j / 1 TABLES OF MINERALOGY. (DETERMINATIVE). >ESIGNED FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE USEFUL AND MORE ORDINARY MIN¬ ERALS by Their Physical Characteristics, Based on the Latest Edition of "Weisbach’s Tabellen,” Together with Brief Notes on Their Use, and a Blowpiping Scheme and Tests for Identification of Their More Important Constituents. by BENJAMIN SADTLER, Js., A. M., B. S., Professor of Metallurgy and Mineralogy in the Colorado State School of Mines. COLORADO STATE SCHOOL OF MINES SERIES NO. 6. FOR SALE BY :HE CHAIN & HARDY BOOK, ART AND STATIONERY CO., 1609-1615 Arapahoe St., Deuver. Printed for the State School of Mines by the Golden Globe Printing House. 1891. Copyright applied for, PREFACE. While engaged in smelting establishments and elsewhere before my con¬ nection with the School of Mines, two facts repeatedly and forcibly obtruded themselves upon me. The one was that to most mining men and prospectors who would bring a mineral for identification, that, except iu the case of the commoner ores of the metals, the name of the mineral meant nothing and the inevitable question followed, “What is it good for?” or “Has it any value?” The second was that the text books of mineralogy either gave no such infor¬ mation at all or gave it only partially and disconnectedly. Since then over three years experience in the school have only served to emphasize the fact that, for technical students at least, some idea of the uses of the minerals should be given hand in hand with work in their identification and classifica- oation. To this end I have taken the admirable tables of my old instructor, Prof. Weisbach of the Royal Saxon School of Mines, as a basis, struck out the names of the rarer non-useful minerals and made some other changes w T hich had been suggested by their use in the mineralogical laboratory. To them I have added, in the case of all ores and useful minerals, a brief statement of their uses and mentioned the kind of establishments which could handle them on a commercial scale. The method pursued in the tables is, in effect, a training of the judg¬ ment and observation; the mineral beiug classified first as metallic or non- metallic, then sub-divided and resub-divided according to other easily observed physical characteristics such as color, streak, lustre, hardness etc., as specified in the instructions for use of the tables given in the introduction, so that while the number of minerals in the table is large, the specimen under examination could, almost at a glance be placed in a sub-division which would contain only a limited number, each of which would be so distinct from the others in one or more characteristics that its determination would be an easy matter, By this means the student is given as part of his preparation for more advanced work in mining, metallurgy etc., a thorough knowledge of all the useful and of the commoner non-useful minerals, together with some idea of the uses of the valuable ones. To this nucleus of mineralogical knowledge may be added by subsequent study the rarer minerals but there is not room, in an already overcrowded technical course to attempt it. The latter part of the book consists of a IV. scheme and tests to determine the presence of the commoner and more useful elements of by means of the blowpipe. This is so arranged as to involve the use of the least possible variety of apparatus and reagents. While the work has been done primarily for the use of the students of the State School of Mines, it has also been my aim to make it meet the needs of that large class of men of non-scientific education who have become interested in mining and allied persuits. It is not in any sense of the word a set of scientific mineralogical tables; that ground is already amply covered. It is intended to put information on the subject in a condens¬ ed and accessible form. If it helps, in any measure, to indicate resources in a country enormously wealthy in undeveloped ones, it will fully meet expecta¬ tions. B. Sadtler Jr. Golden, Colo., Jan. 1891. INTRODUCTION. In the use of any tables for the determination of minerals by their physical characteristics, the main object is, of course, to so educate the judgment that we will be able to identify most minerals at a glance and also to give reasons for our decision ; in other words, in a given case of two minerals which might to the untrained judgement seem identical, we should by virtue of our trained experience be able to specify slight differences which might exist in hardness color, lustre, etc., between minerals of widely different composition. To this end the minerals in these tables have been arranged in divisions and sub¬ divisions according to their more easily observed peculiarities. In cases where a mineral may so vary in appearance as to render it uncertain in which sub¬ division it should belong, it is listed under all the divisions under which it might occur. When a mineral is thus mentioned more than once, its complete description is referred to the page where it is first mentioned. In determining a mineral we first decide to which of the three main divisions it belongs, then refer it to its sub-head according to its color, streak or hardness, by which time the variety of minerals for which it may be mistaken has become re-divided to such a small number that the descriptions given in the tables will in most cases readily decide its identity. Examples may render this method clearer. Take the mineral Millerite ; Bimple inspection tells us that it is distinctly metallic in lustre and yellow in color, on glancing at the Contents we are refered to page 4. Determining the hardness by the method discribed below, we find it to be 4 ; we see however that the mineral Chalcopyrite has the same hardness. Looking at the descrip¬ tions of the two minerals we find that Millerite is light bronze-yellow in color, black in streak and of a fibrous fracture ; while Chalcopyrite is brass-yellow T in color, greenish-black in streak and compact in fracture, as well as different in some minor points from the Millerite. Any one of the three points named would decide the question. Take as another instance the mineral Chlorite, this is distinctly of Non-raetallic Lustre and on trying it we find it to be of white or nearly white in streak which refers it to the third named division. Trying its hardness we find it to be 2.5 ; of which hardness we find there are the unusually large number of nine minerals. Inspection shows that Chlorite is VI. the only mineral of the nine of a green color, and that the remaining eight mine¬ rals of this hardness all present one or more points of difference from each other. The hardness is determined by means of what is known as Moh’s Scale of Hardness. This is a set of ordinary minerals numbered from one to ten res¬ pectively. The hardness of any mineral is greater than that of the one which it will scratch with a gentle pressure and less than the one which will scratch it. With practice it is possible to determine the hardness of mineral very closely by scratching with a pen knife ; however the minerals in the scale of hardness up to 7 (beyond which very few minerals occur) are com¬ mon and easily obtained. The streak of a mineral can easily be obtained by rubbing it on a piece of unglazed porcelain or by observing the color of the powder made by scratching it with the point of a penknife. The tenacity is observed by attempting to shave off an edge or point with a knife. Throughout the mineral tables only those minerals which have been found in quantities sufficient to justify their being worked have had their uses specified. There is however a large number of minerals shown by their formulae to contain valuable metals, which would be worked if found in sufficient quantity, and which are now sometimes utilized when they occur associated with the ores of their respective metals. The names of minerals printed in larger type are the commoner varieties, those in smaller type are rarer. The letters (c), (o) and (r) opposite the crystal form of a mineral refer to the frequency of the occurence of distinct crystals and mean “common”, “occasional” and “rare”. While the blowpiping has been written mainly to be used in instruction in the School of Mines, still for the benefit of those wishing to work at it privately, I will give the following advice : By no means attempt to start with the scheme immediately on ores and other minerals, especially complex ones. First provide yourself, from any dealer in assayer’s and chemist’s supplies with a set of small quantities of simple compounds of the elements on which tests are given. Practice the tests carefully, first on the simple compounds and then on mixtures of compounds taking care to mix no elements which do not occur together in some mineral. Then take a few of the simpler minerals and practice on them. Such practice on chemicals and minerals should be continued until you feel sure of the tests. Self instruction is always difficult and is es- pecialy so in anything approaching laboratory work and disregard of the above would be very apt to lead to errors. There is also in the latter part of this work a table of elements, symbols VII. and atomic weights which is necessary in interpreting the chemical formula opposite the names of the minerals. When it is desired to obtain the percentage of any constituent in a mineral, multiply the atomic weight of each constituent by the numeral attached to its symbol, add the results together and divide the sum into the weight of the constituent whose percentage is desired. For example, the formula of Pyrargyrite or Ruby Silver is Ag 3 Sb S 3 . The atomic weight of Ag is 107.7 which multiplied by 0 gives us 323.1 ; the atomic weight of Sb is 122 ; the atomic weight of S is 32, which multiplied by 3 gives 96 ; the total of the three constituents make 541.1 which divided into 323.1 gives 59.7 as the percentage of silver m the mineral. Writing a scientific book for the use of non-scientific men is a rather un¬ usual proceeding, and those who use the book without instruction may find many difficulties which I have not forseen. To direct my attention to any such difficulty or lack of clearness would be esteemed a favor. B. S. CONTENTS. \ DETERMINATIVE TABLES. PAGE. Preface.Ill Introduction and Explanation of Use of Tables. V 1. Minerals op Metallic Lustre. I. Red Color. 2 II. Yellow. 4 III. White. 6 IV. Gray. 8 V. Black. 14 2. Minerals op Sub-Metallic and Non-metallic lustre. (Opaque and of Colored Streak'). I. Black Streak.•... 18 II. Brown Streak. 20 III. Red Streak. 24 IV. Yellow Streak. 26 V. Green Streak. 30 VI. Blue Streak. 32 3. Minerals of Non-Metallic Lustre. (White or Gray Streak ). I. Soft.34 II. Medium. 48 III Hard. 55 Blow piping, I. Apparatus and Reagents. 60 II. General Scheme for Examination. 61 III. Individual Tests. ; . 62 Table of Symbols and Atomic Weights. 69 Scales of Hardness and Fusibility. 70 Index of Minerals. 71 t 0 Minerals I. RED. Name. Formula. Color. Streak. COPPER Cn. Copper-red Copper-red — L Native Cn. is an important source of theunetal which is saved in low-grad* alone. The metal thus obtained is freer from Pb. As. and Sb. than that from RORNITE Cu, Fe S 3 I Copper-red to Br< mze-yellow. Black Also an important Cu. ore is roasted and smelted in blast or reverberatory ot herwise it is again roasted and reduced to metal. It is an abundant ore irl HREITHAUPT1TK NICCOLUTK Ni Sb Ni As Copper-red Reddish-brown Light Copper-red !Brownish-black i. Metallic' Lustre, Hardness. Tenacity. Crystal System. Fracture. 2.1 Malleable Isom (T Compact Sp. Gr. 8.9 >!•<> by crushing, concentrating and smelting; in high-grade ore by smelting >tlier Cu. ores, and commands a premium. Lake Superior Cu. is of’this class. I .■I..') Seotile to Brittle Hexagonal (r) Compact i .•) umaces to high-grade matte. dontana. 5 Brittle 5.25 Brittle which is refined lor Ag. and An. when present; Hex. tablets Hex. fr) Granular Compact oo 7.o 4 MINERALS OF METALLIC LUSTRE. II. YELLOW. N ame. Formula. Color. Streak. GOLD. Au. Yellow. Yellow. : When An. occurs native it is usually obtained from the ore by amalgama- I the associated minerals and the grade of the ore. BORNITE also occurs red and is there described. STANNI I'E Brass-Yellow Light Bronze-Yellow Occurs with other Ni ores and is treated with them. MILLER 1TE Cu 2 Fe 8 n S 4 Ni S Black Black CHALCOPYRITE Cu Fe 82 Brass-Yellow Greenish Black Is an important ore of Cu. Treatment nearly the same as Bornite. PYRRHOTITE Fe 7 8 s Bronze-Yellow Black Frequently contains Ni and is then roasted and smelted to a high-grade MARCASITE PYRITE Fe 82 Speiss-Yellow. Fe 82 Light-Yellow Black Black Frequently contains An. Both it and Marcasite are used in sulphuric acid YELLOW. 5 ! Hardness. ! Tenacity. Crystal System. Fracture. Sp Gr. 2.5 Malleable Isom. >19.5 tion. Chlorination and smelting are also used according to the character 3.25 Brittle Compact 4.4 4 Brittle Hexagonal (r) Fibrous 5 4 Sectile to Brittle Tetr. (r) 1 i Compact 4.2 4.5 Brittle Hex (r) Compact 4.5 matte. 1 6 Brittle Rhombic (c) Granular to Compact 4.7 6.5 Brittle Isom (c) Compact 5 manufacture. <; MINERALS OF METALLIC LUSTRE. III. WHITE. Name. Formula. Color Streak. MERCURY. Hg. Tin-white sYLVANITE. Ag Au Te 4 Tin-white to Light-grav Gray BISMUTH. Bi Reddish-white Light-gray It is the principal source of the metal which is obtained by sweating in silver refinery residues. SILVER. Ai Silver-white. Silver-white The metal is extracted from the gangne by pan-amalgamation or smelting, H ESS IT K. Ag 2 Te Light steel-grav In glit-gray The silver is sometimes replaced by gold when the mineral becomes darker smelting. ANTIMONY. Sb Tin-white Gray AMALGAM. Ag . Hg 4 Silver-white Ash gray PLATINUM. Pt Silver-white Silver-white Only source of the metal. Found mostly in stream washings associated WHITE. i Ha rdness. ' i Tenacity. Crystal System. F racture. Sp. Gr. Liquid. 13.2 1 75. Sectile Compact v*t pc 2.25 Malh able to Sectile Hex (r) Granular 9.7 high-grade ores and treatment with hydrochloric acid in low-grade ores and •g.,) Malleable I Isom (r) 10.5 according to the haiation of the ore. Malleable Granular 8.5 : in color and is known as Pktzite. These and other Tellurides are treated by 2.75 Sectile to Brittle Hex (r) Granular 3.25 Sectile to Brittle Isom Spiegel-eisen; also for t WHITE. • Hardnessr 1 ...._ Tenacity. Crystal System. Fracture. Sp. Gr 5. Brittle Rhombic (r) Granular (5.8 5. 11 Brittle Isom (e) Compact (5.8 irder. Streak. Black Brittle Isom (o) Granular 4.9 Gray-black Brittle Isom (c) Granular (5. Grav-black ' Brittle Rhombic (c) Compact to Granular .(? ometimes contains Cobalt, which would be indicated by a reddish tint. Hardness 1.5 Sectile Hexagonal Leafy 4.(5 1.75 Sectile (?) Fibrous to Compact 5.7 to S y is greater. Is a smelting ore like other Telltirides. 2 . Sectile to Brittle Rhombic (o) Fibrous 4.8 I reduction of Chlorine gas. MINERALS OF METALLIC LT’STRE. 10 N a me. Formula. Color Streak. ST1BNITE Sb 2 S 3 Lead-gray Grayish-black • Is practically the only ore of Sb, which is obtained from it by melting in! the lower grade ores it is separated from the gangue rock, prior to above opera-; . ARGENTITE (Silver filttnee) Ag 2 S Iron-black Dark-grav Is a valuable ore of Ag. When the baser metals are treated by the “Russell” or other leaching processes. present must be H ESS IT R. Ag 2 Te Light steel-gray Light-gray 1 Inscribed under White. I [ CLAl'S'THAI. Ill- Pb Se Lead-gray Grayish-black GALKNITE ( Galena) Pb S Reddish Lead-gray Dark-gray Is the principal ore of lead, which is obtained from it by roasting and sub] frequently contains silver, in which ease the silver is refined from the lead bv! “Parkes” or other processes. y CHALCOCITE Cu 2 S Black Lead-gray Dark-gray Treatment same as Rornite, except that less roasting is needed. BOURNOMTE ] Cu Pb Sb S 3 ! 1 Ir< >n- Grayish-black : (Hi AY. 11 Hardness. T enacity. Crystal System. F racture. “ Sectile Rhombic (r) F1 Iibrous Sp. Gr. 4.5 crucible with iron filings or scraps; producing pure Sb. and an iron matte. In tion, by sweating. Malleable ; Isom (r) Compact smelted. When these are absent, or present only in small quantity, can be 2.5 Malleable 1 (?) Granular 6.5 2.5 i Sectile Isom (r) Granular ! « i 2.75 V Sectile to Brittle Isom (c) Granular to Compact 7.5 sequent reduction in blast or reverberatory furnaces to metallic lead. It also eupellation mostly preceded by concentration of the silver in the bullion by the i Sectile to I Malleable Rhombic (r) Compact o. ( :i Brittle Rhombic (o) Compact 12 MINERALS OF METALLIC LUSTRE. Name. Formula. Color. | Streak. ! STEPHANITE (Brittle Bit err Ore) Ag 5 Sb S 4 Steel-gray Grayish-black ! High grade silver ore. PYRARGYRITE (Ruby Silver ) Ag 3 Sb S 3 1 Reddish-grav 1 Cherry-red Is high grade ore of silver; is smelted with lead-silver or copper-silver ores. TETRAHEDRITE (Gray Copper ) Cua Sb 2 S 7 Steel-gray to Iron-black Black to Brownish-red It frequently contains silver, in which case it is smelted with other copper- is slightly lighter in color and streak. STANNITE Cu.FeSn S 4 Steel-gray Black ARSENIC As Light Lead-gray Black MANGANITE Mn 2 0 3 H 2 O Steel-gray to Iron-black Dark-brown GERSDORFFITE Ni S As Light-gray Grayish-black SMALTIT E. Described under White minerals Also occurs as J RON C Meteoric ) Fe Steel gray Gray POLIANITE ( Var. Pyrolusite ) Mn 0 2 Light-steel gray Grayish-black OKAY Hardness. ; Tenacity. Sectile to Brittle Sectile to Brittle Crystal System.! Fracture. Rhombic (r) Hexagonal (T) Compact Compact 13 Sp Gr. o.H 5.8 3.5 Brittle Isom (c) Compact silver ore. The arsenical variety of Tetrahedrite is known as Tennantile. and 3.5 Brittle (?) Fine Granular 4.4 4 Brittle Hexagonal (o) Granular 5.9 4 25 Brittle Rhombic (o) Fibrous 4.5 5 Brittle Isom (o) Granular <5 Gray. I 6 Malleable Compact « Brittle Rhombic (o) Granular 14 MINERALS OF METALLIC LUSTRE. Name. Formula. Color. Streak. RUTILE Ti 0 2 Reddish-gray Yellowish-gray Has no practical use and seriously impairs the value of iron ores, with HEMATITE Fe 2 0 3 Steel-gray to Iron-black Dark-red Is an important ore of Iron, which is obtained from it by reduction in V BLACK. GRAPHITE C Iron-black Black (glisten’g) It is used in the manufacture of lead pencils, crucibles, lubricants, etc. PYROLUSITE ARGENTITE Also occur Grav and are described under Gray POLYBASITE STEPHANITE BOURNONITE ENARGITE Ag 9 Sb S6 Iron-black Black Also occur Gray and are described under Gray Cu - As S 4 Iron-black Black TETRAITEDRITE | MANGANITE i Also occur Gray and are described uuder Gray GRAY. Hardness. Tenacity. | Crystal System. Fracture. Sp. Gr. jy ' 1 6.25 Brittle Tetr (o) Compact 4.2 which it is frequently associated. 6.5 Britt le Hexagonal (o) Compact to Granular 4.8 >last furnaces. Titanium, Phosphorus and Sulphur impair its quality. s 1 Sectile (?) Compact 2.1 Minerals. 2.5 Sectile to Brittle c» Com pact 6.2 Minerals. 8 Brittle Rhombic (o) Compact 4.4 Minerals, 16 MINERALS OF METALLIC LUSTRE. 1 Name. Formula. Color. Streak. — fl MAGNETITE Fe 3 () 4 In m-black Black 1 v It is an important ore of iron. Treatment same as Hematite. 11 ,MENITE ( Titanic Iron Ore) las Ti, Oh Iron-black Blackish-brown When associated with Magnetite, it renders it difficult to smelt when pres- CHROM ITK (Chrome Iran Ore) Fe Cr 2 (> 4 Ir< m-black Brown Is used in the manufacture of paints and certain grades of steel. liRAUNITE FRANK UNITE RUTILE HEMATITE Mn 2 () 3 Zn Fe 2 () 4 Iron-black Iron-black Brownish-black Brown Also occur grav and are described under Gray Minerals . BLACK. 17 1 Hardness. Tenacity. Crystal System. F racture. 1 R5 Brittle Regular (c) Granular <» 1 Bi’ittle I Hexagonal (r) Compact to Granular 4.7 ent in at all large quantity. Even small quantities are troublesome. ! « Brittle 1 Isom, (o) Compact to Granular 4.3 0.25 Brittle Tetr. (o) Compact 4.5 1 0.25 Brittle Isom, (o) Compact to Granular 5 Minerals of Sub-Metallic Opaque and of I. BLACK Nami'. i i IChemicali T . „ . Lustre. Formula. Color. Streak. ASPHALTUM Ci 4 H ,8 O Resinous ! Black j Brownish black Is used for makin.tr water-proof paper, roofing, paint and paving purposes, lighter and more volatile oils. COVELLITE BITUMINOUS COAL Cu S j Resinous to Adamantine C 9 H 7 () | Sub metallic Indigo blue Black Black Black Is a strong steam coal. Coking coals are of this variety. ANTHRACITF COAL C 4 o Hi 6 0!Sub metallic! Black Black Is the strongest natural fuel. Is used in iron blast furnaces with the hot ENARGITE Is described under Minerals of Metallic Lustre. URAN1NITE (Pitch Blcml) U; O 3 '-'I Resinous ; Black Black to brown Used as a source of Uranium Salts for glass and porcelain coloring and and Non-Metallic Lustre Colored Streak. STREAK. Hardness. Tenacity. Crystal System. Fracture. Sp. Gr. 1.25 Sectile I Amorphous Compact | 1.5 For tli > latter purpose especially it should lie free from the admixture of the 2.5 Sectile to Brittle Hexagonal (r) Compact to Granular 2.5 Sectile to Brittle Amorphous Compact to Slaty 2.75 Brittle Amorphous Conchoidal lilast. Black Minerals. 5.5 Brittle (?) Compact chemical uses. 0 *20 MINERALS OF SUB-METALLIC AND NON-METALLIC LUSTRE. ' - I Name. Chemical Formula. Lustre. Color. Streak. 1 COLUMB1TE Fe Nb Ta 06 Sub metallic Black Brownish black PSILOMELANE (Ba K 2 ) Mn 4 0 9 H 2 0 % Sub metallic Black 1 Blackish brown P.RAUNITE RUTILE V Also occur under Black Minerals of Metallic Lus- i 1 * II. OF BROWN ELAT ERITE C 2 H 2 n Resinous Dark Brown Light Brown WAD (Bog Manganese) 2 Mn 0 2 H 20 Shiny Brown Brown Uses same as Pyrolusite. Is often quite impure, containing Ba, La, K, etc. OZOCERITE {Earth- Wax) Cn H 2 Waxy- Brown Used in manufacture of Paraffin for paper, etc. Light Brown CHLOR OPAL Fe 2 Si 5 Oi 3 9 H 2 o Earthy to Resinous Liver Brown Liver Brown I LIGNITE (Brown Coal) C 3 H 3 0 Resinous Brown to Black I Dark Brown Differs from Bituminous Coal mainly in its greater percentage of coal and the more readily will it air-slack. The higher grades are called semi- BROWN STREAK. •21 Hardness. Tenacity. Crystal System. ! Fracture. Sp. Gr. 6 Brittle 1 Bhombie | Compact 6 6.26 Brittle 1 ^ » i j i Compact 4 tre. STREAK. 1 Malleable Compact 1 Sectile Earthy 1.25 Malleable I Compact 1.75 Sectile Compact t 1 2.5 Sectile to Brittle Conclioidal to Uneven water. The higher the per cent, of water the lower the heating effect of the bituminous. M 22 MINERALS OF SUB-METALLIC AND NON-METALLIC LUSTRE. Name. Chemical Formula. Lustre. Color. Streak. CHRYSOCOLLA Cu Fes Si Vitreous to Brown to Red-Brown (Impure Variety) Oi 5 5 H 2 0 Resinous Black This mineral pure is of apple-green. In this variety the copper is largely SIDERITE Is an occasional ore of iron producing a metal exceptionally free from sul- T7 ^ /a ! Vitreous to Light I , ■ , , -r. Fe C °3 I Resinous Brown Ll * ht Brow11 SPHALERITE {Zinc Blend) Zn S Vitreous to Pearly Black to Brown Brown Is the principal ore of zinc, which is obtained from it by roasting it to an torts. To much iron pyrites with zinc blend injures or spoils it, the iron cor- GOTHITE (Needle Iron Stone Fe 2 0 3 h 2 o Silky to Adamantine Black brown Yellow-brown Treatment same as Hematite. WOLFRAMITE LIMONITE (Fe Mn) W 0 4 2 Fe 2 0 3 3 H 2 O Sub metallic Resinous Black Brown Brown Yellowish- Brown Is an important ore of iron. It is generally associated with more or less ina for slag formation. PSILOMELANE RUTILE Also occur, respectively, under black streak and * BROWN STREAK. BROWN STREAK. 23 Hardness. Tenacdy. 1 Crystal System. Fracture. Sp Gr. „ . Brittle Amorphous Conchoidal 2.1 replaced by iron. Is an unimportant ore of copper. 4 Brittle Hexagonal (o) Granular 3.8 phur and phosphorous and commanding a premium. 4 Brittle Isom, (c) Compact to Granular 4 oxide and distilling the metal from a mixture of the oxide and fuel placed in re- roding the retorts. 4.5 Brittle Rhombic (r) Fibrous 4.3 j 5 Brittle Monoclinic (o) Fiberous to Granular 7.2 5.5 Brittle Fiberous to Earthy 3.7 clay,which will slightly lessen its hardness, but it is valuable as supplying Alum- okay Minerals of Metallic Lustre. ‘24 MINERALS OF NON-METALLIC AND SUB-METALLIC LUSTRE. Name. Chemical Formula. Lustre. Color. CASSITERITE — Sub metallic S 11 0 2 Dark Brown (Tin Slone) Adamantine III. RED Streak. Light Brown Is the only ore of tin, which is reduced from the finely powdered ore with CINNABAR I Hg S Adamantine Cochineal Red Scarlet Is practically the only ore of Mercury, which is obtained from it by distil- ERYTHRITE (('ohalt Bloom) PROUSTITE Light Ruby Silver Co 3 As 2 Os 8 H 2 O Ag 3 As S 3 Vitreous to Pearly Adamantine Crimson Cochineal Red Light Crimson Scarlet High grade ore of silver. Occurs mostly with smelting ores. P\ R ARG\ RI TE Is described under Gray Minerals of Metallic Lustre. CUPRITE (Oxide of Copper) Cu 2 O Sub metallic to Adamantine Carmine Brownish-red Is an important ore of copper, which is obtained from it by reduction in HEMATITE Also occurs under Black Minerals of Metallic Lustre and TU RGITE 2 Fe 2 O, H 2 O Silky Dark-red Dark-red Treatment same as Limonite, of which it is a variety. RED STREAK. 'Z.y Hardness. Tenacty. Crystal System. Fracture. (5.5 Brittle ™ I charcoal in small blast furnaces, or coal in reverberatory furnaces. lation. 2.5 2.75 Sectile Hexagonal (o) Granular Sectile to Brittle Sectile to Brittle Monoclinic (r) Fibrous Hexagonal (r) Compact Sp Gr. 6.8 1 ). o.o Brittle ! Isom (o) Compact 6 blast or reverberatory furnaces. is there described. o.o Brittle Fibrous 5.7 * 120 MINERALS OF SUB-METALLIC ASP NON-METALLIC LUSTRE. II. YELLOVy Name. [( h-'micalj Formula. Lustre. Color. Streak. A great many minerals of non-Metallic Lustre and colorless streak have al purity. Al 3 Fe 5 SC! ; | YELLOW OCHRE! _ 0* 4 I Earthy 1 Yellow | Yellow 1 8 H 2 O | When dried and ground with oil used for paint. TORBERNITE IODVRITK Ca U 4 P 2 1 o„ 8 H 2 O Ag I Vitreous Waxv Greenish- Yellow Sulphur- Yellow Sulphur- Yellow' Light- Yellow i It occurs associated with chloride of silver and is treated in the same way. j 1 ORl’lMENT REALGAR | As 2 S 3 As S Resinous to Lemon- Pearly Yellow Resinous to Adamantine Red Lemon-Yellow Orange-Yellow Both Realgar and Orpiment when produced artificially in the flue-cham- SULPHUR s Resinous i Yellow Yellow Is used in the manufacture of matches, sulphuric acid, etc. Earthy un¬ cial article. i Pb Cr 0 4 Red | Orange-Yellov CROCOriK Vitreous YELLOW STREAK. 27 STREAK. Hardness. Tenacity. Crystal System. Fracture. Sp. Gr. times a Yellow or Brown streak, owing to the presence of iron oxide as an ini 1 Sectile Amorphous Earthy 3.7 1 2 Sectile Tetr (o) Leafy 2 Sectile to Malleable Hexagonal (r) Compact 5.6 Sectile Rhombic (o) Granular - Sectile to Brittle Monoclinic (o) Compact to Earthy . 3.5 tiers of .‘•melting furnaces are purified for coloring matters. 2 Sectile to Brittle . Rhombic (c) Compact to Splintery 2.1 purities frequently give a brown tint to both color and streak of the commer Or 2.5 Sectile Monoclinic (r) Compact 0 28 MINERALS OF NON-METALLIC AND SUB-METALLIC! LUSTRE. - j Name. Chemical Formula. i Lustre. Color. Streak. GUM MITE U 2 0 3 3 H 2 O Greasy Reddish- Yellow Yellow PHARMACOSIDERITE Fg8 A.S2017 15 H 2 Q Vitreous Greenish- Yellow Greenish- Yellow GREENOCKITE Cd S Greasy Yellow Yellow VANADINITE Pb 3 V O12 01 Resinous Yellow to Brown Pale-Yellow OLIVENITE Cu 4 As 2 Og h 2 0 Resinous to Silky Green Light-Yellow CACOXEMTE Fe 4 P 2 On 12 H 2 O Silky Yellow Straw-Yellow PYROMORPHITE Pt>3 K Os Resinous to Vitreous Greenish- Yellow Pale-Yellow SPHALERITE LIMONITE CASSITERITE )■ Also occur under Minerals of Brown Streak, and RUTILE I • ZINCITE Zn 0 Adamantine Red Orange-Yellow It is an ore of Zinc. Treatment same as Sphalerite, except that no roast- |j YELLOW STHEAK. Ha rd ness. Tenacity. ' Crystal System. F ractu re. Sp. Gr 2.5 Scctile Conclioidal 4.1 2.5 Sectile Isom (o) ' Compact 3 3 Brittle Hexagonal (c) Earthy 4.S 3 Brittle Hexagonal (c) Granular (5.9 3.5 Brittle Rhombic (r) Fibrous 4.3 3.5 Brittle Fibrous 3.4 3.5 Brittle Hexagonal (c) Compact to Fibrous (5.7 aro there described. 4 Brittle Hexagonal (r) Granular 5.5 ing is required. Its color is due to the presence of some Manganese. 30 MINERALS OF SUB-METALLIC AND NON-METALLIC LUSTRE. V. GREEN Name. Chemical Formula. Lustre. Color. Streak. BROMYRITE Ag Br Resinous Yellowish- Green Yellowish- Green Occurs in small quantity with Cerargyrite, and treatment the same. CHLOROPAL AND TORBERNITE - Occur also under Brown and Yellow Streak re- CHLORITE (vnr Ripidolite) Hydrous Silicate A1 and Ng Vitreous to Pearly Dark-grass Green Gray-Green chalcophyllite Cu 7 As 2 0 i x 14 H 2 O Earthy to Pearly Emerald- Green Pale-Green CHRYSOCOLLA Cu Si 0 3 2 H 2 O Vitreous Apple- Green , Blue-Green Is an oxidized ore of copper, widely distributed, but found in small quan- MALACHITE H 2 O | Earthy to Emerald- * Silky 1 Green Emerald-Green An oxidized ore of On. Treatment same as cuprite. It is also used for or- OLIVENITE ATACAMITE DIOPTASE Also occurs of Yellow Streak. Cu 2 0 3 Cl 2 3 H 2 O Cu Si 0 3 H 2 O Vitreous Vitreous Emerald- Green Emerald Green Green | Blue-Green Some Hornblende’s and Spinell’s have at times a Green streak. GREEN STREAK. STREAK. Hardness. Tenacity. Crystal System. Malleable Isom, (r) sportively. 2.5 Seetile Monoclinic (T) 2.5 Brittle Hexagonal (r) 3.5 Seetile to Brittle Amorphous (ity. '3.5 Brittle Monoclinic (r) uamental purposes. 3.75 Brittle Rhombic (r) 4.75 Brittle Hex (r) Fracture, Com pact Leafy Earthy Compact Earthy to Fibrous Compact Compact MINERALS OF SUB-METALLIC AND NON-METALLIC LUSTRE. 312 VI. BLUE Name. Chemical Formula. Lustre. Color. Streak. YIVIANITE Fe 3 P 2 Os 8 H 2 0 Earthy to Pearly Dark-Blue Indigo-Blue AZURITE Cu 3 C 2 0 7 H 2 0 Vitreous Dark-Blue Blue Occasional ore of Cu. Treatment like cuprite. LAPIS LAZULI NaCl Si 0 4 V itreous Azure-Blue Smalt-Blue Used for ornament; contains some sulphur. CHRYSOCOLLA ) f- Described under Green Streak. DIOPTASE ) FLUORITE j ' ^ HORNBLENDE }>- Some varieties of these minerals have a bluish TURM ALINE RLt'E STREAK. STREAK. Hardness. Tenacity. Crystal System. Fracture. Sp G 2.5 Seotile Monoclinic (o) Fibrous 2.5 ,T, Brittle Monoclinic (c) Compact 5.7 5.5 Brittle Isom (r) Compact 2.3 streak. They are described under Colorless Streak. Minerals of Non- And White or * N a me. Chemical Formula. Lustre. Color. PETRC )LEUM c h 2 Light brown Black It is used as a lubric; Ethane. int, fuel, illuminant, etc. The different products be- SCHKERERITK C h 2 Pearly Light yellow TALC Mg 3 8i 4 0ii h 2 o Pearly White and Green Sometimes used as an adulterant for sugar, Hour and paint. AI.UMINITE (Soluble) Ala S 06 9 H 2 0 Earthy White Native Alum. NATRON (Carbonate of Soda) Na 2 C () 2 10 II 2 0 Earthy White Occurs associated with mirabilite iu some of the Wyoming soda lakes. Metallic Lustre. Gray Streak. Hardness. Tenacity. Crystal System. Fracture. Sp. Gr. Fluid | ! • i .6—.75 ing separated by fractional distillation. Consists of Polymers of Methane and 1 Malleable Compact 1.1 1 Hectile (?) Compact to Leafy 2.7 1 Sectile Earthy 2.6 1-35 Brittle Monoclinic Granular 1.4 With this exception is generally found in small quantities. MINERALS OF NON-METALLK’ LUSTRE. 36 Name. | Chemical Formula. Lustre. I Color. 1 __ I’Y ROPIIYLITE Al 2 Si 4 On H 2 () ! Pearly White to Greenish CERARGYRITE (Horn xilrer) Ag Cl Waxy Gray-Brown Greenish-Brown Is a valuable ore of silver which is generally extracted from it by leaching s \SSOLITE b 2 0 , 3 H 2 0 Fea rly White to Yellow SODA NITRE 1 Na N 0 3 1 Vitreous White Is used in manufacture of Nitric acid. ertilizers, etc. Occurs in large de- \I I RABILITK (G limber* Snllx) Na 2 8 0 ; 9 H 2 O Vitreous White Is used in the manufacture of crude soda, glass, etc. Occurs in large de- CHRYSOTIEE Var. Asbcstuft Mg 3 Si-> O 7 ] 2 H 2 O Soapy Green or Brown GYPSUM Ca S0 2 2 H 2 0 Soapy to Pearly White to Brown When burned in kilns to remove water of crvstalization forms plaster of MELANTE.RITE (Iron Vitriol) Fe S 0 4 7 H 2 O Vitreous Green or White It is native copperas. When in quantity produces “Nordhausen” sulphuric BRUCITE Mg 0 H 2 0 Pearly White WHITE OR GRAY STREAK. • >— ■ > < Hardness. Tenac ity. Crystal System. 1.5 Brittle 1.5 Malleable Isometric (r) process when there is not too much base metal 1.5 Sectile (V) 1.5 Brittle Hex. (r) Fracture. ; Compact Fibrous Compact present. Fibrous Granular Sp. Gr. 2.8 5.4 1.5 2.1 posits in Chili. i 1.7 i Brittle Monoclinic (o) ! Granular l.fi posits in Wyoming. • > Sectile to (?) Brittle ‘> Sectile to Brittle Monoclinic (o) Fibrous Granular to Fibrous 2.5 Paris when the mineral is white. Impure varieties form part of many cements. Brittle Monoclinic («>) acid by simple distillation. Sectile Hexagi >ual Compact Leafy to Fibrous 1.8 1.7 0 38 MINERALS OF NON-METALLIC LUSTRE. Name. ( h'mical Formula. Lustre. Color. SULPHUR. Described under minerals of Yellow Streak. SEPIOLITE ( Meerschaum) Mg 4 Si 6 O 16 3 H 2 0 Earth v White when pure Finer varieties are used for tobacco pipes and other small ornamental TINCAL (Natire Borax) |NaBQ 2 3H 3 () Resinous 1 White or Gray Occurs in solution in small lakes in Tuscanv and California. Obtained by CHALCANTHITE (Blue, Vitriol ) Cu SO/ 5H 2 0 Vitreous Blue Occurs in the water issuing from copper bearing veins, some times in snf- water over scrap iron in a series of tanks, producing cement copper. GOSLAR1TE (Zinc Vitriol) EPSOMITE (Epsom Salts) Zn S 0 4 7 H 2 0 IMgS 0 4 7 H 2 O Vitreous Vitreous White to Gray White when pure Occurs in solution in some alkaline lakes and mineral springs. ANNABERGITF. (Nickle Bloom) I.EPIDOLITE (Lithium Mica ) Ni 3 As 2 Os 8 H 2 O Li Iv 3 Al 5 Si 4 Oi8 Earthy Pearl v Apple green Pink to brown Its presence may sometimes be taken as an indication of Lithia Salts in WHITE OK GRAY STREAK. 39 Ha rd ness. Tenacity. Crystal System. b racture. 2.25 Sectile Amorphous Earthy to Conchoidal articles. 2.25 ! Seetile to Brittle Monoclinic (o) Compact evaporation o f their waters, forms the crude borax of commerce. 2.25 Brittle Triclinic (c) | Compact fieient quantity to justify saving the copper, which is done l 2.25 Brittle Rhombic (o) Granular 2 25 Brittle Rliomlnc (r) G rrraular 2.25 Seetile to Brittle Mouoclinic (r) Earthy 2.5 Sectile Monoclinic (r) Leafy Sp. Gr. 1.1 9 9 2. 9 tile neighboring' springs. 40 MINERALS OF NON-METALLIC LUSTRE. Name. Chemical Formula. Lustre. Color. MUSCOVITE (Potash Mica) H K Ala Si 2 Os Pearly Gray or light brown When in large enough crystals to obtain slabs two inches or more square finest qualities should be free from cloudiness or discoloration. ♦ BIOTITE (Magnesia Mica) K 2 Mg 6 Fe Al 4 Si 7 O 28 Pearly Hark brown to black CHLORITE (RipidolUe) Mg 5 Ala Hia O 14 4 Ha O Pearly Green HALITE (/lock Salt) Na 01 Vitreous White when pure Common salt of commerce. Is found water. as a deposit and mined at various! SYLVITE K Cl Vitreous White SUCCINITE (Amber) c 10 h i6 0 Resinous Yellow or brown : Used for mouth pieces to pipes and ornamental carvings. YALENTINITE Sb 2 0 3 Adamantine White or yellow Occurs with Stibnite and is an occasional ore of antimony. HYDROZINCITE (Zinc bloom,) CARNALLITTE Zn 3 C 0 5 2H 2 O IK Cl Mg Cl 2 6 Ha O Earthy ' Vitreous White White or red Is mined largely at Stassfurth, Germany, and used in the manufacture ol WHITE OK OKAY STKKAK. 4! Hardness. Tenacity. Crystal System. Fracture. Sp Gr. Sectile Monoclinie (o) Leafy and transparent forms the isinglass of commerce and is sold by the pound. The 2.5 j Brittle to Sectile Monoclinic (o) Leafy 2.9 2.5 Sectilc Monoclime (o) Compact to Fibrous j 2.7 2.5 Brittle 1 Isometric (c) Granular 2.1 places. AJso obtained by evaporation of water from saline springs and sea 2.5 Brittle Isometric Granular 1.9 2.5 l Brittle Conehoidal 1 2.5 Sectile Rhombic (o) Fibrous 5.5 2.5 Sectile Earthy :u> 2.75 Brittle Rhombic (o) Granular 2 I ’< (tassium compounds. MINERALS OF NON-METALLIC LUSTRE. Name. Chemica! 1 Lustre. - - , I Formula. Color. 1 ULAUBKRI 1 F, 1 Na 2 Ca Os Vitreous ~ White or Yelk} M ELI. 1 1 K A’CeOe 9 H a 0 (ironsv 1 1 • A liite to Brow WULFENITK • 1 PI) Mo 0 4 1 Vitreous Yellow STOLZI 1 K Pb W 0 4 Resinous Cray or Browi 1 VAXADINITK Pb 5 V 0 7 Cl Resinons j Yellow or Brow C A EL ITE (< h/cxpar) Ca Co 3 Vitreous 1 White when.pur! Chalk and lime stone are varieties of this mineral. Carbonic lead and copper. iv-id gas is burnt ANHYDRITE CELEST1TE ("a . S 0 4 I Vitreous to Pearly White BARITE /Irani/ Spar) Hr S 0 4 Ba S 0 4 Vitreous Tight Blue and White) White when pure Other colors fre¬ quent Frequently owompanies silver pres. The white variety is often ground u Vitreous to Pearly AYGLESITE Pb S 4.1 m istly in blast furnaces. • *raqnently carries silver 1 CRYOLITE I ! | Na 3 A 1 F 6 Vitreous Whi to Use,l to the manufacture of Metallic Aluminum. Found in large qua ge quantiti j WHITK OR GRAY STREAK. 43 2 .»•) 2.75 3 3 3 3 3 3 Tenacity. Crystal System. ' Brittle • Monoclinic (o) Brittle Tetragonal (o) Brittle Tetragonal (c) Sectile Tetragonal (o) Brittle 1 Hexagonal (o) Brittle Hexagonal (c) is forming lime. Limestone also Brittle Rhombic (r) Brittle Rhombic (c) Brittle Rhombic (c) lg used to adulterate white lead. Brittle Rhombic (r) Fracture. Leafy Compact. Granular Granular Fibrous Granular to Compact Sp. Gr. 1.5 6.5 8 6.9 2.6 Compact Granular Granular Compact 2.9 3.9 4.7 6.2 Like Cerussite, with which it frequently occurs, is smelted to metallic lead 3 Brittle Compact 3 ■ i Greenland. * -44 MINERALS OF NON-METALLIC,' LUSTRE. Name. Chemical Formula. Lustre. l Color. Al.I.OPHANE Al 2 Si O, 5 H 2 0 Vitreous White, Blue and Yellow WAVE!. LITE Ah, P 4 0, 9 12 ld 2 0 Vitreous to Silky Almost all colors CHRYSOCOI.I.A Cu Si 0 3 2 H 2 0 Earthy Apple-green 1 An occasional ore of copper. Described under Green S TREAK. SERPENTINE ( Variety Chn/sofUe) Mg 3 Si 2 0 7 2 H 2 O Silky Dark Green PYROMORPMITE Pb 5 P 0 7 Cl Resinous to Vitreous (Ireen or Yellow MIM ETITE Pb 5 As 0 7 Cl Resinous to Adamantine White or Yellow STILB1TE (.1 Zeolite) Ca Al 2 Si6 O16 6 H 2 O Vitreous to Pearly White CERUSSITE (Lead Otrboi'xtlt 1 ) Pb C 0 3 Adamantine White when pure Is an important ore of lead, frequently carrying silver also. It is an ex'cep reverberatory or blast furnaces, generally the latter. ALUN1TE K Al 3 8* 0,, 3 H 2 O Vitreous White when pure STRONTIANIT E Sr C, 0 3 Vitreous to Resinous White Sometimes used in the manufacture of strontium compounds for pyrol 1 . ! WITHER ITE Ba C 0 3 Vitreous White when pure 1 I WHITE OB GK VY STBEAK. 4 ", Hardness. T enacity. Crystal System. F racture. Sp. G 3.25 Brittle Conchoiclal 1.8 3.25 Brittle Rhombic (r) Radiating and Fibrous 2.3 I 3.5 Brittle 2.1 1 M Brittle . Fibrous 2.6 m 3.5 Brittle Hexagonal (c) Compact 6.8 ■: a. Brittle ■ Hexagonal (o) Compact 7.1 3.5 Brittle Monoclinic (o) Fibrous 2.1 3.5 Brittle Rhombic; (o) Compact to Granular 6.4 tioually desirable smelting ore, requiring no roasting and reducing readily in 3.75 • >. i.) Brittle Brittle Hexagonal (o) Compact to Granular Rhombic (r) Fibrous 2.6 8.7 technv (rod tire principally.) 8.75 Brittle RUouibie (o) Fibrous • 1.2 46 MINERALS O? NON-METALLIC LUSTRE. N a me. ( h mical Form ula. Lustre. Color ARAGONITE Ca G 0 3 Vitreous White when pure SPHALERITE (Zinc Blend) (Black Jack) Zn S Adam tine Yellow Red Brown Is the most important ore of Zinc which is extracted from it by roasting metal in condensers. The zinc is sometimes partly replaced by iron in which BISMUTITE (Bismuth Och/re ) Bir, C On H 2 0 Earthy to Waxy Gray.PaleYellow Pale Green FLUORITE r Fluor-spar) Ca F 2 Vitreous All colors Sometimes used as a flux in smelting. Also for the producing of Hydro- DOLOMITE (Maguesian Limestone ) Ca Mg C 2 Oe Vitreous White when pure Is often used as a building stone, some varieties being classed as coarse making more infusible slags. SIDERITE (SpcUhetic Iron Ore) Fe C O, Vitreous Light Brown Sometimes contains manganese which would render the color darker. While pliur and other impurities and smelted in charcoal blast furnaces produces a MAGNESITE RMODOCHROSITE SMITHSONITE Mg C 0 3 Mn C 0 3 Zn C 0 3 Vitreous Vitreous to Resinous Vitreous to Resinous White Rose Red White when pure An occasional ore of zinc. Requies no roasting, otherwise treatment same WHITE OR GRAY STREAK. 47 ^rdness. Tenacity. Crystal System. I Fracture. Sp. Gr. k * Brittle Rhombic (c) Compact to Fibrous 2.9 r 4 i Brittle Isometric (c) • Compact to Granular 4 and subsequently distilling the zinc in earthern-ware retorts collecting the case the mineral is almost or quite black. Also occurs under Brown Streak. 4 Brittle Earthy 6.9 ’ 4 Brittle Isometric (c) Compact to Granular 3.1 ‘ fluoric acid in etching on g lass. 4 Brittle Hexagonal to) Granular 2.8 marbles. It is not so desirable as the ordinary limestone for a smelting flux, , 4 Brittle Hexagonal (o) Granular 3, not an abundant ore of iron it is exceptionally free from phosphorous, sul quality ofiron which commands a premium. 4.5 Brittle Hexagon 1 (o) i | Compact to Granular 3 4.5 Brittle Hexagonal (o) Granular 3.5 4.5 j Brittle Hexagonal (o) Compact to Granular 4.2 as sphalerite. 0 18 MINERALS OF NON-METAL LI." LT'STKK. Name. 1 Chemical Formula. 1 Lustre. 1 | Color MARGARITE ^ Ca 2 Alio Si s O 27 3 H 2 O Pearlv ' White 1 SCHEELITE t Ca W 0 4 Adamantine l Yellow WOLLASTON 11 ,E Ca Si 0 3 Vitreous 1 White CHABASITE Ca Al 2 Si 4 Oi 2 2 H 2 O Vitreous to Pearly I White 1 APOPHYLLITE Ca Si 0 5 2 H 2 0 Pearly I White I CALAMINE Zu 2 Si 0 4 H 2 () Vitreous 1 White Yellow Is a fairly abundant ore of Zinc. Requires no roasting, but is sometimes DIACEASITE Ca 3 Mg 3 Fe Si 7 0 2 i Pearly Green or Brown RRONZITE Mg 6 Fe Si 7 0 2 i Vitreous to Resinous Brown APATITE • Ca 5 P 3 0i 2 F Vitreous to Resinous Brown, Green and all other colors. T „ After treatment with Sulphuric Acid to set free. Phosphoric Acid is the P londa, Canada and other places. FASSAITE Mg 2 Ca 3 Si 5 Oi 5 Vitreous | Green 1 hr Pyroxene. Horn him de DATOLITE Ca 2 B 2 Si 2 On Hi O Vitreous to Resinous White 1 HARMOTOME Ba Al 2 Si, Ci 4 ' 5 H 2 O Vitreous White to Yellow NATROEITE Na 2 Al 2 Si 3 O 10 7 2 H 2 O Vitreous to Pearly White WHITE OR GRAY STREAK. j Hardness. Tenacity. 1 Crystal System. F racture. 1 Sp. Gr 4.5 Brittle Rhombic (r) Leafy 5 4.5 Brittle Tetragonal (o) Compact to Granular G I 4 - 5 Brittle 1 Monoclinic (o) ] Fibrous 2.8 4.5 Brittle Hexagonal (c) Granular 2.1 4 -r, 1 Brittle Tetragonal (c) Granular 2.3 4.75 Brittle Rhombic (c) Fibrous to Earthy 3.5 calcined in kilns to drive off water before retorting. 4.75 Brittle Monoclinic (r) Compact 3 5 Brittle Rhombic (r) Granular 3.2 5 Brittle Hexagonal (c) Compact to Granular 1 3.1 principal ingredient of most fertilizers. Ts mined largely in South Carolina 5 Brittle Monoclinic (o) Graular 5.25 Brittle Monoclinic (o) Granular 5.25 Brittle Monoclinic (o) Fibrous to Compact 5.25 i Brittle Monoclinic (o) Fibrous .-)() MINERALS OF NON-METALLIC LUSTRE. Name. Chemical Formula. Lustre. OPAL Si 0 2 H 2 0 Vitreous to Waxy Clear and finer varieties used as gems. PITCHSTONE Ncl2 Al 2 kMlo O24 3 H 2 0 Resinous LAZULITE Mg Ala P 2 Og H 2 O Vitreous AMPHIBOLF. Mg 5 Ca 2 FeSii80 4 2 Vitreous to Pearly WILLEMITE Zn 2 Si 0 4 Vitreous THOMSONITE Ca Ala Si 2 Os 2 H 2 0 V itreous A red variety found near Lake Superior sometimes used ANALCITE Na A1 Si 2 06 H 2 0 Vitreous BROOKITE Ti 0 2 Adamantine ANDESITE Na 2 Ca Al 2 Si 4 0i 2 Vitreous to Pearly CYANITE Ala Si 0 5 Vitreous EUSTATITE Mg Si 0 4 Pearly WERNERITE (Seapolite) Na 2 Ca 2 Al 4 Si60 4 Vitreous to Resinous RHODONITE Mn Si 0 3 Vitreous Color. | All colors except blue i Green and Brown ^ Blue Dark Green Gray Yellow White Red as a gem. White Brown White to Flesh-red Light blue White Gray l r ellow Flesh and all other colors Red Brown WHITE OR GRAY STREAK. 51 rdness. Tenacity. Crystal System. F racture. Sp. Gr. 5.25 Brittle Compact to Coucln tidal 2 5.5 Brittle A morph Conchoidal 2.2 5.5 Brittle Monoelinic (r) Compact 3 5.6 Brittle Monoclinic (c) Compact to Granular 3.1 5.5 Brittle Hexagonal (r) Fine Granular 4 .,5 Brittle Orthorhombic (c) Fibrous 2.3 5 5 Brittle I sometric fc) Granular 2.2 5.5 Brittle (h thorhombic (c) Compact 4.2 5.5 Brittle Triclinic (e) Granular to Compact 2.7 5.5 Brittle Triclinic (r) Fibrous 3.6 5.5 Brittle Rhombic (o) Fibrous 3.2 5.5 Brittle Tetragonal (r) Coarse Granular 2.7 5.5 Brittle Tricliuic (r) Compact to Granular 3.5 .72 MINERALS OF NON-METALL[(' LUSTRE. N a me. Chemical Formula. Lustre. Color. LEUCITE K A1 Si 2 06 Vitreous to Resinous White CALA MITE ( Tmnolite) Mg 3 Oa Si 4 Ou Vitreous White Gray ACTING LITE ( I 'a. Amphibole) M^Oa^Fe Si 4 0 42 Silky to Vitreous Green I) I AS PORE • AC O 3 h 2 0 Vitreous White TORQUOIS Al 4 P 2 Oi, 5 EL 0 Feebly Waxy Bluish Green Has some use as a gem. SPODUMENE Li A1 Si 2 06 Vitreous Gray or Greenish AUGITE f Var Pi/roxeue) Mg Ca 2 FeSi 4 0i 2 Vitreous Black HYPERSTHENE Mg Fe Si 2 06 Vitreous to Resinous Blackish Brown ORTHOCLASE (Potash Felspar) K A1 Si 3 Os Vitreous Gray to Yellow The light-colored varieties of this mineral (those free from iron oxide) are Stone is Green. ALBITE (Soda Felspar) Na A1 Si 3 Os Vitreous White Sometimes used for same purposes as orthoclase. LABR ADO RITE ( Soda-Lime Felspar) 1 Na 2 Ca 3 Als Si ,6 0 4 8 1 Vitreous to Resinous White to Bluish Gray WHITE OR GRAY STREAK. Hardness. Tenacity. Crystal System. i Fracture. Sp 5. To Brittle Isometric (c) Compact 2.5 ATS Brittle Monoclinic (o) Fibrous 3.2 5.75 Brittle Monoclinic (o) Fine Fibrous 3.1 6 Brittle Rhombic (r) Leafy 3.4 6 Brittle Com pact * 2.7 / 6 Brittle Monoclinic (o) Compact to Granular 3.1 6 Brittle Monoclinic (c) Compact to Granular 3.3 0 Brittle Rhombic (c) Coarse Granular 3.4 # 6 Brittle ‘ Monoclinic (o) Granular 2.5 used in glass, porcelain and pottery manufacture. Variety known as Amazon »» - i-V' ' i i | I .. , p ..... . Compact to (, Inclmic(o) | Granular! 2.6 Triclinic (o) Granular f,4 MINERALS OF NON -METALLIC LUSTRE. Name. Chemical . Formula. Lustre. Color. A NORTH IT E (Lime Felspar) Ca Al 2 Si 4 Os Vitreous l White OLIGOCLASE Lime Soda NaeCa AlsSi 2 oO=6 , Vitreous to ltesinous Gray to Yellow PREHNITE Cn 2 Ala Si 3 O.i H 2 o Vitreous Pale Green EPIDOTE H Ca 2 Al 3 Si 3 Oi 3 Vitreous Green to Yellow RUTILE Ti 0 2 Adamantine Brown or Yellow Described under minerals of Brown Streak. CHONDRODITE Mg 5 Si 2 0 9 Vitreous to Resinous Yellow, Brown CASSI1ERI IE / Described under minerals of Brown Streak. ( Tin ore) S peridote ( Olivine) Mg 2 Si 0 4 Vitreous Green or Yellow OBSIDIAN ( 1 'nlcauie tj/.ass) K 2 Na 4 Al 4 Si,80 45 Vitreous Black to Gray QUARTZ Si 0 2 Vitreous In all colors mostly white When colored blue by manganese is known as amethyst, is a flux in copper-iron matte smelting and with basic ores. Massive quartz is CHALCEDONY ( Var. Quartz) Si 0 2 Earthy In all colors Agate. Onyx, Jasper, Flint, etc., are chalcedonies varying in the amount, All minerals harder than quartz, which are nearly or quite transparent, free Their value depends mainly on the variety and richnsss of color of specimens WHITE OR GRAY STREAK. 55 Hardness. Crystal System. F racture. Sp Gr. 6 Triclinic ( r) Compact to Granular 2.7 6.5 Triclinic (r) Compact to Granular 2.6 6.5 Rhombic (o) Granular to Fibrous 2.6 6.5 Monoclinic (o) Compact to Fibrous 3.3 6.5 Tetragonal (c) Compact to Granular 4.2 6.5 Granular 3, 6.75 Rhombic (c) Compact to Granular 2.1) 1GJ5 Conchoidal 2.6 7 Hexagonal (c) > Compact to Granular 2.7 used with fire clwy in the manufacture of fire brick, furnace linings, etc. Amorphous kind and distribution of the coloring: matter. Conchoidal to Compact Also from cracks and of a good color, are used to a greater or less extent as gems, answering the above description. 56 MINERALS OF NON-METALLIC LUSTRE. Name. Chemical Lustre. Color. Formula. VESUVIANITE ( Idocrase) GARNET H 2 Ca8Al 4 Si 7 0 29 Resinous to Vitreous A silicate, bases i Resinous to | present vary I Vitreous Light Brown G reen Mostly Brown, Red. and Yellow Used as a gem. Frequently richly colored, but too abundant to be very TOURMALINE A silicate and i borate with | Vitreous different bases Mostly Black. Brown and Green Occasionally occurs transparent and light-colored; has then some use as a BORACITE Mg 7 B 16 O 30 Cl 2 Vitreous to Adamantine White to Green ANDALUSITE Al 2 Si 0 5 Vitreous Gray or Red STAUROLITE Fe Al 4 Si 2 On Vitreous Brow n to B’ack BERYL Bee, Al 2 Si 6 O 18 Vitreous Green; also Bluish or Yellow When clear enough to be used as a gem and green in color is known as the ZIRCON Zr Si 0 4 Resinous to Adamantine All colors. Mostly Brown and Rod The gem Hyacinth is a variety of Zircon. CHRYSOBERYI, Be A1 0 4 Vitreous Green and Yellow Clear varieties used for gems WHITE OK GRAY STREAK. Hardness. Crystal System. Fracture. 7 Tetragonal (c) Granular to Compact t Isometric (c) Compact to Granular valuable. 7 Hexagonal (c) Splintery gem. 7.25 Isometric (c) Fine Granular 7.25 Rhombic (c) Fibrous 7.5 Rhombic (c) Granular 7.5 Hexagonal (c) Splintery Emerald. 7.5 Tetragonal (c) Compact 7. /D Rhombic (c) Compact 58 MINERALS OF NON-METALLIO LUSTRE. Name. Chemical Formula. Lustre. Color. PHENACITE Be Si 0 3 Vitreous White or Pale Yellow SPINEL Mg Ala 0 4 Vitreous Black and Green There is a rare red variety known as Spinel Ruby. TOPAZ Ah Si 0 4 F 2 Vitreous to Adamantine Wine, Yellow Blue, White Valuable gem. CORUNDUM Ala O 3 Vitreous Blue, Red, also Green and Gray The Oriental Ruby, Sapphire and Emerald are clear varieties of corundum Both it and the opaque varieties of corundum are used for grinding and polish- DIAMOND I 0 Adamantine White, occasion¬ ally other colors. The off color diamonds, the impure variety, known as carbonado and those edges on some drills. WHITE OR GRAY STREAK. 59 Hardness. Crystal System. Fracture. Sp. Gr. 7.75 Hexagonal (c) Compact 3 7 75 Isometric (c) Compact 4.2 K Orthorhombic (c) Compact to Splintery 3.5 8 Hexagonal (c) Compact to Granular 4 i differing in color. The mineral emery is a mixture of corundum and iron oxide, ing hard substances and cutting and polishing the softer gems. 10 Isometric (c) Fine Granular 3.5 I I with flaws in them are used for cutting and polishing gems and for cutting BLOW PI PING. A Scheme and Tests to Determine the Presence of the More Ordinary and Useful Elements, with the Use of the Least Possible Variety of Ap¬ paratus and Reagents. First—' The Blowpipe. There is a large variety of makes of this article. The Plattner blowpipe is the best, especially wTiere it is desired to make silver assays or do at all, a large amount of v/ork. Other and cheaper grades, such as the jeweler’s blowpipe, can be used for occasional tests, but should be pro¬ vided. in all cases, with a bulb or other receptacle for the condensed moisture from the breath. Second — The Lamp. This should be provided with a tightly fitting and washered screw top, to avoid leakage when in field use. Either alcohol or oil can bo used in such lamps. Third —A small amount of Platinum wire, one piece short and rather thick, to be used for stirring the assay, and another longer and thinner piece for mak¬ ing the bead tests. Fourth — Charcoal. This should be well burned and fine grained. That from the smaller limbs is generally the best. Fifth -Open and Closed Tubes. These should be made from Bohemian glass tubing, of about one-quarter of an inch diameter, cut into four-inch lengths. To make the closed tubes simply fuse one end shut with the blow¬ pipe, using the hottest portion of the flame, which is just beyond the point of the inner blue flame. Sixth — Plaster and Bone Ash. Where these are difficult to obtain, or it is an object to avoid carrying too much apparatus, any pure clay, well burnt and powdered, wnll form a good substitute. A pair of forceps should be added to above apparatus. In addition to the above several reagents are needed. A small amount of nitrate of cobalt to form cobalt solution and small bottles of BLOWPIPING. Cl borax, microcosmic salt (salt of phosphorus) and C. P. Carbonate of Soda pre¬ ferably dry. Also some bismuth dux. which is prepared as follows: Sulphur- two parts; Potassic Iodide, one part; Potassic Bisulphate, one part. Also a small bottle of Potassic Bisulphate and a little copper oxide. The above apparatus and reagents comprise all that is necessary and if properly arranged can be readily carried in the pockets. The abbreviations used are: O. F.—Oxidizing flame. R. F.—Reducing flame. S. Ph.—Salt of Phosphorus. C. P.—Chemically pure. To produce the oxidizing flame the point of the blowpipe is placed just within the flame, sligntly above the wick. Blowing produces a long blue cone. The oxidizing flame lies just outside this blue cone and is not ordinarily visi¬ ble, unless some substance is placed in it. Just beyond the point of this blue cone is the hottest part of the flame. The reducing flame is produced by holding the blowpipe so that its point just reaches the edge of the lamp flame slightly above the wick and is the in¬ terior of the blue cone, above mentioned, being most active near its point. In making the bead tests a piece of the thinner platinum wire should l>e taken, a loop made in one end of it about one-eighth of an inch in diameter. This loop should be heated and dipped into the dry borax or salt of phospho¬ rus, as the case may be, the adhering material fused, again dipped into the rea¬ gent and fused until a clear bead is formed within the loop. This bead should be fused and dipped into a small amount of the powdered mineral after its treatment on charcoal. Care should be taken not to take too much of the sub¬ stance at first, it being better to add it to the bead in minute quantities until the desired depth of color is obtained. In selecting the mineral to be tested care should be taken to pick out particles of one mineral or in case the minerals are powdered separate them by panning, as unnecessary conflict of tests is often produced by a mixture of minerals. The flame tests are made by holding a small bit of the substance in a pair of forceps or wrapped in platinum wire in the colorless flame just beyond the cone and noting the coloration of flame produced. All platinum wire should be carefully cleaned between tests. The coatings produced on charcoal indicate what volatile or oxidizable sub¬ stances are present as per tests. The powdered mineral should first be placed on the charcoal and treated with the O. F. carefully noticing if any fume or odor other than that which 62 BLOWPIPING. would be produced by the burning of the charcoal, also the color of any fumes which might be produced and of the coating or deposit which they might make on the charcoal aw y ay from the flame and on its cooler surfaces. In case of any such fumes or odor being observed another portion of the substance should be treated in open and closed tubes as hereinafter directed. The por¬ tion on the charcoal should be continually treated with the O. F. with occa¬ sional stirring or turning over with platinum wire until odor or fumes cease to appear. In case of the presence of any quantity of lead or other heavy metals a prepared surface of bone ash or dried clay may be advantageously substitut¬ ed for the charcoal in the latter part of this operation. The residue is then taken, ground if necessary, and is then ready for the bead or other tests. The raw mineral is sometimes given what is called a flame test, by hold¬ ing a small fragment of it in a colorless flame such as is produced by an alco¬ hol lamp or Bunsen burner and noting the resultant coloration of the flame and also the fusibility of the mineral. Platinum tipped forceps should be used for this purpose, although care¬ fully cleaned iron ones will answer in most cases. We have then the three classes—flame, charcoal and tube tests on the raw ore and the bead tests on the residue from charcoal examination, except in (rases where such examination gives neither fumes or odor, in which case the tube tests are unnecessary. Appended is a list of the reactions of the more ordinary and useful elements under such examination, care being taken to se¬ lect such tests as do not require many or rare reagents or special skill on the part of the experimenter. ALUMINUM, Al. With Soda.—Swells and forms an infusible compound. With Borax or S. Ph.—Clear of cloudy, never opaque. With Cobalt Solution.—Fine blue when cold. ANTIMONY, Sb. On Coal, R. F.- Volatile white coat, bluish in thin layers, continues to form after cessatien of blast. With Bismuth Flux: On Plaster—Orange red coat. On Coal—Faint orange coat. In Open Tube—Dense, white, non-volatile amorphous sublinate. The sulphide too rapidly heated, will yield spots of red. In Closed Tube—The oxide will yield a white fusible sublimate of needle crystals, the sulphide, a black sublimate red when cold. BLOWPIPING. 63 The roasted ore mixed wita Carbonate of Soda heated in a closed tube yields a metallic mirror. The white fumes on charcoal are odorless. ARSENIC, As. On Smoked Plaster - White coat of octahedral crystals. On Coal—Very volatile white coat and strong garlic odor. The oxide and sulphide should be mixed with soda. With Bismuth Flux: On Plaster—Reddish orange coat. On Coal—Faint yellow coat. In Open Tube—White sublimate of octahedral crystals. Too high heat may form brown suboxide or red or yellow sulphide. In Closed Tube —May obtain white oxide, yellow or red sulphide or black mirror of metal. BISMUTH, Bi. On Coal—In either flame is reduced to brittle metal and yields a volatile coat, dark orange yellow hot, lemon yellow cold, with yellowish-white border. With Bismuth Flux: On Plaster—Bright scarlet coat surrounded by chocolate brown, with sometimes a reddish border. On Coal—Bright red coat with sometimes an inner fringe of yellow. CADMIUM, Cd. On Coal R. F.—Dark brown coat, greenish yellow in thin layers. Beyond the coat, at first part of operation, the coal shows a variegated tarnish. On Smoked Plaster with Bismuth Flux—W hite coat. CALCIUM, Ca. On Coal with Soda—Insoluble and not absorbed by tli9 coal. Flame—Yellowish red improved by moistening with Hydrochloric acid. With Borax or S. Ph.—Clear and colorless, can be flamed opaque. CARBONIC ACID, CO* With Borax or S. Ph.—After the flux has been fused to a clear bead, the addition of a carbonate will cause effervescence during furthe r fusion. CHLORINE, Cl. With S. Ph. saturated with Cu O—Treated at tip of blue flame, the bead will be surrounded by an intense azure-blue flame. 64 BUOWPIPING. CHROMIUM, Cr. With Borax or S. Ph. O. F. Reddish hot, fine yellow-green cold. R. F. In borax, green hot and cold. In S. Ph. red hot, green cold. With Soda. — O. F. Dark yellow hot, opaque and light yellow cold. R. F. Opaque and yellowish-green cold. COBALT, Co. On Coal. R. F. The oxide becomes magnetic metal. With Borax or S. Ph.—Pure blue in either flame. COPPER, Cu. On Coal R. F.—Formation of red malleable metal. Flame.—Emerald-green or azure-blue according to compound. With S. Ph.—Green both hot and cold in O. F. With Borax.—In O. F. Greenish-blue. With Borax or S. Ph.—In R. F. Greenish or colorless hot, opaque and brownish-red cold. With tin on coal this reaction is more delicate. FLUORINE, F. Etching Test.—If fluorine is released it will corrode glass in cloudy patches, and in presence of silica there will be a deposit on the glass. According to the refractoriness of the compound the fluorine may be released: (a) In closed tube by heat. (b) In closed tube by heat and Potassic bisulphate. (c) In open tube by heat and glass of S. Ph. IODINE, I. With S. Ph. Saturated with Cu. O.—Treated at the top of the blue flame t he bead is surrounded by an intense emerald-green flame. In closed tube with Potassic bisulphate.—Violet choking vapor and brown sublimate. IRON, Fe. On Coal. R. F. Many compounds become magnetic. Soda assists the reaction. With Borax. O. F. Yellow to red hot, colorless to yellow cold. R. F. Bottle-green. With tin on coal, vitriol-green. With S. Ph — O. F. Yellow to red hot, greenish while cooling, colorless to yellow cold. R. F. Red hot and cold, greenish while cooling. blowpiping. 65 The above reactions are interfered with by the presence of cobalt, chro¬ mium, copper, niekle and manganese in the cold bead blit not in the hot bead unless these substances are present in quantity. LEAD. Pb. On Coal. In either flame is reduced to a malleable metal and yields, near the assay, a dark lemon yellow coat, sulphur-yellow cold and bluish-white at border. With Bismuth Flux: On Plaster.—Chrome-yellow coat. On Coal.—Volatile yellow coat, darker hot. MAGNESIUM, Mg. On Coal with Soda. —Insoluble, and not absorbed by the coal. With Borax or S, Ph.—Clear and colorless, can be flamed opaque-white. With Cobalt Solution.—Strongly heated becomes a pale flesh color. MANGANESE, Mn. With Borax or S. Ph.—O. F. Amethystine hot. reddens on cooling. R. F. Colorless or with black spots. With Soda.—O. F. Bluish-green and opaque when cold. MERCURY, Hg. With Bismuth Flux: * On Plaster.—Volatile yellow and scarlet coat. If too strongly heat¬ ed the coat is black and yellow. On Coal.—Faint yellow coat at a distance. In Closed Tube with Dry Soda or with Litharge Mirror-like sublimate which may be collected in globules. MOLYBDNUM. Mo. On Coal.—O. F. A coat yellowish hot, white cold, crystalline near assay. R. F. The coat is turned in part deep blue, in part deep copper-red. Flame.—Yellowish-green. With Borax.—O. F. Yellow hot, colorless cold. R. F. Brown to black and opaque. With S. Ph.—O. F. Yellowish-green hot, colorless cold. R. F. Emerald green. NICKLE, Ni. On Coal.—R. F. The oxide becomes magnetic. 66 BLOWPIPING. With Borax.—O. F. Violet hot, pale reddish-brown cold, R. F. Cloudy and finally clear and colorless. With S. Ph.—O. F. Red hot. yellow cold. R. F. Red hot, yellow cold. On coal with tin becomes colorless POTASSIUM, K. Flame.—Violet, except borates and phosphates. Sodium.—(a) The flame through blue glass will be violet or blue. (b) A bead of borax and a little boracic acid, made brown by nickel, will become blue on addition of a potassium compound. Lethium.—The flame through green glass will be bluish-green. SELENIUM, Se. On Coal, R. F.—Disagreeable horse-radish odor, brown fumes and a vola¬ tile steel-gray coat with a red border. In Open Tube.—Steel gray sublimate, with red border, sometimes white crystals. In Closed Tube.- Dark-red sublimate and horse-radish odor. Flame.—Azure-blue. SILICON, Si. On Coal with Soda.—With its own volume of Soda, dissolves with effer¬ vescence to a clear bead. With more soda the bead is opaque. With Borax.—Clear and colorless. With S. Ph.—Insoluable. The test made upon a small fragment will usually show a translucent mass of undissolved matter of the shape of the original fragment. When not decomposed by S. Ph., dissolve in borax nearly to saturation, add S. Ph., and re-heat for a moment. The bead will become milky or opaque white. SILVER, Ag. On Coal—Reduced to malleable white metal. Strong oxidizing flame pro¬ duces a pinkish coating. With Borax or S. Ph.—O. F., Opalescent. The above reactions are only produced by the silver minerals proper. In .all ordinary ores of silver the amount present is so small that these reactions would be totally obscured, and a reproduction on a small scale of the ordinary assay process becomes necessary. This is, briefly, as follows: Mix with the mineral an equal volume of borax glass and one to two volumes of test lead ELOV.'PII ING. 07 jmd heat strongly, first for a short time in the R F. and subsequently in the (). F., until the slag surrounding the button of molten lead seems thoroughly fused. x\llow it to cool, remove the button, place it on a cupel and blow the oxidizing flame across it, using as strong and continued a blast as possible until the button of lead is quite small. Then allow it to cool, pick out the lead but¬ ton, place it on a fresh cupel and oxidize as above until the play of iridiscent colors on the surface of the molten metal ceases and a brightening of the resid¬ ual button occurs. This button is either silver.or an alloy of silver and gold, and if a definite weight of the ore has been used the weigh of this button will indicate the amount of silver present In the absence of fine button scales the approximate weight of the button is sometimes estimated by means of what is knowui as Plattner’s scale; this consists in two gradually diverging lines drawn on a strip (generally of ivory). By placing a button between these lines its di¬ ameter can bo measured and consequently its weight estimated. If on the be¬ ginning of the cupellation we notice that the litharge is dark or the button solidifies before brightening, we should re-scorify on coal with the addition of borax and more test lead and again cupel until only the button of silver re¬ mains. If auy gold is present it would remain behind as a black residue In- dissolving tho button in either nitric or sulphuric acid. SODIUM, Na. Flame Strong reddish-yellow. STRONTIUM, Sr. On Coal with Soda Insoluble, absorbed by the coal. Flame— Intense crimson, improved by moistening with Hydrochloric acid. With Borax or S. Ph.— Clear and colorless; can be flamed opaque. SULPHUR S. On Coal with Soda and a little Borax—Thoroughly fuse in the K. F. and place on a silver coin, moisten, crush and let stand. The silver will become brown to black. To determine whether Sulnhide or Sulphate- Fuse with soda on platinum foil. The sulphide only will stain silver. TELLURIUM, Te. On Coal—Volatile white coat with red or yellow border. In Open Tube—Gray sublimate fusible to clear drops. TIN, Sn. On Coal—O. F. The oxide becomes yellow and luminous. 68 BLOWPIPING. With Cobalt Solution Moisten the coal in front of the assay with solution and blow a strong It. F. on the assay. The coat will be bluish-green when cold. With Cu. O. in Borax Bead.—The faint blue bead is made reddish-brown or ruby red by heating it for a moment in R. F. with a tin compound. With Soda on Charcoal. — Heat strongly in R. F. for sometime and grind the fusion under water in an agate mortar. After the soda is dissolved and the adhering particles of charcoal is washed away, tin if present will remain in white metallic spangles. TITANIUM, Ti. With S. Ph.—Colorless to yellow hot, colorless cold in the O. F. In the R. F. it is yellow when hot and violet when cold. This last reaction is ob' tained more plainly by fusing the bead on charcoal with a globule of metallic tin. TUNGSTEN, W. With S. Ph.—O. F. R. F. Clear and colorless. Green when hot, blue when cold. URANIUM, U. With Borax.—R. F. Greenish yellow. With S. Ph. R. F. Emerald green. ZINC. Zn. On Charcoal.— O. F. The oxide becomes yellow and luminous. R. F. Yellow coat, w’hite when cold! reaction help by soda and borax. With Cobalt Solution.—Moisten the coal iu front of the assay with Solu¬ tion and blow a strong R. F. on the assay. The coat will be a bright yellow green when cold. TABLE OF ELEMENTS WITH THEIR SYMBOLS AND ATOMIC WEIGHTS. Name. Symbol. ’ Atomic Weight. Name. Symbol. Atomic Weight. Aluminum. A1 27.3 Mercury (Hydrargyrum) Hg j 200. Antimony (Stibium). Sb 122. Molybdenum. Mo 96. Arsenic. As 75. Nickel. Ni . i 59. Barium. Ba 137. Niobium. Nb 1 94. Beryllium (Glucinum)... Be 9.4 Nitrogen. N 14. Bismuth. Bi 211). Osmium. ( >s 199.2 Rnron. B 11. Oxvgen. o 16. Bromine Br 80. Palladium. Pd 106. Cadmium. Cd 112. Phosphorus. P 31. Caesium. Cs 133. Platinum. Pt 198. Calcium. Ca 40. Potassium (Kalium). K 39.1 Carbon. C 12. Rhodium. Ro 104. Cerium. Ce 140.4 Rubidium. Rb 85.4 Chlorine. Cl 35.5 ; Ruthenium. Ru 104.4 Chromium. Cr 52.2 ! Selenium. So 78.8 Cobalt. Co 59. Silicon. Si 28. Columbium.. . Cb 94. Silver (Argentum). Ag 108. Copper . Cu 63.4 Sodium (Natrium). Na 23. Didymium. D 145.4 Strontium. Sr 87. Erbium . E 166. Sulphur. S 32 Fluorine. F 19. Tantalum. Ta 182. Gold (Aurum). Au 197. Tellurium. Te 128. Hydrogen. H 1. Thallium. T1 204. Indium. In 113.4 Thorinum (Thorium).... Th 231. Iodine. I 127. Tin (Stannum). Sn 118. Iridium. Ir 198. Titanium. Ti 50. Iron (Ferrum). Fe 56. Tungsten (Wolfram) .... W j 184. Lanthanum. La 138.5 Uranium. u 240. Lead (Plumbum). Pb 207. Vanadium. V • >l :> Lithium. Li 7. Yttrium. Y 89.8 Magnesium. Mg 24. Zinc. Zn j 65. Manganese. Mn 5o. Zirconium. Zr 89.6 MOHS’S SCALE OF HARDNESS. DEGHEE. 1 ..Talc. 2 .Gypsum or Halite. , 3..Calcite. [ 4.Fluorite. 5.Apatite (ervst Hissed vm ety). 6. *..Feldspar ( Adularia). 7 .Quartz. 8 .Topaz. 9 .Corundum. 10.Diamond. SCALES OF FUSIBILITY. plattner’s. 1. Such as fuse to a bead, (a) Easily. ( b) With difficulty. 2. Such as fuse only on the edge, (a) Easily. (6) With difficulty. 3. Such as are infusible. v von kobell’s. 1. Stibnite.— Fusible in candle-flame in coarse splinters. Natrolite. —Fusible in candle-flame in fine splinters. Easily fused before the blowpipe in coarse fragments. 3. Almandite, or Iron Alumina Garnet—Infusible in candle flame, quite fusible before the blowpipe in coarse fragments. 1. ActinolitK. —Fusibity less than Almandite and greater than No. 5; fusible in coarse splinters. 5. Orthoclase. —Fusible in fine splinters. 6. Rronzite. —Only rounded on the edges in very fine splinters INDEX OF MINERALS. Actinolite, 52. Agate, 54. Albite, 52. Allophnne, 44. Alum, Native. 34. Aluminite, 34. Akrnite, 44. Amalgam, 6. Amber, 40. Amethyst, 54. Amphibole, 50 52. Analci e, 50. Andalusite, 56. Andesite, 50. Angles : te, 42. Anhydrite, 42. Annabergite, 38. A north' . 54. Anthracite, 18 Antimony. 6. Apatite, 48. Apophyllite, 48. Aragonite, 46. Argerlite, lo, 14. Arsen : c, 12. Arsei opvrite, 8. Asbestus, 30. Asphaltum, 18. Atacamite, 30. Augite, 52. A/.urite, 32. Barite, 42. Beryl, 56. Biotite, 40. Bismuth, 6. Bismuth, Ochre. 46 Bismutite, 46. Bitun 'nous Coal, 18. Black-jack, 46. Bog Manganese, 20. Boracite, 56. Borax, Native, 38. Bornite, 2, 4. * Bournonite, 10, 14. Bra unite, 16, 20. Breithauptite, 2. Brittle Silver Ore, 12. Bromyrite, 30. Bronzite, 48. Brook'te, 50. Brown Coal, 20. Brucite, 36. Cacoxenite, 28. Calamine, 48. Calamite, 48, 52. Ca’c'te, 42. Calcspar, 42. Carnallite, 40. Cassiterite, 24, 28, 54. Cerargyrite, 36. Cerussite, 44. Chabazite, 48. Chalcanthite, 38. Chalcedony; 54. Chaleocite, 10 Chalcopyrite, 4. Chalcophyllite, 30. Chloanthite, 8. Chlorite, 30, 40. Chloropal, 2 o, 30. Chondrodite, 54. Chi. cite, 16. Chrome Iron Ore, 16. Clfysoberyl, 36. Chrysocolla, 22, 30, 32, Chrysotile, 36. Cinnabar, 24. Clausthalite, 10. Coal, Bituminous, 18. Coal, Brown, 20. Cobalt, Bloom. 24. Cobaltite, 8. Coelestite, 42. Columbite, 20. Copper, 2, Copper Oxide, 24. Copper Vitriol, 38. Copperas, 36. Corundum, 56. Covellite, 18. Crocoite, 26. Cryolite, 42. Cuprite, 24. Cyanite, 50. Datolite, 48. Diaclasite, 48. Diamond, 58. Diaspore, 52. Dioptase, 30, 32. Dolomite, 46. Earth-wax, 20. Elaterite, 20. Emerald, 56, 58. Enargite, 14, 18. Epidote, 54. Epsomite, 38. Erythrite, 24. Eustatite, 50 Fassaite, 48. Feldspar, Lime, 54. Feldspar, Potash, 52. Feldspar, Soda, 52. Feldspar, Soda-Li me, Flint, 54. Fluorite, 32, 46. FI or-Spar, 46. Franklinite, 16. Galena, 10. Galenite, 10. Garnet. 56. Gersdorlifite, 12. • GLuberite, 42. Glauber’s Salt. 36. Gothite, 22. Gold, 4. Goslarite, 38. Graphite, 14. Gray Copper, 12. Greenockite. 28. Gypsum, 36. Halite, 40. Harmotome, 48. Heavy Spar, 42. Hematite. 14, 16 , 24. Hessite, 6. 10. Horn Blend, 32, 48. Horn Silver, 36. Hyacinth, 56- Hydrozineite, 40. Hypersthene, 52. Ilmenite, 16. Iodyrite, 26. Iron, 12. Jasper, 54. Lahradorite, 52. Lapis Lazuli, 32. Lazulite, 50. Lepidolite. 38. Leucite, 52. Leucopyrite, 8. Light Ruby Silver, 24. Lignite 20. L’mestone, 42. Limonite 22, 28. Linnaeite. 8. Lithium Mica, 38. Magnesite, 46. Magnetite, 16 Malachite, 30. Manganite, 12, 14. Marcasite, 48. Meerschaum. 38, Melanterite, 36. Mellite, 42. Mercury, 6. Mica. 40. Millerite, 4. Mimetite, 44. Mirabilite. S6. Mispickel, 8. Molybdenite, 8. Muscovite, 40. Natrolite, 48. Natron, 34. Needle Ironstone, 22. Niccolite, 2. Nickel-bloom, 38. Obsidian, 54. INDEX. Oligoclase, 54. Olivenite, 28, 30. Onyx, 54. Opal, 50. Orpiment, 26. Orthoclase, 52. Ozocerite, 20. Peridote, 54. Petroleum, 34. Petzite, 6. Pharmacosiderite, 28 Phenacite, 58. Pitchblende, 18. Pitchstone, 50. Platinum, 6. Polianite, 12. 1'olybasite, 14. Prehnite, 34. Prousite, 24 . Psilomelane, 20, 22. Pyrargyrite, 12. 24. Pyrite, 8, 12, 14. Pyromorphite, 28, 44. Pyrophyllite, 36. Pyroxene, 52. Pyrrhotite, 4. Quartz, 34. Quartz, Ferruginous, 54. Realgar, 26. Rhodochrosite, 46. Rhodonite, 50. Ripidolite, 30, 40. Rock Salt, 40. Ruby, 38. Rubv Silver, 12. Rutile, 14, 16, 20, 22, 28, 54. Sapphire, 58. Sassolite, 36. Scapolite, 30. Scheelite, 48. Scheererite, 34. Sepiolite, 38. Serpentine, 44. Siderite, 22, 46. Silver, 6. Silver Glance, 10. Silver Ore, Brittle, Smaltite, 8, 12. Smithsonite, 46. Soda Nitre, 36. Spathic Iron. 46. Sphalerite, 22., 28. 46. Spinel, 58. Spodumene, 5 2 * Stanmte, 4, 12. Staurolite, 56. Stephanite, 12, 14. Stibnite, 10. Stilbite, 44. Stolzite, 42. Strontianite, 44. Succinite, 40. Sulphur, 26, 38. Sylvanite, 6. 8. Sylvite, 40. Talc, 34" Tennantite, 12. Tetrahedrite, 12, 14. Thomsonite, 50. Tincal. 38. Tin Stone, 24, 54. Titanic Iron Ore, 16. Topaz, 58. Torbernite, 26, 30. Tourmaline, 32, 56. Tremolite, 52. Turgite, 24. Turquois, 52. Uraninite, 18. Valentinite, 40. Vanadinite, 28, 42. Vesuvianite, 56. Vivianite, 32. Volcanic Glass, 54. Wad, 20. Wavellite, 44, Wernerite, 50. Willemite, 50. Witherite, 44. Wolframite, 22. Wollastonite, 48. Wulfenite, 42, Vellow Ochre, 26. Zinc Blende, 22, 46. Zincite, 28. Zinc Vitriol, 38. Zircon, 56. $5 --BRa^s GETTY CEN ER LIBRARY 3125 00140 5030