 
 63 10 0 
 
 44 0 0 
 
 52 56 0 D'Anv. 
 52 53 20 Arrowf. 
 
 41 8 0 D'Anv. 
 
 42 1 48 Arrowf. 
 
 0 
 
 Carufa 
 
9 S TABLE OF DISTANCES. 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 Dif- 
 tance 
 in 
 ftadia. 
 
 Longitude 
 according to 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 Latitude 
 according to 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 Modern 
 Longitude. 
 
 Modern 
 Latitude. 
 
 Carufa 
 
 Zagora 
 
 
 0 > " 
 
 0 » '/ 
 
 0 / a 
 
 53 a 50 
 
 0 t it 
 
 4i 45 5 
 
 Zagora 
 
 Halys 
 fluv. 
 
 300 
 
 
 
 
 
 Halys 
 fluv. 
 
 Nauftath- 
 mus 
 
 90 
 
 64 IO O 
 
 43 10 0 
 
 53 20 0 
 
 40 28 0 
 
 Nauftath- 
 raus 
 
 Conopae- 
 um 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 Conopae- 
 um 
 
 Eufene 
 
 120 
 
 
 
 
 
 Eufene 
 
 Amifus 
 
 160 
 
 
 
 
 
 Amifus 
 
 Ancon 
 
 160 
 
 65 O O 
 
 45 0 0 
 
 54 0 0 D'Anv. 
 54 8 50 Arrowf. 
 
 40 10 0 D'Anv. 
 
 41 7 0 Arrowf. 
 
 Ancon 
 
 Heracle- 
 um 
 
 360 
 
 66 0 0 
 
 43 0 0 
 
 
 
 Heracle- 
 um 
 
 Thermo- 
 don 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 Thermo- 
 don 
 
 Beris 
 
 90 
 
 67 0 0 
 
 43 15 0 
 
 54 45 5° 
 
 40 58 0 . 
 
 Beris 
 
 Thoaris 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 Thoaris 
 
 CEnoe 
 
 3° 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 CEnoe 
 
 Phigamus 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 Phigamus 
 
 Phadifana 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Phadifana 
 
 Polemoni- 
 um 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 Polemoni- 
 um 
 
 Jafonium 
 
 130 
 
 67 15 0 
 
 43 .5 0 
 
 55 19 5° 
 
 40 57 0 
 
 Jafonium 
 
 Infula 
 Cilicum 
 
 *S 
 
 68 20 0 
 
 43 15 0 
 
 55 26 50 Arrowf. 
 
 41 1 0 Arrowf. 
 
 Infula 
 
TABLE OF DISTANCES. 
 
 99 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 Dif- 
 tance 
 
 in 
 ftadia. 
 
 Longitude 
 according to 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 Latitude 
 according to 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 Modern 
 Longitude. 
 
 Modern 
 Latitude. 
 
 Infula 
 
 V>1 J U III 
 
 Boona 
 
 15 
 
 or " 
 
 0 ' // 
 
 0 / // 
 
 0 / « 
 
 T> 
 
 1300113. 
 
 Cotyora 
 
 oo 
 
 
 
 
 < S 3 3 so Arrowf. 
 
 41 5 36 Arrowf. 
 
 Cotyora 
 
 Melanthi- 
 us 
 
 60 
 
 67 5 O 
 
 43 5 0 
 
 
 
 Melanthi- 
 us 
 
 Pharma- 
 tenus 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pharma- 
 tenus 
 
 Pharnacea 
 
 120 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pharnacea 
 
 Arrhen- 
 
 3° 
 
 58 10 oG.c. 
 
 43 20 0 
 
 56 5 50 Arrowf. 
 
 40 51 0 Arrowf. 
 
 
 tias 
 
 
 59 20 0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Arrhen- 
 tias 
 
 Zephy- 
 rium 
 
 I2C 
 
 
 
 
 
 Zephy- 
 
 Tripolis 
 
 9c 
 
 68 20 0 
 
 43 0 0 
 
 56 20 50 Arrowf. 
 
 40 58 0 Arrowf. 
 
 num 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tripolis 
 
 Argyria 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 56 37 50 Arrowf. 
 
 40 46 0 Arrowf. 
 
 Argyria 
 
 Philocalea 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 Philocalea 
 
 Coralla 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 Coralla 
 
 'ispov 0(>0$ 
 
 *& 
 
 
 
 
 
 'lepov ooog 
 
 Cordyla 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cordyla 
 
 Hermo- 
 
 naflk 
 
 45 
 
 71 20 0 
 
 43 15 0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hermo- 
 nafla 
 
 Trapezus 
 
 60 
 
 68 0 0 
 
 43 0 0 
 
 
 
 Byzanti- 
 um 
 
 Trapezus 
 
 7°S5 
 
 
 
 
 
 From 
 
TABLE OF DISTANCES. 
 
 From DIOSCURIAS to the CIMMERIAN BOSPORUS. 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 Dit- 
 tance 
 
 in 
 ftadia. 
 
 Longitude 
 according to 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 Latitude 
 according to 
 Ptolemy* 
 
 Modern 
 Longitude. 
 
 
 Modern 
 Latitude. 
 
 Diofcurias 
 
 Pityus 
 
 35° 
 
 0 1 a 
 72 20 0 
 
 0 f f 
 
 41 45 0 
 
 0 ' • 
 
 60 0 0 D'Anv. 
 58 15 0 Arrowf. 
 
 43 16 0 D'Anv. 
 43 18 0 Arrowf. 
 
 Pityus 
 
 Nitica 
 
 
 
 
 59 2 0 D'Anv. 
 57 23 50 Arrowf. 
 
 
 43 20 0 D'Anv. 
 43 20 0 Arrowf. 
 
 Nitica 
 
 Abafcus 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 Abafcus 
 
 Borgys 
 
 1 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 Borgys 
 
 Nefis 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nefis 
 
 Mafaetica 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mafaetica 
 
 Achasus 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Achasus 
 
 Prom. 
 Hercul. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Prom. 
 Hercul. 
 
 Aliud 
 Prom. 
 
 180 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aliud 
 Prom. 
 
 Vetus 
 Lazica 
 
 120 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vetus 
 Lazica 
 
 Achaia 
 Antiqua 
 
 
 
 
 57 20 0 D'Anv. 
 
 43 30 0 D'Anv. 
 
 Achaia 
 Antiqua 
 
 Pagrae 
 
 3.5° 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pagrae 
 
 Sacer 
 Portus 
 
 180 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sacer 
 Portus 
 
 Sindica 
 
 .300 
 
 
 
 55 15 20 Arrowf. 
 
 44 5 0 Arrowf. 
 
 Sindica 
 
TABLE OF DISTANCES. 
 
 IOI 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 tance 
 
 in 
 ftadia. 
 
 Longitude 
 according to 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 Latitude 
 according to 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 Modern 
 Longitude. 
 
 Modem 
 Latitude. 
 
 Sindica 
 
 Bofporus 
 Cimmerius 
 
 54° 
 
 0 ' " 
 
 0 1 ii 
 
 0 ' // 
 54 30 50 Arrowf. 
 
 0/1' 
 
 44 42 0 Arrowf. 
 
 Bofporus 
 Cimmerius 
 
 Tanaidos 
 Oftium 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 Diofcurias 
 
 Bofporus 
 
 Cimmerius 
 
 2890 
 
 
 
 
 
 From PANTICAPJSUM to FANUM JOVIS URII. 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 Dif- 
 tance 
 
 in 
 ftadia. 
 
 Longitude 
 according to 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 Latitude 
 according to 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 Modern 
 Longitude. 
 
 Modern 
 Latitude. 
 
 Pantica- 
 
 paeum 
 
 Cazeca 
 
 420 
 
 0 1 11 
 64 0 0 
 
 0 ' " 
 
 47 55 0 
 
 0 1 a 
 
 44 " 5° 
 
 0 ' " 
 
 45 21 0 
 
 Cazeca 
 
 Theodofia 
 
 280 
 
 
 
 
 
 Theodofia' 
 
 Port. Tau- 
 ro-Scytha- 
 rum 
 
 200 
 
 63 20 0 
 
 47 20 0 
 
 52 56 50 Arrowf. 
 
 53 6 0 Ruf. map 
 
 45 5 0 Arrowf. 
 45 20 0 Ruf. map 
 
 Port. Tau- 
 ro-Scy- 
 tharum 
 
 Halmitis 
 Taurica 
 
 600 
 
 
 
 
 
 Halmitis 
 Taurica 
 
 Symboli 
 Portus 
 
 520 
 
 
 
 
 
 Symboli 
 Portus 
 
 Cherrone- 
 
 fus 
 Taurica 
 
 l8o 
 
 6l O O 
 
 47 *5 0 
 
 
 
 Cherrone- 
 
 fus 
 Taurica 
 
 Cercinetis 
 
 600 
 
 6l O O 
 
 47 0 0 
 
 
 
 ' It is obferved in the Travels of Pallas, that the 
 diftances of thofe places, which could be afcer- 
 tained in the Taurica Cherfonefus, pretty accu- 
 
 rately correfpond with thofe fpecified in the Pe- 
 riplus. Pallas, Travels, vol. ii. p. 341- 
 
 Cercinetis 
 
103 
 
 TABLE OF DISTANCES. 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 Dif- 
 tance 
 
 in 
 ftadia 
 
 Longitude 
 according to 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 Latitude 
 according to 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 Modern 
 Longitude. 
 
 Modern 
 Latitude. 
 
 Cercinetis 
 
 Calus 
 
 700 
 
 59 40 0 
 
 0 1 u 
 48 30 0 
 
 
 0 ' '/ 
 
 Calus 
 
 Tamyraca 
 
 300 
 
 59 30 0 
 
 48 0 0 
 
 
 
 Tamyraca 
 
 Oft. 
 Paludis 
 
 300 
 
 59 20 0 
 
 48 30 O 
 
 
 
 Ult. 
 Paludis 
 
 Hona 
 
 380 
 
 63 0 0 
 
 48 20 O 
 
 
 
 Eona 
 
 Boryfthe- 
 nes 
 
 150 
 
 
 
 
 
 Boryfthe- 
 nes 
 
 Infula 
 Deferta 
 
 60 
 
 57 0 0 
 
 49 0 0 
 
 
 
 
 Infula 
 Deferta 
 
 Odeffus 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Odeilus 
 
 Port. Iftri- 
 anorum 
 
 250 
 
 54 5° 0 
 
 45 *5 0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Port. Iftri- 
 
 Portus 
 
 5° 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 anorum 
 
 Ifiacorum 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 portus 
 Ifiacorum 
 
 Pfilon Os 
 Iftri 
 
 1200 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pfilon Os 
 Iftri 
 
 Secundum 
 Os Iftri 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 Secundum 
 Os Iftri 
 
 Calon Os 
 Iftri 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 Calon Os 
 Iftri 
 
 Naracum 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 Naracum 
 
 Quintum 
 Os Iftri 
 
 120 
 
 
 
 
 
 Quintum 
 Os Iftri 
 
 Iftria 
 
 500 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iftria 
 
 Tomea 
 
 300 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tomea 
 
TABLE OF DISTANCES. 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 bit- 
 
 ;ance 
 
 in 
 ftadia. 
 
 Longitude 
 according to 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 Latitude 
 according to 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 Modern 
 Longitude. 
 
 Modern 
 Latitude. 
 
 Tomea 
 
 Callantra 
 
 300 
 
 55 0 0 
 
 0 / it 
 
 45 5° 0 
 
 4<5 0 
 
 0 D'Anv. 
 
 0 
 
 44 
 
 29 
 
 0 D'Anv. 
 
 Callantra 
 
 Carus 
 Portus 
 
 J 80 
 
 54 40 0 
 
 45 30 o 
 
 
 
 Carus 
 Portus 
 
 Tetrifias 
 
 120 
 
 54 40 0 
 
 45 3° ° 
 
 
 
 Tetrifias 
 
 Bizus 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bizus 
 
 Dionyfo- 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 polis 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dionyfo- 
 polis 
 
 Odeffus 
 
 200 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 i 
 
 
 Odeflus 
 
 Prom, of 
 Mount 
 Haemus 
 
 360 
 
 
 
 
 
 Prom, of 
 Mount 
 Haemus 
 
 Mefem- 
 bria 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 4<5 50 
 
 0 Arrowf. 
 
 42 
 
 28 
 
 0 Arrowf. 
 
 Mefem- 
 bria 
 
 Anchialus 
 
 70 
 
 55 0 0 
 
 44 40 0 
 
 46 27 
 
 0 
 
 42 
 
 2 £ 
 
 0 Arrowf. 
 
 Anchialus 
 
 Apollonia 
 
 1 80 
 
 54 45 0 
 
 44 30 0 
 
 
 43 
 
 34 
 
 0 
 
 Apollonia 
 
 Cherrone- 
 fus 
 
 60 
 
 54 5° 0 
 
 44 20 0 
 
 45 40 
 
 0 
 
 42 
 
 20 
 
 0 
 
 Cherrone- 
 fus 
 
 Aulai- 
 tichos 
 
 250 
 
 55 0 0 
 
 44 40 0 
 
 46 32 
 
 0 
 
 42 
 
 r 9 
 
 0 
 
 Aulai- 
 tichos 
 
 Thynias 
 
 120 
 
 
 
 45 2 4 
 
 0 
 
 42 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 Thynias 
 
 Salmydef- 
 fus 
 
 200 
 
 57 40 0 
 
 43 26 0 
 43 20 0 
 
 45 33 
 
 0 
 
 4i 
 
 54 
 
 0 
 
 Salmydef- 
 fus 
 
 Phrygia 
 
 33° 
 
 55 20 0 
 
 43 40 0 
 
 45 40 
 
 0 
 
 4 1 
 
 45 
 
 0 Arrowf. 
 
 Phrygia 
 
 Cyaneae 
 
 320 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cyaneae 
 
io4 
 
 TABLE OF DISTANCES. 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 Oiftance 
 in 
 ftadia. 
 
 Longitude 
 according to 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 Latitude 
 according to 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 Modern 
 Longitude. 
 
 Modern 
 Latitude. 
 
 
 
 
 0 t n 
 
 0 / ' ir 
 
 0 / u 
 
 0 t a 
 
 Cyaneae 
 
 Fanum 
 Jovis Urii 
 
 40 
 
 56 30 O 
 56 IO 0 
 
 43 26 0 
 
 47 10 0 D'Anv. 
 
 41^10 0 D'Anv, 
 
 
 
 43 2 5 0 
 
 
 
 Fanum 
 Jovis Urii 
 
 Daphne 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Daphne 
 
 Byzanti- 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 um 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pantica- 
 paeum 
 
 Fanum 
 Jovis Urii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10,310 
 
 
 
 
 
 Stadia. 
 
 From Trapezus to Diofcurias 326c? 
 From Fanum Jovis Urii to Trapezus 6935 
 From Diofcurias to Bofporus Cimmerius 2890 
 From Panticapseum to Fanum Jovis Urii 10,310 
 
 Circuit of the Euxine fea 22,395 = 2564 Englifli miles nearly. 
 
 ON 
 
ON 
 
 THE COMMERCE 
 
 OF 
 
 THE EUXINE SEA. 
 
on 
 
 THE COMMERCE 
 
 OF 
 
 THE EUXINE SEA. 
 
 THE firli fea-voyage of which we read in profane hiftory was 
 performed on the Euxine fea. The Argonauts, fetting out from 
 the port of Iolchos, or Pagafae, inTheualy, failed to Colchis, at the 
 eaftern extremity of this fea, and, as it appears, vifited many other 
 places in that now unfrequented neighbourhood. This voyage is 
 remarkable for its length, as well as for its antiquity, comprehend- 
 ing in extent the length of 14i degrees upon the equator, or mora 
 than looo Englhh miles » 
 
 The profeiTed object of this expedition was the purfuit of gold ; 
 and perhaps the accounts given by Strabo and Appian may be the 
 moft probable of any, which Hate it to be a pra&ice of the Col- 
 chians to extend fleeces of wool acrofs the beds of the torrents 
 that fall from mount Caucafus, and by means of thefe to entangle 
 the particles of gold, which were warned down by the ftream. 
 
 This mode of collecting this metal, which is much the fame 
 with the one praciifed now on the coaft of Guinea, and other 
 
 p 2 rivers 
 
ro8 ON THE COMMERCE 
 
 rivers of Africa, made Colchis be regarded as the Gold Coaft a of 
 that early period. 
 
 The manners however of thofe remote ages oblige us to con- 
 fider this expedition as rather praedatory than commercial. 
 
 The trade carried on upon the Euxine fea may be regarded in 
 two points of view, one refpecYing its own produce, and that of 
 the countries bordering on it ; the other refpecling it as a means of 
 conveying the produce of other countries, and particularly that 
 of the Earl Indies, to Europe. 
 
 If we look at this fea in a map of the world, it appears hap- 
 pily fituated for commerce of every kind, forming an ealy com- 
 munication between Europe and the north-eaft parts of Ana, 
 enjoying a moderate climate, free from the hurricanes, that infefl 
 the Southern feas, and the almofl perpetual ftorms that dirlrefs 
 navigation in the Northern ocean. It poffeues numerous ports ; 
 many navigable rivers flow into it ; it abounds with large flm, to 
 a degree unknown in other places; and the countries bordering 
 on it, at lead the whole extent of the Southern coafl, are exube- 
 rant in the produce of every material for Ihip -building, as timber, 
 pitch, hemp b , iron, together with great plenty of provilions. 
 Thefe advantages caufed it, in early times, to be a fea of great 
 naval refort. Both the European and the Afiatic Greeks founded 
 colonies on its lhores, both to the north-weft and to the eafl of the 
 Thracian Bofporus. 
 
 * Strabo, lib. i. et xii. * Strabo, p. 498. 
 
 Miletus, 
 
OF THE EUXINE SEA. 
 
 Miletus, the capital of Ionia, the great fchool for agronomical 
 and nautical inliru&ion, and the prime fource from whence moft 
 of the colonies c of antiquity were derived, founded feveral cities 
 on the Euxine fea, and fome even on its inoft remote mores. 
 Among thefe, were on the fouthern coali, Sinope, Tios, Amifus, 
 and Trapezus, and, according to Paterculus, even Byzantium and 
 Cyzicus. On the eaft, Diofcurias, the principal city in that neigh- 
 bourhood. On the north, Panticapaeum, Theodofia, and Olbia, 
 and on the weft, Iftria and Apollonia. 
 
 The European Greeks, as well as the Afiatic, founded cities on 
 the fame fea. Heraclea Pontica was a colony from Megara, and 
 Athens contributed to that fent to Amifus. Apollonia in Ponto 
 was built by emigrants from Corinth, or Corcyra. Amaftris was 
 of Greek original, and, according to Arrian, the whole of the 
 cities on the weilern coalt were Greek colonies. 
 
 The commodities furnimed as articles of trade by the countries 
 bordering on the Euxine fea were neither very numerous, nor of 
 great value. Honey, wax, hides, provilions of all kinds, and ma- 
 terials for building or rigging mips, were the principal. It mull 
 not be omitted, that linen-cloth d , both white and dyed, or painted, 
 was an article of trade from this country to Greece in very early 
 times. 
 
 But the Euxine fea itfelf was the great fource of fupply for 
 
 c Super o&oginta urbium per cuncta maria tatis Senatus et Populus &c. &c. Tranflat. 
 genitrix, Plin. Nat. Hift. lib. v. c. 29. Primae of a Greek Infcription in Chandler, pag. 17. 
 in Ionia fundatae et matris multarum et No. xliii. 
 
 magnarum urbium in Ponto atque iEgypto, d Strabo, lib. xi. Herodot. lib. ii. c. jj. 
 atcpue pluribus locis mundi Milefiorum civi- 
 
 their 
 
no 
 
 ON THE COMMERCE 
 
 their domeftic or (Economical commerce. Both this fea and the 
 Palus Maeotis abound in fim of a large fize e , and excellent quality. 
 This is afcribed by Pliny f to its waters being lefs fait than thofe 
 of the Mediterranean, which made them more proper for hatch- 
 ing the fpawn, in the fame manner as we obferve fome fea-flm^ 
 falmon particularly, come up the frefh- water rivers to depolit their 
 ova. The Mseotis being, by the influx of the Tanais g , lefs fait 
 than the Euxine fea, attracts them thither, as a breeding- place, 
 and perhaps on account of its cold climate, the tunny fifh being, 
 according to iElian, very impatient of heat. 
 
 The fiih, when they have attained a convenient lize, pour out 
 through the Cimmerian Bofporus into the Black lea, and fwim 
 along the fouthern coaft to the Thracian Bofporus, in their way to 
 the Mediterranean. Their growth is very rapid during their paf- 
 fage. The fiihery, according to Strabo h , begins about Trapezus, 
 or Pharnacea (Cerafus) ; but they are feldom caught at either of 
 thefe places of a lize fufTicient to fait as an article of trade. 
 
 By the time the fhoals had proceeded weilward as far as Sinope*, 
 
 e Pifcium genus omne, praecipua celeritate 
 adolefcit maxime in Ponto. Plin. lib. ix. c. 
 15. xxxii. c. 11. Strabon. lib. vii. p. 320. Ed. 
 Parif. 
 
 f Plin. lib. 9. c. 15. 
 
 g Polyb. lib. iv. c. 5. The {hallownefs of 
 the Palus Maeotis may perhaps be an induce- 
 ment to go thither to breed. Polybius fays, 
 in moft • places it is not more than five or 
 feven fathoms deep. 
 
 h Strabon. lib. vii. p. 320. 
 
 * A medal ftruck at Siuope has a tunny on 
 
 its reverfe. Patin. 317. Pifcis in nummo cae- 
 latus pelamis eft, ad denotandam thunnorum 
 feu pelamidum verfus ejus littus abundan- 
 tiam et pifcationem, de qua tradit Strabo, lib. 
 vii. p. 320. Nafcitur autem in paludibus 
 Maeotidis, cumque aliquid virium cepit, ac ad 
 littus Afianum deferuntur ufque ad Trape- 
 zuntem et Pharnaciam, atque ibi primum 
 capiuntur : fed ea pifcatio copiofa non eft, quia 
 juftam magnitudinem pelamides non funt af~ 
 fecutae, 'En/a/mv tapo'taaac apourspcc m^oq re tw Bn- 
 puv, t«» T«f»?££iaii if (». Poftquam ad Cyaneas 
 
 appulere 
 
OF THE EUXINE SEA. 
 
 in 
 
 the fifti were increafed in fize, and were falted in great abundance. 
 Heraclea, Tium, and Amaflris, all of which lie to the well of 
 Si nope, enjoyed the advantages of the fifhery in flill greater per- 
 fection, and were deeply engaged in it, as appears from J£lian\ 
 In fhort, the advantages of the fifhery to thofe who inhabited the 
 coafls were fuch, that they abandoned all other means of getting 
 a livelihood, and applied themfelves entirely to fifhing, though the 
 ground in the neighbourhood was fertile, and the adjacent moun- 
 tains rich in minerals. 
 
 As the full proceeded further weflward, they appear to have 
 been more valued. A poetical glutton, of the name of Archiftra- 
 tus, cited by Athenajus, extols as a delicacy that part of the fifh 
 which lies next the tail, pickled and broiled, as we do a red her- 
 ring; and adds, that Byzantium is the metropolis 1 of this article 
 of luxury ; in which fentiment another proficient in luxurious 
 eating concurs. The Pontic m falted meats (r<*^%e/ct JJovriKk) were 
 highly efleemed in Greece, as early as the time of Herodotus, 
 Plato, Ariftophanes, and Polybius", and probably long before.- 
 Even Hefiod is cited, as fpeaking of the Bofporus as a market for 
 thefe kinds of falted delicacies. They went under different names, 
 but were moftly made of the tunny-fifh, and were denominated, 
 either from the fize of the animal, the parts of it ufed, or the lhape 
 of the pieces into which it was cut. Thus the parts of the large 
 
 appulere, eafque prseteriere ad Byzantium et A medal of Plotina, ftruck at Byzantium, has 
 
 ad cornu ejus convertuntur, ibi fit tertia pif- on its reverfe a dolphin between two tunnies, 
 
 catio. Vaillant. Numm. JEr. p. 84. part. 2. and two on a medal of Sabina. Vaillant.Patin. 
 
 k iElian. de Animal, lib. xv. c. 5. p. 188. 
 
 1 Athen. lib. vii. p. 303. Tunnies are ftill m Athen. lib. iii. p. 118, 119. 
 caught in vaft quantities at Conftantinople. n Polyb. lib. iv. c. 5. 
 See Petrus Gyllius, and Tournefort's Travels. 
 
 nfli 
 
1 1 a 
 
 ON THE COMMERCE 
 
 filh falted were called Meljandria; the parts next the tail, Orea, 
 quali ; the belly-parts, Hypogaftria ; and when cut into cu- 
 bical fhaped pieces, Cybia n . 
 
 Thofe who defire more information on this fubjecl: may confult 
 Athenaeus, who is very diffufe in his account, and adds, that a jar 
 of this pickled filh was fold for 300 drachmae, or about lol. 
 Englifh. 
 
 It was not however the plenty of fifh only, which gave the 
 nations on this coaft fo much advantage in this trade. Nature 
 had very plentifully fupplied them with fait alfo. 
 
 The river Halys, which falls into the fea between Amifus and 
 Sinope, takes its name from the fait grounds °, through which it 
 flows ; and Tournefort remarks, that all thefe parts are full of 
 foflile fait, which is found even in the great roads p and arable 
 lands. 
 
 Several of the places on this coait. have, I think, received their 
 names from the trade above mentioned. Thus Halmitis Taurica, 
 which lies near the mouth of the Cimmerian Bofporus, the great 
 exit of the tunny -fifh from the Palus Mseotis, probably took its 
 name from the trade carried on there, the word 'AA^ew^ fignifying 
 a perfon who deals in falted q meats, or fifh. 
 
 n Athen. lib. vii. p. 303. Caffa, or Theodofia, at prefent is, in a great 
 
 0 Strab. lib. xii. p. 546. meafure, in falted fifh and caviar, as formerly. 
 
 P Tournefort's Travels, vol. iii. p. 49. Arrowfmith's chart. 
 
 * T?f hifjitrjs retfixiict. Strabo. The trade of 
 
 Halmy- 
 
OF THE EUXINE SEA. 
 
 "3 
 
 HalmydeiTus, or SalmydeiTus, had, I fufpedl, a fimilar derivation. 
 Cordyla, a place fo called, which lies near Trapezus, exprelTes q by 
 its name a fmall or young tunny; and Strabo tells us, as I have 
 before noticed, that thefe fifh caught fo far to the eaftward as Tra- 
 pezus are all fmall. Farther to the weltward lies Thynias, an 
 iiland that, I fuppofe, took its name from thefe fifh, it lying to the 
 weft of Heraclea ; at which place, iElian tells us, the fifh are in 
 great perfection, as they improve when they approach the Thra- 
 cian Bofporus, and do not acquire the name of Thynni, or ©www, 
 until they are grown to be large, the fmall and middle-fized being 
 called Pelamides. 
 
 The city of Thynias, in the neighbourhood of SalmydelTus, had 
 its name alfo, I prefume, from thefe filh, it being within a mode- 
 rate diftance of the Bofporus, their great refort, both when they 
 leave and when they enter the Euxine fea. 
 
 But the great advantage, which the Euxine fea poffelTed in point 
 of trade, was its ferving as a means of conveyance of the com- 
 modities of the Eaft to Europe. This appears to me to have been 
 the molt ancient method, and much prior to the communication 
 acrofs the Arabian gulph, to the Red fea and Alexandria. It was 
 indeed tedious and circuitous, but the defire of poffefling Indian 
 commodities overcame all obltacles. Pliny relates, from Varro, 
 that Pompey, when profecutrng the war againft Mithridates, difco- 
 vered the courfe of this trade. 
 
 i Cordyla, et haec pelamls pufilla, cum bet. Plin. lib. xxxii. c. II. 
 in Pontum e Maeotide exit,, hoc nomen ha- 
 
 Q 
 
 The 
 
ii4 
 
 ON THE COMMERCE 
 
 The goods, he fays, were brought out of India in feven days to 
 the Icarus, a river of Baclriana, which falls into the Oxus, and 
 conveyed down the river lafl; mentioned into the Cafpian fea, 
 acrofs which they were carried to the mouth of the Cyrus, and 
 up that river to a place, that was five days' journey by land to the 
 Phalis, down which they were carried to its entrance into the 
 Euxine fea, from whence they were fent to Byzantium, and other 
 places. 
 
 Strabo gives much the fame account. He fays, that Ariftobulus 
 and Eratolthenes had written, from the information of Patrocles, 
 whofe authority he highly commends in another part r of his work, 
 that Indian commodities were carried down both the Ochus and 
 the Oxus, into the Cafpian fea, and transported from thence to the 
 oppoflte coali of Albania, and from thence, by means of the Cyrus 5 , 
 and the avenues afforded by that river, carried into the Euxine 
 fea. 
 
 It appears, that the Phalis ferved as the means of conveyance, 
 being navigable as high up its ftream as Sarapana, to which place 
 the goods were carried in four days, by land-carriage, in waggons 
 from the Cyrus \ Thefe accounts of Pliny and Strabo do not ma- 
 terially vary from one another. 
 
 The river Icarus, mentioned by Pliny, is to be found in Solinus ; 
 but I think it is only copied from Pliny. Ptolemy fpecifles a 
 country called Guriana, on the banks of a river, that falls into the 
 
 r Ma'x»r« vHrmtaSat haaioi, Strab. Hb. ii. * Strab. lib. xi. p. 498. 
 
 8 Strab. lib. xi. p. 309, 
 
 Oxus ; 
 
OF THE EUXINE SEA. 
 
 Oxus ; and Mr. Rennell's map fpecifies both a diftrid and a city, 
 named Gaur, or Zout, in nearly the fame lituation, on the banks 
 of a river, that runs into the Oxus, near the city of Balk, or, as it 
 was anciently called, Ba&ra, or Zariafpe, in 34° 3o' N. L. nearly, 
 and 04° Long. 
 
 The diltricl: of Gaur joins to that of Cabul", a celebrated place 
 of trade in the Eaft Indies, as low as the laft century. The paf- 
 fage of the goods from thence to Europe and Alia Minor is ealily 
 conceived. They palled down the Oxus, or Jihon, northward to 
 the Cafpian fea. The Oxus is defcribed by Arrian x to be the 
 largelt of the Aliatic rivers, thofe of India excepted ; and Strabo 
 fpeaks of it, as convenient for navigation 7 , infomuch that the 
 goods carried down it are ealily conveyed into Hyrcania, and from 
 thence, by means of rivers, to the countries lying on the Pontic 
 fea. How dilferent mull the condition of thofe countries at that 
 time have been from their prefent Hate ! 
 
 The breadth of the Cafpian fea, from the mouth of the Oxus 
 to the mouth of the Kur, or Cyrus, on the oppolite coalt. of Al- 
 bania, is, according to D'Anville, about 1800 lladia, or rather more 
 than 210 Englilh miles. The Cyrus is defcribed by Strabo, as the 
 
 u The province of Cabul is, according to 
 Mr.Rennell, highly diversified, being made up 
 of mountains, covered with eternal mow, hills 
 of moderate height, and eafy afcent, rich 
 plains, and ftately forefts, and thefe enlivened 
 by innumerable ftreams of water. The fitu- 
 ation of the city of Cabul is fpoken of in 
 terms of rapture by the Indian hiliorians, it 
 being no lefs romantic than pleafant, enjoy- 
 ing a wholefome air, and having within its 
 
 reach the fruits and other produces both of the 
 temperate and torrid zone. In a political light, 
 it is confidered as the gate of India towards 
 Tartary, as Candahar holds the fame place 
 with regard to Perfia. Rennell's Memoir of 
 a Map of Hindoftan, p. 152, 153. 
 
 x Exped. Alex. lib. iii. p. 146. lib. viii; 
 p. 295. 
 
 y Strab. lib. ii. p. 73. 
 
 q 2 largell 
 
n6 
 
 ON THE COMMERCE 
 
 larger! river in that neighbourhood. It rifes, he fays 2 , in Armenia, 
 and receiving feveral other ftreams from mount Caucafus, pours 
 itfelf through a narrow channel into Albania, and becomes then 
 a large itream, by the acceflion of four other navigable rivers ; 
 and, being thus increafed, empties itfelf into the Cafpian fea. 
 
 From modern maps a , and the conflderation of the large rivers, 
 which appear to flow into it, I make no doubt, that it was navi- 
 gable (for fuch velTels as ufually trade on rivers) as high as the 
 meridian of Sarapana, which place frill retains its ancient name, 
 and is in one place dillant only about 25 miles from a branch of 
 the Cyrus. Sarapana was a fortified place, lying, as Sarapan now 
 does, on one of the rivers that compofe the Phafis, which lafl 
 river, Strabo tells us, was alfo navigable fo far. To this place the 
 goods brought up the Cyrus were carried in waggons, and there 
 re-embarked upon the Phafis, (which both Arrian and Pliny de- 
 fcribe, as a very large river,) and carried down to its opening into 
 the Euxine fea. 
 
 Strabo fays, that the breadth of this ifthmus, from the mouth of 
 the Cyrus to Colchis, is about 3ooo lladia, or 343 Engiilh miles. 
 This feems to be nearly correct ; the narrower!; a part is about 318 
 Engiilh miles wide ; but as the mouth of the Cyrus lies obliquely 
 to the fouthward, this deviation would increafe the difiance rather 
 more, I think, than Strabo's computation, who does not indeed 
 profefs to Hate the diilance with exa&nefs. 
 
 Biofcurias, which lies confiderably to the north of the mouth 
 
 * Strab. lib. xi. p. jjoo. * Map of the country between the Black 
 
 and Cafpian feas, 1788. Edwards. 
 
 of 
 
OF THE EUXINE SEA. 
 
 117 
 
 of the Phafis, was the ufual centre and refort of the domeftic 
 trade of the country. But the emporium of the Indian trade was, 
 according to Strabo, a city, called Phafis, fituated on the river of 
 the fame name. 
 
 From the Phafis, Strabo tells us, that it was but two or three b 
 days fail to Amifus, or to Sinope, from both of which cities the 
 Earl Indian goods were difperfed c over Europe and Alia Minor ; 
 and this trade contributed, no doubt, to the aggrandizement d of 
 both thofe cities. 
 
 Hippocrates e obferves, that the country adjacent to the Phafis 
 was, in his time, interfered with canals, which the inhabitants 
 ufed for the purpofes of inland navigation. He alfo fpeaks of em- 
 poria in that country, but whether for the domeftic produce, or 
 for foreign commodities, does not appear : the commodities im- 
 ported were, I prefume, much the fame as what the European nations 
 now receive from the Eaft Indies. Cotton manufactures*, pearls s , 
 
 « Strab. lib. xi. p. 498. 
 
 c Strabo fpeaks of the communication of 
 Amifus and Sinope with Colchis, Hyrcania, 
 Baftria, and the parts lying towards the Eaft. 
 Lib. xi. p. 68. 
 
 d Sinope is called magna et opima by 
 Valerius Flaccus. Argon, lib. v. verf. 108, 
 109. 
 
 e De aere, aquis, et locis. 
 
 f Cotton is mentioned by Herodotus, as an 
 Indian production, and ufed in the manufacture 
 of cloth. Strabo relates, on the authority of 
 Kearchus, that it was woven into the fineft 
 
 and beft conftrucled cloths, which, Pliny fays, 
 were of very high price. They are repeatedly 
 mentioned in Arrian's Voyage of Nearchus. 
 Herodot. lib. iii. Strab. lib. xv. p. 694. Plin. 
 lib. xii. c. 10. Arrian, Rer. Ind. p. 179. et 
 alibi. 
 
 e Pliny and Strabo both fpeak of the In- 
 dian pearls, as the fineft. Fertiliffima eft 
 Taprobane, etToidis, item Perimula promon- 
 torium Indise. Plin. lib. ix. c. 3$. lib. vi. 
 c. 22. Strab. p. 717. iElian. Hift. Anim. 
 lib. xv. c. 8. Hill's Theophraftus, p. 92. 
 
 and 
 
ON THE COMMERCE 
 
 and gems h , dyeing materials 5 , drugs k , perfumes 1 , fpices m , and ivory", 
 were, I believe, the principal, although other articles of lefs conli- 
 deration might perhaps be added. 
 
 The Indian trade in early ages mull; have been carried on to ex- 
 treme difadvantage, even in Pliny's time, when the knowledge of 
 the navigation of the Arabian gulph had facilitated the intercourfe 
 with India. Pliny fays°, that it never drained the Roman empire 
 of lefs than 403,045 1. annually paid for Indian commodities, 
 
 h The Indian diamonds are mentioned by- 
 Pliny, as firft in excellence. The emeralds of 
 the fame country were much efteemed. Plin. 
 lib. xxxvii. c. 45. 
 
 ' India is mentioned by Strabo, as abound- 
 ing in materials for dyeing, p. 694,699. Pliny 
 tells us, that Indico (Indigo) was brought 
 from thence, and Diofcorides fpeaks of it as 
 an Indian production, lib. xxxv. c. 6. The 
 red refin, commonly called Dragon's blood, 
 was, and ftill is, brought from India. Plin. lib. 
 xxxiii. c. 7. lib. xxxv. c. 7. Draconum fanies. 
 Another dyeing material, of the cochineal kind, 
 was imported from the fame country. It is 
 defcribed by Ctefias, and after him by iElian; 
 and as fcarlet and purple colours were in fuch 
 efteem at Rome, it is probable that this dye 
 was made ufe of there. 
 
 k Strabo fays, that many drugs were pro- 
 duced in India ; and Diofcorides fpecifies a 
 confiderable number, which were in ufe in his 
 time. Many of the ingredients in thofe exu- 
 berant and voluminous compofitions, the con- 
 fe&io Damocratis, ufually called Mithridate, 
 and the Theriaca Andromachi, better known 
 by the name of Venice treacle, are of Indian 
 production. The admiffion of fuch into the 
 
 former of thefe compofitions, forms a pre- 
 emption, that the countries bordering on the 
 Euxine fea had a connection with the Eaft 
 Indies. 
 
 1 Perfumes appear to have been an article 
 of trade with the Eaft Indies, although more 
 with Arabia. Malabathrum, amomum, nar- 
 dus, agallochum, and many others, were all 
 the produce of India. Heliogabalus, as we 
 are told by Lampridius, burnt Indian perfumes 
 by themfelves, to impregnate the air of the 
 vapour-rooms at the baths. As this is men- 
 tioned as an inftance of extreme extravagance, 
 it may ferve to prove the value fet on Indian 
 perfumes at Rome. 
 
 m Cinnamon, mace, long pepper, ginger, 
 and oil of nutmegs, are all ingredients in the 
 confectio Damocratis, and of courfe well 
 known in the countries adjacent to the Euxine 
 fea. 
 
 n Ivory was, I believe, principally brought 
 from Africa, but fome from India, and the 
 largeft teeth were brought from thence. Plin. 
 lib. viii. c. 11. 
 
 India mittit ebur ■ ■ Virgil. 
 
 5 Plin. lib. vi. c. 23. 
 
 which 
 
OF THE EUXINE SEA. 
 
 119 
 
 which were again fold for an hundred times the original coft; and 
 in another place p he tells us, that India, Seres, and the peninfula of 
 India, took from the Roman empire no lefs annually than double 
 that fum. 
 
 As a large proportion of the vaft increafe of price of thefe 
 goods, when fold again in Europe, mull have arifen from the ne- 
 celTary expences attending their importation, this circumftance 
 mull have brought back to the frontier countries a conliderable 
 proportion of the wealth, which Rome attracted, as fovereign of 
 the world. 
 
 But when the revolution, caufed by the religion and by the 
 conquelts of Mahomet, put a Hop to the Eaft Indian trade down 
 the Red fea, and acrofs the Arabian gulph, his followers, being 
 rather of a military than a commercial difpolition, and not inclined 
 to mare with Chriftians what they retained of this commerce, the 
 Eaft Indian trade reverted, in a good meafure, into its ancient 
 channel, and contributed to the fupport and profperity of Con- 
 ftantinople, which by this communication fupplied Europe with 
 Eaft Indian commodities. 
 
 j? Plin. lib. xii. c. 18. 
 
ON 
 
 THE DISTANCE 
 
 WHICH THE 
 
 ANCIENT SHIPS 
 
 SAILED IN TWENTY-FOUR HOURS. 
 
 R 
 
ON 
 
 THE DISTANCE 
 
 WHICH THE 
 
 ANCIENT SHIPS 
 
 SAILED IN TWENTY-FOUR HOURS. 
 
 It is not my intention to difcufs here the fubjecl: of ancient 
 navigation; but a few obfervations on the diftances which the 
 veflels of antiquity could fail in twenty-four hours, may not be 
 foreign to the fubjecl:, and tend to illuftrate the Voyage now under 
 confideration. 
 
 Scylax fays, that a fhip will fail 500 tfadia, or 5 7 Englifh miles, 
 in the courfe of a day ; by which it is clear that he means a day 
 only, and not a day and a night, as, when he means both, they 
 are always fo fpecified. Ptolemy mentions 1000 fladia as the 
 diftance that a Ihip will fail in a day and a night ; from which it 
 appears, that as great a diftance was allowed for the navigation ot 
 the night as for that of the day. 
 
 The diftances fpecified by Scylax (though many of them 
 are efiimated by the fpace which a fhip will fail in a day, or a 
 
 r 2 day 
 
i24 DISTANCE WHICH THE ANCIENT SHIPS 
 
 day and a night) cannot be fuppofed all of them to correfpond 
 with measurement, as the time confumed in fome coafting voyages 
 muft be longer than in others, on account of the mores and cur- 
 rents, and often of the irregularity of the winds that blow off the 
 land. 
 
 Let us however, fubjecl to fuch allowance as may be made for 
 thefe interruptions, examine fome of the distances which he 
 fpecifies. 
 
 The fii-ft distance he mentions is that which extends acrofs the 
 Straits of Gibraltar, which he accounts one day's fail. This dif- 
 tance is much lefs than 500 ftadia ; but on account of the current, 
 which always fets strongly through the Straits into the Mediter- 
 ranean, it might have taken up fo much time with mips of fuch 
 imperfect: construction and management. 
 
 The next distance he mentions is from Gades to the Pillars of 
 Hercules, which he reckons as one day's fail. This correlponds 
 well with the fpace, it being very nearly 500 ftadia. 
 
 From the mouth of the Rhone to Antium, or, as Cluverius reads, 
 to the Arnus, is counted four days and four nights fail. If the 
 Arnus be the genuine reading, the coasting distance is about 2400 
 ftadia, or 600 in twenty-four hours, or a day and night. If 
 Antium be the right reading, the distance approaches nearer to the 
 allotment of Ptolemy, it being nearly 4000 ftadia, which accords 
 with the calculation. 
 
 Another distance, which he fpecifies, is from Sardinia to the coast 
 
 of 
 
SAILED IN TWENTY-FOUR HOURS. 125 
 
 of Libya, or Africa. This he eftimates as one day and one night's 
 fail. The diftance is about 850 ftadia, which is fufficiently near 
 the former computation, as fractions of a day or night are feldom 
 exprelfed in the ancient writers on thefe fubjects. 
 
 Another diftance which he fpecifies is from the mouth of the 
 river Strymon to Seftos, which is reckoned as two days and two 
 nights fail. It meafures about 1400 ftadia; but it might take up 
 more time than ufual, on account of the currents, which fet very 
 ftrongly from the Euxine through the Straits into the ^Egean fea. 
 
 Let us now examine fome of the diftances on the Euxine fea 
 itfelf, which are moft applicable to the prefent purpofe. 
 
 From the mouth of the Ifter to Criu-metopon, or the Ram's- 
 head promontory, is reckoned three days and three nights fail. 
 The diftance is about 243 Englilh miles, equal to about 2130 
 fladia, or about 710 ftadia for a day and a night's fail. 
 
 Another diftance is from Criu-metopon to Panticapa^um, which 
 is reckoned a day and a night's fail. This is fomewhat, but not 
 greatly, more than 1000 lladia. 
 
 Another diftance fet down (not indeed in the Euxine fea) is 
 from the mouth of the river Meander to the promontory of 
 Cragus. This is called a voyage of two days, and appears to be 
 about 1500 ftadia, and the paflage fo entangled among the iflands 
 that in all probability it was not reckoned fafe to feil in the night 
 time. 
 
 The 
 
ia6 DISTANCE WHICH THE ANCIENT SHIPS 
 
 The laft diflance I mall cite from this author is from Lacedae- 
 mon to Crete, which is counted one day's fail, and is nearly 500 
 fladia. The average of the above diflances is about 470 lladia in 
 the courfe of twelve hours, or nearly 40 fladia, or 5 Greek miles, 
 every hour. 
 
 Xenophon in his Anabafis fays, that he failed from Cotyora to 
 Harmene in two days and one night. This diflance by fea, if 
 meafured round Cape Boona, amounts to 1422 fladia, or 162. 7 65 
 Englilh miles, by D'Anville's map, which is equal to nearly 5 00 
 fladia daily. By Arrowfmith's chart it is 167 Englilh miles, equal 
 to 146o fladia nearly, or about 487 ftadia daily. 
 
 Xenophon fays again, that the Greeks failed from Harmene, or 
 Sinope, to Heraclea in two days, which is about I800 fladia ; but 
 the mips they employed were probably not the bell failers, as he 
 fays, that a trireme galley would, in a very long day, fail from 
 Byzantium to Heraclea. This, according to Arrowfmith's chart, 
 is 1150 fladia, or 131 Englilh miles nearly, which, if we reckon 
 lixteen hours to the day, would be nearly 8{ miles per hour. 
 Xenophon however eileems this an extraordinary exertion, and 
 fuch as required, no doubt, a favourable wind ; and then, by the 
 joint power of fails and oars, fuch a diflance is not unlikely to 
 be accomplimed. 
 
 Tournefort, though embarralTed with the company of many 
 veffels, and bad failors, went 80 miles in a day on this coafl, with 
 the greatefl eafe, and even by four in the afternoon ; and failed 
 feventy miles more that night. He accounts 50 miles a fmall 
 diflance for a day's fail, and Go miles as a very moderate one. 
 
 Had 
 
SAILED IN TWENTY-FOUR HOURS. 
 
 127 
 
 Had he continued his voyage after failing 80 miles, he might per- 
 haps have gone as far in 16 hours as is mentioned by Xenophon, 
 with no better failors than thofe of the Greeks. 
 
 I am aware that in this ftatement I vary confiderably from that 
 of a gentleman, whofe knowledge and abilities I refpecl; and it is 
 on that account incumbent on me to ftate my reafons for thus dif- 
 fering with him in opinion \ 
 
 Mr. Rennel thinks that 3 7 Greek miles is the mean diilance, 
 which the mips of antiquity failed in the fpace of one day. As 
 this is much lefs than I have affigned, I mall take the liberty to 
 examine the authorities he cites for what he alledges. 
 
 The firft inftance he adduces is that of Miltiades, who, as he 
 fays, " under favour of an eajierly wind, patted in a fingle day 
 « from Elceus, in the Cherfonefe of Thrace, to Lemnos. The 
 " diftance is 38 Greek miles only." 
 
 I am forry to remark feveral inaccuracies in this mort account. 
 The ftory in Herodotus is as follows : " The Pelafgians, who were 
 " in poneflicm of Lemnos, being admonifhed by the Pythian oracle 
 " to give fatisfaclion to the Athenians, for fome injuries and cruel- 
 " ties which they had committed, and being required by the Athe- 
 " nians to fuirrender their ifland, replied, that they would do fo when 
 " the north wind* mould carry a fhip in one day from the Athe- 
 
 '* Mr. Rennel and I differ in our eftimation given my reafons for this in another place, 
 of the length of the ftadium. But I have b Bojeji ccviptf. 
 
 nian 
 
128 DISTANCE WHICH THE ANCIENT SHIPS 
 
 u nian territory to Lemnos, well knowing the thing to be imprac- 
 v ticable, as Attica lies much to the fouth of Lemnos c ." 
 
 " Miltiades however, having gained poileffion of Elceus, which 
 " lies to the north-earl of Lemnos, failed from thence as from a 
 " part of the Athenian territory, during the prevalence of the 
 " Etefian winds, and claimed their promife of a furrender." 
 
 It is clear from this account, that none but a northerly w^ind 
 would have enabled him to claim this promife ; and it is equally 
 clear, that the Etefian winds in Greece were northerly 11 , or north- 
 wefterly, not eafterly, as Mr. Rennel (mhled probably by the 
 found of the word) fuppofes. 
 
 Next Herodotus only fays, that Miltiades failed from Elaeus to 
 Lemnos in one day, not that the diftance between thefe places was 
 the utmoft extent of a day's fail. Miltiades had no reafon to go 
 
 c Herodot. lib. vi. ad finem. 
 
 d It mult be owned that the Etefian winds 
 are differently reprefented, fome writers de- 
 lcribing them as inclining to the eaft, others 
 to the weft, but all agreeing that their prin- 
 cipal direction was northerly. But it is 
 clear from Ariftotle, who may properly be 
 our guide on this occafion, and whofe ac- 
 count reconciles thefe apparently contradic- 
 tory opinions, that the Etefian winds in Greece 
 always blow from the weft of the north point, 
 though within thefe limits their direction va- 
 ried. In the eaftern countries, he fays, they 
 were eafterly winds. 
 
 Mare quoque Etefiae flabant : harum flatu 
 in orientem navigantibus fecundum, inde ad- 
 verfurn erat. Tacitus, Hiftor. lib. ii. 
 
 TZv ouifAvv, ol fA» yjHpuvoi;, u<7<jrip ol potoi, 
 Svvois-tvoinii, ol Si Sspovs, ol 'EttMcu Xtyvpaci) 
 ^ti|m i^oi/TE? rati Ti cctto TVS a.py.TH QegofjLsvuv xtx.1 
 
 Qopugu*. Ariftot. de Mundo, cap. iv. p. 853. 
 Ed. Du Val. 
 
 Ol Er^cnai OT£gliV«*T«l ToT; ^tv TTlgl Svcr/Aug 
 oly.wip, ik Tu> ' ' AitoccktIup sis ©patriae, *Af- 
 ysr»;, xou Zeopvpug' 0 yoig ' ' Awotp>n\a.<; Zetpvpog 
 trip' ctpxpittntH (jl\v dnro Trig "AgxTtf, r&cvTvvTes Si 
 «i; t«s iroppui' to<V St -vjgo(i "Eu irip\i<ra.pTx\ [t-ty^x ra 
 ' Airri\iuTH. Ariftot. Meteorol. lib. ii. cap. vi. 
 pag. 796. 
 
 In the table of the winds in Vitruvius, the 
 Etefian winds are placed only fifteen degrees 
 to the north of the weft point. See the Plate 
 at the end of this Work. 
 
 further ; 
 
SAILED IN TWENTY-FOUR HOURS. 
 
 further ; but this does not abridge his power of proceeding to a 
 greater diftance in that fpace of time. It mould alfo be obferved, 
 that, although the diftance between Attica and Lemnos is confl- 
 derable, the Lemnians guarded their promife by reftri&ing the 
 voyage to be performed by a northerly wind. 
 
 Again, the diftance between Elaeum and the neareft point of 
 Lemnos is, by Mr. D'Anville's map, 420 Olympic ftadia, or more 
 than 52 Greek miles ; and according to Mr. Rochette's map, at 
 leaft 49 miles. Thefe diftances approach much nearer to the cal- 
 culation of Ptolemy than to that of Mr. Rennel ; and indeed this 
 inftance proves nothing, as it does not appear that Miltiades might 
 not have gone further, had he been fo inclined. 
 
 Mr. Rennel next inftances the fleet of Xerxes, which, he fays, 
 failed from the Euripus to Phalerus, a port in Attica, in three days, 
 which he fays is 96 Greek miles, or 32 Greek miles each day. 
 The words of Herodotus are, " that Xerxes, after having viewed 
 " the dead bodies of the Lacedaemonians flain at Thermopylae, 
 " pafl~ed over from Trachis to Hiftiaea, and after three days ftay 
 " failed through the Euripus, and in three days arrived at Pha- 
 " lerus." The diftance from Hiftiaea to Phalerus through the Eu- 
 ripus is, according to Mr. D'Anville, 179 Greek miles, and ac- 
 cording to Mr. Rochette's map, 174 Greek miles; which gives, 
 according to the loweft of thefe calculations, 58 Greek miles 
 for each day's fail, inftead of 32, according to Mr. Rennel. If 
 we confider the vaft fleet which performed this voyage, and the 
 narrow ftraits through which they failed, we may be juftly fur- 
 prifed they were fo expeditious. But a fleet of 1000 fliips is no 
 proper inftance to prove how far fliips in general may fail in a 
 given time. 
 
 s The 
 
DISTANCE WHICH THE ANCIENT SHIPS 
 
 The third inftance brought by Mr. Rennel is from the voyage 
 of Nearchus. " That commander," he fays, " reckoned the pro- 
 " montory of Maceta to be a day's fail from him, when he firft dif- 
 *' covered it ; and it is mewn by circumftances, that this diftance 
 " was about 38 Greek miles." The words of Nearchus are, that 
 " failing 800 ftadia from Bades, they came to a defert more, from 
 * whence they viewed a long promontory extended a great way 
 " into the fea, and which appeared to them to be about a day's 
 " fail diftance." 
 
 In this fhort account there is much uncertainty. We know 
 not the fpot from whence this promontory was viewed. The de- 
 fert more was not a point, and might allow a latitude of feveral 
 miles. The judgment of a day's fail by the view of a diftant 
 object is very imperfect, and was probably ftill more fo in the 
 time of Nearchus than at prefent. The fentence referred to in 
 Arrian has two expreffions of doubt or uncertainty in eight' 
 words. Nothing therefore can be concluded from fuch a random 
 computation. 
 
 The fourth inftance which Mr. Rennel brings is from Scylax, 
 who, he fays, allows 75i days for the navigation from Canopus to 
 the Pillars of Hercules, which is equal to about 32 Greek miles 
 a day. Canopus lies fo near to Alexandria, that it may in fo large 
 a diftance be taken for the fame place. The longitude of Alexan- 
 dria from London is, by the Nautical Almanack, 30° 16' 3o" E. L. 
 that of Gibraltar 5° 22' W. The fum of thefe, 35° 38' 3o", is 
 equal, in the latitude of Gibraltar, (30° 5' 3o") to 200Q Engliih 
 
 e 'Affix*' E4>A1NET0 n a*pn ts^dot flS vpt^. 
 
 miles. 
 
SAILED IN TWENTY-FOUR HOURS. 
 
 miles. The difference of latitude between Gibraltar and Alexan- 
 dria is 4° 54' 10". Thefe, reckoned in the ufual way of latitude 
 and departure, amount to 2035 Englifh miles, equal to 2229 Greek 
 miles, which, divided by 75, give about 29I Greek miles for each 
 day's fail. But I mull fay, that this inltance is not fairly adduced. 
 Scylax exprefsly affigns this time to a fhip that failed round the 
 bays f and gulphs that lay in the line of paffage, not to one that 
 failed dire&ly to the point aimed at. This circumftance makes a 
 material difference. Had Mr. Rennel drawn his conclufion from 
 an inftance he might have found a few lines above, in the fame 
 author, it might perhaps have been different : Scylax there fays, 
 that a fhip under favourable circumftances might fail from Car- 
 thage to Hercules's Pillars in feven days and feven nights. 
 
 Carthage lies nearly in the fame latitude with Gibraltar, and at 
 leaft 15° Eaft, which in latitude 36.5 amounts to 50 Englifh miles 
 and a fmall fraction over to a degree. This multiplied by 15 is 
 equal to 840 Englifh miles, or 91 7 Greek miles; or 131 Greek 
 miles, or 1048 ftadia, in twenty-four hours. 
 
 The fifth inftance he brings is from the Red fea, which, he fays, 
 from Herodotus, is forty days of navigation. Its length, according 
 to the track a fhip mufl make through it, is about 1 300 miles, 
 which makes a rate of failing about 32 miles a day. But I can- 
 not think the navigation of the Red fea proper to be brought as an 
 inftance to eftimate the diftance which might be failed by the fhips 
 of antiquity, or indeed by any fhips whatever. Mr. Irwin ob- 
 ferves, that from its narrownefs it is foon agitated ; that it abounds 
 
 Kara Taj KoXirovq kvk^u wsptTrXeom r,jxtfm os, Scylac. Pcnp. 
 
 s 2 with 
 
13a DISTANCE WHICH THE ANCIENT SHIPS 
 
 with rocks, fhoals, and breakers, and hazy weather. He mentions; 
 that they could not run more than 30 miles on one tack, and that 
 it was their cuftom to make one more about fun-fet g , then to tack, 
 and to Hand for the oppofite Ihore until day-break. This is nearly 
 the fame progrefs defcribed by Herodotus. Mr. Irwin adds, that 
 an Englifh fhip had been wrecked h there, from the difficulty of 
 the navigation, not fix months before ; and at one time he re- 
 garded his own fituation as defperate. 
 
 They were befides twenty days (from April lOth to May 6th) 
 in failing from Mocha to Zambo, which is a difference of not 
 more than 1 1 0 of latitude and 6° of longitude, which is little more 
 than 42 Englifh miles, or about 46 Greek miles, each day of 
 twenty-four hours. Perhaps it was from the difficulty of this 
 navigation that Herodotus intimates, that it was performed with 
 oars only ; and indeed Mr. Irwin's account proves that the ma- 
 nagement of fails in this fea is difficult, even in the prefent age, 
 and to Englifh failors. 
 
 The fixth and laft inflance I fhall examine is the one Mr. 
 Rennel brings from Herodotus, who fays, that the navigation from 
 the Thracian Bofporus on the Euxine fea to the mouth of the 
 Phafis is a voyage of eight days and nine nights, or, as Mr. Rennel 
 counts it, of fixteen days. This diflance he reckons at 38 miles 
 each day. Herodotus eflimates this diflance at 11,100 fladia, 
 which gives for 81 days fail more than 1300 fladia for every 
 twenty-four hours, equal to 162 Greek miles, or 148 Englifh 
 miles. 
 
 s Irwin's Voyage, page 20. 
 
 h Page 22. 
 
 Arrian 
 
SAILED IN TWENTY-FOUR HOURS. 133 
 
 Arrian reckons the fame diftance to be 8505 ftadia, or 1063 
 Greek miles, which divided by 8.5 gives 125 Greek miles, or 1000 
 ftadia, for each day's fail of twenty-four hours, which agrees 
 exa&ly with Ptolemy. The real diftance however appears to be 
 about 13° of longitude, which in latitude 41° amounts to 682 
 Englifh miles, which divided by 8.5 gives 80 Englifh miles, or 87 
 Greek miles, equal to OgO ftadia, for a day and night's fail. 
 
 Herodotus again fays, that the diltance from Sindica to Themif- 
 cyra is 3300 ftadia, and that this was three days and three nights 
 fail. This allows 11 00 ftadia for every twenty-four hours fail, 
 which is above the computation of Ptolemy. According to Mr. 
 D'Anville, the diftance is about 2040 ftadia, or more than 118 
 Greek miles, in twenty-four hours. 
 
 I have thus examined the inftances which Mr. Rennel thinks 
 the faireft and moft to the purpofe ; and I fubmit to the reader, 
 whether I have not fhewn, that the diftance, which he has afcribed 
 to the Ihips of antiquity as a day's fail, has not been by him under- 
 rated ; and that 1000 ftadia, which is the fpace afligned by Pto- 
 lemy, is not very near the truth, on a medium computation. 
 
 ON 
 
ON 
 
 THE MEASURE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 GREEK STADIUM. 
 
ON 
 
 THE MEASURE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 GREEK STADIUM. 
 
 TL HE Stadium is allowed to be a meafure of Grecian original, 
 though well known, and in ufe, among the Romans. 
 
 It had its name, as fome fay, from the Hop at the end of the Name 
 
 whence de- 
 
 courfe for foot-races, at Pifa in Elis a , which courfe was of this rived, 
 length. Others derive it from a word which implies the fpace a 
 man was able to run without taking breath b . 
 
 This meafure was not uniform, it being acknowledged that 
 there were ftadia of different lengths. 
 
 The Olympic ftadium however, of which I mean principally to Olympic 
 treat, appears to have been in the mofi: general ufe as an itinerary the mc-a 
 
 general ufe 
 for itinerary 
 purpofes. 
 
 a Aul. Gell. i. cap. I, c\a rriii rocaw- Pha- oretv vwipxigy rZ y-srpij Ta hoya to mttvjjiu iaukqq- 
 vorini Lexicon. rtpov ympivov ra hjvcLaSxi h l&lu hritp^rnai tow 
 
 b Hocpd t5i» h tu> tyo/Aia Tclaiv. Phavor. The Xe'yoiroj <anvyi.uri' tSto yap tm v t»V«;> to 
 word t«V»j, in the fenfe here ufed, is explained ditotwda^eu Itti /AUKpoTepov ?> xgy to <mnvpx. 
 by a paflage cited from Hermogenes, in Ste- Hermogen. de Invent, lib. iv. 
 phens's Greek Thefaurus. Tetan 8s ift Ta Xoye, 
 
 t meafure, 
 
i 3 8 
 
 ON THE MEASURE 
 
 meafure, the others being moltly confined to local, or provincial 
 diftricts. 
 
 Lmgth The Olympic fiadium confuted of Ooo Greek feet, as appears 
 
 of the c y. i .... 
 
 Olympic from ieveral authorities. 
 
 ftadium. 
 
 From Herodotus fays c , " that the pyramids of Egypt were loo o^yvicc), 
 ' " or fathoms, in height, and that l oo legal fathoms were equal to 
 " a ftadium of fix plethra. The fathom meafures fix feet, or four 
 u cubits, and each foot meafures four palms, (rerpcnraXcLWuv) and 
 " each cubit fix palms." The word Mxeucu here ufed implies, I 
 think, that the meafures above fpecified were of the ftandard or 
 efiablifhed kind. 
 
 From Hero. Hero fays, the fiadium contained Coo d Philetasrian feet. 
 
 From Suidas fays, the fiadium e contained Coo feet, and the plethron 
 
 Suidas. A 
 
 loo feet. 
 
 From Strabo fays, that mofi people counted f 8 fiadia to be equal to a 
 mile. 
 
 a meafure Several of the Roman writers indeed aflign an apparently dif- 
 
 apparently _ 
 
 different terent meafure to the fiadium. Columella fays 5 , that a fiadium 
 
 given by J 
 
 Columella j contains 125 paces, which, he fays, make 625 feet; (each pafius, 
 
 c QvTU at [xiv <sjv^xulhs tltA txctror opyvteuv, at e Vox XradW. 
 
 y zxxtov ogyviccl ^txaiai £tV» ra<W i^d^sB^cv' f Strabon. lib. vii. 
 
 e|«7TEjy p)v t55? o^yvws ^TfiOjA.svrti TSTfaw^io?, £ Stadium deinde habet paffus 12^, id eft 
 
 ruv tao^un (An T£Tga.<7rx7\airav iavtm, rov 8") w^eo?, pedes 625, quae o&ies multiplicata efficit mille 
 
 H-airoiXairii. Herod, lib. ii. c. 149. Ed.Weffel. paffus, fic veniunt quinque millia pedum. 
 
 d Hero in Ifagoge. Columell. lib. v. c. i. 
 
 or 
 
OF THE GREEK STADIUM. i 39 
 
 or pace, containing five feet,) and the number of paces contained 
 in each ftadium being multiplied by eight make up looo paces, 
 or 5000 feet. 
 
 Pliny fays, that a liadium h contains 125 Roman paces, that is*j£ b y 
 025 feet 
 
 Cenforinus fays, that the Italic Itadium '' contains 025 feet, the an<* cenfo- 
 
 rinus ; 
 
 Olympic Ooo feet, and the Pythic looo feet. 
 
 Frontinus fays, the Itadium k contains 025 feet, and the mile andFron 
 
 J 7 tinusj, 
 
 looo paces, or 5000 feet, equal to eight ftadia. 
 
 The author of the treatife de Limitibus \ and the one de Men- and an ano- 
 furis m , fay, that the ftadium is the lealt computation of diftance S Ui 
 " ufed by travellers ; that it contains 125 paces, which are equal 
 <{ to 025 feet, and this laft fum multiplied eight times makes a 
 " mile, which confifts of 5 ooo feet." 
 
 Thefe accounts however are perhaps not more than feemingly 
 difcordant. The Olympic ftadium, which is understood to be meant 
 when nothing is exprelTed to the contrary, was compofed of Ooo 
 Herculean feet, each of which exceeded the common foot, in the 
 fame proportion as the length of the foot" of Hercules did the 
 
 h Plin. Nat. Hift. lib. ii. cap. 32. ftadii, quod eft Pifae ad Jovis Olympii, Hercu- 
 
 ' Cenforin. cap. xiii. lem pedibus fuis metatum, idque feciffe lon- 
 
 k Expofit. Formarum. — Goefri Rei Agrarise gum pedes fexcentos : caetera quoque ftadia 
 
 Au£lores. in terra Grsecia, ab aliis poftea inftituta, pe- 
 
 1 Rei Agrarise Audlores, p. 292. dum quidem efle numero fexcentum, fed ta- 
 
 m Ibid. p. 321. men aliquantulum breviora : facile intellexe- 
 
 " Nam quum fere conftaret, curriculum rit, modum fpatiumque plantae Herculis, ra- 
 
 t a tione 
 
140 
 
 ON THE MEASURE 
 
 von of the l en gth °f tnat °f an ordinary man. This difference of length 
 ofthefe 06 appears to have been in the proportion of 25 to 24. The real 
 accounts. } eil gth of the ftadium was the fame among the Romans as it was 
 among the Greeks; but the Greek foot being longer than the 
 Roman, caufed the Greeks to reckon fewer feet to the ftadium 
 than was done by the Romans. 
 
 Even when the length of the mile was reduced, that of the fta- 
 dium feems to have continued the fame as formerly. Thus Suidas 
 reckons the mile in his time only at feven ftadia and an half, or 4500 
 feet ; by which it is clear, that he means the proportion of 600 
 feet to a ftadium, and thofe Herculean feet, which he had before 
 reckoned at 4800 to a mile. 
 
 I have no doubt therefore that 600 feet was the ftandard, or 
 legal meafure of the ftadium ; and in this opinion almoft all the 
 early writers agree, except when they fpeak of meafurements go- 
 Caufes of verned by local cuftoms. Errors and inconliftencies are however 
 
 the errors of _ A t • • • r- r 
 
 ancient rrequent, from the ancient writers quoting fo often as they ap- 
 pear to have done from memory only ; from the want of a free 
 communication of information, and from the natives of one 
 country not underftanding the language, cuftoms, or ufages of 
 another. Thus Strabo 0 tells us, that Polybius, who had probably 
 been ufed to count 600 Greek feet to the ftadium, obferves, that, 
 according to this computation, one third of a ftadium was neceflary 
 to be added to each mile of eight ftadia, in order to bring it to its 
 proper length. 
 
 tione proportion is habita,tanto fuiflTe quam ali- longius effet quam caetera. Aul.Gell.lib.i.c. I. 
 orum procerius, quanto Olympicum ftadium 0 Strabon. lib. vii. 
 
 This 
 
OF THE GREEK STADIUM. 
 
 This muft have arifen from a want of confidering the difference 
 between the Greek and the Roman foot, the former being to the 
 latter in the proportion of 25 to 24, which correfponds with the 
 additional quantity required by Polybius, in order to fupply the 
 deficiency in the mile. It is not however clear whether the error 
 was in Polybius or in Strabo, fince in another paffage of the for- 
 mer author, now extant in his original works, he fays, that the 
 dillances from one city or river to another " were diftin&ly p and 
 " accurately marked by the Romans, and divided into portions of 
 " eight ftadia each." This indicates that the Romans in his time 
 allowed eight ftadia to a mile, and no more ; which indeed Strabo 
 admits to be the general cuftom, and is confirmed by this paflage 
 of Polybius, who in this place gives no account of any additional 
 quantity neceflary to make up the mile. 
 
 If then Polybius reckoned 600 feet to the fiadium, as he appears 
 to have done by Strabo' s account, he muft, in the pafiage laft 
 cited, have meant Greek feet ; otherwife the mile would have been 
 one-third of a fiadium, or about 208 Roman feet, fhort of its 
 proper length. 
 
 Plutarch, or thofe from whom he derived his information, feems 
 to have been milled in the fame way. He tells us, " that Caius 
 " Gracchus caufed all the roads q to be divided into miles, each 
 " mile containing a little lefs than eight ftadia, and erecled pillars 
 " of ftone to mark thefe divifions." 
 
 * Tuvtcc yap vvv jStCtj^aTira* wi)|!if!(»T«i lib. iii. feft. 39. 
 
 5c*t<* r«£'tf? oktu hcc 'Pupa'tv* {tti^wj. Polyb. i Vita Caii Gracchi. 
 
 By 
 
ip ON THE MEASURE 
 
 By this paffage I fuppofe is meant only, that a mile of eight 
 iladia of 600 feet each, meafured by the Roman foot, was inferior 
 in length to one of the fame nominal dimensions, but meafured 
 by the Greek foot; which laft we may reafonably conclude to 
 have been in general ufe, in eftimating the length of the ftadium, 
 which was a meafure confefiedly of Greek original. 
 
 It mould be considered, that this quantity was afligned to each 
 mile, at the firft ereclion of mile-fiones, when their computations 
 might be lefs correct, and when, as Aulus Gellius tells us was done 
 in later ages in fome places, they preferred the number' of feet 
 in a fladium, though they reckoned by a fhorter foot. 
 
 Mr. D'Anville has, I think, incautioully blamed Cenforinus, for 
 faying, that the Italic and the Olympic ftadia were of different 
 lengths, when he might mean only, that the Olympic s and 
 the Pythic were different, fince we can fcarcely fuppofe a man of 
 the learning of Cenforinus to be ignorant of the difference of 
 length between the Greek and the Roman foot. 
 
 Let us now endeavour to afcertain the length of the Greek foot, 
 as on this the other calculation mufl in a great meafure depend. 
 For this purpofe it will be necefTary firfl to confider the length of 
 the Roman foot. 
 
 1 Csetera quoque ftadia in terra Graecla, ab id potiffimum intelligendum eft, quod Itali- 
 aliis poftea inftituta, pedum quidem efle nu- cum vocant, pedum 625, nam funt praeterea 
 mero fexcentum, fed tamen aliquantulum et alia longitudine difcrepantia, ut Olympi- 
 breviora. Aul. Gell. lib. i. cap. 1. cum, quod eft pedum 600, etPythicurn, pedum 
 
 ' Stadium autem in hac mundi menfura, 1000. Cenforin. cap. xiii. 
 
 Dr. 
 
 Length of 
 the Greek 
 foot. 
 
OF THE GREEK STADIUM. 
 
 143 
 
 Dr. Murdoch 1 is of opinion, that the itinerary foot among the Length of 
 
 x * ^ the Roman 
 
 Romans differed from the one in domeitic ufe. But I fee no foot, 
 grounds for this fuppolition. Columella aflumes the foot as the 
 origin and foundation of meafurements of every kind, either by 
 its multiplications % or by its divifions, and fpecifies of the former 
 kind, paffus, a&us, climata, jugera, ftadia, centuriae, and other 
 fpaces of greater extent. The foot which he defcribes rauft there- 
 fore have been the itinerary foot. 
 
 Vitruvius x gives the fame account of the foot with Columella; 
 as that it contains four palms, or fixteen digits, and that it is to the 
 cubit in the proportion of four to fix. 
 
 We cannot doubt that the foot defcribed by Vitruvius was the 
 architectural foot, and, as fuch, the fame with the one on the 
 monument of CoiTutius at Rome. This may be inferred from 
 Greaves's account, as he found the larger Hones in the pavement 
 of the Pantheon to correfpond exactly with three Coflutian feet, 
 and the fmaller, with one ColTutian foot and a half. The perfon, 
 to whofe memory this is thought to have been erected, was by 
 trade a fculptor, or perhaps more probably a builder, as we may 
 infer from the compalfes, fquare, and level, inferibed on his tomb, 
 
 1 Preface to Bufching's Geography. quoverfus, pedum eft fexaginta j actus quadra- 
 u Modus omnis areae pedali menfura com- tus, undique finitus, pedibus centum et vi- 
 prehenditur, qui digitorum eft fedecim. Pes ginti. Columell. lib. v. cap. 1. 
 multiplicatus, in paffus, et actus, et climata, x E cubito enim, cum dempti funt palmi 
 et jugera, et Itadia, centuriafque ; mox etiam duo, relinquitur pes quatuor palmorum. Pal- 
 in majora fpatia procedit. Paflus pedes ha- mus autem habet quatuor digitos, ita effici- 
 bet quinque, aftus minimus, ut ait Marcus tur, ut pes habeat fedecim digitos. Vitruv. 
 Varro, latitudinis pedes quatuor, longitudinis Hb. iii. cap. 1. 
 habet pedes centum et viginti. Clima quo- 
 
 and 
 
144 
 
 ON THE MEASURE 
 
 and would therefore ufe the fame meafure with that employed in 
 buildings. It appears then that this foot was ufed in fuperflcial 
 meafurement ; and Yitruvius, who derives his meafures from the 
 proportions of the human body, which he afTumes as a Itandard, 
 makes no difference between the foot ufed in the conftruction 
 of buildings, and that employed in the menfuration of diflances on 
 the road. The author of the Treatife de Me nfuris y fays farther, 
 that the meafures taken from the proportions of the human body 
 are thofe " quae ad viatores feu ad curfores pertinent." 
 
 Romans 
 ufed one 
 
 We may then, I think, fairly conclude, that the Romans ufed 
 
 meafur f e f00tone ^ oot meamre on ty> and that the CorTutian foot was the 
 o^y- Roman foot for all purpofes. 
 
 Dr. Murdoch fpeaks twice of the pes monetalis of Athens, 
 for which he feems to cite Greaves, who is fo far from regard- 
 ing it as an Attic meafure, that he calls it the pes monetalis % or 
 Romanus. 
 
 Dr. Murdoch again fays, that the proportion of the pes mone- 
 talis to the Englim foot is as 19 to 20 ; and adds, that the term 
 monetalis is to be found in Hyginus. It is certainly mentioned 
 twice by that author ; but it refers in both places to the Roman, 
 and not to the Attic foot. 
 
 fahs mone * wor d monetalis is of Roman % not of Greek extraction, and 
 
 whence 
 
 derived. 
 
 y Rei Agrariae Scriptores, Goefii, p. 320. Cicero de Divinatione. 
 
 2 On the Roman foot. The Romans., being in want of money at the 
 
 * Mo'virra ^ r Hg« wapa 'Pw^aiotf. Phav. Lexic. time of the war with Pyrrhus, invoked the 
 Vocem ab aede Junonis ex arce extitiffe, affiftance of Juno ; who replied, in anfwer to 
 quocirca Junonem illam appellatam Mojietam. their applications, that if the war which they 
 
 carried 
 
OF THE GREEK STADIUM. 
 
 derived from an epithet of Juno, in whofe temple the money was 
 coined. The pes monetalis, or rather its fubdivihons, feem to 
 have been the ftandard for meafuring the diameter of the filver 
 coin ; and it appears from Yitruvius b , and others, that there was 
 much connection between the Greek and Roman meamres and 
 the Greek and Roman money. The pes monetae is mentioned 
 frequently by the writers of the middle ages, and is defined from 
 one of thefe by Du Cange, to be " meta monetariis praifcripta in 
 " cudendis minimis, quam omnino obfervare tenentur." From this 
 hint, I examined feveral very fair Roman coins c , both aurei and 
 
 carried on was juft, money fhould not be 
 wanting. The Romans then, after gaining 
 what they wiftied, paid divine honours to Juno 
 Moneta, or the Advifer; and decreed, that the 
 money fhould be coined in her temple. Suid. 
 Lexic. Vox Movrjra. 
 
 b Ex eo etiam videntur civitates Graecorum 
 fecifle, uti quemadmodum cubitus eft fex pal- 
 morum, ita in drachmis quoque, eo numero 
 uterentur. Illae enim aereos fignatos, uti afles 
 ex aequo fex, quos obolos appellant ; quadran- 
 tefque obolorum, quae alii dichalca, nonnulli 
 trichalca dicunt, pro digitis viginti quatuor 
 conftituere. 
 
 Palmus autem habet quatuor digitos, ita 
 efficitur, uti habeat pes fexdecim digitos, et 
 totidem afles aereos denarius. Vitruv. lib. iii. 
 cap. f. 
 
 As the denarius contained fixteen afles, fo 
 the foot contained fixteen digitos. And as 
 the aflis was divided into twelve uncias, fo 
 likewife the foot was divided into twelve un- 
 cias ; and therefore the dodrans is ufed by 
 Frontinus, and the femiuncia and Sicilicus 
 by Pliny, for proportionable parts of the Ro- 
 man foot, as the fame are ufed by other clafli- 
 cal authors for proportionable parts of the Ro- 
 man aflis or uncia. Greaves of the Roman foot. 
 
 c The length of the digitus, or fixteenth 
 part of the Roman foot, is, according to Mr. 
 Greaves, "ji^S decimal parts of an inch ; 
 but as fo many figures denote fractional parts 
 too minute to be afcertained by actual mea- 
 furement, I have ufed the three firft figures 
 only ; and the reader will remark, in the table 
 annexed, how nearly the diameter of the bead- 
 ed circle ftamped upon the Roman coin ac- 
 cords with Mr. Greaves's calculation of the 
 extent of the digitus. Some irregularity 
 takes place ; but this may be imputed, either 
 to the inaccuracy of the workmen, or perhaps, 
 in fome degree, to the inequality of force in 
 the blows of the hammer, with which the an- 
 cient money was ftruck : but the coincidence 
 of this part of the impreflion with the digitus 
 in the confular coins, and thofe of the higher 
 empire, renders it more than probable that this 
 meafure was intended to be the ftandard of 
 the dimenfions of the die. The coins referred 
 to were felected from a confiderable number, 
 for the fairnefs of the impreflion, and the 
 clearnefs with which the beaded circle was 
 marked out. The meafurements were taken 
 with a pair of fine hair-compafles, and a brafs 
 fcale of inches and decimal parts, made for 
 this purpofe by Mr. Trough ton. 
 v Table 
 
OF THE MEASURE 
 
 denarii, and found the beaded circle imprefTed on them to coincide 
 very nearly with Mr. Greaves's proportion of the digitus. 
 
 Dr. Murdoch himfelf cannot difcover the length of the Roman 
 itinerary foot, as he calls it, from any of his calculations. In 
 the eftimation of the diftance between Bologna and Modena, he 
 computes the Roman foot at one-fixty-fourth, or a quarter of a 
 digit, lefs than the Englifh : in reckoning the diflance between 
 London and Verulam, he makes it to be one-thirty-fecond, or half 
 a digit, lefs ; which differs very little 11 from the proportion afligned 
 by Mr. Greaves. 
 
 Again, he computes the Roman itinerary foot to be to the 
 Englim as forty-five to forty-four, or one-forty-fourth part greater. 
 Such confufion arifes from unauthorifed fuppofitions. The Roman 
 itinerary foot, as diftinguiftied from the common Roman foot, is 
 to me as vifionary as the pes monetalis of Athens. 
 
 Table of the dimenfio?is of the beaded circle on the circumference of feveral Roman Coins. 
 
 Gold Coins. 
 
 Vefpafiaii 
 
 Trajan 
 
 Trajan 
 
 Hadrian 
 
 Reverie 
 
 Silver Coins. 
 
 Confular 
 Confular 
 Confular 
 Divi filius 
 Divus Auguftus 
 
 Diameter of the 
 beaded circle in deci- 
 mals of an inch. 
 
 •71 
 
 •74 
 •7 2 5 
 •74 
 •7 2 5 
 
 •695 
 ■7*5 
 •725 
 •725 
 •725 
 
 Silver Coins. 
 
 Claudius 
 
 Domitian 
 
 Domitian 
 
 Domitian 
 
 Domitian 
 
 Trajan 
 
 Trajan 
 
 Hadrian 
 
 Hadrian 
 
 Marc. Aurelius 
 
 Alex. Severus 
 
 Gordian 
 
 Philippus 
 
 Diameter of the 
 beaded circle in deci- 
 mals of an inch. 
 
 .695 
 
 •725 
 .70 
 
 .69 
 
 •7i 
 
 •7i 
 
 •7i 
 
 •7i 
 
 •705 
 
 •725 
 
 .71 bad filver 
 .775 bad filver 
 .82 bad filver 
 
 * 967 : 1000 : : 31 : 32.005. 
 
 Having 
 
OF THE GREEK STADIUM. 147 
 
 ortion 
 een 
 
 Having thus, I hope, fettled the length of the Roman, it re- £3 
 mains to fpeak of the Greek foot, and the proportion which thefe 
 
 and the 
 
 . , Roman 
 
 bear to one another. foot; 
 
 This is computed by Greaves to be in the ratio of 25 to 24. the 
 Greek foot exceeding the Roman in that proportion, which is the 
 fame within a very minute fractional part with that of 1007.29° to 
 967 ; and this proportion has been adopted by Arbuthnot, and 
 indeed, with an almoft imperceptible difference, by Dr. Reinhold 
 Forfter. 
 
 Our knowledge of this proportion is deduced from vZwe™ 
 
 1 . The difference of number between the Greek and the Roman 
 feet, faid to be contained in the ftadium, there being 600 Greek 
 feet, as we have already feen, and 625 Roman feet, which, if we 
 fuppofe the ftadium to be of an equal length in both computations, 
 makes the Greek foot to be longer than the Roman, in the ratio 
 of 25 to 24. 
 
 2. The paffage of Polybius cited by Strabo, and mentioned 
 above, which feems to give the fame proportion. 
 
 3. The proportion of the Philaeterian foot, which is defcribed 
 to be -riv part of a ftadium, and appears to have been the Greek 
 foot, and was, as Salmafius f lays it down, part longer than the 
 Roman foot, or pes monetalis. 
 
 e 25 : 24 : : 1007.29 : 966.9984. Grsecus et Philaeterius, Romano, five monetali. 
 
 f Sic vigefima quarta parte major erat pes Salmaf. Plin. Exercitat. 
 
 u 2 4. From 
 
ON THE MEASURE 
 
 4. From the defcription of the Ptolemaic foot, given by Hy- 
 ginus s , which appears to be the fame with the Greek, and was 
 half an inch longer than the pes monetalis, or as 25 to 24. 
 
 5. From the meafures of ancient buildings, now remaining. 
 " Mr. Stuart," as we are told by the editor of the two laft volumes 
 of the Antiquities of Athens, " appears to have taken very great 
 " pains to difcover the true length of the Greek foot, from dif- 
 " ferent meafures of the temple of Minerva Parthenon ; which, from 
 " its name Hecatompedon, was fuppofed to contain a meafure of 
 " an hundred feet, in fome confpicuous part of the building." 
 
 The difference of the foot, and the proportion it bears to Englifh 
 meafure, taken from various parts of the building, are as fol- 
 lows. 
 
 TABLE I. 
 
 ENGLISH MEASURE. 
 
 I. Length of the upper ftep in front of the temple gives for 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Dec. parts 
 
 
 12. 
 
 
 II. From outfide to outfide of the angular columns . . . 
 
 12. 
 
 °95 
 
 III. From center to center of the front columns .... 
 
 12. 
 
 0928 
 
 IV. From the Roman foot, by meafure of the obelifk of 
 
 
 
 
 12. 
 
 
 VI. From length of the third ftep in vol. ii. pag. 
 
 12. 
 
 0625 
 
 12. 
 
 137 
 
 
 12. 
 
 10697 
 
 Average of Nos. I. II. III. V. VI. 
 
 12. 
 
 0808 
 
 8 Praeterea pes eorum qui Ptolemaicus ap- ciam. Hyginus de Limitibus conftituendis. 
 pellatur habet monetalem pedem et femun- 
 
 TABLE 
 
OF THE GREEK STADIUM. 
 
 149 
 
 TABLE II. 
 
 Suppofe the Englifli foot to be as . . . . . 1000. 
 
 The Greek foot, according to Greaves, is ... 1007.29 
 
 According to No. I. in the other table .... 1011.591 
 
 According to No. IL 1008. 
 
 According to No. Ill 1007.68 
 
 According to No. IV 1009.6 
 
 According to No. V 1005.21 
 
 According to No. VI - • • 1011.41 
 
 Average of Mr. Stuart's calculations 1008.915 
 
 Proportion of Greek foot to Roman 25 : 23.9614 
 
 Length of Greek Olympic ftadium, according Eng. feet. Dec. parts, 
 
 to Mr. Stuart's calculation of the foot . . 605. 341 
 
 The near coincidence of thefe calculations with thofe of Mr, 
 Greaves is a ftrong prefumption of the corre&nefs of both, 
 and proves how much thofe have been deceived who have at- 
 tempted to reduce the Greek foot to lefs than two-thirds of the 
 Englifh. But of this more hereafter. 
 
 Mr. Rennel, in his work entitled " The Geographical Syftem of Mr. Ren. 
 " Herodotus," mentions the Olympic ftadium of 600 feet, but count of the 
 
 7 •/ •' * ^ length or 
 
 alledges, that, " there is no teftimony of the application of this the ftadium 
 
 " ftadium to itinerary purpofes. On the contrary, every portion 
 
 " of diftance, as well throughout Herodotus's hiftory, as the 
 
 " writings of other Greeks, appears, on a reference to the ground 
 
 M itfelf, to be meafured by a ftade of a much ftiorter ftandard, 
 
 " moft of them rifing above that of Xenophon, which is of 750 
 
 " to a degree, but falling below that of Strabo, which is of 700." 
 
 To 
 
*5° ON THE. MEASURE 
 
 To Mr. Rennel's alfertion, that there is no teftimony of the 
 application of the Olympic fladium to itinerary purpofes hy Hero- 
 dotus, it may be replied, that there is as much teftimony as could 
 be expedted. It is defcribed as a fuperficial meafure by that 
 writer, and its parts or fubdivifions particularifed, and this but a 
 few lines after he had fpecified the extent of the lake Moeris, 
 From the which he eftimates at 3600 ftadia, or 450 miles, in circumference, 
 oS iaS a fpace which Mr. Rennel will furely allow to be fufficient to be 
 accounted an itinerary computation. Now Herodotus never de- 
 fcribes any other fladium, or gives any reafon to think, that the 
 one ufed in computing the extent of the lake Moeris was of a dif- 
 ferent length from the one defcribed juft after. It is worth re- 
 marking, that Herodotus, at the beginning of the fame book, tells 
 us, " that thofe who have but a fmall portion of land, meafure it 
 " by the ofyvtk; or fathom ; thofe who have more, meafure it by the 
 " fladium ; thofe who have much, by the parafanga; and thofe who 
 " poffefs countries of great extent, by the fchoenus ; the former of 
 " the two lafl-mentioned meafures confifting of 30, and the latter 
 " of 6o, fladia." Now the o^yvta, is mentioned as the next divifion 
 to the fladium in both thefe places, and of courfe we have reafon 
 to think that the fame fladium was meant in both. 
 
 From the In order to prove that Herodotus meant to exprefs a fladium 
 
 di fiance be- ^ , 1 „ 1 , _ * 
 
 tweenPifa lmaller than the Olympic, Mr. Rennel takes the diftance between 
 
 andAthens. T) . - . 
 
 iJla and Athens, which, he fays, " ought, if the numbers be not 
 " corrupted, to be accounted decifive." This dillance was, ac- 
 cording to Herodotus, fifteen itadia fliort of 3 500, or 1485 ftadia ; 
 and this, he fays, agreed nearly with the one between Heliopolis 
 in Egypt, and the fea. " The direA diftance," Mr. Rennel fays, 
 is, " in D'Anville's map of Greece, 105 Greek miles." I have 
 
 that 
 
OF THE GREEK STADIUM. 
 
 that map now before me, and this diftance meafures upon it 990 
 Olympic ftadia, or 1 23 Greek miles and f. If we add to this f , or 
 15 miles and for the winding of the road, it will make up 139 
 miles and i, equal to 1114 ftadia of 600 to a degree. Say then, 
 b 1114 : 600 : : 1485 : 799-8, or almaft 800 to a degree. 
 
 Let us now fee what the number of rladia to a degree would 
 be by Mr. Rennel's own numbers : '118. x 8.= 944 : 600 : : 
 1485 : 94 3. 8 5 6% both calculations very different from that of Mr. 
 Rennel. 
 
 But the road which we may prefume was ufually travelled is 
 as follows : 
 
 From Pha to Corinth 5^0-) 
 
 Direct diflance from Pifa to Athens 1049 
 
 Add i, or Ml ftadia, for winding of the road, and the numbers 
 will be 1180 ftadia. Say then 1180 : Ooo : : 1485 : 755.08, a 
 number not very different from the one affigned by Mr. Rennel, 
 but not deducible from thofe calculations which he has fpe- 
 cified. 
 
 h 600 Olympic ftadia are reckoned equal ' This is the number affigned by Mr. Ren- 
 te- a degree, on Mr. D'Anville's map of nel, with the addition of ^ for winding of the 
 Greece. road. 
 
 From Corinth to Megara 
 From Megara to Athens 
 
 The 
 
ON THE MEASURE 
 
 The diftance, according to Mr. Rochette's map of Greece, (lands 
 thus : 
 
 From Pi fa to Corinth 63" 
 
 From Corinth to Megara 27 /■Englifti miles. 
 
 From Megara to Athens 20. 
 
 Diftance from Pifa to Athens . 116 
 
 Add i or 14£ miles, for winding of the road 14.5 
 
 130.5 
 
 Say then, 130.5 : 1485 : : 69.5 : 790. 80 for the number of ftadia 
 in a degree. 
 
 From the But whatever dependence Mr. Rennel may place on this Calcu- 
 tta* be ~lation, he owns that the account given by PaufaniaS, of the dif- 
 and Sparta, tance from Olympia to Sparta, leads to a different conclufion, and 
 gives a ftadium of no more than 707 to a degree. Paufanias efti- 
 mates this diftance at 660 k ftadia ; and Mr. Rennel fays, " that on 
 " the map this diftance is 50 Greek miles, or 50 by the road, 
 " giving a rate of 707 to a degree. The Theodolian Table has Ol 
 " mille paftus only, equal to about 49 Greek miles by the road." 
 
 The diftance between Olympia and Sparta is, according to Mr. 
 D'Anville's map, 500 ftadia, or 62! Greek miles, equal to 5 7.23 
 Englifh miles, which laft is nearly the diftance laid down in Mr. 
 Rochette's 1 map. If we add to this \ for winding, it will make 
 
 k *0^oD o% tti's U Aa.KiootliJt.oiia. i| 'Ohv/jLirla-s liri Edit. Kiihn. 
 1-eica.v rfaw rw h Axue^x^on ph^x sltat raMxs 1 This is the fame with the one in Stuart's 
 e|^xo»t» te e|axoena?. Paufan. lib. vi. p. 492. Antiquities of Athens. 
 
 up 
 
OF THE GREEK STADIUM. 
 
 up 5621 fiadia, or 70 Greek miles, or nearly 64 i Engitih miles. 
 Say then, 64.326 : 66o : : 69. 5 : 713.09, which is not far from 
 Mr. Rennel's conclufion, though not founded on his calcula- 
 tions. 
 
 Let us now fee how the account will ftand, according to his 
 own computation. 51.28 Engl. m. = 56 Greek m. : 660 : : 69.5 : 
 8 17.22; very different from Mr. Rennel's calculation of 707 to 
 a degree. 
 
 As to what Mr. Rennel fays refpecting the diftance being by 
 the Theodofian or Peutingerian Tables 61 m. p. I anfwer, that I 
 have thefe now before me, in Bertius's edition of Ptolemy's 
 Geography, and find that there are two roads put down from 
 Olympia to Lacedsemon, one the more direct by Melaena, the 
 other following for a confiderable part of it the fea-coafl. The 
 more direct: road has the diftances marked on it no farther than 
 from Olympia to Melaena, which laft place is fet down as 12 miles 
 from Olympia, which, by Mr. D'Anville s map, appears to be 
 nearly the true diftance ; but no farther fpecifications are to be 
 found for the remainder of the way. 
 
 The roaci by the coaft is as follows ; with the diftances as 
 marked in the tables, and thofe meafured in a ftraight line in 
 Mr. D'Anville's map of Greece. 
 
 From 
 
*54 
 
 ON THE 
 
 MEASURE 
 
 
 
 Pcutingerian Table. 
 
 D'Anville's map. 
 
 From Olympia to Samaco . 
 
 . IK M. P. 
 
 17 M. P. 
 
 From Samaco to Cyparifla . , 
 
 . . 554 
 
 18 
 
 From Cyparifla to Pylus . . . 
 
 * • i$ 
 
 14 
 
 From Pylus to Methone . . . 
 
 . . 30 
 
 *9 
 
 From Methone to Afine . . . 
 
 . . 13 
 
 11 
 
 From Afine to Meffene . . . 
 
 • • 3° 
 
 28 
 
 From Meffene to Lacedaemon 
 
 • • 3° 
 
 30 
 
 
 156 Total. 
 
 137 
 
 Add or i$r m. p. to Mr. D'Anville 
 
 
 
 
 
 154 Total. 
 
 The agreement between modern and ancient computation is 
 here very remarkable ; but I mfpecl: that the road, to which Pau- 
 fanias alludes, was more circuitous than the common allowance of 
 t will account for. 
 
 Let us now examine fome of the diftances of which we may 
 
 be mppofed to have more accurate accounts, and which Hero- 
 
 From the dotus himfelf is faid to have meafured. He fays, that the length 
 
 Jfvenby of the Bofporus is 120 fladia. According to the large map of the 
 
 of the Propontis, it meafures 1 6 m Englilh miles ; and, according to Mr. 
 
 theBofpo- Arrowfmith's chart, 13° = 15 Englifh miles. If we take the me- 
 ns. . , 
 
 dium of thefe two computations, we may fay, 15.5 : 120 : : CtQ.5 : 
 
 538 nearly. 
 
 We know not indeed the points between which Herodotus 
 formed his menfurations ; but they could not be far from thofe 
 
 m Rochctte's map makes it to be 15^ Englifh miles. 
 
 here 
 
OF THE GREEK STADIUM. 
 
 *55 
 
 here fixed on ; and this inftance would argue, that Herodotus ufed 
 a fladium confiderably greater than even the Olympie. Again, 
 Herodotus fays, that the Propontis is 1400 ftadia in length; butofthcpro- 
 by the large map it meafures, including the Bofporus, which P ° ntls ' 
 Herodotus fays belongs to it, 142.5 Englilh miles. Say then, 
 142.5 : 1400 : : 69. 5 : 083 nearly, aftrange difproportion between 
 two dhlances fo nearly connected. 
 
 The fame writer efhmates the length of the Hellefpont at 400oftheHei- 
 fladia ; but it meafures, from Gallipoli to the opening into the kfp ° nt ' 
 iEgean fea, no more than 38 Englifh miles, or about 331 Olympic 
 lladia ; though it winds fo much, that Herodotus's calculation of 
 the courfe of the Strait may be nearly juft, and indicates, that he 
 meafured on this occafion by the Olympic vtadium. But the truth 
 is, that the meafurements of Herodotus are in general fo inaccu- 
 rate, or fo corrupted, as not to be depended on, and cannot be re- 
 garded as a foundation on which any ltandard meafure can be 
 eftablilhed, and fully juftify the obfervation of Dr. Blair", that 
 " nothing is more common than to find a confufion of numbers in 
 u the diftances given us by ancient authors." 
 
 Mr. Rennel obferves truly on the dirlance between Pifa and 
 Athens* as laid down by Herodotus, that the diftance from Helio- 
 polis 0 to the fea, which Herodotus defcribes as ccmal to the other, 
 is not in reality more than 80 Greek miles. 
 
 Let us then apply to Xenophon, who, as he travelled himfelf, 
 
 * Hift. of Geography. Strabo acknowledges 0 From Heliopolis to Tanis is 80 Greek 
 the fame inaccuracy, ov yap oixoXoyuroa usEf) t 2 miles by D'Anville's map, or 73^ miles by 
 hxrnpctTw. Strab. lib. iv. pag. 178. ' Faden's map. 1803. 
 
 x 2 the 
 
156 
 
 ON THE MEASURE 
 
 the diftances, which he defcribes in Afia Minor, may afford more 
 Length of fatisfadory information. Mr. Rennel tells us, that " Xenophon's 
 thf£f f " ordinar 7 march was 150 fladia daily, which both he and Hero- 
 of Cyrus. " dotus accounts- to be equal to five parafangas." The proper 
 way, I apprehend, of computing the march of Xenophon's army, 
 is to take that part of it where they marched over ground with 
 which they were acquainted ; not where they were haraffed and 
 purfued by the enemy. I would therefore felect the account of 
 their march from Sardis to Babylon, a fpace where the diftances 
 were meafured, and more to be depended on than thofe which 
 occurred when they were traverfing backwards and forwards 
 deferts, and other difficult and dangerous paths, with which they 
 were totally unacquainted. 
 
 March of Xenophon, with the Greek Auxiliaries. 
 
 Parafan- Days 
 
 gas. journey. 
 
 From Sardis to the Maeander .... 22 3 
 
 From the Maeander to Colofea .... 8 1 
 
 From Colofea to Cel sense 20 3 
 
 From Celsenae to Peltae 10 2 
 
 From Peltse to the Market of the Cramians 12 2 
 
 From the Market of the Cramians to Cayftrus 30 3 
 
 From Cayftrus to Thymbrium ... 10 2 
 
 From Thymbrium to Iconium ... 20 3 
 
 From Iconium to Tyana 25 4 
 
 From Tyana to Tarfus 254 
 
 From Tarfus to Pharus 10 2 
 
 From Pharus to Pyramus 5 1 
 
 From Pyramus to Iifus 15 2 
 
 From IfTus to the Gates of Cilicia 5 1 
 
 From the Gates of Cilicia to Myriandrus 5 1 
 
 From Myriandrus to Calus .... 20 4 
 
 Stadia, according 
 to D'Anville. 
 
 475 
 
 200 
 
 475 
 
 250 
 
 600 
 250 
 
 675 
 3 275 
 535 
 
 35o 
 300 
 
 125 
 150 
 600 
 
 From 
 
OF THE GREEK STADIUM. 
 
 From Calus to Daradax 
 
 Parafan- 
 gas. 
 
 30 
 
 Days 
 journey. 
 
 5 
 
 Stadia, accordin 
 to D'Anvillc. 
 
 475 
 
 From Daradax to Tbapfacus 
 
 . . 15 
 
 3 
 
 93° 
 
 From Thapfacus to Araxes . 
 From Araxes through Arabia . 
 
 • • 5° 
 
 • • 35 
 . . 90 
 
 9 
 5 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 474 
 
 76 
 
 7665 
 
 Now 4/4 divided by 76 gives 6.23(58, or almoft fix parafangas 
 and a quarter, for a day's journey, not five, as Mr. Rennel fays. 
 Again, 0.2308 multiplied by 30 gives 18/. 104 ftadia for a day's 
 march, which, if we count by Olympic fladia, is equal to 21.34 
 Englifh miles. This meafure of a day's march differs much from 
 the computation of Mr. Rennel, who affigns 1 5 miles only ; but it 
 is more agreeable to the accounts we have from antiquity of fuch 
 military movements. But more of this prefently. 
 
 The fourth column in the foregoing table marks the difiances 
 between the ftages mentioned in Xenophon, meafured from the 
 fcale of Olympic fladia annexed to Mr. D'Anville's map of Alia 
 Minor. It is continued only from Sardis to Thapfacus, as the 
 limits of the map did not afford an opportunity of purfuing it 
 farther. The diftance between every ftage mentioned by Xeno- 
 phon is not fet down, as the feveral ftages are not all marked in 
 the map ; but this makes little or no difference in the whole dis- 
 tance ; and the coincidence of the numbers fpecified by Xenophon 
 with thofe in D'Anville's map, is very remarkable. The diftance 
 between Sardis and Thapfacus was, according to Xenophon, 287 
 parafangas ; which, reckoning 30 fladia to a parafanga, amounts 
 to 8O10 ftadia. According to Mr. D'Anville's map, the fum of the 
 
 direct 
 
ON THE MEASURE 
 
 direct diftances between each ftage amounts to 7 065 Olympic 
 lladia. If we add to this £, or 958 ftadia, for winding of the road, 
 the comparative account will Hand thus. 
 
 Dijlance from Sardis to Thapfacus. 
 
 According to D'Anville's 
 
 map .... 7665" 
 Add f 958 
 
 According to Xenophon, 8610 ftadia. 
 
 ( Olympic 
 ftadia. 
 
 8623- 
 
 Difference from Xenophon 13 ftadia, or 
 a 663d part of the whole diftance. 
 
 Surely this coincidence, in a fpace of fuch an extent, is. a fuffi- 
 cient proof that Xenophon ufed the Olympic ftadium. 
 
 The above calculation for a day's march implies, no doubt, that 
 it was accelerated beyond the ufual rate ; and that it was actually 
 fo, we are exprefsly told by Xenophon himfelf. After having faid, 
 that fome of the marches were very long, he adds, that " upon the 
 " whole, Cyrus appeared throughout to haften their march, ftop- 
 " P m S 110 where, unlefs to get proviuons, or for fomething elfe 
 " that was neceflary ; for he judged, that the quicker he marched, 
 " the more unprepared the king would be to encounter him, and 
 " the flower, the more numerous would be the king's army ; for 
 " it was obvious to any perfon of attention, that the Perflan era- 
 " pire, though ltrong with regard to the extent of the country, 
 " and the numbers of men, was however weak by reafon of the 
 " great diftances of the places, and the divhlon of its forces, when 
 " furprifed by a fudden invafton p ." 
 
 p Spelman's Tranflation of Xenophon's be admitted, that the acceleration of the march 
 Anabafis, p. 3 1. It muft however, I think, of Cyrus could not have been very great, other- 
 wife 
 
OF THE GREEK STADIUM. 
 
 *59 
 
 Arrian tells us, that Alexander marehed from the lake Afcania q of Aiexan- 
 
 der, 
 
 to Celaene in five days. This is, according to D'Anville's ancient 
 map of Afia Minor, 1250 Olympic ftadia, and 143 r Englifh miles 
 by Rochette's map, and the fame by D'Anville's modern map of 
 Alia Minor. This makes 250 ftadia, or 28| Englilh miles, for each 
 day's march, allowing nothing for the winding of the road. If f 
 be allowed on that account, each day's march will be 280 ftadia, 
 equal to 32 Englifh miles 8 . 
 
 Herodotus tells us, that 200 ftadia, or 25 Greek miles, equal to Accounts 
 22.8Q3 Englilh nines, was a day s journey for a foot traveller; anddoms. 
 that 150 ftadia, or 18? Greek miles, was a day's march for an 
 army. 
 
 Strabo aftigns 250, or even 300, ftadia for a day's journey for a From 
 foot traveller ; and Procopius 1 mentions 210 as the ufual com- from 
 
 Procopius, 
 
 putation. 
 
 Vegetius u , at a time when the Roman difcipline began to de- From 
 cline, fays, that the ufual daily march of the army was 20 miles, 
 which was performed in five hours * ; and that if they accelerated 
 
 wife it could fcarcely have been continued for 
 fo many days fucceffively. 
 
 9 Ka» dtywirtcti If KsXaivaj w£/*7r!aiof . Ar- 
 riani Vit Alexandri, lib. i. 
 
 r 143 Englifti miles are equal to 1249.248 
 Olympic ftadia. 
 
 • Alexander, when more at leifure, marched 
 from Gaza to Pelufium in feven days, which 
 is, according to Mr.DAnville's map, with the 
 allowance of ^ for winding of the road, 1 23 7.5 
 Olympic ftadia j or, according to a later map, 
 
 1252 ftadia, which is about 178 ftadia each 
 day, or more than 20 Englifti miles. 
 
 1 Eello Vandalico, lib. i. c. 1^ Procopius 
 fays, a little after, that it was 40 days jour- 
 ney for a foot traveller from Chalcedon to the 
 Phafis. The diftance is, according to Arrian, 
 8505 ftadia, or 212.6 ftadia nearly for each 
 day. 
 
 u He lived about A. D. 387. 
 x Lib. i. cap. 9. 
 
 their 
 
i6o 
 
 ON THE MEASURE 
 
 their pace, they could march 24 miles in the fame time. If this 
 appears to be a greater effort than foldiers in the prefent age are 
 equal to, we mould confider the effecf s y of habit and exercife. 
 The armour of our own forefathers, which was eafily carried by 
 them, and under the weight of which they even performed feats 
 of activity, could fcarcely be fupported by a man of moderate 
 itrength in the prefent age. Vegetius tells us, that in his time the 
 weight of the armour and provifions, which was carried by the 
 Roman foldiers on thefe long marches, amounted to 60 pounds. 
 Yet we have reafon to believe that this was done without any 
 extraordinary difficulty. Their military exercife was a conusant 
 habituation to fatigue, whereas that of modern times is more 
 adapted to the practice of quick motions, and rapid evolutions, 
 than to the endurance of hardfhip and labour. This circumftance 
 gave the foldiers of antiquity a capacity of performing what we 
 can fcarcely conceive. Yet we muft not deny what is fo inconteft- 
 ably proved, from writers z of the belt authority, and indeed from 
 the general tenor of hiftory. 
 
 Cicero gives nearly the fame account with Yegetius of the 
 
 y Livy reckons 25 Roman miles (equal to 
 200 ftadia, as appears from the corresponding 
 paffage in Polybius) to be a day's journey or 
 march for a body of men, on a military expe- 
 dition. Twenty-five Roman miles were equal 
 to 22.893 Eng. miles. Liv. lib. xxi. feet. 28. 
 
 z Pondus bajulare, ufque ad fexaginta 
 libras, et iter facere gradu militari frequentif- 
 fime cogendi funt juniores, quibus, in arduis 
 expeditionibus neceffitas imminet annonam 
 pariter et arma portandi. Nec hoc credatur 
 
 efle difficile, fi ufus accefferit, nihil enim eft 
 quod non airidua meditatio faeillimum reddar. 
 Quam rem antiquos milites fa&itavhTe Vir- 
 gilio ipfo tefte cognofcitur. Veget. lib. i. 
 cap. 19. 
 
 Silvam caedere, portare onera, tranfilire 
 foffas, natare in mari feu fluminibus, gradu 
 pleno ambulare, vel currere, etiam armatos, 
 cum farcinis fuis frequentiffime convenit ; ut 
 quotidiani laboris ufus in pace, difficilis non 
 videatur in bello. Veget. lib. ii. cap. 23. 
 
 Roman 
 
OF THE GREEK STADIUM. 
 
 Roman difcipline 8 in his time, and of its effects, which Marias had 
 before experienced in the Cimbric war. Men who could undergo 
 luch fatigues might well perform longer marches than thofe to 
 which Mr. Rennel objects. But, fays Mr. R. the fpace of I4i 
 miles was the mean diftance travelled by an Indian army. But 
 that of Cyrus was not a tumultuary multitude of that kind. Xeno- 
 phon himfelf relates a remarkable b inftance how forward the prin- 
 cipal perfons among them were to expedite the march of the 
 army by their perfonal exertions. Cyrus himfelf was the moft 
 confummate general of trie age in which he lived ; he commanded 
 forces raifed in Greece, or in countries connected with it ; he 
 himfelf admired and praclifed the Grecian difcipline ; he promifed 
 himfelf the empire of Perfia, by the aid of the Greeks ; and al- 
 though a tragical accident put an end at once to his life and to 
 his hopes, his allies, in the midft of an enemy's country, and 
 fubjecl: to every difadvantage, returned fword in hand, in defpite 
 of all the efforts of their enemies, by a different road, and reached 
 Greece in fafety. Surely fuch forces were as capable of a long 
 
 * Noftri exercitus unde nomen habent vides : 
 deinde qui labor, quantufque agminis, ferre 
 plus diniidiati menfis cibaria ; ferre, fi quid ad 
 ufum velint : ferre vallum ? Nam fcutum. 
 gladium, galeam, in onere noftri milites non 
 plus numerant, quam humeros, lacertos, ma- 
 nus : arma enim membra milites efle ducunt. 
 Ciceron. Tufc. Difp. lib. ii. fe&. 15. 
 
 b Once, where the road was narrow, and fo 
 deep that the carriages could not pals with- 
 out difficulty, Cyrus flopped, with thofe about 
 him of the greateft authority and fortune, 
 and ordered Glus and Pigres to take fome of 
 the barbarians belonging to his army, and 
 help the carriages through : but thinking they 
 
 went flowly about it, he ordered, as in anger, 
 the moft confiderable Perfians who were with 
 him to affift in haftening on the carriages. 
 This afforded an inftance of their ready obe- 
 dience ; for, throwing off their purple robes, 
 where each of them happened to ftand, they 
 ran, as if it had been for a prize, down a very 
 fteep hill, in their coftly vefts and embroidered 
 drawers, fome even with chains about their 
 necks, and bracelets round their wrifts ; and 
 leaping into the dirt with thefe, they lifted up 
 the carriages, and brought them out fooner 
 than can be imagined. Spelman's Expedition 
 of Cyrus, p. 30, 31. 
 
 y march 
 
ON THE MEASURE 
 
 march as the Roman armies were in the middle of the fourth 
 century. 
 
 Mr. Rennel again allows that Straho reckoned eight ftadia to a 
 mile, and that feemingly on his own judgment ; and afterwards 
 fays, that if the opinion of Polybius is to be followed, one-third 
 of a ftadium is to be added, as he has allotted 8| ftadia to a mile. 
 But I have before produced a paflkge from the works of Polybius, 
 now extant, in which he allows eight ftadia onlj to a mile ; and 
 it is probable that the paflkge cited by Strabo might be only to 
 accommodate the Greek to the Roman meafure, if it be not, as I 
 have before hinted, a miftake of Strabo himfelf. 
 
 It is rather incorrecl: in Mr, Rennel to fay that 8§ Olympic 
 ftadia, of 600 feet each, were equal to 5000 feet. If he meafurcs 
 the Olympic ftadium by Roman feet, and allows only 600 of thefe 
 to a ftadium, contrary to the account given by all the Roman 
 writers, who aftign 625 Roman feet to a ftadium, his calculation 
 will hold good ; but it is more natural to fuppofe that a Greek 
 meafure Ihould be computed by Greek feet. If thefe were meant, 
 eight Olympic ftadia, without any addition, though containing 
 only 4800 Greek feet, would be equal to 5000 Roman feet, as has 
 been obferved before. 
 
 Miftake of It is unfortunate that a perfon of Mr. RenneFs fagacity and 
 Mr,RenneL abilities mould fall into fuch a miftake, as to fuppofe that a 
 figure of eight could be fubftituted in place of a figure of nine, 
 in the MSS. of Strabo, when the ufe of the Arabic numerals was 
 not introduced until a later date than that of any good MSS. of 
 that writer, and when the number is not exprefled by any numeral 
 
 figures 
 
OF THE GREEK STADIUM. 
 
 figures at all, but by the Greek word ojtT&raJiov c , which requires 
 more than the change of a fingle letter to metamorphofe it into 
 
 The meafures of fome of the ancient buildings may be applied Teftimonies 
 
 A . concerning 
 
 towards afcertaining the length of the lladium, as well as that of ^length 
 
 ,v r i. ftadium, 
 me IOOL. drawn from 
 
 the mea- 
 fures of 
 
 Paufanias tells us, that the Peribolus, or wall d furrounding the™g^ 
 court which inclofed the temple of Jupiter Olympius at Athens, 
 was at moll e four ftadia in circumference. The dimenlions, ac- 
 cording to Mr. Stuart, are as follows : 
 
 Length 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Dec. of an Inch. 
 
 688 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4^3 
 
 5 
 
 37 
 
 II51 
 
 11 
 
 ■ 87 
 
 
 
 
 2303 
 
 11 
 
 74 
 
 equal to 2286 Greek -feet nearly, which are one-nineteenth part 
 and a half Ihort of four Olympic ftadia ; but neverthelefs fuffi- 
 ciently coinciding with the expreflion of Paufanias, fuppofing he 
 meant Olympic ftadia ; but not if he meant lladia of the dimen- 
 lions afligned by Mr. Rennel. 
 
 c Ptolemy affigns only 500 ftadia to a de- 
 gree, or eight ftadia and one-third to a minute > 
 or 60 Roman miles, at 62$ feet to the fta- 
 dium. Geogr. cap. vii. A Greek or Roman 
 mile is about 75 to a degree on the equator; 
 of courfe 600 ftadia would be the proper 
 
 y 
 
 number. 
 
 a Paufanias, lib. i. 
 
 e The words of Paufanias are, rcc^luv pctXira. 
 rtovupuv tr»' which means, at mod or near 
 four ftadia. Conft. Lexic. et Steph. Thefaur. 
 Vox pclhirot,. 
 
 5 The 
 
164 
 
 ON THE MEASURE 
 
 The length of the area of the Panathenaean ftadium is yet dif- 
 tinguifhable. It was accurately meafured by Mr. Vernon, who 
 accompanied Sir George Wheeler to that place, A. D. 1676, and 
 was determined by him to be 03 o Englifh feet ; and with this 
 account both Dr. Chandler and Mr. Stuart agree. If we conlider 
 that the racers in the ftadium, in the courfe called AUvAof, returned 
 in the fame direction in which they fet out, we may allow 25 
 feet for the turn at the end round the meta ; and if fo, the length 
 of the courfe will be 600 Greek feet, or 0o5 Englifh feet ; which, 
 from this meafurement, I think more than probable. 
 
 Opinion of Tn the nineteenth volume of the French Memoirs of Literature, 
 .conlidered. including from the year 1 744 to 1 746, there are fome diifertations 
 on the length of the ftadium, by Mr. De la Barre f . That gentle- 
 man had conceived a notion, that the ftadium of Herodotus was 
 only t of the length of the one employed by Pliny ; and this 
 pofition, which abridges the length of the ftadium more than any 
 which I have feen, is fupported by him with much learning and 
 ingenuity, though not altogether with candour and impartial 
 reprefentation. 
 
 He founds his argument on the length of the Pythic ftadium, 
 which, Cenforinus tells us, confifted of looo feet; whilft the Italic 
 contained only 025, and the Olympic but Ooo feet. 
 
 Mr. Barre thinks, that the Romans adopted the Pythic ftadium 
 from the intercourfe which they had with Greece, when they fent, 
 as they often did in early times, to confult the Pythian or Delphic 
 
 f Sur les Mefures Geographiques des Anciens. 
 
 oracle. 
 
OF THE GREEK STADIUM. 
 
 165 
 
 oracle. But this is all a conjecture of his own. The Pythic 
 ftadium never could have been in general ufe among the Romans, 
 as it is never, as far as I can find, noticed, or even named, by any 
 other writer than Cenforinus, even by thofe who treat profefledly 
 of the menfuration of diftances. It feems probable that it was a 
 local meafure only, perhaps of the Gymnafmm g belonging to the 
 place, and not in ufe elfe where. But let us examine his argu- 
 ments. 
 
 He begins with faying, that Pliny, tranflating a pafiage from Argument 
 Theophraftus, renders the words r^itf xai dzxa, opyvtav, by centum words of ^ 
 triginta pedum ; and as the words fo applied fignify that each « 
 o^yvta,, or fathom, contains ten feet, which is four feet above thebyPiiny. 
 length affigned by Herodotus, it follows, that the fathom in the time 
 of Pliny was as five to three to that ufed in the time of Herodo- 
 tus ; and from thence infers, that the ftadium of Pliny exceeded 
 that of Herodotus in the fame proportion. But, fuppofing the 
 reading to be genuine, all that I can infer from it is, that thirteen 
 fathoms in the time of Theophraftus were equal to 130 feet in the 
 time of Pliny ; and of courfe, that the fathom was increafed in 
 the proportion of five to three from the time of Herodotus to that 
 of Theophraftus, a thing difficult to conceive, as the interval was 
 no more than 137 years. But this no ways concerns Pliny's cal- 
 culation of the length of the ftadium, which he never reckons by 
 fathoms, but by paces and feet ; and fays pofitively, that a ftadium 
 
 8 The Pythian games were celebrated at or UvBoT re yvfiw \m 
 
 near Cirrha, in the neighbourhood of Delphi, 
 where, as it appears from Paufanias and Pin- 
 dar, there was a horfe-courfe ('irc-ro^o/nos) and 
 a ftadium. 
 
 t». Pindar. Pyth. Od. xi. verf. 73. 
 See alfo Paufan. Phocic. p. £93. Edit. Kuhn. 
 
 contains 
 
ON THE MEASURE 
 
 contains 125 of the former, and 625 of the latter. To fuppofe 
 on fuch a random conje&ure that Pliny afcribed 1000 feet to a 
 ftadium, when his own words fo dire&ly contradict it, would be 
 the height of abfurdity. 
 
 But let us now examine, from the teftimony of various writers 
 of authority, Greek as well as Roman, if the meafure of ten 
 Roman feet would not be utterly inconfiftent with the defcription 
 of the opyvik, or fathom, itfelf. 
 
 Xenophon h , who flourimed only 54 years after Herodotus, de- 
 fcribes the o^yvik to be the meafure of the diftance which reaches 
 from the extremity of one arm to that of the other, when both 
 are extended at right angles to the body. Phavorinus 5 , Suidas k , 
 Hefychius l , and Julius Pollux m , explain it in the fame way. 
 
 The fame meafure, though without a name aHigned to it, is de- 
 fcribed by Vitruvius, who makes it equal n to the length of the 
 body. It is alfo evident that Vitruvius meant hereby a meafure of 
 fix feet, as he reckons the meafure 0 of the foot as one-fixth part 
 of the height. 
 
 Of the authors above cited, Vitruvius lived about 126 years be* 
 
 ^e^ofras clpu, «7oi?(7a», ax at itvmwTQ. Memorab. 
 lib. ii. cap. 3. fe£t. 19. 
 
 1 Ogyvid to !4 ; j}9r?k&> J c/,Efov f^irpoi/ tuv %e~puv } 5? rrjv 
 ixrceo-iv rut xe'tguv. Phavorin. 
 
 k 'Opyvuzi t« i^lv l^lut x Ei pv» [t-tTga.. Suidas. 
 
 1 OgyvM *) tu> ct^oriput %£>p«» £XT«<7tj. He- 
 fych'ii Lexic. 
 
 m Ei P ujAtpa t«? %e<f a5 exreUetoti;, is kccI to 
 rtpvov otiraTi avu^tr^iiv, ogyvict to piTpov. Jul. 
 Polluc. lib. ii. feft. 158. 
 
 " Nam fi a pedibus imis ad fummum ca- 
 put menfum erit, eaque menfura relata fuerit 
 ad manus panfas, invenitur eadem latitudo uti 
 altitudo. Vitruv. lib. iii. cap. i. 
 
 0 Pes vero altitudinis corporis fexta. Ibid. 
 
 fore 
 
OF THE GREEK STADIUM, 
 
 fore Pliny ; Julius Pollux lived about eighty years later, and 
 Hefychius about 300 years after Pliny. Is it reafonable then 
 to fuppofe that Pliny mould affign ten Roman feet to a mea- 
 fure, univerfally allowed in his own time to be equal to the 
 height of a man, as a ftandard ? Six Roman feet are, in Englilh 
 meafure, equal to 69. 624 inches, or rather more than five feet 
 nine inches and a half, which is nearly the medium fize of well- 
 proportioned men. But if Pliny eftimated the height of a man 
 at ten Roman feet, equal to nine feet eight inches Englilh mea- 
 fure, we mult fuppofe he borrowed his ftandard from the heroic 
 ages, and was himfelf infected with the " Grrccize fabulofitas p ," 
 of which he more than once complains. But I fufpecl: the paf- 
 fage cited from Pliny to be corrupt. It is certainly incorred, as 
 it defcribes the cedar, whofe extraordinary fize he records, as 
 growing in Cyprus, when Theophraltus exprefsly fays q , that it 
 grew in Syria % 
 
 Mr. Barre next remarks, that the circumference of the earth, as 
 reckoned by Pofidonius, who lived in the time of Pompey, was 
 240,000 ftadia ; which number, he obferves, is to 400,000 (the 
 number afligned by Ariftotle) as 6 is to 10 ; and concludes from 
 thence, that there was a difference of \ in the length of the fladia, 
 by which they refpeclively calculated. But Poiidonius no where 
 fays that his computation was derived from Ariftotle ; on the con- 
 trary, we know from Cleomedes r , that it was deduced from an 
 
 P Lib. iv. Argum. Lib. xii. cap. i. lib. v. q Theophraft. lib. v. cap. 9. 
 cap. i. r Lib. i. cap. z6. 
 
 pbfervation 
 
ON THE MEASURE 
 
 obiervation of the ftar Canopus 8 , made by himfelf. He remarked, 
 
 o 
 
 s Height of the North Pole at Rhodes 36 
 
 27 
 
 Diftance from the Pole to the Equator 90 
 
 
 Declination of Canopus South 
 
 5 2 
 
 ■? T 
 
 3 1 
 
 Subftradt this fum 
 
 178 
 
 5* 
 
 From .... 
 
 180 
 
 
 Remainder . . . 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Add for refraction 
 
 
 2 4 
 
 Apparent altitude of Canopus at Rhodes 1 
 
 26 
 
 Height of North Pole at Alexandria 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 Dillance from the Pole to the Equator 90 
 
 
 Declination of Canopus South 
 
 5 2 
 
 
 Subftradt this fum 
 
 J 73 
 
 4 2 
 
 From .... 
 
 180 
 
 
 Remainder 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 Add for refraction 
 
 
 8 
 
 Apparent altitude of Canopus at 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 26 
 
 Subftradt for its apparent height 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 Remainder . . . 
 
 5 
 
 
 which is the difference between its apparent 
 height at the two places. .Five degrees of la- 
 titude, at 69.25 Englifh miles each, = 346 
 Englifh miles, = 3023 Olympic ftadia; which 
 fliould be, according to this calculation, the 
 diftance between Alexandria and Rhodes, fup- 
 pofing them to lie under the fame meridian. 
 But Alexandria is i° 51' to the eaft of Rhodes, 
 a fpace in the latitude of Alexandria equal to 
 1 10 Englifh miles. 
 
 Square of 346 119716 
 Square of no 12100 
 
 Sum 131816 
 
 Square root 363.65 E. miles. 
 
 for the diftance from Alexandria to Rhodes, = 
 3177 Olympic ftadia. But this diftance is 
 too ftnall, owing to the proportionally greater 
 refraction at the altitude of i° 2', than at 6° 
 18', which amounts to 16' in altitude, and to 
 about 1/ in diftance. 
 
 True altitude of Canopus at Rhodes 1 2 
 1 ■ ■ — — — • at Alexandria 6 iS 
 
 Difference 5 16 
 Equal to 364.71 Englifh miles. 
 Square of 364.71 i33°^3-37 
 Square of 1 10 12 100 
 
 Sum 145113.37 
 
 Square root 380.97 E. miles. 
 Equal to 3328 Olympic ftadia, for the diftance 
 from Alexandria to Rhodes. 
 
 Let us now fee how the calculation of Po- 
 fidonius, reflecting the circumference of the 
 earth, would ftand, had his obfervations of the 
 refpective altitudes of Canopus at Alexandria 
 and Rhodes been correct, though without al- 
 lowing for refraction. The apparent diffe- 
 rence of altitude at the two places was, as I 
 before obferved, 5 0 . Say then 5 0 : 360 : : 
 5000 ftadia to 360,000 = 41207.4 Englifh 
 miles, juft double to his later calculations, 
 being 1000 ftadia to a degree. By his other 
 computations, derived from the gnomonic 
 meafurements of Eratofthenes, and which efti- 
 mate the diftance only at 3750 ftadia, it would 
 ftand thus — 5 : 360 : : 3750 : 270,000, or 
 750 ftadia to a degree. 
 
 Pofidonius, it is evident, made two mif- 
 takes, befides that of fuppofing Rhodes and 
 Alexandria to lie under the fame meridian 5 
 the firft in fuppofing Canopus to have no alti- 
 tude at Rhodes, whereas it has a real one of 
 
OF THE GREEK STADIUM. 
 
 that this ftar was but juft vifible in the horizon of Rhodes, and 
 that at Alexandria its meridian height was a forty-eighth part of 
 a great circle in the heavens, or 7° 30' ; and inferred from thence, 
 what part of a great circle on the earth this difference would 
 amount to. The diftance between Rhodes and Alexandria he took 
 for granted to be 5000 ftadia ; and of courfe the circumference of 
 the earth would be 240,000 ftadia. Cleomedes was however 
 doubtful of this meafurement ; as he obferves, that a lefs fum is 
 to be taken, if the diftance between Rhodes and Alexandria ftiould 
 be found to be lefs than 5000 ftadia ; which diftance, Mr. Coftard' 
 very properly obferves, from Strabo, was not obtained by any 
 attempt at menfuration, but only from the eftimation of navi- 
 gators u . But when Poftdonius heard that Eratofthenes had, by 
 gnomonic obfervations, afcertained the diftance between Alexan- 
 
 i° 2', and an apparent one of i° 26'; and the computed to be in Table IV. 
 
 fecond in over-rating the altitude of the ftar Caffini obfervedj that the medium number 
 
 at Alexandria, which he took to be 7 0 30 ; between the calculations of Eratofthenes and 
 
 whereas it is no more, including the effe&s of Pofidonius,refpec~ting the circumference of the 
 
 refraction, than 6° 26'. Thefe errors caufed earth,which the former fuppofed to be 25 2,000, 
 
 him to under- rate the extent contained in 7 0 and the latter to be 180,000 ftadia, is 216,000; 
 
 ,30', although he over-rated the real diftance. which number, divided by 360, gives 600 
 
 The following comes nearer the truth : ftadia to a degree, and 10 ftadia to a minute. 
 
 Diftance between Rhodes and The refpe&ive latitudes and longitudes of 
 
 Alexandria .... 380.07 Alexandria and of Rhodes are as below 
 
 Subtract for difference of Ion- ftated. • 
 
 gitude 16.26 Latitude. Longit. 
 
 o 1 o , 
 
 Remains 364.71 E. miles. Alexandria, Robertf. Navig. 31 11 3017 
 
 Say then, 316: 364.71 : : 21600 : 24935.27 fromDenonsTrav.31 12 29 $$ 
 
 Englilh miles, only five Englifh miles different from Walfh 3^3 29 45 
 
 from modern calculation, and equal nearly to Rhodes > R°bertfons Navig. 36 27 28 26 
 217840 Olympic ftadia, for the circumference 1 Coftard's Aftronomy, p. 207. 
 
 of the earth, or 605.11 Olympic ftadia to a u Strabo,, lib. ii. p. 125, 126. Ed. Cafaub. 
 
 degree on the equator, very near to what it is Paris. 
 
 z dria 
 
ON THE MEASURE 
 
 dria and Rhodes to be no more than 3750 ftadia, and taking 
 this interval to be (what it is not) a forty-eighth part of the 
 earth's circumference, he reduced his computation to 180,000 
 fladia x ; and this meafure, in which the number of degrees 
 afligned by Pofidonius, and the number of ftadia meafured by 
 Eratofthenes, are made ufe of, was received by Marinus Y of Tyre, 
 and others, and is generally afcribed to Ptolemy, becaufe he makes 
 ufe of it in his geography. 
 
 Belides, Eratofthenes, who lived during the interval between 
 Ariftotle and Pofidonius, and 123 years later than Ariftotle, had 
 concluded the circumference of the earth to be 250,000 ftadia ; 
 or, as moll account it, 252,000 fladia, from an obfervation of the 
 diftance between Syene and Alexandria z , and the refpeclive meri- 
 dian altitude a of the fun at each place. 
 
 x Strabo, lib. ii. p. 95- 
 
 y Long's Aftronomy, vol. i. p. 128. 
 
 2 Eratofthenis Geograph. Fragmenta, p. 5.3. 
 
 * Arat. Phaenom. Edit. Oxon. 1672. p. 37. 
 
 De ftadiis Eratofthenis nihil pro certo 
 affirmare audeo, quale ftadium in animo ha- 
 buerit. Hoc tamen expe£tandum effet, aliud 
 Eratofthenis fi habuerit ftadium, a Strabone 
 effet indicatum. Nunc autem Strabo ofto 
 ftadia mille paffibus Romanis adnumerat, 
 cui convenit Plinius, centum viginti quinque 
 paffus Romanos ftadio tribuens femperque, 
 ubi Eratofthenis ftadia pafluum numero exhi- 
 bet, hac dimenfiane utens. Secundum haec 
 itaque terrae maximus circulus effet 315 00 
 milliaria Romana, feu 6300 milliaria noftra 
 (Germanica) geographica. Nam unum mil- 
 Hare geographicum eft sequale quinque milli- 
 ariis Romanis. Error itaque effet 900 mill. 
 
 geograph. Nam fecundum noftrorum di- 
 menfiones geographicas ambitus circuli maxi- 
 mi eft 5400 mill, geograph. Ex hoc ipfo ap- 
 parere videtur, eo ftadio, quod Olympicum 
 vocant, ufum fuiffe Eratofthenem. Etenim 
 fecundum ejus dimetiendi rationem, magni- 
 tudinem circuli maximi nimiam seftimare fane 
 debebat. Secundum accuratiorem dimeniio- 
 nem autem non nifi 600 ftadia Olympica uni 
 gradui conveniunt. Stadium JEgyptiacum, 
 quorum quindecim funt sequalia uni milliario 
 Romano, nullo modo dimenfioni Eratofthenis 
 poteft accommodari adverfus ftadium Graecum 
 minus teftatur locus Strabonis. Eratofthenis 
 Fragm. Edit, a G. C. F. Seidel, Goettingae, 
 1789. p. 58. 
 
 Univerfum autem hunc circuitum Eratof- 
 thenes in omnium quidem literarum fubtili- 
 tate et in hac utique praeter caeteros folers, 
 quam cunftis probare video ducentorum quin- 
 
 quaginta, 
 
OF THE GREEK STADIUM. 
 
 Archimedes b , who was contemporary with Eratofthenes, men- 
 tions that 300,000 ftadia was the number afligned by fome for the 
 circumference of the earth in his time. 
 
 The proportion therefore, which Mr. Barre remarks between 
 the numbers of Ariftotle and thofe of Pofidonius, was in all pro- 
 bability cafual, and ferves only to confirm the remark of Dr. 
 Blair, above cited, " that nothing is more common than to find a 
 * ' confufion of numbers in the measurements given us by ancient 
 " authors." 
 
 In order to prove the ancient Greek fladium to be only 4 of 
 the length of the one ufed in later times, by which Mr. Barre 
 means thofe fubfequent to the age of Alexander, he obferves, that 
 it had been before remarked, that a Roman mile did not always 
 contain eight ftadia, but fometimes only feven and a half. This 
 might prove that there was a difference in the length of the mile, 
 but proves nothing refpecling that of the ftadium. Strabo fays, 
 that in his time the ufual computation was eight ftadia, but that 
 fome reckoned only feven and a half. This difference feems how- 
 ever to have been provincial only. 
 
 Polybius, as I have before remarked, reckons in general eight 
 lladia to a mile ; which, he fays, was according to the Roman 
 meafurement. Livy appears to have ufed the fame computation 
 with Polybius. Thus, what Polybius calls heuioa-ia, <?a,Siet,, lib. hi. 
 feci:. 47. 7. Livy calls viginti qiiinque millia, lib. xxi. feci. 28. 
 
 quaginta, duorum millium ftadiorum pro- fuum. Plin. lib. ii. cap. 128. 31.5 00 X 8 
 didit. Quae menfura, Romana computatione, =252.000. 
 efficit trecenties quindecies centena millia paf- b In Arenario. 
 
 z 2 What 
 
ON THE MEASURE 
 
 What Polybius calls kwb r?? iroteus exxa'JeKa, lib. iii. feci:. 
 
 101. Livy renders by duo fcrme a Geronio millia, lib. xxii. feci. 24. 
 What Polybius calls ixarov etxoai q&Slxs, lib. viii. feci:. 28. Livy calls 
 quindecim millia, lib.xxv. feci:. Q. The words of Polybius, lib. xiv. 
 feci. 4. mp) yaq ityxovra, q&Sixs, are rendered by Livy , feptem enim 
 millia itineris erant, lib.xxx. feci. 4. where, as Sigonius obferves, the 
 whole paifage is cited by Livy from Polybius. Again, m$ T^ikxovra 
 Polyb. lib. xiv. feci. 8. is rendered by Livy, quatuor ferine 
 millia, lib. xxx. feci. 8. 
 
 Mr. Barre next attempts to prove that the Roman foot was 
 equal to the ^5%yf, or cubit, of the Greeks. Let us fee how he 
 fupports this extraordinary polition. 
 
 His firft argument is drawn from the defcription of the plant 
 called dracunculus ; or, by Diofcorides, fyeucomov c , which the lalt- 
 mentioned writer fays is two cubits high, and which Pliny de- 
 fcribes as " bipedali fere altitudine." Taking it then for granted 
 that Pliny copied Diofcorides, he would infer, from the lall-men- 
 tioned paifage, that the foot of Pliny was equal to the cubit of 
 Diofcorides. But Pliny d himfelf is doubtful if the plant he calls 
 dracunculus be in reality the tyaitomov of the Greeks. The height 
 of the plant (as Mr. Barre would reconcile the accounts) is the 
 only circumftance in which they agree. Diofcorides mentions 
 only two kinds, Pliny fpecifies three ; and the defcription of their 
 qualities in the relpecfive authors by no means coincides. 
 
 Bodceus a Stapel, the learned editor of Theophraftus, thinks the 
 
 * Lib. ii. cap. 160. d Lib. xxxiv. cap. i<5. 
 
 account 
 
OF THE GREEK STADIUM. 
 
 account given by Pliny to be very erroneous ; and adds, that the 
 plant fuppofed to be the tyttjcovriov is three feet high e ; which agrees 
 with the defcription given by Diofcorides, fuppoling the cubit to 
 be a foot and a half, but not with Pliny's account. 
 
 Again, Mr. Barre fays, that the Greeks employed two different 
 meafures, or palms, in eftimating the foot and the cubit ; the 
 fmaller called s;«a«mstj, and the larger ayriS-api. The former of 
 thefe he defines to be the breadth f of the four fingers, laid clofe to 
 one another ; and the latter to be the breadth of the four fingers, 
 with the addition of that of the thumb, in what he calls its na- 
 tural ftate ; which he explains to be when it appears a little fepa- 
 rated from the fingers, as it always is when the hand is opened. 
 
 His definition of the former of thefe meafures is juft s , but not 
 fo of the latter. The aw&epf is the lpan h , not meafured from the 
 fingers lying clofe together, but from the thumb to the little 
 finger, when both are extended. Indeed this is what the word 
 itfelf denotes, being derived from oW^y, which both Euftathius 1 
 and the Scholiaft on Arhiophanes interpret to be of the fame 
 meaning with sxritva. 
 
 t Caulem erigit tripcdalem. Theophraft. lib. ii. fe6l. 1$). 
 
 p. 836. n«pa tp crvtolyeiv m» o$-«> id eft, tzXrialov 
 
 f La palefte eft compofee de quatre doigts itou7v ras Suxrvtes. Etymolog. 
 
 de la main joints les uns contre les autres,au- h E» 8t ra? ^xarvXaq uirorilvx^, diro t5 fjuyxXu 
 
 quels en ajoutant le? pouce dans fon etat na- tapos t ^»x^ot«to> [ast^, amQaiAr, to ^irgov. Jul. 
 
 turel, c'eft-^-dire un peu ecarte d'eux, comme Polluc. lib. ii. feci:. 157. 
 
 il eft toujours quand la main eft ouverte, on a To pirpoi to aito tov f/.iyd\x Seuetlhn in) tm 
 
 la fpithame. Vol. xix. p. 322. piKfov hdrvp*. Hefych. vox o-w^a/^. 
 
 s Tuv $1 phguv /xEfTot $&ktv\os, ^o%f^h Sb ' Steph. Thefaur. Graec. Vox pttI&. 
 trvyx\eta§in£{ of TeVuapj &exTvtoi. Jul. Poll. 
 
 Mr. 
 
i74 
 
 ON THE MEASURE 
 
 Mr. Barre again afliimes nrft, that there was the fame difference 
 between the (nnB-etfMi and the w<tA«t/^,as there was between the cubit 
 and the foot; namely, that they were each to the other as three to 
 two ; and again, that the amS-apri was equal to four Roman digits 
 only, or a quarter of a foot. Now as he fuppofes the o-ttiSo,/^ to 
 have been equal to the palmus, which was four Roman digits, alfo, 
 it follows that four fpithames, which, according to his computa- 
 tion, are equal to fix paleftes, would be equal to the Greek cubit ; 
 and as each fpithame was equal to the palmus, it followed that the 
 Greek cubit would be equal to the Roman foot. But the length 
 he affigns to the fpithame can by no means be admitted. The 
 Jaqov and the zsaActiTri were only different names k for the fame thing. 
 The word didoron, we are told by Vitruvius \ implied half a foot ; 
 and we learn from Hero m , that the Jfyov was the third part of the 
 
 This is agreeable to what might be expected from the derivation 
 of the terms. The breadth of the four fingers of a man's hand of 
 moderate fize is about three inches, or four Roman digits ; and 
 the extent of the fingers when ftretched out, as above defcribed, 
 is nearly nine inches, or twelve Roman digits, agreeable to the 
 proportion above laid down. 
 
 It appears alfo, that, where accuracy of length is to be fpecified, 
 the Romans tranllated the Greek word wyxv? by the Latin word 
 cubitus. Thus Herodotus n , defcribing the cell wherein the body 
 of Oreftes was depofited, fays, that both that and the body were 
 
 k Julii Polluc. lib. ii. fe&. 157. « Hero de Menfuris. 
 
 1 Lib. ii. cap. 3. " Lib. i. 
 
 feven 
 
OF THE GREEK STADIUM. 
 
 * 75 
 
 leven cubits in length j and Pliny 0 , copying profeiTedly from him, 
 translates the word eAww* by feptem cubitorum ; and Aulus 
 Gellius p does the fame, and adds, that thefe feven cubits were equal 
 to I2i Roman feet, which would make the Greek cubit longer 
 than it has hitherto been fuppofed in any computation. 
 
 Again, the authors of the Septuagint, in defcribing the height 
 of Goliah, who is reprefented to have been a man of gigantic 
 Hature q , tranilate the correfponding Hebrew words into, tyos wis 
 Teovdpvv zs*i%euv kcu <nr&cL$e. This, if underftood to be of the 
 Greek cubit, according to common interpretation, will amount to 
 fix feet nine inches and fix tenths of an inch ; and, if we reckon 
 according to Aulus Gellius's computation, will be feven feet feven 
 inches and a quarter; both of them extraordinary heights, though 
 neither of them exceeding credibility ; as I have feen a man much 
 taller than either. 
 
 But if we diminilh this, according to Mr. Barre's calculation, to 
 four Roman feet three inches, (equal to four Englilh feet one inch 
 and a quarter,) we fliall fink this boafting giant into a dwarf, and 
 probably make him much inferior in llature to his antagonift, 
 David, whom he fo much defpifed. 
 
 We mould confider that the authors of the Septuagint were 
 perfons of great learning, and knowledge both in the Greek and 
 in the Hebrew tongues; and were alfo prior in date to Diofcorides 
 by 330 years, and who mull have known the real length of the 
 
 • Lib. viii. cap. 16. 1 All of gigantic fizc, Goliah chief. 
 
 p Lib. iii. c. 10. Milton. 
 
 Greek 
 
ON THE MEASURE 
 
 Greek meafures in their own time, too well to reprefent a man as 
 a giant, who was only four feet and a quarter in height. 
 
 It muft indeed be owned that the later Greek writers (incor- 
 rectly, I think) are apt to confound the fpithame r and the palefte. 
 Thus Aetius, fpeaking of the viper, defcribes it as being in general 
 of a cubit's length ; and the longer! ttaX^uv t^v. This laft mea- 
 fure would amount but to 12 digits, or only three-quarters of a 
 cubit, fuppofing the cubit to be of a foot length only. But if we 
 underftand that he meant three fpithames, or thrice three-fourths 
 of a Greek foot, fuch a meafure exceeds a cubit in a proper pro- 
 portion, or as three to two, or as 27 to 18. And this appears to 
 be the real lize of thefe animals. 
 
 Mr. Pennant fays 8 , that " they are feldom of a greater length 
 " than two feet ; though once he faw a female viper almoit 
 " three feet long." This proves Aetius meant a foot and a half, 
 and not a foot only, by the cubit. Many more instances of the 
 confounding the two meafures may be found in Conftantine's 
 Lexicon \ 
 
 Mr. Barre next produces an 
 
 r Illud vero etiam dignum quod admonea- 
 tur,Graecos alterum pro altero ufurpare. Conft. 
 Lexic. Vox waX«»r>5. 
 
 Sometimes the true or larger fpithame was 
 diitinguifhed by the name of o-wtSa/xi |3«cr»*»xi5. 
 Thus Hero fays, " the i^yviot, or fathom, con- 
 " tained eight royal fpithames, (of 12 digits 
 " each,) or fix feet and one common fpitha- 
 " me." By the latter he undoubtedly meant 
 
 argument from the lize of the 
 
 a meafure of four digits, or the palefte j which 
 fhews that the orguia, which the Greek writers 
 reckon as fix feet, was by the Romans counted 
 as fix and £ of their feet, which makes the 
 proportion of the Roman foot to the Greek to 
 be as 24 to 25. 
 
 s Britifh Zoology. 
 
 1 Vox 9r«A«»r^. 
 
 pygmies, 
 
OF THE GREEK STADIUM. 
 
 i77 
 
 pygmies, which Pliny, Aulus Gellius, and Strabo fay, were three 
 Ipithames in height ; or, as Pliny expreffes it, " ternos dodrantes 
 " non excedentes;" and Aulus Gellius, " non longiores effe quam 
 " pedes duos et quadrantem." 
 
 Euftathius, as Mr. Barre alledges, fays of thefe people, that they 
 were oitfe 7r*i%vcuoz to peye&of, not of a cubit's fize; and then reckon- 
 ing the cubit as a foot only, he Hill farther reduces the fize of thefe 
 little folks. But I think Euftathius meant no more than to repre- 
 fent in ftrong terms the diminutive fize of the pygmies, and not to 
 affign to them any determinate proportion. Euftathius had be- 
 fore obferved, that the $u?ov, or four fingers breadth, was one- 
 third of the fpithame ; and of courfe, that two fpithames made a 
 TMrxPSi or an d a half. 
 
 Again, Mr. Barre, taking it for granted that the Greek cubit 
 was equal to the Roman foot, adds, that of courfe 600 Greek feet 
 were equal to 400 Roman feet ; and that there muft be 1 2\ 
 Olympic ftadia to make up the mile : and as the Pythic ftadium 
 was greater by f, it muft follow, that feven and a half of the 
 latter would be required to make up the mile ; and that 7500 
 Greek feet, equal to 5000 Greek cubits, or 5000 Roman feet, 
 would be equal to a Pythic ftadium. 
 
 But Herodotus u and Diodorus x , neither of whom reckoned by 
 the Pythic ftadium, ailign 3600 ftadia for the circumference of the 
 
 * Tr,i to nrepifxtr^ov TWf irtfio^a eia* ra^o» Ifa- 
 Kojtoi rgi^fcuot. Lib. ii. p. 177. Ed. Weflel. 
 
 p. 61. Ed. Weffel. 
 
 Diodor. lib. i. 
 
 a a 
 
 lake 
 
ON THE MEASURE 
 
 lake Moeris ; and Mucianus y , a perfon of great authority, and 
 frequently cited by Pliny, fays, that it is 450 mille pallus. Now 
 450 x 8 = 30oo. 
 
 I wifh to repeat here in fome degree what I before mentioned 
 curforily refpecTdng the Olympic foot and the Olympic ftadium. 
 We are told by Aulus Gellius, that thefe meafures exceeded the 
 others in the fame proportion as the foot of Hercules did that of 
 ordinary men. The foot, we mould recoiled, was fuppofed to be 
 one fixth of the height of the perfon. But what muft we think 
 of the ftature of Hercules, fhould the length of his foot be re- 
 duced to eight Roman inches 2 ? What muft we think of the com- 
 mon race of mortals at that time, when he who is defcribed, 
 " corpore excelliorem quam alios a ," was only of the diminutive 
 lize above defcribed ? 
 
 I agree with Mr. Barre, that it is probable that Pliny copied 
 Herodotus in his account of the thicknefs and height of the walls 
 of Babylon : but his account is very incorrect, and inconftftent 
 with the original, as Mr. Barre, and before him Salmafius, had 
 obferved. If the royal cubit was three digits longer than the 
 
 y Plin. lib. v. cap. 9. 
 
 z 8 X 6 = 48 inches, = 4 feet. 
 
 Ricciolus obferves, that if the foot of Her- 
 cules, according to the common computation, 
 was ^ of his height, he muft have been fix 
 Roman feet three inches high, or rather more 
 than fix feet one inch and a half, Englifh 
 meafure. ApoUodorus makes Hercules to be 
 four cubits high, which, according to Mr. 
 Bane, is four feet only. 
 
 TiTfuirriyvonov yXv yup ei'^e to au^ct. 
 
 Apollod. lib. ii. cap. 4. feci. 9. 
 If we even add eight inches, (or one foot 
 more, as calculated by Mr. Barre,) to make 
 up his height feven feet, which is faid by an 
 ancient writer, cited by Tzetzes, to be his 
 height, it will not bring him to the pitch of 
 what is now accounted an inferior ftature. 
 See Notes on ApollodoruSj ed. Heyne, vol. ii. 
 
 P- 330. 
 
 * Aulus Gellius. 
 
 common 
 
OF THE GREEK STADIUM. 
 
 179 
 
 common cubit, the royal foot could be only two digits longer than 
 the common foot. 
 
 It mould however be remarked, that Pliny, when defcribing the 
 extent of the circuit of the walls of Babylon, lays it down as 
 being fixty miles, which correfponds with the 480 ftadia of Hero- 
 dotus, reckoning thefe at eight to a mile, which is very different 
 from Mr. Barre's calculation. 
 
 In like manner the city of Nineveh is defcribed in the book of 
 Jonah as being very great, and about three days journey in circuit, 
 ft-opuW T f w &*pfc) It is agreed that 20 m. p. are the allotted 
 meafure b for a day's journey, fo that the whole amounts to 60 
 m. p. equal to the 480 ftadia affigned by Diodorus for the circum- 
 ference of that city. 
 
 The promontory of Sunium is, according to Strabo, 330 ftadia 
 from Piraeus ; and, according to Pliny, 42 Roman miles. Now 
 330 jl. 8 = 41.25, very near Pliny's calculation, at eight ftadia 
 to a mile. 
 
 Arrian, in the Periplus of the Euxine fea, fays, that the diftance 
 from the Temple of Jupiter Urius to the river Rhebas is 90 ftadia. 
 This meafures on the large map of the Propontis about nine 
 Englifti miles ; to which if we add i, for the winding of the road, 
 we mall have about 89.87 Olympic ftadia, almoft exad to Arrian's 
 
 b Hoe.c menfura legitima putabatur ad iter diurnum iter viginti millibus paffuum definie- 
 unius diei, ut ex jurefconfulto clarum eft. Sic batur. Salmaf. Plin. Exercitat. p. 351, $$1, 
 tarn apud Graecos, quam apud veteres Latinos where this fubjeft is largely difcuffed. 
 
 a a 2 calcu- 
 
ON THE MEASURE 
 
 calculation. The diftance from the Rhebas to Acra Melzense is 
 counted by Arrian 150 ftadia ; but it meafures by the large map 
 1 81 Englifh miles nearly. If to thefe we add i for winding, we 
 lhall have upwards of 2oi miles, equal to about 179 ftadia, or 
 nearly a fifth part more than Arrian's computation. But, on the 
 other hand, from Heraclea to Amaftris is, according to Arrian, 
 690 ftadia ; but by Arrowfmith's chart it meafures, in a ftraight 
 line, 542 ftadia ; to which if we add f, it comes nearly to 609 
 ftadia, or 81 fhort of Arrian's computation. 
 
 Again, from Amaftris to Carambis is, according to Arrian, no 
 more than 480 ftadia ; but by Arrowfmith's chart c it meafures, in 
 a direct line, 550, and with the addition of i, 619 ftadia. It is 
 obvious that no juft conclufion rerpe&ing the length of the fta- 
 dium can be drawn from the two laft inftances. 
 
 From Sinope to Amifus is, according to Arrian, 1020 ftadia ; but 
 by Arrowfmith's chart it is, in a right line, 786 ftadia only; and 
 884, with the addition of i. The difference in the diftance be- 
 tween Amifus and Cerafuntum is ftill greater. Arrian makes it 
 1570 ftadia; Arrowfmith's chart no more than 926, in a direct: 
 line; and, with the addition of i, only 1041. 
 
 Faden's map however makes it to be 1220 ftadia, or 13 79, with 
 the addition of f. D'Anville makes it 1 1 10 ftadia in a direct: line, 
 or 124 8. 7 with the addition of t. Modern geographers in this 
 inftance vary nearly as much from one another, as modern do from 
 ancient. 
 
 c The meafurements on the chart were made degrees of longitude in different latitudes, 
 with a due allowance for the difference of the 
 
 The 
 
OF THE GREEK STADIUM. 
 
 The laft initance I fliall produce from Arrian mews a nearer 
 coincidence. From Cerafus to Trapezus is, according to Arrian, 
 745 ftadia. It meafures on D'Anvilles map 660 ; and, with the 
 addition of *, = 85 ftadia, makes up 745, agreeing exa&ly with 
 Arrian. Arrowfmith's chart agrees nearly herewith. It meafures 
 by that 049 ftadia; and, with the addition of I, equal to 81 ftadia, 
 makes up 730 ftadia ; not differing fo much as two Greek miles 
 from the calculation of Arrian. 
 
 There is in the 28th volume of the Memoires de Litterature, 
 page 362, a paper written by Mr. De la Nauze, on this fubjed. 
 He is of opinion that Herodotus, Xenophon, Ariftotle, and other 
 writers of antiquity, employed a ftadium of ten to a mile. He 
 begins his proof of this with faying, that Herodotus afcribes fifty 
 fathoms, or cpyvt*), to the depth of the lake Mceris in Egypt, which 
 is rendered by Pliny fifty paces ; and as the former of thefe mea- 
 fures was to the latter in the proportion of 0 to 5, he inferred that 
 the ftadia of Herodotus were ten to a mile. But firft, the propor- 
 tion of 6 to 5 is not correctly the fame with that of ten to eight. 
 6 : 5 : : 10 : 8.333. Again, there is reafon to think that the paf- 
 fus, when applied to explain the oqyvia,, means fix feet, and refers 
 to the expanfion of the arms, not of the legs. Pitifcus's Lexicon 
 derives it " a paftis vel expanfis brachiis, et dicitur Graecis h^yma,, 
 " quae eft menfura fex pedum, quae inter ambas manus, menfurato 
 " fimul pectore, continetur expanfas." 
 
 Another inftance adduced by Mr. La Nauze is taken from the 
 fuppofed diftance between Ephefus and Sardis. But this has been 
 fo differently computed by geographers, modern as well as an- 
 cient, that it is difficult to draw any conclufion. 
 
 Dijlance 
 
ON THE MEASURE 
 
 Diftance from Ephefus to Sardis. 
 According to Herodotus 540 Olympic ftadia. 
 
 According to Mr. La Nauze, from De Lifle's map of Ancient Greece,37 f '=42-704 
 
 Englifh miles, = 373.075 Olympic ftadia. 
 According to Mr. D'Anville, 480 Olympic ftadia. 
 According to Mr. Rochette, 66 Englifh miles, = 576 ftadia. 
 According to Mr. Arrowfmith, 59' 30", = 68.623 Englifh miles, = 602.5 
 
 Olympic ftadia. 
 
 It muft be obferved, that thefe calculations of the modern 
 geographers refer to the direcT: diftance. If t be added, it will 
 Hand thus : 
 
 De Lisle. 
 
 37 + I (=4.625) = 41.625 = 48.48 Englifh miles, m 423 Olympic ftadia j 
 
 which laft number is to that afligned by Herodotus, (540) as 8 to 
 10.2126; and of courfe fliould give the laft-mentioned number 
 for that of the ftadia contained in a mile. 
 
 D'Anville, Map of AJia Minor. 
 480 + -J- ( = 60) = 540; 
 the fame with Herodotus, and eight to a mile. 
 
 Rochette, Map of Greece. 
 66 Eng. miles, -!- f (=8.25) = 74.25 = 648.7 Olympic ftadia, or 6.6595 to a mile. 
 
 Arrowsmith, Map of Turkey in Europe. 
 68.623 + s ( = 8 -57) — 77-2 01 = 675 Olympic ftadia, or 6.4 to a mile; 
 which makes the ftadium of Herodotus longer than the ufual 
 computation of the Olympic in the proportion of 5 to 4. For 5 : 
 675 : : 4 : 540. 
 
 This 
 
OF THE GREEK STADIUM. 
 
 This inftance then, if it proves any thing, proves the direcl con- 
 trary to the opinion of Mr. La Nauze. 
 
 The fame gentleman again alledges, that Herodotus has efti-~ 
 mated a ftiip's failing for a day and a night at 1300 ftadia ; whereas 
 Ptolemy allows 1 ooo ftadia only ; which difference he fuppofes to 
 be owing to their employing ftadia of different lengths. But the 
 voyage of Scylax, whofe date, though not afcertained, is confelfedly 
 much prior to the age of Ptolemy, allows no more than looo 
 ftadia ; and Herodotus fpeaks of 700 ftadia as a long day's fail ; 
 paxpnpefo: and the words, which aftign 600 ftadia as a night's fail, 
 are in many copies wanting altogether. 
 
 The ancient writers made a great difference between a long 
 day's fail and one of a common day. Xenophon fays, that a tri- 
 reme galley could row, in a very long day, ('H^/p^s- paXa, pcwfa 
 ttXovs,) from Byzantium to Heraclea ; which diftance is, by Arrow - 
 fmith's chart of the Black fea, 131 Englifh miles, or 1 144 Olympic 
 ftadia. The longeft day in that latitude is lefs than 1 5 hours, and 
 the complement of this number to 24 would allow time fufBcient 
 to complete a voyage of more than 1300 ftadia (fuppofing them to 
 be Olympic) in a day and night. 
 
 The laft iriftance I mean to cite from Mr. La Nauze does, I 
 think, no credit to his candour. He fays, that Herodotus lays 
 down 200 ftadia as the extent of a day's journey of a foot tra- 
 veller ; and that Vegetius had mentioned 20 miles as the day's 
 march of the Roman foldiers ; which, he obferves, is juft ten ftadia 
 to a mile. But Herodotus exprefsly refers to the diftance travelled 
 by a foot meflenger, not to the march of armies. When the 
 
 latter 
 
1 84 
 
 ON THE MEASURE OF THE GREEK STADIUM. 
 
 latter is underftood, he afligns 150 ftadia only, or 18| Roman 
 miles, a dillance fufficientlj near to Vegetius's calculation. 
 
 The above fads and arguments will, I trult, prove that, where 
 the ftadium is mentioned, and no Ipeciflcation of a different mea- 
 fure appears, the Olympic ftadium of eight to a mile is under- 
 flood ; efpecially in the earlier writers, as Herodotus, Xenophon, 
 Diodorus, Strabo, Arrian, and even Paufanias. 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 THE learned Bifhop of St. Afaph, Dr. Horfley, in a note an- 
 nexed to Dr. Vincent's Account of the Voyage of Nearchus, has 
 expreffed himfelf to be of a different opinion, refpeding the 
 length of the ftadium, from the one above fpecified. I mall take 
 the liberty of examining briefly his Lordfhip's arguments ; and 
 mull requeft the reader's patience, if I repeat fome part of what 
 has been urged in the foregoing DhTertation. 
 
 He begins with obferving, that the circumference of the earth 
 amounted, according to Eratofthenes's calculation, to 252,000 
 ftadia ; and, according to Ariftotle, to 400,000 ftadia ; and in- 
 fers from thence that the ftadium of Ariftotle was to the Va- 
 dium of Eratoilhenes as 252 is to 400, or very nearly as five to 
 eight. 
 
 But this proportion takes it for granted that Ariftotle and 
 Eratofthenes agreed in opinion refpe&ing the dimenfions of the 
 earth, and differed only in refped to their eftimations of the mea- 
 fure which each of them refpe&ively employed ; a pofition which 
 can by no means be admitted. 
 
 B b 2 
 
 It 
 
188 APPENDIX. 
 
 It does not appear on what grounds Ariftotle \ or rather the 
 mathematicians of his age, eftimated the circumference of the 
 earth to be 400,000 ftadia : but this is certain, that Eratofthenes 
 did not borrow his calculations from them, but formed his opinion 
 from obfervations of his own, which are jet preferved. He at- 
 tempted this arduous taik by an a&ual meafurement of a fegment 
 of a great circle on the globe, making his computation upon the 
 whole by uniting obfervations made in the heavens with a cor- 
 refponding diftance, meafured (as it was fuppofed to be) on a me- 
 ridian of the earth. 
 
 The fegment of the meridian, which he fixed on for this pur- 
 pofe, was that between Alexandria and Syene, the diftance be- 
 tween which places he is faid to have meafured, and found to be 
 5ooo ftadia. He alfo found that the angle of the meridian lhadow 
 upon the fcaphia or fun-dial at Alexandria was equal, at the fum- 
 mer folftice, to to part of the circle; and that there was no lhadow 
 from the gnomon at Syene at the fame period of time, and at the 
 fame inftant of the day. 
 
 Suppofmg then Alexandria and Syene to lie under the fame 
 meridian, he concluded that the diftance between them was T V part 
 of a great circle of the earth ; and this diftance being (as was 
 fuppofed) by meafure, 5000 Itadia, the whole circumference of the 
 earth mult be of courfe 250,000 ftadia. But in the account of 
 this procefs, which is accurately detailed by Cleomedes, not a 
 
 a Dr. Blair fuggefts, that this may be an ob- the firft who attempted that menfuration. 
 jeftion to that work being written by Arifto- Blair's Hift, of Geography, 
 tie, as Eratofthenes was generally allowed to be 
 
 word 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 189 
 
 word occurs refpecYing the calculation of Ariftotle, who, I believe, 
 however great in other inftances, had not much fkill in aftro- 
 nomy. 
 
 Dr. Long laments " that the Babylonic Obferrations, a treafure 
 " almofl ineftimable, and which he neither knew how to make 
 " ufe of himfelf, nor fo much of their value as to induce him to 
 " ufe the necefTary means for their prefervation, for the ufe of 
 " thofe who did, had not fallen into the hands of Eudoxus, ra- 
 " ther than into thofe of Ariftotle." 
 
 There is then neither proof nor prefumption that Eratofthenes 
 accommodated his calculation to that of Ariftotle; or that the 
 itinerary ftadium was lefs in the time of Ariftotle than it was in 
 that of Eratofthenes b . But I fear we can place no great confi- 
 dence either in the obfervations or in the meafurements of Era- 
 tofthenes. He thought that Alexandria and Syene lay under 
 the fame meridian ; whereas they are found to differ by a fpace 
 equal to loo minutes of latitude, equal nearly to 115s Englifh 
 miles, Alexandria being fo much to the weft of Syene. The dif- 
 ference of latitude is about 7 0 20' ; fo that the real diftance 
 between the two places is about 521 Englifh miles, equal nearly 
 to 4552 Olympic ftadia. 
 
 This falls fhort of Eratofthenes's calculation by 448 ftadia, 
 equal to 5 1 Englifh miles : but we muft confider that the diftance 
 kid down by Eratofthenes is the one found by meafurement, 
 which muft exceed the difference of latitude, fince the meafurers 
 
 b Eratofthenes lived about 123 years after Ariftotle. 
 
 did 
 
190 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 did not difcover that the two places lay under different meridians. 
 The numbers of Eratofthenes above fpecified were not however 
 acquiefced in by fucceeding aftronomers, lince Marinus and Pto- 
 lemy allotted, as Dr. Blair obferves, no more than 30oo ftadia c to 
 that diftance ; as the feven degrees twelve minutes (a calculation 
 of the latitude not very different from that of Mr. D'Anville be- 
 fore-mentioned) amounted exactly to that number on the propor- 
 tion of 500 ftadia to a degree; which, Ptolemy tells us, was agree- 
 able to menfurations allowed and acknowledged. 
 
 The learned Prelate's calculations in the next paragraph are 
 rather incorrecl:. He ftates the proportion of the Roman foot to 
 the Englilh to be as 97 : 100; whereas it appears from Greaves, 
 whofe meafurement the Bilhop feems to have adopted, to be only 
 967 : 1000; which makes a difference of nearly tIt part, and 
 amounts nearly to 16* feet in the fpace of an Englilh mile ; which, 
 although an inconfiderable difference in fmall diftances, is neceffary 
 to be taken into account in the eliimation of large extents ; and 
 this error, by over-rating the length of the Roman foot, vitiates 
 in fome meafure his fubfequent calculations. 
 
 This appears in the next fentence of his Lordlhip's obfervations ; 
 where he urges, " that if eight Olympic ffadia were equal to a 
 " Roman mile, and that Polybius's addition of 3 of a ftadium was 
 " an error of his own, ariling from the difference between the 
 " Roman and the Olympic foot, then one Olympic lladium would 
 " be 6o6.25 feet, London meafure;" which computation over-rates 
 
 c 3600 x 50 gives only 180,000 ftadia, ference of the earth, 
 or 20603.4 Englifh miles, for the circum- 
 
 the 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 191 
 
 the length of the ftadium by one foot and 875 decimal parts, equal 
 to 22.5 inches, amounting to more than 15 feet in the extent of 
 an Englifh mile. 
 
 The Bifhop next lays it down, that the opinion of the Greek 
 foot being to the Roman in the proportion of 25 to 24 was er- 
 roneous, though current among the Romans themfelves. But it 
 is difficult to fuppofe that perfons of rank, fcience, and education 
 among the Romans were ignorant of the difference between the 
 Greek and the Roman foot, when we confider the intimate con- 
 ne&ion which fubfifled between the two countries ; or that Pliny, 
 perhaps the mofl learned and philofophical man of the age in 
 which he lived, and who, as appears from works of his, publifhed 
 by himfelf, and Hill extant, bellowed much labour on geographi- 
 cal refearches, would affign 025 feet to a ftadium, when he muft 
 know that 600 only was the proper quantity, and that too in a 
 paffage, wherein he was fpeaking of the fladium only, without 
 any reference to the mile. 
 
 Nor can I admit with the learned Prelate, that the Romans, 
 even in their popular valuation of the Greek meafures, would be 
 apt to reckon eight Olympic fladia to be exadly equal to their 
 own mile, taking no account of the fraction mentioned by Poly- 
 bius, fuppofing that fuch an addition was necelfary to complete 
 the true extent of the mile. 
 
 Can we fuppofe this to have been the cafe with thofe perfons 
 to whom the care of the menfuration of thefe diftances was com- 
 mitted, when we are told by Polybius, not at fecond-hand, as in 
 the quotation from Strabo, but in a palfage now extant in his 
 
 original 
 
192 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 original works, " that the diftances between places were diftinctly 
 " and accurately marked and divided by the Romans into portions 
 t( of eight ftadia each ?" 
 
 Would it have been confident with the character of thefe men- 
 fores terrarum d , perfons of rank entrufted with this charge by 
 public authority, to have neglected one part in twenty-five of the 
 dirtance which they were directed to meafure, which, in large 
 extents, would have amounted to a confiderable Ipace ? 
 
 Thus Herodotus tells us, that the circumference of the lake 
 Moeris amounted to 3 Goo ftadia; which extent is eftimated by Mu- 
 cianus, a perfon of the greateft authority, and frequently appealed 
 to by Pliny, to be 450 m. p. which is eight ftadia, and no more, to 
 a mile. Had the third part of a ftadium been added, it would 
 have amounted only to 432 m. p. or about 18 miles fliort of 
 Mucianus's calculation ; a Ipace too large to be properly overlooked 
 in any furvey that pretends to accuracy. 
 
 Again, Pliny tells us, that the 252,000 ftadia, which Eratolthenes # 
 computed to be the circumference of the earth, amounted in Ro- 
 man meafure to 31,500 m. p. This, it is obvious, is no more than 
 eight ftadia to a mile ; and it is furely very improbable, if 
 Pliny had known (as he muft have done, had it really been the 
 cafe) that I of a ftadium was neceiTary to be added to make up the 
 
 d In judicando, menfor bonum virum et juf- nem bonum, juftum, fobrium, caftum, modef- 
 
 tum agere debet, nulla admonitione aut fordi- turn, et artificem egregium exigit. Aggen. 
 
 bus moveri, fervare opinionem, et arte et mo- Urbicus de Officio Menforis. 
 ribus omnis ill i artificii Veritas cuftodienda eft. Via eft illi fua lectio, oftendit quod dicit, 
 
 Totum autem hoc judicandi officium homi- probat quod didicit. Caffiodor. Var. iii. 53. 
 
 mile, 
 
APPEND r X. , 93 
 
 mile, that he did not take fuch an additional quantity info the ac- 
 count, where it would make fo great a difference. 
 
 Two hundred and fifty-two thoufand ftadia, at eight ftadia and 
 one-third to the mile, amount only to 30,240 m. p. which is 1260 
 m. p. fhort of Pliny's calculation. Can we then fuppofe that Pliny, 
 on whofe fcientific character it is needlefs to enlarge, would know- 
 ingly have pafled over, as not worthy notice, a fpace, which, 
 at 75 m. p. to a degree, amounts nearly to 17 degrees of latitude, 
 or about 1153 Englifh miles ? 
 
 But the learned Prelate would do well to conlider, that Pliny is 
 not the only Roman writer who has afligned 625 feet to the Va- 
 dium. Columella, in a part of his work above cited, which was 
 written profefledly to explain the prascepta menfurarum, allots the 
 fame number with Pliny, both of paces and of feet ; and Cenfo- 
 rinus, Frontinus, together with the authors of the treatife de Li- 
 mitibus, and that de Menfuris, preferved among the Rei Agraria; 
 Aucliores, all concur in giving the fame defcription of this mea- 
 fure. Is it poffible to fuppofe writers of fuch rank and accuracy 
 all uniting in the fame miftake, refpecling a circumftance of fuch 
 common occurrence ? Is it not more reafonable and more natural 
 to fuppofe the meaning of Polybius to be, that the tfadium, mea- 
 fured by Coo Roman feet, would be defective one part in 24, com- 
 pared with its length, if meafured by the fame number of Greek 
 feet ; and that therefore it would be necefiary to add *V part, or 
 25 additional Roman feet, to make up the deficiency ? and that 
 thefe 25 feet were really added, the teftimonies above produced 
 demonfirate. 
 
 The 
 
i94 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 The Olympic foot, we are exprefsly told by Aulus Gellius, ex- 
 ceeded the common foot in the fame proportion as the foot of 
 Hercules exceeded in length the foot of an ordinary man ; and 
 this difference appears to be in the proportion of 25 to 24. 
 
 It is proper to remark, that all the Greek writers, who defcribe 
 the Olympic or itinerary ftadium, and who might be fuppofed 
 to reckon by Greek feet, as Herodotus, Hero, and Suidas, con- 
 cur in affigning to this meafure Ooo feet. On the other hand, 
 all the Latin or Roman writers, to whom the Roman foot was 
 more familiar, who defcribe the ftadium in ufe among the Romans, 
 uniformly afcribe to it the meafure of 025 feet. Yet we have no 
 reafon to think that the Greek and the Roman ftadium were of 
 different dimennons* 
 
 The Greek foot, as deduced by Mr. Stuart, from meafurements 
 of different parts of the Hecatompedon at Athens, exhibits, as I 
 have before fhewn, as nearly as porlible, allowing for fmall inaccu- 
 racies in the menfuration, and perhaps for fome in the conftruction 
 of the building itfelf, the proportion of 25 to 24, as compared 
 with the Roman foot defcribed by Mr. Greaves to be fculptured 
 on the marble monument of Coflutius at Rome ; which propor- 
 tion coincides with the difference of the number of feet affigned 
 to the fladium by the Greek, and that arligned to the fame mea- 
 fure by the Latin or Roman writers. If Hercules was taller than 
 other men, " aliorum procerius," as it is expreffed by Aulus Gel- 
 lius, the meafure taken from his foot, fuppofing that to be in pro- 
 portion with the reft of his body, muft exceed the ufual meafure 
 of length ; and of courfe fewer Herculean feet than feet of the 
 ufual fize would be required to make up a given length. To this 
 
 we 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 *95 
 
 we may add, that the proportion of 25 to 24 is no extravagant or 
 improbable excefs of flature above that of ordinary men, for one 
 fo celebrated for ftrength, a&ivity, and other athletic exercifes, as 
 Hercules is reported to have been. 
 
 Suppofing the height of an ordinary man to be five feet ten 
 inches, Englifh meafure, the addition of a 24th part will make 
 that of Hercules to have been rather under fix feet and one inch, 
 which is no extraordinary height, though fuperior to the common 
 tfandard of mankind. 
 
 cc % 
 
 TABLES 
 
TABLES 
 
 OF 
 
 THE PROPORTION 
 
 WHICH 
 
 ANCIENT MEASURES OF LENGTH 
 
 BEAR TO 
 
 ENGLISH MEASURE. 
 
 TO WHICH IS ADDED, 
 
 A TABLE 
 
 OP THE 
 
 EXTENT OF THE DEGREES OF LONGITUDE, 
 
 AT EVERY TEN MINUTES OF LATITUDE, 
 
 RECKONED FROM 
 
 THE EQUATOR TO THE POLE. 
 
TABLE I. 
 
 Table of the proportion which Greek Stadia bear to Greek Miles,, 
 to Englifli Miles, and to Engli/h Feet. 
 
 Greek 
 Stadia. 
 
 Greek 
 Miles and 
 decimal 
 
 parts. 
 
 Englifh 
 Miles and 
 decimal 
 parts. 
 
 Englifh Feet 
 and 
 decimal 
 parts. 
 
 
 Greek 
 Stadia. 
 
 Greek 
 Miles and 
 decimal 
 parts. 
 
 Englifh 
 Miles and 
 decimal 
 parts. 
 
 Englifh Feet 
 and 
 decimal 
 parts 
 
 I equal to 
 
 .125 
 
 .II4465 
 
 604.374 a 
 
 17 equal to 
 
 2.125 
 
 i-945 8 75 
 
 IO274.358 
 
 2 
 
 .25 | .228930 
 
 1208.748 
 
 18 
 
 2.25 
 
 2.06034 
 
 10878.732 
 
 3 
 
 •375 ! -343395 l l8l 3-! 22 
 
 *9 
 
 2-375 
 
 3.174805 
 
 I I483.I06 
 
 4 
 
 .5 | .457860)2417.496 
 
 20 
 
 2-5 
 
 3.289300 
 
 12087.48 
 
 5 
 
 •635 | .57232513021.87 
 
 21 
 
 2.625 
 
 2 -4037 6 5 
 
 1 269I.854 
 
 6 
 
 .75 | .686790 13626. 244 
 
 23 
 
 2-75 
 
 2.5 1 8230 
 
 13296.228 
 
 7 
 
 .875 | .801255 4230.618 
 
 23 
 
 2.875 
 
 2.632695 
 
 I39OO.602 
 
 8 
 
 1. | .915720 
 
 4834.992 
 
 24 
 
 3- 
 
 2.747150 
 
 14504.976 
 
 9 
 
 1. 1 25 ,1.030185 
 
 5439 -3 66 
 
 25 
 
 3-J25 
 
 2.861615 
 
 I5IO9.25 
 
 lO 
 
 1.25 11.144650 
 
 6043.74 
 
 26 
 
 3-25 
 
 2.976070 ,15713.724 
 
 1 1 
 
 1-375 11-259115 
 
 6648.114 
 
 27 
 
 3-375 
 
 3.090535 !i63i8.o98 
 
 12 
 
 i-5 I 1 -37357° 
 
 7252.488 
 
 28 
 
 3-5 
 
 3.205000 116922.472 
 
 13 
 
 1.625 I1.488025 
 
 7856.862 
 
 29 
 
 3- 6 25 
 
 3.319465 ,17526.846 
 
 i4 
 
 1.75 |i. 602490 
 
 8461.236 
 
 3° 
 
 3-75 
 
 3-43395 U 8 i3 I -22 
 
 i5 
 
 1.875 I 1 -7i6955 
 
 9065-61 
 
 3 1 
 
 3- 8 75 
 
 3.548415 118735.594 
 
 16 la. |i. 831410 
 
 9669.984 
 
 
 132 
 
 4- 
 
 3.66288 119339.968 
 
 ■ The length of the Greek ftadium, expreffed as here laid down in Englifh feet, is correft 
 according to the numbers given by Mr. Greaves, who has employed only two places of deci- 
 mal figures. If we extend thefe to fix figures, (and it may be done indefinitely,) the proportion 
 will be as below ftated. 
 
 24 : 25 : : 967 : 1007. 291666 
 Again, 1007.291666 X 1 2 ~r~ 1000 = 12.087509992 
 Again, 12.087509992 X 600 = 7252.5059952 
 Again, 7252.5059952 -7- 12 = 604.3754933 
 
 which differs from the calculation ufed in the Tables lefs than .018 decimals of an inch, or 
 
 eoiifiderably lefs than T V part of an inch in the extent of a ftadium. 
 
200 
 
 TABLE I. CONTINUED, 
 
 Greek 
 Stadia. 
 
 Greek 
 Miles anc 
 decimal 
 parts. 
 
 1 Englifli 
 I Miles and 
 dec 1 in tii 
 parts. 
 
 Englifli Feet 
 and 
 decimal 
 parts. 
 
 
 Greek 
 Stadia. 
 
 Miles anc 
 decimal 
 parts. 
 
 1 Miles and 
 decimal 
 parts. 
 
 Englifli Feet 
 and 
 decimal 
 parts. 
 
 33 equal to 4-135 
 
 3-777345 
 
 19944.342 
 
 
 55 equal to 
 
 6.875 
 
 6 -^9557 5 
 
 33240.570 
 
 34 
 
 14-25 
 
 3 .091 010 
 
 20548.716 
 
 
 56 
 
 7- 
 
 6.410040 
 
 33844.944 
 
 35 
 
 14-375 
 
 4.006275 
 
 2II53.O9O 
 
 
 57 
 
 7.125 
 
 6.524505 
 
 34449-3 1 8 
 
 36 
 
 4-5 
 
 4.1 20740 
 
 2T757.464 
 
 
 58 
 
 7-25 
 
 6.038970 
 
 35053 - 6 92 
 
 37 
 
 4.625 
 
 4.235205 
 
 22361.838 
 
 
 59 
 
 7-375 
 
 6 -7534-35 
 
 35658.066 
 
 38 
 
 4-75 
 
 4.34967 
 
 22966.212 
 
 
 60 
 
 7-5 
 
 6.8679 
 
 36262.44 
 
 39 
 
 4-^75 
 
 4.464135 
 
 23571.586 
 
 
 100 
 
 12.5 
 
 11.4465 
 
 60437.4 
 
 40 
 
 5- 
 
 4o786o 
 
 24174 96 
 
 
 200 
 
 25. 
 
 22.893 
 
 120874.8 
 
 41 
 
 5-125 
 
 4.693065 
 
 24779.334 
 
 
 300 
 
 37-5 
 
 34-3395 I 
 
 181312.2 
 
 42 
 
 525 
 
 4-807535 
 
 25383.708 
 
 
 400 
 
 5o. 
 
 45-786 1 
 
 241749.6 
 
 43 
 
 5-375 
 
 4.921995 
 
 25988.082 
 
 
 500 
 
 62.5 
 
 57.2325 I302187 
 
 44 
 
 5-5 
 
 5.036460 
 
 26592.456 
 
 
 600 
 
 75- 
 
 68.6789 I362624.4 
 
 45 
 
 5-625 
 
 5-I50925 
 
 27196.830 
 
 
 700 
 
 87-5 
 
 80.1255 " 
 
 4.23061.8 
 
 46 
 
 5-75 
 
 5-265390 
 
 27801. 1 204 
 
 
 800 
 
 100. 
 
 91.572 i 
 
 483499.2 
 
 47 
 
 5.875 
 
 5-379855 
 
 28405.578 
 
 
 900 
 
 1 12.5 
 
 103.0185 '543936 6 
 
 48 
 
 6. 
 
 5.494320 
 
 29OO9.952 
 
 
 1000 
 
 125. 
 
 114.465 I604374 
 
 49 
 
 6.125 
 
 5.608785 
 
 29614.326 
 
 
 2000 
 
 250. 
 
 228.930 1,208748 
 
 50 
 
 6.25 
 
 5.723250 
 
 30218.7 
 
 
 3000 
 
 375- 
 
 343-395 l ] 
 
 [,813122 
 
 5i 
 
 6-375 
 
 5-8377I5 . 
 
 30823.074 
 
 
 4000 (500. 
 
 457-86 k 
 
 ^417496 
 
 52 
 
 6-5 
 
 5.952180 > 
 
 31427.448 
 
 
 5000 
 
 525. 
 
 572-325 13.021870 
 
 53 
 
 6.625 ' 
 
 5.056645 : 
 
 52031.822 
 
 
 10,000 
 
 1250. 
 
 1144.65 16,043740 
 
 54 6.75 < 
 
 5.171110 \ 
 
 52636.I96 
 
 
 10,000 
 
 2500. . 
 
 2289.3 112,087480 
 
TABLE II. 
 
 Of the proportion ivhicli EngliJJi Miles bear to Greeh 
 
 Stadia. 
 
 Englifh Miles 
 
 and 
 decimal parts. 
 
 Greek Stadia 
 and 
 decimal parts. 
 
 
 Englifh Miles 
 
 and 
 decimal parts. 
 
 Greek Stadia 
 
 and 
 decimal parts. 
 
 
 Englifh Miles 
 
 and 
 dec 1 111 y.1 psrts* 
 
 Greek Stadia 
 
 and 
 decifflcil psirt^* 
 
 \ or .125 equal to 
 
 r. 09203925 
 
 1 7 equal to 
 
 J 48.5i733 8 
 
 40 equal to 
 
 349-45256 
 
 I or .25 
 
 2.18407850 
 
 18 
 
 !57-253652 
 
 41 
 
 358.188874 
 
 T or -375 
 
 3.27611775 
 
 *9 
 
 165.989966 
 
 42 
 
 366.925188 
 
 k or .5 
 
 4.36815700 
 
 20 
 
 174.726280 
 
 43 
 
 375.661502 
 
 |- or .625 
 
 5.46019625 
 
 21 
 
 183.462591 
 
 44 
 
 384.497816 
 
 \ or .75 
 
 6 -5532355o 
 
 22 
 
 192.198908 
 
 45 
 
 393- I 34i3° 
 
 \ or .875 
 
 7.64427475 
 
 23 
 
 200.935222 
 
 46 
 
 401.870444 
 
 I 
 
 8.736314 
 
 24 
 
 209.671536 
 
 47 
 
 410.606758 
 
 2 
 
 17.472628 
 
 25 
 
 218.407850 
 
 48 
 
 4i9-343 0 72 
 
 3 
 
 26.208942 
 
 26 
 
 227.144164 
 
 49 
 
 428.079386 
 
 4 
 
 34-945^6 
 
 27 
 
 235.880478 
 
 5° 
 
 436.81570 
 
 5 
 
 43.681570 
 
 28 
 
 244.616792 
 
 5 1 
 
 445-5520I4 
 
 6 
 
 52.417884 
 
 29 
 
 253-352io6 
 
 52 
 
 454.288328 
 
 7 
 
 61 .154198 
 
 30 
 
 262.08942 
 
 53 
 
 463.024642 
 
 8 
 
 69.890512 
 
 3 1 
 
 270.825734 
 
 54 
 
 471.760956 
 
 9 
 
 78.626826 
 
 32 
 
 279.562048 
 
 55 
 
 480.497270 
 
 10 
 
 87.36314 
 
 33 
 
 288.298362 
 
 56 
 
 489.233584 
 
 1 1 
 
 96.099454 
 
 34 
 
 297.034676 
 
 57 
 
 497.969898 
 
 12 
 
 104.835768 
 
 35 
 
 305.770990 
 
 58 
 
 506.706212 
 
 13 
 
 113.572082 
 
 36 !3H-5o73°4 
 
 59 
 
 515.442526 
 
 
 122.308396 
 
 37 I323. 243618 
 
 60 
 
 524.17884 
 
 l 5 
 
 131.044710 
 
 38 I331.979932 
 
 100 
 
 873.6314 
 
 16 
 
 139.781024 
 
 39 I340.7 16246 
 
 200 
 
 1747.2628 
 
 d d 
 
202 
 
 TABLE II. CONTINUED. 
 
 Englifti Miles. 
 
 Greek Stadia 
 
 and 
 decimal parts. 
 
 
 Englifti Miles. 
 
 Greek Stadia 
 
 and 
 decimal parts. 
 
 
 Englifti Miles. 
 
 Greek Stadia 
 
 and 
 decimal parts. 
 
 300 equal to 
 
 2620.894a 
 
 
 80O equal to 
 
 6989.OI52 
 
 
 4OOO equal to 
 
 34945-256 
 
 4OO 
 
 3494-5256 
 
 
 9OO 
 
 7862.6826 
 
 '5000 
 
 43681.570 
 
 500 
 
 4368.1570 
 
 
 IOOO 
 
 8736.314 
 
 1 1 0,000 
 
 87363.14 
 
 600 
 
 5241.7884 
 
 
 2000 
 
 17472.628 
 
 {20,000 
 
 174726.28 
 
 700 
 
 6115.4198 
 
 
 3OOO 
 
 26208.942 
 
 
 
TABLE 111. 
 
 Greek Feet reduced to Englifh Meafure. 
 
 Greek. 
 Feet. 
 
 Englifh Feet, Inches, &c. 
 
 
 Greek 
 Feet. 
 
 Englifh Feet, Inches, &x\ 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 UiGcirnsils ot ct n 
 Inch. 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Decimals ot an 
 Inch. 
 
 I equal to 
 
 I 
 
 
 O0740 
 
 26 equal to 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 27448 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 17496 
 
 n , 
 
 27 
 
 2 
 
 36.196 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 26244 
 
 28 
 
 2o 
 
 2 
 
 44944 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 34992 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 2 
 
 53 6 9^ 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 4374° 
 
 30 
 
 3° 
 
 A 
 
 6244O 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 52488 
 
 3 1 
 
 3i 
 
 2 
 
 7Il88 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 
 61236 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 2 
 
 79936 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 69984 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 2 
 
 88684 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 
 78732 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 2 
 
 97432 . 
 
 lO 
 
 10 
 
 
 87480 
 
 35 
 
 35 
 
 3 
 
 06180 
 
 ii 
 
 11 
 
 
 96228 
 
 36 
 
 36 
 
 3 
 
 14928 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 I 
 
 04976 
 
 37 
 
 37 ' 
 
 3 
 
 23678 
 
 T 3 
 
 »3 
 
 I 
 
 13724 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 3 
 
 32424 
 
 H 
 
 14 
 
 I 
 
 22472 
 
 39 
 
 39 
 
 3 
 
 4II72 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 I 
 
 31220 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 3 
 
 49920 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 I 
 
 39968 
 
 4i 
 
 41 
 
 3 
 
 58668 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 I 
 
 48716 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 3 
 
 67416 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 I 
 
 57464 
 
 43 
 
 43 
 
 3 
 
 76164 
 
 T 9 
 
 *9 
 
 I 
 
 66212 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 3 
 
 84912 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 I 
 
 74960 
 
 45 
 
 45 
 
 3 
 
 93660 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 I 
 
 83708 
 
 46 
 
 46 
 
 4 
 
 O2408 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 I 
 
 92456 
 
 47 
 
 47 
 
 4 
 
 III56 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 2 
 
 01204 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 4 
 
 I9904 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 2 
 
 09952 
 
 49 
 
 49 
 
 4 
 
 28652 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 2 
 
 18700 
 
 50 
 
 5o 
 
 4 
 
 374OO 
 
 D d 2 
 
204 
 
 TABLE III. CONTINUED. 
 
 Greek 
 Feet. 
 
 Englifti Feet, Inches, 8cc. 
 
 
 Greek 
 Feet. 
 
 Englifli Feet, Inches, &c. 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Decimals of an 
 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Decimals of an 
 Inch. 
 
 ^ I equal to 
 
 5t 
 
 4 
 
 46.T48 
 
 
 400 eq. to 
 
 402 
 
 IO 
 
 99200 
 
 5^ 
 
 52 
 
 4 
 
 54896 
 
 
 500 
 
 503 
 
 7 
 
 74000 
 
 53 
 
 53 
 
 4 
 
 63<534 
 
 
 600 e( l ual 
 
 604 
 
 4 
 
 4880O 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 4 
 
 72392 
 
 
 to a ftadium. 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 4 
 
 8l 140 
 
 
 700 
 
 705 
 
 1 
 
 23600 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 4 
 
 89888 
 
 
 800 
 
 805 
 
 9 
 
 9840O 
 
 57 
 
 57 
 
 4 
 
 98636 
 
 
 900 
 
 906 
 
 6 
 
 73200 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 5 
 
 07384 
 
 
 IOOO 
 
 1007 
 
 3 
 
 48000 
 
 59 
 
 59 
 
 5 
 
 16132 
 
 
 2000 
 
 2014 
 
 6 
 
 96000 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 5 
 
 24880 
 
 
 3000 
 
 3021 
 
 10 
 
 44OOO 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 8 
 
 74800 
 
 
 4OO0 
 
 4029 
 
 1 
 
 80O0O 
 
 200 
 
 201 
 
 5 
 
 49600 
 
 
 5000 
 
 5°3 6 
 
 5 
 
 4OOOO 
 
 300 
 
 302 
 
 2 
 
 244OO 
 
 
 60OO 
 
 6043 
 
 8 
 
 88000 
 
TABLE IV. 
 
 Of the proportion which the Minutes upon the Equator, reckoned from, 
 one to Jiocty, bear to Englifh Miles and decimal Parts, to Engli/h 
 Feet, and to Greeh Stadia and decimal Parts. 
 
 N. B. A Degree is reckoned to contain 365640 Engli/h Feet, according to Mr. Picart's, 
 
 calculation. 
 
 Minutes. 
 
 Englifh Miles. 
 
 Englifh 
 Feet. 
 
 Greek Stadia. 
 
 Minutes. 
 
 Englifh Miles. 
 
 Englifh 
 Feet. 
 
 . 
 
 Greek Stadia. 
 
 I eq. to 
 
 I.I54166 
 
 6094 
 
 IO.083127 
 
 22 eq. to 
 
 25-39 l6 52 
 
 I34068 
 
 221.828794 
 
 2 
 
 2.308332 
 
 I2I88 
 
 20.166254 
 
 23 
 
 26.5458 1 8 
 
 140162 
 
 231.911921 
 
 3 
 
 3.462498 
 
 18282 
 
 30.249381 
 
 24 
 
 27.699984 
 
 I46256 
 
 241.995048 
 
 4 
 
 4.616664 
 
 24376 
 
 4O.332508 
 
 25 
 
 28.854150 
 
 1 5 23 5 c 
 
 252.078175 
 
 5 
 
 5.77083O 
 
 30470 
 
 50-415633 
 
 26 
 
 30.0083 16 
 
 158444 
 
 262.161302 
 
 6 
 
 6.924996 
 
 36564 
 
 60.498762 
 
 2 7. 
 
 31.162482 
 
 164538 
 
 272.244429 
 
 7 
 
 8.079162 
 
 42658 
 
 70.581889 
 
 28 | 32.^16648 
 
 170632 
 
 282.327556 
 
 8 
 
 9.233328 
 
 48752 
 
 80.665 1 16 
 
 29 33 -47 08 [ 4 
 
 176726 
 
 292.410683 
 
 9 
 
 IO.387494 
 
 54846 
 
 90.748143 
 
 30 | 34.624980 
 
 182820 
 
 302.494900 
 
 10 
 
 I I.54166 
 
 60940 
 
 IOO.831270 
 
 31 | 35-779H6 
 
 188914 
 
 312.576937 
 
 11 
 
 I2.695826 
 
 67034 
 
 IIO.9I4397 
 
 ^2 
 
 36-9333 1 2 
 
 [95C08 
 
 323.660064 
 
 12 
 
 13.849992 
 
 73128 
 
 120.997524 
 
 33 
 
 38.087478 
 
 20I I02 
 
 332.743 J 9 T 
 
 •3 
 
 15.OO4L58 
 
 79222 
 
 131.08065 1 
 
 34 
 
 39.241644 
 
 207 1 96 
 
 342.8263 18 
 
 H 
 
 16.158324 
 
 85316 
 
 141. 163778 
 
 35 
 
 40.395810 
 
 21329O 
 
 352.909445 
 
 15 
 
 1 7 .3 1 2490 
 
 91410 
 
 151.246905 
 
 36 
 
 41.549976 
 
 21 93 84 
 
 362.992572 
 
 16 
 
 18.466656 
 
 975°4 
 
 161.330032 
 
 37 
 
 42.704142 
 
 225478 
 
 373-075699 
 
 17 
 
 19.620822 
 
 103598 
 
 i7i-4i3 I 59 
 
 38 
 
 43.858308 
 
 231572 
 
 383 158826 
 
 18 
 
 20.774988 
 
 109692 
 
 181.496286 
 
 39 
 
 45.OI2474 
 
 237666 
 
 393-24I953 
 
 x 9 
 
 21.929154 
 
 115786 
 
 191.570413 
 
 40 
 
 46.166640 
 
 243760 
 
 403.325080 
 
 20 
 
 23.083320 
 
 121880 
 
 201 .66254 
 
 41 
 
 47.320806 
 
 249854 
 
 413.408207 
 
 21 
 
 I 24.237486 
 
 127974 
 
 211.745667 
 
 42 
 
 48.474972 
 
 255948 
 
 423-49 I J334 
 
2o6 TABLE IV. CONTINUED. 
 
 Minutes. 
 
 Englifti Miles. 
 
 Englilh 
 Feet. 
 
 Greek Stadia. 
 
 Minutes. 
 
 Englifti Miles. 
 
 t-nghin 
 Feet. 
 
 Greek Stadia. 
 
 43 eq.to 
 
 49.629 
 
 262042 
 
 433-5744^1 
 
 52 eq. to 
 
 60.OI6632 
 
 316888 
 
 524.322604 
 
 44 
 
 50.783304 
 
 268136 
 
 443 A575 88 
 
 53 
 
 61.170798 
 
 322982 
 
 534-40573 1 
 
 45' 
 
 51.937470 
 
 27423O 
 
 453-7407I5 
 
 54 
 
 62.324964 
 
 329076 
 
 544.488858 
 
 46 
 
 53.091636 
 
 280324 
 
 463.823842 
 
 55 
 
 63-479I30 
 
 335170 
 
 554-57I985 
 
 47 
 
 54.245802 
 
 286418 
 
 473.906969 
 
 56 
 
 64.633296 I341264 
 
 564.655113 
 
 48 
 
 55.399968 
 
 292512 
 
 483.99OO96 
 
 57 
 
 65.787462 
 
 347358 
 
 574-73 8 23 9 
 
 49 
 
 5 6 -554i34 
 
 298606 
 
 494.073223 
 
 58 
 
 66.941628 
 
 353452 
 
 584.821366 
 
 5o 
 
 57.70830 
 
 30470O 
 
 5°4- i5 6 35o 
 
 59 
 
 68.O95794 
 
 359546 
 
 594.904493 
 
 5i 
 
 58.862466 
 
 3IO794 
 
 514.239477 
 
 60 
 
 69.25 
 
 365640 
 
 604.9898 
 
TABLE V. 
 
 Of the extent of the Degrees of Longitude in Engli/h Miles and 
 decimal Parts, at every ten Minutes of Latitude, reckoned from 
 the Equator to the Pole. 
 
 De- 
 grees. 
 
 Mi- 
 nutes. 
 
 Length of 
 Degrees of Longi- 
 tude in Englifh 
 Miles. 
 
 
 De- 
 grees. 
 
 | Mi- 
 nutes. 
 
 Length of 
 Degrees of Longi- 
 tude in Englifh 
 Miles. 
 
 
 De- 
 grees 
 
 Mi- 
 nutes. 
 
 Length of 
 Degrees of Longi- 
 tude in Englifh 
 Miles. 
 
 Equator. 
 
 69.25 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 UU.vJO X <\J 
 
 
 Q 
 0 
 
 
 00. 57000 
 
 
 io 
 
 69.24973 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 10 
 
 U9.0U7UU 
 
 
 y 
 0 
 
 IO 
 
 A £2 r a *-i H n 
 
 °°-54773 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 | 20 
 
 
 
 C 
 O 
 
 
 68 £t88<j 
 
 
 30 
 
 69.24736 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 30 
 
 69.03650 
 
 
 •8 
 
 3° 
 
 68.48936 
 
 
 40 
 
 69.24531 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 40 
 
 69.02043 
 
 
 8 
 
 40 
 
 68 -4593° 
 
 
 5° 
 
 69.24271 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 50 
 
 69.OO375 
 
 
 8 
 
 50 
 
 68.42865 
 
 I 
 
 
 69-23945 
 
 
 5 I 
 
 68.98648 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 68.39740 
 
 I 
 
 IO 
 
 6 9- 2 35 6 5 
 
 
 5 
 
 IO 
 
 68.96863 
 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 68.36563 
 
 I 
 
 20 
 
 69.23125 
 
 
 5 
 
 20 
 
 68.95020 
 
 
 9 
 
 20 
 
 68 -33323 
 
 i 
 
 30 
 
 69.22646 
 
 
 5 
 
 3° 
 
 68.93120 
 
 
 9 
 
 3° 
 
 68.30360 
 
 I 
 
 40 
 
 69.22086 
 
 
 5 
 
 40 
 
 68.91160 
 
 
 9 
 
 40 
 
 68.26675 
 
 I 
 
 5° 
 
 69.21454 
 
 
 5 
 
 5° 
 
 68.89142 
 
 
 9 
 
 50 
 
 68.23263 
 
 2 
 
 
 69.20783 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 68.87600 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 68.19800 
 
 2 
 
 IO 
 
 69.20500 
 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 68.84915 
 
 
 IO 
 
 10 
 
 68.16268 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 69. 19260 
 
 
 ~6~ 
 
 20 
 
 68.82740 
 
 
 IO 
 
 20 
 
 68.12683 
 
 2 
 
 30 
 
 69.18410 
 
 
 6 
 
 3° 
 
 68.80486 
 
 
 IO 
 
 30 
 
 68.09400 
 
 2 
 
 40 
 
 69.17500 
 
 
 6 
 
 40 
 
 68.78173 
 
 
 IO 
 
 40 
 
 68.05340 
 
 2 
 
 50 
 
 69.16535 
 
 
 6 
 
 50 
 
 68.76600 
 
 
 IO 
 
 5° 
 
 68.01583 
 
 3 
 
 
 69.15510 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 68.73366 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 67.97770 
 
 3 
 
 IO 
 
 69.14426 
 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 68.70900 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 IO 
 
 67.93880 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 69.13285 
 
 
 7 
 
 20 
 
 68M 354 
 
 
 II 
 
 20 
 
 67.89966 
 
 3 
 
 30 
 
 69.12085 
 
 
 7 
 
 3° 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 3° 
 
 67.85980 
 
 3 
 
 40 
 
 69.10825 
 
 
 7 
 
 40 
 
 68.63100 
 
 
 II 
 
 40 
 
 67.81935 
 
 3 
 
 5° 
 
 69.09510 
 
 
 7 
 
 5° 
 
 68,60380 
 
 
 II 
 
 5° 
 
 67.77837 
 
TABLE V. CONTINUED. 
 
 De- 
 grees. 
 
 Mi- 
 nutes. 
 
 Length of 
 Degrees of Longi- 
 tude in Englifh 
 Miles. 
 
 
 De- 
 grees. 
 
 Mi- 
 nutes 
 
 Length of 
 Degrees of Longi- 
 tude in Englifh 
 Miles. 
 
 
 De- 
 grees. 
 
 Mi- 
 nutes 
 
 Length of 
 
 tude in Englifh 
 Miles. 
 
 12 
 
 
 67.73671 
 
 
 17 
 
 50 
 
 65.92263 
 
 
 23 
 
 40 
 
 63.42583 
 
 12 
 
 -IO 
 
 67^9455 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 65.S6066 
 
 
 23 
 
 50 
 
 63 .34470 
 
 1 2 
 
 20 
 
 67.65181 
 
 
 t8 
 
 IO 
 
 65.79813 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 63.26330 
 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 67.60850 
 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 65-735 0 4 
 
 
 24 
 
 IO 
 
 63.18083 
 
 12 
 
 40 
 
 67.56460 
 
 
 18 
 
 3° 
 
 65.67150 
 
 
 24 
 
 20 
 
 63.O9IOO 
 
 12 
 
 50 
 
 67.52020 
 
 
 18 
 
 40 
 
 65.60721 
 
 
 24 
 
 3° 
 
 63.OI483 
 
 
 
 67.47510 
 
 
 18 
 
 50 
 
 65.54246 
 
 
 24 
 
 40 
 
 62.93 130 
 
 *3 
 
 IO 
 
 67.42951 
 
 
 J 9 
 
 
 65.47716 
 
 
 24 
 
 5° 
 
 62.84670 
 
 r 3 
 
 20 
 
 67.38340 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 65.4II30 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 62.76181 
 
 J 3 
 
 30 
 
 67.33663 
 
 
 J 9 
 
 20 
 
 65-3449 0 
 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 62.67641 
 
 
 40 
 
 67.28930 
 
 
 l 9 
 
 3° 
 
 65-27793 
 
 
 25 
 
 20 
 
 62.59050 
 
 
 50 
 
 67.24141 
 
 
 *9 
 
 40 
 
 65.21040 
 
 
 25 
 
 3° 
 
 62.50430 
 
 
 
 67.19300 
 
 
 J 9 
 
 5° 
 
 65 - 1 4233 
 
 
 25 
 
 40 
 
 62.41743 
 
 H 
 
 IO 
 
 67.14400 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 65.07371 
 
 
 25 
 
 5° 
 
 62.33953 
 
 H 
 
 20 
 
 67.09436 
 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 65-00453 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 62.24150 
 
 H 
 
 3° 
 
 67.04423 
 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 64.93480 
 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 62.15293 
 
 
 40 
 
 66.99350 
 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 64.8/S454 
 
 
 26 
 
 20 
 
 62.06383 
 
 
 5o 
 
 66.94220 
 
 
 20 
 
 40 
 
 64-79373 
 
 
 26 
 
 3° 
 
 6l.974.2O 
 
 *5 
 
 
 66.89036 
 
 
 20 
 
 5° 
 
 64.7237 
 
 
 26 
 
 40 
 
 61.88460 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 66.83800 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 64.65044 
 
 
 26 
 
 50 
 
 61.79340 
 
 T 5 
 
 20 
 
 66.78500 
 
 
 21 
 
 10 
 
 64.57800 
 
 
 27 
 
 
 6l .70220 
 
 15 
 
 3° 
 
 66.73141 
 
 
 21 
 
 20 
 
 64.50500 
 
 
 27 
 
 10 
 
 6l .61050 
 
 *5 
 
 40 
 
 66.67730 
 
 
 21 
 
 3° 
 
 64.43141 
 
 
 27 
 
 20 
 
 61.51825 
 
 J 5 
 
 5o 
 
 66.61260 
 
 
 21 
 
 40 
 
 64-3573 1 
 
 
 27 
 
 3° 
 
 61.42550 
 
 16 
 
 
 66 -5 6 73<5 
 
 
 21 
 
 5° 
 
 64.28266 
 
 
 27 
 
 40 
 
 61.33223 
 
 16 
 
 TO 
 
 66.51156 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 64.20750 
 
 
 27 
 
 5o 
 
 61.23844 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 66.45520 
 
 
 22 
 
 10 
 
 64.13 160 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 61.I4413 
 
 16 
 
 3° 
 
 66.39827 
 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 64-05550 
 
 
 28 
 
 IO 
 
 6 t. 04930 
 
 16 
 
 40 
 
 66.34078 
 
 
 22 
 
 3° 
 
 63.97864 
 
 
 28 
 
 20 
 
 60 95400 
 
 16 
 
 50 
 
 66.28271 
 
 
 22 
 
 40 
 
 63.9OI3O 
 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 60.85809 
 
 '7 1 
 
 66.22410 
 
 
 22 
 
 5o 
 
 63.82341 
 
 
 28 
 
 40 
 
 60.76171 
 
 J 7 
 
 IO 
 
 66.16493 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 63.74494 
 
 
 28 
 
 50 
 
 60.66481 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 66.10520 
 
 
 23 
 
 10 
 
 63.66600 
 
 
 29 
 
 
 60.56741 
 
 J7 
 
 30 1 
 
 66.04500 
 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 63.58646 
 
 
 29 
 
 TO 
 
 60.46950 
 
 i7 
 
 40 
 
 65.98460 
 
 
 23 
 
 3° 
 
 63.50640 
 
 
 29 
 
 20 
 
 60.37107 
 
TABLE V. CONTINUED. 209 
 
 De- 
 grees. 
 
 Mi- 
 nutes. 
 
 Length of 
 Degrees of Longi- 
 tude in Englifh 
 Miles. 
 
 
 De- 
 grees. 
 
 Mi- 
 nutes. 
 
 Length of 
 Degrees of Longi- 
 tude in Englifh 
 IVTiles 
 
 
 De- 
 grees. 
 
 Mi- 
 nutes 
 
 Length of 
 Degrees of Longi- 
 tude in Englifh 
 Miles. 
 
 29 
 
 3° 
 
 6o.272I4 
 
 35 
 
 20 
 
 56.49425 
 
 41 
 
 IO 
 
 52.13126 
 
 29 
 
 40 
 
 60.17270 
 
 35 
 
 30 
 
 5 6 -3775° 
 
 
 20 
 
 51.99845 
 
 29 
 
 50 
 
 60.07274 
 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 56.26027 
 
 41 
 
 
 51.86518 
 
 3° 
 
 
 59-975 01 
 
 35 
 
 5° 
 
 56.14260 
 
 41 
 
 40 
 
 5 I -73 I 5° 
 
 3° 
 
 IO 
 
 59.88507 
 
 36 
 
 
 56.02442 
 
 41 
 
 5° 
 
 5 l -59735 
 
 3° 
 
 20 
 
 59.76980 
 
 36 
 
 IO 
 
 55-9 0 58o 
 
 42 
 
 
 51 .46280 
 
 3° 
 
 30 
 
 59.66783 
 
 36 
 
 20 
 
 55.78667 
 
 42 
 
 10 
 
 5 1 -3V77 
 
 3° 
 
 40 
 
 59-5 6 534 
 
 36 
 
 3° 
 
 55.66710 
 
 _42_ 
 42 
 
 20 
 
 51.19232 
 
 30 
 
 5° 
 
 59-4^234 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 55-54739 
 
 3° 
 
 51.05646 
 
 3 1 
 
 
 59-35884 
 
 36 
 
 5° 
 
 55-42651 
 
 42 
 
 40 
 
 50.91008 
 
 31 
 
 IO 
 
 59-25483 
 
 37 
 
 
 55-30651 
 
 42 
 
 5° 
 
 50 78341 
 
 3 1 
 
 20 
 
 59- I 5°34 
 
 37 
 
 IO 
 
 55> 1 7*35 
 
 43 
 
 
 50.64624 
 
 3 1 
 
 3° 
 
 59-°4534 
 
 37 
 
 20 
 
 55.06211 
 
 43 
 
 10 
 
 50.50864 
 
 3 1 
 
 40 
 
 5 8 -939^3 
 
 37 
 
 30 
 
 54-93963 
 
 43 
 
 20 
 
 50.37062 
 
 3 1 
 
 5° 
 
 58.833B3 
 
 37 
 
 40 
 
 54.80423 
 
 43 
 
 3° 
 
 50.23220 
 
 32 
 
 
 58.72732 
 
 37 
 P 
 
 50 
 
 54-69353 
 
 43 
 
 40 
 
 50.09330 
 
 3^ 
 
 10 
 
 58.62032 
 
 
 54.56972 
 
 43 
 
 5° 
 
 49.95400 
 
 J*2_ 
 
 32 
 
 20 
 ~3°~ 
 
 58.51270 
 
 38 
 
 IO 
 
 54-4455° 
 
 44 
 
 
 49.81430 
 
 58.40487 
 
 38 
 
 20' 
 
 54.32080 
 
 44 
 
 10 
 
 49.67414 
 
 32 
 
 40 
 
 
 38 
 
 30 
 
 54.19562 
 
 44 
 
 20 
 
 49-53358 
 
 32 
 
 5o 
 
 58.18740 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 54.0982 
 
 44 
 
 3° 
 
 49.39261 
 
 33 
 
 
 58.08792 
 
 38 
 
 50 
 
 53-9439° 
 
 44 
 
 4° 
 
 49.25115 
 
 33 
 
 10 
 
 57.96814 
 
 39 
 
 
 53-8i736 
 
 44 
 
 5° 
 
 49.10938 
 
 33 
 
 20 
 
 57^575^ 
 
 39 
 
 IO 
 
 53-69°35 
 
 45 
 
 
 48.96714 
 
 33 
 
 3° 
 
 57.74660 
 
 39 
 
 20 
 
 53.56290 . 
 
 45 
 
 10 
 
 48.83878 
 
 33 
 
 40 
 
 57-63520 
 
 39 
 
 30 
 
 53-435io 
 
 45 
 
 20 
 
 48.68143 
 
 33 
 
 50 
 
 57.52326 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 53-3°^5 
 
 45 
 
 3° 
 
 48-53796 
 
 34 
 
 
 57.41094 
 
 39 
 
 50 
 
 53^7783 
 
 45 
 
 40 
 
 48.39410 
 
 34 
 
 10 
 
 57.29796 
 
 40 
 
 
 53.04860 
 
 45 
 
 5° 
 
 48.24980 
 
 i 34 
 
 20 
 
 57.18460 
 
 40 
 
 IO 
 
 52.91^87 
 
 46 
 
 
 48.10510 
 
 34 
 
 3° 
 
 57.07074 
 
 40 
 
 20 
 
 52.78872 
 
 46 
 
 10 
 
 47.96000 
 
 34 
 
 40 
 
 56.95641 
 
 40 
 
 30 
 
 52.65811 
 
 46 
 
 20 
 
 47.81418 
 
 34 
 
 50 
 
 56.84160 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 52.52710 
 
 46 
 
 3° 
 
 47.66855 
 
 35 
 
 
 56.72628 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 52.39560 
 
 46 
 
 40 
 
 47.52224 
 
 35 
 
 10 
 
 56.61050 
 
 41 
 
 
 52.26366 
 
 46 
 
 5° 
 
 47-3755 1 
 
 e e 
 
2io TABLE V. CONTINUED. 
 
 grees. 
 
 Mi 
 
 nutes. 
 
 Length of 
 Degrees of Longi- 
 tude in Englifh 
 Miles. 
 
 
 Jje- 
 
 grees. 
 
 1VT! 
 
 nutes. 
 
 Length of 
 Degrees of Longi- 
 tude in Englifh 
 Miles. 
 
 
 De- 
 grees. 
 
 Mi- 
 nutes. 
 
 Length of 
 Degrees of Longi- 
 tude in Englifh 
 Miles. 
 
 47 
 
 
 47.22840 
 
 ^2 
 
 ^0 
 j 
 
 41.83640 
 
 T O T 
 
 0 
 
 40 
 
 T 
 
 36.OIII2 
 
 47 
 t/ 
 
 IO 
 
 47.0808 c; 
 
 jj 
 
 
 41. 67^71 
 T I O / 
 
 ^8 
 J 
 
 CO 
 0 
 
 3C. 838QO 
 
 00 • u o u y w 
 
 47 
 
 20 
 
 46.Q32Q4 
 
 T w 7J 7i 
 
 OO 
 
 IO 
 
 41 . C1464 
 
 T J * T J T 
 
 oy 
 
 
 3 c. 66630 
 00 ^ ww oy 
 
 47 
 
 .J 
 
 46.78462 
 
 OO 
 
 20 
 
 4I.3C324 
 
 T * O JO T 
 
 CO 
 
 jy 
 
 10 
 
 3 C.4Q3 C7 
 
 00 -T-yoo / 
 
 47 
 
 40 
 
 r 
 
 46.6c? CQO 
 
 OO 
 
 30 
 0 
 
 41.10140 
 
 T 7 T7 
 
 oy 
 
 20 
 
 3 C . 3 204 c 
 
 47 
 
 co 
 
 46.48680 
 
 C3 
 
 40 
 
 T 
 
 41 .02040 
 T Jv 
 
 CO 
 
 oy 
 
 30 
 0 
 
 3 C. 14732 
 00 ,X T/0* 
 
 48 
 
 
 46.33 730 
 T JJ / 0 
 
 00 
 
 ^O 
 J 
 
 4O.86603 
 T y j 
 
 CO 
 
 oy 
 
 40 
 
 T w 
 
 34.0733 1 
 JT-V/ OO ■* 
 
 48 
 
 T 
 
 10 
 
 46.I874O 
 
 C4 
 
 
 40.7041 2 
 
 T / W T 
 
 Co 
 
 oy 
 
 CO 
 
 o w 
 
 3A.70O3O 
 
 OT , /yyo w 
 
 48 
 T w 
 
 20 
 
 46.O37I2 
 
 C4 
 
 JT 
 
 IO 
 
 40. C4IOO 
 T w OT 
 
 60 
 
 
 34.62C00 
 Oi 0 
 
 48 
 T 
 
 30 
 
 4c. 88644 
 
 C4 
 
 JT 
 
 20 
 
 40.377 co 
 
 T w *0 / / O 
 
 60 
 
 10 
 
 34. C2o8l 
 
 OT*o*y u x 
 
 48 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 T w 
 
 4C.73 C34 
 
 54 
 
 30 
 O W 
 
 40.21367 
 
 60 
 
 20 
 
 34. 27 C C T 
 
 JT'*/JJ 1 
 
 48 
 T 
 
 CO 
 J W 
 
 4C.c83qi 
 
 C4 
 
 JT 
 
 40 
 T 
 
 40.04QC2 
 
 60 
 
 30 
 
 o u 
 
 34. 10033 
 Ot- 1UU JJ 
 
 4Q 
 "ty 
 
 
 4C.43 20Q 
 TO "TO 
 
 C4 
 
 JT 
 
 CO 
 O 
 
 3o.88coi 
 0 7 0 
 
 60 
 
 T W 
 
 33 .Q2486 
 
 4Q 
 tv 
 
 1 O 
 
 4C.27QQ2 
 tO * 1 yy* 
 
 cc 
 00 
 
 
 39 72008 
 
 60 
 
 CO 
 0^ 
 
 3 3 740 T I 
 
 00 -/Ty 1 A 
 
 4Q 
 n-y 
 
 40 
 
 20 
 
 4C. 12726 
 tO / 
 
 c c 
 OO 
 
 IO 
 
 30. C641 0 
 
 jy'j u T lu 
 
 61 
 
 
 33 C73o6 
 
 30 
 
 44.07 J 28 
 
 C C 
 JO 
 
 20 
 
 30.38047 
 0 y -o b/T/ 
 
 61 
 
 10 
 
 33 3f)67^ 
 
 oo*oy u /4 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 44.^2002 
 
 c c 
 
 00 
 
 30 
 
 o w 
 
 30.22362 
 
 61 
 
 20 
 
 33 IICiT A 
 
 
 CO 
 
 44.66716 
 
 c c 
 00 
 
 40 
 
 T 
 
 3Q.OC746 
 
 oy - w o / t w 
 
 61 
 
 30 
 
 o u 
 
 3 3 .OA3 21 
 
 CO 
 
 
 44. C 1 QOl 
 TT'J x 0^t 
 
 c c 
 00 
 
 CO 
 
 38.89094 
 
 61 
 
 AO 
 
 T U 
 
 32.86608 
 
 50 
 
 10 
 
 44.3 c8 C4 
 
 tT'JJ u 0t 
 
 c6 
 o u 
 
 
 38.724.1 1 
 
 0 • / "T * x 
 
 61 
 
 CO 
 
 o u 
 
 32.68863 
 
 co 
 o w 
 
 20 
 
 44.20367 
 
 c6 
 j u 
 
 c6 
 j 
 
 1 O 
 
 38. c c6o/i 
 
 o u, oo w yT 
 
 62 
 
 
 3*2. CTOOO 
 j-*'j lu V u 
 
 co 
 o w 
 
 30 
 
 0 
 
 44.04842 
 
 20 
 
 38.38045 
 
 o i ' - o u y-+o 
 
 63 
 
 10 
 
 32.33200 
 
 o^-oo^y'-' 
 
 50 
 
 4.0 
 
 r 
 
 4'-?. 80280 
 
 c6 
 o u 
 
 30 
 O w 
 
 38.22164 
 
 62 
 
 20 
 
 3 2.1 C463 
 
 J^-'jT^j 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 o^ 
 
 43 .73 671 
 
 to / 0 / 
 
 c6 
 0 J 
 
 T V 
 
 3 (S OC3 CO 
 J U,U JJJ U 
 
 62 
 
 30 
 o u 
 
 3 T 076 T O 
 
 J 
 
 
 43.C8044 
 
 TJ O TT 
 
 c6 
 
 0^ 
 
 CO 
 O 
 
 37.88c;34 
 
 O / JOT 
 
 62 
 
 40 
 
 T 
 
 31.70724 
 
 0 / y / t 
 
 5 1 
 
 10 
 
 43 -423 7 1 
 
 57 
 
 
 37.71629 
 
 62 
 
 50 
 
 31.61820 
 
 5i 
 
 20 
 
 43.26661 
 
 57 
 
 IO 
 
 37 -547 1 5 
 
 63 
 
 
 31.43812 
 
 5 1 
 
 30 
 
 43.10915 
 
 57 
 
 20 
 
 37-3 6oI 3 
 
 63 
 
 IO 
 
 31.25922 
 
 5.J 
 
 40 
 
 42.95131 
 
 57 
 
 3° 
 
 37.20800 
 
 6 3 
 
 20 
 
 3 1 -°7934 
 
 5* 
 
 52 
 
 5° 
 
 42.7Q312 
 
 57 
 
 40 
 
 37-03795 
 
 63 
 
 ~3°~ 
 
 30.89920 
 
 
 42.63456 
 
 57 
 
 5° 
 
 36.86759 
 
 63 
 
 40 
 
 30.71880 
 
 .52 
 
 10 
 
 42-475 6 5 
 
 58 
 
 
 36.69692 
 
 63 
 
 50 
 
 
 52 
 .52 
 
 20 
 
 42.31540 
 
 58 
 
 10 
 
 3 6 -5 2 593 
 
 64 
 
 
 3o-3572o 
 
 3° 
 
 42.15673 
 
 58 
 
 20 
 
 3 6 35463 
 
 64 
 
 10 
 
 30.17602 
 
 r;2 
 
 40 
 
 41 .99676 
 
 58 
 
 3° 
 
 36.18325 
 
 64 
 
 20 
 
 29.99458 
 
TABLE V. CONTINUED. 
 
 211 
 
 De- 
 grees 
 
 Mi- 
 nutes. 
 
 Length of 
 Degrees of Longi- 
 tude in Englifh 
 Miles. 
 
 
 TS<» 
 
 ue- 
 
 grees. 
 
 tit: 
 ivll- 
 
 nutes. 
 
 Length of 
 Degrees of Longi- 
 tude in Englifh 
 Miles. 
 
 
 De- 
 grees. 
 
 Mi- 
 nutest 
 
 Length of 
 Degrees of Longi- 
 tude in Englifh 
 Miles. 
 
 64. 
 
 0 
 
 29.8129O 
 
 
 70 
 
 20 
 
 23.30S91 
 
 
 76 
 
 10 
 
 l6 -5575 I 
 
 64. 
 
 A.O 
 
 20.63OQS 
 *y O y3 
 
 
 70 
 
 30 
 
 D 
 
 23.11613 
 
 
 76 
 
 20 
 
 16.36190 
 
 64. 
 
 so 
 
 2Q.44874 
 
 
 70 
 1 
 
 4° 
 
 22.92614 
 
 
 76 
 
 30 
 
 16.16610 
 
 6s 
 
 
 29.26631 
 
 
 70 
 
 SO 
 
 22.73S9I 
 / do y 
 
 
 76 
 
 40 
 
 1 5.97015 
 
 
 10 
 
 29.08362 
 
 
 71 
 
 
 22.KA.ZZl 
 
 
 "76 
 
 5° 
 
 15.77407 
 
 
 20 
 
 28.90071 
 
 
 7 I 
 
 10 
 
 22.3SS04 
 
 
 11 
 1 1 
 
 
 15.57785 
 
 6c; 
 
 30 
 j 
 
 28.7 1 7 1; i 
 
 
 7 1 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 22. 16521 
 
 
 11 
 
 IO 
 
 15.38152 
 
 6s 
 
 4.0 
 
 28.S3410 
 
 
 71 
 
 30 
 
 D 
 
 2 1 .0733 S 
 
 
 11 
 1 1 
 
 20 
 
 15 - 1 8505 
 
 6c; 
 
 so 
 
 28.3 ^04.1 
 
 
 71 
 / 
 
 40 
 
 21 .78222 
 
 
 17 
 1 1 
 
 SO 
 
 14.98840 
 
 66 
 
 
 28.IOI72 
 
 
 7 1 
 
 50 
 
 21 .SQ0Q2 
 
 
 11 
 1 1 
 
 4° 
 
 14.79170 
 
 66 
 
 IO 
 
 27 .0823 I 
 
 
 72 
 
 
 21 .3004.1 
 
 
 11 
 1 1 
 
 SO 
 
 14.59490 
 
 66 
 
 20 
 
 11 .70800 
 
 
 72 
 
 IO 
 
 "7 r Odll T 
 
 
 78 
 
 
 id. 39760 
 
 66 
 
 30 
 
 11 .61211 
 
 
 72 
 
 20 
 
 21 .01590 
 
 
 78 
 
 10 
 
 14.22050 
 
 66 
 
 
 27 .A.2&Z2 
 
 
 72 
 
 30 
 D 
 
 on 8i<?ao 
 
 
 78 
 
 20 
 
 14.00360 
 
 66 
 
 so 
 
 11 .24.3 4.4. 
 
 
 72 
 
 40 
 
 20.63 l62 
 
 
 78 
 
 30 
 
 13.80623 
 
 67 
 
 
 27.0^8l2 
 
 
 72 
 
 SO 
 
 
 
 78 
 
 4° 
 
 13.60878 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 26.8725I 
 
 
 73 
 / d 
 
 
 2O.24674 
 
 
 78 
 
 So 
 
 13.40120 
 
 67 
 
 20 
 
 26.68682 
 
 
 73 
 
 10 
 
 on nC/in'i 
 
 
 70. 
 / y 
 
 
 13.21323 
 
 67 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 73 
 
 ID 
 
 20 
 
 t n 8fS t t 1 
 
 
 70 
 
 / y 
 
 10 
 
 I 3-°354° 
 
 67 
 
 4.0 
 
 1,6 5 TA6T 
 
 
 73 
 
 ID 
 
 30 
 
 19.66806 
 
 
 70 
 
 20 
 
 12.81782 
 
 67 
 
 so 
 
 26.13820 
 
 
 "73 
 ID 
 
 40 
 
 IQ.4.74.28 
 
 
 70 
 
 30 
 
 12.61981 
 
 68 
 
 
 2 s .Q-t I SO 
 
 
 IX 
 
 1 D 
 
 SO 
 
 I9.28144 
 
 
 70 
 
 40 
 
 12.42170 
 
 68 
 
 10 
 
 2 s .7 S463 
 
 3 1 JT"J 
 
 
 74 
 
 
 I9.087QO 
 
 7 is 
 
 
 70 
 
 S° 
 
 12.22343 
 
 68 
 
 20 
 
 2S.S67S2 
 
 
 74. 
 
 10 
 
 18.89417 
 
 
 80 
 
 
 12.02510 
 
 68 
 
 30 
 
 25.38021 
 
 
 74 
 
 20 
 
 18.70030 
 
 
 ~8o~ 
 
 10 
 
 11.82670 
 
 68 
 
 40 
 
 25.19261 
 
 
 74 
 
 30 
 
 18.50621 
 
 
 80 
 
 20 
 
 11.62820 
 
 68 
 
 50 
 
 25.00431 
 
 
 74 
 
 40 
 
 18.3 1207 
 
 
 80 
 
 30 
 
 1 1 -4395 1 
 
 69 
 
 
 24.81700 
 
 
 74 
 
 50 
 
 18.11772 
 
 
 80 
 
 40 
 
 1 1. 2308 1 
 
 69 
 
 10 
 
 24.62881 
 
 
 75 
 
 
 17.92322 
 
 
 80 
 
 50 
 
 1 1.03200 
 
 69 
 
 20 
 
 24.44044 
 
 
 75 
 
 10 
 
 17.72858 
 
 
 81 
 
 
 10.83308 
 
 69 
 
 30 
 
 24.25181 
 
 
 75 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 8l 
 
 10 
 
 10.63408 
 
 69 
 
 40 
 
 24.06308 
 
 
 75 
 
 30 
 
 17.33882 
 
 
 81 
 
 20 
 
 10.43500 
 
 69 
 
 50 
 
 23.87409 
 
 
 75 
 
 40 
 
 17. 1437 2 
 
 
 81 
 
 30 
 
 10.23580 
 
 70 
 
 
 23.68490 
 
 
 75 
 
 50 
 
 16.94847 
 
 
 81 
 
 40 
 
 10.03650 
 
 70 
 
 10 
 
 23-49550 
 
 
 76 
 
 
 16.75310 
 
 
 81 
 
 50 
 
 9-8i455 
 
 e e 2 
 
2i2 TABLE V. CONTINUED. 
 
 De- 
 grees. 
 
 Mi- 
 nates. 
 
 Length of 
 Degrees of Long! 
 tude in Englifh 
 Miles. 
 
 
 De- 
 grees 
 
 Mi- 
 nutes 
 
 Length of 
 Degrees of Longi- 
 tude in Englifh 
 Miles. 
 
 
 De- 
 grees 
 
 Mi- 
 nutes. 
 
 Length of 
 Degrees of Longi- 
 tude in Englifh 
 Miles. 
 
 82 
 
 
 y' u VJ 74 
 
 
 HA 
 04 
 
 5° 
 
 ft 0 o(~\ T H 
 
 
 87 
 07 
 
 40 
 
 2.81938 
 
 82 
 
 IO 
 
 n 0 X <? 0 
 
 
 8c 
 
 
 6 05 c C/i 
 
 
 87 
 07 
 
 5° 
 
 2.61809 
 
 ~82~~ 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 He 
 
 1 0 
 
 5.03404 
 
 
 88 
 
 OO 
 
 
 2.41673 
 
 82 
 
 an 
 
 9.03894 
 
 
 He 
 °5 
 
 20 
 
 o- J o4 u y 
 
 
 8ft 
 
 OO 
 
 10 
 
 2.21546 
 
 82 
 
 A O 
 
 O.03919 
 
 
 8c 
 
 3° 
 
 0 -453 4 9 
 
 
 ~88~ 
 
 O O 
 
 20 
 
 2.OI412 
 
 82 
 
 £0 
 
 a u 
 
 °-°3935 
 
 
 8c 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 88 
 
 3° ! 
 
 I.81275 
 
 8.3 
 
 
 8.4'^Qzl.C. 
 
 
 8«; 
 .j 
 
 ^0 
 
 I.031 <;6 
 
 
 88 
 
 40 | 
 
 1. 6l 138 
 
 ~8~3 
 
 10 
 
 8.23942 
 
 
 86 
 
 
 4.83064 
 
 
 88 
 
 50 I 
 
 • I.40998 
 
 83 
 
 20 
 
 8-03943 
 
 
 86 
 
 10 
 
 4.62967 
 
 
 89 
 
 1 1.20858 
 
 83 
 
 3o 
 
 7.83932 
 
 
 86 
 
 20 
 
 4.42866 
 
 
 89 
 
 10 | 
 
 I. OO716 
 
 83 
 
 40 
 
 .„_ 7 A3 9 '5 
 
 
 86 
 
 3o 
 
 4.22761 
 
 
 89 
 
 20 | 
 
 .80574 
 
 83 
 
 5° 
 
 7.43890 
 
 
 86 
 
 40 
 
 4.02653 
 
 
 89 
 
 30 1 
 
 .60431 
 
 84 
 
 
 7.23860 
 
 
 86 
 
 5° 
 
 3.82541 
 
 
 89 
 
 40 | 
 
 .40288 
 
 84 
 
 10 
 
 7.03823 
 
 
 87 
 
 
 3.62427 
 
 
 89 
 
 5° 1 
 
 .20144 
 
 84 
 
 20 
 
 6.83780 
 
 
 87 
 
 10 
 
 3.42301 
 
 
 90 
 
 | .00000 
 
 84 
 
 3° 
 
 6.63732 
 
 
 87 
 
 20 
 
 3.22188 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 84 
 
 40 
 
 6.43678 
 
 
 87 
 
 30 
 
 3.02064 
 
 
 
 1 
 
TABLE VI. 
 
 Of the Greek Numerals, and of the Characters ufed by Ptolemy 
 to exprefs Minutes of Longitude and Latitude. 
 
 GREEK NUMERALS. 
 
 a, 
 
 0 
 
 7 
 
 
 £ 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 a- 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 i 
 
 X, 
 
 A 
 
 a* 
 
 V 
 
 I 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 JO 
 
 II 
 
 3° 
 
 40 
 
 5° 
 
 60 
 
 70 
 
 80 
 
 90 
 
 i 
 
 0" 
 
 r 
 
 
 <P 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 
 IOO 
 
 200 
 
 300 
 
 400 
 
 500 
 
 600 
 
 700 
 
 800 
 
 900 
 
 CL 
 t 
 
 i 
 
 y 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 IOOO 
 
 2000 
 
 3000 
 
 10,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 
 Chara&ers ufed by Ptolemy to exprefs Minutes. 
 
 4 
 
 
 I 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £6 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 ^5 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 45 
 
 50 
 
 55 
 
 60 
 
 THE END. 
 
Collingwood, Printer, Oxford.