E a? & AT' :\\ i i .:^'.V\ \\ \ ;y StwSSS^^«ii a«?lislMMIr «• Kg |tei»gBp jpp THE NECROPOLIS OF ANCON IN PERU A CONTRIBUTION TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE CULTURE AND INDUSTRIES OP THE EMPIRE OF THE INCAS BEING THE RESULTS OF EXCAVATIONS MADE ON TIIE SPOT BY W. REISS and A. STUB EL TRANSLATED BY PROFESSOR A. H. KEANE, B. A. F. R. G. S. VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE. WITH THE AID OP THE GENERAL ADMINISTRATION OP THE ROYAL MUSEUMS OF BERLIN. FIRST VOLUME. BERLIN A. ASHER & Co. 1880—1887. SOLE AGENTS FOR AMERICA DODD, MEAD & COMPANY NEW YORK, 755 BROADWAY. In the recent history of Peru Ancon plays a no inconsiderable part. Here Cochrane concealed his fleet, and here Santamaria landed his troops to free the country from the Spanish yoke. The importance this seaboard must have had before the arrival of the Spaniards is shown by its extensive burial-places. But at the time of the Conquest Ancon seems to have already been abandoned. Although several of the early expeditions passed this way, no special mention of the district occurs in any report, nor has a single name in the old local tongue been perpetuated. On this barren rainless coast low rocky spurs of the Cordilleras project seawards. But their narrow rugged headlands enclose few sheltered havens, so that a safe inlet, such as that of Ancon, even at a time when navigation was limited to a coasting trade, must have already formed a familiar harbour of refuge for fishermen. The blocks detached from the cliffs become ground down by the fierce surf, and reduced to fine sand together with the shells cast up by the waves. The almost con- stantly prevailing sea breeze blows the loose sand on the slop of the hills to a considerable height, filling with shifting dunes the bays stretching inland. In such a bay some 22 miles north of Lima lies the Ancon Necropolis, burial-place of many generations. This graveyard was long known, and already even partly plundered by treasure -seekers , before it was rendered accessible by the construction of a railway, and before the establishment of a small watering place had attracted general attention to the spot. Vessels setting sail in ballast had often shipped with the sand mummies and various objects from the graves, and in this way not a few articles had reached Europe. In the following pages are exhibited the results of the first systematic examination of the Necropolis carried out in the year 1875. The Plates of the first Part have been executed by the landscape painter J. Fiebiger of Dresden from the drawings taken on the spot by A. Stiibel. f At the beginning of the sixteenth Century there existed in South America two civilized States at the height of their prosperity. Both had their origin and seat on the uplands of the Cordilleras which traverse the whole Continent; both had been developed in the temperate, almost cold climate of the higher alpine regions. Such were the Chibcha State in the north, and that of the Incas in the south, which differed at once in the extent of their respective domains. While in the north, that is, the present Colombia, the civilized area was restricted to a relatively small district on the upland plateaux and valleys of Bogota and Tunja, the empire of the Incas reached far and wide, embracing the present Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia and a considerable portion of north Chile, and extending its sway on the one hand to the barren Pacific coastlands, on the other to the hot region of primeval forest on the east slope of the Andes. Our knowledge of the Chibcha culture is but slight. No important architectural monuments have survived from pre-Columbian times, and but meagre reports have reached us even from the early period of the Conquest. The case is very different with Peru. This vast, well-ordered State, with its imposing monumental works and highly developed industries, excited the wonder of the Conquerors and their successors, who have handed down to us in detailed accounts and descriptions both the history of the Incas and their own observations on the state of the land. Much legendary matter and many fanciful exaggerations have doubtless been presented and accepted either as historic truth, or at least as conscientious relations. And although the long-standing and almost lavish glorification of the Inca state, as disclosed in the reports of the Spanish archives, must yield to more modest estimates, still the conditions have thereby been brought more home to us, and thus rendered more intelligible. But even in the case of the ancient Inca state , at present one territory alone still bears in its numerous monuments eloquent witness to the high pitch of Culture, which in the course of many ages had here acquired a peculiar and independent development. This territory is the ancient land of Peru, whilom the special seat of Inca rule. Ruins of graudly-conceived buildings occur in many parts of the present Peru, the most noteworthy however on the extensive upland plateau now shared between the republics of Peru and Bolivia. All these structures and works in stone reveal perseverance in heavy manual labour and an educated taste for architecture, combined with skill in the treatment of the material employed. But, for our knowledge of the contemporary culture of more far-reaching importance has been the discovery of numerous objects, which as industrial products belonged to the domestic economy of those peoples. All these objects have been excellently preserved, a fact due to the scarcely accidental coincidence of two circumstances — climate and worship of the dead. To the dry climate, restricted as it was to a narrow strip of the Peruvian seaboard, we are primarily indebted for the fact, that the rich contents of piously equipped graves have in manifold instances reached us uninjured, and that A COn8e9Uently the plcture 0f a ™ ltare speedily swept away by the Spanish conquerors may still be restored with a certain relative fulness. To such sepulchral finds the present work is devoted, finds which, unlike the monumental buildings , being concealed below the surface had till now escaped notice, and which not only reveal the customary treatment of the dead, but also carry us back to the busy life and inner soul of the ancient Indian populations. At the same time this scope of the work is so far limited, that it com- prises only a faithful reproduction and description of objects brought to light in a single Peruvian burial-place, although certainly one of great extent — the Ancon Necropolis. The ancient Inca domain embraced lands of the most diverse climates and productiveness i° 0lm ' atl ° eXtremC8 Ue between a cold ^Iand region inhabited to a height of over 13 000 feet and a hot seaboard washed by the waves of the Pacific Ocean. The true home of the Incas were the uplands, where are found the remains of the great stone structures, whereas the lowlands were not incorporated in their empire till later times. The buildings of these lowlands, mostly of adobe, cannot compare with the stone edifices of the plateau. But this inferiority is compensated by the rich contents of their graveyards, comprising all the perishable articles of daily use, which could not resist the damp climate of the higher regions. For along the coast all is bare and arid, from Tumbez southwards far mt ° ** pre8ent ChiIe a — ly twenty degrees of latitude. Here the rainless zone is due to the influence of the oceanic currents and meteorological pecularities acting in combination with the relief of the land. Above this narrow but still varying strip of eoastlands tower the Andean Cor- dilleras, their spurs projecting here and there seawards, elsewhere forming advanced ridges of bare dark rocks, which contrast sharply with the bright seasands filling the broad bights and often heaped up in shifting dunes. Rushing mountain streams bedded in wide valleys descend from the Cordilleras coastwards, the larger rivers alone reaching the sea, while most of the others run out in the porous soil. Along the windings of the former is unfolded a luxuriant vegetation; for wherever fresh water is available the sandy ground displays great fertility, the steep slope of the riverbeds at the same time facilitating arti- fical irrigation. The green bottom lands appear like oases in the wilderness, severed from each other by waterless tracts, the necessity of traversing which enhances the dangers and hardships of the desert life. At present these oases form a centre of the sugar industry, are well cultivated but thinly peopled. Before the Spanish invasion they supported a large population, as certified by the reports of the old Chroniclers, and attested by the extensive spaces strewn with ruins, by the burial grounds, the terraced lands and aquaducts planned for agricultural purposes. Here dwelt under local rulers small tribes and peoples, either independently or grouped in larger • communities. Long before their reduction by the Incas they had developed a considerable culture Each civilising centre, itself closely dependent on the fertility of the soil, became at the same time a sacred seat of religion, such as Chimu, the present Trujillo and the Pachacamac valley had once been and under the sway of the Incas still continued to be. The Incas had found it an easy task to in- corporate in their extensive dominions these warlike but still feeble inhabitants of the coast. The culture, which they here found already deeprooted, explains how the short interval of scarcely 150 years sufficed, with many traditional customs and usages, to naturalize the laws and even the religious rites of the Inca empire, and to make the several tribes appear as members of a single state. For the inhabitants of the hot coastlands as well as of the cold uplands, the natives of Cuzco and Quito, and thence southwards to Chile, all belonged to one race. This racial homogeniousness also conditioned a certain uniformity in the development of their culture. At the same time it would be a mistake to regard the beginning of this culture among the reduced peoples as the exclusive merit of the Inca rule. Certain peculiarities in habits, dress and industrial products still doubtless lived on in the various tribes even after their reduction, just as different districts were noted for special artistic objects, giving rise to an interchange of local commodities. Settlements had been made not only in the large fertile oases, but also in other tracts less favoured by nature. Amongst the latter was the Bay of Ancon lying 24 miles to the north of Callao, but whose old Indian name has long been forgotten. A broad valley opens on the bay, although the plain is watered by no fertilising stream. In vain the eye seeks the repose of refreshing verdure on this arid shore, which nevertheless was once inhabited, as shown by its extensive cemetery and the terrace-works of the encircling hills. It is obvious, however, that here dwelt a poor population, whose settlement was of slight importance, and which could probably at no time point to any great monu- ments. But just as the overwhelmed and again recovered Pompeii gives us a clearer insight into the domestic life of classical antiquity than the ruins of far more historically momentous places, Ancon also is destined at least for a long time to remain the most important storehouse for our knowledge of the old Peruvian culture. The great cities of Peru have been overthrown, her burial-places rifled, sites renowned in history consigned to oblivion. But thanks to its secluded position in a desert district, the Ancon Necropolis long escaped the notice of greedy treasure-hunters, while the salt-charged soil com- bined with a rainless climate happily retained in good condition the rich stores committed to the earth. All fixed landmarks are lacking that might determine the age of the Ancon graves, or roughly limit the period to which they belong. Many of these graves contain not one only, but frequently two or three bodies, and in isolated cases quite a group, disposed cither side by side or one above the other. Doubtless most of the pits clearly show that the same grave was utilised at different times; yet others again are not lacking, which leave no room for doubting that the bodies found in them were deposited contemporaneously. This practise of burial in common, as well as the circumstance that in previous years the Ancon Necropolis had already been extensively ransacked, renders it almost impossible even approximately to estimate the whole number of bodies that had been interred in this arid soil. They may however be calculated at several thousand. Such a large number may doubtless cause surprise; for in the absence of water and vegetation, a large population might appear to be altogether excluded, but for the neighbouring bay, which abounding in fish might have supplied the inhabitants with a large portion of their sustenance. The circumstance however may be explained simply enough by the very obvious assumption that for many generations a small community here found its last resting- place, hence that the graves belong to different periods, and that besides those of more recent date there are others, which must be referred to a far more remote time, possibly dating hundreds of years further back. Whether interments here took place even after the Spanish Conquest of the land has not yet been shown. This however might Avell be the case, were the origin strictly authenticated of the few objects of European manufacture, which are supposed to have been taken from the Ancon graves. Even at an early period solitary sepulchral finds from various parts of Peru had already been figured by travellers and collectors in scientific works, or deposited in European museums, mostly with incorrect statements regarding their provenance. But Tschudi and Rivero’s valuable work , published in the middle of the present century, was the first to impart to a wider circle of students a more detailed account of the available materials, thereby greatly stimulating the “collecting mania” of Euro- pean travellers, as well as of some opulent natives. In accordance with the expansion acquired in recent times by ethnological studies, the prehistoric relations in Peru also attracted increasing attention. Our public collections, foremost amongst which the Berlin ethnological Museum, possess a considerable number of Peruvian antiquities. More thorough and comprehensive works have also appeared. Thus Squier has published an excellent account of his researches on the ancient Peruvian buildings, while Charles Wiener has recently attempted in a richly illustrated volume to combine his own observations with the hitherto ascertained facts in a general picture of ancient Peruvian culture. Unfortunately the value of his work is materially lessened by the untrustworthy character of the details, by the arbitrary designation of the ethnical types and landscapes, prepared mostly from familiar photographs, as well as by the almost completely erroneous indication of the provenance of the earthenware figured in the volume. However valuable in other respects may be the works hitherto published, none of them except Squier ’s contain much more than the results of hasty journeys, representations of specially remarkable finds, or summaries of historical studies. Not a single ruined city or burial-place had ever been opened up and turned to account for scientific purposes. The work herewith presented to the public must accordingly be regarded as a first attempt in this direction. The finds here figured are the result of the exhumations carried out under the direction of the authors, during a residence of several mouths at Ancon in the year 1875. They afford an insight into the domestic relations of the ancient Indian population; they enable us to draw conclusions respecting their private and public life, the prevalent views and artistic skill, the bent of taste and colour sense of those times. Associated in Peru with the worship of the dead were all objects of daily use — garments and personal ornaments, weapons and badges of distinction, tools, earthenware in the most manifold forms , toys , articles of the toilet and provisions ; even the domestic animals had to follow their owners to the grave. Over and above all this, in Ancon a method of interment was discovered hitherto elsewhere unknown in any part of Peru, thanks to which a large number of artistic costumes and richly coloured textile fabrics have been preserved. The objects brought to light in Ancon are of themselves alone suggestive of manifold reflections. But a detailed monographic treatment of the locality was all the more urgently demanded, that the hope of other burial-places being revealed grows less from year to year. Should however such sites be discovered in other parts of Peru, and the labour not be grudged of an exhaustive survey, this monograph would then indeed completely answer its purpose, affording a basis for a comparative study which might lead to many general inferences on the mutual relations of the ancient Peruvians. But it was above all imperative to supply authentic materials, in order to prepare the way for the future solution of many still moot points, and place in a clear light the data, on which our knowledge of the evolution of South American culture must be firmly grounded and removed as far as possible from the field of conjecture. With this view the authors have confined themselves to the faithful reproduction of the objects collected by themselves, thus excluding all doubt regarding the authenticity of the materials here figured. The Plates are intended to reproduce the sepulchral finds with the greatest accuracy, the accompanying text merely offering short explanations of the objects themselves. The work comprises as complete a presentation as possible of the dead equipped in mummy fashion, of the garments, the various textiles and their patterns. To these are added in less detail the clay, metal, wooden and other objects. The work concludes with the scientific sections executed by Professor Dr. L. Wittmack, Professor R. Virchow M. D. L. L. D. F. R. S. and Professor Dr. A. Nehring. These sections shed fresh light on the alimentary plants cultivated or introduced into Ancon; they also deal with the cranial types of the inhabitants of Ancon, and the various breeds of domestic animals. It is incumbent on us to express our heartfelt thanks to these gentlemen for contributions, which add so much to the thoroughness of the work. The collection as a whole has passed into the possession of the Royal Ethnological Museum, Berlin, while the duplicates have been consigned to the Museums of Leipzig, Dresden and Karlsruhe. For the excellent execution and general finish of the work we are deeply indebted to the painters, whose names are mentioned in the several Divisions, to the lithographic Institute and the publishers. Berlin, March 1887. The Authors. B SUMMARY OF THE PLATES. FIRST VOLUME: The Necropolis and its Graves. (Plates 1 — 34 a.) I. The Necropolis and Neighbourhood N. The several Graves III. The Mummies and their various equipments IV. Decorations of the Graves Plates 1 — 4 „ 5—10 „ 11—30 „ 31— 34a SECOND VOLUME: Garments and Textiles. (Plates 35 — 74 a.) V. Garments VI. Textiles VU. Pouches Plates 35—44 „ 45—71 _ 72— 74a THIRD VOLUME: Ornaments, Utensils, Earthenware. — Evolution of Ornamentation. Scientific Parts. (Plates 75—119.) V TTT - Head-dress, Slings, Ornaments IX. Metal Objects, Utensils and Implements X. Toys XI. Earthenware XII. Costume and Evolution of Ornament XHI. Plants and Fruits, treated by Prof. Dr. L. Wittmack XIV. Skulls, treated by Prof. Dr. R. Virchow XV. Mammals, treated by Prof. Dr. A. Nehring . . . - Plates 75 — 80 „ 81—87 „ 88—91 „ 92—100 „ 101—104 „ 105—107 „ 108—116 „ 117—119 B* LIST OF THE PLATES. FIRST VOLUME: Tho Necropolis and its Graves. (Plates 1 — 34 a.) I The Necropolis and Neighbourhood. 1. Plan of Ancon and neighbouring Necropolis Plate 1 2. The Bay of Ancon J 2 3. The Necropolis of Ancon I 4. The terraced hills South of Ancon „ 3 5. The northern Part of Ancon Bay and the millstones of the Necropolis „ 4 II. The Several Graves. 6. The deep grave of the false -headed Mummies Plate 5 7. Exposed graves with Mummies of simple type „ 6 8. Solitary grave of a simple equipped Mummy „ 7 9. Interments under earthenware vessels „ 8 10. Interments under fragments of earthenware „ 9 11. Sections of the graves „ 10 III. The Mummies in their diverse equipment, a. False-headed Mummies. 12. Large Mummy with false head Plate 11 13. Front and back view of the false head of the Mummy figured on Plate 11 „ 12 14. Side view of the Mummy figured on Plates 11 and 12 „ 13 15. Two Mmnmies from one Grave „ 14 16. Front and back view of a Mummy with a false head and funeral accompaniments . . „ 15 17. Sumptuous Mummy Pack 16 18. Side view and section of the Mummy figured on Plate 16 „ 17 19. Mummies with wig and ear ornaments „ 18 20. Method of packing the false-headed Miunmies „ 19 21. Method of packing the false -headed Mummies (continued) „ 20 22. False heads of the Mummy packing „ 21 23. Wigs of the false heads „ 21a C b. Simply equipped Mummies. 24. A Mummy richly arrayed Plate 22 25. Front and back view of a Mummy with weaving implements 28 26. Simple Mummies in coloured striped cerements 24 27. Poorly equipped Mummy 25 28. Poorly equipped Mummies 2g 29. Two simply equipped Mummies diversely packed 27 c. Mummies of Children and Details. 30. Mummies of Children Plate 28 31. Infant Mummies. — Tattooed and painted limbs 29 32. Decoration of the body. — Section of a simple Mummy 39 IV. Decoration of the Graves. 33. Bannerlike Decorations Plate 31 34. Thread- wound rods; Crosses and sepulchral Tablets 32 35. Painted sepulchral Tablets gg 36. Painted sepulchral Tablets (continued) gg a 37. Sepulchral deposits g^ 38. Animals as sepulchral Offerings. — Matting used at Burials 34 a SECOND VOLUME: Garments and Textiles. (Plates 35 — 74 a.) V. Garments. a. Garments of the Poncho Type. 39. Bright Woollen Garments Plate 35 40. Simple Woollen Garments gg 41. Garments of Wool and of Cotton with Woollen Patterns 37 42. Simple Cotton Gaiments gg 43. Painted Cotton Garment gg 44. Various kinds of Garments 49 b. Garments of the Talaria Type. 45. Materials for Robes of the Talaria Type Plate 41 46. Large Robes of the Talaria Type 42 47. Ornamented Robes of the Talaria Type, with accompanying trimmings 43 c. Cloths and Loin-cloths. 48. Dress Materials 43 a 49. Loin-Girdles and Woollen Cloths 44 VI. Textiles. a. Pieces of Woollen Ga rments. 50. Gobelins fabric ornamented in superior style Plate 45 51. Counterpart of Material on previous Plate n 46 52. Half of a fine Woollen Garment Plate 47 58. Riclily ornamented Woollen Dress „ 48 54. Sumptuous Garment of a Mummy » 49 55. Tapestry with figures of Warriors „ 50 56. Gobelins Materials with Human figures — Portions of Woollen Garments „ 51 57. Gobelins Fabrics with Human and Animal figures — Portions of Woollen Garments . „ 52 58. Three Gobelins Pieces with Human figures — Portions of Woollen Garments .... „ 53 59. Figured Gobelins with Geometrical and Animal designs — Portions of Woollen Garments „ 53a 60. Dress Materials with Geometrical Patterns „ 54 61. Gobelins Stuffs with Geometrical Patterns and Annual figures — Parts of Woollen Garments n 55 62. Dress Materials and B orderings „ 55a 63. Woollen Gobelins fabrics with Animal figures „ 56 b. Cotton Stuffs ornamented with Wool. 64. Boldly ornamented dress Materials Plate 57 65. Ornamented Cotton Garment with Woollen border „ 58 66. Dress Materials horizontally striped „ 59 67. Cotton dress Materials „ 59 a c. Passementerie Work. 68. Dress Materials with Passementerie trimmings Plate 60 69. Passementerie Work „ 60a d. Trimmings for Robes of the Talaria Type. 70. Border of a Robe of the Talaria Type Plate 61 71. Woollen border of a flowing Garment : „ 62 72. Trimmings of robes of the Talaria Type — Woollen Materials „ 62 a 73. Borders of flowing Garments — Ornamented Woollen Corner pieces „ 63 e. Corners and trimmings of simple Cotton fabrics and dresses. 74. Ornamented Corners Plate 64 75. Cotton Cloth with ornamental Corners and Hem „ 64a 76. Ornamental Hems of small Cotton cloths „ 64b 77. Woollen trimmings of Cotton garments „ 65 78. Cotton Materials with Woollen trimmings „ 65a f. Borderings. 79. Broad Gobelins Woollen Borderings Plate 66 80. Borders and border-like fabrics „ 66a 81. Borderings and Sleeve trimmings „ 67 82. Borderings of Garments „ 67a 83. Woollen Borders of Cotton garments „ 67b 84. Woollen Dress Borderings „ 68 85. Border-like Woollen fabrics „ 68a 86. Woollen Borders and Cotton dress Materials „ 68b 87. Woollen Borders „ 69 88. Pieces of insertion of Woollen Band „ 69a 89. Sundry pieces of weaving „ 69b 90. Diverse kinds of simple dress Materials „ 69 c C» g. Loosely woven net-like Materials. 91. Loosely woven and reticulated Stuffs Plate 70 92. Loosely woven and reticulated Cotton stuffs „ jQ a 93. Cotton stuffs reticulated and ornamented with Needlework „ 71 VH. Pouches. 94. Large and small girdle pouches Plate 72 95. Woollen hanging backs „ 73 96. Woollen, Cotton and Net pouches „ 74 97. Pouch Materials „ 74a THIRD VOLUME: Ornaments, Utensils, Earthenware — Evolution of Ornamentation. Scientific Parts. (Plates 75 — 119.) VIII. Head-dress, Slings, Ornaments. 98. Fillets Plate 75 99. Fillets — Slings „ 76 100. Head-Gear and accompanying Feather ornaments „ 77 101. Ear-Pendants „ 78 102. Necklaces and Bracelets „ 79 103. Diverse Fancy and Ornamental Objects „ 80 IX. Metal Objects, Utensils and Implements. 104. Metal Utensils and Ornaments Plate 81 105. Calabashes and Baskets „ 82 106. Smaller Articles „ 83 107. Wooden Weapons and Implements „ 84 108. Fine Wooden Implement; Workbasket „ 85 109. Spindles and Workbaskets „ 86 110. Sundry smaller Articles. Foot Clothing „ 87 X. Toys. 111. Dolls’ Clothes and Toys Plate 88 112. Dolls and Animal Figures „ 89 113. Large Clay Figures „ 90 114. Small Clay Figures „ 91 XI. Earthenware. 115. Large Cliicha Vessel Plate 92 116. Black Earthenware Vessels „ 93 117. Fine Earthenware „ 94 118. Gray Earthenware „ 95 119. Red Earthenware partly painted „ 96 120. Urns with Human Features „ 97 121. Large Red Earthenware Plate 98 122. Earthenware and Potsherds ” 09 123. Ornamented Pieces of Earthenware and smaller Clay Vessels » 100 XII. Costume and Evolution of Ornament. 124. Costumes of the Inca Period Plate 101 125. Human Forms and Ornaments derived from them » 102 126. Animal Forms and Ornaments derived from them - 108 127. Geometrical Figures and Ornaments derived from them » 104 XIII. Plants and Fruits, Treated by Prof. Dr. L. Wittmack. 128. Maize Cobs Plate 105 129. Maize Cobs and other Plants » 106 130. Sundry Fruits, Seeds, Roots &c. » 107 XIV. Skulls, Treated by Prof. Dr. R. Virchow. 131.1 I Plate 108 132. Slightly deformed Skull » 109 133.1 I - no 134.1 | * 111 135. Greatly deformed Skull » 112 136. ) I » 113 137.1 | » 114 138. Greatly deformed Skull » 115 139. ) I » H6 XV. Mammals, Treated by Prof. Dr. A. Nehring. 140. Remains of Dogs and Foxes Plate 117 141. Remains of Canis Ingm » 118 142. Remains of Rodents and Ruminants » 119 D PLATES OF THE FIRST VOLUME THE NECROPOLIS AND ITS GRAVES (PLATES i— 34a) The Plates of the first volume give a general picture of the Necropolis. They convey a detailed knowledge of the method of burial customary at Ancon, at the same time showing how the various objects, which are specially illustrated in the second and third volume, were obtained from the graves. A plan and several views display the characteristic sceneiy surrounding the Necropolis. To this is naturally appended, as the second division of the volume, the study of the graves opened during the excavations — their arrangement as well as the disposition of the bodies contained in them, the diverse treatment of which is best shown by grouping a number of sections together. The third and more essential part of this volume is devoted to the dead themselves, and to their style of equipment, hitherto observed in no other place. The fourth part exhibits sundry objects serving to decorate the graves, and the parting gifts in their peculiar coverings. I) SUMMARY OF THE PLATES OF THE FIRST VOLUME. I. The Necropolis and Neighbourhood Plates 1—4 II. The several Graves _ 5—10 III. The Mummies and their various equipments „ II -30 IV. Decorations of the Graves 31— 34a LIST OF PLATES IN THE FIRST VOLUME. I. The Necropolis and Neighbourhood. 1. Plan of Ancon and neighbouring Necropolis Plate 1 2. The Bay of Ancon | 3. The Necropolis of Ancon I 4. The terraced hills South of Ancon „ 3 5. The northern Part of Ancon Bay and the millstones of the Necropolis „ 4 II. The Several Graves. 6. The deep grave of the false -headed Mummies „ 5 7. Exposed graves with Mummies of simple type „ 6 8. Solitary grave of a simple equipped Mummies „ 7 9. Interments under earthenware vessels „ 8 10. Interments under fragments of earthenware 9 11. Sections of the graves „ 10 III. The Mummies in their diverse equipment. a. False -headed Mummies. 12. Large Mummy with false head n 11 13. Front and hack view of the false head of the Mummy figured on Plate 11 „ 12 14. Side view of the Mummy figured on Plates 11 and 12 „13 15. Two Mummies from one Grave 14 16. Front and back view of a Mummy with a false head and funeral accompaniments. . . „ 15 17. Sumptuous Mummy Pack ,.16 18. Side view and section of the Mummy figured on Plate 16 n 17 19. Mummies with wig and ear ornaments 18 20. Method of packing the false-headed Mummies 19 21. Method of packing the false-headed Mummies (continued) 20 22. False heads of the Mummy packing „ 21 23. Wigs of the false heads 21a d b. Simply equipped Mummies. 24. A Mummy richly arrayed Plate 22 25. Front and back view of a Mummy with weaving implements 23 26. Simple Mummies in coloured striped cerements n 24 27. Poorly equipped Mummy 25 28. Poorly equipped Mummies 26 29. Two simply equipped Mummies diversely packed 27 c. Mummies of Children and Details. 30. Mummies of Children 28 31. Infant Mummies. — Tattooed and painted limbs j 29 32. Decoration of the body. — Section of a simple Mummy n 30 TY. Decoration of the Graves. 33. Bannerlike Decorations 31 34. Thread-wound rods; Crosses and sepulchral Tablets 32 35. Painted sepulchral Tablets 33 36. Painted sepulchral Tablets (continued) 33 a 37. Sepulchral deposits 34 38. Animals as sepulchral Offerings. — Matting used at Burials 34a PLATES OF PART I. 1. Plan of Ancon and neighbouring Necropolis Plate 1 2. The Bay of Ancon I 2 3. The Necropolis of Ancon I 4. The terraced hills South of Ancon » ° 5. The northern part of Ancon Bay and the millstones of the Necropolis 4 K PLATE 1. PLAN OF ANCON AND NEIGHBOURING NECROPOLIS. (1 : 10 000.) The plan illustrates the topographical relations in connection with the archaeological aim of this work. On the right of the observer the spur of a mountain range projects, skirting the Bay of Ancon southwards and sheltering it from the prevailing winds. North of this range there stretches a sandy and stony waste, whose surface is much diversified. Slight depressions and hollows are separated by flat ridges and low crests, while elsewhere, and especially near the coast, where the ground falls abruptly towards the flat, sandy beach, the land assumes the aspect of a plateau. A fine driftsand, wafted from the neighbouring bay over a fall in the coast range, covers the flat surface, rising to a row of shifting dunes (medanos) in the direction of the wind, lhousands of graves, some isolated, some forming groups of various sizes, lie scattered over this arid tract, which in the utter absence of vegetation resembles an African desert. Such is the Necropolis of Ancon! This grave -yard is bounded by a low wall, whose ruins cropping out above the sand, show that it evidently formed a sort of enclosure. In the space thus enclosed there may be distinguished a central hilly, and a circular level section. In the latter the graves are mostly crowded together. But interments were not confined to the burial-place proper, for graves isolated and in groups occur also beyond the limits of the enclosing wall. Like the whole neighbourhood, including even the slopes of the higher mountains, the hills in the central section are strewn with sand. But they are so far distinguished that their upper layers consist of a black loam abounding in kitchen refuse, potsherds and other remains of human industry, all pointing at a protracted settlement at this spot. The mummies found in the black loam betray a certain uniformity of treatment, differing however in many respects from those occurring in the graves of the outer section, which are otherwise often of a richer description. During the construction of the railway running from Lima by Ancon to Chancay the southern edge of the burial-ground was cut through, whereby a number of graves were exposed. The traditional belief in the fabulous wealth of Indian graves immediately excited the thirst for easily acquired affluence characteristic of the descendants of the Spaniards in South America, and occasion was thus given for a barbarous and indiscriminate rifling of the tombs. At the foot of the above mentioned sandy ridge, and close to the shore run the few streets, whose wooden houses (ranchos) form the modern watering-place founded by President Balta. Amongst the other- wise insignificant public buildings may be mentioned, in explanation of the plan, the railway station and a small wooden temple crowning a hill and used as a powder magazine. By the side of the new settlement there have been preserved the remains of an older Indian fishing village, consisting of a number of wretched hovels and cabins, run up in the square spaces indicated behind the railway station. Lastly about a kilo- metre to the north-east of the bathing place a spot is marked as an Alameda or public promenade, on whose sandy soil a vain attempt has been made to grow a few eucalyptus trees. PLATE 2. THE BAY AND NECROPOLIS OF ANCON. Fig. 1. The topographical plan figured on Plate 1 comprises a small portion only of the spacious and picturesque Bay of Ancon. A fuller view is given by this plate, which reproduces the scene with all its local colouring. Here the deep blue sea contrasts with the yellow sandy flats and bare rugged hills, with light effects seldom elsewhere seen, especially when the atmospheric strata, charged with dust and resting on the hot sandy ground, are lit up by the oblique rays of the setting sun. No trace of vegetation is per- ceptible, the small scale of the plan excluding the few eucalyptuses, a couple of date-palms and some fig- trees sustained by artificial irrigation. So arid is the district that even drinking-water has to be brought from a great distance. The modern bathing-place stands on the level beach at the foot of the sand-covered heights. The houses are all disposed in long rows and built of wood timbered in Oregon. The burial-ground is enclosed by the hilly tract bordering the town northwards, to the left of the observer. It presents the appearance of a broad valley falling seawards, evidently the dried up bottom of the inlet which formerly penetrated further inland. In the sandy and gravelly deposits of the old sea-bed lie the graves containing the mummies. The arid character of the land, so well illustrated in the plate, causes some surprise that a place evidently affording the scantiest means of existence should have supported such a large population as seems implied by a cemetery, whose tombs are reckoned by the thousand. In the background are seen high, naked ridges, members of a mountain range representing one of those offshoots which the Andes sends coastwards. The farther development of these ridges is represented in plates 3 and 4, while Fig. 2 of the present plate shows a view in a smaller distance. Along the hills beyond the bay runs the gradually rising line of the railway intended to connect Lima with the fertile valley of Huacho, but which has been completed only to the town of Chancay. This section, carried along the steep slopes through accumulated masses of shifting sands, was attended with great difficulties; nor was it perhaps quite possible altogether to protect the traffic from the imminent danger of landslips. Verte! Fig. 2. Looking eastwards from the eastern edge of the central hilly plateau of the burial-place, we see the line of graves marked by the number 3 on the plan, Plate 1. The masses of sand and gravel thrown up on the opening of the graves, have formed ring-shaped mounds on the originally level ground. Scattered amongst them lie human skulls, matting and potsherds, the melancholy evidence of former reckless exhumations. Gradually risiug, the plain stretches landwards towards the foot of the high rugged range. The spurs are covered to a considerable height by sand, which even on the plain forms those already mentioned shifting dunes (raedanos), distinguished by their crescent shape. The ground is everywhere strewn with shells, fragments of rock and dark-coloured boulders, mostly with polished surface, an effect that must be attributed to the action of the drift-sand. As here seen in perspective, these boulders standing on the brow of the hills rising above the rolling ground seem to be disposed in regular rows. The lofty mountains in the background represent the same chain as in Fig. 1; but owing to the altered stand- point they here appear foreshortened against each other. To the right of the illustration a view is afforded of the glen-like depression bordered southwards by those mountains, whose most advanced spurs, enclosing the Bay of Ancon, are figured on Plate 3. Notwithstanding the deep gorges intersecting the range, the riverbeds are dry and arid. Even on the extremely rare occasion of a copious downpour watering the bare slopes, the mountain torrents thereby developed are prevented by the thirsty soil from reaching the coast. PLATE 3, THE TERRACED HILLS SOUTH OF ANCON. southwards Ancon Bay is skirted by a bleak sand-covered ridge stretching seawards. The hills here figured form the extreme spurs of the chain indicated on the plan, and which ensure the safety of the harbour by sheltering it against the fierce southern gales. The present illustration will serve not merely to explain the topographic relations, but still more to give prominence to a circumstance calculated to throw light on the importance of Ancon in pre-Spanish times. For the mountain slopes exhibit a terrace formation pointing at a former cultivation of this coast now arid and destitute of vegetation. It is hard to conjecture how the barren soil of this rainless district could have been rendered productive, especially as the supposition of artificial irrigation would invole serious difficulties. The terraces have been very imperfectly preserved, the retaining walls being perceptible only at some distance oft, when they appear as parallel lines, whereas on a closer view they are scarcely to be distinguished from the other stone ruins. At various points of the chain, as, for the instance, at the extreme projection, there are the remains of walls apparently suggestive of dwellings. Graves were also found in an inlet, which spreads out beyond the hills at the foot of the slopes turned from the spectator. The whole range consists of crystalline formations, amongst which diorites would seem to prevail, often intersected by veins, which crop out especially where the cleft rocks have been worn by the surf. In the foreground stretches the level beach, over which long lines of planks lead to the water for the greater convenience of bathers from the neighbouring houses during the hot season. Two fishermen are engaged in launching one of those canoes, which are here still much used in fishing. To render the some- what frail craft more seaworthy, the sides have been raised by a row of planks. \ iewed from the beach in front of the houses the coast here represented is closed in by the slopes figured to the right of the panorama (Plate 2, Fig. 1). The positions are more clearly indicated by several landmarks common to both pictures, especially by the fisherman’s hut built on piles, which in the pano- rama stands in the foreground, but which is here visible at a greater distance. Both pictures supplement each other, tho’ they do not afford a complete view of the bay until taken in connection with Plate 4. THE NORTHERN PART OF ANCON BAY, ANI) THE MILL-STONES OF THE NECROPOLIS. liile the first landscape (Plate 2. Fig. 1) afforded a view of the Necropolis from the sea, here we have a seaward prospect from the Necropolis, commanding the northern section of Ancon Bay. It is taken from the hills in the south-west corner, which rise near the huts of the fishing village to a height of about sixtyfive feet above sea-level. Lying on the surface at this spot are some thirty large irregularly fashioned stones, whose artificially wrought upper sides present a smooth and almost polished appearance. Three of them, disposed in the foreground without order, are faithfully reproduced in form and proportion. They consist of diorites and syenites, such as enter into the composition of the neighbouring hills; yet the hewing and dressing of such large blocks must have been a work of some difficulty. In all probability they must have served as nether mill-stones in the grinding of maize for the preparation of Chicha, such like stones being still used for this purpose in Peru and many other places. The hills of the Necropolis gradually merge with the level, sandy beach crossed by the railway line indicated in the view. After a sharp curve at the north end of the bay, the line surmounts a high elift’ on the steep, sand- covered slopes (Plate 2. Fig. 1), thence taking its course towards the Chancay hills visible in the distance. In this section it also touches on a burial-place, less in extent, and apparently containing but few still unrifled graves. II. THE SEVERAL GRAVES. (PLATES 5 — io.) h Outwardly undistinguished by any special marks, the graves lie grouped together in the arid hilly ground of the broad valley, in some places closely packed, in others more scattered over an area of about a square kilometer. Although most of them are confined to the space enclosed by a low wall constructed of loose blocks, rows of graves, as shown on the Plan, Plate 1, also occur beyond this badly preserved enclosure, which dates probably from different epochs. Most of the graves are simple pits of no great depth, while others take the form of shafts sunk vertically through the stratified alluvial system, in some cases attaining a depth of over 6 meters and revealing special peculiarities corresponding to the equipment of the dead buried in them. Thus the mummy packs most richly decorated and provided with false heads are often found in niche-like lateral enlargements of such deeply sunk shafts. Besides those merely sunk in the hardened earthen layers, graves also occur, whose walls are rudely faced with masonry. Against the pressure of the sand required to fill up the pits efforts were made to protect the mummy packs partly by matting, partly by a slight wooden framework. More completely, however, than by these totally inadequate although well-meant contrivances, the same object was achieved in those graves, where the dead were interred under clay vessels or fragments of clay vessels. Respecting the interments themselves the following important points are to be noticed. In many graves only one body was found; in others two or three placed at the same level, while in a third class they were found lying at different levels one above another. Lastly a fourth class of com- mon graves should be mentioned, in which the whole space presented by the pit was thickly occupied with the dead. Here are many indications that in one and the same pit burials took place at quite different times, suggesting the idea of family graves. On the other hand, in the graves containing mummy packs in several superimposed layers, it may also be frequently noticed that a less degree of care was bestowed on the equipment of the upper packs than on those occupying the lowest place in the shaft. The bodies of children also were often deposited in the upper sections. In the common graves bodies diversely equipped, some in a poorer some in a richer style, are found lying side by side. At several points of the great Necropolis poorly equipped bodies were met quite superficially interred. A general illustration of these remarks is offered by the views on Plates 5 — 9 of various graves opened during the excavations, and still more by the disposition of the sections given on Plate 10. The Plates have been executed by the landscape painter J. Fiebiger of Dresden from the drawings taken on the spot by A. Stiibel. PLATES OF PART II. 6. Deep grave of tlie false -headed Mummies Plate 5 7. Exposed graves with Mummies of a simple type „ 6 8. Solitary grave of a simply equipped Mummy „ 7 9. Interments under earthenware vessels „ 8 10. Interments under fragments of earthenware „ 9 11. Sections of the graves „ 10 k PLATE 5. THE DEEP GRAVE OF TIIE FALSE-HEADEI) MUMMIES. The narrow vertical shaft, broadening upwards like a funnel, leads downwards to a burial chamber with recesses in its sides, where were found three partly well equipped mummies. At contact two of these fell to pieces, so that one only (figured on Plate 15 with the accompanying gifts and tablets) could be pre- served and brought to the surface. Here we see the mummy pack on the bottom of the exposed grave roofed in by a sheltering layer of gravel. An Indian is occupied in pulling up some sand rolled up in a cloth, while a second workman is figured in the foreground in the act of descending into the grave. The hard gravel and sand strata are distinctly visible in the sides of the shaft, while the loose sand, with which the grave had been filled in, is seen just as it has been thrown up like a low wall round the mouth, when the grave was opened. This grave, which lies in the east section of Necropolis, belongs to the group No. 3 of the plan figured on Plate 1. PLATE 6. EXPOSED GRAVES WITH MUMMIES OF A SIMPLE TYPE. Un the surface of the ground partly covered with sand, the graves are undistinguishable by any outward indications. Hence they must be sought with the aid of a prod, which pierces the hard gravelly deposits only where they have been disturbed to excavate the grave. For even in the course of centuries the up-heaved matter covering the dead has failed to acquire the consistency of the surrounding strata. When occurring close together it may easily happen that two graves are brought to light at one digging. Such is the case in the present instance. The parting wall of both tombs has either been disturbed during the excavation, or else was removed at the interment of the more recent of the two mummies. They are poorly equipped, surrounded only with a few earthenware vases, and placed side by side at a depth of three or four metres. In the sides of the pits a section is exposed of the stratified sand and gravel deposits, such as in varying thicknesses are common to nearly the whole of the burial-place. Bleached bones, scattered shreds of raiment, bast coverings and cordage used in the careful preser- vation of the bodies, pottery and other remains of human industry, all point at the contrast here presented between a past breathing a pious feeling of devotion for the departed, and a present betraying nothing but a spirit of vandalism. In order to give a better idea of the proportions, two Indian workmen are introduced, as engaged in the work of exhumation. One of them is in the act of withdrawing the body of a mummy already de- vested of its cerements. In the background appear the mountains with their sand-covered offshoots already figured on Plate 2. PLATE 7. SOLITARY GRAVE OF A SIMPLY EQUIPPED MUMMY. Uf the poorly equipped dead several were usually buried together. Some however were occasionally laid by themselves in shallow graves (Section, Plate 10). A case of this sort is given in the present illustration, which corresponds on the whole with that of the preceding plate. In a grave scarcely 3 metres deep we see a shapeless mummy pack bound round with a netting of cordage, its cotton wrapping coloured a deep brown with decay. The stratified sands in the lower part of the grave have been covered by sand, which falling in during the exhumation, accumulated in gentle slopes. The pit is surrounded by the masses of sand thrown up in rolling heaps, and strewn with single stones and remains of parting gifts. Above the yellow sandy plain in the background rise the steep cliffs encircling Ancon Bay, PLATE 8. INTERMENTS UNDER EARTHENWARE VESSELS. On the north side of the Necropolis, at the spot marked by No. 1. on the plan, there wen graves in which the bodies had been buried beneath large earthenware vessels or portions of them, deviation from the usual practise is all the more noteworthy that we have here a remiuiscence of a of burial widely prevalent amongst many American peoples. 2 some This system The body is seated in a crouching attitude and wrapped in cerements under one of those capacious earthenware vessels, which were often made of the largest size for storing Chic ha (Plate 92). In order to fit over the body, the mouth of the vessel had to be enlarged by breaking off its neck. — ' PLATE 9. INTERMENTS UNDER FRAGMENTS OF EARTHENWARE. Here we have a characteristic instance of the burials under fragments of thick-ribbed clay vessels referred to on the previous plate. At the bottom of the shallow grave was found the poorly equipped body, wrapped in simple cerements and covered by the mouth -piece of a large clay vessel. The entombment had, as usual, taken place close to the side of the grave, so that the mummy pack was completely concealed beneath the potsherd lying on top. This disposition was apparently intended to protect the mummy, whose brown wrapping was visible in the month of the vessel, from the weight of the sand thrown iu to fill up the grave. PLATE 10. SECTIONS OF TIIE GRAVES. ('/so of the natural size.) Notwithstanding the exact measurements taken of individual graves, these sections must still be so far regarded as ideal, that advantage has been taken of the experience derived from a large number of exhumations. Hence details are introduced, which, owing to the frequently bad state of preservation, could scarcely be fully and clearly observed in any particular grave. The horizontal stratification of the sand is indicated schematically. Fig. 1. A grave six metres deep, with a funnel-shaped shaft leading to the bottom. The ground plan presents nearly the form of a circle, whence run two side galleries, meeting at right angles, in which the mummies are set up in shallow niches under the shelter of a more compact layer of gravel. Here is a longitudinal section of one of these galleries, with a mummy facing the observer, and surrounded by earthenware, sepulchral tablets and work-baskets. The second mummy, visible in the section drawn in half perspective, lies in the side wall of the other gallery running in the direction of the observer, and in the background of which the upper portion of a third mummy is perceptible. Exact measurements were taken of the proportions of the grave, where was found the mummy figured oxi Plates 11, 12 and 13. 2. Two graves of unequal depth, lying close together, one of which is represented as freed from the sand, which still fills up the other. At the back of the first, and surrounded by gifts, is seated the mummy figured on Plate 16. 3 — 3b. Perspective view with section and groundplan of a grave containing sixteen mummies (No. 11 of the plan). Thirteen of the mummies, which are only partly provided with false heads, are seated at the bottom of the grave leaning against the enclosing walls. The three others, including that of a child , were placed together in a horizontal position at a higher level of the grave, which is already half choked with sand. Associated with the dead are numerous earthenware vases, sepul- chral tablets (Plates 32, 33), and banner-like decorations (Plate 31). 4. A tolerably deep grave, the lower portion of which is occupied by two mummies with the usual accompaniments, and closed in with a light but firm roof of reeds and matting. In the sand above this sheltering roof was found a simply equipped mummy, and at a somewhat higher level the carefully swathed body of a child. Here a rather unusual accompaniment is the long staff standing- upright in the sand and topped by a clay vase (Plate 31). 5. A grave carefully faced with rubble. The ground is covered with sand that has fallen or drifted in, concealing the full depth of the grave. Close by is the section of the undisturbed grave of a simple mummy covered with matting. 6. The grave on the central hill, containing two mummy bales packed close together, and the larger of which is figured on Plate 26, Fig. 2. The black layers already referred to in the description of the plan, Plate 1, are here shown in section. 7. An outstretched body, wrapped in a few cerements, lying near the surface — a rare method of interment. A small grave, at the bottom of which is a mummy roofed in as in Fig. 4. 8 . III. TUB MUMMIES IN THEIR VARIOUS EQUIPMENTS. (PLATES ii — 30.) 1 Here also the style of burial bestowed on the dead has been determined by social usages, religious views, long established habits and customs, as well as by outward circumstances. After his daily labour the Indian reposes in a crouching attitude, Sqatting on his heels, with knees drawn up to the chin; and after his life’s labour he is consigned to eternal rest in the same attitude. In the course of time definite rales were matured for the treatment of the bodies, whose preservation here as in Egypt was favoured by the dry climate and a sandy soil charged with salt. That diverse modifications were prescribed by the social position, rank and opulence of the departed must be taken for granted amongst a cultured people, and the assumption is to the fullest extent confirmed by these sepulchral finds. Soon after death the body was brought to the squatting attitude. By means of bandages the knees were drawn close to the upper part of the body, the fingers and toes bound with soft strings and the long hair made fast with straps or fillets. But while the poorer classes, that is, the great bulk of the people, had to be satisfied witli plain cotton cloth for sewing up the bodies, a sumptuous equipment was provided for the members of distinguished families. In both styles of equipment, whether enveloped in cotton , seaweed or foliage, wrapped in simple or ornamental cloths, packed in matting or swathed in furs, the bodies form what for want of a better name we have called mummy packs. Besides the usual mummy packs, such as in their diverse equipment have long been known from various parts of Peru, Ancon presents the first example of a very peculiar group characterised by the addition of a false head and essentially different from all other forms of mummy packs. Undoubtedly the fundamental idea here was to represent the form of an Indian seated and covered with clothes. How well the deception succeeded is shown in the first Plates of this section, in which, beginning with the most complete equipment, the mummy packs are disposed iu a series terminating in the simplest and poorest style of burial. The adults are followed by the children, with whom the bodies were more frequently interred at full length. The small mummy packs are prepared in a careful but simple manner, and present a special interest through the toys accompanying them as parting gifts. The section terminates with representations of different parts of the bodies intended to show the state of preservation and the special manner of preparing head, hands and feet, as well as the fact that both painting and tattooing were here in vogue. Plates 28 — 30 have been prepared by Herr Schmidt, all the rest by Herr A. Weifs after the Originals in Berlin. In the several descriptions the few cases are specially mentioned, iu which the illustrations of this section had to be based on the sketches taken on the spot. m PLATES OF PART 111. a. False -headed. Mummies. 12. Large Mummy with false head Plate 11 13. Front and back view of the false head of the Mummy figured on Plate 11 „ 12 14. Side view of the Mummy figured on Plates 11 and 12 „ 13 15. Two Mummies from one Grave „ 14 16. Front and back view of a Mummy with a false head and funeral accompaniments . . „ 15 17. Sumptuous Mummy Pack „ 16 18. Side view and section of the Mummy figured on Plate 16 „ 17 19. Mummies with wig and ear ornaments „ 18 20. Method of packing the false-headed Mummies „ 19 21. Method of packing the false-headed Mummies (continued) „ 20 22. False heads of the Mummy packing „ 21 23. Wigs of the false heads „ 21a b. Simply equipped Mummies. 24. A Mummy richly arrayed „ 22 25. Front and back view of a Mummy with weaving implements „ 23 26. Simple Mummies in coloured striped cerements „ 24 27. Poorly equipped Mummy „ 25 28. Poorly equipped Mummy „ 26 29. Two simply equipped Mummies diversely packed „ 27 c. Mummies of Children and Details. 30. Mummies of Children „ 28 31. Infant Mummies. — Tattooed and painted limbs „ 29 32. Decoration of the body. — Section of a simple Mummy „ 30 PLATE 11. LARGE MUMMY WITH FALSE HEAD. (1/7 of the natural size.) Phe mummy pack was apparently intended to assume the aspect of a crouching person covered with cloths, hence to imitate the form presented by an Indian squatting under his poncho or ruana; and anyone opening such a grave for the first time will assuredly fancy he sees before him a slightly shrouded corpse. But a more careful observation shows that we have here a highly complicate style of burial carried out by carefully prescribed rules. The shape of the mummy pack is not conditioned by the body, as in the present instance is evident from its very proportions. On the contrary the well-packed body is seated inside the large pack, on which is placed a false head made of cushions. The outer wrapping is formed of a stoutly woven undyed cotton cloth, over which is laid a coloured striped piece covering both the upper portion of the pack and the false head. The white cloth represents a closed sack, while the ends and corners of the coloured cloth are stitched together and made fast to the back of the mummy, as may be partly seen on Plate 12, Fig. 1, and on Plate 13. It is further attached by a figured fillet to the false head, whose eyes and nose, consequently the features, are recognised through the material lying on them. The lower portion of the pack is tied round with thin cordage giving support to two ropes plaited pigtail fashion, whose four free ends are laid loosly round the shoulders and neck of the figure. As in the case of many other mummies, these served to lower the whole pack into the deep grave, whose disposition is shown in the section, Fig. 1, Plate 10. Near the mummy was found stuck straight in the ground the club-shaped wooden implement shown in the illustration. The mummy, nearly five feet high, strikes the observer by its very size, whereas otherwise, as shown by the following Plates, the rank or wealth of the mummies mostly of much smaller size, may be recognised by their sumptuous attire. Form and details of the mummy are given on Plates 12 and 13 with the accompanying description, while the internal arrangement common to all mummies may be seen on Plates 19, 20 and 21. The mummy, whose proportions are given in the description of the side view (Plate 13), comes from the westernmost part of the group of graves figured on the plan, Plate 1. . PLATE 12. FRONT AND BACK VIEW OF THE FALSE HEAD OF THE MUMMY FIGURED ON PLATE 11. I Vio of flip natural 1 o the unusual proportions of the mummy pack corresponds also the false head attached to it, front and back views of which are figured both covered and uncovered on the present Plate. It consists of a square kind of cushion or pillow stuffed with leaves and seaweed, and fastened to the pack with long stitches. False heads variously dressed are shown on Plate 21. Fig. 1. gives the back of the head in the covering found in the grave, corresponding to the front view figured on Plate 11. The cotton wrapper is fastened with a fillet and the reed string wound round the neck. A small gourd flask is attached with a thin cord. 2. Shows the face of the uncovered head. The eompexion is imitated with ochre painting; the eyes are cut out of white bark and stitched on, two drops of black resin representing the pupils; the nose is carved in wood; white cotton ' threads indicate the lips; and the hair enframing the face consists of aloe fibres dyed black. These are fastened with two bandages, of which the upper, striped in bright colours, conceals the underlying band which is made of a simple cotton strip. To prevent the head from being tied up shapelessly by these bandages, a stick has been placed on the cushion. From the straight forehead thus formed there project as ornaments four double crosses, each two of uniform colour (see Plate 32). 3. Back view of the uncovered head, showing how the bandages and double crosses are fastened. As appears from Fig. I the latter, when the mummy was brought to light, had been shoved under by the cloth serving as an outer wrapper, and thus got squeezed. The fine cordage drawn athwart the back of the cushion representing the head, gives support to the pillow, and thereby serves con- siderably to strengthen the head. False heads of small size are seldom stitched over this way. PLATE 13. SIDE VIEW OF THE MUMMY FIGURED ON PLATES 11 AND 12. ('/' Of the natural size.) In the front view, plate 11, the full breadth of the mummy is made apparent. The present figure supplies the compliment needed to form a correct idea of its veal appearance. The thickness, or diameter front and back, is small compared with the breadth. The disproportion is still greater in the case of the pillow forming the false head. The latter, whose details may be seen in plate 12, is here represented without its envelopments, thus giving striking prominence to the peculiarities of the vividly painted features. We also clearly see how the red-grass cordage was used in carefully lowering the body. Within the mummy, in cerements illustrated further on (plates 17, 19, 20, 30) was found the body of an adult in a squatting posture, and on its head a small child wrapped in cloths. PROPORTIONS (to plates 11—13.) Height of the whole mummy ] 4 > Height of the body j (M) Breadth across the shoulders j (J0 Circumference of the whole mummy 2,80 Diameter, front and back o.v< Height of the head q 43 Diameter of the head 0.20 Length of the club-shaped stick by the side of the mummy PLATE 14. TWO MUMMIES FROM ONE GRAVE. (*/7 of the natural size.) Here are coupled the front views of two mummies taken from a common grave. The equipment of both while equally simple still testifies to the great affection lavished by the people on their dead. Fig. 1. The outer wrapping of the mummy, put together of a coarse cotton material, is partly hid by a brown and white striped cloth hanging in front. No special distinction is implied even by the false head decked by long tresses of black- dyed aloe leaves and parrot feathers. The face was veiled by the white cloth hanging over the breast, and still showing the string with which it was fastened. A strap serves as a fillet, and the head is also swathed in a long, cotton bandage about a hand-width, the suspended ends of which are adorned with brown interwoven designs such as are peculiar to these wrappings. On the shoulders, breast and back lie five small unskilfully woven cotton pouches, made fast together and in a way suspended round the mummy’s neck. In some of these pouches are still some decayed leaves, probably those of the Coca plant so endeared to the Indians. The lower portion of the mummy is girded with cords for the purpose of lowering it into the grave. 2. This mummy, in its equipment substantially agreeing with the previous, is of small size. The pack is wrapped in a veil -like cloth, and the artificial head was originally shrouded in a similar material. The face is concealed by a round, straw -plaited, but brimless cap. The head is decked with ribbands and plumage, the former partly as ties, partly as fillets with coloured ends. Both mummies were found in a state of decay, which rendered their preservation very difficult. P ROPOllTIONS: Fig. 1. Extreme height 0,sk> metre. Breadth 0,oc „ Thickness, back and front 0,s:> „ Height of head 0,20 „ Fig. 2. 0,7fl metre. 0,60 „ 0,35 „ 0,18 „ . '■ PLATE 15. FRONT AND BACK VIEW OF A MUMMY WITH A FALSE HEAD AND FUNERAL ACCOMPANIMENTS. C/j of the natural size.) Afyith nearly all the dead, rich or poor, a number of objects were deposited. Many valuable trifles, such as work-baskets, tools, ornaments &c, all found room in the layers of leaves and cotton envelopping the body. Other objects, especially earthenware, peculiar funeral tablets (plates 32 and 33), wallets and dishes with food, were partly wrapped in clothes, partly placed by the side of the mummy, and covered with sand when the grave was filled in. Various arrangements of these accompaniments are indicated in the sections of the tombs (plate 10). The present plate is intended to convey an idea of the appearance pre- sented by a rich mummy in the midst of its surroundings on the removal of the sand filling up the grave. Although smaller than those hitherto represented, this mummy still belongs to the larger and more sumptuous specimens. The large and almost square body embracing the inner bundle of the mummy is produced by stuffing a coarse cotton sack with seaweed and leaves. It is dressed in a many-coloured cotton garment, such as the Indians wore. There is a slit through which the head is passed, and it is ex- ceptionally provided with rather long sleeves. The coloured design is produced by a sort of patch -work, in such a way that pieces from the origin material are cut out in the form of the design and replaced by diversely coloured insertions. The head, which is very high, is enveloped in a cloth, through which the form of nose and eyes may to some extent be perceived. The great height of the head is produced by a straw-plaited headdress decked with parrot-feathers. Noteworthy is the neck- ornament, ' consisting of a band fastened under the chin, the ends, deeply fringed in two colours , hanging down over the breast. This species of fillet, recurs with a remarkable uniformity of style, as a frequent motive in the treatment of the dead, contributing considerably to the enhancement of the general effect. On the right of the mummy stands a series of funeral tablets, on whose special significance no definite explanation can be offered. On the left is a large calabash with a four-cornered cover, which may have served to contain a variety of objects, but which here was filled only with netted wallets and gourd seeds. In order to render it more handy, the calabash was covered with an elegantly worked net. Behind is a large heap of cotton pouches, whose strings are all tied together in one knot. The equipment is com- pleted by an oval -shaped and ornamental earthenware vase (plate 100, fig. 1) and another vase blackened by the kitchen fire. PROPORTIONS: metres Height l,oo Breadth across the shoulders 0,so Breadth at the fastening 0,io Height, of the head 0,35 Breadth of the head 0,w PLATE 16. SUMPTUOUS MUMMY PACK. (*/7 of the natural size.) -L he Mummy, the front and back view of which are here figured, is assuredly the most remarkable hitherto discovered in the Ancon Necropolis. Its very form is striking, the peculiar disposition of the inner pack rendering the height disproportionately small compared with its breadth. No less noteworthy is the outer equipment, consisting of a finely woven woollen garment ornamented in the richest Gobelins manner, alike magnificent in colour and execution beyond any other found in this cemetery. The false head is adorned with a wig artistically prepared with long tresses of human hair. But the chief pecularity is betrayed in the inner pack, which, instead of the usual perfect, often well-preserved and mummified body, contains nothing but its bones rolled up in a small bundle (Plate 17). The high rank of the deceased is evident from the peculiar style of burial and embellishment. The Mummy was found in a shallow grave together with two others poorly equipped, and surrounded by diverse tokens and parting gifts as shown in the section, Fig. 2 of Plate 10. 1 ig. 1. Front vieiv. The form of the whole pack, covered with a coarse cotton cloth, seems well adapted to the cut of the sumptuous garment intended to serve as its last adornment and outer clothing. Both the wealth of colour and choice design of this garment are thus displayed to the best advantage. It is woven in two pieces put together in such a way that the central red band is doubled in width. I he essential portion of the highly coloured fabric is formed by two richly figured yellow strips, whose narrow edges, repeated in the side borders, serve both as a finish to the right and left, and as a trimming to the arm-holes (Plate 49). The false head is wrapped in a bright cloth aud decked with a “tendema” (Plate 77, I'igs. 10 — 13). Below the chin the two red and brown end-pieces of a head-bandage hang over the breast. By the side of the mummy stands a work-basket of peculiar form (Plates 34, 86, 88). 2. Back view. Here the most striking feature is the wig of the false head, whose flowing tresses fall below the tendema and head -covering wide over the back. The wig is so prepared that a fabric exactly fitted to the shape of the head contains the hair, which was usually parted and plaited in two tresses. In this instance over 200 narrow tresses are disposed round a broad central pig-tail. Although here the garment is partly destroyed , enough remains to show that the figures of the yellow strip, erect in front, are reversed behind, as conditioned by the uniform repetition of the same design. The only exception are the lowest pair. PROPORTIONS: Extreme height . Extreme breadth Shoulder breadth 0,7o metre. Height of head Length of tresses from the lower end of the headdress Breadth of head . 0,25 metre. 0,27 „ Thickness back and front For the proportions of the inner Mummy pack see Plate 17. Ulii Wilh , Grave, Berlin PLATE 17. SIDE VIEW AND SECTION OF THE MUMMY FIGURED ON PLATE 16. ( '/j of the natural size.) Fig. 1. The peculiar form of the richly arrayed mummy pack is clearly shown in the present illustration, which supplements the front and back views of the same mummy reproduced on Plate 16. Although corresponding in form and arrangement with the Poncho still worn in Peru, as mentioned in the description of the previous Plate, the richly ornamented garb differs from it so far that the large square piece has been stitched together on both sides, leaving only short slits for the arms. (See Plates 35 — 40.) 2. Section of the outward and perspective view of the inner portion of the mummy represented in Figure 1. On removing the outer portion of the cerements, that is, the handsome dress, together with the coarse sack containing the implements and the layer of leaves on which they rest, a bundle is exposed to view tied up in a skin, and usually containing the body packed in cotton and corded, as shown on Plates 19 and 20. But in the present case the bundle contains the bones of a human skeleton no longer connected together, but packed up in a small space. It would therefore appear as if some older body, which had already fallen to pieces, had been dug out and again consigned to the grave in a fresh and carefully prepared equipment. Many peculiarities of the Ancon graves point at such opening and re-burial of those who had long departed this life, and the practise is continued and explained by the religious customs of the inhabitants of this coast, as handed down by tradition. PROPORTIONS: Height 0,45 metre. Breadth 0,40 „ Thickness back and front . 0,ao „ PLATE 18. MUMMIES WITH WIG AND EAR ORNAMENTS. ( l /7 of the natural size.) Fig. 1. Back view of a mummy, which in its general type may be grouped with those figured on Plates 16 and 17. Although less richly decorated, the false head is here also adorned with a wig provided with long pigtails, and on which is set a plaited straw headdress. The face of the false head is veiled in a simple and rather coarsely woven cloth, and the dress consists of a red woollen garment with blue stripes down the sides and long sleeves stitched to the arm holes. 2. A simple mummy, which, deprived of the coloured garment, is merely sewed up in a thick white cotton fabric. The only decoration consists of a number of small pouches, stitched up and hanging like amulets on the breast. The pouches contain leaves, whose nature can no longer be determined. The covering has been removed from the false head, which is itself of a very rude type. The hair is represented by aloe fibres dyed black, the eyes by thin, white bits of bark, of which traces only remain, and on which a drop of black wax represents the pupils. Especially noteworthy is the decoration of tile ears, which is remarkable for its size, and neatly prepared with bast and thin little bits of reed, a style of ornamentation apparently used only in decorating false heads. Real ear ornaments are of equal size, but consist of wood or clay, and are found in the inner bundles of the mummy packs, more rarely in the work-baskets figured on Plate 86. Ear ornaments of various kinds are reproduced in the natural size on Plate 76. PROPORTIONS: Fig- 1- Fig. 2. Total height 0,70 metre. 0,77 met Height of body 0,55 „ _ 0,GG „ Breadth of body 0,80 „ — 0,G° „ Thickness 0,45 „ — 0,4° „ Height of head 0,25 „ _ 0,19 „ Breadth of head 0,25 „ — 0,20 „ ' V PLATE 19. METHOD OF PACKING THE FALSE-HEADED MUMMIES. O/7 of the natural size.) Plates 19 and 20 are intended to illustrate the methodical packing of the dead. In five pictures are represented the various stages in the unfolding, from the fully preserved mummy down to the body stripped of all covering. All the hitherto figured mummies more or less agree in their method of packing. The body, swathed in cotton and tied up in skins or matting, is preserved in a large bale composed of concentric layers of leaves, grass or sea-weed, and outwardly dressed up in garments and a false head. The varied appearance of the several mummies is produced by the different ways in which these materials are used, as well as by the greater or less care taken with the equipment. Fig. 1. Besides being smaller and more narrow -shouldered, this mummy departs somewhat in form and treatment from all the foregoing. As with them the pack is sewn up in a white cotton fabric, and the upper portion arrayed in a white cotton garment supplied with black designs. The head is veiled in a large striped cloth, to which are attached small talismanic bags filled with leaves, as in the case of the mummy Fig. 2, Plate 18. In front four reed staves wound round with coloured threads project from the cloth covering the breast, with small conic cotton laps attached to their upper ends. The false head seems to be of uneven thickness and breadth, several calabashes being bound up with it, the form of one of which may be per- ceived on the left side of the head. The lower portion of the mummy has crumbled away, exposing the covering of the inner pack, which in this instance is plaited of broad strips of bast. Both the cordage and the ends used in lowering the body have been well preserved. 2. Front view of a mummy, which has been partly stripped of its covering. The envelopment of the head is thrown back so as to reveal the carefully prepared features of the artificial head. Shells cut in a diamond shape are stitched on as eyes, the pupils being suggested by a drop of black wax. The large, characteristically Indian nose is carefully cut, even the nostrils being worked out, and the mouth is clearly indicated by cotton threads sewed on. Here aloe-leaves dyed black serve as hair. The outer envelope has been torn off, and the layer of leaves under it removed, but in such a way that the original form may still be recognised in the breadth across the shoulders. The portion of the mummy thus exposed presents the appearance of a bale almost cylindrical in shape and thickly corded. Under the cordage is perceived a covering of skins within which is the body in a crouching attitude and shrouded in cotton and cloths. PROPORTIONS: Fig. 1- 0,73 metre. 0,02 „ Extreme height Extreme breadth Fig. 2. 0,7o metre. 7 . \ PLATE 20. method of packing the false-headed mummies. [Continued.] (*A of the naturul size.) on the foregoing plate. The outer dress consists of skins with the hairy side in, and the whole is bound tight together with cords wound in various directions round the body. Still a careful observation already enables as to recognise the outlines of the different parts of the body, 2. On opening such a pack as is represented in Fig. 1. we find the dried corpse pressed closely together in a squatting attitude, and covered with cloths and garments, all rents and fissures being filled in with cotton. On head and hair are often placed artistically woven ribbons, for which straps are occasionally substituted. There also occur neck-ties or other finery, such as finger-rings, greaves or armlets of beaten silver-leaf. The squatting attitude is obtained by a broad bandage passed under the knees and wound round the body. The toes and fingers are also bound together by plaited ligaments. The representation shows the position of arms and hands of a male body, while Fig. 3 reproduces the attitude peculiar to women. 3. A female body stripped of all covering, the luxuriant hair bound up with a string. PROPORTIONS.- Height 0,r>7 metre. Breadth Thickness back and front 0 ,« „ 0/».3 „ 0,35 „ ■~r _ ' : PLATE 21, FALSE HEADS OF THE MUMMY PACKING. (V7 of the natural size.) 1 lie false heads attached to the dressed out mummy packs must be regarded as one of the special features of the equipment of the Peruvian mummies. To them is due that human appearance, which the dead were to retain even in their capacious outer packing. Complete mummies so equipped are shown on Plates 11 — 19. Here is given a selection of the artificial heads (see Plate 12), all consisting of a square cushion of a coarse cottou material stitched together sack -fashion and stuffed with leaves or seaweed. The front or face is painted red; the noses, carved of wood, are pierced through obliquely and attached with a few stitches; the eyes consist of shells cut in the shape of rhombs, or else of bits of white bark, rarely of metal (silver). A drop of black resin represents the pupil; the mouth is picked out with a few stitches of strong cotton ; the hair was usually formed of aloe-fibre dyed black, although use was occasionally made of real human wigs plaited in long tresses (see PI. 16, Fig. 2; PI. 18, Fig. 1). Fig. 1. Nose and eyes of silver-lamin; upper part of the head covered with a cloth; forehead bound several times round with string-like bandages. 2. Eyes of shells; the tendema with an ornamental bunch of green parrot feathers serving for a head dress (see PI. 77, Fig. 11 — 13). Below the tendema is seen the hair made of aloe fibre dyed black. The carefully carved nose reproduces the characteristic Quichua (Peruvian) form. Here the mouth assumes a long rectangular shape. 3. Back view of a head distinguished by a rich envelopment of strings and bandages. 4. Square head made of a striped fabric; nose not painted; triangular mouth; eyes and brow covered by a bandage; the earplugs (PI. 58, Figs. 12, 13) are inserted in the cushion. A string of shells serves as necklace; crosses of woollen thread are stuck in the bandages behind the head, associated with which is a cloth that served to wrap it up. 5. Head dressed in a tendema with projecting tuft of parrot-feathers. 6. Eyes and nose as in Fig. 2. Mouth indicated as a rhomb. A narrow garniture of hair is covered by the fillet, while the face is enframed by two locks indicating that the hair was worn long. On the fillet reposes a small tiger-cat with open jaws (see PI. 101, last figure). Long tassels are attached to the chin. Earplugs as in Fig. 4. 7 . Face covered with a mask-like silver plate with sunk eyes and nose. 8. Back of a false head covered with a tendema and wrapped in cloths. Topknot of silver-lamin impressed with ring-shaped ornaments. 9. Eyes of films of white bark; hair of aloe fibre. 10. u. 11. A frequently recurring adornment of the artificial heads, consisting of pointed sticks bound together by a piece of cane running obliquely round. On each of the sticks was originally stuck a maize cob; a few only of the husks have been preserved. PLATE 21a. WIGS OF THE FALSE HEADS. (Figs. 1—3 = V<; Fig. 4 = Vs of the natural size.) As shown by the foregoing Plate, the hair of the false heads attached to the mummy packs was indicated by vegetable fibre dyed black. Use was also exceptionally made of human hair, and in rare cases of wigs made of human hair. Two mummy packs of the last description are figured on Plates 16 — 18. Fig. 1. Front view of the wig of the mummy pack represented on Plates 16 and 17. 2. Back view of the same. The wig consists of a cap fitted to the head knitted net- fashion with twisted cotton threads. The hair is firmly inserted in the meshes drawn closely together, as is usual with wigs now in use. Then the hair falling down behind the cap is plaited into some 200 thin tresses; but in front it is on the contrary cut short, reaching only to the forehead. Of the tresses the longest measure 119 cm. Of those beginning at the temples three on either side are drawn back and plaited in a long broad tress hanging down in the middle. The tip of this tress is tightly bound with a red string, forming a loop, which was perhaps intended for the reception of an ornament. 3. A bunch of feltered human hair formed in a tress -like roll, which apparently represented the wig of some mummy pack. 4. Roll of hair similar to Fig. 3, but regularly disposed in tress- like tufts. These two masses of hair (Figs. 3 and 4) were not observed in connection with the mummy packs, but would seem to have been so attached to the false heads, that the upper end remained concealed under the covering of the head (tendema), the lower part falling down the back being alone visible. PLATE 22. A MUMMY RICHLY ARRAYED. PA of the natural size.) one distinguished by the false head fitted to the large mummy packs, by the dress of the packs themselves and by more or less sumptuous garments, the other, to be illustrated in the following plates, lacking all this peculiar adornment. In both groups the body is treated in exactly the same way; even the method of covering is essentially the same, differing only in its richer or plainer treatment. In both also, taking the full compass, large and small mummies occur. Still the form of the mummy pack differs. Instead of the figures in the first division displaying great shoulder- breath, in the second there prevail irregular outlines, more or less distinctly revealing the contents. But even in this simpler method of packing, the various degrees of comfort, rank and distinction bestowed on the departed are betrayed as well in the bulk of the mummy as in the style of covering, materials employed and more or less costly accompaniments. Here is represented every gradation of treatment, from the rich covering often surpassing that even of many mummies of the first group, down to the scarcely, scantily attired body. Fig. 1. Front view of a large and richly treated mummy. A large, brown cotton cloth is wrapped round the mummy bale proper, which is itself bound up in a net-work of cordage, keeping it together and enabling it to be lowered into a deep grave. As an outer ornament, the whole is enveloped in a large cotton shroud, whose rich woollen trimmings display a beautiful woven fabric ornamented with birds and other designs. This cloth, gathered up above, is stitched to the inner covering of the pack. Over the top end lies wreathe-fashion a broad girdle of many-coloured worsted tufts. 2. Side view of the same mummy. PROPORTIONS: Extreme height .... Thickness light and left . Thickness back and front 0,72 metre. 0,42 „ 0,62 „ PLATE 23. FRONT AND BACK VIEW OF A MUMMY WITH WEAVING IMPLEMENTS. 0/7 of the natural size.) The mummy here represented from the group destitute of false heads, claims special attention on account of its form and outward equipment. In many instances the covering enables us to recognise even externally the bodily form of the dead; but this is no longer the case with the almost parallelopiped-shaped mummy packs, as figured here and on Plate 24, Figs. 2 and 3. The present mummy is further distinguished by the weaving implements tied up in the wrap, and doubtless intended to indicate his craft. The outer covering consists of a large striped cotton cloth, the corners of which were thrown over the sides. The cloth is sewed together with a few packing stitches, while the whole is kept together by strong cords tied round in three places. The internal arrangement is shown in the section, Plate 30, and here it is note- worthy that weaving implements had also been introduced into the inner wrapping and that the body is seated on a deposit of wood-ashes. I' ig. 1. One of the broad sides of the mummy pack is ornamented with bits of inserted reed (Plate 32) wound round with bright wool, such as also occurs in mummies with false heads. 2. On this side weaving implements, which had certainly been used by the deceased in his lifetime, are inserted in the packing cords. I he central flat sticks would seem to have served as bats for tightening the weft-yarn. PROPORTIONS: Height . Breadth Thickness O.71) meter 0.58 „ 0.35 PLATE 24. SIMPLE MUMMIES IN COLOURED STRIPED CEREMENTS. (ty? of the natural size.) The form of the mummy pack figured on plate 23 is repeated with slight deviations in two of the illustrations. The implements there visible on the outside are no doubt absent, while the whole equipment is poorer; nevertheless all belong to the same group of mummies, which iu their outward form, no less than in the style of packing and the materials used as cerements, presents peculiarities that may be easily recognised. Some members of this group form the transition between the rich mummies of plate 22 and those of a poorer type figured on plates 25, 26, 27. The equipment of the mitmmy Fig. 1 departs altogether from the style generally observed in the graves of the Ancon Necropolis. Fig. 1. Mummy in a horizontal position found in a shallow grave (see 10, plate 1). The body lies on its back with its legs bent under, as with the infant Fig. 3, plate 29. It was covered with a thin layer of cotton and seaweed, then wrapped several times round in coarse cloths, and at last sewed up in a bright coloured cotton cloth, which serves as the outer covering. The whole is corded round in two places. Reproduced from sketches taken on the spot. 2. A simple mummy resembling a corded bundle. The cloth forming the outer covering is wrapped diagonally round the pack, and the ends are gathered up and stitched together in the middle. The whole is held together by means of some irregular cording. Reproduced from sketches taken on the spot. 3. A carefully prepared mummy of the same type, in every respect similar to the pack with front aud back view figured on plate 23, and to that figured in section on plate 30, Fig. 1 except that, as already stated, the outwardly visible implements are here wanting. PROPORTIONS: Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Height of the mummy .... 0,63 metre. Breadth . . . 0,50 „ 0,34 „ Thickness back and front . . . . . . 0,40 n _ Girth . . . 1,10 „ PLATE 25. POORLY EQUIPPED MUMMY. (Vt of tlie natural size.) Simply attired mummies, such as have loug been known from finds in various parts of Peru, occur most frequently also in Ancon. The bulk of the people living then as now in comparative poverty, were fain to dispense with costly gifts, and content themselves with such customary coverings as apparently corresponded with their religious views. These graves lack the rich dress materials, and the mummy packs are wrapped in coarse cotton cloths, to which the body in drying has imparted a dark brown tinge. The present Plate shows two mummies of this class, which is further illustrated on Plates 26 and 27. Fig. 1. Two bodies well preserved in seaweed and leaves, and united in a common mummy pack corded round and with a bundle of dress material laid on the head end. 2. The well packed mummy of a child rests on a mummy pack wrapped in a coarse cotton cloth and corded up. NOTE. Both of these mummies were in a very decayed state and fell to pieces soon after the respective graves were opened. PLATE 26. POORLY EQUIPPED MUMMIES. (»/T of the natural size,) Pig. 1. .Large mummy pack of the simplest description. The outer covering consists of a browu woollen fabric in many places completely decayed and torn. Still enough remains to show that the stitching had been most carefully executed. Here also is shown the cording with stout ropes, which however has been preserved only at the upper or head end, the cordage near the foot end having decayed and fallen away. 2. Unusually large pack almost cube-shaped, thoroughly sewed up in an undyed cotton wrap, the whole laced round with ropes. It comes from the graves in the black earth, but the interior was so decayed that it had to be taken to pieces in the pit. The drawing has been made from sketches taken on the spot. The method of entombing this mummy pack is shown on Plate 6, Fig. 10. Height . Breadth . Diameter Compass PROPORTIONS: Fig. 1. . . . . O.no meter . . . . O.oo „ . . . . O.ao „ Fig. 2. I.og meter 0.85 „ 0.62 „ PLATE 27. TWO SIMPLY EQUIPPED MUMMIES DIVERSELY PACKED. 0/7 of the natural size.) Fig. 1 . Mummy taken from a grave belonging to the group of graves in the black earth (Plate 1 . 6). The irregular form presented by this mummy pack is clue to the uneven pressure caused by the masses of earth thrown in to fill up the pit. The outer wrapping consists of a coarse cotton material , which has mouldered away to a deep brown. The interior was also found to be in a very bad state of preservation. The cording is done in the usual careful way specially characteristic of the mummies of this group of graves. The ends of the strings made of plaited reed grass and turned upwards in the illustration indicate how the mummy-pack was let down into the grave. 2. Poorly furnished mummy from the north part of the Necropolis. It affords an example of a style of interment, in which were provided none but the scantiest cerements, insufficient to conceal the form of the body. This circumstance here discloses the special peculiarity that the corpse assumes, not the usual squat, but rather a sitting attitude within its integument, with the legs trussed under. The large cotton cloth used in the packing is so disposed as to allow two of the ends to be knotted over the breast. A string also served for simply cording it up. PROPORTIONS: Fig. 1. Height Q.ra metre — Breadth O.cc „ — Diameter back and front — „ — Length of shank — „ — Fig. 2. 0.&4 metre. 0.45 „ 0.28 „ 0.55 „ PLATE 28. MUMMIES OF CHILDREN. ('.7 of the natural size.) Children were generally interred like adults, only the whole equipment was less sumptuous, and a relatively large number of the bodies were fastened full length on a thick bed of rushes, or on the netted trestle serving as a cradle. As already mentioned, many of the little bodies were deposited in a common wrapping with adults (Plate 11), or else laid on one of the large mummy packs (Plate 25, Fig. 2). Instead of implements or insignia, their toys were placed with the children in the grave (Plates 88 — 91), or domestic pets buried with them, doubtless their playmates in life (Plate 34a). The present and following Plate figure a number of infant mummies, illustrating the various methods of equipment. Fig. 1. Child mummy packed in skins and corded round like the inner mummy pack, Plate 17, Fig. 2 and Plate 20, Fig. 1. Here also the hairy side of the skin is turned inwards, and the whole was originally wrapped in a coarse cotton cloth. — Height = O.-ra; breadth = O.29; diameter = O.25 meter. 2. Child’s body, as found inside the mummy pack represented in Fig. 1. The knees are drawn upwards, the hands pressed against the temples, the head covered with cloths, amongst which is some cotton protecting the face. Between the knee and left arm a maize cob has been thrust. — Height = 0.« meter. 3. Mummy of a little girl stretched lengthwise on a bed of cloths and rushes. The body is thoroughly dried and absolutely uninjured. The only ornaments are some raw undyed cotton bands fastened round the wrists and ankles, apparently representing some more costly decorations. The body was wrapped in cotton and cloths, and the whole enveloped in matting and in a coarse undyed cotton cloth as in Fig. 5 of Plate 29. — Length from top to toe = 0.83 meter. 4. Child mummy in simple covering and roughly corded. Bound up in the wrapping near the head is visible a large dish which presumably contained food. The representation • shows the position in which the mummy was found in the grave. — Height = 0.ra; breadth = O.is meter. 5. Child mummy wrapped in a white cotton material, and provided with implements, which had doubtless served as toys. The reed and wooden rods with the top- shaped wooden plugs suspended to them (Plate 87 , Figs. 6 — 9) may be presumed to represent weaving implements , such as the child had fashioned in playful imitation of its parents’ pursuit. Inserted in the outer covering of the pack is also one of those sepulchral tablets, such as are often found with adults in large numbers (Plates 15 and 32). The head end is covered by a shallow gourd plaited round with straw. » — Height = 0.63; breadth = 0.23; diameter = 0.» meter. PLATE 29. 1. INFANT MUMMIES. ('/■ of flic natural sizp.) In connection with Plate 28, the upper portion of the present illustration shews five additional mummies of children as under: I* ig. 1. An outstretched child wrapped in matting, attached to a wooden frame originally used as a cradle (see Plate 90, Fig-; 3). The wooden sticks of the frame are bound together with twisted strings of human hair. 2. A small babe, apparently scarcely born, wrapped in swathes and bound up in bast cordage. 3. Body of a female child stripped of all covering, the legs trussed under as in the mummy Plate 24, Fig. 1. 4. Unpacked body of a girl with a small clay vase on her lap. 5. Outstretched body of a child wrapped in matting. 2. TATTOOED AND PAINTED LIMBS. (>/j of the natural size.) Of the many mummies taken from their coverings on the spot, a great number betray clear traces of painting, limited however to the arms and hands, or to larger surfaces on the upper part of the body. The seemingly black and mostly elegant drawings represent simple lines, stars, darts and such like patterns, whose motives reappear also on the materials of the garments. Professor Virchow’s examination has shewn that there is here no question of a superficial painting liable to be effaced, but that the colouring matter permeates the tissue of the cuticle. The interesting fact is thus established that the widely-diffused practise of tattooing was known also to the ancient Peruvians. Besides this method of adorning the skin, a species of red painting also prevailed, seemingly, how- ever, limited to the face. The features of adult as well as infant mummies are not unfrequently covered with a thick coating of a red colour, protected by a layer of cotton. The colouring matter is occasionally laid on very thinly. Fig. 6. Child’s head painted red. 7 . Upper part of a body with tattooed breast. 8. Right fore-arm and hand with tattooed bracelets round the wrist. 9. The same with a richer design. 10. Right upper and fore-arm adorned with a frequently recurring cross-shaped design. 11. Left arm and hand with a rich pattern. 12. Left fore-arm and hand. 13. Piece of skin from the breast with cruciform tattooing. 14. 1 he same embellished with frequently recurring and regularly disposed darts. PLATE 30. DECORATION OF THE BODY — SECTION OF A SIMPLE MUMMY. (Fig. 1. Vrj Fiff- 2— 1G. Vi of file natural size.) \\ rapped in many cerements, the body was seated in the heart of the mummy pack, well protected and diversely adorned. It was arrayed in bracelets, necklaces and rings, while special care was lavished on the head-dress. As the scale on which the mummies are represented excludes all such details, a few heads and limbs are here reproduced in f 4 of the natural size, for the purpose of illustrating the various adorn- ments of the body. The centre of the Plate is occupied by the section of one of those simpler mummies, which are destitute of the false head. Fig. 1. Section of the mummy represented on Plate 23. As with the false- headed mummies figured on Plates 19 and 20, the simpler mummy packs are also substantially composed of two distinct wrappings. The difference between the two classes is perceptible only in the outward form and style of decoration. Figs. 2 — 11: Mummy heads. 2. Face veiled by a cotton wrap and netting. 3. Child’s head wrapped in pieces of a feather-ornamented material. 4. Head still partly veiled in cotton. The layer of cotton lying on the hair is retained by an open- worked cotton fabric. As a finishing ornament a brown cloth embellished with many-coloured woollen strings is drawn over the occiput, and made fast by a red fillet. This head is remarkable for its metal decoration. The eyes are covered by irregularly shaped silver plates; a bit of silver-leaf is stuck in the cotton near the region of the brow and a little higher up two copper needles have been inserted. 5. Occiput covered by a bandage decked with fringes, a strap serving for a fillet. G. A galloon of a rich design is wound round the head. 7. Face partly covered with cotton, the hair retained by a strap. 8 . Fillet composed of several strings. 9. Hair protected by a fine net. 10. A net of many-coloured worsted encloses the cotton fabric laid on the head. 11. Head covered with a cap of coarse worsted. Figs. 12 — 16: Limbs. 12. A mummy’s left hand, the fingers bound together with strings and clasping a reed tube full of colouring matter. 13. Inner view of a hand with two reed tubes. 14. A mummy’s left hand adorned with three rings and holding a little packet of cotton. 15. Right hand of the same mummy with two rings on the middle finger. A mummy’s foot, the toes bound together with a string. 16. IV. DECORATION OF THE GRAVES. (PLATES 31 — 34a.) With the stately figures seated in the graves more or less numerous objects w served either to decorate the tomb, or as badges of personal distinction. Amongst these were long spear -like shafts of light fragile reed, with tufts of and banner-like appendages at the tip; also shorter staves of reed and cruciform reed with variegated woollen threads; further, quite as numerous as the last and of equally ficance, those decorations which we have described as sepulchral Tablets. Of less symbolical import are the only other accompaniments in this section some utensils, here reproduced exactly as they were taken from the graves. To these of the animals found in the pits, and of the matting used in the packing. ere found, which variegated wool frames spun over enigmatic signi- — aliments and are added some The Plates have been executed by Herr Schmidt and Fraulein M. Hennig. PLATES OE PART IY. 33. Banner-like Decorations Plate 31 34. Thread-wound Rods; Crosses and Sepulchral Tablets „ 32 35. Painted Sepulchral Tablets „ 33 36. Painted Grave Tablets (continued) „ 33a 37. Sepulchral Deposits „ 34 38. Animals as Sepulchral Offerings. — Matting- used at Burials „ 34a ■ ' PLATE 31. BANNEE-LIKE DECORATIONS. (Pis., l-c and S-1I of Fig. 7 of full ,,t„„i The S ' ftS ' aviS,,ed ° n the t,ead are ° f insisting both of domestic utensils an,! tools of daily use, probably the property of the departed, and of objects either specially set apart for the decoration of the graves, or which had been used in the solemn rites possibly associated with the interment The present and following plates will serve to illustrate those gifts which it may be presumed belonged to the latter category. And here the first place must be taken by the banner-like decorations, as the most striking representatives of this class. Although perhaps not very frequently, there still occur reeds four metres and upwards long, whose banner-], ke appearance is produced by the many-coloured tufts of llama wool decorating their upper ends below the points. The manner of their occurrence in the graves is indicated in the section, Plate 10, Figs. 3-3G. log. 1. Banner-like decorations (lance?) exactly as found in the grave. The shank has been broken in three p.eces m order to find room in the grave. The coloured woollen tuft is wrapped in a cloth, beyond which nothing protrudes except the spear-shaped point made of a hard palm wood (Chonta). ' 2. Upper portion of a standard with black and red woollen tufts, Chonta point and cloth, the latter, as shown m Fig. 1 enveloping the whole as a protection against the sand and dust of the grave. 3. A similar object with a three-coloured woollen tuft. 4. Another, the woollen tuft being here represented by a loin-cloth, also wrapped in a covering, o. and G. Others, both ornamented with feathers instead of the woollen tuft. 7. The woollen adornment of the banner-like decoration consists of a net specially prepared for this purpose, with the variegated worsted knitted into the meshes. The illustration shews in its natural size a piece of the inside of the material wrought into the form of a cylindrical covering. 8. A short reed to which is attached a cotton cloth of a coarse texture. Rods of this description purposely broken are not very rarely met in certain classes of graves. 9. a, Hi 10. Pointed sticks on which are set clay vessels, the bottom of which is pierced through for the purpose. The section, Fig. 4, Plate 10, shows the occurrence of thesejstaves, which doubtless served as land-marks the more easily to discover burial-places that had already been used. The clay vessels themselves are represented on a larger scale on Plate 98, Figs. 9 and 11. PLATE 32. THREAD- WOUND RODS; CROSSES AND SEPULCHRAL TABLETS. (Figs. 1-12, ViJ Fig- 13-31, '/* °f Hie natural size.) Amongst the most frequent decorative objects associated with the mummies are the reed staves or rods round which are wound bright threads, as represented in Figs. 1 — 12. Two or more slender reeds are most commonly joined together in one staff'. Great variety is displayed in the ajustment of the colours of the threads, different patterns being produced according as they are wound horizontally or obliquely. The rods most commonly occur in the greatest number, either alone or grouped in bundles, stuck in the sand of the grave near the dead. More rarely they are attached to the mummy itself, examples of which are afforded on Plates 19 and 23. The case is precisely the same with the so-called “crosses”, which are also found in large numbers loose in the sand of the graves. They likewise serve to decorate the false heads (Plates 12 and 21), or are attached to the mummy packs themselves. Some of these crosses are also met in the work-baskets. They consist ol split reeds bound cross-wise together, round which bright threads are spun in varying thickness, so as to present a square or rhomboid surface, on which diverse -coloured stripes repeat the form of the whole figure on a continuously smaller scale. On this plate one description only is represented of the so-called sepulchral tablets — those formed of bright woven materials. The painted tablets will be brought together on the following plate. All these tablets are put together of split reeds made fast to cross sticks. The frame thus formed, which is mostly square and only in exceptional cases round, is attached to a longer rod often spun round or adorned with bright threads or materials, and this rod serves to support the whole. The piece of cloth spread over the tablet and fastened together behind is adorned only in front with bright interwoven patterns often of peculiar design. Here the ornamental work is as a rule carried out in wool on a cotton material. The cloths seem to be in part specially prepared for this purpose, as indicated both by the form and size of the whole piece, and by the way in which the coloured patterns are applied. Figs. 1 — 10. 11 and 12. 1 24—31. Rods spun round with bright threads, the first four bearing cotton laps. When two laps are attached to one rod, one of them is usually of white, the other of brown cotton. A bundle of fasces or rods elegantly ornamented. The rod bearing the radiating threads, to which is suspended the ring adorned with little woollen balls, is inserted into the hollow of one of the large reeds and fastened with thread. Various forms of the so-called crosses, with the methods of binding them together. Sepulchral tablets, covered with woven materials, diversely treated. Plate 33. Fig. 11. shows the back of one of these tablets, where we see how the reeds were put together and the material made fast. PLATE 33. PAINTED SEPULCHRAL TABLETS. (Vi of the natural size.) Of these objects, assuredly amongst the most noteworthy associated with the dead, a selection only can here be offered; for they occur in nearly all the graves, either singly or in numbers, packed and tied up in bundles, sometimes stuck in the sand by the mummies (Plate 10, Figs. 1, 3 and 4), sometimes wrapped in cloths. A frame of tabular form made of reeds and covered with a white cotton fabric, whose edges are stitched together behind, is attached to a pole, short at top and projecting to a greater length downwards. On the front is a slightly sketched design in red and black lines, while a winding or undulating border usually runs round the sides. Nearly all the space within this border is occupied by a human figure surrounded by isolated symbols or ornaments. The head and features of the conventionalised or rather caricatured figure is out of all proportion with the small body, which is often merely suggested by a few strokes. Of comparatively rare occurrence are the circular tablets, or those showing animal forms or other designs, to the exclusion of the human figure. The object or meaning of these tablets has hitherto remained unexplained. Whether they are merely sepulchral decorations, or charms to conjure the evil spirits, or indications of rank and social position are questions, which can no longer be answered. Fig. 1. The features and high head-dress of a human figure may be recognised represented by concentric black and red lines. To the short arms are attached outstretched three -fingered hands, the right holding some object, while body and legs are arbitrarily indicated. The legs are in fact twice repro- duced in black and red lines. The space between the figure and border is occupied by six simple designs, two black and one red on either side. 2. The human figure comparatively simple and distinct, distinguished by large ear ornaments, with designs similar to those of Fig. 1, but varying in number and disposition. 3. Highly fantastic figure with diverse ornamentations; the space in the corners cut off by designs, of which the upper two show a bird motive, such as frequently occurs on earthenware and woven fabrics (see Plates 52, Fig. 1, and 94, Fig. 7). 4. This is doubtless meant to represent a figure clothed down to the feet. 5. Like 4, only more childlike and ruder; both with almost identical embellishments. 6. Relatively well proportioned figure, departing greatly, especially in the form of the head, from the previous types. 7. Large head, trunk scarcely suggested; the whole simply executed in red lines. 8. Same type in red and black lines. 9. Small tablet with 12 animal (?) figures, 7 red, 5 black, grouped in 4 lines. 10. Round tablet without human figure. 11. Back view of a tablet showing the reedwork and method of fastening the cotton covering. PLATE 33a PAINTED GRAVE TABLETS (CONTINUED). (*A of the natural size.) JM otwithstanding a general resemblance in their main features, the designs of these tablets betray so much variety that it becomes important to compare a considerable number of them. Fig. 1. Here the human figure is formed of black lines connected at right angles, with complimentary red lines. A wide top -piece covers the head, which consists of two small rectangles, leaving room only to indicate the eyes, while the mouth, placed rather too low down, is suggested by a red stroke. The arms are bent downwards; hands and feet with triple articulation. Within the red and black frame the figure is encircled by crosses, dots and a conventional star. 2. Human figure consisting of two disconnected parts; triangular head and body; hands and feet with two articulations; frame of red and black dovetailed teeth. 3. Human figure filling most of the space, which is enclosed only by a narrow edging. Surface painting distinguishes the wide body, which is rounded off below, and to which the triangular head is fitted above. Hands with five, feet with three articulations; crenelled head gear; necklace suggested by dots; the corners of the ground- surface filled in with rectangular sharply edged ornaments. 4. Human figure formed of straight and curved black lines; head semi-circular; feet with two articulations; meandering frame. 5. Human figure like Fig. 1 but outlined in red. The square head is connected by a neck with the trunk; frame corresponding to that of Fig. 2; central figure encircled by rings furnished with hooks. 6. Figure outlined in red with trapeze -shaped head; a black club-like instrument in the right hand; a similar object in red rests on the left foot; left arm missing. 7. Figure strongly outlined in black with trapeze -shaped head, holding a red and a black object in the hands; large head-dress; the whole encircled by the usual objects. 8. Human figure outlined in black; with oval head and body; two club-shaped objects in the hands of the outstretched arms; edge formed of a repeatedly recurring bird ornament. Another bird ornament on one side of the figure forms the only decoration of the ground- surface. 9. Very large-headed and long-legged human figure with a black club-shaped implement in both hands. The design of the frames is uniform in Figs. 6 — 9, and their surface is filled in with hooked rings and squares. 10. Human figure in two sections; head rounded off below and larger than the body; hands with same implement as in Figs. 6 — 9. 11. Human figure essentially differing in design from all the others; two enigmatical animal forms held in both arms; frame of alternate red and black notched triangles. 12. Peculiar grave tablet, round and without human figure; centre occupied by a worm -like form surrounded by other smaller figures. Designed in two shades of brown. PLATE 34 SEPULCHRAL DEPOSITS. • (Fig. 1 = 1/* ; Figs. 2 — 10 = Vbj Figs. 11 — 15 = Vs of the natural size.) Except tlie garments used as the outer coverings of the mummy packs, all the objects figured on the following plates had been sunk into the ground with the body as parting gifts. A few were found at the bottom of the graves by the side of the packs. But the majority were embedded within the various wrappings of the dead, either carefully collected in small bundles, or else packed in baskets and vessels. A series of such deposits is here shown exactly in the state in which they were removed from the pits. Two distinct categories of such gifts may be distinguished: (a) woven fabrics and household utensils; (b) provisions. Fig. 1. Workbasket wrapped in a cloth (Plates 85, 86). 2 and 3. Pieces of cloth and sundry trifles collected in a bundle. 4. The same in a net. 5. Cotton for spinning in a net basket. 6. Implements for making nets tied up in a cotton cloth. 7. Spindles &c. packed in a piece of gobelins work. 8. Ornamented calabash with provisions, a head-band (Plate 75) and a tendema (Plate 77) lying on top. The calabash itself is contained in a piece of basket-work. 9. Clay vessel with beans and fruits enveloped in a cloth. 10. Earthenware dish with shells (mytilus), grains of maize and a red head-band, the whole covered with a wicker-work lid. 11. Two calabashes fitted one above the other, containing black beans and little crayfish. 12. Net with maize cobs and yuca. 13. Net with yuca. 14. Net with two of the wooden utensils figured on Plate 87. 15. Fine string closely wound up in a net, presumably fishing gear. PLATE 34a. ANIMALS AS SEPULCHRAL OFFERINGS. MATTING USED AT BURIALS. (Figs. 1—4 = Vi; Fig. 5 = ’/a; Fig. G = '/o; Fig. 7 — 9 = */4 of the natural size.) In the graves are often found the bodies of animals mostly much decayed and dismembered, but often also well and even perfectly preserved according to the greater or less care taken in depositing them. The pets, living playthings of the children, are often carefully wrapped in cloths or placed in the work- baskets. But the dogs and lamas, several specimens of which occur in separate pits, are less carefully treated, and often deposited without any covering. For the determination of the bird remains we are indebted to Dr. Reichenow, for that of the other animals to Prof. Nehring, to whose thorough investigations Plates 117 — 119 and accompanying text are devoted. Fig. 1. Guinea-pig, either Cavia cobaya, or at least closely related (see PI. 119). 2. Dried Peruvian rat (Hesperomys sp.), which may possibly have met its death by an accident in the sand of some pit (see PI. 119). 3. Dried Frog. In this case also it is doubtful whether the animal was intentionally placed in the grave, or only got buried in the sand by chance. 4. Dove (or pigeon?), one of the small species by no means rare on the Peruvian seaboard. From a work-basket. 5. Parrot (Chrysotis farinosa); undoubtedly a great pet, as shown by the coral collar and the ornaments attached to the feet. The species is widely diffused, being met in Brazil, Guiana, Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru, consequently both east and west of the Cordilleras. Found wrapped in cloths with a child mummy. 6. Mummy of a dog (Canis ingas), showing how the animal with its legs bound fast together was con- signed to the grave (see Plates 117 and 118). 7. 8. and 9. Diversely platted mats, such as occur in the graves partly for wrapping up the bodies, partly to protect the mummy packs against the heaped up sand. « & y MHR^dPfe «i fiw.fe xM •* :*$'-?*^j0t'' WB&* 1PP n 1 bmbKHHIM mw£&mS£}*r . 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