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 GALLERY 
 
 OF 
 
 ANTIQUITIES 
 
 SELECTED 
 
 FROM TH E 
 
 BRITISH MUSEUM 
 
 by F. A R,U N D ALE AroV.' 
 & J . BON O M I Sculp^'^ 
 wtth descriptions by S-BIRCH Asstetaottot+ie Ant«i'' D«p ', 
 at. the BRITISH MUSEUM Assistant See>'to*e ArrJi ' ln»' ROME 
 
 LONDON 
 
 PUB° BV JOHN WEAIX. 48, HIGH MOLBORN 
 fl ACKEBM4NN, 191, RCGENT ST AMESS^ACKERWANH *C« 96, STT(Af«0 
 MESs'.'gRANT&SONS, EDINBURGH. M MATHIAS.QUAI MA^AQUAI, PARI 
 He BBOWtN, BRUSSELS 
 
TO 
 
 ROBERT HAY, Esa. 
 
 OF LINPLUM, 
 AVHOSE LABOURS AND RESEARCHES IN EGYPT HAVE FORMED A VALUABLE ACQUISITION 
 
 TO 
 
 THE NATIONAL COLLECTION, 
 
 AND EXTENDED THE KNOWLEDGE OF 
 
 EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES, 
 THIS V0LU3IE IS DEDICATED, 
 
 WITH SINCEEE EESPECT AND ESTEEM, 
 
 BY HIS OBLIGED SERVANTS, 
 
 JOSEPH BONOMI 
 
 AND 
 
 FRANCIS ARUNDALE. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The object of the present Work is to publish a Selection of the choicest 
 Monuments existing in the National Collection of this country. It commences 
 with those of Egypt, from the high authenticated antiquity of many of them, and 
 from their being the source from which the arts of Sculpture and of Painting, 
 and perhaps even the Sciences, were handed to the Greeks — from the Greeks 
 to us. They are the Alpha of the history of Art. The collection of the British 
 Museum is so rich in this newly opened mine of antiquity, of which so little has 
 been edited, that no apology is necessary in commencing with this branch ; and 
 Messrs. Arundale and Bonomi, so well known to Egyptian Archseologists — both 
 of whom have an a priori acquaintance with Egyptian monuments from their travels 
 in Egypt and Syria — have done their best to render the illustrations graphically 
 correct. Attached to every object will be found a succinct description of its use, 
 application, locality, and relations ; such as will, it is hoped, suffice the general 
 reader, and offer to the Archseologist the broad outline of the subject. 
 
 In treating each branch, a preference will, of course, be given to the first 
 authorities : thus, Egyptian Antiquities will be illustrated from the Monuments 
 and Hieroglyphics of Egypt, not from the second-hand information of the Greeks, 
 which the present state of hieroglyphical knowledge refutes or challenges. Hellenic 
 remains will be also judged by Hellenism, and the labours of Continental Antiquaries 
 brought before the British Public. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 TO THE 
 
 HISTORICAL ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 As the first part of the present work treated on the mythology of such figures 
 of divinities as existed in the National Collection, so the second gives an account 
 of the monumental history of those works of art which illustrate the reigns of 
 dijBFerent monarchs, their iconography, and state of the arts. This portion of the 
 work is, however, of incomparably greater difiiculty than the mythology, from the 
 paucity of historical remains, the apparent discrepancy between the traditionary 
 history of the Greek wi-iters and the i-emains themselves. While the latter are 
 all powerful as far as their evidence goes, it is unfortunately often disjointed and 
 unintelligible ; for example, the succession after Thouthmosis the Second, and the 
 question of the second and third Ramesses, may be considered, at present, open 
 to an opinion. The same remarks apply still more forcibly to the state of chronology. 
 The object of this work being an illustration of the Museum monuments, and not 
 a critical analysis of Egyptian history, it was not possible to enter into discussion 
 on the subject of history and chronologj', and the discrepant chronologies of Rosellini 
 and Wilkinson have been noted without any opinion as to the preferable accuracy 
 of either. The whole of this part of the subjects requires a careful recasting ; and in 
 the promised work of Chevalier Bunsen and Dr. Lepsius, which is on the eve of 
 appearance, more monumental evidence and critical light will be thrown upon the 
 state of the question than has been hitherto attempted. At the same time the 
 hieroglyphical texts have been carefully translated, and such as have been given by 
 Rosellini, with a citation of his translation, a due acknowledgment of the assistance 
 derived from it, and a most scrupulous criticism and amendment of the errors which 
 necessarily beset all initiative attempts. Another point has also been slightly touched 
 on, that of the identification of some of the races and nations, or cities conquered by 
 the Egyptians ; but this part of the subject also partially, from the uncertainty of 
 whether, in many instances, the names of the prisoners have been accurately copied, 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 the fluctuating value, and position of Egyptian symbols when employed to designate 
 proper names, and the scanty information possessed of the collateral history and 
 geography of Central Asia. That the Egyptian conquests extended to the Euphrates 
 there is monumental evidence ; and the traditionary history carries their arms to the 
 Bactrians and Indians in the east, and to the Tanais in the west. Upon these subjects 
 it was necessary to treat incidentally, but not diffusely ; and the author hopes on a 
 future occasion to undertake the subject of the monarchy from the mythic period till 
 the time when Egypt ceased to record even her conquerors. As to their value, 
 considered in reference to art, it must be borne in mind that the best Egyptian is only 
 second to the best Greek art ; that these people stand prior to all other nations in 
 reference to the present time ; and that, as far as we can discern, they were the 
 inventors of sculpture, painting, architecture, iconography ; and those who view the 
 subject in a liberal and extended view, and can take delight from the beauties of art, 
 whether developed in Doric simplicity, or the profusely ornamented taste of a later 
 period, will find much that is grand and graceful, with the calm air of dignity, well 
 suited to colossal and severe architecture. Some small statues of princes, and figures 
 of priests and functionaries of state, selected from the best specimens, close this portion 
 of the work, which contains the elite of the monuments in the Collection, having 
 reference to the history and political state of the country. 
 
AMOUN-RA. 
 
 Prior to describing the object represented in this Plate, it will be necessary to enter into a 
 short analysis of the appellation, worship, and attributes of the deity commonly called Aramon. 
 His name has been so variously written, that it will be necessary to state its various modes. 
 By Herodotus' and Josephus- he is called Ammoun and Amnion; by Plutarch,^ lamblicus,'* 
 and the Septuagint, Amoun. Hermapion writes Ammon.^ The Latin authors fluctuate between 
 Ammon and Hammon.'' The prophets Jeremiah,' Ezekiel,'' and Nahum,^ give Amoun or 
 Hamoun ; Manetho, in composition, Amen ;*° the Greek Papyri^' and Steles, Anion; the 
 Coptic version of the Scriptures, Amnion:'- so Eratosthenes." But the true Egyptian name 
 seems to be the Coptic Amoun — glory ;'* the others being Grecianised and declinable forms. 
 Champollion calls him Anion,'* Ammon,'^ and Amoun or Amen;" Rosellini, Amnion;'" and 
 Sir Gardner Wilkinson, Aniun.'^ In hieroglyphics it is written Amn — Men, and by an 
 obelisk — of uncertain sound. 
 
 Considerable ambiguity also prevailed among the ancients about the meaning of his name, 
 which was supposed, by respectable authorities, to be — concealed,-" to come ;-' but, consider- 
 ing his solar relation, it probably was that of the Coptic word-- Amoun — glory or exaltation : 
 which is strengthened by an inscription stating " the disk of the sun to be in Thebes Aiiioun,"^-^ 
 at the same time his tertiary form, Harsaphes, may be the concealed splendour of the sun, and 
 the active influence of nature in the lower hemisphere. He was considered by the Greeks the 
 chief of the gods, the spirit penetrating all things, and the creator. The ordinary form of 
 Amoun is also replaced by that of Chnouphis,"^ the creative power, and Ra-= or Phre, the solar 
 agency ; and is allied with Osiris, his earthly type, and Atliom the lord of Poni.-" The form of 
 
 ' Lib. ii. Euterpe, sect. 42, ed. Reizii, 
 
 8vo. 1809, p.llC. Cf. tbeAmmonioi, 
 
 loc. cit. 
 ' Contr. Apion. in Miammou(n) : name 
 
 of a king. 
 ^ De Osirid. et Isid. 
 ' De Mysteriis, fol. Oxon. 1687. Gale, 
 
 pp. 302-306. 
 
 * Ammian, Marcell. xvi. p. 109, 8vo, 
 
 Lipsia;, 1783. Ex recen. Gronovii. 
 
 * Tacit. Argent. 8vo. 1664. Hist.v. -1. 2. 
 
 Quint. Curt. \v. c. 7. JMinuc. Felix, 
 870. Lugd. Bat. 1672. Macrob. 
 
 Sat. lib. i. ed. Ven. Job. Gryphii, 
 
 p. 276. 
 ' Cb. xlvi. 23. 
 8 Cb. XXX. 13. 
 s Ch. iii. 8. 
 
 '" As in Amenofhis, k. of xviiith dynasty, 
 " Descr. of Greek Papyri in Brit. Mas. 
 
 Xo. I. fol. 29. 
 '^ Tattam, Lex. /Egypt. -Lat. p. 12. 
 
 Nab. iii. 8. 
 '■* Li his list as Ainmonodotus. 
 " Cf. Peyron. Lex. Lat.-Copt. p. 6. Tat- 
 
 tam, Lex. .li^gypt.-Lat. pp. 12, 13. 
 
 '5 Pantb. Egypt. 6' qumq. 
 
 '= Log. cit. 
 
 " Gr. Eg. pp. 109, 111. 
 
 '» Mon. Stor. torn. iii. pt. i. p. 96. Also 
 
 Amon, loc. cit. 
 " Mat. Hier. pp. 4-6. 
 '» Manetho. Wilkinson, Mat. Hier. p. 4. 
 ^' HeciitFjus. 
 -- Pevr. Tatt. loc. cit. 
 '" Stele, Egyptian Saloon, Brit, Mus. 
 -^ Wilkinson, loc. cit. 
 -^ Ibid. Mat. Hier. Amun.ra, No. 6. 
 •'' Obelisk St. Giov. del Lat. Rome. 
 
AMOUN-RA. 
 
 Ainoun, which will be first treated on, is that in which he ordinarily appears at Thebes, wearing 
 on his head the teshr or red cap, emblem of dominion of the lower world, surmounted by two 
 tall feathered plumes, in which, in certain inscriptions, he is stated to rejoice ;' in front of the 
 plumes are the disk of the sun and urseus of eternity. A kind of bandlet depends from this 
 crown- to the ground; round his neck is a collar {oskh or hibnir);^ on his arms are bracelets 
 and armlets (manoufre en sliboi) ;* round his body, a gathered linen tunic {shenti), fastened by a 
 belt; and on his left legs, anklets {manoufre en rat).^ In his hand he holds the gom^ or koucou- 
 pha sceptre, and the symbol of life. His flesh was coloured blue, alluding to his celestial 
 functions.^ The genealogy of Amoun is not well fixed from his titles : as Harsaphes, he 
 appears to be self-created, while it is stated that he has been found as the son of Hapimoou, or 
 the Nile,^ the Oceanus of Egyptian mythology. Along with Maut, the Egyptian Juno, and 
 Chons, the Hercules Lunus, he forms the celestial or Theban triad, who are the great proto- 
 type of several inferior ones worshipped ^ in the different nomes : for although his worship 
 was probably not coeval with that of the older god, Phtah, it was more universal after the 
 XVHIth dynasty. This name may be traced up to the XVIth dynasty (a.c. 2000), and pro- 
 bably rather earlier ;'° but since his great temple and worship was at Thebes," and the prin- 
 cipal monuments with which he is connected are of the period of the XVHIth, the extension 
 he took as an universal god cannot be very much previous; and even then his name is substituted 
 for that of an earlier deity. ^= His worship prevailed at the oasis of Syouah in Lybia, at 
 Thebes, El Assasif and Beit Oually, and Meroe in Ethiopia." His principal titles on the 
 monuments are : Resident in Thebes; lord of the heaven ;i*' lord of the thrones of the world 
 resident in Thebes; living in truth ;i' the great god;'^ lord of the heaven; king of eternity ; '^ 
 king of the gods;'^ great god in the pure land of truth ;i3 resident in the Abaton ; lord of 
 Deboud;=^° balancer of the world;-' resident in the abode of the King Menephtah II. =2 j^jjj 
 in the Rameseion.-' 
 
 Some of the functions performed by this god are as follow : — In the scenes representing the 
 chase of Apoph, serpent or darkness, and the struggle between the sun and this avatar of Typhon, 
 the gigantic arm of Amoun strangles the reptile. At Hermonthis he assists at the birth of 
 Harphre." At PhilaB he appears at the birth of Horus, and imparts life to the young deity: 
 the inscriptions there stating that he is " Amoun-ra, lighting the world, delighting beings" (?)2* 
 In other scenes he appears secondary to Ra and Phtah, or allied with different deities. He 
 confers various benefits, as health, &c., on his adorers ; but, like the Greek Zeus, victory and 
 
 ' Vide Amoun-ra (Harsaphes). 
 
 ■-• Her. 11. 48. Champ. Parith. 
 
 ' Champ. Gr. Eg. pp. 75-77. 
 
 < ArchKol. vol. xxix. p. 113. 
 
 > Ibid. 
 
 ' Champ. Gr. Kg. p. 77. 
 
 ' Wilkinson, Mat. Hier. Amoun, p. •%. 
 
 Chanij). I'anth. Kg. Amoun. 
 • Champ. Lcltres, p. Iii6. 
 » Ibid. p. 158. 
 '" Araenemhe I. is a king of the xvith 
 
 dynasty. Cf. various steles. 
 
 " Champ. Lettres. 
 
 "' As in the cartouche of Amenophis III. 
 Maj. I'elix has communicated to me 
 that he has found the obliteration to 
 be a vulture flying, its body formed 
 by an eye, holding in its claws a 
 signet. 
 
 '^ Champ. Panth. Also a temple at Kl 
 Assasif. Champ. Lettres, p. 298. 
 
 " Rosel. Mon. Stor. tav. cxivii. 
 
 '■' Ibid. M. da C. xxxvii. 
 
 '« Ibid. M. R. cxiii. 
 
 " Ipsamboul. Champ. Mon. d'Kgypte. 
 
 pi. xxi. 1. 
 " At Gebel Selseleb. Champ. Mon. 
 
 tom. ii. pi. xc. 
 " Wilkinson, Mat. Hier. pi. Amunra. 
 
 Rosel. M. R. cli. 
 ^o At I'hila;. Champ. Mon. 1. pi. Ixxvi. 
 ^' Chamji. Mon. pi. Ixi. 3. 
 "ibid. Gr. Eg. p. 46. 
 " Ibid. p. 386. 
 " Ibid. Lettres, p. 106. 
 '''- Ibid. Mun. pi. Ixxix. 1. 
 
f LATH '1 . 
 
 F,^1 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 \! 
 
 m 
 
 *.'_4 
 
 'HhiL^ 
 
 mm 
 
 GIOE: tLl:VATlOH 
 Torcehxn' full.auc 
 
 LI N rj C R S I c 
 
 
 
 BACK ELEVATION 
 
 fn-Sihrr f\tli.M.7f 
 
 u^ 
 
 A .ra ® M R! [ffi A 
 
AMOUN-RA. 
 
 3 
 
 conquest were the chief blessings he offered : as, "We givetliee all lantis and countries;' j)Ower 
 and victory; all lands under thy sandals;- the duration of the sun; innumerahli! days;' force, 
 life, and power ;^ an edifice to endure like the heaven ; all ((uartcrs of the W(n-Id ;' to cele- 
 brate panegyrics;'^ rejoice with years." In the scenes relative to conquest, where the monarch 
 appears to start on some military expedition, Amoun-ra exclaims, " We give thee a scimitar, 
 smite thou with it ; we give thee power to the South, victory to the North ; strike the revolt- 
 ing chiefs of all lands, enlarge the frontiers of Egypt to the arms which support the heaven in 
 every direction."^ He also receives the conquered nations, led up by Menephtah I. of the 
 XVIIIth dynasty, and their spirits ; to them he accords to be seated in the heart of the uni- 
 verse.® He personally leads up the conquered Arabia and other nations to Nectanebo and 
 Tahraka;9 writes the name of Amenophis IH. on the Persea.'" At other times he places the 
 crown u))on the head of the various monarchs, and accords them years and victory of Horus, 
 with his dominions,'^ to be crowned in the tosh of Athom, like the sun, for ever.'^ The ex-votos 
 of Gebel Selseleh, executed in the 42d year of Ramses the Great, apparently record the 
 31st year of his panegyrics;'^ and in the calendar mentioned by Champollion, the lOtli 
 of Paclions was the day of the cele))ration of the chief festival of Amoun.'^ On the fallen 
 obelisk of Karnak, and on those at Rome, he appears in various capacities ; and the monarchs 
 offer him wine, incense, viands, images of truth. '^ The deity in return, considered as the 
 active, intelligent, and pervading spirit of the universe, transfuses life into the nostrils of 
 the kings. 
 
 Fig. 1 represents a very beautiful and unique statue of Amoun in silver, purchased at 
 Ml*. Salt's sale in 1835 (lot 764);''^ the plumes, collar, and garment, are plated in gold. It is 
 stated to have been found in the temple of the god Amnion at Karnak. The features of this 
 small statue, which is of most exquisite Egyptian finish, so strongly resemble those of 
 Ramses the Great, or Sesostris, that there can be little hesitation in assigning its execution to 
 about A.c. 1600 ; the more so as it was the custom among the Egyptians, by a species of flattery, 
 to make the features of the gods resemble those of the monarch under whose reign they were 
 executed. The next object, fig. 2, is a small seated statue of glazed stone, probably steatite, 
 also of beautiful execution, but of a different style and period — apparently about the 
 Psammetichi (a.c. 600) : it is of a pale green colour, and the plumes, which were of bronze, 
 have been corroded in the soil where it has lain. He wears on this figure a feathered garment 
 round the body, and is seated on a throne upon pendent flowers of the lotus : the sides of tl'e 
 throne are feathered, and have a kind of anaglyph, indicating " supporting the upper and 
 lower world." At the plinth behind, which resembles an obelisk, is a line of hieroglyphics : 
 " The speech of Amoun-ra, lord of the thrones of the world, resident in Thebes, Ponebsar, the 
 director, of enlarged heart." The base contains three lines of hieroglyphics, neatly cut, 
 
 ' Chanip. Mon. torn. ii. c. v. 
 
 ' Ibid. torn. i. pi. zliii. 
 
 ^ Rosel. M. R. xxxvi. 
 
 ■■ Champ. Mon. torn. i. pi. xlvii. 
 
 5 Ibid. Lettres, p. 310. 
 
 « Rosel. M. R. xliii. 
 
 ' Rosel. M. R. Ixxix. cxi. Champ. 
 
 Letti-es, p. 279. Ramses at Thebes. 
 
 Champ. Mod. d'Eg. pi. vii. Ipsara. 
 » Rosel. M. R. cli. 
 ' Ibid. cxl. cliv, 
 '° Ibid, xliii. 
 
 " Rosel. M. R. cxlvi. '^ Ibid. cli. 
 " Ibid. M. da C. xxxvi. 
 '* Champ. Lettres, p. 343. 
 '5 Rosel. M. da C. cxlvi. 
 " GioT. d'Athanasi : A Brief Account, 
 8vo. Lond. 1836, p. 213. 
 
4 THE ABODE OF AMOUN. 
 
 consisting of titles, &e. of " A7novn the victorivvs (?).... loith his great name .... Amoun-ra, 
 the lord of the thrones of the world, the great god, astonishcr of the other gods." This object, 
 althougli of inferior execution to the preceding, yet of high interest and great beauty of 
 workmanship, was purchased of Signor Anastasi, in 1839. Besides these, there exist some 
 small figures of Amoun in the collection, in a brown stone and porcelain. 
 
 THE ABODE OF AMOUN. 
 
 This object {fig. 3) represents a shrine, or naos, called in hieroglyphics sheet, similar to 
 those held by the shrine bearing priests, commonly called Pastophoroi. Several deities are 
 represented in this shrine — Phtah more than others;' and on the sepulchral ritual, the 
 deceased, when arrived where the gods were, opened their doors. We know from the 
 Rosetta stone that these shrines were carried in procession. The present object has above 
 it a ring for suspension. The upper part of the cornice represents a row of uraei (a spe- 
 cies of cobra capella snake), having on their heads solar disks — an ornament common to 
 the cornices of Egyptian architecture ; their corresponding representatives being vultures," 
 whieh indicated the upper, as the urseus the lower hemisphere.^ Both were royal symbols. 
 The lower part of the architrave has two winged globes, the emblems of the deity Hat or 
 Har-Hat;* and at the sides of the lintel are two disked snakes, coiling. In the interior is the 
 deity seated upon a throne ; in his left hand he has held the koucoupha sceptre, or gom ; in 
 his right, a symbol of life, to indicate his power, and capability of imparting life to his adorers. 
 This little figure withdraws by a groove at the base. Each side of the naos has represented 
 the same scene. It is divided into two compartments : Chnouphis, ram-headed ; a secondary 
 form of Amoun, crowned in the otf, seated on the ground, holding in his hands an emblem of 
 life, between two female deities* crowned with disks, and turning their wings overshadowing 
 him. In the lower division the hawk-headed type of Chons or Shons (Hercule.'*), the third 
 personage of the Theban triad, crowned with the moon, seated between two similar female 
 deities. At the lintels have been two vertical hieroglyphical lines, containing " the Sun 
 Haroeris, crowned with dominion; the king, the splendour of the sun, living for ever, beloved of 
 Amoun-ra," comprising the standard and |)renonien of Siphthah," husl)and of Taosra, king of 
 the XVIIIth dynasty (a.c. KilO): the former entirely new, and the latter a variant of the 
 prenomen already known. The back of the naos gives, in the upper compartment, the form 
 of Chons, the son of Amoun and Hercules, of the Theban triad, seated between two winged, 
 fliskcd ursei, representing solar female deities ; and at the base, what is ap))arently intended 
 for Moui, elevating in his hands the Hat or agathodwmon, or the bark of tlie sun." On the 
 base, in deeply cut hieroglyphics in relievo, is '^ the abode of Amoun." From the very sharp 
 
 ' Deities and persons were tlms ciilled 
 Phtah in his boat, 'I'hoth in bis 
 abode, Horus in his festival. 
 
 ^ Cf. Friezes ot" Psammetichus I. and 
 Nectanebo, Kgy]>tiau Saloon, Brit. 
 Mus. 
 
 - Rosetta Stone, 1. 42. 
 
 ■• Champ. Or. Kg. Par. fol. 1836, p. 119. 
 
 * These fenuil(5 deities, Soaven 6c Sate(?) 
 are the mistresses oftiie upper and 
 lower hemisjthere, the Kilythyias of 
 Kttyptian piintheism. 
 
 * Rosel. Men. Stor. pt. i. lorn. i. tav. 
 
 viii. 108 d. ]). '.'-13. He is found in 
 
 adoration to Amoun, ibid. 
 ^ Vide statue of Uarsaphes, fig. 4, 
 
 front low. ped. 
 
PLAT I. 1 
 
 FIG .1 
 
 
 m y 
 
 rR")NT r EVAT N 
 
 r~i 
 
 v/V'\A. V\\. 
 
 l-l A H A C 1 E R S ON T h 
 UNDER ,S I D i: 
 
 FMofdnU ail.' 
 
 lE°II!I~TIFllil^TT:i-llir"TlTl 
 
 SlOt ELtvATION 
 
 
 ;.,it>.j>imT 
 
 - tii^i]nTiir5iiz°'fflr°T[fr:5ji'- y 
 
 "if 
 
 BACK ETLEVATION 
 
 (vSro^^zr. drcun-K. the TfA' ^n2&. 
 
AMOHN-RA (HARSAPHES). 5 
 
 manner in wliicli these are cut, it may have been used as a stamp or seal. Tlie bronze objects 
 are apparently ex-votos, or Penates, and are almost all found in the remains of the houses of 
 the inhabitants of Karnak.i It was purchased with the collection of Signor Anastasi, at 
 Leghorn, in 1839. A similar bronze was in the collection of M. Mimaut. 
 
 AMOUN-RA (HARSAPHES). 
 
 It is more easy to define the functions of this god than the name he generally bears ; and 
 he has been called Mendes," Horammon,^ Khem,* and Harsaphes.^ Mendes is not a true 
 Egyptian appellation. He is never called Horammon in the inscriptions; and although 
 Chemmo was the Egyptian Panopolis, it does not therefore follow that his name was Khein, 
 which is not found in the hieroglyphics. The authority of Harsaphes is apparently turned on 
 the joint description of Plutarch^ and Stephanas Byzantinus.'' In most inscriptions he ap- 
 pears as Amoun-ra," lord of the thrones of the world ; and along with the female Amoun, 
 Amoun-ti, or Thanioun, and Harke, formed a secondary triad. In the Greek ex-votos he is 
 said to be called the Pan of Thebes.' The hieroglyphic title of this god is represented by a 
 bolt, used as a determination of the word Shatem^" — to shut, close, or a shrine, placed on a 
 standard, like the ibis in the name of Thoth." There can, however, be no doubt of his cha- 
 I'acter, for he represented the final avatar or manifestation of Amoun ; in which was united the 
 mythic circle of the deity. He was at the same time Amoun and Horus, the alpha and 
 omega, the self-begotten: thus he is called in the hieroglyphics. Husband of his mother,'- the 
 son of Isis,!^ the father of the sun,i* great god, lord of the heaven'^ resident in Thebes,''' the 
 victorious Horus,'^ greatly rejoicing in his feathered plumes.'" His worship is chiefly found at 
 the Thebes, where he is attended by the city personified as a goddess ;'9 a temple was erected 
 to him at Wady Haifa by Amenophis 11.,'='' and he was adored along with Sate and Monthra. 
 The monarchs are represented hoeing before him,-' or off"ering the products of their soil.-^ 
 Amenophis III. presents him with a spotted, white, red, and black steer,^^ ^nd sacrifices a 
 gazelle to him.-* The benefits which he conferred were similar to those of Amoun, and he 
 seems to have represented the god of victory and reproduction. His form is similar in some re- 
 spects, to that of Amoun ; but his right hand holds a whip to stimulate the nioon(?)-= and his 
 body, like that of Chons, Phtah, Ra, and Osiris, is enveloped in bandages (mursenibkos). The 
 closing chapter of the ritual usually presents him with a pigmaic and pantheistic form, uniting 
 him to Phtah and Osiris. There is at Medinet Haboo the representation of a magnificent 
 
 • Champ. Lett. p. 181. Giov. d 'A than. 
 
 A Brief Account, 8to. 1836, p. 67. 
 ' Champ. Pantheon. 
 ' Ibid. Lettres, p. 169. 
 ' Wilkinson, Man. & Cust. Ser. II. 
 
 vol. i. p. 257. 
 'Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 117. 
 ° De Osir. et Isid. Jablonski. Panth. 
 
 Eg. 
 ' Voce Panopolis. 
 ' Champ. IMon. clxii. 
 
 « Wilkinson, Man. & Cust. Ser. II. 
 
 vol. i. p. 247. 
 "> Horus was lord of Shatem, i. c. the 
 
 closed region. 
 " Wilkinson, Man. & Cust. pi. xlv. 
 'Mbid. Ser. II. pi. xxvi. 113. Egypt. 
 
 Saloon, Brit. Mus. Statue 5. 
 " Ibid. 2. " Ibid. 
 
 '^ Stele, Egypt. Saloon, Brit. Mus. 148. 
 's Rosel. M. R. cxlix. 
 " Naos on 86. Egypt. Sal. Brit. Mus. 
 
 " Statue 5 Brit. Mus. Stele, Egypt. 
 
 Saloon. Stele, Brit. Mus. 191. 
 ''^ Champ. Mon. pi. cxlii. 
 '" Ibid. Lettres, p. 106. 
 " VVilk.Wan.&Cust.S.II.vol.ii.pl.xxvi. 
 '= Cf. Stele Cosseir Road. Burton, Ex. 
 
 Hier. by Philip, 
 w Rosel. M. R. xli. 
 '* Ibid. loc. cit. xliii. 
 ^^ Dextra tenet fascinum. Spartian.Am* 
 
 monius, cited by Champ. Panth. Eg, 
 
6 AMOUN-RA (hARSAPHES). 
 
 festival, entitled tlie panegyry of manifestation of Harsaphes, celebrated by the King Ramses 
 Miamoun, where his statue is carried by twenty priests.^ This ceremony, in which the 
 Libyans of Fount appear, recalls the ceremonies of conducting Amoun to Ethiopia ;2 while 
 the phrase, manifestation, either alludes to the term concealed of Amoun, or the fact of his 
 being a constellation.^ Thus, on the neomenia, the month of Thoth, was celebrated the 
 festival of the manifestation of Sothis, or the dog-star.* The panegyry of his manifestation 
 is perpetually alluded to under the XVIIth dynasty. 
 
 Fig. 4. The god Amoun-ra (Harsaphes) standing under his usual type of Amoun, but the 
 whole of his body enveloped in bandages ;* in his right hand he elevates a whip, and tramples 
 under foot the nine bows, emblems of the Libyans^ and Ethiopians. Before his feet are the 
 name and titles of Onkhsen-re Nofre Heth, queen^ of the monarch Amasis Neithsi, of the 
 XXVIth or Saite dynasty. In front of the pedestal before him is his name, Amoun-ra the 
 husband of his mother, placed in a cartouch like that of kings, to indicate his mythic reign, 
 surmounted by a disk and plumes, and protected by two snakes, winged, and wearing otfs, 
 with their names Soaven,'^ the Egy25tian Eilythyia, and Victory. At the sides of this pedestal are 
 the hawk and jackal-headed spirits of the regions of Nontehir, kneeling and adoring phoenixes, 
 and emblems of life and power. Behind is Horus (a lower form of Harsaphes), holding a 
 crook and symbols, implying " the support of the upper and lower world," ^ saluted by the female 
 deities, entitled, " Attached to the North and South." Underneath are two figures, probably 
 the Hapimoou, drawing up the cords. On the upper side of the lower pedestal are four lines 
 of hieroglyphics, containing the dedication of the possessor of the bronze : ^^ May Amoun-ra, the 
 husband of his mother, presiding over the heart of Thebes, giver of health, (give) always a good 
 embabnment in the land of Sat (T) of the pure land of truth, to Harge, scribe attached to the 
 cattle {I) of the queen, son of Obai, a similar functionary, and Obeith." In front is the god 
 Meui, or reason, the Egyptian Atlas, having on his head the bark of the sun, whose rising is 
 adored by two cynocephali, " the bards of the sun ; " '" and saluted by the female deities, 
 Mermehi and Merras,^' attached to the north and south : the whole surmounted by the heaven 
 upon koucoupha sceptres. At each side is a procession of the Niles of Upper and Lower Egypt, 
 alluding to the fertilising power of the god. They offer vases, flowers, life, and power, and 
 exclaim, " We give thee life and power, offering, incense (or kufi), and flowers." At the back is 
 the emblem support of the upper and lower worlds, corded up by the lord of Shmoun, the 
 second Thoth, and Har-Hat, the celestial Hermes. The minuter details of this bronze, which 
 is executed with considerable merit, are inlaid with gold, or electrum; and for the prevalence 
 of his worship at this period, the tablets of the Cosseir road may be cited, and many of the 
 monuments at Thebes. The plumes on the head are wanting, and the whole decorations 
 offer, without doubt, a copy of some celebrated statue of the god on a larger scale. It was 
 purchased at Mr. Salt's sale, 1835 (lot 816), and was found at Thebes. 
 
 ' Champ. Pantk. Mendes. Wilk.Sor. II. 
 
 pi. Ixxvi. 
 ' De Pauw. Eg. and Chin. p. 91. 
 ' Coffin of Harsontiotf, Brit. Mua. 
 ♦ Champ. Lettres, p. 343. 
 ' Osiris is called, in the ritual, Mors- 
 
 cmbhoa. ' Champ. Or. Eg. p. 200. 
 
 ' Wilkinson, Mat. Hier. This queen 
 has been callud Onkhnas. Champ., 
 Figeac ; and Loemans, Mon.Ej;. por. 
 tants des Leg. Roy. But sepulchral 
 figures ofa person named Oukhsenesi 
 seem to shew this reading. 
 
 * Champ. I'auth. Soaveu, 
 
 ' Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 438. 
 '» Cf. Coffin of the Pharaoh called Amvrt- 
 
 a;us, Egypt. Saloon, 10. Head. 
 " Called by Wilkinson, Wan. & Cust. 
 
 Ser. II. pi. Ixvii. p. 82, vol. ii. Milt. 
 
 Fortius newly proposed reading, see 
 
 Seyffarth, Systema, tab. vii. D. g. 
 
^'L.-(L 3. 
 
 Yigi 
 
 
 StiTci:!!':^'^'! 
 
 t fiOMT ELuEvATi ON 
 
 S I D C t" L C V A T I N 
 
 F. Aru»idale', del^ 
 
 Kl , a.:^, .•'Tkrsaplies.) 
 
MAUT. 
 
 The Egyptian triads consist of a father, mother, and son ; and, following the order of the 
 Theban triad, the second personage is the goddess Maut, Mouth, or Tmau. Plutarch names 
 her Muth. Her name in hieroglyphics is written by a vulture, generally with a whip at its 
 side, to distinguish the name of the goddess from the mere word mother, which it meant. In 
 general terms she was the Juno of the Egyptian Pantheon, and her influence was celestial. 
 Her general epithets are. The mistress of the heaven;^ the daughter of the sun and regent 
 of the world ■,^ the great mistress of the region of Eshor ; regent of the gods ;■'' the regent of 
 Thebes;^ the Bai, or soul.^ Since she held the same relative position as Sate in the Ele- 
 phantine triad, and Paslit in the Memphite, she is identified with or replaces them. Isis, as 
 the great mother, was the Abydos type of the same goddess ; and, in fact, so are all the female 
 leading deities. She is always represented wearing upon her head the pschent ; and she generally 
 accompanies her husband Amoun, and confers upon the monarchs blessings of the same kind 
 as those of Amoun-ra. Her worship appears contemporaneous with his, and she is seldom 
 adored separately ; but a sandstone stele in the British Museum represents the Emperor 
 Tiberius offering to her, and the hieroglyphical text records the repair of her temple, executed 
 by his orders. She has her name inscribed on the ring of a priestess of Amoun." It has 
 been conjectured she may be Buto ; but, although certain relations may be traced between 
 Eshor and Night, or Obscurity, it would be hazardous to affirm that it is the same region. 
 
 The bronze, fg. 5, represents her seated. On her lap she has held a small figure of Chons 
 her son, which she has been suckling ; her left hand, which has held him, is unsupported 
 by any sceptre. The eyes of this bronze are inlaid, and the whole has been covered with 
 stucco and then gilded, the Egyptians not knowing or using gilding upon metals direct. It is 
 of good style and execution.'' Fig. 6 is of green porcelain, having probably formed part of a 
 network of a mummy, or necklace ; she is standing, and wears a claft formed of pendent ursei. 
 On the back is a perfect line of hieroglyphics : the " Speech of Maut, the great mother."^ 
 Some other figures of the same, of inferior execution, exist in the collection. 
 
 ' Denn. Champ. Mon. xliii. 
 
 ' Wilkinson, Wan. & Cust. Ser. 11. 
 
 pi. xxvii. 9. 
 ' Rosel. M. R. cxlvii. 1. 
 
 » Rosel. M. R. Ixx. 16. 
 
 ^ Wilkinson, Man. & Cust. Ser. 
 
 pi. xivii. 2. 
 « Coffin of Kotbti, Brit. RIus. ■ 
 
 II. 
 
 ' It was purchased of a private dealer 
 in 1835. From ^^l. Denon's col- 
 lection. 
 
 ' Purcbasedat Sig. Atbanasi's.sale,1837< 
 
KHONS. 
 
 The third and last personage of the Theban triad is the deity called Oohensou, Khons,' 
 Honsou,- Henso,^ Khonsoii/ and Shons.^ His name is apparently Chons, or Khons,^ the Greek 
 papyri giving it in composition Chonsis. He is represented in two ways ; either as a swathed 
 youth, with the lock of hair like Horus, holding the emblems of life, stability, and power, and 
 the crook and whip, and having on his head the lunar disk ; or else as a hawk-headed deity, 
 with a lunar disk. It is difficult to fix the meaning of his name, because no group exactly 
 similar occurs in hieroglyphics. He is the completion of the power of the deity : Amoun 
 representing the ultimate principal ; Maut, the soul ; and Chons, the power or action.' As 
 the Moon, he is the production of the Sun (Amoun), and the Night (Maut). 
 
 At other times he ajipears with the head of a hawk, wliich appears on all gods of light ; 
 probably from the brilliancy of the eyes of that bird.^ His titles are Khons, in Egypt (?) 
 Nofreothph^ (Neferophis) ; the eldest son'" of Amoun; great god of the living world;" the 
 lord of the heaven ; '- greatly manifested in the abinie of the heaven ; " Thoth resident in the 
 centre of the south of Poni ;'* and Hat,'^ resident in the Rameseion.^'' He generally ai)pears 
 in the train of Amoun and Maut, and is rarely worshipped separately : there is, however, 
 a small temple dedicated to him at Thebes. The masculine character of the moon, like the 
 Asiatic god Mensis, or Menotyrannus, had not escaped the notice of the ancients. He accords 
 the same powers as Maut and Amoun ; and Ptolemy Evergetes II. appears offering to him 
 an oryx. His lunar characters allied him to Thoth ; while, in other respects, he is a form of 
 Horus and Phtah. The first type, fig. 9, is a small figure of grey porcelain, from the outer 
 network of a mummy, representing him under his usual attributes : it is from Tliebes, and was 
 purchased at Mr. Burton's sale in 1836 (lot 13). The second,/^. 8, is in gold plate Ijeat up, 
 profile to the right, hawk-headed, and has been attached to a necklace : he is seated mum- 
 mied : it was purchased at Mr. Salt's sale in 1833 (lot 214). The last, with detached limbs, 
 fig. 7, is a small porcelain figure of a greyish colour, from Mr. Burton's collection (lot 24). 
 There is a bronze figure, of indilierent execution, in the collection. 
 
 THEBAN TRIAD. 
 
 This jwrcelain object {fig. 10) represents the three deities of the triad ^' united, surmounted 
 by liie head of an uncertain deity. Khons is hawk-headed. The inscription behind contains 
 " Amuun-ia, lord of the luurld, regidalor of the. guds." 
 
 ' Champ. Paiitli. Etj. 
 •' Mm. ch. X. p. 8. 
 ' Wilkinson, Mat. Hicr. 
 ' Ibid. Man. *c Gust. Ser. II. pi. xlvi. 
 * Cliaiiip, Gr. K{^. 
 '' Lepaius, Sur I'Alph. p. K). 
 ' His name may be the Goptic word 
 Kons — power, force. 
 
 * 'i'iieliuwk-headed Horusissaid.atOm- 
 
 bos, to illuminate the world with tlie 
 
 splendour of bis eyes. — Champ. Mou. 
 
 "Wilkinson, Man. & Oust. Ser. II. 
 
 pi. xlvi. 13. 
 '» Tablet at Tourah. Statue in ]5ritisli 
 
 Museum, 96. 
 " Kosel. M. U. cxlvi. 
 
 " Rosel. loc. cit. 
 
 " Champ. Pantb. Ejf. 11 (ter.). 
 
 " Rosel. M. H. cxlii. 
 
 " Gliumii. Pantb. Kg. 
 
 "" Door of Groat Uoom in Ramesciou. — 
 
 MS. of M. Uonomi. 
 " Purchased with the Auastasi CoUoo- 
 
 tion in 1839. 
 
purt. 3. 
 
 THETHreAN l^l^P 
 
NOUF, OR NOUM. 
 
 In the account of the statues of Araouii, it lias been mentioned tliat he was rarely 
 represented with the head of a ram ; the exceptions which occur being rather the type of 
 the god Nouf,' a deity whose functions were very different. Ascending the Nile, and 
 passing into Ethiopia, the ram-headed deity appears to be the principal one of the country ; 
 and his worship and temples were established at the Cataracts, Syene, Elephantina, Snem,^ 
 Beghe, Beit Oually,' and Meroe. A small obelisk, dedicated to him by Amenophis II. was 
 found at Elephantina, and presented to Lord Prudhoe by the Pacha. He was the Ammon 
 of the oracle in the desert. Various ram-headed deities, some having other names, appear 
 in different tem])les ; but they were probably all modifications of the great god, and called 
 in the ex-votos and inscriptions, Kneph, Chenubis, Chnebis, Chnubis, Chnemis, Chnumis, or 
 Chnoumis. His hieroglyphical name (a water-vase and owl, or a water-vase and goat) reads 
 NM or NB* — Noum or Noub; the former word analogous to the Coptic Noun, the abyss of 
 waters, and employed in hieroglyphics to express water itself, 
 
 The worship of Noum was of high antiquity, his name appearing in the cartouches 
 of Cheops, at the Pyramids,^ and at Wady Magara.*" Although stated to be universal, it 
 was of inferior estimation to that of Amonn or Osiris. The offerings he received, and the 
 powers he conferred, were of less importance than those of the precited gods ; and his 
 functions were not limited to the upper world, he being also a deity of the Hades. His 
 limbs were at liberty; his head, at times, without any head-dress;' at others, decorated 
 with the disk of the sun and ursens,® with the tall plumes of Amoun,' with the cap of Osiris 
 (the otf),'" or with only an urteus." His flesh was coloured blue'- or green," to indicate his 
 celestial and infernal powers. At Syene, Elephantina, and Beghe, he was adored with the 
 goddess Sate, or Juno;" and, with the addition of Anoucis, or Vesta, formed tlie triad of 
 the Cataract. His powers were so varied that it will be necessary to class them : — 1st. He 
 was the liquid element, water — the moving principle of the stream ; and his name meant 
 water. In this sense his titles were "Chnouphis-ra, lord of libations, resident in the centre of the 
 pure waters,"!' \oyA of libations.'^ 2dly. He was the sun, and was hence called Nonfra,'' i. e. 
 Nouf, the sun : and his name appears in a cartouche,!^ to shew that, as Jupiter, lie reigned 
 over the world, whence he was denominated the lord of the upper and lower world, '9 the 
 great god, lord of the heaven.-" In the paintings of the tomb of Ramses, successor of 
 
 ' Cf. Wilkinson, Man. & Cust. Ser. II. 
 ^ That at Snera was rebuilt by .'\mea- 
 ophis II. Cbamp. Lett. p. 167. 
 
 * A speos, rock-excavated temple, there. 
 
 Champ. Lett. p. 160. 
 
 * Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 113. Panth. Eg. 
 
 Wilkinson, Man. & Cust. pi. xxi. i. 
 ^ Col. Howard Vyse, Journal, vol. i. 
 
 p. 280. 
 ' Laborde.Voy. Arabia Petree. Tab.Hier. 
 
 ' Rosel. M. da C. No. vi. 
 
 ^ Wilkinson, Mat. Hier. 
 
 ' Rosel. M. da C. No. iv. CLiimp. 
 
 Mon. tom. i. pi. iv. 3, identified with 
 
 Aiuoun. 
 '« Rosel. M. da C. No. ii. 
 " Wilk. Mat. Hier. pi. vi. fig. 5, called 
 
 Savah or S^bak.ra, lord of the abode 
 
 of life. 
 " Champ. Panlb. E^. 
 
 " Champ. Panth. Eg, 
 
 '• Ibid. Lettres, 157, 167. 
 
 'i Eosel. M. da C. ii. 
 
 '6 Wilk. Man. & Cus. S-r. U. pi. iii. 
 
 Rosel. M. da C. xiii.; xxxi. 1; 
 
 xxsix. 1. 
 '' Lord Prudhoe's obelisk. 
 i« Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 140. 
 '» Ibid. p. 115. 
 2" Rosel. M.da C. ii. 
 
10 
 
 NOUF, OR NOUM. 
 
 Miamoiin, the sun in the fourth hour of the day assumes, under the name of Har-Hat, the 
 attributes of Chnouphis ; ' and on the sixth hour becomes a ram with four lieads.- On tlie 
 tenth, a ram-headed deity (Chnouphis-ra) pierces an ass, the living emblem of Seth or Typhon 
 (Darkness), with a spear.' A ram-headed god also attends in the bark of the sun, on the 
 twelfth hour.* In those scenes which represent the bark of Nouf-ra navigating the heaven, 
 this god is generally called AF,^ — substance, matter, &c. ; but from the employment of the ram 
 in hieroglyphics, to signify soul or spirit,^ he apparently represented the solar spirit. His celes- 
 tial abode was fabricated by the great goddess Nebouaou.'' 3dly. He was the creator both of 
 the o-ods and mankind, whom he was represented fabricating on a potter's wheel or furnace — 
 a coincidence with the creation of man out of clay so remarkable, that it is extraordinary it 
 should have escajjed notice. In the chamber at Philse, constructed under the Ptolemies, he 
 constructs the form of Osiris ; the hieroglyphical inscriptions stating that " Nouf, fabricating on. 
 his furnace or wheel, builds the divine limbs of Osiris resident in the chief hall of life."'^ At the 
 same place he is called " Noum-ra, lord of Senem ; constructor of the mothers engenderers of 
 the gods ; great son (?) of his mother, setting up his furnace above, commanding for ever."3 He 
 was also represented holding the king and the deity Har-sont-to on a potter's wheel, or table, 
 the inscriptions stating him to be the great god, making (like a potter) the son of his race 
 with good breath in his mouth.^" In another inscription he is called, besides his titles as the 
 
 water, " the lord of ... . resident in primeval lands ; the potter father of the fathers 
 
 of the gods, period of periods of years, w'ho has planted them (?) making the heaven, M'orld, 
 zone of the stars, streams, and hills."" He was also styled " Fabricator of fabricators, and creator 
 of all mankind. "'= 4thly. The last titles ally him with Osiris as the spirit, the lord of Tattou," 
 or Bai neb tattou ; and the spirit of the region of Souten rot, or of the sons of the king.*^ His 
 local titles were according to the places where he was found : Resident in Nubia,i* resi- 
 dent in the centre,'^ or lord'' of Elepliantina,''* lord of Snem,''' of the lands of Hak,-" Koi,"' 
 Hasor,^- Esnah,-' and Shasopth.*^^ He was also called " the great god," and the frog. (?) 
 
 Fig. 1 1 represents Nouf standing. The circular ornament on the toji of his cap is the 
 disk of the sun ; the ornaments at the side of the central conical cap are two ostrich feathers, 
 emldems of truth ; the right one is fractured : beyond them are two uraei with disks, emblems 
 of solar agency, and perhaps of the goddesses Sate and Anucis. In front is another urseus, 
 crowned with a disk and liorns ; the object held in his right hand resembles a cornucopia, or 
 emblem of abundance ; and his left pendent hand has held an emblem of life, now wanting. 
 
 ' Rosel. M. da C. xxxix. ' Ibid. xli. 
 ' Ibid, xliii. 
 
 * Ibid.xliv. 
 
 ■'• Cf. Coilin of Amyrtaus, liril. Mus. 
 ' Tims c-.dled tlic living spirit over the 
 gods. Champ. Panth. Kg. 2, greater. 
 ' Champ. Gr. Kg. p. S'iS. 
 
 • Rosel. .M. da C. xxii. Antic|. of Kg. 
 
 Published by Tract Soc. Ili41, p. 
 109 : translated by the author of 
 that work. 
 
 » Rosel. M. daC.l. 
 '" Champ, torn. i. pi. Ixxvi. 1. 
 " Rosel. M. da C. xlviii. 
 I- Ibid. .M. R. clxix. Cf. also ibid. 
 
 M. da C. xlix. 
 " Ant. Egypt. Tract Soc. p. 109. 
 "Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 114. 
 '=■ Ibid. 
 "• Rosel. M. da C. xxxii. 1. Lord 
 
 Prudhoe's obelisk. 
 " Rosel. M. da C. ii. 
 
 '« Coffin of Q. of Amasis. Eg. Sal. 
 
 Brit. Mus. 33. 
 " Champ. Gr. Kg. p. 438. 
 -« Rosel. M. da C. xliv. 
 '■" That is, of the lands of the fields. 
 
 Wilk. Man. & Cust. Ser. II. pi. xxi. 
 " Ros.l. M.da C. xlviii. 
 2^ Champ. Gr. Kg. p. 439. Perhaps error 
 
 for Senem ; but Esnah was sacred 
 
 to him. Champ. Panth. Eg. Nev. 
 " Wilk. Man. & Cust. Ser. II. pi. xxi. 
 
flAJf_ 5, 
 
 Vi6.\2. 
 
 mnr.m 
 
 jlUl^ 
 
 fcll/ 
 
 TT 
 
 Ki/.ci-'i. i >^Aiiii , 
 
 7^ 
 
 9 
 
 rtUlNI nrvATION 
 
 SIDE ELEVATION. 
 
 SIDE or PLDCSFAL 
 
 F ^rtijtdalf, oid-^ 
 
 ATI 
 
 UraviH the liUl .iv 
 
 ImIL . 
 
SATE. 
 
 11 
 
 It probably represents liim as the infernal character of the spirit, the lord of Tattou, and is 
 of coarse execution. It was purcliased at Mr. Burton's sale in 1836 (lot 235). From Thebes. 
 Fig. 14 is a small figure of Nouf, without attributes, of porcelain. Purchased at Mr. 
 Salt's sale (lot 458), From Thebes. 
 
 SATE. 
 
 This goddess is the constant companion of Noum in the decorations of the temjdes ; and 
 as Amoun, Maut, and Khons, composed the triad of Thebes, Noum, Sate, and Anucis,' formed 
 that of the Cataracts and Ethiopia. Her influence was celestial, and her name ordinarily 
 written by an arrow piercing a skin ; the same as the word Sate or Sote, arrow, and sunbeam. 
 The deity who corresponded to her was Soaven or Seben, who represented the lower, as she 
 did the upper hemisphere ; and the two seem higher modifications of Isis and Nephthys. 
 Since Noum represented the sun. Sate j5erliaps indicated the rays emanating from that lumi- 
 nary. Her type is almost constantly that of an Egyptian female, bearing on her head the 
 ouabsh, or white crown, emblem of the upper hemisphere, flanked by two horns, symbols of 
 purity." In one instance she wears the whole crown called pschent ; and in another, the teshr, 
 or crown of the lower region ; and holds the emblem of panegyrics and notched palm-branch 
 of time placed on a disk ; and, like one of the Eily thyias, or rather Fates, " suspends the years 
 of the son of Osiris"' (Horus). Her titles are, " Daughter of the sun, mistress of the heaven, 
 regent of the world,"* regent of all the gods,^ the great goddess, regent of Snem, the great 
 directress, elevating (?) her head (?), daughter of the sun, regent of the gods,^ mistress of 
 Elephantina,^ of Eianho.'' She was called by the Greeks, Juno.9 
 
 The bronze, ^^r. 12, represents the goddess seated; on her head is the conical white crown, 
 or ouabsh, having at its sides two horns of a cow. It is surmounted by an object, apparently 
 a disk. Her left hand has held a lotus sceptre, which all goddesses bear ; and in her right has 
 been a symbol of life. A long dress clothes her form, and round her neck is a rich tippet or 
 collar. On the exposed face of the pedestal has been an inscription, unfortunately much mu- 
 tilated, containing the expression, " Giver of life," the title of the goddess, and "■ Fsamctik," the 
 name of the proprietor or dedicator of the bronze. From the name of this person being the 
 same as that of the monarchs of the XXVIth dynasty, this bronze was executed about 
 600 A.c. It was purchased at Mr. Salt's sale in 1835 (lot 104), and found in an excavation 
 at Thebes. 
 
 ' According to inscription cited hy Rup- 
 pel, these goddesses were Juno and 
 Vesta ; they were probably the same 
 as Isis and Nephthys. 
 
 ' In hieroglyphics, a horn was the de. 
 termination of the phonetic group ; 
 Ouab-pure. 
 
 * Rosel. M. da C. No. xii. 
 
 * At Kalabsche MS. of IMr. Bonomi. 
 
 5 Small temple, Aboosimbel MS. of 
 
 Mr. Bonomi. 
 « Rosel. M. da C. 
 
 ' Champ. Mon. t. i. pi. sxxix. 1, 2. 
 ' Coffin, Brit. iNIus. 4. Col. How. Vyse's 
 
 Journal, vol. ii. App. 
 
 ' Inscript. of Sehh^le. Rech. pour 
 servir d I'Histoire de TEgypte. par 
 M. Letronne, pp. 3-11.480. Ch. Pant. 
 Eg. Sate, 7, who has confounded 
 her there with the goildess Mei or 
 Thmei. 
 
NEITH. 
 
 The g-oddess who wears the crown of the lower hemisphere, which in the paintings was 
 coloured red, and in the hieroglyphical inscriptions was called the teshr, or red cap, was 
 accompanied by a legend, reading NT or NTH — the root of the word Nat, or Neith. Her 
 name, too, is often expressed hy a shuttle, determining the phonetic signs as " shuttle, weaver." 
 By the Greeks she was paralleled to Minerva,' and was the supposed inventress of the loom, 
 the arts, and sciences. Her flesh was coloured green,^ to indicate that she belonged to the 
 invisible state, and that she presided over the nether world. From her titles it would 
 appear that she was only a secondary manifestation of Maut, and in tliis capacity she frequently 
 accompanied the god Harsaphes. Tliere was also a goddess called, in the hieroglyphics, the 
 female Araoun, or Amoun-ti,* who appeared to be a type of Neith ; and in this character she 
 was ram-headed. Neith was also represented under the attributes of the goddess Athor, or 
 the West;'' and with the shuttle on her head.^ Besides the lotus sceptre, she also 
 occasionally held a bow and arrows, to indicate M'arlike powers.' Her principal worship was 
 at Sais during the last native dynasty, although honours were paid her in the Thebaid. She 
 was the mother of the god Re, or Sun, and is thus styled : " Neith, the great mother, engenderer of 
 the SUV, her first-born ;"^ and " the cow engendering the sun."^ Her constant appellation is the 
 mother goddess.'" On the Borghese torso she nourishes with her milk two crocodiles, perhaps 
 representing Horus and Pasht. Considered in lier twofold capacity, she is entitled " Neith in 
 the vpper world, the great mother ; in the lower irorld, mistress of Sais;"'^ and as the 
 mother goddesses " . . in the Mammisi " (mash-shini), or abode of accouchement.'" Considered 
 as Amoun, she was entitled "The great chief resident in Thebes." ^^ Her fullest titles are in the 
 worship of Caracalla at Esnah. The monarch is represented reaping in her presence, and 
 the hieroglyphical legends state that " he reaps the corn manifested in the fields of the sun." 
 The titles of Neith are " Neith the established great chief, mistress of the country of the upper 
 region ; the great cow, engenderer of the sun . ... of the gods, mother of the sun, moving 
 Athom (?).... the tribunal of the region of the abode of maternity ; regent of the region of 
 the abode of paternity .^"^ The present bronze, _/?</. 15, represents the goddess seated, having on 
 her head the crown of the lower hemisphere, whose lituus-shaped object is broken off. The 
 emblems in her hand, a lotus sceptre and symbol of life, are also wanting. At the side 
 of the crown are perforations to attach some ornament, at the sides of the throne upon which 
 she is seated are "decorations of feathers, and the symbols" (support of the upper and lower 
 worlds), and a])parcntly a subject at the back much effaced. TIic workmanship is good, 
 but not very large. It was purchased at Mr. Salt's sale (lot 260), and came from Thebes. 
 
 ' Peyron, Le.f. Copt. 
 
 ' Plato ill Tim. p. 1043. Ed. Franc. 
 
 VVilk. .Man. & Cust. Ser. II. vol. i. 
 
 pp. 282-3. 
 ' Champ. Pantl). Eg. Neitli> 
 Mbid. RoseL M.daC. cli. 
 '' Wilk. Man. 6c Cust. Ser. 1 1, pi. xxriii. 
 « Ihid. 
 
 ' Ibid. Also vol. i.p. 285. 
 » Cliamii. Panth. Eg. p. 23. 
 
 ' Champ. I'aiiili. Eg. p. 23 E. 
 
 '» Cf. VVilk. Man. & Cust. Sor. II. pi. 
 xxviii. Nos. vi. & iii. Rost-l. M. da 
 C. XX. &c xxi. 
 
 " Slirine-bearing jiriest. Eg. Sal. Brit- 
 ish Museum. 
 
 " Uosel. M. daC. XX. " Ibid. cli. 
 
 ^* This mystic inscription, which is of 
 the Human jieriod, is written in a 
 peculiar and unusual manner j and if 
 
 a snake and arm are Ka,acrocodilethe 
 aSix N, much of it is to the author 
 uiideciiiherable. — Uosel. M. R. No. 
 cl.xix. Considered as the cow engen- 
 dering the sun, cf. ceiling of the 
 RhaaieseioD, and the sun born from 
 the cow, or constellation Taurus. 
 Burton, Ex. Mier.pl. Ivii. Roy. Soc. 
 of Lit. Trans, vol. iii. p. 489 : Paper 
 bv tliu Rev. R. Toinliusou. 
 
plate: 6. 
 
 F'?, 13 
 
 Fig 15. 
 
 1 OTCflc 
 
 In Bronzf,. ffuH size ) 
 
 [P 'S T^/^ EI (S^ne. fuUsize.) 
 
 rjnouiaU, ^^i' 
 
PHTAH, OR PTAH. 
 
 This god, whose name is occasionally mentioned by the Greeks, and then always as 
 Phtha, was tlie principal deity and protector of the ancient city of Memphis. His name 
 is alone in hieroglyphics, and the meaning of it cannot, consequently, be discovered. By 
 the Greeks he was paralleled to Hephaistos or Vulcan, and considered as the artisan who 
 did all things with truth, and by whom the mundane and other gods were created ; and, 
 like Nouf or Noum, he was a creator, although of another class. There are two types of 
 Phtah which may be considered as his essential form, the others allying him with gods 
 whose general functions were very different : the first represented him as a mummy, his 
 head shorn and in a close skull-cap, the body tightly enveloped in bandages, the hands 
 alone emerging from the garments, and holding the sceptre called gom, emblem of power, 
 sometimes united with the emblem of stability, commonly called the Nilometer ; and another 
 with his limbs at liberty, and his head wearing the horns of a goat, supporting a solar 
 disk and two tall plumes, in which, like Harsapbes, he was stated to rejoice. The latter 
 type, however, connects hiui with Osiris, or Sarapis, and that of Phtah Sochari. 
 
 In his first type his limbs are occasionally detached, and the legends which accompany 
 what may be termed, for distinction, this peculiar type of the god, read with considerable 
 uniformity, " Phtah, lord of the two worlds,' lord of the heaven, king of the two worlds 
 of gracious countenance, the superintendent of the great abode, great god, living lord of 
 the heaven moving . . . (the world ?),- lord of the living world."' Another of the titles of his first 
 type, and the one most commonly repeated, is, " Lord of truth,"'^ and accounts for the pedestal 
 on which he stands being of the shape of an Egyptian cubit, metaphorically used as the 
 hieroglyphic for truth. He was also styled, " He who is the southern wall,"^ in allusion 
 to his being the eponymous deity of Memphis, which was probably regarded as the rampart 
 of the south. The actions in which he is employed are generally simple : he stands on a 
 highly decorated shrine*' receiving the offierings of his adorers, and hence called the super- 
 intendent of bis great abode ; and the two most important represent him — first, sketching out 
 the figure of the youthful god Har-sont-to,' as if meditating on the design of the creation 
 of the sun, which appeared in the first hour as the youthful Har-sont-to. In his second 
 character, which is called Phtah Totonen, he is represented at Philee, holding* on a potter's 
 wheel an egg, which recalls the tradition of lamblicus relative to Phtah being produced 
 
 ' Champ. Mon. torn. i. pi. cxvi. or of the 
 upper and lower world. Cf. Wilkin- 
 son, Man. & Cust. Ser. II. pi. xxiii. 1. 
 
 ' Rosel. M. da C. xxxii. 
 
 ^ Rosel. M. da. C. xxxiii. 
 
 ' Champ. JMon. torn. i. pi. i. 4. Williin- 
 
 son, Man. £i Cust. Ser. II. pi. xxiii. 
 
 6. 1. 
 
 5 Champ. Panth. Eg. Phtah. 
 
 " Piosel. M. da C. xxxii. 
 
 ' Wilkinson, Man. & Cust. Ser. II. 
 
 s^ Rosel. M. da C. No. xxxi. 
 
14 
 
 PHTAH, OR PTAH. 
 
 from the egg vomited by Knepli from his mouth : the hieroglyphical inscription to this 
 scene announces that " Phtah Totonen, the father of beginnings, is setting in motion the 
 egg of the sun and moon, director of the gods of the upper world." From this it would 
 appear that Phtah, although a creator, shared the power with Noum : the one generating 
 from the watery slime, or clay, the race of the gods, the prototypes of mankind ; the other, 
 from the same chaotic element, producing the two great lights which ruled the night and 
 day. 
 
 There is at the Memnonium a representation of Ramses III. offering to the god Phtah in 
 all his names. This reunion of his titles calls him : The great abime of the heaven, the southern 
 rampart, of the living world, in his great tribunal, resident in the abode of Phtah, in the 
 abode of Phtah-ka, resident in the white wall (acropolis of Memphis), resident in ramparts, 
 resident in the great hall, establisher of truth, resident in Rosatton, under his tamarisk, in 
 the abode of the gods, in the tribunal of Tattou, in the abode of Pasht, in Dendera, 
 engendering the abodes of the west, father of truth, establisher of truth, manifested with 
 truth, over the hills, over the heaven (?) the seat of the sun, of Osiris, in the fields of the 
 sun, with the two truths, Socharis, lord of the tombs.^ 
 
 The type of Phtah so closely allied him with Khons, that it has been supposed the deity 
 at first a monade," produced a female principle ; from the union of which with himself sprung 
 a third, a male ; which became the head of another triad, and, after passing through a circle 
 of these manifestations, was finally united to himself: but Phtah bears no distinct relation 
 with either the sun or moon, and ajjpears generally as an infernal deity, and in his supreme 
 worshijj restricted to Memphis. His worship was of the highest antiquity, his name appearing 
 on monuments coeval with the Pyramids themselves ;' and the most illustrious of monarchs, 
 even of the Theban line, decorating the magnificent temple of the god at Memphis.* 
 
 The present statue. Jig. 13, represents the god in his proper type, his body enveloped 
 in a close garment open at the top, like a shirt ; his head is in a skull-cap, and both 
 hands hold a gom, or koucoupha sceptre. He stands upon a cubit, emblem of truth, over 
 which he presides, and the face of the cubit is graduated.^ It is of a kind of brown steatite, 
 or pot stone, and appears to have been burnt. From its execution it does not seem 
 to be very early, probably about the Ptolemaic era. It was purchased with the Anastasi 
 Collection in 1839. Several figures of Phtah, in bronze, porcelain, and wood, exist in the 
 collection of the British Museum. 
 
 ' Burton, Excerp. Ilier. jjl. Ivi. 
 
 ' Cliamj). Lettrcs. 
 
 ' ."Vrcliaiol. 
 
 « Cbaiiip. Panth. Eg. I'litali 7. 
 
 Supposed by M. CLampoUion, Mus. 
 Charles X. to indicate the Nilometer 
 graduated, and to be emblem of the 
 inundation. 
 
P . ' ' I 7 
 
 
 ..u>^-*( 
 
 «Si»>^v 
 
 
 
 rP' 
 
 \4 Si I.- J 
 
 
 
 \, 
 
 1 
 
 '^>\ i ^-3 
 
 p ffi] If a :xi 
 
PHTAII (PIITHA SOCHARIS OSIRIS). 
 
 Besides the form of Plitah described in pp. 13, 14, another is commonly found in the tombs 
 at Memphis, and is evidently the representation of the deity especially honoured there. 
 Coinciding with the description of Herodotus,* he appears as a dwarf, or rather child, or foetus, 
 and has been considered by M. Champollion- to be the god Phtali denuded of his bandages. 
 The hieroglyphics which accompany this type in the funeral rituals read " Plitah Sochari 
 Osiris." The second appellation has been supposed to confer the name of Sakkarah' on the 
 plain which was the great cemetery of the ancient Memphis. The relation of the deformed and 
 bandy-legged Phtah with Vulcan, whose limbs were fractured in his fall from Heaven to 
 Lemnos, is supposed by M. Champollion to be the graft of an Egyptian myth. Tiie agency of 
 Phtah is not, however, through fire ; and this type appears ratlier a sepulchral one, replacing 
 that of Osiris pethempamentes, or " he who resides in the Amenti," or hell. The title of Phtah 
 Sochari Osiris is almost unvaried: " he luho is over the tombs" " he tvho is in the centre of the 
 catacombs."* But fuller epithets sometimes occur, as " Osiris, Socliaris, great god, lord of the 
 pure place — the Abaton (or sanctuary), lord of Menlah (or tlie cataracts), king in tlie heaven, 
 ruler in the world, great director in the tombs." ^ 
 
 Fig. 18, which was purchased in 1834 of a dealer, is of most beautiful execution, and 
 represents this deity standing with bowed legs and pendent hands ; tlie head, which is executed 
 with the good taste and finish which characterised the best period of Egyptian art, has been 
 joined at the neck from another figure. 
 
 Fig. 17 represents the god in his twofold capacity of Phtah and Socharis, in his human type; 
 he has two snakes issuing from his mouth, and holds in eacli hand a feather, as the artisan who 
 does all things with truth. The other figure is hawk-headed, wliich connects him with the Ra 
 of the Amenti, or future state, and Osiris ruling, the destinies of the souls which have aban- 
 doned the body, and tlieir distribution in the thirty-two upper regions, the especial president 
 of the tombs.^ In this capacity he is generally depicted hawk-headed, having on his head the 
 otf, or cap of Osiris, holding tlie koucoupha sceptre, whip, and crook. In one instance he holds 
 upon a basket the crowns of Upper and Lower Egypt.' On the liead of the present object is 
 a scarabseus, emblem of this god, and which has been supposed to connect liim witli To or Tore 
 — a solar god ; but this insect was the emblem of the terrestrial world, of Osiris, of the human 
 heart, and used for the letter T only of the hieroglyphical group Tor — to fix, plant, &c. He 
 stands upon two crocodiles," emblems of Typlion and the wicked, whom, like Horus, he has 
 subdued. It was purchased in 1836 at Mr. Burton's sale (lot 28), and came from Memphis. 
 
 Fig. 16 represents the god under similar attributes, standing upon two crocodiles. Perched 
 upon his shoulders are two hawks, which, from a comparison with^^r. 19, indicate his dominion 
 over the upper and lower hemisphere. He is supported at the sides by Isis and IS^ephthys, 
 
 ' Lib. iii. s. 37. 
 
 ' Panth. Eg. 8. The proportions, how- 
 ever, hardly fioincide. In No. 2 he 
 has engraved a similar figure. 
 
 ' By Mr. Salt. 
 
 * .Sarcophagus and inscription, passim. 
 5 Cliamp. Mon. T. pi. Ix. 
 « Ibid. Panth. Eg. p. 10. 
 ■> Ibid. 
 
 ^ For similar figures, some ithyphallic, 
 cf. Champ. Panth. Eg. pi. viii. 2, 4, 
 5, C, who considers Pok-rat, weak- 
 footed. 
 
16 
 
 PASHT (BUBASTES). 
 
 the mother and the sister goddess, the usual companions of Osiris ; and the goddess Pasht, 
 bearing on her head the soLar disk, and with long wings pendent from her arms, considered as 
 Merephtah, or the (goddess) loving Phtah, aids him behind. It came from Mr. Salt's sale 
 in 1835 (lot 733). 
 
 Fig. 19 represents the same god; he wears the otf upon his head and a collar round his 
 neck, and the hawks on the shoulders wear the crown of the upper and lower worlds: the 
 goddess Pasht Merephtah in this scene is lioness-headed ; the scarabseus on his head too is 
 'neutral. There are several of these combinations in the collection. It came from Mr. Salt's 
 sale in 183.5 (lot 879). 
 
 PASHT (BUBASTES). 
 
 The ordinary companion of the god Phtah in the different scenes is the lioness-headed 
 deity, who bears the name of Pasht, the ajjparent equivalent of the Greek Bubastes.^ She is 
 jn relation with the sun, indicated by the disk of the sun jjlaced on her head, entwined by an 
 urseus ; but lier names and titles are various. The lion was an animal sacred to solar deities, 
 probably from its name moui- being also the word for splendour or brilliancy in hieroglyphics. 
 ,Thc characters of Pasht will be considered in detail, under their particular types. She was 
 the companion of Phtah, and is styled Merephtah ; i. e. " attached to Phtah," mistress of 
 the heaven and regent of the world. ^ On the statues of this goddess seated at the British 
 Museum, which probably formed a colonnade, each representing her in a different character, 
 she is called Mistress of all the goddesses (No. 88), shooter of hearts (No. 16), mistress of the 
 land of Sahour, smiter of the Libyans {No. 57). But as the attributes of this goddess are 
 the same as those of Tafne, the daughter of the sun, the sister of Meui, who jointly represented 
 the constellation Gemini of the Egyptian zodiac,* she is probably the same. The ordinary 
 titles of Tafne are. Daughter of the sun,* resident in the heart of Abaton (sanctuary), 
 mistress of the heaven, and regent of the gods.^ 
 
 . The present statue, y?//. 20, wliich is of the dark stone intermediate between basalt and gra- 
 nite, in which all these are executed, liears the name and titles of Sheshonk I.,'^ the Sesonchis, 
 Sesonchois, Sesac, or Shisliak, the first king of the XXIId dynasty, a.c. 972, who carried 
 his victorious arms into Palestine and pillaged Jerusalem. The inscrijjtion means, " the 
 gracious god, lord of the world, tlie sun ruling the upper world, the approved of the sun, 
 son of the sun, lord of diadems, Sheslionk Ijeloved of Amoun." Its style is very different 
 from those executed under Amenoph III. in the same collection: the cheeks are more hollow, 
 tlic pcilisli ;m(l (lct;iil more elaborate, the limbs more lissom and less strongly developed ; the 
 whole of a style of art less pure and grand than that of the XVIIIth dynasty. It is nearly 
 perfect ; the right arm is fractured, and the disk on the head is formed of a separate piece, 
 morticed to tlie cut, which is cut out of a solid l)lock. It was purchased in 1821, with a large 
 collection, from Mr. Salt. 
 
 ' Champ. Panth. Kg. called lier in the 
 
 first instance Pasht. 
 = Ch. Gr. Eg. p. 73, 377. 
 
 ' Rosel. M. da C. xxxii. Cf. ibid. xiii. 
 
 lii. 
 * Champ. Mu8. Chnrles X. 
 
 ' Champ, Mon. torn. i. pi. li. 3 ; liii. 
 
 « Ibid. pi. liii. 
 
 ' Uosi'l. Mon. Stor. torn. ii. pt. 1. p. 79. 
 
Fig, 20 
 
 PLATE a 
 
 FRONT ELtVATION 
 
 jr 
 
 ■« aj,iJl l ll^ ^ 
 
 o" 
 
 m 
 
 o 
 
 
 TO 
 
 B^ Si 
 
 INSCflrPTION ON 
 
 THE SEAT 
 
 
 A 
 
 W 
 
 ..CS^ttJii^-^tt.' 
 
 JA'/s 
 
 S I D L E LG VATI O N , 
 
 t'.Af'Uuiiilf , d/'^'' 
 
 mm IB A g T [I 
 
PASHT (BUBASTES). 
 
 17 
 
 Fig. 21 is a small statue in a stone, wliicli has been burnt, at present of a reddish hue on 
 the exterior. It represents Pasht seated upon a tlirone based upon four captives ; tlie heads 
 of two, one Asiatic the other African, and the feet of another, appear in front. On her 
 head is a hole, into which the pin of the part holding the disk or j)lumes has been inserted. 
 Her hands hold no emblems. This representation is cpiite in accordance with the spirit 
 of representing the vanquished lying under the feet of the monarcli,' tlie white and black 
 races bound hand and foot under the sandals of mummies," or thrown in this condition into 
 the regions of the reprobate in the Amenti.' Among the principal Asiatics thus placed may 
 be the Polosto or Philistines, the Sharo or Syrians ; and among the Nuliian tribes, Phut or 
 Libya, Koush or Ethiopia, and Nub or Nubia. The present probably re})resents Pasht, who 
 was the Diana of the Egyptians, considered as theOerihek* or The great avenger: smiter of the 
 Libyans, the shooter of hearts,^ and chastlser of the impure. Her titles as the Oerihek were. 
 The chief of victories with her benefits, (?) the force of the gods, the great astonisher of all man- 
 kind,^ and The viistress of 31etnphis,' identifying her with Pasht. It belonged to Mr. Salts 
 collection," and came from Thebes. 
 
 Fig. 22 is a small figure, representing Pasht standing in her solar character. On her head 
 is the disk of the sun : her arms are pendent by her side. The inscription behind, on the 
 plinth supporting the back, announces The speech of Pasht the great Merejihtah (attached to 
 Phtah) ; she gives all life and power, all victory, all greatness of heart. In tliis inscription her 
 name is represented by a sistrum, in Egyptian Sshash, and with the article Sliasht. It is thus 
 she appears, and is called Dakke Sshast, the great mistress of the Menlak (Philaj), the ruler, the 
 viistress of Senem. (?)9 The urseus of the disk, which is wanting, has been of some other 
 material. This figure is of excellent work, and formed j5art of the Anastasi Collection. 
 
 Fig. 23, which is of green porcelain, re^iresents her without any head attire, seated upon a 
 throne whose sides are decorated with winged ursei. She holds in one hand a lotus sceptre, 
 and in the other a sistrum, in the present figure broken off close to the handle, which is 
 in shape of the head of Athor. On the back of the thrones of similar figures the word life 
 is often written. It came from Mr. Salt's collection, and is from Thebes. 
 
 Fig. 24 represents her with tall plumes like those of Amoun and Phtah-Totonen, and the 
 disk and horns. She is rarely represented under these attributes, and then called by the same 
 name as the region over which Anucis is mistress. i° Her titles are. Regent of goddesses, mistress 
 
 of salutations and attachments, encharged with the place of accouchement the eldest born 
 
 of her mother .... approving her child.^^ From Mr. Sams' collection. 
 
 Fig. 25 is a small sheet, or shrine, in which she stands, having on her head an uraius, under 
 
 ' Cf. Sculp, at Beit Oually, and Rosel. 
 M. R. x\iv. 
 
 ' Coffin ofHarsontiotf, Brit. JIus. Case Q. 
 
 ' Papyrus, Salt, Brit. Mus. 825. 
 
 * Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 12.1. Wilk. Man. 
 & Cust. Ser. II. vol. ii. p. 39, reads 
 Hak, Hekte, c-r Hecate : (?) but the 
 first word is Oer, greol ; the second, 
 Hok, to torment. This Hok is replaced 
 
 by the hinder part of a carniverous ani- 
 mal (cf. Wilk. Ser. II. pi. xliii. A. ; 
 and Burton, Excerp. Hier. pi. xxvi. 
 Deudera), the determinative of trou- 
 ble; and found after the words A^ii, 
 to disturb, and tenUm, to revolt, &c. 
 
 ' Vide p. 16. 
 
 ^ Burton, Kxcerp. Hier. jd. xxvi. — ap- 
 parently copied inaccurately. 
 
 ' Borghese Torso, and Cippus of Horus. 
 
 Wilk. Man. & Cust. Ser. II. pi. 
 
 xliii. A. * Sale, lot 337 . 
 
 ' Champ. Mon. t. i. pi. Iv. ; the name of 
 
 the region, perhaps Senem, is copied 
 
 inaccurately. 
 '" Champ. Panth. Eg. Tphe erroneously. 
 
 Akhom of Hose), t. iii. pt. 1, 211, '212. 
 " Rosel. ftl. da C. liii. 
 
18 
 
 PASHT (BUBASTES). 
 
 which type she is called Menhi,i ^i^g great mistress of Phent-to.= Fig. 26 is an aegis of Pasht- 
 Tafne, of liliiish-green porcelain. Fig. 27, a similar one of Pasht-Menhi in profile.^ 
 
 Fig. 28 is a small figure of Pasht-Tafne, in bluish-green porcelain : it is well executed, and 
 exliibits the peculiarity of the back plinth terminating half-way up. On it is inscribed the 
 name of " Paslit " and some of her titles, perhaps Merephtah ; but the glazing having run 
 renders them too indistinct to be made out. From Mr. Sams' collection. 
 
 Fig. 29 is a colossal statue* in dark granite, the best preserved of seven similar in the 
 Museum. It represents the goddess standing, holding in her left hand a lotus sceptre, and in 
 her right a symbol of life. Tlie inscription attached to these statues was placed on the 
 upper surface of the pedestal before the feet;^ and these colossi formed caryatides to a triple 
 colonnade before the temple of the goddess Maut at Karnak.*" They are of the age of 
 Amenopli III. (a.c. 1692-61), and of a grander, purer style, than that of Sheshonk pre- 
 viously described. The cheeks and limbs are fuller, better proportioned, less elaborate in 
 the details, but more imposing in the general effect." 
 
 Fig. 30 is a small porcelain figure of green colour, exhiljiting the goddess standing and 
 wearing the pschent : a form rarel)% if ever, met viith on the monuments, and perhaps allying 
 Pasht with Maut, the great mother." 
 
 Fig. 31 represents the goddess seated, her liml)S enveloped in a close garment, which 
 conceals them entirely. There is no emblem upon her head. It was under this type that 
 Pasht is called in tlie inscriptions Oeriheks or "the great avenger," and Menlii.'" Some of 
 the inferior deities of the Sbehetli, or guardians of the pylones of the Amenti, are represented 
 thus clothed and seated, holding a sword in their hands with which to decapitate the impure. 
 The second of these gates, entitled " the second gate — of the mistress of the heaven and regent of 
 the world" ^^ belonged to the lioness-headed deity. These titles, however, are too general to 
 decide upon the particular goddess intended. The present figure is exceedingly well executed, 
 and came from a small but choice collection made by Dr. Hogg. All these lesser objects 
 formed parts of necklaces or beaded work. 
 
 Fig. 32 represents Pasht cat-headed, a type unusual at the period of the Pharaohs. Her 
 garment too is in banded stripes, probably intended to represent embroidery and diversity of 
 colour. Her left hand holds an a^gis, that is, a small shield-like oliject, on which are sculptured 
 her head and tippet. Her right hand has held a sceptre. This statue, whicli is of coarse work, 
 is of the Roman period, .and is from the Payne Knight Collection. Among the Egyptians the 
 eat was an animal sacred to the Sun and Bubastis; and in the Ritual the cat of the sun lays hold 
 of the reptile or apoph,*" while certain inscriptions mention " the cat devouring the abominable 
 rat"^^ apparently alluding to the antagonist principles of the sun and night — of good and evil. 
 
 ' C'liiimp. Gr. E(,'. p. 123. 
 
 MVilk. Man. & Cust. Ser. II. |il. li. 
 
 pt. 3. 
 ' Purchased of denlers. 
 * 'I'liisis fngriived in Lib. of Ent. Know. 
 
 Jiiit. JIus. Egypt. Antiq. 8vo. Loud. 
 
 1836, p. 39. 
 'Tliere are the feut of a uimilar statue 
 
 with a plinth and inscription in the 
 
 Museum. 
 ' D6sc. de I'Eg. torn. iii. p. 48. Le- 
 
 normant, Mus. des Ant. Eg. pi. six. 
 
 No. .'■>. 
 ' This statue formod part of the first 
 
 collection purchased of Mr. Salt, 
 
 1821. Eg. Sal. No. 80. 
 
 ■'' Purchased of a private dealer, 1837. 
 » Champ. Ur. Eg. p. 124. 
 '» Ibid. p. 123. 
 " Pap. Burton, No. 28.5. 
 " Ritual published by Cadet and Von 
 
 Hammer. 
 "Sides of tomb, time ofApries. Brit. 
 Mus. Anastasi Collection. 
 

 MIJ&HU'^ JiiiZj 
 
 
 i 
 
PLUTC 10 
 
 Fid 29 
 
 Rg31 
 
 Fig, 30. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 .t^ 
 
 TorcelauL- (fuUsir.ff 
 
 Fig 32. 
 
 Dcurh (rntJuZx. 
 
 
 r AnauiaU dei^ 
 
 ^M[Bi\gT[l.g 
 
ATIIOU, OR ATHYR. 
 
 19 
 
 This will be treated of more particularly in the account of these einl)alme(l animals and their 
 small figures than at present, where it is sufficient to mention the fact ; for, though tlie cat was 
 considered by the Greeks sacred to the moon,i and Bubastis, the Diana* of the Egy])tians, it 
 must be borne in mind that the hieroglyphics themselves ally Bubastis and her tyi)es with tlie 
 sun, and call the cat — the cat of that luminary. 
 
 Fig. 33 is Pasht in her human form, a very rare manner of representing her. She wears a 
 garment to the ancles, her hair falling in locks from the centre of her head, and a collar round 
 her neck. In her right hand is part of a lion-headed aegis (the liead of the animal is now 
 broken off); and round her arm, suspended by a cord, is a basket, or vase, like the eymbium 
 held in the hands of the statues of Isis^ of the Roman period. Her left hand has held a sistrum,* 
 and down the back are the remains of an inscription, commencing " Pasht (?) the giver of life . ." 
 the rest illegible. This alone shews it to be of a late period, it not being usual during the best 
 epoch of Egyptian art to deface statues by cutting inscriptions on them. It belongs to the 
 P. Knight Collection. Several small porcelain figures give Bubastis with a like name, and 
 this vase is the determinative of oily liquids, as goeit, oil ;^ hik, unguents;'' molh, wax :^ the 
 particular name intended is, therefore, doubtful. In this capacity she is entitled The great 
 mistress of the f elds ;^ the great mistress of Bubastis, (?)5 in the abode of Bubastis. (?)'" 
 
 ATHOR, OR ATHYR. 
 
 The Venus of the Egyptians was called by that people Athor, Hathor, or Athyr," and her 
 name implied the abode of Horus;'- of whom, under the character of Ohi-oer, or the Great 
 assistant, and Har-sont-to, " Horus the support of the upper and lower world," and Kiemautf,'^ 
 she was the mother. Attempts have been made to resolve her name into Egorh, " night or 
 obscurity;"'* but her Egyptian appellation and titles do not support the conjecture. The 
 worship of Athor was allied with several deities, Har-Hat or Horus of Edfon (Apollinopolis 
 magna); Sabak-ra, or the lord of Ombos ; Phtah Sochari Osiris of Memphis ;'■' and Maut. 
 It was at least contemporaneous with the XVIIIth dynasty, and perhaps earlier. A speos was 
 dedicated to her and Chnoumis at Beit Dually, small temples at Philse, Ombos, Contra Lato, 
 and west of the Memnonium ; but the principal edifice constructed in her honour was at Den- 
 dera (Tentyris)"' under the Ptolemies and Romans. It is difficult at an early period to separate 
 Athor from Isis, of whom she must be considered a higher manifestation, both equally 
 appearing as females wearing disks and horns : but at a later epoch, Athor was sometimes 
 
 ' Plut. (le Isid. et Osirid. 
 
 = Her. II. s. 138. 
 
 ^ Amonj^ other examples may be cited, 
 
 Lib. Ent. Know. Townl. Gall. R. vi. 
 
 No. 43. vol. i. p. 217. Cf. Apu- 
 
 leius. Metamorpbos. lib. xi. 
 * Cf. Cat-beaded Bubastis, Wilk. Man. 
 
 & Cust. Ser. II. pi. XXXV. A 2. 
 
 = Wilk. Man. & Cust. Ser. II. pi. Ixxvii. 
 
 pt. 2. 
 « Cf. Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 79. Alabaster 
 
 slab, Brit. Mus. 
 ' Ibid. pp. 79-81. 
 ' Perhaps ellipsis of the sun. Rosel. 
 
 M. da C. xxii. » Ibid. hi. 
 
 '" Feet of a statue, Brit. Mus. 
 
 " Cf. Ilesych. voce. She conferred her 
 name on the third month of the year. 
 
 '= Plut. de Isid. et Osir. 
 
 " Roset. M. da C. xlviii. 1. Kiemautf, 
 perhaps the origin of Chemmo is 
 liarsuphes. 
 
 '* Jablonski, Panth. 
 
 '5 Champ. Panth. Eg. 17 A. '« Ibid. 
 
20 
 
 ATHOR, OR ATHYR. 
 
 depicted cow-headed' or decorated with a disk and tall plumes ;= and when her head formed 
 the capital of columns, the handles of sistra, sceptres, and mirrors, it was always cow-eared, 
 strikino- examples of which are to be found in the temples of Mt. BarkaP and Dendera.* This 
 alludes to the pied cow being her living emblem, and under this form Athor issues from the 
 Svenite mountains of the west,^ into which the sun retired ; and, like Neith, the great cow was 
 the eno-enderer of the sun. As the West, also, she wears on her head the standard or name of 
 that quarter ;'' and as the heaven, under the type of Tpe or Netpe, covered the Osirian or dead, 
 so Athor was painted at the bottom of the coffins J In certain rituals her two arms are stretched 
 out to receive the sun in his last hour.'' She was called The daughter of the sun, mistress 
 of the heaven, regent of the gods, the gracious goddess in the abode of accouchement,^ mistress^° or 
 regent of the west,^^ the goddess of the upper and lower hemispheres, the pure soul, regent of the 
 two worlds, the gracious nurse of her son, the great mother-loving god, adoring his divine sanctity 
 in the land of Athah; the great ruler of the sealed abode of the dish, directing the world by 
 supporting its confines; the princess of the heaven, the princess of the world, the chief of temples, 
 .... lands and regions;^" regent of the icorlds,^^ mistress of the southern Sycamore,^* of the 
 sycomore;^^ the mistress of offerings, the lady, the divine hand, the mother of Moui^'' in the 
 forepart of the bark of the sun.^'' She was also mistress of dancing and sports^^ and in this 
 capacity holds a tambourine, and entitled The living mistress of the upper and lower hemisphere, 
 the cow engendering the sun,^^ Netjje the engenderer of the gods, the hippopolamic goddess, the 
 directress,-" ^c; the mistress of the corners of the pylones, of united heart; the mother-goddess 
 of her son Moui; (?) living by the (breath) manifested in her mouth.^'^ Her local titles call her 
 Resident in the pure land of truth,"- in the centre of Silsilis;-^ mistress of Poni,-* of Tbshak 
 (Ibsamboul);^^ resident in the centre of Eianho ; regent of Pselcis, of Hat (Edfou), of the sun ;^^ 
 the chief of Snem ; the directing goddess resident in Shelol,-'' in Galaut;-'^ resident in the centre 
 of Hat {Edfou);-^ mistress of the fields of the sun,^° the rnistress of Onibos ;'^^ the goddess 
 subduing (or Sabak, fem.) in Poni and Hermonthis,^- of handsome countenance.'^ The name of 
 Athor was applied during the Roman domination to deceased females, in the same manner 
 as that of Osiris previously and contemporaneously.'* 
 
 Fig. 36 represents an Egyptian profile view of the aegis of Athor, or else the counterpoise 
 
 ' Wilk. Man. & Cust. Ser. 11. pi. xxxi. 
 
 4. Chnmp, I'antli. pi. 18. 
 ' Wilkinson, ibid, xxxvii. 2. 
 ' Caillau(l,\'oy. aMer. pl.lxvii.lxviii. i. 
 * D^sc. do I'Eg. Ant. vol. iv. pi. xi. 
 
 Nos. I. & II. Cham]). Panth. 18 A. 
 « Wilk. iMan. & Cust. Ser. II. pi. xxxvi.3. 
 6 Ibid. Cliam|i. Paiitli. 17. 
 ' Cf. CoflTin of Q. of Aniasis, I'rit. Wus. 
 
 Eg. Sal. 33. Wood coffins of I'et- 
 
 amoun, &c. ; ibid. Coffin of II;ir- 
 
 sontiotf, ibid. Q. 
 " Those called the Litanies of the Sun. 
 ' Phils. Cham]). 2VIon. t, i, pi, ixxix. 
 
 2. Cf. Wilk. IMan. & Cust. Ser. II. 
 
 pi. xxxvi. A. 
 
 '" Wilk. Man. & Cust. Ser. TI. pi. xxxvi. 
 A 6. " Ibid. 
 
 " Rosel. M. R. clix. Adoration offered 
 to her by Trajan at Esnah. 
 
 " Demlera. Burton.Excerp. Hier.pl.xix. 
 
 '* Ibid. pi. Ivi. 
 
 " Archa;ol. vol. xsix. p. 111. 
 
 i« Hosel. M. da C. xlvii. 
 
 '" Burton, Exceq). Hier. pi. Ivii. 
 
 '» Rosel. M. da C. xxix. 3. 
 
 '" Ibid. xliv. or "born of" &c. 
 
 ''" Ibid. xxix. The text is here very un. 
 certain, but the vase of fire is pro- 
 bably an error for the square block ; 
 for her being the mother of Moui, 
 vide note Iti. 
 
 " Kosel. M. da C. liii. 
 
 " Wilk. Man. & Cust. Ser. II. pi. xxxvi. 
 
 A. 
 ■' Ibid. pi. XXXV. A. Rosel. M. da C. 
 
 xxii. 
 " Champ. Won. t. i. pi. vii. 3. 
 « Ibid. pi. vi. a. 
 " Rosel. M. da C. xlviii. Here willi Har. 
 
 Hat and Ohi-oer she forms the triad. 
 " Wilk. Man. & Cust. Ser. 11 jd. xxxvi. 
 
 A 1. 
 " Ibid. pi. xxxvi. 
 " Kosel. M. da C. xlviii. 
 » Tablet at Tourah. 
 
 " Rosel. M. da C. xxix. " Ibid. liii. 
 ^' Ibid.lviii. "Archaiol.vol.xxix. 1S3. 
 
PLATC It. 
 
 F.g.l? 
 
 f^ .ia 
 
 ^\ IT K] @ m 
 
 Brome (fiUlsizo) 
 
 Fcrodai^ i full S7ze> ,' 
 
 f Arundaif: <Ui-' 
 
NOFEE-ATUOM. 
 
 21 
 
 of a collar. On her head is the decoration of a vulture cap, indicating that she is a mother- 
 goddess. Above her head is part of a pylone or gate-way,' supporting a pair of Iiorns in wiiich 
 is placed the disk of tlie sun ; in the interior of the body is tlie full form of Athor with a 
 network dress, holding the koucoupha sceptre (gom) in one hand, and a symbol of life in the 
 other. Before her is a small slab, on which is inscribed "Athor, mistress of the heaoen." Tlie 
 whole is based upon a kind of wheel. It is beautifully executed (on both sides the same), 
 apparently under the XVIIIth dynasty, and was purchased of Mr. Saras in 1834. 
 
 Fig. 35 represents an aegis, the head attire and hair of the goddess is curled in the two 
 spiral locks of youth. She is cow-eared, alluding to her being the great cow of the west and 
 engenderer of the sun; and on her head is a pylone or gate-way {she), and round her neck a 
 rich collar {oshh) : this is also executed on both sides in blue porcelain, and from a necklace 
 or beaded work. 
 
 Fig. 34 is of stone covered with a green glazing, and a most exquisite specimen of Egyptian 
 carving in this material ; the fineness, delicacy, and precision with which the whole is executed, 
 being almost unrivalled by any other object in the collection. On the shoulders have been the 
 serpents called uraei, crowned with the two portions of the pschent and emblems of dominion 
 over the upper and lower regions. This is also carved on each side. The neck of one and part 
 where the crown has been attached still remain. The whole represented an a;gis similar to 
 the preceding. It formed part of the Townley Collection. 
 
 Fig. 37 is a small figure of gold plate beat up, representing her cow-headed, wearing a 
 head-dress of the horns, and a solar disk surmounted by two tall plumes. It came from 
 Mr. Salt's sale in 1835, and formed part of a necklace. From Thebes. 
 
 NOFRE-ATHOM. 
 
 The reasons for classing this god with the Memphite triad are as follows : — in the tablet 
 of the Memnoniuni entitled " A Liliation to Phtali in all his names,"" that of Athom is intro- 
 duced, and he follows in the train of Pasht-Merephtah.' He has been named by Cham- 
 pollion. Sir Gardner Wilkinson, and Rosellini, Athmou,* or Atmoo,^ but, in accordance with 
 a philological rule, Athom'' appears preferable; when, as in the present instance, his head 
 is decorated with the lily and plumes, he is called Nofre- Athom. In the Sepulchral Ritual 
 one chapter' is dedicated to this flower, out of which the head of Athom appears; and this 
 lily was mystically called " the guardian of the nostrils of the sun." " Athom was guardian 
 of Poni,9 or the region of conversion, the lower hemisphere, where a view of the fulness 
 
 ' These pylonea are frequently flanked 
 by litui-shaped objects, and occasion- 
 ally surmounted by flowers of tbe 
 lotus. Cf. Champ. Panth. Eg. pi. 
 i? .\. 
 
 '' Burton, Excerpt. Hier. pi. Ivi. 
 
 '' Kosel. M. R. cxxi. 2. 
 
 < Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 16. Cf. p. 112. 
 Nofre-Thmou, a form of Imouth. 
 
 ' Wilk. Man. & Cust. Ser. II. 
 
 » Lepsius, Dr. Ric. Lettre a M. Rosel- 
 lini, 8vo. Rome, 1837, p. 40. Cf. 
 Tattam. Lex. Aig.-Lat.p. 5. Alhmn, 
 name of a man. There is also Athnwu, 
 
 immortal. Cf. ibid. p. 73, Ethom 
 
 or Othom, name of a place. 
 ' Pap. published by MiM. Cadet and 
 
 Hammer, pi. 16. 
 'Papyrus, Burton, Brit. Blus. No. 283. 
 3 Cf.Champ.Gr.E-. pp. 147,148. Poni 
 
 has been supposed to be Heliopolis. 
 
22 
 
 MODI, OR MEUI. 
 
 and exit of the right symbolic eye, or sun, was granted to the blessed,* and he has been 
 supposed to be the Heron of Hermapion.' He is seldom met with upon the monuments, 
 and his titles are Nofre-Athom, regulator of the two worlds, the living pure spirit,^ and Har- 
 Hak (or Hiknou).* 
 
 Fig. 38 represents Nofre-Athom wearing upon his head the plumes and lily above de- 
 scribed, walking with pendent arms upon a crouching lion ; and Horus was sometimes 
 represented in a chest or palancpiin borne on a lion.^ It is of grey porcelain and coarse 
 execution. There are many small statues of this god in silver, bronze, and porcelain, in the 
 collection ; but this, from the introduction of the lion, is most remarkable. 
 
 MOUI, OR MEUI. 
 
 .The deity named in the hieroglyphical texts Meui*"' or Moui, light and reason, personified 
 the intellectual power of the sun, and frequently appeared under the name oi Enqihe,'' i.e. the 
 leader of the heaven, apparently the Emeph of lamblicus.'' The form of Moui is compara- 
 tively of rare appearance in the temple, and he was depicted wearing on his head a feather,? 
 the determinative of his name, or a feather and solar disk ; '" his limbs coloured red to 
 indicate his earthly function, or green, his infernal." Sometimes on his head are plumes, 
 allusive to his being Emphe. His titles are constantly " Sow of the sun;"^" his mother was 
 Atlior {vide Atlior), and he formed witli his sister Tafne the Gemini of the Greeco-Egyptian 
 zodiacs. The first of the four rams near the decan of Chnoumis, personified " the soul of Moui, 
 the lord ofPoni."'^'' He occasionally salutes the sun in his progress, and "offers to his father."'* 
 The mode in which he appears at present is exactly the same as in the commencing vignette 
 of the second portion of the great Funeral Ritual, where he elevates above his head, by both 
 his hands, tiie disk of the sun. He stands upon part of the heaven, and the disk is saluted 
 by eight cynocephali.^'' The hieroglyphic legend of this chapter records that Moui, the abime 
 of the heaven on the steps of the inhahilants of Eshmoun (Hermopolis), afflicts (?) the race of 
 the wicked on the steps of the residents in Eshmoun. In the same text he is identified with 
 Re and Athom. Figures of this deity are seldom, if ever, met with in metal, but excessively 
 common in porcelain. Sometimes he elevates merely his hands, the modeller having omitted 
 the disk. Other figures coarsely delineate his form in profile ; but the present ''' (fg 39) and 
 another of the same collection are distinguished for an elaborate finish of details and excellence 
 of work, rarely met with in works of this material. 
 
 ' Ritual, Cadet anil Hammer, 2. 
 
 '■' Champ. I'antli. Atmoo. 
 
 ' Roiel. M. (la C. xxxiv. 
 
 ' Connecting liim with the god Halt of 
 the Elephantine triad, son of ('huou- 
 phis and Athor. It means to adoro. 
 Burton, Kx. Hier. pi. Ivi. 
 
 ' Vide Champ. Mon. t. i. pi. Ixxx. 11. 
 
 >* Champ. Cr. Eg. p. 112. Cf. Rosel. 
 
 I\I. R. No. -1-1 (juinqnies, for the 
 same group, signifying "light." 
 
 ' Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 111. 
 
 ' Sect. viii. c. iii. I. 2.'), ed. Gall. Cf. 
 Not. p. 301 ; and Champ. Pauth. Eg. 
 2.5 A, who has confounded him with 
 (iom and Ugom or Djom ; and in 
 his Muste, cli. x. with Soou. 
 
 "Champ. I'antli. Eg. 2j A. 
 
 '" Ihid. " Ibid. 
 
 " Cf. Champ. I'anth. loc. cit. Wilk. 
 Man. & Cust. Ser. II. pi. xl. pt. 21, 
 calls him Ao(?) ; the feather is Mei, 
 truth ; the pullet, on. Rosel. M. 
 da C. xlvi. 
 
 " Rosel. loc. cit. I. 3. 
 
 '• Ibid. xlvi. 
 
 " Ritual, published by Cadet and Ham. 
 mer, pi. xviii. 
 
 '" From the Anastasi Collection. 
 
SABAK, SAVAK, OR SOUCHIS. 
 
 Considering Amoun or Chnouph as creators, Savak, Sabak, or Soukis-ra, was the 
 destroyer,' the devourer of nature, the antagonist principle of Chuou])his, the creative, and 
 Horns the saving power of the deity. There were two crocodiU^s, one named Emsooh" by the 
 Egyptians, and the other Sabak, Savak, or Souk,' wliich word, in its metaphesis, Sakab* 
 signified to vanquish or sulxlue ; and hence the head of a crocodile appears on the body of the 
 destroyer. The head of a crocodile with open jaws, united to the body of a lioness, was the 
 Egyptian Cerberus, called Oucni-ti — " <Ae devourer." Sabak is generally styled Sabak-ra,' 
 or Sabnk the sun, and was principally worshipped at Ombos,'^ Silsilis, and the Arsinoite nonie. 
 His local titles were Lord of Ombos and of Selseleh. On account of his relation with Seb, he 
 was entitled the younr/est oj' the gods:'' as the sun, Lord of the heaven,^ the eldest hum . . . in his 
 abodeS^ He is also styled, Lord of the irpper and lower ivorlds,^° the great god, lord of the world,^^ 
 lord of the abode of the region of life;'" and at Onibos identified with Seb the father of the gods, 
 and Horus the support of the xcorld.'^ In one of the hours he appears in the bark of the sun, 
 piercing with a two -pronged spear the Apophis or Typhon ; the inscription stating that 
 " Sabak smites with agitating his arms, and strikes down the Apophis in the fore-part of the bark 
 of the stai."''* 
 
 Fig. 40. Figures of Sabak are uncommon, and this is of coarse execution and of a late period. 
 
 MONTH-RA. 
 
 Since this deity is chief of the triad composed of himself, the goddess Ee-to, and Harphre, 
 at Hermonthis,'^ he should apparently be called Month-ra,''' rather than Mandoo-re," or Man- 
 doulis. He is hawk-headed, and distinguished from other solar deities by having on his head 
 a disk and tall plumes. His titles are Month-ra, i. e. Month, the sun, the lord of the two ivorlds,^^ 
 great god,''^ lord of the pure land of truth, "^^ resident in the centre of Poni.-^ He appears a Mars, 
 
 ' Champ. Lett. Ecr. 
 
 " Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 74, ingeniously 
 
 derived hy Lepsius (Lett, a M. 
 
 Rosel.) from em-smihe, "sprung of 
 
 an egg," p. 41. 
 ' Kircher. Straho, lib. xvii. p. 358 . 
 
 Peyr. Lex. Ling.-Copt. 191. 
 •* Rosel. M. da C. xxix. 
 ^ Ch'amp. Gr. Eg. p. ^79. 
 " Ibid. lV Champ. Won. tom. iii.pl.cxvi. 
 ' Wilkinson, Mat. Hier. pi. xxvi. pt. 2. 
 * Champ. Won. t. iii. pi. vii. 2. 
 3 Rosel. M. da C. xxix. mutilated text. 
 '° Wilkinson, Man. & Cust. Ser. H. pi. 
 
 1. 1. Cf. textj'vol. ii. p. 36, where 
 
 the author reads land of No. The 
 vase is, however, a contracted form of 
 the genitive plural prefix N. Vide 
 Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 191. 
 
 " Wilk. ibid. ii. '=lbid. iv. 
 
 '3 Rosel. M. da C. xx. 3. The verb 
 after these three names is in the sin- 
 gular, shewing them to be one per- 
 sonage. Wilkinson, Man. & Cust. 
 vol. ii. p. 6, supposes him different 
 from Seb. 
 
 '« Rosel. M. da C. xlvi. 
 
 '5 Champ. Lett. Ecr. Antiq. of Egypt. 
 Tract Soc. p. 137. 
 
 "' Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 110. 
 
 " Champ. Mus. ch. x. Wilk. Man. & 
 Cust. Ser. II. vol. ii. pj). 31-35. 
 
 '8 Wilk. Man. & Cust. Ser. II. pi. 
 cccxciii. 
 
 '3 Ibid.ii. Cf. also Nechthmon(/jes. Greek 
 Pap. Brit. Mus. p. 3, p. u. of a man, 
 the " victorious Month." 
 
 w Cf. Wilk. loc. cit. pi. xlix. 2. This 
 is founded on the supposition of 
 the koucoupha sceptre representing 
 in hieroglyphics purity, while it is in 
 reality, " power," gom. Champ. Gr. 
 Eg. p. 147, note. 
 
 -' Rameseion, S. wall, upper subject, Mr. 
 Bonomi's MS. 
 
24 
 
 RE, OR RA. 
 
 the hieroglyphics stating of monarchs " his (the king's) hand is on his chariot like Month-ra,^ 
 he manifests his victorious arm like Mouth." ^ Month-ra steers the bark^ of the sun through 
 the hours of the day, and pierces Typhon or a captive* in the ether. He is frequently 
 worshipped with Athor,^ and with Athom crowns Araenoph III. and Ergamenes." The 
 present bronze ( fig. 41,) which is of beautiful execution, represents him under his usual 
 attributes. His left hand has held the sceptre, gom, and in his right has been a symbol of life. 
 It came from Thebes.' There are several figures of Month in the collection in various 
 materials, and one contains on tlie pedestal his name and titles, " giver of life," &c. 
 
 RE, OR RA. 
 
 The type of the sun, hawk-headed, with the solar disk entwined by an urseus, is accom- 
 panied by liieroglyphics meaning " the sun," reading Rt' or Ra!^ Since he mythically reigned 
 over Egypt, his name was inclosed in a cartouche,^ and his form was allied with every other 
 god, especially Horus. Ra was the sun of both worlds: Har-Hat, the celestial god of Edfou ;'" 
 and Socharis, the god who diffused his light to the blessed in a future state. His titles are The 
 suji of the two solar hills (rising and setting), great god, lord of the heaven''-^ manifested with 
 variegated jilimies in the solar hill ;^'' resident in the centre of Edfou, the chief god belonging to the 
 region of the abode of Horus, (?) lard of panegyrics multiplging years, '^^ resident iti the centre of 
 the great abode (palace),^* in the abode of Amoun-mai Ramses in Derri,^^ father of the gods in 
 Senem.^^ The principal are contained in the tablet of the Memnonium,'' entitled, A libation 
 viade to the sun the lord of the two tcorlds, to his dish, ^'c. by Ramses III., mentioning him as 
 resident in the disk, the great god irith victory in his disk; moving his egg, manifested in the 
 abime of the heaven ; alluding to the hawk of the sun standing on his egg in the heaven, the 
 egg being the embryo of the sun and moon.'*^ The deceased often prayed to Re.*^ 
 
 Fig. 44, represents the god under his usual form. 
 
 Fig. 42 is a In'onze profile of a deity seated, holding a lotus sceptre ; but there is no hawk- 
 headed goddess. The head-dress and collar have been inlaid with porcelain or coloured 
 stones.-" 
 
 Fig. 43 represents a hawk-headed deity seated. His form is swathed, holding a symbol of 
 life. From the place upon the head there has been a solar disk. Ra is often mummied, 
 accompanied by his own titles, or those of Osiris, Athom, and Socliaris, whom he replaces. 
 
 ' Sculptures at 15eit Dually. Eg. Anliij. 
 
 Tract Soc. 
 ' i'ropyla of Karaeseion, Mr. Bonomi's 
 
 IMS. ilniwinga. Wilkinson calls liim 
 
 Mars Ultor : Man. & Cust. Ser. II. 
 
 vol. ii. p. 31. 
 ^ Cf. Kosel. M. da C xxxviii. et seq. 
 • Ibid, xxxix. Leads captives to Usor- 
 
 tasen I. ibid. M. R. xxv. 4. 
 ■' Men. Hrit. Mus. Atlior and Mnnlh 
 
 holding by tlieir hands Tliotlimcs 111. 
 
 " Rosel. M. R. xli. ;3 ; cxliii. 
 
 ' Salt's sale, 1831. 
 
 * Cf. Peyr.Lex.Lin.-Cop. p.l77. Ainoun- 
 
 RA, Somber. Greek Pap.B.M. No.l. 
 
 1. 29. Young, Ench. Diet. Amoun. 
 " Pap. of Signer Atlianasi. 
 '" Rosel. M. da C. xxxviii. and xlvii. 
 " Cbiiinp. Mon. t. i. pi. i. 4. Cf. Rame- 
 
 seion Ambulatory, C. S. first row. 
 
 MS. of Mr. Bononii. Stulein l.ouvre, 
 
 Salle. 4, 338. 
 
 •■ Rosel. U. da C. xlvii. 
 
 " Ibid. M. R. clxvi. 
 
 " Champ. Mon. t. i. pi. xlvii. and 1. 
 
 '5 Ibid. xli. 
 
 '° Lion.headed. Rosel. M. da C. .\xvi. 
 
 " Burton, Excerp. Ilier. pi. Ivii. 
 
 '» Vide Phtah, p. 14. 
 
 '» A full form occurs. Tablet, an. 60, 
 
 Hrit. JIus. 
 '' The female Ra is a title of Isis. Champ. 
 
 (Jr. Eg. p. 210. 
 
PL/\ I t 12 
 
 Fi0, 41 
 
 K,g« 
 
 ^/J_ 
 
 S A B A K 
 
 Woodb,x'/x Scal»J 
 
 HE /? ?- R A 
 Torcelca^'fidLsize' ' 
 
 .p-^ 
 
 W (0) M T [nl - [n\ A 
 
 Br,irze(^Uti i't^f > 
 
 IS [1 cr ffi' A n Bromt/hiZisuLC./' 
 
 I 4fiOiJ„i. M-' 
 
HAPIMOOU, 25 
 
 HAPIMOOU. 
 
 Fig. 45 represents a statue of the Nile, about the size of life. The ancient name of this 
 river was Hapimoou, the Numerous Waters ; which may imply the stream inundating the 
 country. The Nile was represented by tlie Egyptians, as in the present instance, androgynous; 
 his form distinguished for its eiiiboii])oint, witli the addition of female breasts,' to indicate that 
 the river was the nurse^ and support of Egypt, which it nourished with its waters, circulating 
 life and fertility over the plains. In the same sense the breasts of the river were depicted 
 flowing with water,' or else he held in the hand a frog, out of whose mouth gushed a stream of 
 water.* Since Egypt was divided into the upper and the lower region, as the universe formed 
 the upper and lower world, there were also two Niles, the Hapimoous of the South and North, 
 which were distinguished from each other by wearing on their heads the IMy lotus, and 
 papyrus, emblems of the upper and lower division of the country, to the respective soils of 
 which these plants were restricted. The flesh of the two Niles was coloured, the one red and 
 the other blue; which has been supposed to allude to the turbid colour of the inundation, and 
 the limpid colour of the river in its ordinary state.* The Nile is represented often as in this 
 statue, holding an altar, upon which are the circular and oval cakes of bread, gourds, the head, 
 haunch, ribs, &c. of a calf. Pendent from this altar, which is grooved with a spout in front 
 for libations, are lotus-flowers, corn, and water-fowl, the produ-ce of the river. On his right 
 side, before his leg, are flowers of the papyrus, through which the god is walking. On the 
 bronze of Harsaphes,^ the sides of the pedestal were decorated with a train of Niles, nearly in 
 similar attitudes ; and the two Niles, holding trays of water-plants, and respectively attended 
 by the goddesses Koi, or "■Fields,'" and Oubash-rompi, "Blooming plants,'"' follow in the suite 
 of one of the Ptolemies. Re, Phtah, and Hapimoou, formed the triad worshipped at Silsilis. 
 Like the Ocean of the Greeks, Hapimoou was styled "Father of the cjods in Suem, or Beghe,"" 
 and is stated to have been even the father of Amoun. The oflaces performed by the Nile are 
 of a subordinate character ; in the chamber of Philse, where the creator Noum fabricates the 
 limbs of Osiris out of potter's clay, the Nile ministers the water to him: 9 and he, in like 
 manner, off'ers water from his breast to the soul of Osiris.'** He seldom or never appears as 
 a principal deity ; but it is stated in the hieroglyphics, that He vivifies all lands bij his offerings 
 of hitfi^^ (perfumes). He is once depicted seated in a rocky cave, holding in each hand a 
 water-vase, which some have supposed is intended to rejiresent the Cataracts ; but possibly the 
 mountains of the moon, where the fabled sources of the river were situated. On the top of the 
 rock are a hawk and vulture, emblems of the male and female principles of nature ; or of 
 Osiris, or Horus, and Maut.'" The Nile is also represented holding in his hands the god 
 
 ' Cf. Rosel. M. da C. xii. 2 ; xxi. Wilk. 
 
 Man. & Cust. Ser. II. pi. Ivi. 7. 
 '^ Female breasts are employed in tiie 
 
 bierogl3'pbies to, express moouc, to 
 
 nurse j siMik, to nourish, ^c. Cf. 
 
 Champ. Gr. Eg. 
 
 ' Rosel. II. da C. xxxvi. 
 
 « Ibid. 
 
 ' Willi. Man. & Cust. Ser. II. vol. ii. p. 59. 
 
 ' \ ide p. 5. 
 
 there being no phonetic hierogljrpliic 
 
 for the last symbol. 
 ' Ibid. xxvi. ; xii. -2. 
 ' Rosel. M.d;i C. xxiv. 2. 
 
 ' Rosel. M. da C. xii. 2. Her name j '" Ibid. sxvi. " Ibid. xxx. 
 
 may be Oubash-hreri, or Oubash.tar, I '' Wilk. Man. & Cust. Ser. II. pp. 56, 5. 
 
 £ 
 
26 
 
 THOTH. 
 
 Horus, or the youtliful Monarch.' The region where his worship chiefly prevailed was at 
 Snem' or Beghe, of which he was especially lord; he was also styled '■'■The force (?) in the land 
 of Poni, who gives libation to Osiris."^ The object of the inscriptions, both that on the 
 border of the altar in front, and on the side, on which is represented Sheshonk of the XXIId 
 dynasty himself clad in the sacerdotal vestment of a pard's skin, and having a water-vase 
 suspended upon his left arm, is that the statue is the gift of Sheshonk to his lord, the god Amoun 
 beseeching at the hands of the god health, and to be established as a great and gracious chief, 
 ynih power and victory among all lands and countries, on each occasion of exercising his force, &c. 
 The inscription at the back is of the same tenor, with the addition of the line to the right, 
 exjjressing He who is leader of the land, the lord of the iqjper and lower country, Sheshonk 
 beloved of Amoun, the first of the valiant archers of Egypt, the royal son of the lord of the icorld, 
 OsoHKON beloved of Amoun, his mother the royal daughter, lord of the world, Uar-scb-shoi* 
 beloved of Amoun, giver of life, stability, and power, like the sun, for ever. At the other side, in 
 one vertical line, is the address of Hapimoou, the father of the gods. The purport of the 
 other side inscription, very difficult to make out or render intelligible, contains a mention of 
 the two rocky caves or hills of the god, and his four streams ; and apparently narrates his 
 general plenty and the blessings he will confer on the king. The statue has been broken in 
 several pieces and rejoined; part of the nose, head, and arms are wanting. There is some 
 difficulty in recognising the precise monarch of the XXIId who was the donor of this statue to 
 the god Amoun, since it cannot be Sesonchis I.; the reasons which embarrass the question have 
 already been given by Leemans.^ It came from Mr. Salt's Collection in 1821, and was found 
 at Karnak. 
 
 THOTH. 
 
 The deity who among the Egyptians was the mythic inventor of the arts and sciences, 
 speech and writing, music and astronomy, was named Tot, Thoth, Theuth, or Taaut,^ according 
 to the different dialects. Although not always ibis-headed, yet the ibis was his peculiar type, 
 and distinguishes him from all other animal-headed deities. His name appears to mean " the 
 word " equivalent to the logos of Platonism.9 The physical observations which assigned the 
 ibis to Thoth need not be offered here.'" The deity Moui, especially under his type of Emphe, 
 bears the strongest affinity with Thoth, and in the Ritual, that god is attended by the 
 eynocephali, emblems of Thoth; the residents of Hermopolis." The ibis-headed Thoth appears 
 to have two characters : Istly, the moon manifested in the upper or celestial world, then called 
 loh-Thoth : 2dly, the scribe of the gods in the Noute-Hir, or Hades. It was probably as the 
 
 ' Willi. Man. & Cusf. Ser. II [,1. 4. 
 ' Hosel. iM. da C. xxvii. 
 
 * Ibid, xxi.; xxii. S. 
 
 * Cf. Loemans' Mon. Kg. port, des I-ej;. 
 
 Hoy., wlio reads I'naioiitshe, but 
 considers tho proiiuncintion of tbo 
 last uncLTtiiin ; but the bin! is a hawli 
 
 not an eagle, on which principally the 
 proposed ri'iidingf is founded. 
 
 " iMon. E^'. port, des Leg. Hoy- p- 110. 
 He is, however, in error with resjiect 
 to this statue roi)resenting a king be- 
 fore an altar. 
 
 ' Vide Jiiblonski, Eg. I'anth. i'liotb. 
 
 ' Champ. Panth. Eg. Thoth. 
 » VVilk. Wan. & Cust. Ser. II. vol. ii. 
 p. S; and ct". Wilk. loc. cit. pi. xlv. 
 xlvi. 
 "> Plut. de laid, et Osirid. 
 " Vide p. sa. 
 
PLATL 1.3 
 
 ^tfifl>(j{*?-— 
 
 / 
 
 iV 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 :i?^f:]mi;^v---v^^: 
 
 FrQfU of Ttdcsicd 
 
 
 'ir 
 
 / y ^ im 
 
 I ■ k¥ 
 
 m 
 
 ^^\Jii t£LI v;^' ^^ Cij ^ Ad 
 
 'Ad lu. •, i 
 
 Bm^'^^^^^\mmwMmm±:(G 
 
 Rs'-erse iid< ofJiMU^ial 
 
 ^ 
 
 Ik P D 
 
THOTH. 
 
 27 
 
 moon tliat he is represented in the bronze, fig. 46, standing and holding in both hands the 
 left symbolic eye of Horus, emblem of that luminary, placed on a semicircular basket; 
 having some head attire, as the broken pin in it testifies. As the moon, Thoth (Mercury) 
 was allied with the Chons (Hercules), who also personified and presided over the division of 
 the year by that luminary ; and Thoth has been supposed to be a lower type of the same 
 divine emanation. When lunar, he wore the full and new moon upon his head. Manifested 
 upon the world he was considered the inventor of writing, and termed the lord of divine words,' 
 lord of Eshmoun, or Slimoun, or Herraopolis.^ But the principal office of this god was to 
 record the final judgment of the dead in a future state, in the terrible hall of the two 
 Truths. In one hand he holds the canon, or long rectangular pallet of the Egyptians, which 
 appears to have been also employed as a memorandum-book ; and with a reed in the other 
 traces down the characters, announcing the final destination of the dead.' In these scenes, 
 Thoth, like Osiris, often wears upon his head the cap called by the Egyjitians otf, alluding to 
 his dominion in the hall of the two Truths. Instances also occur in which the single ostrich- 
 feather of Truth, worn by Meui, or intended to point out his connexion with the halls of Truth, 
 is allied with the lunar disk.* Thoth is generally styled " Ticice great or great and great, lord 
 of Shmoun (or Hermopolis),^ the scribe of truth, of the other gods, he who presides over pure souls:"'' 
 in the Funeral Ritual, one section contains the eleven invocations to the deceased, to Thoth, that 
 he may justify his words against his enemies, like as he has justified the words of Osiris.' It is 
 Thoth also who uncloses the four doors of the four cardinal points, to let the pure souls pass 
 through.'' Thoth, frequently, with the god Har-Hat, pours water to purify the monarchs;^ or 
 along with his companion, the goddess Safsh-abou, mistress of writing, inscribes the names of 
 monarchs upon the fruit of the Persea.'" Sir Gardner Wilkinson states that Thoth lias been 
 found as the son of Noum at Samneh.'^ The worship of Thoth prevailed at Nubia as well as 
 Egypt, and he is called by the local title of Pautnoubis;'- in hieroglyjjhics, " Thoth of the region 
 of Pennoiibis,'^^ the great god, chief guardian in Libya (?), the lion of the South,^* lord of Pselcis,^^ 
 resident in the Abaton,^^ resident in the centre of the fields of the loh-en-rou," ^'' or the Elysian 
 fields of the blest in Hades ; in Hasor, and Amoun-heri.'* 
 
 Fig. 46 represents Thoth, probably in his lunar capacity of loh-Thoth, standing and holding 
 the left symbolic eye, indicative of the moon, upon a basket in both hands. His head-dress has 
 been probably the lunar disk ; as restored. It is a bronze of beautiful execution. From 
 Mr. Salt's Collection ; found at Thebes. 
 
 Fig. 47 is a bronze of coarse and heavy work, under the Romans. Upon his head is the 
 otf; his left hand has held a koucoupha sceptre ; his right, a symbol of life. It came from 
 Mr. Burton's Collection, and was also found at Thebes. 
 
 ' Rosel. II. da C. viii. 
 
 » VVilk. Man. & Cust. Ser. II. pi. x\v. 
 xlvi. reads, Tlie eight regions of the 
 land of No; hut this No (nou; is a 
 termination of words ending in n. 
 Vide Champ. Gr: Eg. p. 107. 
 
 ' Hit. Cad. Desc. del' Eg. et Turin. 
 Rit. pnhlished by Dr. Lepsius, 
 
 ■• Rosel. M. da C. xvi. 2. 
 
 = Wilk. Man. & Cust. 
 
 ' Obelisks erected by Amyrtaaus to 
 Thoth, Brit. Mus. 
 
 ' Champ. Gr. Eg. Cf. Cadet. Papyr. I. 
 and Lepsius, Ritual of Turin, pi. 1. 
 
 * Ibid. pi. Ixxvi. 
 
 9 Wilk. Man.& Cust.Ser.II.pl.lxsvii.l. 
 '» Ibid. pi. xxixv. A. 
 " Ibid. vol. ii. p. 11. 
 '^ Ibid. p. 13. Ch. Lett. XL p. 130. 
 " RoseL M. da C. xiii. 3. 
 
 '* Loc. cit. and ct. 
 
 '2 Ibid. vii. 4. 
 
 " Ibid. X. 2. jNIention is often made upon 
 mnnv monuments of tlie festival of 
 Thoth at the commencement of the 
 3'ear, probably in the first month at 
 the Neoraenia, since the month was 
 named Thoth. 
 
 " Wilk. Man. & Cust. Ser. II. pi. xlv. 
 
 '« Rosel. M. da C. ii. 
 
28 THMEI — SELK IMOUTH, OR EIEMOPHTH. 
 
 There are several figures of this god in porcelain, of various dimensions, from six inches to 
 seven-eighths of an inch in height, in the collection, and representing him as the Moon and 
 Scribe ; and among the bronaes, one representing Thath and Har-Hat purifying with Uvo 
 vases of water. 
 
 THMEI. 
 
 The goddess Tlimei, or Mei, Truth personified, is always represented as a female wearing 
 upon her head an ostrich-feather; because all the wing-feathers of this bird were considered of 
 an equal length, and hence meant " true" or " correct." She was a deity of inferior importance, 
 and, like most of the goddesses she was " daughter of the sun," and it was in the great hall of 
 the two Truths that the final judgment of the dead took place. The two goddesses are often 
 depicted introducing the deceased into their hall ; and the region of the west was called the 
 land of Truth or the two Truths. Thmei is sometimes represented accompanying Thoth, and 
 the native monarchs often presented a small figure of Truth to different deities. 
 
 J^iff. 49 is a small bronze figure of Truth, enveloped in a close garment, and having on her 
 head a single ostrich-feather — her emblem. She is seated on a pedestal: the whole is of good 
 execution, and has apparently been gilt. It was purchased at Mr. Salt's sale in 1834, and said 
 to have been found at Thebes. There are some other figures of this goddess in lapis lazuli 
 and composition in the collection, but none in porcelain. 
 
 SELK. 
 
 This beautiful little figure (^^. 50), inch in height, and most elaborately executed, represents 
 the goddess Selk with the scorpion on her head, the determinative hieroglyphic of her 
 name. The scorpion was, however, in Coptic called Shle, or Skle, and the authority of 
 calling her Selk rests on the town of Pselcis.' She is a funeral deity, and with Isis, Nephthys, 
 and Neith, presided over the four sepulchral vases of the dead. Neith and Selk, indeed, seem 
 to be part of the succession of the two antagonist female principles, which run through the 
 Pantheon: as Sate and Anucis, Soaven and Sate, Isis and Nephthys, and the two Truths. 
 Slie is sometimes styled the Davghter of the Sun, and Regent of the gods, great mistress of the 
 loh-en-rou ■"■ but slie was always a subordinate or contemplar deity, and very little is known 
 relative to her names and functions. Figures of this goddess, although not uncommon in 
 lapis lazuli, appear to be rarely met with in porcelain. 
 
 IMOUTII, OR EIEMOPHTH. 
 
 Thk deity represented as a shorn youth in a skull-cap, seated upon a throne and unrolling a 
 volume of papyrus, is the Egyptian jEscuiapius. His name and form were first discovered by 
 
 ' Clinmp. Gr. Kg. Tliolli Trismegiste, ; ' Wilkinson, Man. & Cust. Ser. II. j xxxii. 8(">, 1. Uosel. M. <!a C. 
 
 pi. IV. Skle expresses olso some pi. Iv. vol. ii. pp. bt, .^."i. Cf. Turin xxi. 8. 
 
 violent action. ' Hiiual, published by Lepsius, pi. I 
 
PLAir. 14- 
 
 Fi.s 46 
 
 H'*' 
 
 TH OTH 
 /Brume. fuUsige } 
 
 TH OTH 
 
 Fig y.] 
 
 J, \ /Brome '/a scale y 
 
 ■k. 
 
 ^\ •■> 
 
 H B 5 ^ 
 
 
 I:" . * 
 
 Fig 48. /■-<-; 
 
 M f. I . 
 
 ISIS' • 
 
 ^ 
 
HBOS OSIRIS. 
 
 29 
 
 Mr. Salt' at Philse, and the Greok papyri also mention the god Imouth, alias iEsculapius.* 
 His worship must have been prevalent at an early period, for Manetho mentions, in his dynasty, 
 a king called Tosorthus, whom some, he adds, suppose the same as ^sculapius. He never 
 appears as a primary but as a subordinate god. His name, Ei-em-ophth, means " to come 
 with offering :" and his titles are " sn/i," or " eldest sun of Phtah." His worship was prevalent 
 at Memphis, and many persons under the Ptolemies were named after him. The present 
 bronze, from Thebes, has inscribed round the pedestal, " Eiemophth the giver of life. Penbai 
 horn of Phtahertais" the name of its proprietor. It seems to be of the Ptolemaic period, and 
 was part of a collection formed by Signor D'Athanasi.^ 
 
 HBOS (?) 
 
 The lion-headed deity prevailed above the S. Ethiopia, at Wady Shendy, Wady Owateb, 
 and at Wady Benata, but no inscription has as yet been published sufficient to decide 
 on his name and functions. M. Champollion called him Hobs:* but a name similar, 
 although reading very different, has been published by Sir Gardner Wilkinson.* I have 
 found him styled Hor or Horus. Sir Gardner Wilkinson states that his worship is not of an 
 early date, and found at Dendera and Deboud ; the hieroglyphics attached to his name read 
 Moui (?), the lion. At Deboud he is called M(mi Kehh-eian, great god, lord of vigilance, great 
 god, lord of Dehond rendering victorious his armsf' There are some larger figures of this 
 god in wood, without any head ornament, found in the tombs of the kings at the Biban el 
 Melook, from Mr. Salt's collection ; but the present exhibits the otf, or the same head-attire 
 which is found on his type in Nubia. 
 
 OSIRIS. 
 
 The limits assigned to the present work will not admit of more than a very succinct sketch 
 of the Egyptian myth of Osii-is, and it is unnecessary to repeat the Greek tale. He was the 
 son of Netpe (Rhea) and Seb (Saturn),^ and engendered of the heaven itself In his struggle 
 with Seth, or Typhon, he appears to have fallen under the power of his antagonist, to 
 have been defended by his son Horus, lamented by his wife and sister, Isis and Nephthys, 
 embalmed under the direction of Anubis, and justified by Thoth against his enemies." After 
 the destruction and dispersal of his limbs by Setii, his form was made again by Nouni,^ the 
 creator, on a potter's wheel, with the water provided by Hapimoou,i° or the Nile. The most 
 prominent function of Osiris is that of judge of the dead." Seated in the hall of the two 
 
 ' Wilk.Man.&Cust.Ser.II.vol.ii.p.oS. 
 ' Voung, Dr. Th., Hieroglypliica, pi. lii. 
 ' Vide Sale catalogue, 13 March, 1837. 
 
 lot 547, p. 4-9. 
 * Mus. Ch. X. and Wilk. Man. & Cust. 
 
 Ser. II. rol. ii. p. 17). 
 
 * Mat. liier. and Man. & Ciist. Ser. II. 
 
 pi. Ixxi. Tliis seems to read CKS, 
 
 or KOS. 
 ° Loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 86. 
 ' Uosel. M. da C. xv. 
 
 * Wilk. Man. & Cast. Ser. II. pi. ixxv. 
 
 7. 
 ^ See eleven litinies of this latter god 
 
 Thoth. 
 '" Page 10. 
 " \'ide Hapimoou. 
 
sa 
 
 OSIRIS. 
 
 Truths, with the Ouem, or devoiirer, and the forty-two demons of the dead, he awards the 
 ultimate destiny of the soul, perdition and darkness, or manifestation to light.' The deceased 
 is introduced into his presence by the two goddesses of Truth, and his good and evil deeds 
 weighed out by Thoth, or Hermes Psychopompos, and Anubis, the embalmer. In this capacity 
 he was styled Pent-Ement, attached to the west, or the '■'the heneficent west" like the Greek 
 Hesperides, the abode of the blessed. He was also lord of innumerable days, regulator of 
 eternity- iu the same capacity. Since Osiris was mythically embalmed, he was the prototype 
 of this ceremony; and the dead, universally, after the XVIIIth dynasty and kings previously, 
 have his name preceding their own. His name was ineffable, and in the Eitual the deceased 
 says, " Declare to me thy name." In the dynasty of gods Osiris was a king, and his name is, 
 consequently, found inscribed in a cartouche. Osiris must, therefore, be considered in a twofold 
 capacity — as lord of the heaven, the beholder or the revealer of good things, the beneficent 
 influence of nature, and as the severe judge of the dead. Inrthis latter type he is allied or 
 replaced by Phtah Socharis Osiris, the god resident in the centre of the tomb ; by Ra, the sun 
 in the Amenti; and by Athom, the setting sun. Tlie worship of Osiris was universal, especially 
 at a late period ; and it probably originated from Abydos, which was especially dedicated to him, 
 and where his body was fabled to have been embalmed. Tiie mode of writing the name of 
 Osiris was by throne and eye, respectively pronounced Has or Hesi and iri, and it was supposed 
 to mean either much-doing or many-eyed. Osiris is almost always represented with his body 
 mummied, his hands alone emerging from the tightened clothes ; and on this account he was 
 called in hieroglyphics, morsembhos, " enwrapped with bandages." There is in the Ritual a 
 part where the deceased calls upon Osiris in all his names, amounting to one hundred 
 and twelve ; naming, as in the abode of North and Soutli, in Poni, in Abydos, Rosattou, 
 Sais, Libya, Arabia, in the heaven, in the world, the land of life, Anrotf, and many other 
 regions whose locality, mystic or real, have at present not been decided upon. Tlie same 
 table mentions him as Lord of life, of length of years, of eternity, innumerable days, the 
 bearer of Horus, the chief resident in the heart of the catacombs, the lord of turbulence, 
 smiter of the impious, the bull resident in the heart of Egypt, considered as Apis ; or ad- 
 dresses him in all his tribunals in the north and south, in all his panegyrics, his emanations, 
 his names, &c. By the Greeks, Osiris is stated to represent the inundation, the humid principle, 
 or the moon ; but this was the interior doctrine, and our sole authority, the monuments, gives 
 only the popular one. 
 
 Fig. o4 represents the head of Osiris crowned only in the oeit, or white crown, that of 
 dominion over tlie upper Iiemisphere, and wlien thus represented was considered to personify 
 the ty])C of Osiris Ouonnoplire, the Greek Onnophris, the revealer of good, the beneficent 
 and celestial god. Tliere is in the collection a small statue of the god, with the head similarly 
 attired, with liis body bandaged like a mummy, on the l)ack plintlis of which is inscribed, 
 Osiris, the revealer of good, the lord of the heaven, the ruhir of eternity ; and on the earlier 
 monuments, Osiris is often styled llie l)ehol(U'r of good. Tlie present head, wliicii is of good 
 
 For tliis scene cf. Wilk. loc. cit. pi. 
 Ijtxxviii. Cadet, and I'iip. pi. i. Lep- 
 
 sius (Dr. Ric.) Kit. of Turin, ]]I. I. 
 ' Wilk. loc. cit. pi. xixiii, 3. 
 
PLATL 15 
 
 Fig 55 
 
 OSIRIS PETHCMPAMENTLS- 
 
 H ^■'■ 
 
 II 
 
 
 fTorcrMujL % . ?cal6 ) 
 
 iM^ 
 
 
 rjnotdaie, del" 
 
 \ fig 53 ) 
 
 
 iiSIRIS 1' 
 
 a/^GoU- } 
 
 § D IS 
 
ISIS. 31 
 
 iexecution, although probably Ptolemaic, has been gilt in the Egyptian manner, and furmed 
 part of the P. Knight Collection. 
 
 Fig. 53, which is part of the magnificent collection bequeathed to the Museum by the late 
 P. Knight, represents this deity with unusual attributes. On his head is the lunar disk, upon 
 which is engraved the left symbolic eye of the god Horus,' which indicatetl the moon. 
 He holds the whip and crook. On the pedestal is inscribed, " Odris-Iuh, i. e. the Moon, 
 the giver of life. Ophthamoun, son of Obai," — the name of the proprietor or dedicator 
 of this statue. Among the names of Osiris in the Ritual,' that of the moon does not occur ; 
 but Plutarch' mentions that, according to one system of the theogony, Osiris personified the 
 humid genial influence of that luminary, as Typlion the searching and destroying power of the 
 sun. Apis, his manifested living type upon earth, was also stated by the Greeks to personify 
 the moon.* The bronze is of a late period ; the eyes have been inlaid. 
 
 Fig. 56 is the type of Osiris represented as the object called Nilometer, but in reality a 
 sculptor's easel.^ It contains five instead of four horizontal bars, and is crowned by the otf — 
 the cap peculiar to Osiris. In this character he was named Tot, or Tattou,'' " established." 
 In the hieroglyjohics he appears under this type connected with Phtah,' and is styled " father 
 of the gods." Perhaps allying Phtah and Osiris, considered as Phtah Socharis Osiris. 
 
 ISIS. 
 
 Few of the deities of the Egyptian Pantheon are more popularly known than the goddess 
 Isis, whose worship seems to have been transported into Asia Minor, and under the Roman 
 empire to have been almost universal. She was the child of Seb and Netpe, the wife and 
 sister of Osiris, the mother of Horus, with whom and Nephthys she completes the tetrad of 
 Abydos. Her name was generally expressed by a throne — in Coptic, Hemsi, or Hesi — and 
 would consequently seem to imply the seat, or foundation; but it bears considerable analogy with 
 the word Woman. Like Maut, she was called " the great mother,"^ or " the mother-goddess, the 
 eye (daughter) of the siiii,'-' mistress of the heaven and directress of the gods, ^^' the queen of the 
 upper and lower world." ^^ Her local titles were, like those of Osiris, "-llistress of the Ahaton,^- 
 PhilcB," Snem, and Memphis ;" '* while others chiefly alluded to functions she performed with 
 regard to Osiris, whom she overshadowed with her wings, or at whose bier she knelt and deplored. 
 Since the dead were identified with Osiris, Isis was often depicted at the feet as Nejihthys at 
 the head of coffins, the two being " the goddesses of the bier."'-^ Isis is generally represented as 
 a female, having on her head the disk and horns, her celestial type considered, probably, as 
 
 ' Huras was said to illuminatt* the world 
 with the splendour of liis eyes. Cf. 
 Plutarch, de Isid. et Osirid. for a 
 
 ' De Isid. et Osirid. Cf. Wilk. !\Ian. Sc | » Ibid. xi. The word in, eve, like the 
 Cust. Ser. II. Latiu pupilla, meant also child. 
 
 ' Amniian. Marcellin. xxii. 14. '» Ibid. x. 5. " Ibid. M. da C. xviii. 4. 
 
 festival of the eves of llurus; and ; ' Salvol. An. Grara. " Ibid. xvi. 2 ; x. 7. 
 
 ChampoU. jMus. Ch. X. : " Cf. Leenians' ftlon. Egvptien. Ros. " Ibid. M. R. No. clxrii. 
 
 Stone. MVilk. loc. cit. '« Rosel. M. da C. xxii. 11. 
 
 Rosel. M. da C. XTi. 2. '* Side of coffin, B. M. 
 
 ^ Vide Ritual of Turin, published by Dr. 
 Lepsius. PI. lix. 
 
32 
 
 ISIS. 
 
 6ome solar function, or else with the throne on her head. She, however, is replaced by the 
 cow-headed Athor, and then called " Hes (Isis), the mother-goddess, the excellent nurse dandliny 
 her child."^ At other times she appears with the name and attributes of" Oeri Hek,'"' or 
 blended into one type with Nephthys,' and called Esi-Nephthys. She also personified the dog- 
 star, and was then called Sothis.* On account of her deploring Osiris, she was said to be the 
 superintendent of the two xcorlds lamenting her father (Error for brother?) Osiris lord of the 
 Amenti, the resplendence of the West,^ regulator of the heaven, conducting and ruling her brother.^ 
 Isis is often represented holding her hand over the disk of the sun, or else a signet, the emblem 
 of the sun's orbit, like Nephthys ; and the two may be considered the influence productive of 
 the sun in the upper and lower hemispheres of day and night. Since she was a mythic queen, 
 her name is enclosed in a cartouche. 
 
 In the absence of the knowledge of any text giving the name of this deity, it is only barely 
 possible to guess at it by analogy. From the circular tiara of ursei, she is apparently a type 
 of Isis, while the animal above her head seems to be the silurus fish. A deity with the head 
 of this fish was found in the tombs at Thebes.' The hieroglyphics on the back of two of 
 these figures are indifierently executed, and all that distinctly remains of the name of the 
 goddess is the twisted cord H., and she gives life. Little reliance can be placed, as will be 
 shewn, on the Greeks, as to their assignment of the sacred animals, and we must for the pre- 
 sent leave this goddess, although, perhaps, Isis, or Athor, among the uncertain ones of the 
 Pantheon, The oxyrinchus was sacred to Athor, as well as the fish of Esnah, the latus. Both 
 the figures in the collection with these fish-heads are of green porcelain, and came from Thebes.* 
 
 Fig. bl is the aegis of the goddess. On her head is the cylindrical diadem of ursei, which 
 has been surmounted by the disk and horns. Her hair has been enveloped in a vulture-cap. 
 The lower part of the front view represents the collar of the goddess surmounted by two hawks' 
 heads, composed of rows of pendent flowers and other ornaments, engraved in outline. The 
 back exhibits another subject in outline. Isis, wearing upon her head the disk and horns, stands 
 ofiiering her breast to the youthful Horus, who, crowned with the cap (toshr), emblematic of 
 dominion over the lower hemisphere, stands sucking her breast. At the sides of this scene are 
 a jjapyrus and lotus sceptre, on which stand the vulture and uraeus, emblems of the upper and 
 lower hemispheres. The lower part, the whole apparently intended to represent the counterpoise 
 of the collar in front. At the inner part of the collar are two holes for a bolt or pin, and there 
 is another attached to the upper counterpoise. Since similar objects are seen upon the heads 
 of boats, and the sacred barges containing the shrines of divinities, the present may have been 
 applied to a similar use. There are some other of these objects in the collection, and one 
 exhibits the face of the goddess plated with silver, or electrum. It came from Mr. Salt's 
 Collection, and was found at Thebes. 
 
 Fig. 58. Isis in her celestial type suckling Horus, her throne placed on a disked uraeus. 
 
 ' VVilk. Man. & Cust. Ser. II. jil. xixvi. 
 
 1. She is nursings Horus. 
 ' Ibid. 3. 
 ' Ihid. 2. 
 
 * Ibid. 5. Cf. Wilk. Mat. Ilier. liurton, 
 L Ex. Hier. Ciel, of .Memnouiuni, 
 
 '' Ibid. 1. Cf. Champ. iMoii. t. ii. No. 
 cdxxi. Tomb of Kamses V. Wilkin- 
 son's copv is by far the most correct. 
 
 ' Wilk. loc. cit. XXXV. 4. 
 
 ' Wilk. Man. Jt Cust. Ser. II. vol. ii. 
 p. 'ib3. 
 
 * A similar figure of a goddess has been 
 engraved by Lenormant, in hisMus^e 
 des Antif]. Egypt, pi. xii. 9, but he 
 considers the object on the head to be 
 a hare. 
 
to 
 
 LJ 
 1— 
 
 63 
 
 m 
 
PLATL 17 
 
 
 
 :^V 
 
 \^Z 
 
 
 -i_.. 
 
 f iTood, tm^jmsOsil £■ (HU, ) 
 
 . A 
 
 I Porcelain I'tiK, S-L?.r. } 
 
 ■n< ^\ 
 
 ( Formt^in, t'uilsize } 
 
 F.jbw^aU M' 
 
 % D % 
 
ISIS. 
 
 33 
 
 Fiff. 59 is a female goddess, Isis or Nephthys, standing, for the distinctive ornament on the 
 head is liroken off. On her head is the uraeus ; to her arms are attached wings, with one of 
 which raised, and the other pendent, she overshadows a naos, or shrine, on which is represented 
 a symbolic eye. Figures of the goddesses Isis and Nephthys winged, and overshadowing 
 with their plumes the body of Osiris, or the naos and chest, are commonly found on the 
 monuments and on the sarcophagi. She has probably held in each hand feathers of truth, 
 or a symbol of life in the left, and koucoupha sceptre, emblem of power, in the right. The 
 wings and body of this carving, which is executed only upon one side, are richly gilded, and 
 the wings have been inlaid with coloured porcelain, or stones of red, dark and light blue colour; 
 the head-dress has also been inlaid, although there are at present no remains of the material. It 
 is of excellent workmanship, apparently about the age of the Ptolemies, and from Mr. Salt's 
 Collection, purchased in 1821. It probably formed part of a sacred chest, or naos. The gilding 
 probably alluded to the goddess being entitled the pure gold of goddesses;^ and it is not easy 
 to decide what is the meaning intended to be conveyed by adding wings to them, and the 
 hieroglyphics merely announce that Isis rules her brother Osiris when the goddess has these 
 attached to her usual form. They have been supposed to indicate protection. 
 
 Fig. 60 represents Isis in her terrestrial type, kneeling and deploring the death of Osiris. 
 This subject is often repeated in various manners ; sometimes the corpse of Osiris is laid on the 
 funereal bier, and lamented by Isis and her sister Nephthys, the goddesses of the bier; at other 
 times the whole representation is placed in a funereal bari, or bark, drawn by the two jackals, 
 the guardians of the gates leading to the north and south. The attitudes of the goddesses are 
 varied; they let fall their hands, or raise them to their head. As every deceased was after 
 death identified with Osiris, and bore his names and attributes, Isis and Nephthys were fre- 
 quently depicted, the former at the feet and the latter at the heads of coffins,- the same relative 
 position as they occupied at the bier of Osiris.^ The inscriptions relative to Isis in this scene 
 announce, "That Isis has come with breath beside Osiris, — that she gives breath to the nostril 
 and the air manifested by Athom to Osiris, the truth-speaking,"'* — that these lamentations 
 are made to give life to his soul and youth to his body ; ^ or she exclaims, " I lament over thee, 
 my brother." s In these scenes, Isis and Nephthys are fi-equently placed upon the symbol 
 gold (to indicate that they were " as pure gold among the goddesses"), the emblem among 
 the Egyptians of objects beautiful and precious, and hold their hands over solar disks, or 
 signets,' emblems of the sun in the upper and the lower hemispheres, over which the goddesses 
 presided ; Isis being the mistress of the west, and Nephthys of the east. The present specimen, 
 which is in blue porcelain, is flat on the reverse, and has formed part of some inlaying. 
 
 Fiff. 61 represents Isis wearing a throne upon her head, suckling the young Horus. Tliis 
 flgure is composed of two portions in blue porcelain, which had been united, although apparently 
 
 ' Champ. Gr. Eg;, p. 417. 
 
 ^ Cf. Coffin of Hapimen, Eg. Sal. Brit. 
 Mus. No. 33, where Isis invokes Seb 
 to open the eyes and shed his liglit 
 on the deceased. 
 
 ' Coffin of Onkhape, Brit. Mus. Case xx. 
 
 Eg. Saloon. Ritual of Turin, pub- 
 lished by Dr. Lepsius, pi. Ixxiv. c. 
 On the Leeds mummy it is the re- 
 verse. 
 * Lepsius, loc. cit. Cf. pl. xxxvi. 1. 24. 
 " The breath or air manifested bv 
 
 Atliom to the nostril of Osiris pe- 
 
 thempamentes is thy name." 
 5 Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 434. 
 « Ibid. p. 400. 
 ' Coffin of Hapimen. Brit. Mus. Xo. 10. 
 
 Cf. Saotou, Vyse's (Col. Howard) 
 
 Journal, vol. ii. pl. p. 136. 
 
M 
 
 NEPHTHYS. 
 
 of different periods, and by different hands. The upper part is executed in the very best style 
 and period of Egyptian art. Although similar figures of Isis, having on her head the throne 
 only, rarely, if ever, occur upon the monuments, there are several instances where the throne 
 surmounts the disk and horns. ^ As Horus was the morning sun, Isis, the goddess who pre- 
 sided over the west, nourished him till his reappearance, and infused life and vigour with her 
 milk; and in these scenes, where Isis is represented suckling the monarchs, considered as her 
 child Horus, the hieroglyphical inscriptions give the speech of Isis to the kings, as — I am thy 
 mother Isis, mistress of Nuhia! We give ihee paiieyyries (assemblies and metaphorically return- 
 ing periods) of milk ; they shall go through thy limbs with life and poiver.^ Since when decorated 
 only with the throne she ordinarily appears behind Osiris pethempamentes,^ she is in this cha- 
 racter the goddess of the Amenti, or Noutehir, the Egyptian Hades. The above is selected from 
 many inferior figures of this type in lapis lazuli and different stones. 
 
 NEPHTHYS. 
 
 The theory of the Egyptian triads, which represented the local divinities as three person- 
 ages, frequently admitted of a modification which gave them the appearance of a tetrad or 
 quadruple type, the female principle being divided into two deities, who presided over the 
 upper and lower world, the east and west; and since the Theban triad appears in the shape of 
 four persons, as Amoun, Maut, Neith, and Khons ; that of Elephantina as Noum, Anucis, Sate, 
 and Hak ; so the one of Abydos, whose personages are under discussion, was Osiris, Isis, 
 Nephthys, and Har-si-esi. Isis represented the mother-goddess, or the great mother, con- 
 sidered as she who had produced the nascent or rising sun. Nephthys was the great sister- 
 goddess, being the sister of Osiris and Isis, the children of Seb and Netpe.* She seldom or 
 never occurs alone, almost always in the company of Osiris and Isis, either standing at the 
 back, or lamenting her brother laid out and mummied upon his bier.' She also often appears 
 in the boat of the sun, traversing the difterent hours of the day,*^ and salutes his disk, setting or 
 rising on the granite hill,' and presents life to Horus seated on the lotus plant.* Like Isis, 
 Nephthys had a double function ; as the celestial goddess, she wore on her head the disk and 
 horns,9 and sometimes with the addition of wings ; '" and when with her distinctive emblem or 
 name upon her head, consisting of a basket and an abode, as in the present figure, she was the 
 Proserpine of the Amenti. In accordance with the general principle of the double personifica- 
 tion of the female principle, Isis and Nephthys are frequently united in one form, thence called 
 
 ' Cliamp. Mon. Eg. t. i. pi. Ixxvi. with 
 Horus in the lotuses. Ibid. pi. Ixxix. 
 represents her in the Mammisi, Isia 
 nourishing her son in the iibode of 
 >iccoucliement. Cf. Champ. Gr. I'g. 
 p. 317. 
 
 ' Champ. Mon. Eg. t. i. pi. Ixi. 
 
 ' .Sep. Steles, p.issim. Cf. Kit. Cn<let, 
 
 passim ; Ritual of Turin, published 
 by Dr. Lepsius, pi. xlii. d. 
 
 * For the genealogy of Isis, cf. Champ, 
 
 Gr, Eg. p. 1V6, 5'24, wherein she is 
 said to be by implication djughter of 
 the 5un. 
 
 * Ritual of Turin, published by Dr. I.pp- 
 
 siuH. i>l. Isxiv. f. 
 
 ' Champ. Mon. pi. 
 
 'Ibid. 
 
 ' Desc. de I'Eg. A. vol. i. pi. xtv. 
 
 »Cf. Wilk. Man. & Cust. Ser. 11. pi. 
 
 XXXV. Rosol. M. da C. xxiv. 
 '» Coinn of Petauioun, (?)Cnse U U lirit. 
 
 Mus. Steles, jiassiin. Kosel. M. da 
 
 C. ilvi 
 
PLATE Ifl. 
 
 WKKnnfi 
 
 l-'ig, 62 
 
 
 t7 I'll Iriv^'M 
 ^^ •■■■ -=3- 
 
 ■^H,l 
 
 ■■'•f-Jffrrj Mvy 'iqui- 
 
 iMiaiH). 3«IV3IHi.l 'im 
 
 iBaB! dajajaii ianBiar jatBiiK' (aisiair. iiaiMf am -H 
 
 W:IWt' IK 
 
 
 liailnNBI TIWIMiar latiMlMli iHMIHIPir nMilHHIinL 
 
 i taauj!cL Wood. ytSca/^ f 
 
 F Anmjn/r (Jrt ' 
 
 IS P li,1 T M Y S 
 
HOR, HAR, OR HORU3. 
 
 35 
 
 Isi-Nephthys.i jgjg ;§ identified with Selk, Nephthys called Anucis. In reference to her 
 celestial powers she is styled, " daughter of the sun," mistress of the heaven, regent of all the 
 fjods,"^ regent of the vpper and lower loorld,* directress of the abode of souls, ^ and Sothis, 
 or the dog-star.*^ In her terrestrial capacity her ordinary titles are, the great sister-goddess,^ 
 filling the spine (?) of her brother, regent of the two worlds. In the scenes where she is at 
 the head of the bier of Osiris, or of the dead, she is stated to surround the head,** or to have 
 adorned Osiris.9 In one instance she is stated to be the great mistress of women, living 
 mistress of the two worlds, mistress of the eyes of light and of the exit of the two symbolic eyes,^^ — 
 titles identifying- her with the Nome of Gynaecopolites," or of the city of women, and the name 
 Venus, or Aphrodite, applied to her by Plutarch, as well as that of the end, Teleute. 
 
 Fig. 62 represents the goddess Nephthys in the attitude of deploring the death of Osiris. 
 The ornament upon her head is a basket and abode, reading Neb-t-ei, or Neb-thu, " mistress of 
 the house." The ornaments at the sides of the pedestal represent a symbol of life, having on each 
 side one of power, the whole placed upon a basket, here employed for the sound nibi, all, and 
 the whole signifying " all life and pmcer." On the upper part of the pedestal is a small plinth, 
 with an inscription half effaced, consisting of four lines: — The speech of Nephthys. Osiriuit 
 (deceased), great bard Iriouroou^- (Erieus), son of the prophet-priest of Amoun . ... to be^^ . . . . 
 At the back is another, the usual inscription at the sides of kings and deities, implying that the 
 goddess has all life, stability, and power, like the sun, for ever. Figures of this material" were 
 deposited in the tombs for sepuleliral jjurposes, at the sides of tlie coffins of mummies, and the 
 present has belonged to the tomb of a deceased bard, named Iriouroou. Bards were of the 
 highest class of sacerdotal functionaries, and tlie figure is remarkable both for the beauty of its 
 execution and purity of style which characterise the period of the XVIIIth dynasty. 
 
 HOR, HAR, OR HORUS. 
 
 The name of the god, called by the Greeks and Romans Horus, is written in various 
 manners : as by a hawk, by the word Hir or Har, a road or path." It has no distinct 
 etymology ; indeed, the occult meaning was probably very distinct from the common written 
 form. The term Horus, however, rather implied a class of deities than an individual god ; 
 and following the plan of type, and the declarations of the monuments themselves, the fol- 
 lowing deductions may be satisfactorily established. 
 
 ' Cf. Wilk. loc. cit. |il. XXXV. 2. 
 
 ^ Wilk. loc. cit. vol. i. \i. 433, jil. xxxv. 
 
 part ii. 
 ' Coffin of Petamoun, loc. cit. 
 
 * Tomb of Ramses IX. Cliamp. Mon. 
 
 last plate. 
 » Ch. Diet. Egypt, p. 13. 
 
 • Sep. Box, Salt, Collect. IJrit. Mus. 
 
 Wilk. loc. cit. 
 
 ' Kosel. .M. (la C. xxvii. 2. Ibid, xxiii. 
 
 Cf. xxiv. 
 ** Coflin of Ilapimeii, lirit. !\ius. 33. 
 ^ Ritual of Tuiin, published by Lepsius, 
 
 pi. Ixxiv. c. 
 "> Sep. Box, Salt, Coll. Brit. Mus. 
 " Numismatic Chronicle, vol. ii. 
 " Champ. Gr. E». passim, reads the eye 
 
 Bal. its present Coptic ibrm, but the 
 
 old language clearly called il iri. C'l. 
 
 Lejisius. 
 '^ Probvibly should be restored, " 1 have 
 
 come to be beside thee."'(?) 
 " Passalacque, 1. Catal. des Antiq. de. 
 
 couT. 8vo. Par. 1826, pp. l-ki, 7. 
 " Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 114. 
 
36 
 
 HOR, HAR, OR HORITS. 
 
 I. The hawk-headed Horus, at times called Har-oeri, or the elder Horus, son of Atliom;* 
 at others, Har-sont-iotf, Horus the support of his father; and the Har-Hat, or Horus of Edfou, 
 was clearly a personification of the sun, to whom hawks, from their brilliant eyes, were sacred. 
 He usually wore on his head the crown called pschent {see fig. 65), to indicate that he was 
 the support or defender of the upper and lower world. As the Har-Hat, or Horus of Hat, 
 the Egyptian name of the town of Apollinopolis Magna, he was the Magnus Apollo. In his 
 hawk-headed type he was presented by the goddess Athor to Osiris, or steered the bark of 
 the sun through the hours of the day,- piercing the Apophis (serpent),^ or a human figure,* in 
 the liquid ether, emblem of the god Seth, and this action allegorising the darkness vanquished 
 by light. As the Hor of Edfou, the Apollo of Egyptian myths, he is styled the great god, 
 
 lord of the heaven, with variegated plumes manifested in the solar abode rejoicing with 
 
 dominion C.), lord of innumerable periods of years, ruler of years, and months, the child of a ruler, 
 son of a ruler, born of a ruler, lord of the heaven, the world, the ether, the streams, and the hills,^ 
 and the hawk of gold, the son of Osiris.^ These titles evidently refer to the sun, and the hawk 
 of gold perched on his egg in the abime of the heaven, or entitled the '"^ director of years, chief 
 of victories,"'' was one of the commonest forms of the sun. In the hawk-headed type, Horus 
 was also called Har-oeri,^ the great or elder Horus, and his titles at Ombos clearly ally him with 
 the sun. He is there styled Har-oeri, resident in the eyes (of light), lord of Ombos, the great 
 god, lord of the heaven, lord of Eilak {Philce), resident in the centre of Sshatem, he has illuminated 
 the woi'ld with the brilliancy of his eyes, the statue of the tribunal truth, encouraging the gods with 
 his blows.^ These titles also allude to the sun, and the defeat of the wicked by the arms of 
 Horus. He here forms a triad with the goddess Tsonenofre and Pnebto, his son, who is 
 replaced by Khons. As the elder Horus he was the germ of Ra and the offspring of 3Ionth}° 
 The birthday of the eyes of Horus, which represented the sun and the moon, took place on 
 the 30th of Epiphi, when the fulness and exit of the eye of the sun was granted to the pure 
 and justified in Nontehir." In the same hawk-headed form he was also called Har-si-esi, or 
 Horus the son of Isis ; and in this capacity is represented, together with Tlioth, purifying 
 monarchs with streams of life and power from water-vases. In these scenes he exclaims. 
 Purify, purify, purify, purify!^" On one occasion he throws a stream of water over the bier of 
 Osiris at Philfe,'^ or stands at it with the goddess Hek, or frog, the accompanying inscription 
 stating that Horus, the son of Isis, son of Osiris, raises his arm to adore his father.^* The last 
 capacity in which he appears under a hawk-headed type is as the support and avenger of his 
 father Osiris against his enemies, or Har-sont-iotf; ^^ types alluded to by his contest with and 
 piercing of Seth ^"^ or Typhon, the evil princi])le, and the Apophis, or serjient, and the wicked''' 
 or rebellious generally, who appear to be traces of tlie giants of the Greek myths, whose heads 
 he smote off for the birds of heaven, and whose thighs for the wild animals of the earth and 
 
 ' Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 361. 
 - Cf. Rosel. M. da C. xl. xlv. xlvi. 
 ' Ibid. xl. 
 ' Ibid. 
 
 ' Rosel. M. da C. xl. 2. 
 • Ibid. M. R. clxi. I. 
 Ritual of Turin. Cf. Burton, Excerpt. 
 
 Hier. pi. Ivi. Cf. Champ. Gr. Eg. 
 
 p. S.'JO. 
 ' Champ. Mon. t. i. pi. i. 4. 
 " Rosel. M. da C. xxix. 
 "> Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 199. 
 " There was also a deity called the Eye 
 
 of Horus. 
 
 '- Champ. Mon. Eg. pi. xli. 4. 
 
 '^ Rosel. M. da C. xxiii. 
 
 " Ibid. 
 
 " Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 196. 
 
 '« Ibid. p. 471. 
 
 " Ibid. pp. 358, 370. 
 
HOR, HAR, OR HORUS. 
 
 37 
 
 the fishes of the waters.' This is frequently alluded to in the Funeral Ritual, as — Thy son 
 Horus has every day smitten the heads of thy enemies; and one table contains a recitation of 
 what Horus has done for his father. — (See p. 40.) As Har-sont-iotf he was lord of Sonem." 
 
 In the same type, and wearing upon his head the pschent, Horus appears occasionally 
 thrice repeated, as — Lord of Bosh, ^ Mashi or Mashakit,* Behni,^ Nubia, and with the epithet 
 Penterotei, or resident in the region of Hroti;^ and he often mythically crowns the various 
 kings,'^ or holds the oeit, or white crown, emblem of dominion over the heaven, or upper 
 Egypt, placed upon a basket.* 
 
 II. Turning from the hawk-headed god, all of whose functions are allied with Ra, Month-ra, 
 and the whole train of solar deities, another form of Horus is that of a child, quite naked, 
 wearing upon his head a scull-cap, with a single lock of hair, with the finger raised to 
 the mouth. He was then the god called by the Greeks Harpocrates ; but the raising of the 
 finger to the mouth among the Egyptians meant to speak, not to be silent, and was a youthful 
 action. Under this type he had several appellations. In the scenes representing the passage 
 of the sun through the liquid ether during the twelve hours of the day, that luminary is per- 
 sonified by a bark, in which is placed a circular disk, and in the disk different deities of the 
 Pantheon. The first hour of the day presents the youthful Hor or Horus, and in the second 
 the same god appears in rather more adult developement, with the lock of hair pendent from 
 his head; so that there can be no doubt that the youthful type of Horus represented the sun in 
 his adolescence, and the feeble light of dawn. Under this type he had a triple manifestation, 
 and three female deities are represented holding him, under the characters of Horus, the son of 
 Isis; Har-sont-to, or the support of the world ; and Ohi, or Ohi-oer, or the " great assistant," the 
 son of Har-Hat and Athor.^ He is under these forms dandled by his father Hat-Hat,'" placed 
 on a table, or a potter's wheel, by Noum,'' while Athor imparts life and breath to his lips. He 
 is also represented standing before Isis, holding a sistrum and collar, and crowned in a pschent, 
 and termed Horus, the support of the upper and lower world,^'^ or Hor, the stqjport of the two 
 worlds, lord of Noute-sho (?), great god resident in the centre of Poni, the living soul manifested in 
 the eye of the sun,^^ the child of Isis; also, Ohi-oer the son of Athor, ^* resident in Edfou, lord of 
 the duration of life, rejoicing with diadems. ^^ With the disk of the sun and feathers upon his 
 head he is styled Horus the great eldest son of Osiris, lord of the Abaton, son of Isis, lord of 
 Men-lak {Phila)}^ When wearing the disk of the sun entwined with an urseus he was called 
 Har-ph-re, or Horus the sun, and all these youthful types are the third ones of different triads, 
 representing him in connexion with Khons of Karnak, son of Amoun and Maut, Hak the son 
 of Anucis, and Noum at Elephantina, and Harsiesi at Abydos. He is often represented seated 
 on the prow of the bark of the sun, or else placed on a crook, emblem of ruler, perhaps allusive 
 of his being the child of a ruler, &c., previously mentioned, in the hall of the two Truths in 
 Hades ; and he at the same time, under the hawk-headed form, attends at the balance where 
 
 ' Ibid. p. 453. 
 - Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 438. 
 ' Champ. Mon. Eg. t. i. pi. ii. 
 • Ibid. Gr. Eg. p. 436, reads, errone- 
 ously. Shorn. 
 » Ibid. vi. 3. 
 
 « Rosel. M. da C. xlr. 
 
 ' Champ. Mon. Eg. t. i. pi. ii. He 
 
 crowns Ramses the great. Ibid. t. iv. 
 
 pi. cccviii. Amounsi Pehor. 
 * Ibid. t. i. pi. liviii. 2. 
 ' Rosel. M. da C. xlix. 
 
 '» Ibid. " Ibid. 
 
 'Mbid. M. R.clxix. 1. 
 
 " Ibid. M. da C. xlviii. 
 
 " Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 438. 
 
 '5 Ibid. p. 344. 
 
 '^ Champ. Mon. t. i. pi. Uiv. 4. 
 
38 
 
 HAR, HOR, OR HORUS. 
 
 the deeds of the soul are weighed out before Osiris at the hall of the two Truths. Under his 
 youthful types, Horus is often beheld seated upon an expanded calix of the lotus ; but the 
 jjeculiar allegory intended is diflicult to discern, except it be that the lotus, as previously 
 mentioned, was the guardian of the nostril of the sun. 
 
 Fig. 63 represents the younger Horus seated upon a throne placed on a plinth, the index 
 finger upon his mouth ; round his neck is a collar, and upon his arms are bracelets. The back 
 of the scull-cap behind is decorated with a hawk flying, upon whose head is placed a solar disk. 
 The sides of the seat or throne upon which he is placed is supported by two lions, which were 
 sculptured upon chairs, and couches were fashioned into their shape. The back of the throne is 
 in the form of a gateway, with the Hat, or celestial sun, upon tlie architrave. In an instance 
 already cited, Athom-Nofre^ treads upon a crouching lion, and in another Horus' is borne in a 
 chest placed upon a lion. The disk of the sun is often placed upon two lions,' and this animal 
 was the emblem of the splendour or the raging violence of that luminary. The present object, 
 which is of brown steatite, came from the Anastasi Collection. It is not of an early period, 
 probably of the Ptolemaic or even Roman era. 
 
 Fig. 64 represents an unusual type of Horus. He wean; on his head the toshr, or red cap. 
 the lower part of the pschent, emblem of dominion over the lower world, surmounted by the 
 solar disk and tall plumes of Amoun; at the right side of his head is the tress of hair of Homis; 
 the index finger of his right hand is raised to his lips, and he is in the act of sitting, as in the 
 lap of Horus. Under this form he approaches the types of Harsaphes;* and Isis, when con- 
 sidered the mother of that god, wears a similar attire,* with the addition of horns upon her 
 head. The present figure is remarkable for having round its narrow pedestal an inscription'' 
 containing the name of the deity and its possessor or dedicator, Har, or Hor, the great eldest son 
 
 of Amoun, giver of life. Kaoernofre, the auditor of Phlhah, born of Ouonnofre, born of P 
 
 This bronze, which is well executed, and part of Mr. Burton's Collection, came from Thebes.' 
 
 Fig. 65, the type of Horus wearing upon his head the pschent, with the finger elevated to 
 the mouth, is apparently that of Ohi-oer, the great assistant, son of Athor and Re, as well as 
 Hor the younger, the son of Isis and Osiris. The two forms, indeed, were identical, and 
 allusion to the pschent on his head occurs in the hieroglyphics, while he is called lord of 
 diadems,^ and kings said to be on the throne of Horus.^ The finger placed on his mouth, 
 considered by the Greeks to indicate silence, among the Egyptians meant speaking ; the crown 
 upon his head implied dominion over the upper and lower region, and shewed him to be 
 Har-soiit-to ; and the lock of hair was apparently intended to shew iiis youth. There is a 
 figure of Horus under this type, standing and overshadowed by the wings of Isis, in the Col- 
 lection; and another with tlie youthful god wearing the pschent, nursed by Isis. In the free- 
 
 ' P. «2. ■' Ibid. 
 
 ' Ritual published by Cadet. 
 
 * Or else Khons. Vide Harsa]>hes. He 
 
 is, in fact, Horaiuoun, the union of 
 
 Horus and Ammon. 
 = Stilp, l!rif. Mus. 
 ' Sir CiartJi-er Wilitir.son'a ^luii. &c Cust, 
 
 Sor. II. vol. i. p. 40'.', tor a .similar 
 inscription. (Jf. Cliamp. Mon. Eg. 
 t. i. pi. Iviii. 
 ' The bronzes are principally found 
 among the ruins of brick liouses at 
 Tliebes, near the great temple, but 
 
 much oiydlsed. A few are found in 
 the tombs at Thebes, and many at 
 Memphis and Hermopolis. Cf. Pas- 
 salacque, Catal. p. 147, 
 
 « Champ. Gr. Kg. p. .160. Cf, 479. 
 
 * Ibid, passim. 
 
»?>■■: •■'■'•■# 
 
 .K^, 
 
 
 T 
 
 yi 
 
 
 HAH 
 fSteabie 'A scoU/i } 
 
 j'BuGk Elavoiwn. j 
 
 \ ^' 
 
 K> 
 
 
 Kg. 68. 
 
 5_s; 
 
 i^i^i 
 
 
 H OR :^ 
 
 NEPHTHYS - H(l 
 
 ^.J. 
 
 n;! lO) r^ - K A (K If, 15 ;X! :iTi §; iii, 
 
HAH, lion, OR HORUS. 39 
 
 dom and fulness of the limbs the present figure exhibits the influence of Greek art, such as 
 prevailed under the Ptolemies. 
 
 Fig. 66 represents Horus liawk-he.aded, in his cliaracter of Har-oeri, Har-siesi, and Har- 
 sont-iotf, previously described. From the inscription on tiie plintli behind it is apparently 
 the character of Har-oeri, since the titles are the same as those whicli are found attached to 
 this god at Ombos. The hieroglyphics express, The speech of Horus resident in the region of 
 the eye (of the sun), riding the upper and lower world, lord of diluted heart, lord of eternity. 
 This formula is usually accompanied by a declaration of the benefits conferred; but in the 
 present instance, as in many others, the first part of it is only niscrted. It is of porcelain, or 
 of stone vitrefied, and was purchased with the Anastasi Collection, 1839. 
 
 Fig. 67 is perhaps a type of Horus uniting him with Phtah. ChampoUion called this type 
 Khons Phthah. 
 
 Fig. 68 is a pectoral plate (such as were suspended by a string and hung over the breast 
 of mummies, called by the Egyptians outou) of fine greyish-blue porcelain, of most exquisite 
 workmanship. On it is Horus, the son of Isis and Osiris, standing, advancing full face with 
 his aunt Nephthys on his right, and his mother Isis on his left. The meaning of this com- 
 bination is not obvious. Horus represented the youtliful sun, and these goddesses the two 
 hemispheres. 
 
 Fig. 69. This monument, its perfect representations and inscriptions, are involved in much 
 obscurity, and the light at present which can be shed over it here is perhaps more feeble than 
 that over any class of Egyptian antiquities. It is in shape of a stele or tablet, called by the 
 Egyptians oueit, surmounted by the head of a deity, to whom various names have been applied, 
 as Khons Kneph, Typhon Besa, Phtah, and Thoth. But on the plinth of a statue of wood in 
 the British Museum this god seems to be called Amoun-Osor, and on the pedestal of a small 
 statue in Mr. Sams' Collection, where he is flourishing a mace, he is called Amoun. On the 
 sarcophagus of the king supposed to be Amyrtseus (Eg. Sal. 10), are representations of steles 
 of several similar divinities, as Osiris, Amoun, &c., all surmounted with a human head. The 
 obverse of this monument shews in very bold relief the youthful form of Horus standing full 
 face ; in his left hand he holds by the tail a scorpion and lion, and in the right two snakes and 
 an oryx or gazelle. He stands upon two crocodiles, and at his sides are two sceptres, one with 
 a papyrus capital surmounted by a hawk, with disk and tall plumes on its head, emblem of 
 Hor, whose name is above it ; the other the lily lotus sceptre of Nofre-Athom, ruler of the two 
 worlds. The rounded pedestal in front, and the edges as well as the back, are covered with 
 hieroglyphics, and above the hieroglyphics, on the back, is a procession of a hawk perched 
 on the back of a gazelle, Souchis, Ra, Athom, Horus, and several deities whose forms are 
 indistinct. The whole is of wood coloured black, the accessaries and hieroglyphics traced in 
 yellow ochre. There is great difiiculty in attempting to explain the meaning of this combina- 
 tion, which was very probably introduced at a late age into the mythology. In the description 
 of Phtah Socharis, figures are represented which shew him grasping two snakes, or with these 
 reptiles issuing out of his mouth, while he stands on two crocodiles ; and the animals held in 
 the present figures may refer to astronomical signs. The inscription on tlie left side contains 
 an address to Horus or Ra : " Hail Horus giving light who illuminates the world 
 
40 HAR, HOR, OR HORUS. 
 
 with his eye, regulating thy servants (?) coming to thy boat with dilated hearts, thou avenger 
 
 in Sshatem " That on the left, the statement that it is " The Osirian (?) divine father 
 
 attached to the prophets of Phtali, scribe of the temple, scribe over the abode of 
 
 the attached to the charge of the cattle of the temple of PhtJiah, prophet of Osiris 
 
 prophet of Athor, prophet of Phtah-Sochar, avenger of his father, prophet of Saph 
 
 " The background of a similar figure, engraved by Sir Gardner Wilkinson,' represents 
 
 a little Pantheon of various deities, and on the plinth in front is a mystic address to the god : — 
 " Oh, thou avenger ! a god, son of a god, flesh of flesh. Oh, thou avenger ! the creator, son 
 of a creator, born of the goddess Isis. Oh, thou avenger ! Hor manifested with Osiris, born 
 of Isis, I have spoken in thy name," &c. These titles are Ptolemaic. 
 
 The inscription on the back is unfortunately much mutilated, and its purport indistinct ; 
 and although there are three other steles of steatite relative to the same subject in the Collec- 
 tion, they throw but feeble light upon the subject. Two have a different formula, like that 
 already quoted, commencing, "Oh, thou avenger!" &c. ; and the third a duplicate of the 
 present inscription, but so badly executed that to make it out amounts to a restoration of text. 
 It is consequently under these circumstances that no more than a general notion of the purport 
 of this inscription can be made out, and it apparently refers to the god who in one inscription 
 is said to come on the heads of the crocodiles, piercing their heads, established on their spines. 
 In line .5 of the present it mentions the great chief above you, who has established his victorious 
 eye over you — his son Hor us in his abode. And again, in line 7, after established on their 
 
 backs, shutting your mouths smiting your throats, to Pasht to cut your beards — to 
 
 Thoth to your eyes. In the other parts of the text are similar mysterious allusions, 
 
 very like those in the Gnostic Rituals addressed to the wicked and to the profane. 
 
 There is a litany of the god Horus, declaring the forty-two acts which Horus has performed 
 for his father Osiris. From this it appears that he has annihilated the wicked who guarded 
 Osiris, — that he has smitten them for him, — that he has led captive and subdued the north 
 and south, given him divine offering in these two regions, — that he has reaped the fields of the 
 
 loli-en-rou, drawn water in Ebou or Elephantina, — that he the rocks, regulated the 
 
 streams, made victims out of those who were the reprobate, and had conquered them, purified 
 
 his altars, — that he had caught for him wild fowl, — that he had thy enemies on their 
 
 I'oads, brought to him a libation in Elephantina to refresh his heart with it, given him all 
 
 kinds of young plants, bread in the land of made of red corn, given him remedies 
 
 (drink) in the land of Top, made of white grapes, ploughed for him corn in the fields of the 
 loli-en-rou, reaped it for him in it, that he has winnowed it for him, given liim power, 
 victory, his eyes to behold the two goddesses of truth, with the plumes on his head, Isis 
 and Nephthys to establish him, — that he has filled the eye of Horus with oil, and bound liis 
 face with it. This litany, whicli is of great interest, not only for the story of Horus, but also 
 of Osiris, exhibits several important ideas of mythology, and though all of it cannot be made 
 out, the greater part is distinct.'^ 
 
 ' Man. & Cust. Scr. II. pi. 43 .4. ' Pap. Burton, 285, p. 9. 
 

 !5i^iilif:^»1«:» 
 
 imm'^M'^-'M 
 
 
 0^,6 .• ^ 
 
 «^ -^ i'^' ^ 
 
 ■^r^ 
 
 S^ 
 
 =. ;1 
 
 o: 
 
 Tb&d' 
 
 irjOid^'^ifyi^i^ 
 
 3 l^.0l■?l■?5«'^^? 
 
 ;V 
 
 
 Si^^^n^m 
 
 M: 
 
 
 kM<ilP.^ 
 
 i^Tlini? 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^l,iU ^'I'U' -<j;v: ra.t- 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 '% 
 
 
 m^mBm^M^Mnm 
 
 'Oaymtk 
 
 m 
 
 ^1 >■ '■■ 
 
 
 ^% Y r, - 
 
 & 
 
 
 
 
TE-OER (tHUOERIS). 
 
 41 
 
 TE-OER (THUOERIS). 
 
 Considerable difficulty attends the solution of the hippopotamic deities; but since two, 
 Opt and Thuoeris, can he identified with Typhon, it is probable that they were all allied with 
 that deity. Sir Gardner Wilkinson' considers that they may be connected with parturition; 
 and this animal, in hieroglyphics, seems connected with the Nile and the hours ; and while in 
 certain inscriptions they are connected with Netpe, the great mother of the gods, witli Athor 
 and Isis, they may in these instances connect the good and evil principle which pervaded the 
 Egyptian Pantheon in one form. They are generally represented as hippopotami standing 
 erect, sometimes with different heads, but always with the tail of a crocodile down the back, 
 and often holding in the fore paws a symbol as yet unexplained. At Ombos they presided 
 over the months, but their names appear rather epithets than appellations, as — the approved, 
 Semsi .... of the mistress of the sycomore ; Opt, i.e. the hippoj/otumns ; Rann nofre, or t/ie 
 gracious dandier; Bosh Ape, resplendent head, mistress of the heaven, regent of the world, the 
 living word (?) 
 
 On a tablet of the Earl of Belmore's Collection, found at Thebes, lithographed and privately 
 printed, this goddess, wearing the disk and horns, is called Te-oer (Thuoeris), mistress of the 
 heaven, regent of the gods. 
 
 The goddess represented standing erect, with the body of a hippopotamus and the head of 
 a female, is called in the hieroglyphics Te-oeri, " the great one," and has been demonstrated 
 by Champollion'2 to be called by Plutarch Thuoeris, the mistress of Typhon, who betrayed him 
 to Osiris. In this form she has on her head the disk, and horns, and uraeus,' and generally 
 wears a peculiar kind of dress, holding in one hand a symbol of life. She is also found 
 with the right symbolic* or solar eye. Her titles are, resident in the centre of the pure iraters 
 belonging to the uhime of the heaven, regent of the gods;^ the first allying her with the Hapi- 
 moou, or Nile, rather than Typhon, and the second portion alluding to her appearance on the 
 Egyptian planisphere. Other titles of Te-oeri occur, as restrainer of the world.'' At Ombos, 
 where the months are presided over by hippopotami and other divinities, one with a hippopo- 
 tamus' body, the head of a female, with disk, horns, and uraeus on it, and crocodile's tail down 
 the back, is called Skuf (Thurifier), regent of the gods of the Mas-shini, or abode of birth and 
 nursing.' She presided in a shrine over one of the months. 
 
 Fig. 72 is in stone, carved, and then glazed, of exquisite execution. She has the tail of the 
 crocodile down the back, like Opt, the mother of Typhon. 
 
 The hippopotamic divinity appears on the 13th mystic abode of the Ritual. The text of 
 the chapter refers to the mystic waters or streams of flame in a future state ;^ but her most 
 conspicuous situation is in the abime of the heaven, resting her hand upon a sword, and with 
 a crocodile looking up to her. M. Biot calls this the great bear. The Rev. Mr. Tomlinson, 
 who has entered into some analysis of the zodiac,^ considers this goddess to mean the pole- 
 
 ' Man. & Cust. Ser. II. vol. i. p. 428. 
 ^ Panth. Eg. - 
 
 ^ Wilk. Man. & Cust. Ser. II. pi. xl. 3. 
 Cliamp. loc. cit. 
 
 * Wilk. loc. cit. 
 
 ' Rosel. M. (la C. xxxi. 
 
 * Wilk. loc. cit. This may he passing 
 
 over the world. 
 
 ' Ch;imp. Mod. Eg. t. i. pl.xcviii. xcix. 
 ® Lepsius, Ritual of Turin, pi. Ixxiii. n. 
 ^ Transactions of the Royal Society of 
 Literature, vol. iii. p. 490. 
 G 
 
42 
 
 OPT SHOUP. 
 
 star, wliich he supports by the authority of Eusebius, and her hieroglypliic name reading Isis, 
 the established mother of the panegyry (revolution) of the heaven.^ In this sense she is found in 
 the astronomical ceilings of the Memnonium at Thebes," and in the Roman temples of Den- 
 dera^ and Esneh, close to the cow in which the birth of the sun took place. 
 
 Fig. 70 represents this goddess standing, with a small modius on her head, with female 
 breasts, and holding a peculiar emblem in her fore paws. On some well-carved ebony figures 
 in the Collection, an emblem nearly similar is found round her neck. The present is of white 
 vitrefied stone, and from Mr. Salt's first Collection. 
 
 Fig. 86 is a seated figure of this goddess, of sycomore wood ; it has been painted with black 
 bituminical paint. From Mr. Salt's Collection, acquired in 1821, and from the tombs of the 
 kings at Beban el Melook at Thebes. 
 
 OPT. 
 
 Of the class of deities characterised by having the body of a hippopotamus erect, sometimes 
 with tlie head of this animal, and at others with that of a female, a crocodile, or a lioness, 
 and tlicse bearing different names, the one with the body of a hippopotamus standing on its 
 hind legs, with the tail of a crocodile down the back, has been called by M. Champollion* 
 Oph, the mother of Typhon, and one of the forms of Netpe.^ The word " opt " meant hippo- 
 potamus.'' In the sculptures at Ombos, where the months are presided over by hippopotamic 
 
 goddesses, one appears lion-headed, with an inscription before her, reading Oer-otikh 
 
 the great living — whether this is her name or title is uncertain, — and ending luith flame (t)? 
 
 Fig. 71 is a small statue of light stone, perhaps a kind of steatite, of a light reddish colour. 
 The goddess has down her back the tail of a crocodile, and holds in her hands a peculiar 
 emblem. It was purchased with Mr. Salt's Collection in 1839, and came from Thebes. 
 
 SHOUP. 
 
 The hippopotamic goddess, having the head of a crocodile, with female breasts, surmounted 
 by the disk and horns, and tall plumes, and placing her paws on a peculiar symbol, is called 
 Shpou or Shoup." Sir Gardner AVilkinson would make her Typhon, reading her name Typho ; 
 but the initial symbol is almost restricted to the round Sh.^ Her titles are, mother of the fields 
 
 ' Coffin rjf Hai-sont-iotf, Brit. Mus. 
 Case Q. Transactions, &c. loc. cit. 
 
 ' Burton, Exc. Ilier. pi. lix. 
 
 ' Cf. Views of Egypt by J. Bossi, pub- 
 lislied by E. J. Cooper, 4to. Lond. 
 'I wo are found togetlier in one pro- 
 jection, and in Belzoni's tomb she is 
 surmounted by a crocodile. Four of 
 
 the stars of the Great Bear appear in 
 her body . 
 
 ' Mus. Ch. .\. p. 26. Cf. Gram. Eg. p. 
 134, 2. 1 suppose from the hippopo- 
 tamic goddess occurring in the titles 
 of Netpe. Wilk. Man. & Gust. Ser. 
 II. pi. x.\xii. 
 
 'It is here tlie determinative of Netpe, 
 the producer of the gods or stars. 
 
 'Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 83. Ebou, the 
 ivory animal, the name ai>plied to 
 the elephant, also meant hippopo- 
 tamus. 
 
 ' Champ. Mon. xcix. 3. 
 
 " For the rule of the Faragogic on, vid. 
 Atliom. 
 
 » Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 41, No. 1'.17. 
 
NAHAB-KA ANOUP OR ANUBIS. 
 
 43 
 
 of the loh-cn-ron,^ resident in the abode of the bier- (gal). Tlie fields of the loh-eii-rou, some- 
 times called the fields of the sun, surrounded by the mystic Nile, were those iu which the 
 blessed ploughed, sowed, and reaped in a future state. Tliis form also, under another name, 
 occurs at Ombos,'' and appears among the titles of Netpe and Isis, of which goddesses she may 
 be a lower manifestation. 
 
 Fiff. 73. This goddess, indifferently executed, and from the Anastasi Collection. 
 
 N A H A B - K A. 
 
 One of the deities in the 10th abode is called " Nahab-ka," the snake god, and is represented 
 as a snake witli wings and human legs,* or a snake with human hands and legs, holding in each 
 hand a knife.^ 
 
 Fig. 74 represents him with his hands to his head, and fig. 75 holding in each hand a vase, 
 probably alluding to his name, " uniting offerings." 
 
 ANOTJP OR ANUBIS. 
 
 The deity called by the Greeks Anubis," in the Coptic books Anob' or Anoub,^ and in the 
 hieroglyphics Anepo^ or Anoup,'° was the son of Osiris and Isis," and the presider over the 
 embalmment of the body in its present and future state. He has always the head of a dog 
 of the greyhound species, or jackal,^^ which was his living emblem, and his name Anebo 
 approached that of Anebe," the Coptic word for a species of dog. Anubis appears under a 
 double form, one of which has been supposed to be the god called by the Greeks Macedo,i* but 
 is in the hieroglyphics Hophioue,'' or " seated in the roads" of the sun's path.^^ When in 
 this capacity he was represented as a jackal seated on a door or gate, and these doors were 
 placed on the north and south ; '^ and the Hophioue of the north was guardian of the terres- 
 trial world, while the one of the south was lord of the heaven.'^ It was apparently through 
 
 ' Wilk. Man. & Cust. Ser. II. pi. 10, 1. 
 
 Inscription Iiere imperfect. 
 ' Ibid. 2. This title allies her with Isis, 
 
 the mistress of the bier. 
 ^ Champ. Won. Eg. t. i. pi. xcix. 
 ' Lepsias ( Dr. R.) dasTodten Buch.pl. 
 
 Ixxii. k, 1. 
 ' Papyr. Barker, 211, Brit. Mus. 
 6 Diod. lib. i. 17. Plut. de Isid. et 
 
 Osirid. 
 ' Tattam, Lex. Ling. Copt, voce^imdion 
 
 n. viri, p. 16. 
 ' Tattam, Lex. Ling. Copt. p. 17. 
 » Wilk. Man. & Cust. Ser. II. vol. i. p. 
 
 440. 
 
 I" Champ. Or. Eg. p. 119. 
 
 " Wilk. Man. & Cust. Ser. IT. vol. i. 
 p. -140. Rosel. M. da C. xxvi. Burt. 
 Exc. Hier. pi. xviii. Coffin of Hapi- 
 men, Brit. Mus. Eg. Sal. 23. 
 
 " Wilk. loc. cil. 4-U, asserts that it is a 
 wild beast. Leon Lnborde, Voy. de 
 I'Arabie Petree, that it is a dog with 
 which he coursed. Some naturalists 
 state that, from the erect position of 
 the ears, it must be a trained dog, 
 " sed tantas componere lites," 
 
 13 Pevron Lex. Ling. Copt. voce. 
 
 " Dind. lib. i. 18. 
 
 '' Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 114. 
 
 '^ Lepsius (Dr. R ) das Todten Buch, 
 &c,, Ritual of Turin, pi. Iviii. 1. 1. 
 col. i2. Title of Anubis, " the good 
 guardian (?), opener of the disk of 
 the sun." 
 
 " At all events the jackals are called 
 rulers of these quarters. Sep. M. 
 passim. 
 
 " Lepsius, loc. cit. lix. 1. 24, 25. The 
 northern one on a case of a mummy, 
 Brit. Mus. MM. is called " lord of 
 Sais," of Abydos, Stele, Brit. Mus. 
 146; and the southern one, lord of 
 Tosor. Stele, Brit. Mus. 141. 
 
44 
 
 ANOUP OR ANUBIS. 
 
 tliis door that the exit of the right symbolic eye took place on the .30th of Mecheir ; ' and on 
 the astronomical ceiling of tlie Memnonium tliese jackals are called the Rokh-naa and the 
 Rokh-kougi, the greater and lesser heat, and are assigned to the months of Mecheir and 
 Phamenoth, when these periods happened." But the principal function of Anubis was that 
 of embalming, of which he was the inventor, having embalmed the bodv of Osiris pethempa- 
 mentes while it was lamented by Isis and !Xephthys.^ It is in this capacity he appears holding 
 up Osiris,^ or the deceased,* while Isis,** or the friends of the dead,' offer a libation or anoint the 
 corpse. At Philse he is represented bringing Ijandages to Osiris, and the inscription states that he 
 gives bandages to his fatlter Osiris.^ The ordinary titles of Anubis, considered as the god of em- 
 balmers, are, chief of the hills'^ (the dead being almost universally deposited in the tombs exca- 
 vated in the rocks above the site of cities in the plain), attached to the embalmment, ^^ the great 
 god, chief of Tosor,^^ resident in the west,^" lord of Ro-sat," the great god in Poni, and the great 
 szipport 0/ (Osiris) Ouonnofre, or the revealer of good, the son of Osiris jmrifjing his father in the 
 Abaton, or pure place. Anubis is also found with the appellation odord of the heaven,^* and resi- 
 dent in the divine gate, which apparently alludes to the gate of the disk of the sun, through which 
 tliat luminary and the souls of the deceased passed. Anubis is often represented at the end of the 
 first part of those papyri generally called Rituals, holding up the deceased'* at the door of the 
 tomb to vvhich the dead was about to be consigned, and this was also in allusion to his being 
 attached to the embalmment of the body ; indeed, on the funereal tablets of deceased persons, 
 made under the Ptolemies, it is often stated that the dead received a good embalmment for 
 seventy days tinder the arm of Anubis. ^^' The office of Anubis did not end here. When the 
 body passed through the Amenti, or futui-e state, Anubis superintended the care of it, while 
 the soul,^' under the form of a hawk with a human face, descended from above upon it, 
 bearing in its hands life and breatli, personified by a sail and signet; and he leads the deceased 
 to receive the road in the region of Ro-sat.'^ These chapters have been supposed to represent 
 the departure of the vital principle,'^ but they are in reality reunions in a future state ; and 
 their titles are, the chapter of frontier izing or uniting the soul to its body.-° It is probably in 
 this connexion that Anoup appears at Dendera-' holding in his hands the emblems of breath, 
 life, stability, and power. Anubis also appears in the hall of the two Truths, and, with Thoth, 
 arranges the balance of the final judgment,'- and gives a regular embalmment-^ to Osiris, or 
 the dead, while Isis and Nephthys lament at the bier. He is generally jackal-headed, 
 rarely witli any attire ; but at the Roman period wears on his head the pschent, emblem 
 of dominion over the heaven and Hades. He sometimes occurs under the form of a 
 
 ' Ibid. vigneUe tocli. 140, jil. Ivii.this is 
 called tlie book of tlie nctions on ibe 
 30th of Mecheir, during the exit of 
 the eye of the sun. 
 
 - Hurt. Kx. Hier. pi. Ivii. Iviii. 
 
 ^ Rosel. M. R. cxxxiv. 2, 
 
 * Uosel. .M. da C. xxvii. 
 
 ' Stele ,<^nastasi, b, Brit. Mus. 
 
 * Rosel. M. da C. xxvii. 
 ' Stele, Brit. iMus. 152. 
 ' Rosel. M. da Ci xxiv. 
 
 9 Tablet, Brit. iMus. 144. 
 '"Ibid. Stele, An. 5. Coffin of Hapi- 
 
 men, Brit. Mus. Eg. Sal. 23. 
 " Stele, lirit. AIus. 144. 
 "Rosel. M. da C. cxxix. 1. 
 "Lepsius(Dr. R.) das 'I'odten Much, 
 
 Ritual of 'I'urin. 
 " M. C. cxxxiv. 2, cxxxix. 1. 
 '" Lepsius, loc. cit. pi. vi. 
 " Steles, Brit. Mus. passim. 
 " Lejisius, loc. cit. pi. xxxiii. 
 
 '• Lepsius, loc. cit. pi. xViv. 
 
 " Wilk. Man. & Cust. Ser. II. vol. i. 
 p. 442. It is necessary to observe 
 to the general reader that I translate 
 enc-harged with the snathing or em- 
 balming, what Sir G. Wilkinson calls 
 director of the weight. 
 
 ™ Lepsius (Dr. R.), loc. cit. 
 
 '" Burton, Exc.IIier. pi. xviii. 
 
 '' Lepsius, Ritual of Turin, pi. I. 
 
 " Hieratic Papyrus Salt, Brit. iMus. 
 
AMSET, HAPE, SOUMAUTF, AND KEBHSNAUF. 45 
 
 man,' and lias been even found with the head of a ram,- in wliicli case he replaces Kiiepli. 
 His worship prevailed at Lycopoiis,'' or El Siout, and Cynopolis;'* and the Graco-Egyptiaii 
 papyri mention an Anubeiuni,^ or temple of Anubis, at Memphis. Honours were rendered to 
 him at Rome along with the Isiac rites, and at a late period of the empire, Commodus had 
 excited the contempt of his contemporaries by bearing the statue of this god. 
 
 Fig. 76 is a bronze of Anubis walking, jackal-headed. lu his left hand he has held a 
 koucoupha sceptre, emblem of power, and in his right a symbol of life, now wanting. From 
 the execution of this bronze, which is rather coarse, it is apparently not much earlier than 
 the Roman period. It was purchased at Mr. Salt's sale in 183.'>, and came from Thebes. 
 
 AMSET, HAPE, SOUMAUTF, AND KEBHSNAUF. 
 
 Four inferior deities of tlie Pantheon, chiefly found on the coffins of the dead, or in scenes 
 relative to the future state, have from this circumstance been called the Four Genii of the 
 Anienti or Hades. Their direct function is that of receiving the entrails of the dead, which 
 were removed from the body, embalmed separately, and deposited in jars made in their form. 
 Considerable difference has prevailed in writing their names, and some in their forms among 
 the Egyptians ; generally, however, they appear as mummies holding sashes, or bandages, in 
 their hands, and human, baboon, jackal or dog, and hawk-headed ; but instances occur where 
 they are all human-headed, and with their limbs at liberty;'' and in one case Amset appears 
 as a female.' Their names have also been read in various manners, and the first genius, 
 always human-headed, has been called Amset or Amseth;** the second, generally with the 
 head of a cynocephalus, Hape,^ Api, or Hapi ; the third, jackal-headed, has been termed 
 Smof, Smautf,'" Sitmautf, Siutfmau," or Siontefmau,'^ and Eaoumautf;" the foarth, Netsonof 
 or Kebhnsnof,'^ Kebhnefsogp, Kobhsnauf or Kobhnisnauf,'^ and Kebhsnauf."^ Waiving the 
 discussion of several general philological rules of Egyptian grammar here, their names appear 
 to be Amset or Ouemsat, Hape or Hapi, Soumautf, and Kebhsnauf ; and these seem to mean, 
 devourer of impurity,'' judgment,'^ adorer of his motlier,''' refresher of liis brethren. -° These 
 titles, in all probability, point out the intimate connexion which the genii had with different 
 parts of the abdominal viscera. In a mummy opened at Jersey'-' by Mr. Pettigrew, where 
 the internal parts had been embalmed separately in four packets, and returned into the body 
 
 ' Coffin of Hapimen, Brit. Mus. 23. 
 = Wilk. Man. & Cust. Ser. II. vol. i. 
 
 p. 443. 
 ^ See Num. Chron. vol. ii. Diss, on 
 
 Coins of Nomes. 
 * Ibid. 
 ^ Greek Papyrus in the Brit. llus. 4to. 
 
 1839, p. 68. 
 ^ Coffin of Hapimen, Brit. Mus. Eg. 
 
 Sal. No. V3. Set of wooden figures 
 
 of the genii,- Case C. Brit. Mus. 
 
 ' Coffin of Ilarsontiotf, Case Q. Brit. 
 
 aiua. 
 » Wilk. Man. & Cust. Ser. II. vol. ii. 
 
 pp. 70-73. Mat. Hier. pi, Ivi. Ivii. 
 
 Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 110. 
 'Wilk. ihid. Champ, ibid. 
 '» Wilk. ibid. pp. r>6, 57. 
 " Rosel. Jlon. Civ. teste, parte i", torn. 
 
 iii. p. 468. '^ Champ. Gr. Eg. 
 
 " Vyse's (Col. H.) Journal, vol. ii. p. 
 
 138. Jly observations on a coffiu. 
 
 " Wilk. JIan. & Cust. Ser. II. vol. ii. 
 
 pp. 70-7 .T, 
 " Rosel. loc. cit. 
 
 '^ Vyse's (Col. H.) Journal, loc. cit. 
 " Ouem, sat. Cf. Peyr. Lex. Ling. Copt. 
 
 vocibus. 
 " Ibid, or " Number," voce Hapi. 
 " Sou-tef-mau, Coptice, or Eaou.tef, &c. 
 
 expresses this. Cf. Peyr. and Tatt. 
 
 vocibus. ^° Ibid. 
 
 ^' Archa;ologia, vol. xxvii. p. 271. 
 
46 
 
 AMSET, HAPE, SOUMAUTF, AKD KEBHSXAUF. 
 
 with these four genii in the packets : Aniset presided over the stomach and large intestines ; 
 Soimiautf over the kings and heart ; Hapi over the small intestines ; and Kebhsnauf over the 
 liver and gall-hladder. The general office of these genii seems to shew an assignment of the 
 intestines to the four cardinal points, while they could not be impure, because they were care- 
 fully restored to the body ; indeed, the function of embalming was connected with that of 
 uniting the soul' to the body, and keeping the vital principle from perishing or trans- 
 migrating, which must have been awarded to those who, being condemned at the earthly 
 judgment, returned again into the world. The body and soul ran through the Noutehir and 
 its dread ordeal together. 
 
 As an example of the addresses they offer to the deceased, may be cited tlic four invocations 
 respectively made by them to Hapimen,- a high officer of state under the Psammetichi, on his 
 coffin in the Museum. Amset says, / am thy son, a (jod (?), loving thee; T have come to he 
 beside (?) tltee, causing to germinate thy liead, to fabricate thee ivith the words (?) of Phtah, like 
 the brilliancy of the sun, for ever. Hape exclaims, / have come to manifest myself beside thee, to 
 raise thy head and arms, to reduce thy enemies, to give thee cdl germination for ever. Soumautf 
 exclaims, I am thy son, a god, loving thee; I have come to support my father; while Kebhsnauf 
 observes, I have come to be beside thee, to subdue thy form, to suhnit thy limbs for thee, to lead 
 thy heart to thee, to give it to thee in the tribunal of thy race, to germinate thy house with all the 
 other living. In some other addresses Hape grants the deceased, considered as Osiris, to be set 
 up on his legs,^ or causes the sun, in his solar abode, to rejoice for the deceased. In the 
 chamber of PhiltE * these deities, holding in their hands whips and crooks, preside over the 
 four quarters of the compass, in the following order : Amset over the south, Hape over 
 the north, Soumautf over the west, and Kebhsnauf over the east ;^ and at the coronation 
 of the king, Ramses III., during the panegyry of Harsaphes,^ four birds, personifications of 
 these genii, were let loose, to fly to the four quarters of the universe, and announce to the gods 
 that the king wore on his head tlie ujiper and lower part of the pschent, like the god Horus. 
 They are stated at Philai to be represented conducting Socharis to his bier, and to be preceded 
 by Selk." They are said in the Ritual to be placed in the heaven behind the constellation 
 Orion. 
 
 Fig. 77 is the genius or deity Amset, made of wax (and figures of this class were sometimes 
 of clay, covered with wax) ; the crossing and otlier strap in front, which is coloured red, 
 allude to the embalming or swathing functions of these deities, who are often represented 
 holding bandages. These wax figures were either placed in the orifice, or wrapped up in the 
 packets containing the viscera, which was either returned into tlie abdominal cavity, or 
 deposited between the legs. 
 
 Fig. 78 is Hape, the second genius, cynocephalus-headed. 
 
 Fig. 78 a is the genius Hape, of indifferent execution, and of a later period. The sash-like 
 
 ' Viil. Anubis. Mr. Pettigrew has been 
 the first to settle this imporlant point. 
 
 » Eg. Sal. Brit. Mus. 23 ; also published 
 Uescr. de I'Eg. A. vol. i. 
 
 ' CoflSnof Anionertais, Eg. Rom. B. 13. l. 
 
 * Rosel. M. da C. xxiv. 2. 
 » VVilk. Man. & Cust. Ser. II. pi. 76, I. 
 ' Willi. Man. and Cust. Scr. II. vol. ii. 
 pp. 70-78. 
 
CM 
 
 U 
 
 < 
 —J 
 a. 
 
 
 N? 
 
 .-jv^js^.-jn*-? .-rzT 
 
 I 
 
 
 <33 
 
 H 
 
 ® 
 
 
KHONS, PIITIIA, OR TYPIION. 
 
 47 
 
 objects relate to the embalming. When the viscera were not deposited in jars or so]jiilchral 
 vases, models of the four genii of the Amenti were placed at the sides of the sarcophagi. 
 
 Fig. 79 is of Soumautf, from the same set. These three figures are of excellent workman- 
 ship, and of a good period of art. They came from Mr. Salt's Collection, purchased in 18:3.0. 
 
 KHONS, PHTHA, OR TYPIIONC?) 
 
 The difficulty of deciding on the deity intended to be represented by this type arises from 
 the want, and the conflicting nature of monumental evidence. Champollion originally sup- 
 posed him to be Gom, Khons-Kucph,' or Hercules, from his resemblance in attire to the Greek 
 hero;- and, when armed with the sword and buckler, to personify Onouris,' or Mars; while, 
 when destitute of all emblems, that he was Typhon.* It is, however, evident that all these 
 types were essentially one ; but which deity of the Pantheon is a question yet to Ije resolved. A 
 small bronze figure of the god, in Mr. Sams' possession, has on tlie base the name of Amoun; 
 and on the pedestal of fie/. 80, he bears the name of Osiris Amomi. But two inscriptions given 
 by Sir Gardner Wilkinson,^ from Dendera, call him the beast Het, and the heast Bas, who 
 adores his lord, he being represented on the temple there off'ering adoration to the jouthful 
 Horus, seated on a lily. The various representations of this god shew him playing on a 
 triangular lyre at Tahuis;** while a cynocephalus jingles a sistrum, squeezing in his hands two 
 snakes, attended by an amphora, bunches of grapes, and lyre,' allying him with Silenus, 
 sacrificing captives, presiding over the 20tli pylone,** with his head and -bust on the capital 
 of columns vulgarly called Typhonia," or carved on head-rests. Rosellini and Lenormant con- 
 siders him allied with Phtah ; wliile Sir Gardner Wilkinson supposes him to represent death, 
 and would ingeniously connect his name with that of Besa, who had an oracle in the desert. 
 Typhon, indeed, as the evil principle, may be considered the president over the departure of 
 life, — the gods perpetually giving life to the nostril of the kings. 
 
 Fig. 80 is a type of this god, apparently holding his beard ; is placed on a pedestal which 
 probably does not belong to it : around the pedestal is a dedication to Amoun-Osiris. It came 
 from the tombs of the kings, and formed part of Mr. Salt's Collection.'" The back of this figure 
 has a small narrow piece, which takes out, the interior having been hollowed to hold papyrus. 
 
 Fig. 81 represents the same divinity standing on an expanded lotus-flower, like Horus, 
 flanked by two winged sphinxes, apparently not of an early period. Found at Thebes. From 
 Mr. Salt's Collection. 
 
 Fig. 82 stands on a lotus capital, probably part of a sceptre ; he has plumes on his head, 
 
 I Wus. Cb. X. p. 2. 
 
 ' For an elaborate account of this deity 
 vide Lenormant, Ch. QuEcstionem 
 cur Plato, Aristoph. in Con%'iv. in. 
 duxerit, 4to. Par, 1838, p. 38 at seq. 
 
 ' Cbamp. loc, oit. p. 13, Reuvens. 
 
 ' Cbamp. loc. cit. p. 35. 
 
 '• Mat. Hier. Vide also Alan. & Cust. 
 
 Ser. II. pi. 41, 1, 2, p. 432. 
 ^ Rosel. Mon. Civ. Teate, t. iii. p. 19, 
 
 'las'. 
 ' Lenormant, loc. cit. in ult. 
 * Lepsius (Dr. R.) das 'i'odten Buch, 
 
 pi. Ixiv. 145 V. 
 '■' Caillard, Voy. a Meroe, pi. x. 2. Ruins 
 
 at Ouad Beyt Naga ; also on a shield 
 at Ouad el Benat, pi. xsx. tj. Ty. 
 phonium at Mount Barkal, ibid. pi. 
 Ixvii. Ixxir. The inscriptions here 
 are too badly copied to be satis- 
 factory. 
 '« Engraved. Wilk. Man. & Cust. Ser. 
 II. vol. i. p. 452. 
 
48 
 
 SETH TORTOISE-HEADED DEITY — PANTHEIC FIGURE. 
 
 a cynocephalus in his left hand, and a chikl on his right shoulder.' From the Anastasi Collec- 
 tion, 1839. 
 
 Figs. 83, 84, heads with the plume, and without. The projecting tongue recalls that of the 
 Gorgons in Greek mythology. 
 
 Fig. 85 represents him armed as a Roman soldier, or Greek, with a sword, and on the head 
 is a shrine and hull. The lower part of the feet has heen restored. Tliis is the form called 
 Onouris, or Mars, by ChampoUion and Reuvens. It is of late workmanship." From Mr. 
 Burton's Collection. 
 
 SETH. 
 
 Typhon, when represented with the head of an ass, was called Seth, or Seg, the ass ; and 
 in one chapter of the Ritual, the deceased speared this animal. It is, however, uncertain 
 whether _^^. 87 is intended for a ram, goat, or ass-headed genius. The ram and sheep-headed 
 demons have generally their heads erect and bearded ; while Seth, or the ass, inclines his head 
 downwards, with his asses' ears erect. According to ChampoUion, Luxury was personified by 
 a goat-headed deity. 
 
 Fig. 87 is of good execution, and from the tombs of the kings at Beban el Melook, pro- 
 bably from that of Osirei Menephthah I., most of whose decorations were coloured M'ith a 
 dark bitumen. 
 
 TORTOISE-HEADED DEITY. 
 
 Little is known of these inferior genii of the dead. ChampoUion' states that the tortoise- 
 headed god in the tombs of the kings personified Idleness; and in the third of the terrible halls 
 represented at the close of the Ritual^ is a tortoise-headed deity, seated, holding two swords; 
 the inscription relative to this chapter states, '■'■that the guardian of the third gate is fed with the 
 limbs of his disturbers, — that the name of the guardian is Las-au-ho, — that the name written on 
 it (the hall) is Ousaei." The tortoise also appears as distinctive of some evil quality.* 
 
 Fig. 88, which is covered Avith black bituminical colour, came from the tombs of the kings 
 at Beban el Melook, and is from Mr. Salt's Collection. 
 
 PANTHEIC FIGURE. 
 
 The present bronze {fg. 89) exhibits the decadence of taste and feeling, an extraordinary 
 kind of type which was introduced under the Roman domination, and flourished during the 
 Marcian and Gnostic heresies. The head of Anubis is united to tlic body of I'htah Socharis, 
 standing on crocodiles, and on the reverse is the head of a ram, with the tail and back of a 
 bird. From Mr. Sams' Collection. 
 
 ' See Lenormnnt in the Descr. de la 
 Collec. tl'Antiq. dc M. le V. Ueusr- 
 not, par J. de Witte, 8vo. Par. I(i4(», 
 who ingeniously sees in a similar 
 figure a relation with the Greek story 
 
 of Saturn rating his rhililron anil the 
 stone Betylus, p. 148. 
 " Engraved. VVillt. loc. cit. pi. 41, part 
 1, fig. 1. He conceives it to per- 
 sonify death, which Seth prohably 
 did. 
 
 ^ Lettros Ecritos, lij 
 
 *Lepsius,das Todlen Uucli (Ritual of 
 
 Turin), pi. Ix. 144 c. 
 * Cf. the word sliAt or shouct, " the 
 
 vain." Mummy at Leeds, communi- 
 
 caled by Mr. Osburn. 
 
U 
 
 ,...*.^-^ II 
 
 ■- f 
 
 Mm 'P 
 
 © 
 
 
SACRED ANIMALS. CYNOCEPHALUS. 49 
 
 SACRED ANIMALS. 
 
 The origin of animal worship among the Egyptians is enveloped in much obscurity, but it 
 appears to have enjoyed great extension amidst the decadence which prevailed under the 
 Greek and Roman power. Since animals are frequently employed in the hieroglyphical texts 
 to express words of action, it is not contrary to analogy to suppose that they personified, as 
 living emblems, some particular quality or mental function of the deity : tims, the sheep, cyno- 
 cephalus, jackal, and crocodile, respectively meant terror, anger, adroitness, subjection, — 
 qualities and powers which their heads' recalled when placed on the human form of different 
 deities. The animals in Egyptian temples were employed instead of statues, and the adorer 
 worshipped them, the individual selected being supposed to contain the soul of the divinity, 
 while the whole class was respected as the emblem. Their worship was, however, local ; and 
 while the worshipper of Amoun in the Thebaid, or the Souchis adorer of the Arsinoite nome, 
 spared the sheep and the crocodile, the Mendesian and Tentyrite speared or slaughtered these 
 animals without remorse. One obvious application of animal worship was for oracular pur- 
 poses. After death they were carefully embalmed, and deposited in tombs separate from the 
 necropolis. 
 
 CYNOCEPHALUS. 
 The cynocephalus, or dog-headed baboon, in hieroglyphics ooni," was the living emblem of 
 the god Thoth, chiefly in his lunar capacity ; supposed to have a knowledge of letters,' music,'* 
 and to sympathise with the changes of the moon.^ The nome in which it was principally wor- 
 shipped was Hermopolis ; but cynocephali embalmed have been found in the neighbourhood 
 of Thebes.6 These were probably attached to the small temple of Khons, also a lunar god, at 
 Karnak, since one inscription mentions the living cynocephali of the abode of Khons. At the 
 head of the coffin of Amyrtteus^ are two sets of these animals, nine in each ; one called the 
 door-openers of the sun, accompanying him with offering irhen he goes to the abode oj glory ; the 
 other, the bards of the sun, who salute and celebrate his progress ; and in this sense they are 
 represented adoring the bark of the sun, in his rising, or first hour, with their hands raised, 
 and called the spirits of the east? When seated, and with lunar disks on their heads, they 
 were always emblems of the moon.'" On the sarcophagus of Osirei Menephthah I." two of 
 these animals accompany a sow, over which is written "■gluttony;" supposed to represent the 
 transmigration of an impure soul into the world. Har Hat is once represented under the 
 shape of a cynocephalus, with a bow and arrow in his hand, or as a young cynocephalus seated 
 
 ' Horapollo, 1. i. s. xv. '" Chami). Mus. Ch. X. Panth. Eg. 
 
 s Mummies of ihis animal in the Mu- 30 G, and holds the symbolic eye to 
 
 seum from this locality, Mr. Salt's Thoth in a bark, ib., with |)allet, Sec. 
 
 Collection. Cf. Passalacqua, p. 148, 
 
 50. Generally at Hermopolis. 
 ' Bronze situlus, Brit. Mus. Case T. 
 » Brit. Mus. Eg. Sal. 10. 
 ' Champ. Mon.t.ii. pi. cxxiii.i. 
 
 ^ 'Noun ram -headed, for example, is 
 
 called " terrible fact." Champ. Mon. 
 
 t. i. pi. xxxviii. 
 " Chnmp.Gr. Eg.p. 72. 
 3 Ibid. Panth. 30, f. Called Thoth, 
 
 lord of divine words. 
 ' At Dakk6. Resell. Mon. Civ. Teste, 
 
 vol. iii. p. 19. 
 
 Champ. Mon. t. i. pi. Ixxxii. 
 " Cory, Horapollo, Wilk. .Man. & Cu^!. 
 Ser. II. pi. 87. Sharpe, Eg. Insc. 
 pi. 61. 
 
 H 
 
50 LION. 
 
 in the hand of a cynocephalus-headed god.* It is found on the balance of the hall of the two 
 Truths in the judgment of the dead. At a later period St. Bartholomew was stated to have left 
 the ichthyophagi accompanied by a cynocephalus.- 
 
 Fig. 90 is a small statue in brown sandstone, nearly perfect, the portion wanting at the 
 left ear having been morticed to it. In front is a small square plinth, on which is inscribed, 
 beloved of the smiter of the smiter of thee {?), the king, the sun, the lord of truth, son of the sun, 
 Amounophth (Amenophis), ruler of the pure land of truth, giver of life, like the sun, for ever. 
 The name and titles of Amenophis III. or Memnon of the XVIIIth dynasty, a.c. 1692-61. 
 From Mr. Sams' Collection. 
 
 Fig. 91 is a seated figure in dark steatite. On its head is the lunar disk. On a bronze 
 figure nearly similar in the collection is inscribed Thotli, lord of Eshmoun, or Hermopolis. 
 
 Fig. 92 represents this animal erect, without any attributes, adoring the light of the sun or 
 moon. There is a similar figure in sandstone, but of larger proportions, from the Temple 
 of Ibsamboul. One at Dakke is called Thoth Pennoubis, great god, chief leader in Nubia.^ 
 
 Fig. 93 is rather a cercopithecus, or the green monkey of Ethiopia, holding its hands to its 
 mouth, and eating. These are supposed to have been embalmed. 
 
 LION. 
 
 The lion, called moui and laboi, was worshipped by the Egyptians, and sacred to Horns, 
 Athom, and Pasht, especially to the latter deity; and at Dakke* Tafne is found under the form 
 of a lioness, with a disk on her head, and entitled, Tafne, the daughter of the sun, resident in the 
 Abaton. A lion is also found in the pronaos at Candour,* but its worship is more prevalent in 
 Nubia than in Egypt, and in the latter country we meet with the lion-headed deity. One of 
 the nomes of Egypt was called Leontopolites, or Lion's Town. 
 
 Fig. 94 is of syenite, or red granite, and may be pronounced one of the finest specimens of 
 Egyptian art, finely executed, and well suited for a gateway in the dromos, or approach for a 
 temple. This splendid specimen has several inscriptions. One going round the base of the 
 
 pedestal, commencing, offering to the gods, the king, lord of the ttvo worlds, lord exercising 
 
 the rest (attributes of royal power), an erased prenomen, son of the sun, lord of diadems, Amoun 
 (rest erased), has embellished the edifices of his father, the king of the upper and loioer worlds, 
 lord of the two worlds, the sun, the lord of truth, the germ (?) of the su7i, the son of the sun, 
 Amounophth, ruler of the pure land of truth {Gom), has made it (the lion) with his con- 
 structions to his father, Amoun-ra, lord of the thrones of the world, Athom, lord of Poni, and 
 loh Thotli, that he may be made a giver of life, like the sun, for ever. On the mane also are 
 
 the names and titles of Amenoph III., called the gracious god, the lion of rulers, who the 
 
 wicked ruler of the pure land of truth {?), leading them.^ Beneath this inscription are, the 
 
 king of the upper and lower hemispheres, the gracious sun, vivifying the heart, Amonn-Asao, or 
 Asor-Amoun, a supposed Ethioiiian monarch, cut in a much feebler style. Leemans conjectures 
 
 ^ This lion and its inscription are pub- 
 lisiit;d. Specimens ot" Ancient Sculp- 
 ture, DilelUiiiti Society, vol. ii. pi. li. 
 
 ' Champ. Men. t. i. cxxvi. 1. 
 ' Ibid. Plinth, ao, f. 
 > Ibid. .Mon. t. i. li. 
 
 * Champ. Mon. t. i. li. 3. 
 ' Ibid. t. i. pi. Ixxiv. 3. Cf. Lepsius, 
 loc. cit. pi. Ixi. Ixii. 
 
rlu'i 
 
 
 I 
 
 i'? •/ 
 
 ^ 
 
 6.W 
 
 .rff 
 
 .f/vn 
 
 .^ 
 
 T''iNt°i>j'^ 
 
 ■^ ik::^^!^-^ 
 
 ?i- 
 
 ^■^. I Jo'^^.a^i 
 
 ;o 
 
 ^y 
 
 
 
 ^Ll 
 
 =^ 
 
 ^ii 
 
 
 JUft-^ 
 
 
 X-. 
 
 
 k: 
 
 
 X.. 
 
 ?^ 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 o<lljqi[^ 
 
 •V* 
 
 il.i 
 
 '~ " 
 
 
 r^ 
 
 
 W 
 
 
 311 
 
 ""'; 
 
 0--^ 
 
 
 ■'1 ■ i*i 
 
 t^ 
 
 
 u 
 
 ■..,: 
 
 
 eg 
 
 
 --A -^ I 
 
 t: 
 
JACKAL — CAT. 
 
 the erased cartouche to be that of Horns, and the word Amoun to have been left by the sup- 
 posed Ethiopian monarch Amoun- Asro, of the XXVIth dynasty, to insert his own name ; ' 
 but the cartouche on the chest is certainly not that of the king Horus, and apparently of 
 Amenoph III. The erased cartouche may be of Amentuonkh, or one of the later monarchs. This 
 lion is from Mount Barkal, in Nubia, and presented to the Museum by Lord Prudhoe in 183.5. 
 
 Fig. 95. The anterior part of two lions, supporting on their backs the solar disk. Two 
 lions in this attitude, or bearing the sun over the hill, occur in the early portions of the Ritual. 
 They apparently took charge of the sun's abode in the east, or his rising.'' 
 
 Fig. 96 represents the fore-parts of a bull and lion conjoined ; but the meaning of this com- 
 bination, frequent upon amulets, is unknown to me. 
 
 JACKAL. 
 
 The jackal, in hieroglyphics Ebasi,^ was sacred to Anoup or Anubis,* and principally wor- 
 shipped at El Siout or Lycopolis. Mummies of it are also found at Thebes. It is represented 
 seated on the gates of the north and south,* and sometimes drawing the boat of Osiris and the 
 
 sun.' 
 
 Fig. 97 represents this animal on a standard. Similar standards were borne in the proces- 
 sions of the dead, used in the army, &c. It was presented by Sir Gardner Wilkinson in 1834, 
 and came from Thebes. 
 
 CAT. 
 
 The cat, Shau,'' was sacred to Pasht or Bubastis. It was not always clearly distinguished 
 from the lion.^ Cats are found mummied at Thebes,^ and appear on the coins of the nome of 
 Bubastis.'" It does not occur as a sacred animal in the paintings, but it is represented in the 
 Ritual with its claws on a snake." 
 
 Fig. 98 is this animal suckling her young ones — a favourite mode of shewing her among 
 the Egyptians. It is well executed, and with considerable spirit, but, like most of the Theban 
 bronzes, greatly corroded. There are several of these animals in bronze, porcelain, &c. in 
 the collection. 
 
 Fig. 99, the same animal seated, the ears erect, a collar round its neck, to which is attached 
 a symbolic eye, emblem of the sun, to which it was sacred. Round the pedestal is inscribed, 
 Pasht, the giver of life. Khonsates (?), son of Ousr-neb, the dedicator or proprietor. 
 
 ' The iDscription is published by Lee- 
 mans, xi. 136, but with some slight 
 errors, 
 
 ' Lepsius (Dr. R.) das Todten Buch, 
 pi. vii. there is also a lion ; zi. ii. 
 these are, perhaps, the male and fe- 
 male Uonmanifeited in thehecven; ibid, 
 xlvi. 1. 19, of the avengers. For their 
 connexion with the sun, see Pasht. 
 
 ' Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 83. 
 
 ' Wilk. Man. & Cust. Ser. II. ii. 148. 
 
 ' See Anubis. 
 
 ' Coffin of Onkbap^, Brit. I\Ius. Case 
 
 X X. Rosel. M. da C. xlvi. 3. 
 ' Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 72. 
 ' Cf. text. Champ. Panth. Eg. where 
 
 Neith, lion-headed, is sjid to be wilh 
 
 the head of a cat, pshshau. 
 ' Passalacqua, Cat. p. 150. Burton, Sale 
 
 Cat. Lots 303, 301. 
 
 '" Inedited coin of this nome, Brit. Mus. 
 
 " Lepsius (Dr. R.) das Todten Buch, 
 pi. ix. In the text this is the cat of 
 the sun, catching the Apophis (1). 
 If is called the great cat which is at 
 the ftmd of the Persea in Poni during 
 the night of struggling to guard the 
 evil, and the day of binding the wicked. 
 Ibid. 1. 45, 46. 
 
52 
 
 SHREW-MOUSE — HARE — APIS. 
 
 SHREW-MOUSE. 
 
 This animal, stated by the Greeks to be sacred to Buto (Maut) or Latona,' although not 
 occurring on the sculptures, is found on the coins of Panopolis," and must, therefore, with the 
 additional evidence of two inscriptions found on bronzes of this animal, calling it Hor, the 
 lord of Sshem,^ have been the living emblem of the deitj' Khem, or Harsaphes. Embalmed 
 shrew-mice have been found, of the same size as the bronze, and resembling or even larger- 
 thau the species called Sorex Indicus. 
 
 Fig. 100 is a bronze of this animal, nearly seven inches in length, and well executed. On 
 the back is a celestial winged disk of Hat, or good demon, the figure of a hawk or vulture 
 engraved on the nape of the neck, and a vulture on the loins. Round the plinth upon which 
 it stands is inscribed, Hor, lord of Sshem, giver of life. Haponimei,so7i of Phtahemkrou{?) .... 
 the proprietor or dedicator of the bronze. It came from Mr. Salt's Collection, and was 
 found at Thebes.* 
 
 HARE. 
 
 The hare has not as yet been found as a sacred animal in the sculptures, but I have pointed 
 out its appearance on the coins of the Mareotis.^ It often appears as the initial of the word 
 Ouonnofre," revealer of good, a title of Osiris, and has been supposed to be sacred to that deity, 
 who, or an inferior genius, is sometimes found hare-headed. 
 
 Fig. 101 is of excellent workmanship, selected from the many in the collection. From their 
 constant appearance it must have been a sacred emblem. 
 
 APIS. 
 
 Of the bulls' worshipped by the Egyptians, Hapi or Apis, the black or pied bull of 
 Memphis, Mne or Mnevis, the white bull of Heliopolis, emblem of Khem or Harsaphes,"* 
 Pikie or Pacis, and Onuphis at Hermonthis, have been recorded. A pied bull, emblem of 
 Phtah Socharis Osiris,^ has also been found, but this is probably Apis, since Phtah was the 
 great deity of Memphis. In the Ritual there is a bull, the husl)and of seven cows,'" but 
 this is rather a mythic than a real animal. Apis was the most important of these bulls. 
 
 ' Wilk. Man. and Cust. Ser. 11. vol. ii. 
 p. 133. Champ. Mus. Chas. X. 
 
 ' Numismatic Chronicle, vol. ii. p. 95. 
 Tochon D'Annecy, Medailles des 
 Nomes, ko. Par. 1822, pp. 90, 91. 
 Lenormant, Charl. Mus. d'Ant. Eg. 
 
 ' I have regarded the bolt as determina- 
 tive of the phonetic group shntem, '• to 
 shut;" bul it often occurs after the 
 phonetic hieroglyphics, slim, shem, or 
 
 khem, both of which approach the 
 Coptic Shmin, or Ekmin, the descend- 
 ant of the word Chemmo, the ancient 
 name of Panopolis. In this case the 
 name found with the Harsaphes of 
 Champollion is the ideagniphic name 
 Khem, as proposed by Wilkinson, 
 loc. cit. vol. i. p. 2.i7. 
 ' Cf. Wilk. Man. and Cusl. Ser. II. vol. 
 ii. p. 133 et seq. 
 
 ' Numismatic Chronicle, vol. ii. p. 102. 
 
 « Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 135. 
 
 ' For their names, cf. Champ. Gr. Eg. 
 
 p. 126. 
 ' This is probubly the " white bull " of 
 
 •llabes. Cf. Wilk. loc. cit. pi. 761. 
 9 Coffin of Pi^namoun, Case VV 2, Brit. 
 
 Mus. entitled " hid of the west." 
 '"Lepsius (IJr. R.), luc. cit. Iviii. 141, 
 
 13, 20, Ixxx. 29-32. 
 
PLATL 26. 
 
 T JtnouLUe cUi" 
 
 ^ [P S . and other Animals. 
 
RAM. 
 
 53 
 
 invested with oracular jiowers, and witli a shrine appropriated to his use,' On account of his 
 eternal duration he was called the living Apis;" and he sometimes appears as a bull-headed 
 man, called Osor-Apis, supposed to be the same as Sarapis.^ Osiris was called the Bull of the 
 Ement.* His honours were more important at a later period, and there is little trace of him 
 previous to the Ptolemies. 
 
 He is represented wearing on his head a disk, plumes, and the urseus, with the crown of the 
 upper hemisphere or heaven, with a collar on his neck, rich housing at his back, and whip at 
 his side,^ sometimes conveying a mummy on his back'' over the hills. He is coloured black' 
 or black and white. 
 
 Fiff. 102 is Apis, having on his head the disk of the sun, a winged hawk upon the nape 
 of his neck, network housing over his body, and vulture across his loins. On the plinth is 
 inscribed, .... Hapi, giver of life, Petamoun, son of Hanhos-ei {?). It came from the Anastasi 
 Collection, and is apparently not earlier than the Ptolemies.^ 
 
 Fi(/. 103 is Apis, or, more probably, one of the sacred cows, lying down; the pied cow of 
 Athor,^ mistress of Ibshak, or Ibsamboul, and the heaven ; the red cow, called the Ehe-oer, or 
 great cow,^ from which the sun sprang ; the white or yellow cow of Neith,'" and that held up 
 by Moui, with the disk of the sun passing through its hind and fore legs ;" and the seven cows 
 of the Ritual are thus represented. These cows are sometimes seen suckling the monarch,'" 
 like Isis, Maut, Neith, and other female divinities in their human form. The present is carved 
 only upon one side, and has been used for inlaying. It is in red composition. 
 
 RAM. 
 
 The ram was the living emblem of Amoun-ra and Noum,'^ and is often represented receiv- 
 ing similar homage, and qualified with the same titles as these deities. He was also called the 
 living soul, chief of the gods,^* and the soul of Noum,'^ Moui, Osiris, &c. At a late period rams 
 with four heads, and other pantheistic combinations, appear. His principal worship was in the 
 Thebaid, Xois Hypsele, and the Mareotis.'^ Mummies of sheep are found at Thebes. 
 
 Fig. 104 is this animal standing and wearing the disk and tall plumes of Amoun, of which, 
 or Noum, in this attire,'' it is the living emblem. It is of coarse execution, of a late period, 
 and from the Payne Knight Collection. 
 
 Fig. 105 is the head of a ram ornamented with the solar disk, emblem of Noum-ra, or 
 Chnoumis, the sun.'" It is carved and vitrefied, and of fine execution. From Thebes. 
 
 ' Rosetta Stone, Hier. port I. 4. 
 
 - Rosetta Stone, loo. cit. VVilk. loc. cit. 
 
 xxxi. pt. "i. 
 3 Cf. Wilk. ibid. vol. i. p. 361. 
 * Lepsius, ibid. 1. 1, 1. 
 ' Champ. Panth. Eg. 37. 
 6 Mummy of Pefaakhons, Case MM. 1, 
 
 Brit. Mus. One representation shews 
 
 him running to Thoth. Champ. Men. 
 
 t. i. xci. 
 ' A similar but much inferior bronze 
 
 has been engraved by Wilk. loc. cit. 
 
 ' Cf. VVilk. loc. cit. Champ. Mon. 
 
 t. i. Ixxxii. in a boat amidst water 
 
 plants. 
 ' Champ. Panth. Eg. 25 E, with ram of 
 
 Amoun on her body. 
 '° Lepsius, ibid. Ixxvi. 162, it is called 
 
 the great cow, made of good gold. 
 
 This is a mythic animal. 
 " Champ, ibid, ccxli. 3. 
 " Rosel. M. R. xxxviii. 
 '^ Among other reasons he represented 
 
 Noum as Bai (the soul), lord of 
 
 Tattou. 
 " See p. ref. p. 10, n. 6. 
 '= Vid. p. 22, n. 13. 
 '« Champ. Panth. Eg. 2, bis Tocb, 
 
 D'Annecy, M^d. des Nomes, p. 72, 
 
 116, Numismatic Chronicle, vol. ii. 
 
 pp. 95, 96, in my dissertation. 
 " Cf. Champ. Panth. Eg. 2 (bis). Ta. 
 
 blets in possession of Lord Belmore. 
 
 Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 119. Mon. t. i. xc 
 '8 Champ. Gr. Eg. ibid. 
 
54 
 
 OHYX IBEX PIG. 
 
 ORYX. 
 
 This animal, whose species bore various names, as el, &c., was an animal devoted to 
 Typhon, and does not appear in the monuments to have received divine honours. Two 
 representations shew it being sacrificed to Amoun-ra, Harsaphes,* and to Khons of Edfou.* 
 It is the only animal sacrificed to the gods on the sculptures. In the zodiac it represented 
 Capricorn, and its head is found on the boat of Phtah Sochari,' and embalmed. 
 
 Fig. 106 is imperfect, and represents a gazelle walking. 
 
 Fig. 108, the same animal, with its hands and legs bound, ready to be sacrificed : finely 
 executed. 
 
 IBEX. 
 
 The ibex, or recurved horn goat, is often found, although seldom, if ever, with divine 
 honours. The Mas-sthem, foreigners, an Asiatic race, represented on the tomb of Nahrai* at 
 Beni-hassan bring it, and it is often found brought as an offering. This, too, has been sup- 
 posed to be an accursed animal.^ The domesticated goat is found, as the sacred animal, on the 
 coins of the Coptite and Mendesian nomes.® 
 
 Fig. 107 represents it kneeling and butting. It is indifferently executed, and supposed to 
 have formed part of a comb.^ 
 
 PIG. 
 
 This was rather a cursed than a sacred animal, and in this respect ranks with the gazelle, 
 tortoise, &c. Its hieroglyphic name is riri and shau.^ It was devoted to Teoer, or Thuoeris. 
 Typhon, and the moon,^ and once appears in a boat, attended by two cynocephali, at the final 
 judgment. Over it is written " gluttony ;" "^ and it is supposed to represent an evil soul con- 
 demned for this vice returning in its body to the world." 
 
 Fig. 109 represents a sow, with two of its young under it ; well executed, and from Thebes. 
 
 Vid. p. 5, n. 24. 
 
 Vid. p. 8, n. 13, reference. 
 
 Wilk. Man. & Cust. Ser. II. vol. ii. 
 
 p. 1B9. 
 Rosel. M. R. ixvi. 2. 
 Wilk. Man & Cust. Ser. II. vol. ii. 
 
 p. 191. Aelian, xiv. Gl. 
 
 ' Numismatic Chronicle, vol. ii. p. 99. 
 1 Wilk. Man. & Cust. Ser. I. vol. ui. 
 
 p. 3bl. 
 » Champ. Gr. Eg. pp. 72, 181. Diet. 
 
 Eg. p. 73. 
 ' Wilk. Man. & Cust. Ser. II. vol. ii. p. 
 
 IBl.etseq. CbaiDp.Mus.Cb.X.p.48, 
 
 '" Tomb of Ramses IX. Champ. Mon. 
 
 t. iii. pi. cclxzii. See Coffin of Osirei 
 
 Menephtah 1. Sharpe, Eg. loser. 
 
 pi. 61. 
 " Champ. Lettres Ecrites, pp. 230, 231. 
 
 See description of cynocepbalua. 
 
BIRDS. — HAWK — VULTURE, 
 
 55 
 
 BIRDS. 
 
 HAWK. 
 
 This bird was emblem of male deities, and called Beg,^ the particular deity it was intended 
 to designate being pointed out by the head attire it wore. It was chiefly connected with male 
 deities, and those of light; but Isis and Nephthys'^ are found as hawks, with their appropriate 
 head attires. The deity to whom hawks were more especially sacred was Horus. There was 
 also a golden hawk, director of years, found in a chapter in the Ritual.^ 
 
 This bird expressed the idea of god in the texts, and had a city, called Hieraconpolis, espe- 
 cially sacred to it, appearing on the coins of Apollinopolis Magna, and frequently found with 
 the name and titles of Har in the inscriptions. It was also emblem, according to the head 
 attire with which it was found, of particular deities. 
 
 Fig. 110 is carved only upon one side, and is the hawk of Horus, and has been employed 
 for inlaying.* 
 
 Fig. Ill has on its head the pschent and emblem of Harsiesi. In front of the person repre- 
 sented is an inscription, stating that it is an act of adoration to Hor, lord of the heaven, to give a 
 long duration to see his benefits ; made by lohmos an auditor of truth, or judge. An inscription, 
 very similar, is on the other side. 
 
 Fig. 112 is with the otf and emblem of Phtah Socharis Osiris. 
 
 Fig. 113 is with the disk of the sun, emblem of Re or Ra, or Hor. 
 
 Fig. 114 is with the head attire of Month-ra, of whom it is the emblem. 
 
 Fig. 115 is with the lunar disk and emblem of Khons loh. 
 
 Fig. 1 19 with human face, called " the soul with hands and wings," ^ or the soul of the sun, 
 or great spirit manifested in the abime of the heaven.^ 
 
 Fig. 118 is probably the soul of an individuaF of the period of the XXVIth dynasty. 
 
 VULTURE. 
 
 This bird in the sacred writings always appears as the living emblem of the goddess Soven, 
 or Souen,^ probably the goddess of conquest, from its ancient name being Noshr, or Nreou^ 
 to conquer. It occurs with or without the head attire called otf, flying over the heads of 
 monarchs in battle scenes,'" holding in its claws objects resembling signets, and the feather- 
 flabellum of victory. Soven herself was often represented vulture-headed." Neith is also 
 found vulture-headed. It has been found embalmed at Thebes.*'^ 
 
 Fig. 116 is of indifferent execution, and of wood painted black, striped with yellow. 
 
 ' Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 73. 
 Lepsius, loc. cit. pi. ii. 
 ^ Ct. Champ. Won. t. i. pi. Uxxvii. 1. 
 ' For these assignments see Champ, loc. 
 
 cit. p. 118. 
 ' Champ. MoQ. Eg. t. i. cxxxix. 'J. 
 ^ Lepsius, loc. cit. xxxii, 85. The soul 
 
 of Osiris is thus found. Champ, loc. 
 
 cit. xciii. 
 ' For similar souls, vid. Lepsius, loc. 
 
 cit. xxxiii. 89-92. Champ. Men. t. i. 
 
 pi. Ivii. 2. 
 8 Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 125. 
 
 « Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 73. 
 '» Ibid. Mon. t. i. pi. Ixiii. t. iii. pl. 
 
 ccxiii. ccvii. 
 " Ibid. Panth. Eg. 6, quarter holding 
 
 bow and arrows, 28 A, B. 
 " Wilk. loc. cit. p. 204. 
 
56 
 
 IBIS — BEX — GOOSE. 
 
 IBIS. 
 
 This bird was the living emblem of the god Thoth,' and called Hih." It occurs occasionally 
 in the paintings, either painted black, or black and white,^ and then always with the name 
 and titles of Thoth. Immense numbers of the mummies of this bird are found at Sakkara, 
 Thebes, and Hermopolis.* 
 
 Fig. 117 represents an ibis in moderate preservation, and of good execution. Another 
 similar bronze in the collection has the eyes inlaid with silver, and a symbolic eye tied round 
 the neck.* 
 
 BEN. 
 
 The Ben, or Bennou, was, according to some, the nycticorax, and to others the ardea 
 Bubulcus.^ It occurs in one of the chapters of the Ritual,' and Osiris is found with the head 
 of this bird.» In one chapter the deceased steers it to the Abydos,9 with Osiris and Ra, to 
 the mystic region of Tattou, in the boat of the sun ; and on a scarabseus in the Museum 
 called the divine heart of the sun. At How it appears in a tree, and is called " the soul of 
 Osiris." ^° 
 
 Fig. 120 is this bird in the material in which it is most commonly found, being placed with 
 the four genii of the Amenti in the entrails of the dead. 
 
 GOOSE. 
 
 The goose samen, but of whose species there are several names, was the living emblem of 
 Seb, the Egyptian Saturn, and is found placed upon his head.'' No representation of it has 
 been met within the monuments, but it occurs in the funeral ritual.'" Its worship was local, 
 but its destruction universal. 
 
 Fig. 121 represents it standing on an expanded lotus, or the capital of a column. A head 
 of much larger dimensions, in wood, found in the tombs of the kings, is in the collection. 
 
 ' Champ. Gr. Eg. 119. 
 
 ' Ibid. p. 73. 
 
 ' Ibid. Panth. Eg. 30, E. 
 
 ' Passalacqua, p. 148. 
 
 ' An ibis similar to this is represented 
 at Dakki wearing the otf. It is 
 called " the lord of Shmmin, lord of 
 
 divine words." Champ. Mon. t. i. 
 
 pi. Ivi. 7. 
 Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 51, calls it a heron. 
 
 Wilk. loc. cit. p. 225. 
 Lepsius (Dr. R.), das Todten liuch, 
 
 pi. xxxi. 88, 84. 
 
 s Wilk. ibid. pi. 33. 
 
 ' Lepsius, ibid, xxxvii. 100, 101. 
 '" Wilk. ibid. II. p. 282, vignette. No. 
 
 465. 
 " Wilk. loc. cit. pi. xxxi. I. 
 " Pap. Salt. Brit. Mus. 828. 
 
PLATF 27 
 
 Ti^.m &Wj'; 
 
 Fi« 113. 
 
 i'l.;j. lit 
 
 {Fmduu! /iiff iizej (Btv/iic/kU ittc) ( Pjkcuuk full iitj!) 
 
 Kg, 110. )r 
 
 ■- rvwm 
 
 si^^- 
 
 T,g. 111. 
 
 r 
 
 Fig 115 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 |i 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 Tbrae/din. fitli sue ) 
 
 1 
 
 /ill K I 7% 
 
 .y^^ 
 
 /^ 
 
 ^- 
 
 Iig. 117. 
 (Bnmc) 
 
 -f- 
 
 
 y 
 
 ^ 
 
 Fitf.119- 
 
 ^ 
 
 Fig. 120 
 
 ( Wax. real j-ift J 
 
 u£ 
 
 [Stlnr hJl jiz.-j 
 
 Fi6. Vil. 
 
 --il 
 
 W:^ 
 
 ( B>ruiaiet' full j't££.) 
 
 f ^randaU c^^l ' 
 
 To) n m 
 
REPTILES, FISHES, ETC. — SERPENT, SCARABJEUS. 
 
 57 
 
 REPTILES, FISHES, &c. 
 
 SERPENT. 
 
 The Hawee, or cobra di copello serpent, called by the Egyptians ouro,^ the royal, was 
 employed in the texts" to point out the names of female divinities, and was the living emblem 
 of different goddesses, according to the head attire with which it was decorated. It is often 
 seen ornamenting the head-dresses of kings and divinities, but as a living emblem is restricted 
 to goddesses only. Twelve of these reptiles vomiting flame were guardians of the hours of 
 the day.^ It is found mummied at Thebes. 
 
 Fig. 122 has on its head a solar disk, emblem of female goddesses endowed with celestial 
 powers, as Isis, Nephthys, Sate, Selk, Sonenofre, or Okisnaa, the wife of Re or Ra. 
 
 Fig. 123 having on its head the otf, composed of the white crown and two ostrich-feathers, 
 an emblem of Souen ; with the red crown of the lower hemisphere, it represented Sate.* 
 
 Fig. 124 is hawk-headed, with the lunar disk. Since the moon was always male, and never 
 female, this must be referred to Khons-Ioh. 
 
 Figs. 126 and 126 are lion and cat-headed snakes. These, on the Gnostic amulets, are found 
 with the word Chnoumis,^ but this is a misapplication of names. They were rather sacred to 
 Paslit or Bubastis. 
 
 Fig. 127 is with a human head in tall plumes. This type is often found with the names and 
 titles of a goddess called Mere-sochari, but more correctly Mer-sahour.^ It is also found with 
 the name of Rimi," or lamentation, and Bai-to, or the soul of the world.^ 
 
 SCARABiEUS. 
 
 This beetle, called Tor^ or Thror, although found among the attributes of various divinities, 
 was the emblem of the god Tore,'" and apparently personified the sun. Different species seem 
 to be intended by those found, but it appears to be the Ateuchus Sacer or jEggptiorum of 
 Latreille." It occurs with the heads of various animals, and often thrusting forward the disk 
 of the sun. 
 
 Fig. 128 is the scarabseus with striated elytra, the best type, and seems to be the Ateuchus 
 laticollis. 
 
 Fig. 129 is the same type with a hawk's head — emblem of Ra or Re, the sun, thrusting 
 forward the disk of the sun. 
 
 ' Champ. Diet. Hier. p. 85. 
 
 Mbid. Gr. Eg. p. 122. 
 
 » Ibid. p. 12e. 
 
 ' Cf. Ibid. Panth. Eg-. 7 B. Wilk. loc. 
 
 cit. 
 5 Wilk. loc. cit. ii. p. 44. Champ. IMus. 
 
 Ch. X. 
 ^ t. e. " loving strife, or calumny." 
 
 Cf. Wilk. loc. cit. pi. 67, I. and 11. 
 p. 81. 
 
 ' Champ. Men. t. i. pi. Ix.xxix. 
 
 ' Lepsius, loc. cit. pi. xsxii. 87. It is 
 called "the soul of the world, length- 
 ening years," he. 
 
 "> Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 86. 
 "> Statue, Brit. Mus. Eg-. Sal. No. 27, 
 
 represents Ramses 11. or III. kneel- 
 ing, and holding this beetle on aa 
 altar, all of wliose decorations refer 
 to Tore. 
 I am indebted to the Rev. F. W. Hope, 
 and Mr. Adam White of the British 
 Museum, for the scientific names of 
 these insects. 
 
58 
 
 CROCODILE TOAD — FROG. 
 
 Fig. 130 is the same beetle. 
 
 Fig. 131, an ox-headed scarabaeus, executed in hematite ; in nature the Copris Isidis ; a rare 
 ype, and allying this beetle with the ox, Apis, and Phtah Socharis Osiris, or the cow of Isis. 
 
 CROCODILE. 
 
 The crocodile, in hieroglyphics emsooh,^ " sprung from an egg," was the living emblem of 
 the god Sabak, Sevek, or Souchis-ra.^ Some mystic nations connected it with time;^ but its 
 voracity and amphibious life allied it with the deity of destruction and the waters. In the 
 Ritual* the deceased speared it as an impure animal. It appears on the coins of the Ombite 
 and Arsinoite nomes.'' 
 
 Fig. 132 is of indifferent execution, and represents this animal walking. 
 
 TOAD. 
 
 The toad does not appear among the inscriptions, and the only traces of it are the 
 embalmed reptiles'" and figures which have reached us. 
 
 Fig. 133 is indifferently executed, and in a semi-opaque material. 
 
 FROG. 
 
 No instances of frog-worship are found. It occurs on a lotus sceptre at Philae.' It was 
 probably sacred to Noum, the deity of the waters, and Hapimoou, the Nile, or a female frog- 
 headed deity called Hyk, i. e. thefrog.^ It was employed in the inscriptions, in its tadpole or 
 perfect state, to signify " innumerable," and frequently placed at the base of the notched palm- 
 branch of time, on a signet, indication of chaos. I have even found it after the name of an 
 individual. Weights were made of its shape. 
 
 Fig. 1.34 is well executed in basalt, and has been attached to a necklace. 
 
 • Lepsius, J^ettre i. M. Rosellini, p. 41. 
 ^ Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 120. 
 
 ^ Numismatic Chronicle, vol. ii. p. 91. 
 
 * Lepsius, das Todten Buch, &c. pi. 
 
 xvi. 30-32. 
 ' Numismatic Chronicle, loc. cit. and 
 p. 98. 
 
 « a. Pettigrew's (T. J.) History of 
 Egyptian iV'Iummies, -J-to. Lond. 1824, 
 p. 218. Passalacqua, Cat. 422-425, 
 p. 236. 
 
 ' Champ. Mon. t. i. pi. Ixxxix. 
 
 « Cr. Wilk. loc. cit. Ser. II. p. 247, pi. 
 25, 3, 4. The male frog god is called 
 
 ka. father of the fathers if the gods. 
 This resembles the epithets of Noum. 
 (vid. Noum.) The female goddess 
 was called Hyk, mistress of Hosor, 
 of which Pasht and Athor were mis- 
 tresses. 
 
PLATE 23 
 
 
 Kg 123 
 
 
 Fi^ J.30. 
 
 K^ 133- 
 
 
 fi^ 135. 
 
 TigMO 
 
 Tig 139 
 
 I BT-omc ) 
 
 f^orosUun' -fiuS, ^ze J 
 
 T AruMdalA_ dai * 
 
 E [PT fl LEi, FG 
 
 i%®= 
 
SCORPION LEPIDOTUS— SILURUS OXYRYNCHUS. 
 
 59 
 
 SCORPION. 
 
 The scorpion was the living emblem of Selk, and is often found both in the texts and 
 inscriptions. The object, /i^. 135, from Thebes, is of a white colour, and hollowed out, and has 
 apparently been used as a pectoral plate. 
 
 LEPIDOTUS. 
 
 The fish,^^. 136, has been supposed to be the Cyprinus Lepidotus,'- a species of the carp ; 
 but the arrangement of the dorsal and ventral fins differs from any fish of the Nile yet pub- 
 lished. It bears, at the same time, certain resemblances to the Siluri, or Bay ads, and Cyprini, 
 or carps." Formerly it was assigned to the perch tribe, and considered, possibly, to be a Chse- 
 todon.' It must have been worshipped, from its occurrence in bronze; but to what deity it 
 was sacred is uncertain. 
 
 SILURUS. 
 
 The silurus, or bayad, was apparently sacred to Isis,* and considerable numbers of this 
 fish embalmed are found in the neighbourhood of Thebes.^ Its appearance is rather rare in 
 the paintings. Its hieroglyphical name is unknown, as well as the peculiar function it 
 represented. It may be the karmoot, the Mseotes of Clemens.^ 
 
 Fifj. 137 is the fish in the attitude of swimming. Another, placed on a kind of standard, 
 and in tlie same material, exists in the collection. 
 
 OXYRYNCHUS. 
 
 The oxyrynchus, a kind of pike, was sacred, according to some Egyptian myths, for its 
 having devoured a portion of Osiris.' It is employed as a phonetical symbol in the hiero- 
 glyphical texts to signify the hody;^ but in the Ritual, in the negative confession, the deceased 
 declared that he had not cmight the rami or oxyrynchi of the gods? There was a nome of the 
 Oxyrynchites. It is supposed by Sir Gardner Wilkinson i° to be the mizdeh, a species of the 
 mormyrus. It was sacred to Atlior, and at the Oasis under it is inscribed, Athor, mistress of 
 Sne or Esnah.^^ 
 
 ' Wilk. Man. & Cust. Ser. II. vol. ii. 
 p. 252. No. 464 b, similar fish en- 
 graved. 
 
 - For these scientifical remarks I am in- 
 debted to Mr. J. E. Gray. 
 
 ' Synopsis, Brit. Mas. 42 Ed. p. 293. It 
 cannot be the rami, for that had two 
 dorsal as well as ventral fins. Its 
 mouth more resembles, after all, a 
 
 perch than a carp. There was a fish 
 with one dorsal fin, called in the texts 
 Bot, abominable, or Bos, and another 
 called An. 
 
 ' Cf. Isis, p. 32, fig. 49. 
 
 ^ From Mr. Salt's and other collec- 
 tions. 
 
 ^ Sir G. Wilkinson, Ice. cit. p. 253. 
 
 ' Pint, de Isid. et Osirid. s. 72. 
 
 [* Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 76; also Shabou, 
 
 " deceit," or " lies." 
 9 Cf. Rit. Cad. 14. Lepsius (Dr. R.) 
 
 das Todten Buch. 
 '" Man. & Cust. Ser. II. vol. ii. p. 249. 
 " Ibid. p. 250. This connects it with 
 
 Latopolis ; but the fish on the coins 
 
 of that name is not the oxvrynchus. 
 
60 
 
 SPHINX. 
 
 Fig. 138 is this fish wearing the solar disk entwined by an uraeiis, and placed on horns to 
 distinguish it as the living emblem of Athor, who often wore this attire.' The present bronze 
 is from Thebes. 
 
 SPHINX. 
 
 The combinations with human or other animal head joined to the body of a lion, are 
 generally called sphinxes, androsphinxes, or human sjihinxes, criosphijixes, or ram sphinxes, &c., 
 according to the head placed on the body. Sphinxes among the Egyptians were for the most 
 part kings under a mythic form, but deities are thus repi'esented. They generally in the texts 
 meant power or dominion. Female sphinxes with the body of a lioness and with wings are 
 found, the prototype of the Theban monster. The enormous sphinx in front of the second 
 pyramid was one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. 
 
 Fig. 139 is a sphinx with the head of the leonine deity Typhon, wearing his usual plumes. 
 
 Fig. 140 is an androsphinx, with an inverted lotus on its head. Similar sphinxes were 
 represented at the corners of Roman cippi and altars. - 
 
 ' A similar one is engraved, Wilk. Man. 
 and Cust. Ser. II. vol. ii. p. 230. 
 
 - N'otvfithstanding the additional space, 
 the variety of subjects treated on in 
 this number would not admit of more 
 than a mere sketch of the sacred 
 animals illustrated bv the national 
 
 collection. Those, however, who de- 
 sire fuller details of the animal wor- 
 ship, the embalming of these sacred 
 living emblems, Sec, can consult 
 Passalacqua, Cat. pp. 148, 150, 231 ; 
 Pettigrew's (T. J.) History of Egvp- 
 tian Mummies, pp. 148, 150, 169, 
 
 226, 231, 236 ; Wilkinson's Manners 
 and Customs, Ser. II. vol. ii. pp. 90- 
 269. The plan of the present work 
 limiting its considerations to sources 
 purely Egyptian ; and theotherpoints, 
 as to burial, iXc, will come under the 
 head of Mummies. 
 
 END OF P.-VRT I. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 PaiNTED BY UOYES AND DARCLAS, CASTLE liXBEET, 
 
 LEICESIEB SOCABE. 
 
i(:ky*C'^'^y^:kif^i<'Tk'i^'i<ri^i<i<^y< x 
 
 PART II. 
 EGYPTIAN ART. 
 
 H I STO R I C AL 
 I LLU STRATIONS. 
 
 L O N DO h 
 
 u b L I c_, H L D fi r J . »V t> L r 
 
 4 6 HIGH HOLBORn 
 
HISTORICAL ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 TABLET OF ABYDOS. 
 
 The term " Tablet of Abydos" has been applied to an inscription discovered on the side 
 wall of a small building, partly executed in the rock, at a distance from the principal pile at 
 Abydos, the present El Arabat Mad Founah, 26° 10' north latitude, 32° 5' east longitude. It was 
 first discovered by Mr. J. W. Bankes in 1818, in an excavation undertaken by him for the 
 purpose of obtaining an accurate ground-plan of the extensive ruins of Abydos, and cleared 
 out of the sand which concealed it. M. Caillaud^ subsequently found it in 1822, and sent 
 a drawing of it to M. Champollion, who published an engraving of it in his second " Letter to 
 M. le Due de Blacas relative to Egyptian History." According to this latter traveller it was cut 
 on the right-hand lateral wall as you enter a small monument partly hollowed in the rock, at a 
 short distance from the ruins of the great palace, while, according to the statement of Mr. 
 Bankes," it occupied all the remains of a side wall in one of the innermost adyta. No portion 
 of the wall retained its original height, and it was otherwise so much mutilated, that the table 
 was incomplete both in the upper part and in one of its extremities. The other extremity was 
 brought close up to the extreme angle of the chamber, and the lowest line was carried almost 
 down to the pavement ; so that in these two directions it was quite entire. 
 
 The first publication of this monument is due to M. Caillaud, since the copies lithographed 
 and privately distributed by Mr. Bankes cannot rank as a publication. In 1822 it appeared in 
 M. Champollion's " Letters to the Due de Blacas;" and again in 1825, as the title-page of Mr. 
 Salt's " Essay," from Mr. Bankes' copy. It was subsequently given in the " Hieroglyphica" of 
 Dr. Young, the " Excerpta Hieroglyphica" of Mr. J. Burton, and the " Materia Hieroglyphica" 
 of Sir Gardner Wilkinson. Of all these engravings, that of M. Caillaud is the most complete, 
 and Sir Gardner Wilkinson's the most accurate ; but the great mutilation which took place in 
 the period whicli elapsed between his and M. Caillaud's visit, renders it necessary to exhibit the 
 tablet in its two stages, and as such is given, it is useless to go into the detail of all their differ- 
 ences ; neither will an analysis be given of the various hypotheses and restorations proposed for 
 the vacant and mutilated places in this monument, but a summary only of the points established 
 by the researches of M. Champollion, Sir Gardner Wilkinson, Col. Felix, Sig. Rosellini, and 
 others, on this question, with our own views as to some of the undecided points. 
 
 Cf. Caillaud (M. Fred.) Voyage a 
 M^roe, 8to. Par. 1826, torn. iii. 
 pp. 305, 306. 
 
 ' Salt's (H.) Essay on Dr. Young and 
 M. CbampoUJon's I'honetic System 
 
 of Hieroglyphics, 6vo. Lond. 1825. 
 Preface. 
 
66 TABLET OF ABYDOS. 
 
 The tablet is a chronological succession of the monarchy, the date of its commencement 
 being uncertain, but terminating at Ramses the Great, who makes an offering to the ancestors 
 or predecessors on the throne ; and much light is shed upon its arrangement and purport by 
 comparing it with two tablets, consisting of acts of adoration to the gods Ra and Phtah, in all 
 their names, which are arranged in a similar tabular form.i Each line reads in a perpendicular 
 du-ection in relation to the line of the base, which expresses the name of the king Ramos, or 
 Rameses, in its different forms. Thus the tablet {fig. 141), when entire, expressed "libation 
 made by the king Rameses to the kings," &c. in a horizontal line which surmounted it, and 
 then, in its internal arrangement, to each king, whose name is numbered from 1 to 52, by 
 the gifts of Ramos, &c. The succession is from right to left, similar to the Karnak tablets, 
 and from the top to the bottom. As the fixed point in this document is the king Amoun-mai, 
 Rameses the Gi-eat, it will be as well to trace the succession. 
 
 The two lateral lines, in Caillaud's full copy, express — 
 
 1. (The speech of the lords or spirits of the West) to their son, the creator and avenger, the 
 lord of the world, the sun, the director of truth. We ourselves lift our arms in order to receive 
 thy offerings. 
 
 2 thy abode, we germinate, we extend {them'\ in the writings or paintings of thy house, 
 
 we beg to approach to thee to rule it like the mountain of the sun in the heaven for ever (?) 
 
 The reader will then remember that the whole tablet, on the supposition of the restoration 
 of the lateral lines, as given by M. Caillaud, had the upper cartouches surmounted by a set of 
 symbols like those in the second line, and a horizontal line like those in the precited tablets at 
 Karnak. This line probably expressed an adoration made to the kings in all their names, 
 from the monarch Ramses the Great ; and the collective monarchy, whether dynastic, or a 
 genealogy by generations, represented a function of the sun, of which each Egyptian monarch 
 was, conventionally, the incarnate representation. The tablet thus consisted, in its entire state, 
 of fifty-two cartouches, and deducting one for that of Ramses II., whicli is united with the pre- 
 nomen of the same monarch, gives a succession of fifty-one names. As the connexion between 
 the names in the lower line is occasionally interrupted by brothers, or other persons, who, 
 although occupiers of the throne, were not admitted into the series, it is evident the succession 
 of the upper line may be constructed on the same plan. Although too many of the names in 
 the Abydos tablet are reproduced in that of Karnak, there appears as yet a want of monumental 
 evidence to enable any satisfactory clue to be seized relative to the succession of that line. 
 Notwithstanding, therefore, the progress of hieroglyphical discoveiy, the paucity of monuments, 
 and, conserpiently, of evidence, prior to the XVIth dynasty, renders the acceptance and purport 
 of the succession of the upper line dependent upon the monument itself; the only other known 
 document, the Hieratical Canon of Turin, being, unfortunately, from an attempt to restore 
 the mutilation, so doubtful lliat it can hardly be received even as confirmation uf what is 
 already established. 
 
 There is, however, one observation which may be here made, that no one has as yet 
 attempted to decipher the names of the upper line, and in my observations I shall, hypo- 
 
 ' Burton, Excerptn Hieroglypbica, pi. Ivi. Ivii. 
 
bo 
 
 y_-M^ ; .-. 
 
 
 Oli^HD 
 
 ^^(iS9>^ N]K(^3 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^'(^^^^■^^•(gll] 
 
 ^•(^B. 
 
 ^•(^i]^^]]j; 
 
 ^^3>4iMP 
 
 t(^i]^ 
 
 It^f 
 
 ^M§a 
 
 -N]]^(E 
 
 :'(imT]^xlltV(^l 
 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 flai-:fl5i3sa'-«l03'M;i 
 
 
 @ 
 
 IS) 
 
 ® 
 
TABLET OF ADYDOS. 
 
 67 
 
 thetically, consider each of the monarchs whose shields are represented in the upper line, as 
 immediate successors. They are the supposed XVth dynasty of Cliampollion and Hosellini. 
 The first twelve prenomens are entirely wanting ; we therefore commence with 
 
 No. 13. In this, the only remaining symbol, in the most complete copies, is the cerastes, 
 the . . . . f. There are three names of early monarchs, with which this symbol terminates, the 
 king Shouf or Nourn Shouf;i Cheops or Saophis, found in the vicinity of the Pyramids, the 
 monarch Shoi-f, who gave his name to the region Shoofmoone at Benyhassan," and the king 
 Ra-shaa-f, the supposed Shaaf-re or Chephren,'' found in the vicinity of the Pyramids. 
 
 No. 14. The only remaining symbols in this cartouche are the hatchet noute or nouter, 
 and the uplifted arms ha. Supposing this to be correct, no cartouche has reached us of the 
 period with this combination. 
 
 No. 15 is the first perfect name on the list : it reads, entirely, Re-men-ka, " the sun settim/ 
 up offering" or Men-ka-re. This resembles the name of Mycerinus, found on the coffin of the 
 Third Pyramid,* but differs by the final symbol being here in the singular, and on the other 
 monument in the plural form; the same difference which exists between Thothmes III. and IV. : 
 consequently they cannot be assumed to be the same king. One of the Psammetichi subse- 
 quently assumed this prenomen from the early king,^ whose name is rarely found. It is the 
 Mencheres of the Greek series. 
 
 No. 16. In the most perfect state of the tablet this name reads, in full, Re-nofre-ka or 
 Nofre-ka-re, Nepercheres^ of the Greek lists. This is the first Re-nofre-ka on the tablet as 
 found, and probaldy of the monarchical series, since, to distinguish it from the others, they have 
 all the addition of the name of the monarch inserted into the shield. (See Nos. 17, 19, 23, 24, 25). 
 It is found in a tomb in the vicinity of the Pyramids,'' at Wady Magara*^ on a few amulets and 
 steles, on a small ivory box in the Museum at Paris,^ and as a variant of the prenomen of 
 Sabak-ophth,'" supposed to be of the XXIId dynasty, who subsequently assumed it. 
 
 No. 17. This cartouche contains a name and prenomen united. The prenomen is the same 
 as the preceding, Re-nofre-ka, or Nepercheres II. The name is apparently Kebei or Nibi. 
 
 No. 18 is also a prenomen and name united. The prenomen is Re-tot-ka or Tot-ka-re. 
 The name is Moone, Tmoone, or Tmei. This name resembles the Timaus or Timanus of the 
 XVIth dynasty, and means the shepherd. 
 
 No. 19 is, like the preceding, a prenomen and name. This monarch also assumed the pre- 
 nomen of Re-nofre-ka or Nepercheres III. His name was Shout or Khont. As this monarch 
 is only known from this tablet, it is useless to do more than point out his name. 
 
 No. 20. This king's name reads, directly, Hor-mer-en, or, inverting it, Mer-en-Hor, the 
 Beloved of Horns. If, however, the hawk and solar disk are intended for the same, as they 
 are in many insci'iptions, it can be read Mer-en-re, or Mer-en-res," " the Beloved of the Sun," 
 
 See Rosel. Mon. Stor. torn. i. part i. 
 
 pp. 126-130, Tav., and Vyse's (Col. 
 
 Howard) Journal, vol. ii. p. 279. 
 Rosel. loc. cit. p. 141 ; Burton, Ex. 
 
 Hier. pi. xxxiii. xxxiv. 
 Rosel. loc. cit. Lenormant, Eclair. 
 
 sur le Cer. du Roi Mycerinus, 4to. 
 
 Par. 1839, p. 40. 
 
 Vyse's (Col. Howard) Journal, vol. ii. 
 pp. 34-36. 
 
 Cf. Leemans' (Dr. Conrad) Mon. Port 
 des Legends royaux, &c. 8vo. Leide, 
 pi. xxiv. p. 242, who has engraved 
 and reads, erroneously, Neclio, in 
 this cartouche. The iirst symbol, 
 however, is the disk of the sun en- 
 twined bv an uracus. 
 
 ^ Lenormant, Eclair, p. 40. Rosel. Mon. 
 Stor. torn. iii. parte i. p. 15, and torn, 
 i. p. 153. 
 ' Burton, Exc. Hier. pi. xxvii. 
 ' Leon de la Borde, Voy. en Arabie Pe- 
 
 trfe, Tableau Hieroglyph. 
 ' Kosel. IMon. Stor. torn. iii. parti, p. Ij. 
 '" Leemans (Dr. Conrad), loc. cit. 
 "■ Ibid. loc. cit. 
 
68 TABLET OF ABYDOS. 
 
 aud is the same name as appears in the Karnak tablet. It is also nearly the same as the pre- 
 nomen Re-mere or Mer-re, of Apappus or Apoph, or Phiops, as found at Chenoboskion. It is, 
 however, probable that this king was a successor of Apappus, and his name is found at Karnak," 
 on a tablet in the Cosseir Road." 
 
 No. 21. Prenomen of a king, reading Snofre-ka, or " reiidering offering good." Notwith- 
 standing that the copies give no disk of the sun, it is probable that it was originally at the head 
 of the cartouche, which reads, in full, Re-snofre-ka, " the sun rendering offerings good.." This 
 name, in feet, occurs in the tablet of Karnak, among the kings of the XYIth dynasty. The 
 name of this king is unknown. 
 
 No. 22. Prenomen of a king, reading Re-en-ka, or, inversely, Ka-en-re, " the offering of the 
 sun" resembling the Ceneres of the lid dynasty. The name of this monarch is unknown. 
 
 No. 23. Prenomen and name of Nepercheres IV. The prenomen reads Re-nofre-ka. 
 The name Riri. This king's name also does not appear on any other known monument. 
 
 No. 24. Prenomen of a king ; the upper part entirely mutilated ; all that remains 
 is . . . nofre-ka, perhaps, Nepercheres V. 
 
 No. 25. Prenomen and name of Snofre-ka II. or Nepercheres VI. ; having read, in its 
 complete state, Snofre-ka, Re-nofre-ka, or Nofre-ka-re, for the prenomen, and Apoph-snab. 
 
 No. 26. Prenomen and name of Snofre-ka III. The four first symbols are the prenomen of 
 this monarch, and the four last his name, An-nou. This monarch is unknown from any other 
 document. Sig. Rosellini has read his name erroneously, Re-nofre-ka-nou ; but the four last 
 characters are a well-known group, occurring with many determinatives. 
 
 In analysing this list of supposed monarchs of the XVth dynasty, the singular fact of so 
 many monarchs bearing the same prenomen, and the manner of distinguishing them by the 
 insertion of their names into their shields, is apparent. The total disappearance of all monu- 
 ments executed by these monarchs has been attempted to be explained on the hypothesis of 
 the ravages committed by the Hykshos, or Shepherds, but these people could scarcely have 
 desolated more than the Persians, who did not efface the records of their immediate prede- 
 cessors. That many of the more ancient temples and palaces had their materials worked up by 
 subsequent native monarchs, ample evidence is found on all sides, which still more renders it 
 probable that some memorial of this dynasty might have been preserved. The Shepherds were 
 admitted into the succession as the XVth or XlVtli dynasty ; and although No. 25 might be 
 supposed to be the Apophis of that dynasty, and No. 26 the laiiias, the analogy cannot be 
 extended, and the identification of the prenomens with the list of Manetho is hopeless. The 
 solution of the tablet of Karnak is, in fact, still to be desired, as well as more evidence on 
 these rarely mentioned monarchs ; but it is probable the Egyi)tian monarchy may have traced 
 its descent, like that of other Oriental nations, througli mythic dynasties of kings who never 
 existed, and whose names were only recorded in successions. The question of contempo- 
 raneous dynasties, so easy to assert, Init difficult to prove, did not enter into a genealogical 
 tal)let, but whether traced through the sole monarchs or the succession of tlic kings of the 
 Thcbaid, there is no evidence to j)rove. 
 
 No. 35, no longer remaining in the inscription, but seen at the times of the visit of 
 
 ' Burton, Exc. Hier. pi. ii. | ' lliiil. 
 
TABLET OF ATJYDOS. 69 
 
 Caillaud and Wilkinson, reads Re-noub-kaou, " the svn gilding," or " the gold of offerings." 
 It is the prenomen of Amounenihe II., first king of the XVIIth dynasty, whose reign is 
 placed by Rosellini b.c. 2082-2272. 
 
 No. 36 is complete on the tablet as it now stands : it reads Re-shaa-tor, " the sun crowning 
 rites," or, following the usual reading, Re-shaa-to, " the sun cro^vning the tvorld." This is the 
 prenomen of the king Ousr-t-sen II., second king of the XVIIth dynasty, whose reign is placed 
 in B.C. 2082-1822. 
 
 No. 37 is the prenomen of Ousr-t-sen III., third king of the XVIIth dynasty : it reads 
 Re-shaa-kaou, " the sun crowning offerings." This king reigned in B.C. 2082-1822, fourteen years. 
 
 No. 38 is the prenomen of Amounemhe III., fourth king of the XVIIth dynasty : 
 it reads Re-en-mei, " the sun the truth of," or, inversely, "the truth of the sun," Mei-en-re. His 
 reign is placed in the same period. 
 
 No. 39 is that of his successor, fifth king of the XVIIth dynasty. It reads Re-mei-taouo, 
 "the sun truth-speaking," or, inversely, Mei-taouo-en-re, "truth speaking to the sun." He 
 reigned about the same period. 
 
 No. 40 is the prenomen of Amasis I., the Aahmos or Oohmos of the monuments, the sixth 
 and last king of the XVIIth dynasty of Rosellini, but much more probably the first king of 
 the XVIIIth, according to the hypothesis of Sir Gardner Wilkinson, the Misphra-Thutmosis 
 of the Greeks. This king is known, from monumental evidence, to have carried on important 
 wars in .Ethiopia, till the sixth year of his reign, and to have excavated in the quarries of 
 Maasara for the temples of Phtha and Amoun in Thebes, in the twenty-second year of his 
 reign. He is stated to have been the monarch who drove the Shepherds from Lower Egypt 
 into Avaris or Pelusium. The epoch of his reign has been placed b.c. 1822, and he is supposed 
 to have reigned twenty-two years. 
 
 No. 41 is the prenomen of the monarch Amenophis I., the Amosis Thetmosis of the Greek 
 lists. Amounopt, or the first king of the XVIIIth dynasty, he was the son of Aahmos, 
 unsuccessfully continued the siege of Avaris, but expelled the Shepherds by treaty. He reigned 
 twenty-six years four months. This prenomen reads Re-sor-ka, " the sun distributing offering." 
 He is the Chebron of the monuments, and his reign is placed by Rosellini b.c. 1822-1796. 
 
 No. 42 is the prenomen of the king Thothmes I., second king of the XVIIIth dynasty. 
 Memorials of him are found at Mediuat Haboo, Ibrim, Karnak, and the El- Assassif. He is 
 the Amenophis of the list. He reigned thirteen years, B.C. 1796-1783. His prenomen reads 
 Re-naa-tor-ka, " the sun greatly regulating offerings." 
 
 No. 43 is the prenomen of Thoutmos or Thuthmosis II., his son and successor, and 
 third king of the XVIIIth dynasty. Remains of his edifices exist at Medinat Haboo, Semne, 
 Contra Semne, and Esnah. His prenomen reads " tlie sun, chief of worlds." He is supposed 
 to have reigned twenty years and seven months, b.c. 1782-1762. 
 
 No. 44 is the prenomen of Thouthmos III. or IV., the Mephres or Miphra of the Greeks. 
 It reads Re-men-tor, " the sun, the establisher of rite" (l) Three successors intervene, on the 
 other monuments, between this monarch and the preceding, a question which will be sub- 
 sequently discussed under Amense. Remains of the edifices of this king are found at Karnak, 
 El-Assassif, and Medinat Haboo, Esnah, Edfou, Eileithyia, Esnah and Ombos in Egypt ; in 
 
70 TABLET OF ABVDOS. 
 
 Nubia, at the Wady Haifa, Ibrim and Amada ; in Arabia, in tlie Wady Magara. The 
 obelisks of Heliopolis, now before the church of St. John of the Lateran, at Rome, and the 
 Atmeidan at Constantinople, were set up by him. He conquered the people of Naharaina 
 or Mesopotamia. He reigned twelve years and nine months, B.C. 1740-1727. 
 
 No. 45 is the prenomen of Amounopt or Amenophis II., the Mephrathutmosis of the 
 Greeks, sixth king of the XVIIIth dynasty. His memorials are chiefly found at Kalabshe 
 Ibrim, the Wady Haifa, and the Sarabout el Kadam, on the shores of the Red Sea. He 
 appears to have triumphed over the Ethiopians. It reads Re-naa-torou, " the sun, chief 
 of worlds or rites." He reigned twenty-five years ten months, b.c. 1727-1702. 
 
 No. 46 is the jirenomen of Thoutmos or Thothmes IV. or V., the Tmosis of the Greeks, 
 seventh king of the XVIIIth dynasty. He was the son and immediate successor of Amen- 
 ophis II. He continued and finished the temple of Amada, and his name is found at 
 Ibrim. He carried on war with the Libyans on the south-east frontier of Egypt, whom he 
 concpiered in his seventh j'ear ; added to the temple of Amoun-ra at Thebes, finished the 
 Heliopolitan obelisk of St. John of the Lateran, at Rome, commenced by his predecessor, and 
 excavated the Sphinx in the plains of Memphis. He reigned nine years eight months, 
 B.C. 1702-1692. His prenomen reads " <Ae sun, the establisher of rites or worlds" differing 
 only in the substitution of the plural for the singular form from that of Thothmes. 
 
 No. 47 is the prenomen of Amounopt, or Amenophis III., Amenophis Memnon, son of the 
 previous monarch and his Ethiopian wife Mautemwa or Mautemba, eighth king of the 
 XVIIIth dynasty, the Amenophis-Phamenoph, or Memnon of the Greeks. He was the 
 founder of the palace at Luxor, and his name is inscribed on the vast building of the 
 Amenopheion or Memuonium of the Greeks. The celebrated vocal statue in the plain of 
 Thebes, the temples at Soleb in Nubia, and historical tablets, are found of his reign, at 
 Beghe, or Snem, and Elephantina. He extended his conquests into Central Asia, and, in his 
 fifth year, marched against the Ethiopians. He reigned thirty years ten months, B.C. 1692- 
 1651. His prenomen reads, " the sun, the lord of truth" Re-neb-thmei. His tomb exists in 
 the west valley of the Biban-el-Melook, at Thebes. 
 
 No. 48 is the prenomen of Har-em-hbai (Horus in his Panegyry), the Horns of the Greek 
 lists, ninth king of the XVIIIth dynasty. He continued the buildings of his predecessors 
 at Luxor, and in the valley of the El-Assassif, and carried on war on both frontiers of Egypt. 
 He reigned thirty-six years five months, d.c. 1661-1625. His prenomen reads Re-sor-tor- 
 sotp-en-re, " the sun, the distributor of rites, approved of the sun." 
 
 No. 49 is the prenomen of Ramos or Ramses I., son of Horus, eleventh king of the 
 XVIIIth dynasty, the Rathoris, or Athoris of the Greek lists. He continued the palace 
 at Luxor, and the temple at Wady Halfe, and is mentioned in the second year of his reign 
 as conqueror of the Libyans. His j)renomen reads, Re-neb-ro, " the sun, the lord of vigilance." 
 He reigned about nine (?) years, and his tomb exists in the valley of the Biban-el-Melook, at 
 Thebes, B.C. 1613-1604. 
 
 No. 50 is the prenomen ofMenephtah 1., the two Akencheres of the lists of Manetho, 
 according to Rosellini, twelfth king of the XVIIItli dynasty. Tie terminated the Speos 
 Artemidos at Beni-Hassan, excavated the quarries at Silsilis, and founded the Mcnephtheium. 
 
TABLET OF ABYD03. 
 
 71 
 
 At Karnak also are found remains of the records of his Asiatic conquests, besides a temple at 
 the Wady el Moye, and steles at the Sarabout el Kadani. The modern quay of Elephantina is 
 constructed of the ruins of monuments of this monarch. He appears to have carried his arms 
 into Ethiopia, and Central Asia. His tomb exists in the valley of the Biban-el-Melook, at 
 Thebes. He reigned twenty-four years eight months, B.C. 1604-1.597. 
 
 Nos. 51, 52, is the prenomen of the king Ramos or Ramses II., the son and successor 
 of Menepthah I. according to Chanipollion and Rosellini, the predecessor and brother of 
 Ramses III. whose name occurs in the third line ; but according to Sir Gardner Wilkinson 
 and Colonel Felix, the same monarch as the one whose name is found beneath. This question 
 will be found discussed at length in the account of the reigns of these two monarchs. It is 
 sufficient here to state, that this monarch added to the decorations of the Meueptheium in 
 the Gournah quarter of Thebes, to the halls of Karnak, and to the excavations at Silsilis. 
 His exploits over the nations of Central Asia and Ethiopia will be detailed in the account 
 of his reign. He is the Armais or Armesses, the brother of Danaus, of the Greek lists, 
 and reigned five years,' b.c. 1597-1592. His prenomen reads the Re-ousr-mei, " the sun, 
 the director of truth." His name Ramses, '■'■beloved of Amoun." Plis tomb, unfinished and 
 mutilated, is in the Biban-el-Melook, or valley of the tombs of the kings. 
 
 The lowest, or third line, contains the prenomen and names of Ramses III., or the Great, 
 king of the XVII Ith dynasty, supposed to be the Ramesses of Africanus, and Ammesses of 
 Eusebius, the Sesostris of some of the Greek writers, and the .^j^gyptus of others. It is too 
 long here to do more than mention his conquests over the lonians, Syrians, Arabs, Bactrians, 
 and Ethiopians, and his monuments are found all over Egypt and Nubia, from the mouth of 
 the Nile to Ahoo-simbel. These will be subsequently detailed in the account of the statues of 
 this monarch, existing in the Collection. He reigned sixty-six years and two months, from 
 1565-1499 B.C. His prenomen reads, " the sun, the (juardian of truth, approved of the sun," his 
 name " Amoun-mai, Ramos or Rameses, beloved of Amoun." It is with him that the Tablet of 
 Abydos closes, and the succession of the subsequent monarchs is gathered from other sources. 
 
 Each of these names is followed by the seated image of a king, and the hieroglyphics 
 above the name express, '■'■from the offering of" (the king). 
 
 Beyond the two lateral vertical lines of hieroglyphics on the left-hand sides of the 
 tablet, is the lower part of the seated figure of a deity, wrapped up in Ijandages, cf)loured 
 white, and holding in his hands a sceptre. Ptliah has been conjectured, but it may be Osiris. 
 The details of this are coloured with those colours deemed by the Egyptians appropriate for the 
 particular objects, and the backgrounds of the cartouches are yellow. 
 
 This highly interesting tablet is executed in a fine lime-stone, and was removed by 
 M. I. F. Mimaut, when French consul in Egypt, sold at the sale of his collection, iu 1837," 
 at Paris, and purchased by the trustees of the Museum for 500/. 
 
 Cf. Champ. Figeac. I'Univers. Egypte 
 8vo. par 1839, p. 331. Roselliui 
 makes it fourteen years. I have not 
 sriven here the sources from which 
 
 these entries are abridged, as they 
 will be subsequently found in the 
 accounts of the monuments. 
 ' Lot 170. Description des Antiquites 
 
 Egyptiennes.Grecques.etRomaines, 
 &i.c., composant la Collection de {en 
 M. I. F. Jlimaut, par M. J. .1. Du- 
 bois. 8vo. par 1837, pp. 19-28. 
 
APOPH (APOPHIS-PHIOPS). 
 
 The inscription given in fig. 142 is one of the few memorials preserved of one of the most 
 celebrated monarchs of the Egyptian dynasty previous to the invasion of the Shejiherds. It 
 has been already published by Dr. Leemans,^ but it is engraved here again on account of its 
 high antiquity, and consists of an inscription in four vertical lines of hieroglyphics, neatly but 
 archaically executed on a cylinder of bronze. On it are the name and titles of the king, " the 
 Hor {Horns), loving the world;" and on each, "the king beloved of the sun, or loving the sun, 
 Re-mai {or iMoeris), the gracious god, the lord of the two icorlds;" the same prenomen followed 
 by the inscription, " beloved of " 
 
 At the sides of this are two inscriptions relative to the palace, which is entitled, " the royal 
 hall of audience, the gold of tribunals, the silver of courts, resounding;" and at the bottom, 
 '■ beloved of Savak or Souch, lord of crocodiles." M. Lenormant" has already suggested the 
 possibility of this monarch being the early Moeris of Herodotus, who cut the lake of that 
 name ; but, comparing it with the tablet found upon the Cosseir Road,' it would appear that 
 the name of the monarch was Pipi Piop, or, rather, Aphoph, the early Apophis or Apappus 
 of Eratosthenes. On comparing the canon of the lists of Manetho, as given by the Syncellus, 
 with the lists of Eratosthenes, it is at once seen that the reigns, as well as the radical compo- 
 sitions of these names, are identical with that of Phiops. This monarch must be distinguished 
 from the Shepherd king of that name, who might be the Apoph-snab of the Tablet of Abydos. 
 The same name occurs as sixth in the second row from the top of the Tablet of Karnak, 
 next to the monarch Re-mer-en or Mer-en-res, on an alabaster vase at Paris, and a black 
 granite altar at Turin;* and on a papyrus at the Museum the name of this monarch is 
 written in the fuller form, Oh-poji or Opoplii. Apappus, or " the greatest" (whose name 
 strongly resembles that of the Apoph, or giant-serpent, one of the avatars of Typhon), 
 according to Eratosthenes, M'as the twentieth of the Theban kings. He reigned, according 
 to this writer, one hundred years all but one hour, commencing in the year of the world 2385 ; 
 and according to the lists of Manetho in Africanus was fourth king of the Vlth or Memphite 
 dynasty, reigning ninety-four years, from the mundane year 2385-2479. M. Lenormant 
 would refer the early Moeris^ or Marrus to the king Apappus or Phiops, Lamarus of the 
 Xllth dynasty, who was buried, according to Manetho, in the Arsinoite Labyrinth ; and the 
 ]\Ioeris '"' M'hose sepulchre was in the Pyramid of the Lake Moeris, which he had constructed, 
 witli another for his wife, in these waters; and the Marrus' of Diodorus, who had built the 
 Labyrinth. Tliis king has been supposed by Rosellini and Champollion to be represented by 
 the monarch Tiiothmes HL^ Mesphra Tuthmosis of the XVKIth dynasty ; but all these agree 
 better with an early Mempliite than a Diospolitan king, whose tombs were placed in the Biban- 
 el-Melook at Thebes, and under whom we have no trace of any pyramids. 
 
 ' Jfon. Eg. port, des I^g. Royaui, 8vo. 
 Leide, pi. xxx. p. 302. 
 
 ' Echiir. sur 1<; Cercueil (lu Roi Mem- 
 pliite Myocrinus, 4to. Par. p. 43. 
 
 * Burton, Kxc. Hicr. pi. j. 
 
 * Kosell. Mon. Stor. toiu.iii. parte i.p.C. 
 
 ' Eclair, sur le Cercueil du Roi Mem- 
 phite Mycerinus, pp. 42, 43. He 
 testifies to having seen his name on 
 the pate of a tomb at the Zaoued-el- 
 Meidain in the Heptanomide. 
 
 " Herod. Euterpe, s. 10), and Diod. 
 
 Sic. i. s. 51. 
 ' Lib.i. c. 67. 
 ' Champ, pp. 146,7. Resell. Mon. Stor. 
 
 t. i. parte i. p. 231, et seq. and t. iii. 
 
 parte i. pp. 169-lyi. 
 
AMOUNOPHTH I. (AMENOPHIS-CHEBRON). 
 
 From the prenomen of this monarch being the 40th in the tablet of Abydos, and his 
 predecessor being Aah-mos or Amosis, he has been supposed to be tlie Auiosls and Thethniosis 
 of Manetho, and Josephus,^ the son and successor of Amosis, and tlie final expeller of the 
 Shepherds, whom the concpiests of his father had driven to the confines of the Delta, and 
 who, besieged in Avaris, were enabled to make a successful stand, and ultimately to march 
 out upon a capitulation, on the terms of abandoning the country. His name has been 
 read Amenoftep,^ Amunoph or Amenof,^ but giving each symbol its equivalent sound, it is 
 Amounopt or Amounophth, apparently the Amenoph-is of the Greek lists, and his prenomen 
 or regal name read Re-sor-ka,+ " the sun distributing offering." They cannot be recon- 
 ciled with those of Amosis or Thethmosis, which appears to be two equivalent names ; the 
 Aahmos and Thoutmos, " Moon born" or "Thoth born" of the Egyptian lists, from the identity 
 of Thoth and the Moon, and Amos-is is the Egyptian name of his father, the supposed last 
 monarch of the XVIIth dynasty, but more probably the first of the XVIIIth dynasty. There 
 is often at the end of his prenomen two symbols, reading Phre-shaa'^ or Shaa-ph-re, " horn 
 of the sun," which in its inverted form, Shaa-ph-re, resembles the Chebron. 
 
 As there are two diflSculties in reconciling the Tablet of Abydos with the list of the kings 
 of the XVIIIth dynasty, that of the difference in the number of names, and the names 
 themselves, there is greater reason for supposing, with Sir Gardner Wilkinson, this monarch 
 to be the Amenophis, for Manetho has inserted into his list Amense, in the place of her 
 brothers. Since no date has been found to controvert this assertion, I shall for the present 
 consider this monarch to be the one mentioned by Manetho in his XVIIIth dynasty, under the 
 name of Chebron or Amenophis, and not the Amos,^ Amosis or Thethmosis, of his list. The 
 name of Amosis is found in the quarries of Tourah, and he must have consequently reigned 
 over Memphis ; while on the authority of the Syncellus, it was under his reign that Moses led 
 the Egyptians out of Egypt, which agrees with the founder of a new dynasty, while his 
 statue was carried in the procession of the Memnonium, evidently as the founder of the 
 XVIIIth dynasty, and the ancestor by generation of Eamses the Great, the previous statues 
 being Menei or Menes, the mythic founder of the nation, and another king, Monthoph, 
 probably the last sole monarch previous to the invasion of the Shepherds. 
 
 The prenomen of Amenophis I. has sometimes the expression, Sotp-re or Sotpen-re, 
 "approved of the sun"'' and even once that of "the gracious god^^ inserted into it; and is 
 occasionally found with his name, as well as the expression " whose greatness adorns^ the 
 
 Cf. Rosellini, loc. cit. Wilkinson, To- 
 
 pogiMjihv of I'hebes, Euseb. Cliron. 
 
 and Josejib. contra Apion. 
 Rosel. Mon. Slor. torn. iii. pt. I. p. 73. 
 VVilk. Mat. Hier. 
 Rosel. loc. cit. p. 47, has raislalien Uie 
 
 tbigb-bone for the pscbent. 
 IbiJ. Mon.Stor. torn. iii. pt. I. pp.76, 
 
 77. Dr. Leemans. 
 
 Cf. VVilk. Mat. Hier. and Leemans (Dr. 
 Conrad) Mun. Eg. pi>itant Leg. Roy. 
 pp. 44-45. The reason for suppos- 
 ing Cbebron .and Amci^is to be tbe 
 same, is tbat tbe Syncellus gives tbe 
 latter name witbout adding any date, 
 while tbe sum total corresponds to 
 tbe remaining reigns, and tbe forty- 
 first king of tbe Abydos succession 
 
 being the same as tbe third king of 
 tbe lists of Manetho. Wilkinson, 
 Topography of Thebes, p. oOti. 
 ' Leemans, loc. cit. pi. vi. 72. 
 
 8 Ibid. pi. vi. ei. 
 
 9 Cf. my sketch of Hier. Diet. Rosel. 
 
 loc. cit. p. 91, reads who overlooks 
 the world and bis own greatness, 
 102. Tav. Ann. p. 46. 
 
74 
 
 AMOUNOPHTH I. (AMENOPHIS-CHEBHON). 
 
 worlds,"^ ^^ the manifester of icorlds,"- the umbrella,' tee-src, "the mace,'"^ (?) hodj-pen. 
 " The son of the sun" is also sometimes found in his name. The principal monuments of 
 Amounophtli I. are a small speos, or chapel, excavated in the rock, at Ibrim, near Ibsamboul 
 or Aboo-simbel, the ancient Ibshak, and the Aboccis of the Greek geograjjliers, in Nubia. 
 The sculjitures here represent standard-bearers or officers of the class supposed to be the Ath- 
 lophori, standing in adoration to him. On the right-hand side, outside the temple, Sate, the 
 mistress of Ebo or Elephantina, takes the monarch under her protection, by offering to him the 
 usual benefits.^ At the town of Tennou, the Silsilis of the Greek and Roman, in the second of 
 the three chapels an image of this monarch is found in bas-relief; and in the third chapel 
 Menephthah II. offers incense to Amounophth, who is enrolled among the gods as Ra, and 
 seated with Athom, Emphe, and Athor.^ A colossus of this king is also found nearlj' entire, at 
 one of the lintels of the doors at the southern ruins of the palace of Karnak.^ A statue of him 
 is also in the Museum of Turin, and a tablet at the Louvre represents this king adoring Amoun.^ 
 There is also an altar of libations inscribed with his name in the Museum of Stockholm, and 
 many amulets and small pectoral plates, or tesser<ie,9 representing the conquests of this monarch 
 over the Asiatics '" and Ethiopians." The inscriptions on them are too vague to afford more 
 than the general information of wars on the southern and northern frontiers of Egypt. He is 
 said to have come to terrify all lands,^- to be the smi/er of all lands,^^ and to have all countries in 
 hisfst.^* It is evident that he must have held a considerable part of Nubia. 
 
 It would appear that this monarch married two ladies; the first, named Aahmos-nofre- 
 areh,^' " born of the moon, the good guardian" is always coloured black in the paintings, and 
 was apparently an Ethiopian ; and Rosellini conjectures her to have been the daughter of an 
 Ethiopian Pharaoh. She appears to have received great honours after death ; is represented 
 seated at the side of her husband in the tomb opened by Sir Gardner Wilkinson at Gournah, 
 and in many other private tombs there. She is called "the daughter of the sun," — a title so 
 peculiarly royal, that she must have not only been the daughter of a monarch, but have held 
 the right of succession in her person ;i*' " the divine wife of Amoun," a title only bestowed upon 
 queens ; " the royal wife, the great lady of the world, beloved of her father Amoun, and the royal 
 mother," This lady bears exactly the same name as the wife of Amosis in the inscriptions at 
 Tourah, and it may be possible that she is represented in the train of Amounophth as widow of 
 the late sovereign, and enjoying still certain rights of sovereignty in her own person, while the 
 subordinate wife may perhaps be the actual wife of the monarch. She is the supposed mother 
 of Thothmes I., and constantly appears allied with Amounophth in scenes where the deceased 
 offers to him, as in the tombs at Gournah, and various tablets in different museums. In one 
 instance the monarch Ramses I. makes adoration to her as to the chief of his race. Two small 
 statues of wood of this queen are in the Louvre and at Turin. 
 
 ' RospI. 
 
 ' Ibid. 64. 
 
 ' Ibid. loc. cit. No. xxi. 
 
 * Loemans, loc. cit. vi. 62. I suspect 
 the symbol here to be the Ilodj. 
 
 ' Rosel. loc. cit. p. 75. Kosellini has 
 mistaken the titles of Sate. She was 
 mistress of £b6, never of Abot. 
 
 " liosel. pp. 79, 80. 
 
 ' Ibid. J). 81. 
 
 ' Champ. Figeac. and Rosol.ibid. p. 107. 
 
 ' Rosel. Mon, Stor. t. iii. part i. Tav. Jl. 
 
 ann. 
 '" Ibid, a, d. 
 " Ibid, b, c, c. 
 
 '« Rosel. Mon. Slor. b. 
 
 " Ibid. e. 
 
 '< Ibid. b. 
 
 " Ibid. loc. cit. p. 82, reads Nofre-areh, 
 
 the good guardian, bonum facions. 
 '« Ibid. Hon. Stor. ibid. G. iii. p. i. 46, 
 
 and T. i. p. 116. 
 
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AMOUNOPIITII I. (amenophis-chedron). 75 
 
 Posthumous worsliip being rendered to Amenoph I., to which were attached priests, he is 
 sometimes found in the Tiichan tombs coloured green, considered as Phtali Socharis Osiris, and 
 in this capacity he is often found depicted in the interior of coffins, and occasionally as a sphinx. 
 A double statue of this monarch and his wife exists in the Turin Collection. Besides the lady 
 Aahmos-nofre-areh, another queen is found, named Aah-ophth, or Oohophth, " the offered or 
 dedicated to the moon" a name borne by a monarch, predecessor of Monthoplit ; and a tliird 
 queen, whose name is only found on the present monument.* 
 
 The personage who stands {fig. 143) in adoration to the deceased monarch has his names 
 and titles expressed in the horizontal lines of hieroglyphics above his head continued in the 
 perpendicular line behind his back. These read Amounophth (Amenophis), auditor of the truth 
 of Amoun, which is the Egyi)tian title for a judge or magistrate. There were also auditors 
 of the truth of Phthah and of the West, from which it would appear that those of Amoun 
 were Theban, those of Phtah, Memphian, and those of the West, judges in that direction. 
 Immediately before him stands the monarch, his head simply bound with a diadem with the 
 royal serpent (the ureeus) in front, and the royal dress round the loins with pendent serpents. 
 In his right hand is the symbol of life, emblem of the power of imparting it to his subjects, 
 supposed to be possessed by kings, and in his left, the pedum or crook, emblem of government 
 or royalty. Immediately before his apron is the prenominal cartouche Re-sor-ka, " the sun 
 distributing offering." Behind stands the queen Aahmos-nofre-areh, her complexion black 
 like the Ethiopian. In her left hand she holds a lotus ; in her right a sash, or bud of the 
 same flower. The hieroglyphics above her head read " the divine lady, or wife, Aahmos-nofre- 
 areh." She is followed by another lady, whose complexion is yellow, the colour conventionally 
 employed by the Egyptians for ladies and the Asiatics ; in her left hand she holds a lotus 
 flower, and in her right a symbol of life. The hieroglyphics above her head read " the divine 
 wife" or " the royal lady, Tsen-ehc-mas." This tablet is probably nearly contemporaneous 
 with the reign of the monarch, for although coarsely executed, the material employed a 
 coarse sandstone, never admitted of any delicacy or accuracy of sculpture, like the fine white 
 calcareous stone. It came from Mr. Salt's collection, and was found at Abydos. 
 
 Fig. 144 is a small wooden pectoral plate, arched above, and slightly convex on its exterior, 
 with the subject engraved in outline, inlaid with blue paint ; above are two holes for a cord to 
 pass through to suspend it. Comparing this with the pendent tablets published by Sig. Rosellini, 
 it is apparently to this monarch that the present must be referred. The monarch stands in an 
 oili or chariot of two horses, who are adorned with the plumes and housings with which they 
 are represented in the martial scenes. His dress here is more ample, and with sleeves, and on 
 his head he wears the cylindrical modius in addition to the diadem. The celestial Sun, the 
 Hat, is over his head, encircled with two ursei, and in the centre is a perpendicular line of 
 hieroglyphics, expressing " the lord of diadems, Amounophth." This also came from a collection 
 formed by Mr. Salt, and was found at Thebes. 
 
 ' I reserve I)ere tl)e cnnsideralion of llie family of Amenophis, as found in the tombs of the queens 
 at Gournah. Burt. Exc. Hier. pi. xxxy. See p. 78. 
 
THOTHMES II. 
 
 This monarch, whose name occurs in the Tablet of Abydos,' was the son of Thothmes I. and, 
 according to Eosellini,- corresponds to Amenophis of the list of Manetho; he places his reign 
 B.C. 1783, and assigns to him a sway of twenty years seven months. According to Sir Gardner 
 Wilkinson he is the Misphra Tummosis or Misphramuthosis of the Manethonian lists, ^ and 
 reigned from B.C. 1505-1495, including the regency of the queen Amense. The few memorials 
 of his reign which exist in the interior stories of the edifices of Thothmes IV. at Medinat, upon 
 the ruined temple of El-Assassif, and in the third propyla on the south side of the temple of 
 Karnak, and the colossal statue in breccia at the side of the queen, do not present any great 
 historical interest;* there is a date here of the 42d year, liut it is uncertain to what it 
 refers. His queen, Amoun-mai, probably his sister, is represented on the tombs of the 
 queens,^ and on a mummy-case at Turin, and at her tomb in the valley of the queens is 
 stated "to connect the edifices" or " enceints,"^ before the goddess Athor, making an offering 
 like an independent sovereign.^ Her name appears found on the other side of certain amulets 
 on which is the prenomen of Thothmes II., and she bears the title of an independent sovereign, 
 as "mistress of the world, ruler of upper and lotccr Egypt, royal daughter, royal wife,"'^ &c. 
 The prenomen of this king reads Re-naa-en-tor, " the sun, chief of ceremonies," (?) and the 
 name Thouth-mos, Shaa-nofre-tor,' but according to Rosellini,'" Amounopt or Amounsot, 
 which he conjectures is the form of Amenophis and to correspond to the name in the lists. 
 His standard reads, " the Hor, the living sun, the victorious bull, the vigilant guardian." ^^ 
 
 Fig. 145 is a plaster cast made by Mr. Hay. On tlie head of the king is the toshr, the 
 red crown or lower part of the pschent, emblem of dominion over the lower country or 
 world ; he has a square beard pendent from his chin, a collar round his neck, and a peculiar 
 dress fastened round his waist, with a square apron in front terminating in ursei, and a 
 pendent sash ; in his left hand he holds a baton or stick, and in his right a mace and symbol 
 of life. Immediately before the king is a line of hieroglyphics much erased, and not very 
 intelligible, and above his head, " he gives life," and in the area beneath, " the good god, the 
 lord of the two worlds, the sun, the chief of ceremonies, (i) the son of the sun, loving him, 
 Thothmos-nofre-en-shoi (gracioHS in his c7-oirns), truth-spealiing to the great god." Behind the 
 shoulders of the king is a small figure kneeling in adoration. The figure behind the king is 
 the genius or avatar of the king ; in his right hand he holds a feather and symbol of life, and 
 in his other hand a tall wand, surmounted by a head with uplifted arms. On his head is the 
 symbol of two uplifted arms, surmounted by the royal standard, expressing " the Horiis, the 
 living sun, the mighty hull, the vigilant guardian." Above the king is the figure of a vulture, 
 emblem of Soaven, or the goddess of victory, soaring with extending wings, and holding bv both 
 claws the signet or representative of Khel. Above the sun's orbit is the heaven. From the 
 expression, " truth-speaking to the great god" it is evident that tlie monarch was dead, and 
 probably receiving these divine honours rendered by their successors. Underiieatli the vulture 
 is inscribed, " the royal living offering resident in the tabernacle (?) [he gives~\ life." 
 
 ' See p. 205. Mon. Stor. Teste, torn. i. 
 
 [jarte i. 
 ' Mon. Sior. torn. iii. parte i. p. 124. 
 
 Ibid. torn. i. pp. HIT, et seq, 
 ' Topography of Thebes, p. 510. 
 * See Rosel. torn. iii. parte i. p. 124. 
 ' Burton, Exc. Ilier. pi. xxxv. 
 " Rosel. loc. cit. pp. 126-128, wbo can. 
 
 not read tliis inscription, wliicli is 
 .satniour. 
 
 ' At ICilBithyia Rosellini finds her called 
 the royal wife, Mon. Stor. Teste, 
 torn. i. parte i. p. 220. He also cites 
 ninuleis witli the prenomen. 
 
 ' Cf. Rosel. Mon. Stor. Teste, jiarte i. 
 torn. i. p. 219. 
 
 " Tlius VVilk. Topognrpliy of Thebes, 
 pi. i. c. viii. ; but this appears to be 
 an union of adjuncts in names of 
 Tliothrui'S I. and III. united. 
 
 '■^ Mon. Stor. Teste, turn. i. parte i. p. 
 205, et seq. 
 
 " Rosel. loc. cit. Pair. vi. lOl-lOii. 
 
PLATC3I. 
 
 F. ArundcU^-; del'. 
 
 T &fl © T 1}{I M iE S, y. 
 
A M U N - N U M - H E. 
 
 The queen Amonscs of Maiietlio, the successor of Tliotlimes II., is supposed to be foiiiul 
 recorded on the cartouches of certain monuments, which present one oftlie difficulties oftlie 
 history oftlie succession of the XVIIIth dynasty. According to the Tablet of Abydos, the king 
 Thothmes II. was succeeded by a monarch whose prenomen is " the sun establisJdng the world 
 or ceremonies" C.) or Re-men-tor. ^ This is always found allied with the name Thothmes, and 
 he is therefore conjectured to be Thothmes III. On the other hand, in the valley of the 
 El-Assassif, to the north of the Rameseion, arc the remains oftlie gate of a propylon, in which 
 are sculptured two dedications and two princes, the iirst of whom is the king, or rather queen, 
 Amoun-noum-he, followed by the monarch Thothmes III.,- and is followed throughout by the 
 feminine prefixes, so that it would appear to be a queen. On the granite propyla the prenomen 
 of the queen Amoun-noum-he had been replaced by those of Thothmes II. and III. chiselled 
 over it;' others were accompanied with those of a supposed Tliotlimes, who had inserted into 
 his Civrtouclie the name of his wife. 
 
 Tiie deductions made by M. Champollion on this point are as follow : 1. That Thothmes I. 
 succeeded to Amounoph I. 2. That his son, Thothmes II., succeeded immediately to him, 
 and died without children. 3. That Amense, his sister, succeeded to the crown. 4. That 
 she married a person named Thothmes III., the father of Thothmes IV. or Moeris, the 
 king whose prenomen is Re-men-tor. 5. That the queen upon his death married a second 
 time a person named Amenenthe, in whose name she governed. 6. That Amenenthe reigned 
 conjointly with Thothmes IV., to whom he acted as regent for several years. 7. That on 
 account of her being a female, her name was omitted from the public acts. The erasure over 
 the legends of Amenenthe is referred by Champollion to the hatred his memory was held in 
 by Thothmes IV., or the ffattery. The reason of the omission of Amense in the lists of the 
 Tablet of Abydos, and of his image in tlie ceremonies at Medinat Haboo, is stated to be the 
 result of these tables being genealogical by generations.'* 
 
 On the other hand, the queen called Amenenthe is the Amoun-neit-gori of Wilkinson,* who 
 supposes her to be the sister, not mother, of Thothmes III., in which view he is followed by 
 Dr. Hinckes.^ The evidence for this depends on a small statue ''^ in the British Museum, which 
 appears to have been made by the queen, bearing the prenomen Re-mei-ka, or " the sun offered 
 in truth," and her brother, the king, Re-men-tor, or Thothmes III. ; the cartouche of the 
 queen chiselled out, as on several other monuments : but the symbol which remains in the 
 centre can be no other than the remains of the seated figure of the goddess Mei, or 
 Truth, the central one in the cartouche of the queen above mentioned. From this, the fact 
 
 ' See p. 69. Tlie scarab^us never, ap- 
 parently, signifies " the world" be- 
 fore the Roman period. It is the 
 first sign of the group Ter or 'i'or, 
 to fix or plaTit. 
 
 ^ Champ. Lettres Ecrites, xv. 
 
 ' Ibid. loc. cit. ; also Wilk. Man. and 
 
 Cust. Ser. I. vol. i. p. 52. 
 * See Champ. Lett. Ecr. xv. Ibid. Fig. 
 
 Univers. pp. 304-306. 
 
 5 Manners and Customs, Ser, I. vol. i. 
 p. 52. 
 
 ^ Proceedings of tlie Royal Irish Aca- 
 demy. 
 
 ' Seepl. li. fig. 179. 
 
78 AMOUN-NOUM-HE. 
 
 of Thothmes III. and Amoun-noum-he being brother and sister must be inferred. Sir Gardner 
 Wilkinson hesitates whether she was only a queen during the monarchy of Thothmes II. 
 and III., and succeeded to the throne in right of Thothmes I., and he even goes so far as 
 to state that some have doubted whether Amun-neit-gori, the Amenenthe of Champollion, 
 and the Amenenthi-thuot of Eosellini, is a queen at all.' We have seen thus far, from the 
 monument cited, that the theory of Champollion and Rosellini is untenable ; nor is the ex- 
 planation of Mr. Sharpe, who would make this queen Nitocris, based upon the reading of 
 Wilkinson, of much value. The prenomen of the queen reads Re-mei-ka, and in this respect 
 follows those of her predecessors of the XVIIIth dynasty; it apparently means, "the sun true 
 in offering," or supposing the central symbol to be a verb, Re[s]mei-ka, " the sun rendering 
 offerings true," the Re-ka-en-tme,- " sun offered," or " devoted to justice," of Rosellini. The 
 difficulty of assigning this prenomen to Amense is obviated by a cartouche quoted by him 
 containing the name of Amense and Thothmes united,^ found in the small chamber in the 
 edifices of Thothmes III. at Medinat Haboo. 
 
 On a sarcophagus at Turin she appears in the family of Amenophis I., and in the tomb of 
 the queens at Gournah* she is called the "queen sister," and seated on a line with Amenoph I. 
 and the monarch Oohophth. As this upper line of the Gournah tablet apparently represents 
 the family of Amenophis I., it would seem that by his marriage with his first wife, Amasis- 
 nofre-areh, he had the kings Skenenre and Oohophth, and the royal sister, Amouu-mai, sub- 
 sequently married to Thothmes II., and another princess ; then follows his mother, Nebmaut- 
 en-oer, (?) the queen Amense, two other ladies, Hon and 01s, who died without issue ; and a 
 queen also named Amos or Amasis, who had the prince Piri or Pbal. It would, however, 
 appear from the obelisk before the granite sanctuary at Karnak, that this queen Amouu- 
 noum-he was the daughter of Thothmes I., and the name which accompanies the prenomen 
 throughout on that monument is Amoun-noum-he or heou, apparently that of a queen resembling 
 the Re-mai-he, the queen of Thothmes III. This is the supposed regent Amenenthenetuot of 
 Rosellini, and is only connected with Amense through the intermediate cartouche containing 
 the name already cited of Thothmes and Amense, probably of Thothmes III. and this queen. 
 Wilkinson makes Amesses or Amense the sister of Amenophis I.^ and married to Thothmes I. 
 
 The cartouche cited by Rosellini is supposed by Sir Gardner Wilkinson to be of Thoth- 
 mes I. ; but Rosellini contests this assignment, and, from the addition of the symbol nibi, 
 "all," to be the prenomen of another king — a point, at the least, doubtful; indeed, none 
 can be more difficult to solve than that of the great historical enigma attached to these 
 cartouches. The probability seems to be, that the cartouche prenominal, Re-mei-ka, was 
 assumed by Amense on the death of her brother Amenophis I. ; that she was allied in the 
 sovereignty witli his brothers Thothmes I. and II., and held the regency during the early part 
 of the reign of Tliothiiies III., when she changed her name from Amense to that of Amoun- 
 noum-hc; that her brotlicr, having ejected her from power, carefully erased throughout the 
 public monuments all the inscriptions in which she had been associated with him on the throne. 
 
 I Mannrrs and Customs, Ser. I. vol. i. | ' Rosel. loc. cit. Pag. (Tav.) vi. 103. I ' Cf. Burton Kxr. Ilicr. pi. x\%v. 
 
 » Roael. Mon. Hier. torn. i. p. 221. I c. p. 226. | » Wilk. lopojjrajiby of Miebes, p. 510. 
 
PLATE 32, 
 
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 ^ 
 
 T 
 
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 i^y o. 
 
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 Ccust from' The Apsjc of a^GranUx' Oheitsk. at Kamac . 
 
 Scale of j_. 
 
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AMOUN-NOUM-HE. 
 
 79 
 
 A stele, or tablet, with legends of this queen, exists in the Vatican,' and, with the name of the 
 supposed Thothmes III., is found at Medinat Haboo,- and amidst the enceinte of Esnah,' and 
 the ruins which surround the granite sanctuary at Karnak.* Her name seems to have also 
 been erased from the statistical inscription at Karnak,^ and occurs on many gems, amulets, and 
 fragments, in different museums. At the Wady Magara,^ also, is found a tablet, dated in the 
 sixteenth year of the joint reign of Thothmes III. and Amoun-noum-he. 
 
 The figure seated upon the throne {jig. 146) is Amoun-ra, the eponymous divinity of 
 Thebes, to whom the obelisk had been erected. He is decorated with his usual insignia, and 
 places his left hand upon the shoulder, and the right upon the point of the torsh or helmet of 
 the monarch. In front of the torsh is the uraeus, and round the neck of the monarch a collar 
 (the hebnir), with a shenti, or short Egyptian tunic, girdled round the loins. The object im- 
 mediately before his knees is the pendent ornament of a collar. He kneels, and both arms are 
 pendent. The three lines of hieroglyphics in front express, "^mowM-ra, king of the gods, lord of 
 the heaven, says, I set up the croicn of thy son, the king, the sun, devoted to truth like the sun." 
 
 The present cast, taken by Mr. Hay, is from the apex or pyramidion of the fallen obelisk 
 at Karnak, before the granite sanctuary of Thothmes I., which lies shivered to pieces, while its 
 companion, still standing, is, perhaps, the finest obelisk yet remaining in Egypt or Europe. 
 It is of red granite, finely sculptured, in the vigorous style of the XVIIIth dynasty, highly 
 polished, and the exact companion of the standing one.'' 
 
 ' Rosel. loc. cit. pp. 166, 167. 
 
 = Ibid. p. 168. 
 
 ' Ibid. p. 169. 
 
 * Ibid. 
 
 * Rosel. p. 185. Cf. Young (Dr. Thos.) 
 Hieroglyphica, pi. xli. xlii. 
 
 ^ Leon de la Borde, Voyage en Arable 
 Petr^e, pi. viii. 
 
 ' For the inscription, shape, &c. of the 
 standing obelisk, cf. Burton, Exc. 
 Hier. pi, xlviii. and Rosellini, Mon. 
 Stor. pi. xxxi.et seq. 
 
THOTHMES III. (MEPHRES). 
 
 The name vrhicli stands next to Amense in the lists of Manetlio is Meplires-Misphris, and 
 as Thotlimes III. bears in his standard, and sometimes in his cartouches, the epithet of " loving 
 the sun," niei-re, or mei-p-re, he has been supposed to be the Moeris of Herodotus, and the 
 actions of this celebrated monarch have been attributed to him. He is, rather, the Mesphrag- 
 Thutmosis, but is supposed by Sir Gardner Wilkinson to be the Tutiimosis of the lists. As 
 distinguished from the other mouarchs of the same name and line, he may justly be called the 
 Great, since the whole of Egypt, and even Nubia, bears testimony to the vast public works 
 completed or commenced by him. He erected the temple of Semne, in Nubia, two spea, or 
 rock-excavated chapels, at Ibrim, near Aboo-simbel, commenced the temple of Aniada, in 
 honour of the god Re or Ra, appears to have formerly founded a temple at Ombos, in honour 
 of Savak or Souchis, an older construction than the remaining one at Edfou, at Eileithyia, and 
 a temple at Medinat Haboo. The edifice at El-Assassif was also constructed by him, and the 
 commencement of the palace ofKarnak, comprising more than a third part of that edifice — 
 that portion called the granite sanctuary, before which stand the two great obelisks of his sister 
 and father ; another edifice to the north-east of Karnak remains of him, and memorials of him 
 are found ;^ and the obelisk now before the Church of St. Giovanni del Laterano at Rome,- 
 one at Alexandria, and another in the Atmeidan, or Hippodrome, of Constantinople,' are 
 memorials of his reian. The obelisk of the Atmeidan records that he had encircled with his 
 boats the great waters of the Naharaina, or Mesopotamia ; and the statistical tablet at Karnak 
 that the monarch had obtained a considerable spoil from the . . . . rotout and Touhae or 
 Dahae, in his twenty-ninth year, and in the thirtieth year of his reign had approached the 
 fortress of Otsh, (?) Eton, or Edom, (?) in the land of the Roten or Lodan, with five ships ; in the 
 
 thirty-first year mention is made of the Phit-rout, and the waters of the Oo ; in the 
 
 thirty-third year he had been in the Roten, and obtained the vast tribute from Naharaina, and 
 a tablet was set up by his majesty in that kingdom ; mention is also made of the Romenn or 
 Ermenn, and vast tributes ; while in the thirty-fourth year, the capture of tlie fort made in 
 the Oukesou, the march of the king to the forti'ess of the Aranaua ; and the tablet ends by a 
 recital of the nations of Naharaina and the Tahon.* 
 
 In one of the tombs at Thebes the black races of Pount, or Libya, bring a tribute of 
 monkeys, ivory, pard-skins, and fruit; the people of Kaf or Kfou, an Asiatic red race, splendid 
 gold vases; the ])eople of Nuliia and Kusli, or /Ethiopia, bags of gems, monkeys, skins, logs of 
 ebony, elephants' tusks, ostriches' eggs, and ft-athers, a cameleoj^ard, dogs, and oxen ; the 
 Roten-nou or Lodn-nou, vases, chariots, horses, a white bear, an elephant, and ivory. These 
 animals fix the people to the plains of Syria and Bactria, and the gloves particularly connect 
 tliem witli the Persian races. Tiie king Tliotluues receives the tribute, which is registered.-^ 
 
 ' Cf. Rosel. Mod. Slor. t. iii. paite i. 
 
 pp. 109-181. 
 " I have ft drawing by Mr. Bononii of 
 
 this obelisk. 
 
 *■ Niebulir, Reisebesclireihung, 4to. Ko. 
 
 ]ieu. 177'1, Tal'. iv. p. '32. 
 ^ VuiHig, J)r. Thos. nioroglyphics, fol. 
 
 Lund. 1U23, pi. xli. xlii. 
 
 ' Rosellini makes him reign twelve 
 years, 1710-1727 u.c. and SlrCiard- 
 ncr ^Vilkinson ten years, 1505-1493 
 B.C. Cf, lloakins. Travels in Ethi- 
 
/;-- 
 
 ! I 
 
 
 
 pM) 
 
 ■^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 'i. 
 
THOTHMES III. (MEPHRES). 81 
 
 The other monument {fig. 147) of this king in the Museum is a drawing made by an 
 Egyptian artist upon a board prepared with linen and stucco, and subsequently squared, to 
 facilitate his operations. The divisions are in red lines, and adapted to the canon of Egyptian 
 proportions. This is a point for future investigation, and it is evident from the plate itself how 
 the rule is applied. The king is seated, his hair encircled with a fillet, elegantly tied in a bow, 
 resembling flowers, and with pendent ribands ; round it is twisted the usual urseus, emblem of 
 royalty, and he wears a collar and long royal tunic. In his right hand he holds a hodj, or mace, 
 and in his left a long wand, or baton, terminating in a knob. Before him are two cartouches 
 expressing his prenomen, Re-men-tor-ka, " the sun establishing appointed offerings."' These 
 differ, by the addition of the last symbol, from the ordinary prenomens ; but this last symbol is 
 so nearly that of the dynasty, that this figure must be referred to Thotlimes III. There is 
 another colossal head in the collection, which may, from its features, be of this monarch 
 {fig. 161), which will be mentioned in the description of Plate xlii. The present object was 
 found in a tomb at Thebes, and purchased at the sale of Mr. Salt's Collection in 1835. 
 
 Tiie present monument {fig. 148), which is of red granite, has been called, not very properly 
 an altar ; it consists of an upright square shaft of red syenitic granite, broader at the base than 
 top, with its four sides decorated with figures in salient bas-relief.^ There are two figures on 
 each broad and one on each narrow side. These represent the monarch Thothmes III. taken 
 under the protection of the deities Month-ra and Athor, who each hold the monarch by the 
 hand. The monarch is in more salient relief than the other figures, and, when the block was 
 in a more perfect condition, had his head decorated with the pschent, or Egyptian crown : 
 round his loins is the shten, or shenti, and upon his belt the prenomen, which is repeated, with 
 other titles, in the vertical line at the side above him. These express, " the good god, the sun 
 establishing rite, (I) beloved of Amoun-ra." The hawk-headed god at his side is Month-ra, 
 "lord of the heaven, resident in the centre of the ■pure land of truth, or Gom-mei {Egypti)," and 
 the female divinity, wearing the disk and horns, Athor, " resident in the centre of the pure land 
 of truth, or Gom-mei, {I) mistress of the heaven, and regent of the gods." The feet of all the 
 figures are wanting, and the upper part of the block is imperfect. It was found among the 
 ruins of Karnak, at Thebes, probably near the granite sanctuary of this monarch. The figures 
 are well executed, and beautifully polished : they are twice repeated. The French, when in 
 Egypt, wished to remove it, but abandoned the project, and it came into the possession of the 
 Museum with a collection acquired by the late Mr. Salt, purchased by the Trustees in 1821. 
 
 Fig. 149 is a plaster cast from part of the fallen obelisk before the granite obelisk at 
 Karnak, made under the direction of Mr. Hay. It represents this king, having the head-attire 
 of Phtali Totonen, standing, and offering a vase of oil to Amoun, who stood on the other side of 
 the large line. The hieroglyphics express, " the king of the upper and lower hemisphere, lord of 
 the tico ivorlds, the sim establishing rite, lord of diadems, like the sun, makes a gift of oil." 
 
 opia, 4to. Lond. 1835, p. 228, et 
 seq. Wilk. Topography of Thebes, 
 pp. 151-154, Manners and Customs, 
 Ser. I. vol. i. pi. iv. 
 
 This has been engraved, not very cor- 
 rectly, Descr. de I'Eg. Antiq. t. iii. 
 pi. xxxi. ibid. Texte, II. p. '178, and 
 again. Library of EntertainingKnow- 
 
 ledge, "The Brit. Mus. Egyptian 
 Antiquities," vol. ii. p. 35. See 
 Descr. pp. 34-36, Trans. Roy. Soc. 
 Lit. vol. i. I8'.'7, pi. ix. fig. 25. 
 M 
 
M A U T - E M - W A. 
 
 In tlie account of Ameiiopliis III., or Amenophis-Memnon, mention will be made of his 
 mother, Mau-t-em-oua, or Tmau-em-ba, whose connexion with this monarch is established 
 by her appearance in the palace of Luxor, giving birth to Amounopt III., and from her 
 appearance at the side of the throne of the statue of the vocal Memnon and its pendant before 
 the Memnonium. 
 
 The jiresent monument, jig. 150, is of black granite, and represents her seated upon a 
 throne placed in an Egyptian bari, or boat, the head of which is decorated with that of the 
 terrestrial Athor, two-faced. At her feet is a tray of viands or offerings. On the plinth at her 
 feet is a cartouche containing her name and titles, " the great royal lady, or queen, the mother- 
 goddess Mautemoua." The upper part of the body is wanting, but the head was decorated with a 
 circular tiara and band of uran, and her whole body was overshadowed by a vulture, the living 
 emblem and name of the goddess Maut, holding in its claws the signet -shaped sj^mbols, 
 representing the sun's orbit. Thus the whole statue represented the name Mautemoua, by the 
 vulture and the boat. At the sides of the prow are two symbolic eyes, called those of Horus, 
 and emblem of the sun and moon, and two long cartouches, containing the name and titles of 
 the queen at fuller length, as on the present side : " the person, chief of the singers, beloved 
 
 of iV) filling the sanctuary icith incense the great royal lady, loving it (I) and all 
 
 other things created, the regent of upper and lower Egypt, the divine mother." On the other 
 side we have — " the chief of the singers, the great royal lady {queen), loving her father, 
 or him, the divine mother of the hing, singer of the good god called all other things, who 
 has been made, borne in, and seated in her bark created by the eternal constructor, royal mother, 
 Maut\emoua.Y These pompous titles apparently only indicate that the queen was the queen- 
 mother, and that the statue was probably executed by her son, Amenoph. The stern-part of 
 the boat is wanting, and it must be considered the representation of a sculptured religious 
 rather than an actual boat. It was found at Luxor, and formed part of a collection of Egyptian 
 antiquities purchased by the Museum of the late Mr. Salt in 1821.' 
 
 ' Engraved, Library of Entertaining 
 Knowledge, Egyptian Antiquities, 
 vol. ii. pp. 17, 93. The legend of 
 
 this queen has been given, Leemans, 
 loc. cit. pi. ix. Trjusactions of tlie 
 
 Royal Society of Literature, vol. i, 
 1827, pi. V. fig. 14. 
 
PLATC M 
 
 Mil 
 
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 Tig L50 
 
 fVf> 
 
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 ixamtm ■wi«ii>i."*^"'S** 
 
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 ,'i« A y T IE Ra \%' k 
 
AMOUNOPT III. (AMENOPHIS-MEMNON). 
 
 The name and prenomen of the monarch found on the throne of the Colossus of the vocal 
 Memnon,' by the united testimony of the Greek writers the Amenophis of the XVIIIth 
 dynasty, the seventh or eighth king of that line, is a fixed point for the reduction of the Tablet 
 of Abydos.- According to the monuments he was the son of Thotiimes I V.^ the Touthmosis or 
 Tmosis of the lists, and his queen the Ethiopian lady Mautemoua.* His reign has been placed 
 at thirty-six years ten months, and his ascension to the crown B.C. MSO,'' or 1092-1661.'"' 
 His image was carried among the ancestors of Eamses IK. at the Ramseion,^ and of Ramses 
 Meiamoun at Medinat Haboo.** He was the founder of the jmlace-temple at Luxor, and 
 erected the pile of edifices from north to south, with the colossal caryatides of Pasht, sphinxes, 
 colossal figures, and the celebrated statue of the vocal Memnon and its pendant.^ His 
 triumphs are found recorded in the Temple of Soleb, in Upper Nubia, on the left bank of the 
 Nile, in the provinces of Sokliot and Elmahas,'" at Philse, and at Bcghe or Snem." Two 
 monolith temples of him are at Tennou or Silsilis, and at Elephantina he built a temple to the 
 local divinity Noum,i- and traces of his works are found at El-Kab or Eileithyia,'^ and at 
 El-Tel,'* and he had continued the excavations in the Tourah quarries.'^ Many statues and 
 amulets of this monarch exist in different European collections.''' He married a lady named 
 Taia, and two of his children are found on the monuments — the monarch Horns, and a princess 
 Amense. 
 
 This monarch appears to have maintained the arms of Egypt in the credit which they had 
 hitherto enjoyed ; for as early as Thotiimes III. the Egyptian monarchs had recorded their 
 triumphs or extended their empire to Naharaina or Mesopotamia in the north-east, and the 
 Karoei or Kaloei, the Coloe of ^Ethiopia, in the south ; and under his reign we first become 
 acquainted with the princes of Kush or ^Ethiopia, one of whom, Meimos, is represented at 
 Beghe.'' Of the grand historical monuments of his reign, the seventeen prisoners recorded on 
 the remains of the column at the Amenopheium at Luxor, the twenty-three on the statue at 
 Paris, the forty-three at Soleb, and the twelve at Elephantina, and three others, the last fifty- 
 eight have only been published, and that, unfortunately, without indications of the race to 
 which each prisoner belonged, or the order, probably geographical, in which arranged. Those 
 at Soleb appear to be, — 1. Aki-naa; 2. Shroneik; 3. [NJairorouik; 4. Khounesos ; 5. Sheoui ; 
 
 ' Descr. de I'Egypt. Antiq. II. pi. xxii. 
 ^ Cf. Champ. Lett, a M. le Due de 
 
 Blaca.s. Williinson, Rosellini, Jjcc. 
 
 loc. cit. 
 » Wilk. Mat. Hier. 
 '■ Rose). Mon. Stor. torn. i. pt. i. 
 ' Ibid. ii. 
 
 ^ Topography of Thebes, p. oil. 
 ' Burt. Exc. pi. ii. 
 
 " Wilk. Man. and Cust. Ser. IT. pi. 
 
 Ixxvi, I. 
 ^ Rosel. loc. cit. 
 
 '" Caillaud, Voy. a Mer. vol. ii. pi. iv. 
 " Rosel. Mon. Stor. t. iii. pt. i. pp. 
 
 214-16. 
 " Ibid. Inc. cit. 
 " Ibid. loc. cit. 
 '■' Transactions of the Roval Societv of 
 
 Literature, Mr. Perring's Paper, p. 
 140, pi. iii. 
 
 '^ Vyse (Col. Howard), Appendix to 
 Operations carried on at the Pyra- 
 mids of Gizeb, 8vo. Lond. 1842, 
 vol. iii. tab. iii. p. 97. 
 
 '5 Champ. Figeac, loc. cit.p. 316. Rosel. 
 loc. cit. pp. S70, 271. 
 
 " Rosel. Mon. Stor. torn. iii. p. 214. 
 
84 
 
 AMOUNOPT III. (AMENOPHIS-MEMNON). 
 
 6. Naliarain (Mesopotamia) ; 7. Singar(Singar or Senaar in Mesopotamia) ; 8. Eclom(Idumsea?); 
 
 9. Mautenpoii; 10. Geb? Kot ; 11. Slieoui or Heoui (the Taurus?); 12. Fount (Libya); 
 
 13. Sthenmaut; 14. Koiali? 15. Aar; 16. .. .; 17. Bakoti ; 18. Apt-tena ; 19. A. . . sror ; 
 
 20. Taito; 21. Shepherds of the North? 22. Mnasht-enouin ; 23. Tairo-Tairo (Taloeses of 
 
 .Ethiopia) ; 24. Tourouto ; 25. An-thok . . . ; 26. Nasht-en . . . r . . . h ; 27. Mnashtaka . . . ; 
 28. ...ounro; 29. Tairo-Senou (^Ethiopian race); 30. Tairo Benka (the same); 31. Naik- 
 . . . eib ; 32. Mnasht-Tourou ; 33. Somnasht-enrok ; 34. . . . ria ; 35. Mnasht-Tairia ; 36. Kati . . . ; 
 37. Nin . . . ; 38. Sliegotenouni ; 39. . . . ntgou ; 40. Nairo-kaiheb ; 41. . . . oiirsh ; 42. Ogn or 
 Aken ; 43. Otef (or Otn) ohi.' The twelve at Elephantina are much mutilated, and arc, — 
 a 1. Stounaash ; a 2. . . . souri ; « 3. n . . . a ; ciA. . . . nou . . . r ; a 5. ... roteir ; a6. . . . rotoush. 
 b 1 . Shap . . . ? h2. Mautkro . . . ; i 3. Rokal ; Z* 4. . . . ; 5 5....; i 6. . . . ro. Tlie three others, 
 1. Ishijnaro ; 2. Eagatou; 3. Nebenphaitaoui.- Till copies are pu))lished of these names, 
 arranged in the order in which they are found, and indicating whether the prisoners are of the 
 Asiatic or black races, little can be done towards their identification with the known Asiatic or 
 ^Ethiopian tribes. 
 
 The statue, fig. 151, is colossal, of a black granite, with large white crystals of feldspar 
 diffused through it, changing at one place to a red syenite. The execution is good, the whole 
 highly polished, and slightly injured, part of the face and beard having been broken. It 
 represents the monarch seated on a throne ; on his head is the attire called claft, or nams, 
 having in front the royal urseus, and gathered into a kind of pigtail behind ; on his neck is a 
 collar, and round liis loins the sheiiti, or shten,^ with a girdle, and an onkli, or buckle, on 
 which is inscribed liis name and prenomen, with the addition of " beloved of SoJtai-." Between 
 his legs is the sash. The throne is ornamented at the sides with the usual moulding, and 
 has, in a square compartment, the emblems common to them all, and expressing " riding 
 over the upper and lower world." At each side of his legs, and in front of the throne, is a 
 perpendicular line of hieroglyphics ; these are mere repetitions of one another, and express 
 the titles of the king, " the gracious god,* lord of dilated heart,^ lord of the two worlds,'' the 
 sun, the lord of truth'' (Re-neb-en-raei),® the son of the sun^ Amounopt, rrder of Gom-mei,^° 
 beloved of Amoun-ra," gicer of life." ^- At the back of the throne, and in two perpendicular 
 lines, are also the names and titles of the king recited at fuller length : these commence with 
 the line on the right hand, and express, " the Hor, lord of the upper and lower world,^^ the 
 living sun,^* the victorious bull crowned ivith truth,^^ the king,^^ strong with his crowns,^'' in the 
 abode of Amoun,^^ the Mng,^^ lord of the two worlds,"" the siin,"^ the lord of truth,'- beloved of 
 Amoun-ra,^^ resident in the abode of the sun,-* the lord of truth,'"' the giver of life.""'' The other 
 line contains a similar set of titles, as, " the lord of the upper and lower country,-' establisher of 
 stone edifices,^" the irancjuilliser of worlds,^ making celebrated^" or crowning the abode ofAmoun^^ 
 with his rule ^ for ever^^ the son of the sun,^* loving him,^^ Amounopt, ruler of Gom-mei,^^ lord of 
 assemblies,^'' croicned in the land of the solar eye {Egypt), like the sun."^'^ The entire height of 
 
 ' Wilk. Mat. Hitr. Supp. to, pi. viii. 
 
 ' Ibid. pi. viii. 
 
 ° This word is apparently the Greek 
 
 iindon ; the latter word means a 
 
 tunic. Cf. Peyron. Lex. Ling. Copt. 
 
 ■' 'I'hese riferences (from ^ to ^'J refer to 
 
 corresponding ones over the groups 
 interpreted iu the I'late. 
 
('LATE 35. 
 
 <\ ■ " 
 
 lig.lil. 
 
 ■'■Vi'^T^-^if,^ 
 
 ■i S&ibt/- souiplured ifvlBUu^-hreccui 
 
 V.:: 
 
 ^ ;> ¥ III i (J 1 ; la*-'*-'* 
 
 ^"^ ^afj W 
 
 lO 
 
 M< 
 
 C3/ 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 39 i <:_.• . ijjLii' 
 
 
 ^(Z-c^- Mi^aii/m^ 
 
 y Arumlalf, dei^ 
 
 A 
 
 FKl, DOD. (R8E K?i] P3 @ Kl) 
 
AMOUNOPT III. (AMENOPHIS-MEMNON). 
 
 85 
 
 the colossus, including the base, is nine feet six inches ; ■ the height of the statue itself about 
 eight feet six inches ; the feet arc rather large : but are they not so in all the works of the 
 Egy])tian school — the result, probably, of intermingling with tlie negro races, among whom 
 the foot is always larger? This statue was dug up by Bclzoni,' at the place of the sekos 
 and Cella, behind the colossi of the vocal Menmon, which it much resembles. These two 
 statues, which faced the east in a direct line with the Temple of Luxor, ap})ear to have been 
 connected with that building by a court, or dromos, with smaller statues, colossi, and sphinxes, 
 besides magnificent columns. It is evident tluit this statue, which is stated to belong to 
 the abode of Amenophis III. in Thebes, must have been connected with the famous temple- 
 palaces of the same king at Luxor. It is vigorously executed, and exhibits all the grandeur 
 of style and firm outline, with the highly polished but not florid finish, which characterised 
 the arts of Egypt under the XVIIIth dynasty. The peculiar attire of the head commenced 
 about this period, the earlier kings having their hair plaited in a different style, divided 
 in the centre of the forehead, or gathered into a wig behind. It is highly probable that it 
 was formerly enriched with colours, which are to be distinctly traced on the granite statues of 
 a later reign ; but it may be observed, that the employment of black granite under this reign 
 for the statues of the king, then of the goddess Pasht, was either owing to the discovery of new 
 quarries, and might, perhaps, have been allied with the ^Ethiopian complexion of the monarch, 
 which gave a preference for this material. There is in the collection of the Museum a colossal 
 statue, broken in two, the pendant of the present, and with its features much more complete, 
 thus restoring the one under discussion. The part of the waist and loins is wanting, so that no 
 certainty can be arrived at from the name, which would liave appeared on the belt, and the 
 sides of the throne are plain. The features, however, are decidedly those of Amenophis III., 
 the nose slightly turned up, and the workmanship exactly similar. It is also more than 
 probable, from the acknowledged iconography of the Pharaohs, that the two heads in the 
 collection, marked 6 and 7, and made of a sandstone breccia, are of the same monarch. 
 
 This statue has been engraved in out- 
 line. Library of Entertaining Know- 
 ledge, Brit. Mu3. Eg. Ant. vol. i. p. 
 277, and illustrated from pp. 275- 
 280 ; also, Transactions of the Royal 
 
 Society of Literature, vol. i. pi. ii. 
 fig. 4, p. 208 et seq. 
 Narrative of Operations and Recent 
 Discoveries in Egypt and Nubia, 
 
 4to. Lend. 1820, p. 291. His ob- 
 servations about material are incor- 
 rect. The Dutch metal he talks of 
 are the mere particles of mica. 
 
HAR-EM-HBAI (HORUS). 
 
 The son and successor of Amenophis III. and his wife Taia, assumed, on his elevation 
 to the crown, the prenomen of" the sun, the distributor of rites, (?) approved of the sun"^ and 
 his name Har-eni-hbai, that is, " Horus in his festival, beloved of Amoun."- His standard at 
 Karnak is, " the victorious bull, overthrowing the fallen."^ His reign, of tliirty-six years 
 five months, is placed B.C. 1661-1625. In the lists of Manetho he is simply styled Horus,* 
 the rest being an adjunct of the name of the god. His monuments are found as high as 
 Gebel Addeh,^ in Nubia, where he had caused a speos to be excavated to Thoth, Anucis, Re, 
 and Noum ; and in the quarries of Tennou, or Silsilis, he is represented taken under the pro- 
 tection of Noum and female deities;^ while in other scenes he is represented there celebrating 
 festivals in honour of his conquest of Kush, or Ethiopia. He continued the palaces at Luxor, 
 and built the portico, of two kinds of gigantic columns, which unite the two large courts of that 
 edifice.' The criosphinxes, which formed the dromos in front of the four propyla of the spot 
 called the Ruins of the South, at Karnak, are inscribed with legends relative to liim.^ The 
 fourth propylon, and the gate of large granite slabs, were also erected in his reign ; and 
 amidst the historical conquests here are mentioned that of the Berber,^ or people of Barbaria 
 in Ethiopia. He also embellished and restored the Temple of Amoun-ra, in the valley of 
 El-Assassif, at Thebes.'" Sir Gardner Wilkinson makes him Achencheres or Chebres, the 
 queen Maut-hem or Tmau-hem, (?) the Tmau-mot of Rosellini, his wife, and the latter his 
 daughter.'' 
 
 Fig. 1.52 is of black granite, and rejiresents the king taken under the protection of Khem, 
 or Amoun-ra. The figures are in a very salient bas-relief, and were probably placed at the 
 bottom of the adytum or sanctuary of a small temple. The divinity stands erect, holding his 
 right hand elevated to grasp the whip, and his left has been placed in his garment. The deity 
 was ithyphallic, and probably decorated and completed in some other material. The king 
 stands at the right side of the figure, and places his left hand on the axilla of the divinity. The 
 other hand is pendent, and holds a roll. Immediately between them is a perpendicular line of 
 hieroglyphics, commencing, " [tlic speech of Amoun-ra, the husband of his mother.^ We give 
 thee [the throne of] Seb, [the gears of] Athom. His son, loving him, the lord of the upper and 
 lower world, the sun, the distributor of rites, (?) apjjroved of the sun, the ruler of truth, the son 
 of the sun, Har-em-hbai, beloved of Amoun, beloved of Khem, who rejoices in his plumes." On 
 the pliiitli before the statue is inscribed, "beloved of Amoun-ra Khem, the husband of his 
 
 ' Champ. Prein. I.ctt. a M. le Due. ile 
 
 Blaciis, 1). 84. Uosel. Slon. Stor. 
 
 t. i. parte i. p. viii. n. 108, n. p. 2tl. 
 ' Ibiil. Wilkinson, Top. of 'I'liebes, 
 
 pi. i. cvii. n c. (1. Aniouncni. 
 '■' Trans. Roy. Soc. Lit. vol. i. Second 
 
 Series, pi. iii. p. 92. 
 
 ^ He is the eighth king of Eusebius, and 
 tlie ninth of Africanus. Cf. Uosel. 
 loc. cit. pp. 46, 47. 
 
 * Kosel. Mon. Stor. t. iii. parte i. pp. 
 271-275. 
 
 " Ibid. pp. 27.5-277. 
 
 ' Ibid. pp. 287-290. 
 
 » Rosel. Cf. Descr. de I'Eg. 
 "> Ibid. p. 289. 
 '" Champ. Fig^. I'l'nivers. Egypte, 8vo. 
 
 Par. 1839, p. 3-JO. 
 " Ibid. p. 290. Cf. Id. t. i. p. 242, e( 
 seq. 
 

 r-J- 
 
 ^ 
 
 "^M^mAim, 
 
 i 
 
 ,.3*S§Se»«*-7 
 
 ^51^^ ii"^^"" ■ 
 
 -i^" 
 
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 A 
 
 s^-^'-^^-^^MkA 
 
 ^ 
 
 -//♦-- - 
 
 
 '3K 
 
 IM-, 
 
 
 
 mm" M 
 
 /l^%^ 
 
 
 
HAE-EM-HBAI (HORUS). 87 
 
 mother, ivho gives life, stahiUfy, and power;" and tlie remainder of the cartouelic of the 
 king. The group is rather fractured, but upon the whole executed with great vigour. There 
 is another group in the collection at Turin, niuoh i-esenihling the present. It represents the 
 deity Amoun-ra seated upon a throne, with the monarch standing beside him, placing his 
 hand on his shoulders, and has on it the prenomen and name of the king.^ A statue of the 
 monarch, of smaller proportions, without its head. The names and titles of the king are only 
 read upon this group." 
 
 Fig. 153, a fragment, representing the king standing, and, probably, holding an altar of 
 libations. He has worn the claft on his head, which is rather mutilated, and the skten, or 
 shenti, round the loins. On the plinth behind is inscribed a perijendicular line of hieroglyphics : 
 " the living gracious god mahing illustrations [puriJications'\ to his father Amoun-ra, the king of 
 
 the upper and loiver worlds, the sun, the distributor of worlds, approved of the sun " This 
 
 statue is well executed, although much mutilated. It is in a granite nearly resembling the 
 preceding, and preserves all the important marks of the features of the king — the peculiar 
 depression in the clieeks, about the eyes. 
 
 ' Cf. Champ. Fig. Univers. Egypte, p. 320, pi. Ixxxv. 
 
 ^ Engraved, Transactions of lUe Royal Society of Literature, vol. i. 4to. 18'27, pi. v. fig. la. 
 
SETHEI MENEPHTAH I. 
 
 The son and successor of Ramses I. assumed the prenomen of " the sun, the estaUisher 
 of jitstice." His name is Sethei Mei-en-Phtali, or ''beloved of Phtha ," a,nd Sethei Mai-en- 
 Amoun, or "Sethei beloved of Amoun,"^ and he has been hitherto called by hieroglyphical 
 writers, Nubte-i, or Borei-Meneptah, or Menephtah I. His actual name is, however, appa- 
 rently, that of Sethei,* and the latter term, Menephtah, forms his appellative. The figure 
 of Seth, in many inscriptions, has been chiselled out, or replaced, by a subsequent con- 
 version, to that of Osiris, making it Ousrei-Menephtah, in which some have imagined an 
 assimilation to the word Osymandyas of the Greek writers. It is not certain whom he repre- 
 sented in the Greek lists. Sir Gardner Wilkinson would have him to be the Armais, or even 
 Busiris, while Rosellini supposes him to be represented by the two Akencheres, whose reigns 
 of twenty-four years, or twelve years each, he considers to be chimerical. 
 
 The furthest point to which the monuments of Menephtah I. extend is to Amada, in Nubia, 
 where he restored the temple, and a small monolithic naos of him is found in the quarries of Silsilis. 
 At Thebes, the ruins of the western bank, known by the name of the Palaces of Gournah, may 
 be considered a complete Setheion or Menephtheion ; but the term Memnonium, apjilied by 
 the Greek writers to these buildings, is a perfect misapplication, in all senses, of the term. He 
 also decorated the Thothmoseion of Thothmes III. at Medinat Haboo. On the opposite bank 
 of the river, at Luxor, memorials of him are found upon some columns of the great portico 
 attributed to Horus, while the great hypostyle hall of Karnak owes its foundation to this 
 monarch, and the principal historical monuments of his reign are those which decorated its 
 external walls. These are divided into five princijaal portions, and represent the conquest of 
 the Roten-nou, the Lemenen or Romenen, the supposed people of Ludim and Libanus, and the 
 capture of the fortress of Kebainana, in the land of . . . hanim. In another he attacks, in the 
 first year of his reign, according to the inscription, " the Shosou (or Shepherds), who are in the 
 citadel of Pair ou or Pelou (Pelusium), in the direction of Kanana or Canaan." The people of 
 Sharo, probably the people of Syria or Assyria, or Syrians of Paltestine, also suffer the effect of 
 his arms ; and his triumphal return to the frontiers of the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, and 
 arrival at the fortress of Pcrou or Pelusium, are also represented. He is also termed the con- 
 queror of the Sliopherds of the East ; lie gains possession of the fortress of Edom, in the land 
 of Omar or Amar, perhaps Idumaea and the Amorites, and vanquishes the Tohen, Tahno or 
 Ten-hno, one of the Japhetic races, and, apparently, the most northern people with whom the 
 
 ^' Cf. Ilosel. Mon. Stor. torn. i. Tav. ix. 
 p. 110 ; Witk. Mat. Hier. and Top. 
 of Thebes, pi. i. c. viii.; Champ. 
 Gr. Ej. p. 145; Leemans, loc. cit. 
 xiv. M8-.i9 ; liurl. Exc. Hier. pi. 
 x.\xvit. 
 ' This divinity, with squared ears and 
 
 peculiar head, is Seth, as the north- 
 em god of the Shot, .and Noub, as 
 the divinity of the Nubians. lie is 
 called in an inscription, Seth, tlio 
 son of Netpe, the great Apoph (?), 
 loving the sun (Mon. I'ort. Leg. 
 Koy. XVI. d), and the great god, 
 
 king on high, lord of victory. Ibiii. 
 c. The commencing group, Sou[t] 
 for Seth, Leemans reads " him " (I) 
 His identity with Setlios was first 
 proposed by Lonormant, Cours de 
 Hist. An. p. 3'20, n. 1. 
 
PLAT r. 3 1 
 
 f In/miulr^ Jii'' 
 
 E B^ E IF M T &a ^ 
 
SETHEI MENEPHTAH I. 
 
 89 
 
 Egyptians were acquainted. Tlie people of Shto, Shot, or Kiiout, the supposed Scytliians or 
 Scytho-Bactrians of Chanipollion, hut, perhaps, the Cuthseans of Babylon, also fall under his 
 arms, and from them he derived immense spoils. Besides the destruction of the Syrian Shep- 
 herds, he is stated to have extended the confines of the empire to the great waters of Naharaina 
 or Mesopotamia, and on the other frontier to have prostrated the people of Phit or Libya, and 
 the Nubians. In one grand scene this monarch is represented bringing forty-two conquered 
 nations and tribes : these are of the enemies or neighbours on the southern confines of Egypt, — 
 the people of Kush ' or Ethiopia ; the Atro, Atlo, or Adelo,'' perhaps the Adulittc ; the Aro-shoki,^ 
 the Amor-kraka,* the .... ouka,^ the Sroni, Slonei, or Sileni,*' the Baro-baro (the renxaining shore 
 of the Red Sea below Meroe was called Barbaria, a name still preserved in the Berbers and Bar- 
 rabras, and perhaps the origin of the Greek Barbari^) ; theTik-roou,Tikror, or Dakrur, a tribe 
 still called by the Arabs Dakruri, and not improbably the Abyssinian district of Tigre, in which 
 is Axum, or the Axumites, a name preserved by some of the Roman geographers ;® the Iri-em-to, 
 Ili-em-to, or Bal-em-to, probably the Blemmyes ;9 the Kharouses^" or Kuroses ; the Erk or 
 Arok, perhaps Erehoas on the Nile ;>* and the Touro-Rou, a nation of which there were several 
 tribes, terminate the African races to the south over which the arm of the king had progressed, 
 consisting, according to Rosellini, of people beyond Meroe, the representatives of those at 
 present inhabiting Kurdofan, Darfur, and Abyssinia : but the conquests of the king had been 
 no less signal in Central Asia. 
 
 There is great difficulty in deciding the names of many of the nations on the north, which is 
 by signs not of common interchangeable phonetic value, but of special ones. Where Rosellini 
 would read Javan, or the Greek races, we see only all the northern countries ; '- and his readings 
 of [K]at or Kot, Kom and Pom, appear to us unsupported by the philological readings. 
 Rosellini would refer the names of these last races to his supposed Javan or Japhetics ; and 
 after them follow the Moone-en-mihi (?) or Shepherds of the North ; the Shto or Shot, or Khout, 
 the supposed Cuthseans or Scytlii, or Indo-Scythic tribes, Naharaina or Mesopotamia, the 
 Upper Rotn-nou or Ludim, and Lower Rotn-nou ; Singara, perhaps the Mesopotamian Sin- 
 gara or Senaar ; Ounou, an island ; . . . pou, Phaibash, [Kana]na or Canaan, the Asi, Mennous, 
 
 perhaps Minni, Aou , Baal-nou or Bai-li-nou, perhaps the Balansea on the Syrian coast, 
 
 close to the Orontes ; the A r , an imperfect name, and another people, called the 
 
 An-nou ; the Shos-sou, probably a Pha3nician Shepherd race ; the Erteu, or Ilteu, or Iritou, the 
 people of Pount, perhaps the Libyans ; Nahash, Am-mas, Mensaou, Tashouh, Nouahou, Ma- 
 goth, Touhour, Douhour or Dohol, Aaegom, Mout or Moud Madoui, the Midianites (?), 
 Outoulot or Golot, Sethbou, Pigot-Atliom. The majority of these names are not easily 
 
 ' Rosel. Mon. Stor. torn. iii. parte i. 
 
 p. 420, pi. Ixi. 2. 
 = Ibid. 3. ^ Ibid. 4. 
 
 '' Ibid. 5. There is a place in Nubia 
 
 called Aim Amoor, where there is a 
 
 temple. See Caillaud, vol. ii. pi. 
 
 xlii. Rosellini reads Em-ro-baroka. 
 
 Ibid. p. 420. 
 * Ibid. 6. The phonetic value of the 
 
 bird's foot, which commeDces this 
 
 name, Rosellini (loc. cit. p. 421) 
 conjectures to be K, but adduces no 
 proof. 
 ^ Rosel. 7. Pliny places a people called 
 Sileni on the Indus ; but India and 
 /Ethiopia were often nearly syno- 
 nymous. 
 ' Ibid. 8, p. 421. See Cellarius, torn. ii. 
 ^Ethiopia. This name may be trans, 
 lated "sparkling mouths." 
 
 » Rosel. 9. 
 
 3 Ibid. 10. The eye in this name may 
 be read either iri or Bal ; words, 
 after all, mere dialectical variations 
 of each other. Cf. Met. I. c. iv. 
 and ix. 
 
 '<> Ibid. U. " Ibid. 12. 
 
 '- For this and the following names, see 
 Rosel. 13 to 42 inclusive. 
 
90 SETHEI MENEPHTAH I. 
 
 reconciled with those that have come down to us. Sixteen more Asiatic prisoners occur in 
 the same scene ; the names of ten of these have been erased, two others are imperfect, and 
 those of three others have been altered. The perfect names are, — Taihor, or Athor, Aturia, 
 place of waters ; Bashten or Bouten, according to the alteration, Asenim ; Aba or Aniba, and 
 Shemosht or Kemokht. Of these names, that of Bashten, which occurs in other inscriptions, 
 resembles, at the same time, Basan or Bactria. The other races are difficult to identify. 
 
 The principal other monuments of his reign are some sculptures on the rocks in the Pliilse 
 road, the temple of Pasht or Bubastis, the Speos Arteinidos at the present Establ Antar, in 
 the Heptanomide and the magnificent tomb he excavated for himself in the Biban-el-Melook, 
 or Valley of the Kings, called Belzoni's Tomb, from its rediscovery by Belzoni. 
 
 The cast,fi(jf. 154, made under the direction of Mr. Hay by Mr. Bononii, is taken from the 
 side of the passage of Belzoni's Tomb — the tomb ofSethei Ousrei-Mai-en-phtah. It represents 
 the king wearing a claft, or usual attire, with ureeus and beard, and garment round the loins, 
 with the pharaonic apron, with armlets and bracelets, holding in his left hand a crook and whip, 
 introduced by Hor or Horus^ into the presence of Osiris. The hieroglyphics here express his 
 titles, " the lord of the two toorlds,^ the stin estahlishing truth," the lord of diadems,^ Ousrei- 
 Maienphtah,* truth upeahing^ to^ Ousr'' (Osiris), the great god.'^ The god Horus, wlio is hawk- 
 headed, wearing the pschent, familiarly places his right hand upon his shoulder, and holds in 
 his left the symbol of life. Before the king is Ousr or Osiris, wearing the otf, or cap, with two 
 ostrich feathers, emblematic of truth, mummied, and seated upon a throne, holding in his left 
 hand a crook and whip, and in his right a long crook. Before Osiris are his names and titles, 
 "0«sr^° (Osiris), jjethempamentes^^ or attached^"- to the west, great god."'^ There is considerable 
 elegance and excellence of execution in the present slab, and the scene represented is apparently 
 only an abridgement of the future judgment of the dead before Osiris in the hypostyle hall of 
 the two Truths, when the deceased uttered the negative confession of forty-two sins which he 
 had not committed before the fort}'-two demons of the dead. In the present scene, Hor, the 
 son of Osiris, one of the guardians of the balance, and the psychopompic, or soul-leading god, 
 has taken the monarch under his especial protection. 
 
 ' Ihe-^e references (from ^ to ") refer to corresponding ernes over tlie groups interproteil in the Plate. 
 
RAMOS II. (RAMESES-ARMAIS or ARMESSES). 
 
 The fifty-first and fifty-second names of the Tablet of Abydos are of a monarch whose 
 prenomen was " the sun, the director of truth," and his name Ramos, " beloved of Amoun." Tliis 
 name is identical with that repeated in the lower line, and the prenomen of the upper line 
 is only distinguished from that of the lower by the omission oi " approved of the sun." As 
 this first name has been supposed by Sir Gardner Wilkinson' and Col. Felix to be identical 
 with the second, and by MM. Champollion- and Rosellini^ to be distinct, it will be necessary 
 to state the argument as it stands. M. Rosellini gives three considerations for supposing 
 the addition of "approved of the sun" a mere variation of the title of the same monarch. 
 
 1. The two prenomens being found upon the belt of the fallen Colossus of Metrahenny. 
 
 2. Their being found on the pronaos of Beit-oualli. 3. Both existing in the same tomb 
 at the Biban-el-Melook. To these considerations I would add — (4) that tlie addition of 
 "approved of the sun" is found in the cartouche of Thothmos-Moeris,^ on the obelisk at the 
 Atmeidan in Constantinople, in certain cartouches of Amounophth I.;' (5) the absence of 
 Ramses II. at the Memnonium,^ and in the procession of Medinat Haboo,' (6) and in Ramses III. 
 tracing his succession from Sethos Meinephthah I. and Ramses I.;^ (7) the possibility that the 
 first might be a prenomen of the king in the early or latter part of his reign, and tlie other, 
 attributed to Ramses III., assumed by the second monarch at a later period ; (8) the 
 improbability that two brothers should have both carried on the same wars, (9) and the 
 difference of the wives and children being capable of being explained, on the supposition of a 
 second marriage;-' (10) the fact that, in the lateral inscription of the Tablet of Abydos, the 
 kings state to Ramses II. that they lift up their hands to receive his offerings, while in the 
 Tablet these very offerings are stated to be made by Ramses III. 
 
 On the other hand it is urged that at the Palace of Gournah, which was finished by the third 
 Ramses, (1) the two Ramses stand before the figure of tlieir father, Sethos Meinephthah I., from 
 which M. Rosellini would infer, that Ramses II. having first succeeded to the throne, he died 
 early, and his sons having also died, his brother, Ramses III., came to the crown, and retained 
 the title of the family, but, to avoid confusion, assumed the epithet "approved of the sun" m 
 his prenomen,'" as a subsequent monarch did that of Meiamoun, to distinguish him from his 
 brother; (2) that the two names" on the Metrahenny Colossus are to be explained on the 
 supposition of the son of the second Ramses being a minor, that the third cut them both 
 upon it ; but why not more simply that the Colossus commenced by the one was appropriated 
 
 ' Mat. Hier. Topography of Thebes. 
 p. b6. 
 
 ^ Lettr. Ecrites, xviii. 
 
 ^ Rlon. Stor. St-r. I. torn. i. pp. 2,>2-6j. 
 
 ' The best published copy at present is 
 that of Niebuhr. Another, broui^ht 
 to England by Mr. Cory, with a 
 paper on it by myself, is in the 
 
 course of publication by the Royal 
 
 Society of Literature. 
 * Leenians, he. cil.; also in Sethos I. 
 
 ibid. 159. 
 ° Burton, Exc. Hier. pi. ii. 
 ' Ibid. 
 
 ^ Ibid. pi. xvii, 1. 
 ' Thus the son Shaa-em.kemi at Ka. 
 
 labsh^ mis^ht be the same as the 
 
 fourth son of Ramses III. The 
 king might have been attended by 
 his first and fourth sons. 
 
 "> Mon. Stor. part i. torn. i. pp. 256-59. 
 
 " I think I detect on the Museum casts, 
 from Beit-oualli, that the prenomea 
 with Sotp-en-re is attempted to be 
 cut over that without it. This is in 
 the large cartouche behind the king. 
 
92 
 
 RAMOS II. (rAMESES-ARMAIS OR ARMESSES). 
 
 to himself by his successor ? (3) that the tomb of the Blban-el-Melook was commenced by 
 Eamses II., partly continued by Ramses III., and then finally abandoned; (4) that the omis- 
 sion of Eamses II. at the Memnonium and Medinat Haboo was owing to the statues there 
 figured and carried, being the actual dynastic succession by generations from father to 
 son, and Ramses III. succeeding in right of his father, Sethei I., and not of his brother, 
 Ramses 11.;^ (5) that as to the fact of the lower part of the prenominal cartouche, and the 
 title of "approved of the sun" being a mere addition at a subsequent period, M. Rosellini 
 asserts that he has collected dates of the years of the reign of the prenomen of the third 
 Ramses, from the second to the sixty-second year ; and it may be distinctly stated, that the 
 addition of Meiamoun to the cartouche forms the prenomen of Ramses IV., and of the same 
 Meiamoun to the prenomen of Amounophth III. that of Ramses VI., the king named in the 
 lists of Manetho, apparently from the identity of the prenomen Amenephthes. 
 
 The obelisk = removed from Luxor has the central lines, which on these monuments were 
 always the original ones, on three sides, recording the names and titles of Ramses II., while the 
 lateral lines on the same sides, and all the lines on the fourth side, and the name on the base 
 of the obelisk, are in honour of Ramses III.; clearly proving that this monument was com- 
 menced by one monarch, left unfinished, completed and set up by his successor. 
 
 M. Rosellini also insists upon the fact of the diff"erence of the portraits of the two monarchs, 
 and the different names of their wives and children. Such are the difficulties which envelope 
 the evidence of the monuments on the question ! And now for Ramses II. 
 
 He added considerably to the Setheium, or palace of Sethei I., in the Gournah quarter 
 of Thebes. The small walls to the right and left of the principal gate of the hypostyle hall 
 are covered with bas-reliefs, representing liiui adoring the Theban triad, or kneeling before 
 Amoun and his father.^ The young monarch, presented by the goddess Maut, and Khons, 
 kneels before Amoun, who accords him the periods of the panegyrics, and is at other times 
 mythically nourished by the milk of Maut. It would also appear, from the occurrence of his 
 name upon the abaci and bases of the columns, that he completed the decoration of this 
 part of the Setheium, of which the architraves had been commenced by his father, and the 
 magnificent obelisks at Luxor were hewn out of the quarries, and with tlie inscriptions nearly 
 finished by him ; they were finally erected by his successor. In his fourth regnal year he 
 executed a small chapel at Teiinou, or Silsilis, dedicated to the god Hapi-moou, or the Nile, to 
 Amoun, Maut, Khons, Re, and Phtah.* The temple of Beit-e'-wellee, or Beit-oualli, near 
 Kalabshe, in Nubia, is the most important historical document of his reign, and was destined 
 to record the extent of his conquests, for the sovereigns of Egypt sculptured their victories over 
 the white races of Central Asia amidst their black vassals of ^Ethiopia. This edifice, situated 
 near Kalabshe, the ancient Talmis, consists of a speos, or small rock-excavated temple, entered 
 by a vestibule now hypiethral, Tiut which may formerly Iiave been covered. On the walls of this 
 vestibule are depicted, in basso and cavo-relievo, the battles and conquests of the king. These 
 form the subject of the present plate, and were cast in plaster by Mr. Bonomi, under the charge 
 
 Champ. Fl;;. I'llnivprs Egvpte, 8vo. 
 
 Paris, 1839, p. 329. 
 Ibid. Fig. loc. cit. p. 81. 
 
 ' Rosel. Mod. Stor. t. iii. parte i. pp, 
 31-44. 
 
 * Rosel. Mon. T. part i. torn. v. p. 1, et 
 seq. 
 
RAMOS II. (RAMESES-ARMAIS OR ARMESSES). 
 
 93 
 
 and at the expense of Mr. Hay, and subsequently restored in colours by the former gentleman 
 at the Museum from memoranda made by himself, and comparison with other monuments. 
 From this entrance you pass into a square pronaos, or sanctuary, by means of three doors. On 
 the sides of the gate of the sanctuary are Isis and Nephthys,' each suckling the monarch, 
 considered as Hor, the son of Osiris and Isis, the third ])ersonage of the Abydos triad. Upon 
 the two walls to tlie right and left of the smaller lateral gate he is depicted smiting two 
 individuals, personifications of the enemies of Egypt on the Soutliern and Northern frontiers. 
 Upon the right wall the monarch, with his head in the claft, and sheiiti round the loins, and his 
 liead protected by the urseated disk of the god Hat, or Har of Hat, the celestial sun, grasps in 
 his left hand a bow, and the hair of a clothed negro, emblem of Cush or Ethiopia, whom he is 
 on the point of killing with the battle-axe in his right. The accompanying inscription calls 
 him " the transfixer of the Nine Boivs, the people of Phut or Libya, and the darter at Kush or 
 ^Ethiopia." The king upon the left wall is represented in a similar attitude, vanquishing the 
 Tahon, a people of the Rot-en or Lod-en, the supposed Ludim or Asiatics.- Casts from these 
 sculptures were not made by Mr. Bonomi, and those acquired by the Museum are only of 
 the sides of the vestibule. Considered in respect to art, they are not equal to the monuments 
 of the earlier dynasties, neither as regards purity of style nor elegance and finisli of execution, 
 but they are, to a great extent, untrammelled by the conventional rules which regulated the 
 religious scenes. Many of the attitudes are bold and vigorous, and the story is distinctly 
 told, — the great object of early art, which does not regard so much the care of a minute detail 
 as the telling of the story to the mind's eye. 
 
 Following the analogy of Egyptian subjects, it is necessary to consider the scene nearest to 
 the entrance, the first in rank and position, and, indeed, the conquests over the ^Ethiopians or 
 negroes must have preceded the tribute offered by the vanquished.'' The first object that met 
 the eye of the spectator was, consequently, the village or town of ^Ethiopia, in which a female is 
 represented preparing a repast ; she kneels down, and stirs a small low caldron. ^ Behind her 
 is a large tree, of the musacea species, in which is mounted a small green monkey (cercopithecus). 
 At the base of the tree is a hut or wigwam, before which stand two children and a female, who 
 look on in alarm upon the scene opening to their view. A wounded negro or Ethiopian, 
 probably the father of the family, no longer able to stand alone owing to his wounds, is 
 supported by two of his companions, and led through a similar grove of trees, so retired as to 
 be frequented by a kind of small green monkey. Behind him, in full rout, rushes the ^Ethiopian 
 army ; they are all similarly dressed, in panthers' skins round the loins, and hold clubs and 
 large bows. Some rush hastily to the village, while others turn round' and regard in alarm 
 the hot pursuit of the victor ; a few are inverted, and some lie killed under the chariot. The 
 .Si^gyptian king is in a chariot of two horses, the whole of gigantic proportions, and he wears 
 on his head the torsh, or royal helmet, entwined with an uraeus. The upper part of his form is 
 
 ' Rosel. Mon. Stor. No. Ixii. 4, 5, Teste 
 p:irt ii. pp. 6-13, 
 
 ^ Ibid. loc. cit. 
 
 ' Ibid. loc. cit. pp. 31-44, and Sir Card. 
 ner\Vilkinsoii,Top.ofThebes,p.482, 
 commence witli the otiier scene. 
 
 Supposed by some to be cooking a 
 fibli, which would of course identify 
 these people with the Jchtbyophagi. 
 
 Many of the defective places, accoid- 
 ing to Mr. Bonomi, in this part are 
 owing to the unequal surface of the 
 
 rock, which was planed, filled with 
 stucco, and smoothed ; the stucco 
 has fallen off, and the hatched sur- 
 face to receive it is left exposed. Cf. 
 Rosel. Tav. M. R. Ixxiv. and Isxv, 
 Teste, t. iii. p. ii. pp. 40, 44. 
 
94 
 
 RAMOS II. (rAMESES-ARMAIS OR ARMESSES). 
 
 decorated with a collar, and the body of a vulture or hawk from his loins. He stands erect and 
 alone, in the act of discharging an arrow from a bow. At the sides of his chariot are his bow- 
 case and a kind of quiver, in which are three javelins, with pendent double strings at the end. 
 The reins from his two chargers, which are richly caparisoned, pass round his waist. The 
 trappings of the horses are gorgeous : their heads are decorated with a diadem, from which rise 
 tall stained plumes ; round their necks and bodies are skins, and on their shoulders a collar ; 
 upon this collar is a globular counterpoise, to which the bearing reins are attached. The 
 collar, which is saddle-shaped, is attached by a girth round the chest, and the reins pass 
 through holes at the sides of the collar, forming an obtu'^e angle at the ring, giving more power 
 on the mouth to check the animal in its career than the present system. There is a large 
 loose belly-band jiendent from the same rings. The horses are attached by a pole to the 
 chariot. Before the king are his name and prenomen, — " the sun, the director Truth, Ramexes, 
 beloved of Amoun." The vertical lines of hieroglyphics before the monarch are much mutilated, 
 
 and only a name and word remains here and there, as "frontiers we approach 
 
 enlighten like Bor." Immediately behind the monarch are two chariots, in each of which is one 
 of his sons ; they are accompanied by charioteers. Tlie princes wear their hair pendent in a 
 mass upon the left side, and have slung behind their back the flabellum, or feather-sceptre, 
 by a sash passing over their right shoulder. There is some difference in the attitude of the 
 two chariots. The eldest son holds no weapon, and his charioteer looks to him as if asking 
 for orders. The second son holds in his left hand the bow, and seems intent upon urging on 
 the horses. In the first or upper divisions, for the chariots stand above one another, are nine 
 vertical lines of hieroglyphics. These are, " the speech of the hearer of the feather-standard, at 
 the left hand of the king, the chief royal son {prince) of his race, loving him, Amoiinhe-ement-em- 
 
 .sA5oi^(?) ...... not the heaven ice behold the sun of the South — also rejoice 
 
 thy heart icith delight in smiting his blasphemers, he gives, to direct his force over the 
 
 Nine Boies [Libyans]." 
 
 In the lower compartment is a single horizontal line : these contain the titles of the second 
 son of the king, — " the royal son of his race, loving him, the blood of the gods, or divine blood, 
 manifested with the victorious bull (the monarch), Shaa-em-hemi, or gom-mei, man truth- 
 speaking."- The name of this prince is identical with that of the fourth son of Ramses III. 
 The rest of the inscription in this compartment is very mutilated.' The reason of this attack 
 will be seen in the subsequent scene. 
 
 As early as the reign of Amenophis III., b.c. 1692, there appears a set of princes styled 
 princes of ^Ethiopia. They are of the red blood of the Egyptians, but whether they were 
 viceroys having tliis title, or persons connected in blood with the kings of Egypt, there are no 
 data from the inscriptions sufficient to enable us to detei'iainc. It is probable that these princes 
 were driven from the country by their subjects, and restoretl liy tlie kings of Egypt at the point 
 
 ' For my analysis of tliis name, vide p. 
 
 96, n. 1. 
 ^ This expression seems to indicate tliat 
 
 the jjrince was deceased wlieu the 
 
 monument was cut. 
 * The \vhole of these two friezes iias 
 
 been described by ClintniioUion le 
 Jeiine, I.etlres Ecrites d'Kjjypte et 
 de Nubie, flvo. 1838, pp. 159, 160, 
 who supposes the bhicif people to 
 be the people of Kousli, and the 
 
 Shari the old name for the I?ishari ; 
 the former are, however, a fair peo- 
 ple. See, also. Sir Gardner VVilkiji. 
 son. Topography of Thebes, 8"0. 
 London, 1835, p. 482. 
 
CONQuiST AND TRIBUTC Or THC ETHIOPIANS 
 
 ^ 
 
 A'^iAj^U J4I 
 
 C O N V ■ t s 
 
 T S 
 
 % g a? , 
 
 N C r N T R 
 
 ^ 
 
RAMOS II. (RAMESES-ARMAIS OR ARMESSES). 
 
 95 
 
 of the sword. This would account for the double laeaniug of the name Nahsi, borne by the 
 black tribes in the hieroglyphics, and meaning insurgents or revolters,' from their restless 
 and revengeful disposition. 
 
 In this compartment the subject commences from the right. The monarch, crowned in the 
 torsh, or royal helmet, decollated with the urseus, emblem of royalty, surmounted by the solar 
 disk, and flanked by two ostrich-feathers, at the sides with the liorns of a goat, and four urai, 
 also wearing disks, assimilating him to the deity Phtah-Socharis, or Totonen, holds in his lei't 
 hand a mace, and symbol of life, and his right extended. He is clothed in a garment of white 
 linen, of various thicknesses and fineness, shewing the form beneatii. Round his neck is a 
 collar, and on his lap is the royal apron. His feet are in sandals. Tiie chair in which he is 
 seated is placed upon an elevated dais ; it has a high back, and rich cushion extending up it ; 
 its sides are formed to resemble a lion, with the claws of the animal for the feet, and tail for 
 the upper part, and engraved on it, in open work, is the emblem of dominion over the upper 
 and the lower regions. The monarch is seated within a rich naos, the cornice of the architrave 
 decorated with ursei, and receives with dignity the procession which advances towards him. 
 Immediately behind the throne are four lines of hieroglyphics, disposed vertically, executed in 
 detail, each about an inch high, and appropriately coloured. These record, in pompous terms, 
 the titles of the sovereign: — " Tlie Hor, the livinij sun, the victorious bull, beloved of trutli, lord 
 
 of panegyries like the s««, the chief of victories lord of the upper and lower countries, 
 
 regulator of Egypt, chastiser of lands, mahing its frontier attached to it in the country of the 
 
 Roten-nou the golden haiok, the director of years, the great one of victoiies, giving joys to 
 
 Egypt through his reign, hing of the upper and lower world, the lord of mercies,- the great 
 desolator, like his father, Phtah-Totonen, lord of panegyries, lord of the world, the sun, the 
 guardian of truth the son of the sun, in truth, like him, the lord of diadems, Ramoses, beloved of 
 Amoun, beloved of Amoun-ra, lord of the thrones of the world, giver of life, or ever-living." The 
 two royal cartouches are also repeated before the king, with the titles, — " the lord of the world, 
 the sun, the guardian of truth, the lord of diadems, Ramoses, beloved of Amoun, giver of life." 
 
 The scene before the monarch is divided into two compartments, either to indicate a 
 procession of two files, or a long procession of one, continued from the end of the upper, along 
 the commencement, to the end of the lower.^ This is also in strict accordance with Egyptian 
 art, in which the principal personage was always of superior dimensions. The upper division 
 commences by the eldest son of the monarch introducing to his majesty the Prince of ^Ethiopia, 
 on the occasion of his investiture. The prince wears no cap or crown, but his hair falls in a 
 long squared mass on the right side of his head ; he wears his state robes of transparent and 
 fine linen sandals, and ear-rings. In his left hand he holds a sash and feather-sceptre ; with 
 his right he points to the prince. Immediately behind him is a table, upon which are displayed 
 two panthers' skins and six gold chains, of large circular links, the conventional form in which 
 that precious metal circulated then and now in the southern frontiers of Egypt, and several 
 
 • Lenormaiit (Gh.), Cours d'Uistoire 
 Aiicienne, 8vo. Par. 1838, p. 324. 
 
 ' This term has hitherto been translated 
 "lord of dilated heart manna- 
 
 nimitv;" but cf. Perron. Lex. Ling. 
 Copt. p. 3d7, Cyrtg^HT", or 
 CyeitgjHT", who, however, de- 
 
 rives it from cyen— gjHT. Ro- 
 se), loc. cit. pi. Ixxi. 
 Probdblv the former. Rosel. loc. cit, 
 pi. Ixxi. ixxii. t. iii. p. ii. p. 34. 
 
96 
 
 RAMOS II. (rAMESES-ARMAIS OR ARMESSES). 
 
 exotic plants, wliicli are attached to a tray, or pole, which the Ethiopian prince has laid down. 
 The six lines of hieroglyphics above his head are his names and titles, — " the hearer of the 
 feather-standard on the left hand of his majesty, the royal scribe, truly loving him, the youthful 
 chief, the eldest royal son of his race, Amoiinhe-ement-em-shhoi,^ (?) the truth-speaking, all devout." 
 Immediately behind the prince stands " the royal son of Kush, or Ethiopia, Amounernape-t,- son 
 of P o'er i, the trutli-speaking ." He is also iu court robes, and wears long hair. Amounemape-t is 
 is an Egyptian, not an ^Ethiopian, and elevates both hands, in the act of saluting or rejoicing, 
 before the monarch. He is attended by two Egyptians, one of whom places a gold chain around 
 his neck, while the other anoints or throws a perfume on him.' Behind him are several light 
 stands. These are loaded with circular ingots or rings of gold, sealed bags of leather, containing 
 precious stones,* skins of panthers, bows, baskets of figs, shields, chairs, flabellums, the feathers 
 and eggs of the ostrich, logs of ebony, and the tusks of elephants, — the tribute imposed or 
 offered to the victor. The presents of still life are followed by a procession of negroes, all clad 
 nearly alike with a panther-skin round the loins, and ear-rmgs in their ears. The first brings a 
 lion, which he holds by a leash tied round its neck ; the second holds in his left hand the skin 
 of a pard, and in his right some indistinct object ; the third, a gazelle, by a leash ; the fourth, 
 an oryx ; the fifth, a heavy log of ebony, and a panther-skin. At the sides of these two last 
 are two bidls, with fantastic horns, bifurcate at the ends, and with the hair upon the crests of 
 their heads in shape of the head of a negro, — the whole made, by some conceit of the tri- 
 butaries, to represent a bust of a negro imploring the clemency of the king. The procession 
 here is closed by five negroes, all holding long staves or clubs. One bends down, but the 
 others stretch forth their left hands, as if saluting, or astonished by the presence of the 
 monarch. The procession finishes by a figure brmging an offering, but of what nature it is 
 very uncertain, from the mutilation of the monimient. 
 
 The lower compartment represents a similar scene. Three bearers of the feather-standard, 
 in their royal robes, announce to the monarch the arrival of the tribute of Kush, or ^Ethiopia. 
 The first has his head shorn, and dressed rather differently from the others, — is probably of the 
 sacerdotal cast ; he elevates one hand towards the king. He is followed by "Amounemape-t, 
 royal son, or Prince of Kush, son of Po'eri," who carries upon his shoulder a pole or tray, on 
 which are the same panther-skins, chains of gold, and the same exotic plants, which he has 
 deposited on the altar in the upper compartment. The prince is followed by one of the captive 
 cliiefs of the revolt, who is brought along by an Egyptian, with a kind of cangue passed over his 
 
 ' Instead of Rosellini's Amoun-he.pef- 
 bbour. 'I lie Kgyptians called their 
 right and left sides eiebt and ement, 
 or east and west; tl>e Copts, ounam 
 and Dour, the last word of whith 
 resembles Uor-cas. This arose from 
 the ancient Kgyptians facing the 
 north, and the Christian Copts the 
 east. 
 
 * Or Amounenitape, prefixing the aflixed 
 T. This name means Amoun in 
 Thebes. The phonetic name of 
 
 Thebes is apparent the lieud town, 
 
 the capital. 
 ■' A similar scene of investiture occurs 
 in Wilkinson's Manners and Cus- 
 toms, pt. 2,pl. 86. This Sir Gardner 
 Wilkinson (Ser. II. Supp. p. 2;)3) 
 and Mr. Bonomi (Proceedings of the 
 Royal Society of Literature) very 
 justly compare to the arraying of 
 Joseph. Kosellini (t. iii. p. ii. p. 
 36) conceives it represents the 
 prince in anguish restored by a 
 
 slave, and deduces, from the Egyptian 
 appearance of the prince, the asser- 
 tion of the Greeks that Kgypt was 
 colonisi'd from Nubia. 
 Champ. Lettres F.crites, p. 160, Ro- 
 sellini, loc. cit. Tav. M. R. Ixiii. and 
 Wilkinson, loc. cit. call them bags 
 of gold-dust ; but as they appear in 
 the texts whore precious stones are 
 mentioned, to which the accompany- 
 ing pictures have nothing to cor- 
 respond, I regard them as precious 
 stoues or gems. 
 
RAMOS II. (rAMESES-ARMAIS OR ARMESSES). 
 
 97 
 
 neck and liaiid ; the Egyptian officer holds up one hand to the king ; and these are foHowed 
 in their turn by another Egyptian officer and an African chief, upon whom the Egyptian seems 
 to endeavour to imj)ress tlie necessity of silence. Both the hands of the ^Ethiopian are placed 
 in a handcuff. The triljute-l)earers ra])idly follow. The first brings two cerco})itlieci, or green 
 monkeys, a log of ebony, and panther-skins ; the second, a panther, which he holds by a leash, 
 and an oryx, or gazelle of the desert ; the third, a sor,^ or giraffe, which he also holds by a 
 leash ; then follow two bulls, similar to those in the upper compartment, also held by leashes ; 
 the same negro bearing a log of wood, and a monkey, followed l)y two women with children 
 and dogs, and two negroes with gazelle, logs of ebony, panther, and ostrich. 
 
 The direction in which the sculptures of the other side are to Ije taken is not so oljvious ; 
 but if the same analogy hold as in the previous, we should commence from the entrance, and 
 those compartments which first meet the eye of the spectator. The subjects here are more 
 numerous, and are divided into five compartments. It is their contest with their northern 
 enemies that the spectator beholds here. The Egyptians have no tributaries to numljer here, 
 .but they have inflicted vengeance upon their enemies, dispersed their armies, led their people 
 captive, and taken their towns by storm .- 
 
 The first compartment represents the monarch, Ramses II., standing on a board based on 
 two of the northern enemies of the Egyptians ; they are both bearded, but differ in features and 
 costume. They are tied round the neck with a cord, terminating in the flower of the papyrus, 
 emblem of the northern countries. The monarch is dressed in the royal shten or shenti, an 
 oskh or hibner, a kind of collar or tippet, round the neck, and toui or sandals on the feet. In 
 his right hand he holds a battle-axe, and in his left a bow and the hair of three Asiatic 
 nations, who kneel on the ground upon one knee, and have their arms tied with a cord, termi- 
 nating in a papyrus flower. A prince, probably his eldest son, Amounhi-ement-em-shboif (?), in 
 the same costume as on the other side, advances towards the monarch. His feather-sceptre is 
 thrown behind his back ; he elevates his right hand, as if addressing the monarch. In his left 
 hand he leads a file of Asiatic prisoners by a cord, which passes over their necks. They are four 
 in number, differently attired, and represent the different nations which have felt the prowess 
 of his arms. The effects of time have destroyed the upper part of the wall, and with it the 
 accompanying inscription, which probably contained the names of the conquered people.^ The 
 first captive led up by the prince, and the one under the footstool of the monarch, facing them, 
 are rejiresentatives of the people called in the hieroglyphics Tolien,* Tahonnou,^ or Tahno.^ 
 These people were generally represented by the Egyptians of a flesh-colour, with striped gar- 
 ments and feathers, perhaps of the ostrich, upon their heads, evidently belonging to the white 
 blood, or Japhetic family of mankind. In the conquests of Sethei I. they appear, as here, with 
 the broad sash or girdle round their lohis, and with the same head-dress, and bows and arrows." 
 According to Rosellini they were a nation of the Rotn-nou, supposed by the same author to lie 
 
 ' The name of ibe giraffe is in hiero- 
 glyphics ser^ or siir, which seems 
 retained in the word ^irafle or 
 giraffe. 
 
 ' This is engraved, Rosel. JMon. Stor. 
 pi. Ixix. who makes it tlie last of 
 
 the series. Our reasons for believ- 
 ing it the first are as above. 
 
 ^ The above is engraved, Rosel. M. R. 
 Ixx. 
 
 ^ So called by Rosellini, torn. iii. parte i. 
 p. 371, et seq. 
 
 5 The "nou" is merely a terminal ad- 
 dition. Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 107. 
 
 ^ This is the nearest Coptic word, Peyron. 
 Lex. Ling. Copt. p. 260, to restrain 
 or impede ; perhaps even Tenhuo. 
 
 ' Rosel. Mon. Stor. M. R.liv. Ivi. 
 O 
 
98 
 
 RAMOS II. (RAMESES-ARMAIS OR ARMESSES). 
 
 the Ludim or Asiatics,' but tliey were probably the same as the Ten-moh- or Tenmihi, one of 
 the most nortliern races with which the Egyptians were acrpiainted.^ None of the phices 
 recorded in tlie Scriptures in Central Asia or Palestine bear a name resembling that of the 
 Tahon or Tanhnou, except the Scythians of the Tanais, with which it is possible that the monarch 
 might have come in contact, as his successor conquered the Scythians ; but the bare analogy of 
 names is not a sufficient ground to found an historical deduction upon.* The second prisoners 
 rejjresent people apparently of the nations called by the Egyptians Amor, or the Remenen, 
 supposed to be Libanus,^ which resembles that of the Amorites, in which was erected, as has been 
 already mentioned, the fortress of Otsh or Etn. The third and fourth assimilate to Mashoash, 
 a name like the Mesech of the Scriptures, the Moschi of the Masian mountains, and the Massa- 
 getse, the Shos or Shepherds, for reasons already given ajjparently a tribe of Phoenicia or 
 Palestine, and the Sharo, the Assyrians, whose dominions extended from the east of the 
 Euphrates to the regions subsequently called Syria. The mutilation of this part of the wall 
 prohibits a distinct developement of the nations intended to be represented.^ 
 
 The next compartment represents the monarch attacking a fortified town. He is without 
 cap or helmet, but has the ureeus of royalty upon his forehead, an apron, terminating in the 
 fringe of tlie same urtei, for his dress; with his right hand he elevates the shopsk, or scimitar, 
 and with his left he grasps by the hair of the head a bearded Asiatic, who holds in the left hand 
 a broken bow. The form of the rest of the figure is hidden in a tower of two stories, in the 
 lower of which is an aged personage of the same nation, holding up his right hand, and incense 
 or fire in his left, to implore the victor ; a female in the attitude of despair ; another flinging 
 her child over the battlements, and another man holding a bow in his left hand, and raising the 
 right to beseech the conqueror ; another female, with her hands in the same attitude, and a man 
 throwing himself over the battlements ; and the three vertical lines of hieroglyphics between 
 the tower and the monarcli, is, " tJte address of the revolters in magniftjing the lord of the world, 
 glory to thceC.), thou art lilte Bor, the rider, his true son, for ever and ecer.'"' 
 
 Above the head of the king is the solar disk, entwined by two ursei, emblem of Hor of Hat, 
 or Apollo of Apollinopolis Magna, the Sun, and immediately before his head his cartouche, 
 
 reading, " the Sun, the director of truth Amoun-mai Ramoses ;" and behind him the 
 
 titles of " surrounded (?) with all life, superiority, stability, power, all victory, dilated heart {mercy ?) 
 and poiver." A prince, in nearly the same costume as before, and of diminished proportions, 
 hastens on at his left side with his battle-axe in his hand, to break down the door of the fortress. 
 
 It is usual in these scenes to give the name of the people on the door of the fortified town, 
 but in the present instance, perhaps owing to these sculptures never having been carefully 
 finished, it has been omitted. The only clue to the people is their costume, which is identical 
 with that of the Sharo," the Syrians or Assyrians. The predecessor of this king had extended 
 
 ' Rosel. torn. iii. parte i. p. 371 , ct seq. 
 
 ' Champollion, M. 
 
 ' Lcnormant.Ci ursd'HisloireAncienne, 
 8vo. Par. 1838, pp. 330, 33l, places 
 them in South .Mesopotamin. 
 
 ' At Abooscmljel (Burt. Ex. Flier, pi. 
 liii.) Ramses III. tramples on a 
 
 tribe like those uniler discussion, 
 and transfixes another with bis 
 spear. The people mentioned in 
 the inscriptions are the Nahsi, in 
 a southern sense, Sliemmo, Sharo, 
 Shos, and Rotn, in a northern. 
 ' Cf. Rosel. M. R. xlvi. and liii. The 
 
 Lebainoth of the conquests of Ram. 
 SOS IV. are, more probably, Libanus. 
 
 ' This slab is engraved, Rosel. Ixix. 
 
 ' This is enslaved, Rosel. W. R. Iviii. 
 Champ. Men. d'Eg. et de Nubie. 
 
 ^ The people mentioned in the inscrip- 
 tion are the Tohen and Sharo, 
 
RAMOS II. (rAMESES-ARMAIS OR ARMESSES). 
 
 99 
 
 his dominion to tho plains of Sliinar, anil over Naharaina or Mcso])otamia, the land of v.ators, 
 and had probably annexed to Egypt part of the Assyrian empire. The attempt of this people 
 to regain their independence, or, indeed, their partial success, would be called a revolt, and the 
 sacking of some of their towns a conquest, by the Egyptians. 
 
 The next compartment ' represents a scene very like that of the attack of the people of 
 Koush on the other side. The king stands in his oil, or war-chariot, attired nearly as before, 
 except that he wears upon his head the toshr, or red crown, the lower part of the pschent, or 
 crown of Egypt. His quiver is on his left shoulder; with his right hand he holds the shopsh, 
 or scimitar, and his left grasps his pint, or bow, and the head of one of his enemies, whom he is 
 pursuing ; two of them are strapped by their arms to the pole of the chariot. Above liis head 
 soars the hawk of Month-ra,^ holding in its talons an object resembling a signet, and a feather- 
 sceptre passing through it. Immediately before his chariot is his prenomen, " the sun, the 
 director of truth" and behind him the usual Pharaonic title, " all superior, like the sun." In 
 front the Asiatic army is seen in full rout ; the people wear a tunic from the breast to the loins, 
 have on their heads a kind of slouching cap, fastened with a baudlet. Their beards are small, 
 and rather peaked, not ample, as in the Sharo and other Asiatics. Their defensive arms consist 
 of short twisted clubs and long spears. These people in their costume resemble the people 
 of Kanana^ or Canaan, who appear in the conquests of Sethei I. at Karnak,* under the 
 same attire, and provided with the same arms, and they are called in the text of the scene 
 referred to, at Karnak, "-^ the fallen of the Shos-sou in their elevation on the fortress of Pelou, 
 luhich is at the land of Kanana or Canaan" and on the fortress is inscribed, " the land of 
 Canaan." 
 
 Our reasons for supposing these people to be the Shepherds who had made an incursion 
 into the Delta in the early part of the XVIIIth dynasty have been already given ; and it 
 would appear from the present sculptures that Ramses II. had followed up the policy of his 
 father in the chastisement of these afflictors of Egypt. The Shos-sou are apparently the Shos 
 Shepherds, or Ilyk-s/tos of Manetho, a generic name applied to Nomadic tribes of the 
 inhabitants of Canaan. They are, perhaps, those called the Phoenician Shepherds ;= but the 
 true Phoenician races seem to have been rather addicted to commerce. In their aeneral 
 appearance they bear much resemblance to the Jews, and have decidedly no relation with the 
 Scythian tribes, whose physiognomy and dress must have been entirely different. At the end 
 of this compartment is a perpendicular line of hieroglyphics, which has been continued in the 
 lines in the area, commencing, "[the good god] the son of Amoun, manifester of victory, the lord 
 offeree, who guides his warriors to battle (?)^ his hand is placed on his chariot like [Month-ra] 
 the lord of Gom-viei (i) ruling his innumerable archers, the mighty bull with his numerous soldiers 
 the transfixer them to their seats for days'"' 
 
 ' Cf. Rosel. M. R. Ixvii. torn. iii. parte 
 
 ii. p. 'ifi. 
 ^ Rosel. ioc. cit. calls this Ihe Lawk of 
 
 Har of Hat. 
 ' Rosel. Ioc. cit. believes them to be 
 
 neighbours ofRomenen.as tlie To- 
 
 hen and the Shomoui, i. e. the Sharo 
 
 of mine, and Sir Gardner Wilkin- 
 son's reading ; all I can say is, that 
 their dress is exactly like that of 
 the Canaanites, as Rosellini might 
 have seen had he looked at his own 
 plates. 
 ^ See Rosellini, M. R. xlviii. 
 
 ' Who composed the XVth dynasty of 
 Manetho, according to Africanus. 
 
 ^ Such is the reading of Rosellini, Ioc, 
 cit. p. 26. 
 
 ' This is the revised translation of the text 
 of Rosel. from whom, in much detail, 
 though not in principle, it differs. 
 
100 RAMOS II. (rAMESES-ARMAIS OR ARMESSES). 
 
 The extreme mutilation of the part of the monument containing the hieroglyphic text 
 prevents our doing more than knowing, from similar inscriptions, that this must have contained 
 the usual name and titles of the monarch ; that he has penetrated the country of the vanquished, 
 and routed their forces. 
 
 In the next compartment the monarch stands wearing on his head the torsh,^ or royal 
 helmet. From this hang two long ribands ; a collar, oshh or hibnir, is round his neck, and an 
 ornament on his breast in the shape of a hawk. He wears the royal shenti, or tunic, with the 
 pendent apron and ursei. At his side is a quiver, and his garment descends to his knees ; his 
 left hand holds a bow, and a fallen Asiatic by the hair of the head. Above his head are his 
 name and titles, " [the lord of the world'\ the sun, the guardian of truth, the lord of diadems, 
 Amoun-mai Rameses, giver of life, like the sun, for ever." The Asiatic is bearded, and wears 
 pendent earrings in his ears. He holds up his hand to avert the blow. He is dressed much in 
 the Egyptian style, with crossing bands round his shoulders. The king is aided by his dog, 
 named "Anathemnisht," • which flies and bites the Asiatic. Round the dog's neck is a collar. 
 Above the head of the king soars the goddess "Souen" or "Snab, mistress of the white region," 
 in the form of a vulture, whose name, A^oshr or IVreoii, was sj'nonymous with that of Victory. 
 In its claws it grasps an emblem like a signet, emblem of encircling, and a feather-sceptre, that 
 of victory. Behind the king are the titles, " surrounded (I) loith all life, superiority like the sun." 
 The two lines of hieroglyphics behind the monarch also express his titles, " the good god, the 
 great desolator, icho is the victorious lion, the powerful lord,^ the harrower of the countries of 
 impure nations! The Tohen have fallen to thy blade ;^ the Nine Boxes {Libyans) are prostrate 
 under thy sandals; like the sun, lord for ever and ever!" 
 
 The scene just described takes place in presence of the high officers of state, who are 
 represented of diminished proportions, stading in two rows before the king. The monument is 
 here much mutilated ; of the upper row, part of one standing figure of a feather-sceptre bearer, 
 and of another prostrate one, remain ; and in the lower division, one hand elevated, of a figure 
 beseeching the king, only remains. In this part of the sculptures are five lines of hieroglyphics, 
 the declaration of " the chiefs icho are in the presence of his majesty in magnifying the lord of the 
 
 world, [the direc'\tor with power and victory; afflict thou the abominable (basht) like the 
 
 effulgence of the sunlight in thy wrath, in it the ruled in all ivaters^ of the ivorld." 
 
 The unfortunate mutilation of the monument here prevents the complete decyphering of this 
 inscription ; but the terms are apparently general laudatory of the conquests of the king. 
 There are underneath three lines, containing '■'■the address of the bearer of the feather-sceptre at 
 the king's left hand, the military chief the royal scribe, the prince Amounhi-ement-em-shboif, (?) 
 truthftd, tcho adores his lord, icho magnifies his vigilance, (?) the chief of all [hinds'], the king, the 
 
 Cbarup. Gr. Eg. p. 76, reads tush, but 
 the beetle is limited to T in the syl- 
 lable Tnr, before tlie Koman times. 
 
 The meaning of this nnme is, Anath in 
 victnri/, Anath is the name of a god- 
 dessajjparently of forcigfn extraction, 
 and resembling the Anaitis of Ar- 
 menia, and the Annthe of Tyre. Cf. 
 Strab. lib. xi. The dog was pro- 
 
 bably a female. Rosellini, loc. cit. 
 p. 22, could not read this name ; in 
 his copy it is incorrectly given, and 
 imagines the dog tbe living appear- 
 ance oi tbe goddess Anate, wbo fol- 
 lows the king in victory. I believe 
 it to be the name of the dog. 
 ' Rosc-Uini, loc. cit. p. 24, reads "lord 
 of tbe shopsh," i. e. the scimitar, but 
 
 this weapon is only here the deter- 
 minative of the word5/i(»;w/(, strength, 
 power. 
 
 ■* I read here (cm, i. e. ncntus, 
 
 ' Hosellini, loc. cit. p. 23, reads, " of 
 which splendour there was not cus- 
 tody in thy cistern." (?) Similar 
 titles of Ramses III. occur at Aboo- 
 sirabel. Rosel. M. R. cxi. 2. 
 
RAMOS II. (rAMESES-ARMAIS OR ARMESPES). 
 
 101 
 
 haich [of gold"], the director of years [thou'] liast directed in countries, thou hast 
 
 smitten their chiefs, vigilant (i) [Iike'\ rays <f the surdight uhove."^ The arm of the prince 
 
 only remains, and the text is here too much mutilated ; it is, liowever, to all appearance only a 
 general encomium of the king. If the fallen figure here is intended to represent the Tolien, it 
 is evident that their dress varies much in the monuments ; this people generally appearing to 
 be of the Caucasian race, with feathers on their head. From their heing mentioned in antithesis 
 to Kush in this inscription, it is uncertain whether they are not the northernmost people which 
 the arms of Egypt had reached. Now it is expressly stated of Sesostris by Herodotus, that he 
 had conquered the Scythians,'^ and still more particularly by Diodorus, that he had conquered 
 the races of the Scythians in the vicinity of the river Tanais.^ As the exploits attriliuted to 
 Sesostris were probably either an amalgamation of those of the kings of the XVIIIth dynasty, 
 or the continuation of the wars of his predecessors, there is no difficulty in supposing that the 
 predecessors of the great king had pushed their conquests to the stream which separated Europe 
 from Asia, or the Japhetic from the Semitic family.* 
 
 The last scene'^ represents the consummation of the victories of the king. The monarch is 
 seated upon his throne, under the emblems of Phtah Totonen, a type of Osiris the judge of 
 Hades, and may be supposed to be, like him, the arbiter of the destinies of the prisoaers 
 dragged into his presence. On his head are the solar disk and two tall plumes, having at each 
 side two ursei, alluding to the god considered as lord of the two truths, based on the horns of a 
 goat, the whole placed upon the head of the king. He wears a long and squared beard, curled 
 hair, pendent bandlets, and transparent garment, being seated upon a throne whose sides are 
 ornamented with scale ornaments. In his right hand he holds the crook, and in his left a long 
 curved stick. He is seated in a naos, ornamented like the one previously described on the 
 other side, and had behind him a table of fruit, and his two cartouches of large size surmounted 
 by two tall plumes and a disk, and containing his precited name and titles. In the prenominal 
 cartouche is the alteration previously mentioned, an attempt having been made to erase the 
 lower part, and alter the whole to the form of the third Ramses, and the sotp symbol can be 
 distinctly traced. At his feet, crouching upon the ground, is the lion of the king, having before 
 it an inscription, " lion in its blows," supposed by Rosellini to allude to the king himself, but 
 more probaldy the name of the lion, Smoui-em . . . f.*" The scene taking place before the king- 
 is divided into two rows, and in the upper his son, "the bearer i^ the feather-sceptre on the left 
 hand of the Mug, the military chief, the royal scribe of truth, loving him, the divine Mood, 
 
 heaven the royal son of his race, loving him, Amounhi-ement-em-shboif(l)," in his usual attire, 
 
 raises his right hand to address the king, and holds by his left his bow and three Asiatics, by a 
 cord round their wrists. The Asiatics are different from those in the two previous compart- 
 ments, more resembling those in the tower. Their hair is full, and their beards bushy, their 
 
 ' Cf. Rosellini, loc. cit. p. 23, wlio is 
 nearly right in this inscription. He 
 observes, that the figure inserted here 
 is the same as. upon the right hand 
 of the pronaos of the temple, and 
 cites the conquests of Ramses as 
 prince, during the lifetime of Me- 
 
 nephtah I. over the Tohen (pp. 24, 
 25) at Karnak, 
 
 ii. no. 
 
 Lib. i. S. 55. Kaj Ttl r<wv ^KU^uv s^vyj 
 fAl^Qi Tavajoo? ■jroTafLou, k, t, X, " Ac 
 Scythia potitum." Tac. ii. 60. 
 
 Engraved, Rosellini, M. R. Ixvi. 
 
 ^ Engraved, Rosellini, Mon. Stor. torn, 
 iii. parte iii. p. 13, M. A. Tav. l.w. 
 Young's Mat. Hier. pi. 
 
 ^ It may, however, be urged that the 
 king is called soon after the "victo- 
 rious lion," and that a lion would have 
 borne an ordinary name. See p. 10-1. 
 
102 
 
 HAMOS II. (RAMESES-ARMAIS OR ARMESSES). 
 
 garments long and amjile, reaching to their ankles. The two first are old and bald, but the 
 third has a narrow fillet round his head. In the compartment beneath are seven chiefs 
 addressing the king. The first, who is shorn, holds up his right hand, as if speaking in their 
 name. The second chief, wearing long hair, but in a like garment, inclines down, making 
 an obeisance to the Pharaoh ; in his left hand is a plain cylindrical stick. Behind liim stand 
 five chiefs, in one line, holding feather-sceptres, and attired like the second. Before them are 
 five lines, their address to the king ; this expresses, " the speech of the chiefs who are in 
 the 2)resence of his majesty. Oh, thou avenger, the good ruler, the twice-beloved son of Amoun, 
 manifested in his flesh ; thou art manifested in the world ;^ thou art like the sun over his two 
 abodes; thy horses rush through Egypt;- thou art luith the great residents of thy region of 
 hour s,^ placing for thee the helmet, the upper and lower crown ; thou art of the substance of the race 
 
 of thy mother Isis, who the extent of the two hawks, years like Athom, to rule over the 
 
 vpper and lower world like Phtah Totonen, Kemi {Egypt) is red under thy sandals, Sharo and 
 Kush is in thy fist, the uttermost parts of Egypt delight in thy rule, extend tkou their frontiers 
 for ever." • 
 
 With respect to the people mentioned in this text, their name suggests that of several 
 people, among other, the Assyrians and Syrians. Some of the sculpture on this side difiers by 
 being in bas-relief. 
 
 ' Rosellini, loc. cit. p. 16, who has 
 translated the inscription, reads, 
 '* has, manifested th\j glory in the 
 wcrld." 
 
 " Rosellini here reads the biga, &c. but 
 the word is /Uor, " horse," while a 
 biga is oil. 
 
 ^ Rosellini, loc. cit. has not conipre. 
 bended this passage. He reads, 
 " thy glory is in men who inhabit 
 the region of vigilance," mistaking, 
 as before, the hieroglyphic verb 
 iOTfCJU, " to be," (orEaou, " glory, 
 and the region of a hippopotamus' 
 
 head," which, on comparing two 
 papyri, Brit. Mus. T have found 
 to be replaced, and mean OTf ItCif, 
 the hour for the region of vigilance; 
 the region of the hours alludes to 
 that of the sun, to which the king is 
 compared. 
 
PLATE ?.9. 
 
 i 
 
 
 M 
 
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RAMOS III. (RAMESSES MIAMMOUN). 
 
 The reasons for considering that two kings of the names of Rameses or Rames-sou suc- 
 ceeded immediately one another, have been already stated, as well as the identity of one with 
 Armais, the asserted Danaus of Eusebius.^ In the lists of Josephus," Armais is succeeded by 
 Ramesses, his son, who is said to have reigned one year and four months ; but in the Latin 
 version of Jerome,' the "Chronicus Canon" of Eusebius,* and the "Chronicorum liber primus,"^ 
 the name of the Rameses is omitted, but the reign of Armais lengthened four years. The suc- 
 cessor of Armais is Ramesses, or Armesses,'' who reigned sixty-eight years ; and as tablets have 
 dated from the second to the sixty-second regnal year of Ramesses III.,'^ there can be little 
 doubt that he is the Ramesses Miammoun of Josephus. The myth of Danaus and .^gyptus, 
 which has been applied to these kings, is not worthy of historical consideration, being a fictitious 
 synchronism. The third Ramses, like the second, was the son of Sethos I., and the intervening 
 Ramses might have been his nephew, a child and minor, who dying, or put aside, was never 
 monumentally recorded, the acts of his reign being dated in those of his father and uncle. 
 None of the three children of Ramses II. at Beit-oualli bear the name of Ramses.^ Sir 
 Gardner Wilkinson, who first assigned him to the Miamoun of the lists, has also pointed out 
 some reasons for identifying him with Sesostris or Sesoosis,^ although this monarch is made by 
 Manetho a monarch of the Xllth dynasty ; but under the name of Sesostris are, without 
 doubt, combined the exploits of the whole XVIIIth dynasty, nor will the discovery of the stele 
 of this king, mentioned by Herodotus, at Berytos, the Nahr-el-Kelb,'" and the other at 
 Adeloun, on the road between Ephesus and Sardis," or of a monument bearing his name at 
 the old Suez Canal, said to be first cut by this monarch,'" do more than justify tlie popular 
 belief, which had fixed the renown upon the most distinguished of the line. The name of 
 Sesostris, or Sesoosis, if a Grecianised form of an Egyptian expression, may be found in the 
 adjunct Sotp-en-re, assumed by several of the monarchs of this line. 
 
 The prenomen of this monarch is — '■'■the sun, the director of truth, apjyroved of the sun;" 
 and his name, Amoun-mai Rameses or Rames-sou. He has several standards, as — ''the 
 victorious bull," " loving truth," " beloved of the sun," " the son of Seth," " the son of Athom,"" 
 Sec. ; but as these were varied on different monuments, to avoid tautology, it is not necessary to 
 record them here. His monuments are found extending farther than those of any Egyptian 
 king. Both the temples at Aboosimbel in Nubia are the works of his reign, executed by his 
 foreign captives. 
 
 See p. 77, et seq. 
 
 Contra Apion. Cf. also. Thesaurus 
 
 Temp. Eusebii Patnphili, &c. a J. 
 
 Scalig. fol. A-mst. 1658, p. 354. 
 Ibid. p. 78. 
 Ibid. p. 112. 
 Ibid. pp. 29, 30. Af/ta/j « xx\ Aamo; 
 
 sVii S, which, by error of tran'scriber, 
 for £. 
 
 ^ See loc. cit. ' See p. 78. 
 
 » See p. 80. 9 Mat. Hier. p. 92. 
 
 '" Wilk. Mat. Ilier. Extracts from seve- 
 ral HieroglypUical Subjects. Malta, 
 1830, p. 16. 
 
 " Bull, de ITnst. de Cor. .^nt. pour 
 
 I'an 1840, pp. 33-39. 
 " Ibid. Remarks, p. 5, Appendix, No. 
 
 IV. vol. i. Second Series, 8vo. 1 843. 
 " Transactions of the Royal Society of 
 
 Literature, Paper by the Bishop of 
 
 Gibraltar, pi. p. 176, et seq. 
 
104 RAMOS III. (ramesses miammoun). 
 
 A small excavation at Feras, in Nubia, records an ex-voto to the king. The temples at 
 Siboua, at Ibrim,i Girshe Hassan, and at Derre,- were made by his orders, and his conquests 
 recorded there. The smaller temple at Aboosimbel was also dedicated to Athor by his queen, 
 Nofre-areh, ^^ beloved of Maut." Here are his conquests of the Phut, or Libyans, the Nahsi, 
 or negroes, the Tahno, and the Nine Bows. At Silsilis there remain two steles, in his fifth 
 year ; ^ but the principal historical remains of this reign are, the victory recorded at Aboo- 
 simbel, at Luxor, and the Ramseion, the conquests of the Khout or Shout, probably the 
 Cuthaeans of Naharaina or Mesopotamia, the Shaboutin, and the Shos or Phoenician Shepherds, 
 in the fifth year of his reign. The text is mixtilated, and difficult to make out, but it appears 
 to record the victory of the king over the Khilibou or Chalybes (?), the Khout or Cuthaeans, 
 and the Amour or Amorites ; the great fortress of Otsh or Etn is attacked, and surrenders to 
 the king, the chiefs of the defeated army being drowned in their passage across the river. At 
 Aboosimbel these people resemble the Tartars, with their single locks of hair, clear com- 
 plexions, and coloured garments. Besides these races, this monarch had also conquered the 
 peojale of the south, and Kush or .3i^thiopia, the Arosheoki, the Shoki, the Barbar or Barbaria, 
 the Iri-em-to or Blemmyes, and some of the northern j^eople, as the Irouonin or Javan (?), 
 Eoten and the Tolien, Tosh, and Arotou.^ He constructed the advanced part of the jialace 
 at Luxor, and the Ramseion, the celebrated Memnonium, and tomb of Osymandyas of the 
 Greeks,* part of Karnak, where a treaty is found, in his twenty-first year, with the Khout. He 
 was also accompanied by a lion in his wars, and at Derry the animal is called the servant of his 
 majesty Sniomemnisht, or " smitcr with victory."^ Two wives of this monarch are found on the 
 monuments — the queen Nofre-areh Mei-en-maut, or ^'' Nofre-are.h beloved of Muth," and another 
 named Esinofre, and three-and-twenty sons and seven daughters. His reign, B.C. 1565-1499, 
 placed at sixty-six years two months, and even sixty-eight years in the lists of Manetho, is 
 confirmed by the testimony of the monuments, dates having been found from the second to the 
 sixty-second year of his reign.^ 
 
 The colossal bust, fig. 157, the most celebrated of any European collection for local intei'est, 
 execution, and colossal proportions, is of a remarkably fine granite, the upper part of a salmon, 
 the lower of a dark colour, and, when complete, represented the monarch seated on a throne, 
 with his hand upon his knees. The king wears upon his head a modius decorated with disk, 
 bearing ursei, and has a collar round his neck. The right arm has a hole drilled in it, 
 apparently for blasting, and the left seems to have been broken ofl" by the same process, 
 without doubt to lighten it for its transport. Down the back are the upper parts of two 
 perpendicular lines of hieroglyphics ; that to the left, " the sjieech of Amoun-ra, king of 
 the gods, to the beloved son of my race, the lord of strength, Amoun-mai, or beloved of Amoun 
 
 \^Iiemeses'\ ;" to the right, " the Hor of the ttvo loorlds [^the living sun, the victorious 
 
 bull], beloved of truth, or loving truth, the king of the upper and lower world, great by his 
 edifices in the pure land of truth, Gom-mei (?), lord of " It is probable that the deity 
 
 Roael. Mon. Stor. t. iii. parte ii. 
 
 p. 194. 
 Ihid. p. 196. 
 Ibid. p. 177. 
 Wilk. ftlat. Ilier. \i\. viii. Prisoners of 
 
 Ramses III. No. 1-10. Ilosel. loc. 
 cit. p. 17'). 
 ' Cf. Rosel. ibid. p. 227. Cliamp. Lett. 
 Ecr. Tlio Khout or Shet here are,a|). 
 parently, the liactriuns of Diodorus. 
 
 '' Jlr. Bonomi's Papers. Cf. Rosel. loc. 
 
 cit. pp. (32, "96. 
 ' This tablet is ill the British AIu. 
 
 scum. 
 
PLATL 40 
 
 F J.ruMuiaZc daO 
 
 [^ ^ ra g E 
 
RAMOS III. (rAMESSES MIAMMOUN). 
 
 105 
 
 conferred on the king the usual benefits of power and dominion, length of years, &c. ; while 
 the other line contained the titles of tlie king, " beloved of Animm." It would appear, upon 
 attentive examination, that this colossus had been coloured; traces of red paint exist on the 
 face and the modiiis, and of other colours on the claft. It was removed, at the expense 
 and suggestion of Burckhardt and Salt, by the zeal and skill of Belzoni, from the Raniseion. 
 In Norden's time it was complete.* 
 
 Fiff. 158 is half of a beautifully executed statue, of fine red granite, presented to the 
 Museum by W. R. Hamilton, Esq. The monarch has a rich and elegant head-attire, unusual 
 at this period, surmounted by the pschent, emblem of dominion over the upper and lower 
 world, ornamented with collar and bracelets ; his arms are crossed upon his breast, and he 
 holds the flail and whip, emblems of Osiris. On his right shoulder his prenomen, " the sim, 
 director of truth, approved of the sun;" and on his left his name, "litimeses, beloved of Amoun." 
 On the plinth behind are two perpendicular lines, commencing with the left : " the Hor of the 
 upper and lower world, the victorious bull, beloved of truth, lord of the upper and lower country, 
 
 ruler of Kemi {Egypt), chastiser of lands, the golden hawk, director of years the gracious 
 
 god, son of Noum (Chnoumis), born of Anouh (Anucis), mistress of iVo?/Z»[i«], dandled hy Sate, 
 
 mistress of Eho (Elephantina), brought up by " It was found at Elephantina, and the 
 
 inscription alludes to the local divinities, under whose protection the monarch is taken, and he 
 may be considered an avatar, or representation of Hak, a form of Horus, the third personage of 
 the divinities of the locality .- 
 
 Engraved, Young's Hieroglyphics, pi. 
 10. Descr. de I'Eg. torn. ii. pi. 26. 
 Nohden ueber die Sogenannte Mem. 
 
 non's bild in Brittischen Museum, 
 8vo. 1822. 
 Engraved in Transactions of the Royal 
 
 Society of Literature, vol. i. pi. xii. 
 fig. 36, bis. 
 
MENEPHTAH [II.] (MENOPHES). 
 
 The successor of Harnesses Mianimoun is differently called in tlie list of Manetlio, Anien- 
 opliis by Joseplms,^ and in the Cbrouicoruin liber primus of Eusebius," Menoplies by Jerome, 
 Menopliis in tlie Canon,^ and Ammenopli by Africanus.^ Of all these readings, that of 
 Menophis approaches nearest to Mei-enphtah, the name of the successor of Ramesses III., which 
 the transcribers may have mistaken for Aiumenophis, and it is, therefore, far more probable 
 that his identity with Amenophis or Menoplies is correct, according to the assignment of 
 Wilkinson, than that of Rosellini, who makes him the Ramesses Miammoun, the Pheron, and 
 the second Sesostris. He is, consequently, the Amenophis of Josephus, the father ofSethos, 
 who fled into the upper country, and who, placing his son, named Sethos (surnamed Ramses, 
 from his grandfather Rameses), then only five years old, under guardians, was defeated, and 
 obliged to fly to ^Ethiopia, but was ultimately able to chase out the Shepherds, and pursue them 
 to Syria.-' His prenomeu is, " the spirit of the sun, beloved of Amoun,^ Menephtah offered in 
 truth." His wife's name was Esi-nofre. He was the thirteenth son of Ramesses III., and bore 
 the name of Menephtah before he ascended the throne.' There are few historical memorials of 
 this reign : adorations are found in his honour at Silsilis, near the second temple, and the third 
 was made by him in honour of Re and Noum, on the fifth of Paopi, in the first year of his 
 reign; and in the quarries there he is found adoring Anioun, with his wife Esi-nofre, and 
 another person, dated the fifth of Mesore of his second regnal year. At Thebes he cut his 
 legends on the smaller obelisk, and in the palace of Gournah ; but the principal monument of 
 his reign is his tomb in the Biban-el-Melook.^ Rosellini restricts his reign to three years, 
 B.C. 1499-96 ; but this is founded upon his monumental evidence only, consequently not con- 
 clusive ; and his identity with Ramesses Miammoun would at once overthrow it. The reign of 
 Menojdiis is placed in the lists at forty, nineteen, or eight years. 
 
 Fig. 159 is a plaster cast made by Mr. Hay from the side of the vestibule of the shto, or 
 tomb of this monarch, at thcBiban-el-Melook. It represents the monarch in the otf, or cap, of 
 Osiris, flanked by two ostrich-feathers and two disked ura-i, standing in a transparent dress, 
 with the pharaonic apron, adoring the god Re or Ra, under his usual type, holding a gom, or 
 koucoupha sceptre, and a symbol of life. Above is the " \^Har o/] Hat," or celestial sun ; 
 beneath arc emblems of life and stability. Beneath the sun are eleven lines of hieroglyphics : 
 the five to the left are, " the lord of tlie two worlds, the spirit of the sun, beloved of Amoun, the 
 lord of diadems, Menephtah, offered in truth, crowned by Amoun with dominion of the world, 
 dandled by tlie Sun in the yreat abode." The six to the right are, " the sjjeech — we give thee all 
 life, stability, and power, tve give thee to rejoice with years in the abode of the living Har — the 
 sun, the Hor of the two solar hills, rejoicing with king of the gods, lord of the heaven." ^° 
 
 ' Contra Apioii. ; also loc. cit. p. 354. 
 
 « Ibid. p. 30. 
 
 3 Ibid. p. 112. 
 
 * Hisloria; Synagoge, p. 3.5. 
 
 ' Joseph. CDiilra A]iion, lib. i. c. 26, 
 
 27. Selhci Menephtah is the first 
 
 Setlios. 
 " Ilosel. Won. Stor. torn. i. Tav. xiii. 
 
 114, 114 a. 
 ' Ibid. 114 b. • Ibid. xi. 13. 
 
 " Ibid. Tuv. lii. parte ii. pp. 297-308. 
 
 '» Engraved, Rosel. Men. Stor. torn. iii. 
 parte ii. Tav. ]\I. R. cxviii. coloured, 
 and pp. 30d-308. I'hu translation 
 given above is not taken from Ko- 
 sollinj. 
 
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HEADS OF KINGS. 107 
 
 Before the king is inscribed, " he adores the sun, he worships the Hor of the solar hills;" iuul 
 the god replies, " ice r/ive thee the diadem of the sun, like thy father, the Hor of the tico solar 
 hills." Behind tlio king are the symhols of the orljits of tlie sun, and "he is attached to the 
 abode of offerinr/s of the living, lord of mercy, lihe the sini." This probably referred to the 
 representation of the standard-bearer of the king, which accompanied him behind. 
 
 Fiy. 160 is the statue of a monarch, wearing on his head the ouabsh, or white crown, the 
 upper part of tlie pschent, and having in front the asp, standing with the short pharaonic 
 apron. On the shoulders of this statue are tlie name and prenomen of Ramesses III., and on 
 the chest those of Menephtah [II.] The name on the belt has been chiselled out, and that of 
 Ramesses, apparently, been attempted to be inserted. The statue is much mutilated, the whole 
 of the inscribed part of the plinth wanting, and only a few hieroglyphics remaining at the left 
 
 side — "rejoicing with panegyries with years the king " It is probably older than 
 
 either king, and perhaps appropriated consecutively by each monarch to himself. It is executed 
 in a coarse red syenitic granite. 
 
 HEADS or KINGS. 
 
 Fig. 161 is the head of a king, in red syenitic granite, having on his head the pschent ; the 
 upper part of the toshr, or red crown, and the spiral, is wanting. It formed part of a standing 
 statue, and the arm belonging to it is also in the Collection. The features resemble those of 
 Thothmes III. It was found at Karnak, probably near some of the doors of the granite 
 sanctuary, by Mr. Belzoni,i and formed part of tlie Collection purchased by the trustees of 
 Mr. Salt, in 1821. 
 
 Fig. 162 is a head which has also, probably, worn the pschent, and is executed in a breccia 
 or gritstone, shewing the wonderful facility with which the Egyptians worked in this material. 
 It is very imperfect, and another, its pendent, is also in the Collection. It resembles the 
 features of Amenophis III. or Memnon. There is another head, companion to this, in the 
 Collection, and the two were found by Mr. Salt, in excavations undertaken by him in the 
 Amenophion behind the vocal Memnon. It is of the same material ; and tliere were many of 
 these statues which stood fronting the great colossi in the intervals of the front columns of the 
 propylon. 
 
 ' Narrative, p. 184. Engraved, Library of Entertaining Knowledge, Egyptian Antiquities, p. 271, et seq. and 
 described p. 270, et seq, Tlie arm is also given, p. 272. 
 
SETHEI II. (SETHOS). 
 
 The monarcli called by Rosellini Menephtali III. appears, for the philological reasons already 
 given, to be Sethei II. Menephtali ; but the identity of his name seems to prove that he is the 
 Setlios of the XlXth dynasty, who succeeded in expelling the second invasion of the Shepherds 
 of Phoenicia or Palaestine. His conquests are found recorded on certain papyri, formerly in 
 the possession of Sig. Anastasi, vrhicli seem to recount the exploits of him and his grandfather, 
 and in them are found the names of several nations — the Sharo or Syrian, Rebou, Nahairana 
 or Mesopotamia. Menephtali II. is conjectured to have been succeeded at his death by the 
 Queen Tai-ousr, his daughter, supposed to be married to an individual named Siphtah, ^'■beloved 
 of Phtah" who assumed the prenomen of " the light of the sun, approved of the sun." He is 
 supposed to be the Setlios of the XlXtli dynasty by Sir Gardner "Wilkinson, but is omitted in 
 the procession of Medinat Haboo, which seems to prove that the political ascendancy of Siphtah 
 was unconstitutional, or not congenial to his successors. As Menephtali III. of Rosellini bore, 
 like the first monarch of that name, that of Sethei Mei-en-plitah, it is evident he must be the 
 Sethei of the lists. He is supposed by Rosellini to represent the Amenophis, son of Ramesses 
 Miammoun of the XlXth dynasty, and to have reigned nineteen years. A date of his second 
 year is found on a door at Silsilis. He assumed the prenomen of " the sun, the director of 
 rites, approved of the sun" — the name of Sethei Menephtah. He inscribed his name on some 
 of the columns of Luxor, and executed a little square edifice within the hemistyle and close to 
 the left base of the propyla, and the colossal statue of this king at Turin, and placed his name 
 on the statue of his predecessor, Ramesses III. A gate is found with his name near the grand 
 sanctuary, and on the base of some of the S23hinxes of the side of the last propyla at Karnak, 
 and his is the second tomb of the Biban-el-Melook.^ 
 
 Fiff. 163 is of this monarch, well executed and finely preserved, in a light brown or whitish 
 sandstone. The monarch is in the ordinary attire, with the addition of sandals. His name 
 and prenomen are cut upon his shoulders, their usual place on these statues, and he holds 
 before him, by both hands, a small naos or altar, on which is the head of a ram, the living 
 emblem of the god Noum, one of the types of Amoun-ra. The throne has at the side the usual 
 symbol, and round the base runs an inscription, with two cartouches under his feet. These 
 expi'ess, " the sun, the director of riles (?), loving Amoun, Sethei beloved of Phtah or Meneplitah." 
 The inscription divides and runs round the left and right sides, meeting on the reverse : that 
 on the left side expresses, " the Hot, the victorious bull, loving the sun, the king of the upper and 
 lower u-orld, the sun, the director of rites, loving Amoun, the son of the sun, Ousrei Mei-en- 
 phtah, or beloved of Phtah, beloved of Osiris pethempamentes, giver of life like the smi." The 
 inscription on the left side is nearly identical, except the titles of ''beloved of Phtah Sokar 
 Osiris." Down the back the ])er])eudicular line expresses, " the good god, the destroyer through 
 his force, the vigilant ('.) chief, like MorUh, lord of the pure land of truth, Gom-ineHJ.) 
 (Sebenngtusl) the king of the upper and lower world, the sun, director of rites, the son of the 
 sun, Sethei Mei-en-phtuh, giver of life." 'I'he name oftlie god has been erased, 1)ut not care- 
 fully, and all the elements of his form are still (lisliiu-t.' Tiiis statue was discovered by 
 Mrs. Belzoni, at Karnak. 
 
 ' Ilosel. Mon. Slor. torn. iil. piirlc ii. This statue hiu been engraved, Library ol' Eutcrlnining 
 Knowledge, Egypliiin Antiijuilics, vol. ii. ji. 6. 
 
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PSAMETIK II. (PSAMMETICHUS). 109 
 
 Fig. 164 is a plaster cast, made under the direction of Mr. Hay, from the tomb of this 
 king, in the Biban-el-Mclook. He stands dressed in the transparent fine linen, having a 
 pendent apron, upon which is inscribed, "-the kbig, lord of the worlds, sun, director of rites, 
 beloved of Amoun {lord of diadems'], Ousirei [substitution for Sethei], beloved of Plitah." Above 
 is a pard-skin, the head upon the waist. On his head are two ostrich-feathers, a disk, two 
 disked ursei, and two goats' horns. He wears sandals on his feet. He holds in each hand a 
 small wine vase, wliich he is offering to a divinity, whose foot, hand, and goni, or koucoupha 
 sceptre, only remain. Behind, " wIlo is the submitter and superior, with life, stahiUty, and 
 power, like the sun, for ever and ever." Before him the address of the god, "we give thee all 
 other good and pure things, lord of diadems, Ousirei, beloved of Plttah." The extreme elegance 
 of tliis figure is rivalled only by the highest eff"orts of Greek art. 
 
 PSAMETIK II. (PSAMMETICHUS). 
 
 The reign of Psammetichus II. is in relation with the Greek period, and in his time a 
 deputation of the Eleans came to Egypt, to study the institutions of the country. He appears 
 to have built a propylon at Memphis, and to have made constructions at Snem ; and the 
 obelisk of the Minerva at Rome also is inscribed in his honour. His reign occupied fifteen 
 years, n.c. 603—588.' He is supposed to be the Psammuthis, Psammus, or Psammetichus, of 
 Africanus and Herodotus, and appears from the monuments to have had a wife named Shopen- 
 hop, and a daughter, Neith-Akhor or Nitocris.- 
 
 Fig. 167. This intercolumnial plinth prol)ably came from the same temple as Fig. 165, 
 although it is of a different material, such works at a later period being often executed in this 
 manner. It contains three compartments : in the first, to the right, in the front, Psam- 
 metichus II., entitled " the Hor, the living sun, the great heart of the world, the gracious god, 
 
 lord of the tivo worlds, the sun the heart, the son of the sun, lord of diadems, Psametik, 
 
 giver of mercy, like the sun, for ever," stands holding a conical object, and kneeling before a 
 serpent with the urseus. He is stated to give gons. On the name of the king is ''Soven or 
 Snah, mistress of the upper hemisphere." Above the serpent is inscribed, "we give thee to be 
 
 vigilant (?) like Month, the desolator of " In the second division, the king, under the 
 
 same titles, is represented standing, holding two conical offerings, called shot, before a double 
 ox-headed deity. The names and titles of the king are as before. The divinity says, '' I give 
 
 truth in thy heart " In tlie third division the king is wanting — his standard only 
 
 appears : it is preceded by the titles of " the living good god, great by his edifices, setting up the 
 temple of At horn." The divinity in this division, who is human type, seated upon a pedestal, 
 says, " we give thee the kingdoms of the land of Opt and Hamiou, we give thee all power and 
 victory, we give thee every land imder thy sandals." This apparently represents tlie king 
 adoring the divinities who presided over the halls or propylons of the future state.^ 
 
 ' See Rosel. Mon. Stor. torn. ii. pane i. pp. 136, et seq. and Leemans, Mon. Kg. p. 130. 
 
 = Rosel. loc. cit. vii. 144 e. Chump. Fig. pp. 370, 371. = See Lepsius, das Todtenbuch, pi. li.-lxvii. 
 
N A K H T N E B F (N E C T A N E B E S). 
 
 The reign of Nectanebo, the Nectanebes,^ Nectanebos, Nectanebis," and the Nectabis,' 
 falls into tlie ejioch of the Greeeo-historical rather than of the monumental period. He 
 reigned, combining the monumental evidence, eighteen years, from 387-369 B.C.* and was a 
 native of Gemnoute,* or Sebennytus, and the founder of a new dynasty ; succeeded in defeating 
 the Persian armaments, and embellished the public monuments of Egypt. He repaired the 
 first gate of the great temple at Philse, and a small temple of Hathor. Memorials of him are 
 found on the rocks of Beghe, at Cairo, Coptos, and an elegant edifice at Medinat Haboo ; he 
 transported an obelisk from Syene ; adorned the temple of the Egyptian Mars at Sebennytus ; 
 while memorials of him exist in various European collections, as the two handsome lions of the 
 Fontana di Termini at Rome, a figure of porcelain with his name in the Studii at Naples, and 
 a stele at Rome, dated in his thirteenth regnal year.'' He assumed the prenomen Re-tor-ka, 
 " the sun appointing offering,"'' taken by his predecessor, Ousr-t-sen I. of the supposed XVIIth 
 dynasty, while his name read Nashtnebf '^ in the Theban, and Nakhtnebf in the Mempliite dialect. 
 His standard was Hor-Thom, '•'■Horns the suhduer."^ It must, however, be premised that there are 
 no monumental data for assigning these names to the second rather than the first king of the 
 XXXth Sebennytic dynasty of Africanus, and the successor of Teos or Taclios, both of whom 
 reigned an equal number of years, according to Africanus; but it would involve a critical 
 discussion upon Greek and not monumental evidence to enter into the whole question here. 
 The flight of the second king into ^Ethiopia is the alleged reason of their belonging to the fii'st 
 monarch. 
 
 Fig. 165 is the intercolumnial slab of a temple, such as frequently went between the columns 
 at their bases, instances of which are seen at the small temple at Philse. The present has been 
 surmounted on one side by a frieze or cornice of vultures, emblems of the upper hemisphere or 
 world, and on the other by a frieze of ursei, emblems of the lower hemisphere, similar to those in 
 Fig. 167. These latter have been chiselled out, and their place supplied by a Greek inscription, 
 and the feet of the vultures only remain upon the other side. The king Nakhtnebf or Nakh- 
 tefneb, dressed in the shten, and with the plain cap on his head, stands ofi'ering a pyramidal 
 object (cake?), probably that called shat, or shot. Before him are four perpendicular lines: the 
 first, the titles of Sate, " mistress of the loiver hemisphere" who is personified as a serpent, with 
 the hhel, or emblem of the sun's orbit, and the gom, and his names and titles, — " the Ilor of the 
 upper and lower world, the terrifier; the king, lord of the two worlds, the sun instituting offering, 
 
 son of the sun, lord of diadems, Nahhtnebf, giver of life cuul mercy for ever." Behind him 
 
 is a repetition of tlic two first lines; and tlie horizont.il line above his head expresses, ''great 
 
 Wilk. Man. and Cu3t. Ser. I. vol.i. 
 p. 209. Cf. Eusel). Chron. Ciin. i 
 
 Seal. Amatel. 1598, 
 Ibid. Afric. in Sciil. 
 
 p. 135. 
 Pliny. 
 
 !>. 65. 
 
 Emend. Temp. 
 
 ' Afric. loc. cit. .Julian em, 4327-4345. 
 ■'' Hosel. Mon. Stor. Teste, torn. ii. 
 " Cf. Wilk. loc. cit. Rosel.ibid. Champ. 
 Fii;. rilniveis I'Epypte, pp. 384, .'). 
 ' Hosi'l. Mon. Stor. Tav. xiv. l.")6. 
 ' This may be Naslit-cn.ncbf, " pro- 
 
 tector of his lord," or master. Ro- 
 sel. loc. rit. \'i6, n. a. b. c ; or, 
 rnthcr, "he who is tho victorious 
 lord," or all vktor'wm. 
 ' Leemans, p. 273. 
 
PLATE 45 . 
 
 i' 
 
 ,)„'V1'"''" <ipF"~rT-^iiTr,Ti!ii|irw: rfp 'i >"|i;' '■■ 
 
 Fig 1' ■ 
 
 
 jU. ilu 
 
 n< n'U'H f 
 
 3::T::ifau»c.-9Wi,f ^ 
 
 it 
 
 M i! 1 1 , 1 Is 1 1 1 1 I ; 1 1 1 
 
 
 .Ji;»i"?f^ 
 
 xvll lt|f: .111 
 
 t=;i £ 
 
 
 Ik 
 
 V'.'W ' 
 
 mv i 
 
 fm ■ 
 
 •vj 
 
 ^ti?^^'^t!S^^^i'2"°^?'^5^^~*'a?'*^S'^'°^'^ 
 
 ninii 
 
 I 5 
 
 H II it I J 5 S J ; i 
 
 1^ 
 I 
 
 8 ' 5 5 
 
 ,1 <r^ 
 
 lllji'i 
 
 *lll) Dftill 
 
 fil 
 
 
 Back EUvaJvjn, 
 
 11; 
 
 ^" ',^^ k h H ^^M'-mM^.^ ^'^^ 
 
 FronJ- JSlevcUwn, of aji iTttermi-tmniaZ Plmil' 
 
 u- 
 
 ill ti.'ci'Et i' -i'i&ri i i..^i' ij 
 
 [jr >,a!|^ 
 
 [«T]p'-n ■:;■- -r 
 
 t-r)"" -~" ■ ■'■■■■■■171" ■^raftflftt! ..iSSZlS^^ 
 
 =4 
 
 "1, 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ■:; >.^\^ 
 
 .« 
 
 
 
 iM^lliltliyt^ii 
 
 ...laiiii 
 
 ^''\i^\f\\^^r'(^ 
 
 A- A O 
 
 !ti 
 
 s^^i m^^ 
 
 mr 
 
 
 
 
 6l\ 
 
 "It^l 
 
 '^HliaJH 
 
 I" 
 
 r^ ii 
 
 
 ri Pi 
 
 J uj ' j II y Li I M mini ii 
 
 Fig 167. 
 IrmxrooTMmmal IlinZh. PS A M M tTI C H U 3 
 
 Vl 
 
 
 Tragfnenb of a- StaZtca of 
 NLCTANEBO . 
 
 EjLrtuiaaU, ctei'' 
 
 ^^Y km^m® & [pg^Ka[f:a[STO(g[Ki(!Bg, oo 
 
NAKHTNEBP (NECTANEBES). 
 
 Ill 
 
 edifices, to remain in the (jreut house for ever and ever, the sun instituting offering, the son of the 
 
 sun, Nakhtnehf, ever living, making the world in his course " The reverse has been much 
 
 erased, and underneath the cornice is inscribed, " V.zui anyioie[i\ or anr:(,i(s\_ai\ was 
 
 restored ." '^ Underneath the king is represented kneeling before a divinity, who has the human 
 type, entitled, " lord of tlLe region of the hour, the god giving life to the soul in Noutehir." Be- 
 tween the monarch and the god is written, " a fourth of the carved work of lower Egypt." The 
 rest of the compartment contains inscriptions, much erased, and the names and titles of the 
 goddess Sate and the king, similar to those on the other side. In the area are some repre- 
 sentations of emldems of life, multitude, life and power, the sun's two orbits, and two portions 
 of the heaven, tlie scorpion of Selk attached to the solar orbit, an emblem of stability witli 
 hands, and three ellipses with breaks, perhaps emblems of worlds. There is part of another 
 
 compartment and a divinity remaining, with the end of an inscription, " encircled ly his 
 
 heart," and above a horizontal line, expressive of" the son of the sun, lord of diadems, 
 
 Nahhtefneh, or 'Nakhtnehf, giver of life eternal " A similar monument exists in the 
 
 collection of the Vatican. - 
 
 Fig. 166 is a small statue, about life-size, of Nakhtnehf, found at Memphis. The prenomen 
 only is found on his belt ; and as he assumed this after the earlier monarch, Ousr-t-sen I., 
 some ambiguity may exist with respect to which king it is to be attributed. The nose is 
 unfortunately mutilated, and the peculiarly aquiline character of Nectauebo as would have 
 decided the point. The head-attire, claft and slienti, as well as the general style, are, how- 
 ever, apparently later than the XVIIIth dynasty. It is in gray granite, well executed, and 
 was presented, with several other objects, to the Museum by Col. Howard Vyse. 
 
 ' From the form of the letters, probably, 
 at the Roman times, the first word 
 may be the remains of [Bamjxsiuj. 
 In the Library of Entertaining 
 Knowledge, Egyptian Antiquities, 
 
 vol. i. p. 125, Mr. Long reads xtu; 
 aviv£wcr£, hypothetically. 
 Young's Hieroglyphics, pi. viii. ix. 
 Leemans, loc.cit. pp. 137, 131, and 
 pi. No. 275, 4, 3, has engraved the 
 
 royal names on this monument. See, 
 also, Library of Entertaining Know, 
 ledge, Egyptian Antiquities, vol. i. 
 p. 121, where it is also engraved. 
 
FIGURES OF KINGS. 
 
 The objects in the two following plates being unaccompanied by any royal legends, and 
 therefore, to a certain extent, uncertain, are classed together. 
 
 Fig. 168 is of an Egyptian monarch, apparently, from the head-attire, of the XXVIth 
 dynasty. He wears a collar, oshh or liihnir, and remarkably long garment, more resembling 
 that of females. Besides the modius, the head has been probably surmounted by a disk and 
 tall plumes ; round his neck is a collar, and this, as well as the feathered ornaments of the 
 dress, are inlaid with silver, and the eyes have been so. The hands have probably held a sash, 
 which the king was represented offering to the divinities. It is exceedingly well executed, and 
 one of the most interesting bronzes of the collection of Signor Anastasi, acquired by the Museum 
 in 1839. 
 
 Fig. 169 is a small statue in wood, well executed, but of an earlier king. The place for the 
 urseus, or ouro, still remains on the head, and he wears the pharaonic shten, or shenti. It has 
 been coloured with red paint for the flesh, and gilding for the collar and apron. Purchased at 
 Mr. Salt's second collection, in 1835, and came from Thebes (?). 
 
 The two figures which compose Plate 47 are remarkable for their large dimensions in 
 this material. They are, unfortunately, much mutilated, and the name of the monarch whom 
 they intended to represent is no longer traceable on their belts. 
 
 Fig. 170 has been covered with a black bituminical paint, and has had its accessories traced 
 in white. Connecting this with the same colouring on the small sepulchral figures of the tomb 
 commonly called Belzoni's, that of Sethei or Sethos I., I am disposed to consider it, in con- 
 nexion with the style of hair, to be of this monarch. He has held in his right hand a symbol, 
 probably of life, and in his left a wand or sceptre. It has been well executed. The eyes 
 appear to have been inlaid with bronze and enamel, and the beard and beard-strap, or whisker, 
 with bronze. The plinth is also antique, and exhibits the Egyptian taste of placing the 
 figure at one end, with a long space in front. 
 
 The other figure {fig. 171) is still more mutilated, but the features are more perfect, and 
 from the aquiline cliaracter of the nose, and style of the head-dress, is probably that of Eameses 
 the Great. It is not covered with bitumen, but seems to have been painted in the usual 
 Egyptian fresco manner, by covering the statue with linen, upon which was laid the stucco, 
 then smoothed, and the water-colour applied. It is apparently of sycamore. There is another 
 of these large wooden statues in the collection, brought from the tombs of the kings in the 
 Biban-el-Melook, at Thebes, with other objects, acquired of Mr. Salt in 1821. 
 
PLATE 4-6, 
 
 Ti^m. 
 
 Eg. 169 , 
 
 / ZJi- Bron^f' } 
 
 in Wood, PaitOtrt. & Gtlt ffriJL sLzi.} 
 
 T Aru^tdale. sCeb^ 
 
 Figures of 
 
 ©go 
 
ri A 1 1.: 4-7 
 
 
 -^^-^ --"Wrf-MWO&tBtM^l 1*V 
 
 ■-^^ 
 
 ''y^FfiY 
 
 -^'^^....t.Ui^,^^ 
 
 
 ■•J 
 
 F Arund.ale de/ ^ 
 
 © a 
 
PLATE 48- 
 
 Fi(5 17.3, 
 
 t 
 
 ASoal*) 
 
 FreujirjKi of a- Q U E C ^ 
 
 rig 175. 
 
 
 f ^ Fr<iamjsft/> tfL-XUrU' SWne.} 
 
 fU Tlgwt ffu TUriAeA Smne) 
 
 * JrtmJaix, (/ei,* 
 
 Ik (i^ (UJ l£ d K] A ra ® IF H CM A 11=11 L'^IJ (c: iiij L-U ^ S , 
 
A QUEEN, AND OTHER FEMALES. 
 
 Fig. 172 is the upper part of a small colossus of an Egyptian queen. Her liead-tlress has 
 been covered with the nreou, or vulture, emblem of royal maternity, and ouro, or urasus, that of 
 royalty. Her hair is curled in the peculiar spiral locks of the goddess Athor, the Egyptian 
 Venus. Round her neck is a collar. This statue is evidently one of the best period of 
 Egyptian art, and must be referred to the XVIIIth dynasty, not improbably Meiennuiut-Nofre- 
 areh, or Esi-nofre, one of the queens of Ramesses III. It is in a white numnmlite kind of 
 stone, but the surface is unfortunately much honeycombed, and there is no inscription on the 
 plinth behind to enable any decision to be arrived at relative to the person it was intended to 
 represent. It came with Mr. Salt's Collection, acquired in 1821, where it is merely mentioned 
 as found by Belzoni in 1817. 
 
 Fig. 173 represents a female of ordinary rank standing on a plinth. Her right liand has 
 probably held a basket. It is remarkable for its delicate execution, and gives an excellent 
 representation of a nebenei, or lady of the house, of the middling classes. 
 
 Fig. 174 represents a female, probably of the inferior classes, without any drapery, holding 
 a calf, which is tied, by its feet, slung round her neck, and an ibex or gazelle by its horns at 
 her right side. These she was probably bringing as an offering. It is in a vitrified stone, 
 probably an arragonite or steatite, which has been glazed witli a yellowish-green varnish ; of 
 indifferent execution, and probably as late as the Roman empire. From a Collection purchased 
 of Signor Anastasi. 
 
 Fig. 175 represents a female of higli quality, probably a priestess of Amoun, of the period 
 of the XVIIIth dynasty, about 1600 B.C. It is remarkable for the grace and elegance of its 
 proportions. Her hair is long, and bound round by a fillet of flowers. It has probably repre- 
 sented a female seated on a chair by the side of a male figure; her left hand was placed on 
 her lap, and her right passed behind and on the shoulder of a figure of her husband or 
 brother.' 
 
 ' Engraved, Library of Enterlainiiig Knowledge, Egyptian Anliiiuities, vol. ii. p. 15. 
 
 Q 
 
ROSETTA STONE. 
 
 Of all the monuments in the Egyptian Collection, that commonly known by the name 
 of the Rosetta Stone enjoys, without doubt, the highest European reputation. It was found 
 in 1799 by M. Bouchard, a French officer of engineers, in digging the foundation of a 
 house at Fort St. Julian, and subsequentlj% by the fortune of war and presentation of the 
 Turks, came into the possession of the British government, by whom it was deposited at 
 the British Museum. It soon attracted attention : a copy of it was published by the Society 
 of Antiquaries, and the Greek and demotic portions were examined successively by Porson, 
 De Sacy, Akerblad, and Young — the latter extending his researches to the hieroglyphical 
 text. His sagacity in deciphering the name of Ptolemy, and laying down the grand prin- 
 ciple of phonetic construction, was, without doubt, the key to the subsequent brilliant 
 labours of Champollion le Jeune. The Greek text has been subsequently illustrated by 
 Amalliou, Yilloison, Druman, Lenormant, and, last of all, Letronne, whose version, with the 
 various readings, we have reproduced in the subsequent pages. Of the other parts, an attempt 
 was made by the late Chevalier Palin,' on an ideographic system ; another by Young, in his 
 Hieroglyphics," on all these texts compared with one another ; and, finallj', a much more scien- 
 tific comparison by Champollion, on the demotic and hierogl}'phic portions compared with the 
 Greek version. A complete analysis of the hieroglyphic and demotic version was undertaken 
 by M. Salvolini,^ but death interrupted his labours in the commencement of the hieroglypjiical 
 portion, and it is uncertain how much even of this is due to him. The present copy, which is 
 too small to give all tlie minor details, conveys the hieroglyphical text, unfortunately much 
 mutilated. We shall first give a literal translation of the Greek text, from the restoration of 
 Letronne. 
 
 " Under the young king, who has received the kingdom of his father, lord of diadems, gi'catly glorious ; who 
 has set in order Egypt, and has been pious in divine matters, superior to his adversaries, who has set right the life of 
 men, lord of thirty years, like Vulcan the Great, king like the Sun, the great king of the npper and lower world, 
 born of the gods, Philopator, whom Vulcan has approved, to whom the sun has given victory, living image of 
 Jupiter, son of the sun, Ptolemy, ever-living, beloved by Phtah ; the ninth year : under Aetes, son of Aetcs, priest 
 of Alexander, and of the gods Soteres, and of the gods Euergetes, and of the gods Adelphoi, and of the gods Philo- 
 patores, and of the god Epiphancs Eucharistes, Pyrrha, daughter of Philinus, being athlophorus of Berenice Euergetes, 
 and Areia, daughter of Diogenes, being canephoros of Arsinoe Philadelphos, Eirene, daughter of Ptolemy, priestess 
 of Arsinoe Philopator, on the fourth of the month of Xandicus, which is the eighteenth of the Egyptian month 
 Mecheir — a dkcree ! 
 
 " The high-priests, prophets, and those who go into the adytum for the dressing of the gods, the Pterophora;, 
 sacred scribes, and all the other priests, and those standing before the kings at IMeniphis, from the different temjiles 
 in the country, at the panegyry of the receiving of the crown by Ptolemy, the ever-living, beloved of Phtha, 
 Theos Epiphancs Eucharistes, which he has derived from his father ; being assembled in the temple in ^Memphis, on 
 the day [specified], have declared : — 
 
 " AVhereas the King Ptolemy, ever-living, beloved by Phtah, Theos Epiphancs Eucharistes, the issue of the King 
 
 Xouvellos Recherchos sur I'lnscrip- 
 tion en Lettres Sacr6e.<» du Monu- 
 ment (le Rosette. 8vo. Florence, 
 3850, will) a i'laie. 
 
 = PI. \6.30. 
 
 ' Annlvse Grammaticiile Rnisonnfe de 
 difrerentesTexlesAnciensKjcyptiens, 
 ouvrage dedi<; a Sa Miijeste le Roi 
 
 de Sardiiijjne, par Fianfois Salvo- 
 lini. Vo). I. Tuxte llier. et De- 
 mot. de la Pierre de Rosette. Par. 
 410. 183{), incomplete, in 256 pages. 
 
05 
 
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^Ut hliiclr ituate I 
 
 
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 lA»rM(MHOAtl 
 
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 w 8 !£"?&- ST-®-fS!I . 
 
ROSETTA STONE. 115 
 
 Ptolemy and the Queen Arsinoe, Tlicoi riiilopatorcs, had conferred many benefits both on the temples and those who 
 were in them, and all who are placed under his government; and is a god, the son of a god and of a goddess, as 
 Horus, the sou of Isis and Osiris, the avenger of his father ; beneficently acting towai'ds the gods, he has consecrated 
 at the temples both revenues of silver and corn, and supported great expenses, in order to lead Egypt into tran- 
 quillity, and to appoint the sacred affairs, and with all his power he has acted with humanity, and of the taxes and 
 imposts in Egypt he has suppressed some and lightened others, that both the people and other [classes] should 
 be in abundance under his reign, and the royal debts, both those in Egypt and those in the other part of his 
 kingdom around him, being considerable, he has remitted altogether ; and those confined in prison, and those who 
 had been some time prosecuted, he has freed from all fear of prosecution ; and he has decreed both that the revenues 
 of the temples, and the contributions supplied yearly both in grain and silver, as well as all the just assignments to 
 the gods, from vineyards, gardens, and other lands, whicli belonged to the gods under his father, to be charged on the 
 land ; and be moreover decreed, relative to the priests, that they should give no more to the tribute-chest than what 
 they were taxed up to the first year under the reign of his father ; and he has remitted to those appointed by the 
 sacred tribes their annual descent to Alexandria, and he has ordered that the collection of stores for the marine 
 should not be made ; and remitted two-thirds of the linen clothes collected in the temples for the royal wardrobe ; 
 and all things omitted in previous time he has restored to its right order, providing that the accustomed things 
 should be performed to the gods in a decorous manner, and at the sauie time he has distributed what is right to all, 
 like Hermes, twice great ; and he has decreed that those returning, both of soldiers and other classes, and adversaries 
 in the time of troubles, should remain on their own possession into which they have entered ; and he has provided 
 that the horse and foot-forces, and the ships, should go foi-th against those who were invading Egypt by land, and 
 supporting great expenses of silver and corn, that both the temples and all those in Egypt might be safe, and being 
 present at Lycopolis in the Busirite nome, which had been taken and fortified against a siege, by expensive depot of 
 arms and all other munitions, and for a considerable time the alienation ha\ing existed among the impious collected 
 in it, who had perpetrated many evils against the temples and those inhabiting Egypt, having set down before it he 
 surmounted it with the circumvallation of considerable mounds, and ditches, and walls ; and when the Nile made a 
 great rising in the eighth year, and as usual inundated the plains, he held it in, damming the mouth of the river in 
 many places, and expending to this effect no small sum of money, and having appointed cavalry and infantry to guard 
 them [the dams], he took in a short time the city by main force, and destroyed all the impious in it, li[ke IIerm]es 
 and Horus, the son of Isis and Osiris, had formerly in the same places conquered the revolters ; and as to those 
 leading the revolters under his father's reign, and disturbing the country and sacking the temples, when at IMemphis, 
 assisting his father and his own crown, he punished them properly at the time when he was present to perform the 
 proper ceremonies for the reception of the crown ; and he has remitted both what was due from the temples to the 
 royal treasury up to the eighth year, both in corn and money no small quantity ; and he has also remitted the value 
 of the linen clothes not furnished to the royal treasurj-, and also the expenses of verification up to the same period; 
 and he has remitted from the temples the appointed artaba from the aroura of sacred land ; and likewise of the 
 vineyard he has remitted the cerameion per aroura, and he has given much to Apis and Mnevis, and to the other 
 sacred animals in Egypt, taking much more care than the kings before him in all that concerns them ; and having 
 given largely and nobly all that was necessary for their funerals, both the things and the rites appomted for their 
 particular worship, with panegyrics, and ceremonies, and all other prescribed things ; and the privileges of the 
 temples and of Egypt he has maintained on the same foot, conformably to the laws; ' and he has adorned the Apeium 
 with magnificent works, having expended no small sum of gold, silver, and precious stones upon it ; and he has 
 founded temples, and naoi, and altars, and he has repaired those in need of repair, having the zeal of a benefactor 
 god in all things concerning the divinity, and upon new information has repaired the most honoured of the temples 
 under his reign, as was fit ; wherefore the gods have given him health, victory, and force, and all other things, and 
 a crown to remain to him and his children for all time. 
 
 " To Good Fortune. 
 " It has seemed fit to the priests of all the temples throughout the country, that [all the honours] appertaining 
 to the ever-living King Ptolemy, beloved by Phtha, Theos Epiphancs Eucharistes, as well as those of his parents, 
 Theoi Philopatores, of his ancestors, Euergeta;, and those of the Theoi Adelphoi, and those of the Theoi Soteres, 
 should be greatly augmented, and that a figure of the ever-living King Ptolemy Theos Epiphanes should be set up 
 in every temple, in the most conspicuous place, which should have the name of Ptolemy, the avenger of Egypt, 
 
 ' The tliird line of the hieroglyphical test commences here. 
 
116 
 
 ROSETTA STONE. 
 
 added to it, where shall be the dominant and divinity of the temple, giving to him the arm of victory, which shall 
 be all done in the Egyptian manner ; and that the priests should serve the images thrice every day, placing on them 
 the sacred apparel, and performing the other ceremonies appointed to he done to the other gods [in the Egyptian 
 pan]egyries; and that they should consecrate to the King Ptolemy Theos Epiphanes Eucharistes, the issue of the 
 King Ptolemy and the Queen Arsinoe Thcoi Philopatores, a gilded statue of wood, and a gilded shrine [in each] of 
 the temples, and that the}' should be placed in the adyta with the other shrines ; and that in the great panegj'ries, when 
 the exit of the shrines takes place, that that of Theos Epiphanes Eucharistes should go out with them, and that the 
 shrines should be clearly distinguished at present, and then ; and that there should lie on the royal shrine ten golden 
 crowns, to which is attached an asp, as on all the asp- formed crowns on the other shrines, and that in the middle of 
 them shall be the crown called pschent, which the king wore when he entered the temple in Memphis, in order to 
 perform in it the ceremonies prescribed on the taking of the throne ; and that there shall be placed on the tetragon 
 round the crowns, opposite the aforesaid crown, ten golden phylacteries, on which shall be inscribed, that is the crown 
 of the king rendering illustrious the upper and lower country ; and the thirtieth of Mesori, when the birthday of the 
 king is celebrated, as well as [the seventeenth of jNIecheir], when he received the cro^vn of his father, have been con- 
 sidered eponymous in the temples ; and inasmuch as that these days were a cause of divers benefits to the community, 
 that there shall be on these days a festival and panegyry in the temples throughout Egypt, monthly ; and that there 
 shall be performed on them sacrifices and libations, and all other things appointed as in the other panegyrics, and 
 
 that these being in the temples ; and that they shall celebrate a feast and a panegyry to the ever-living and 
 
 beloved by Phtah, King Ptolemy Theos Epiphanes Eucharistes, on every year, in the temples throughout the 
 country, from the first of the month of Thoyth, for five days, in which they shall bear crowns, and perform sacrifice 
 and libations, and other proper things ; [and that the priests of the other gods] shall bear, in addition, the title of 
 priests of Epiphanes Eucharistes to the names of their gods which they serve ; and that they shall add in all answers 
 and declarations that priesthood ; and that it shall be lawful for all private persons to celebrate the festival, and to 
 consecrate the aforesaid naos, and to have it in their houses, performing the things prescribed in the monthly and 
 annual iestivals ; that it may be known that the Egyptians elevate and honour the god Epiphanes Eucharistes in a 
 lawful manner ; and that this decree should be engraved on a tablet of hard stone, in Hieroglyphical, Enchorial, 
 and Greek characters, and should he set up in each of the first, second, and third-rate temples, at the statue of the 
 ever-living king." 
 
 It would appear that the Greek part of the inscription is the original document, and the 
 Hieroglyphic and Encliorial versions a translation of it, and tlie extracts made hv Cliampollion, in 
 the " Grammaire Egyptien," and those cited from his MS. by Letronne, thorougldy confirm this 
 view. It differs, however, much in its tournure from the Greek, by additions, omissions, and 
 differences of position in the limits of the sentence; but an accurate analysis or collation of it 
 would take up more room than the scope of the present work would admit of, as the imperfect 
 work of Salvoliai sufficiently testifies. ' The mutilation of tliis part of the document is also a 
 serious obstacle to the complete deciphering it. The intermediate or enchorial portion, the 
 epistolographic " writing of the books," as it is termed in the hieroglyphics, is still more 
 difficult to decipher, and, indeed, no rational attempt to interpret the whole of this portion 
 has as yet been made ; but the difiiculty is much facilitated by the knowledge and advance- 
 ment made in the hieratic cliaracter. 
 
 Tiie Rosctta Stone could never have been interpreted from itself, and the full philological 
 analysis of it is a task yet to be waited for. There are several points in which we difter from 
 the readings of Champollion, and the consequent restorations of Letronne.'' The decree. 
 
 Tlie restorations of Letronne being 
 made from the analysis of Cham, 
 pollion. In many instances theGreek 
 gives the entire version, which is 
 translated above, and the philological 
 scholar can compare the three ver- 
 
 sions. Salvolini is often erroneous. 
 Only one line of the hieroglyphics, 
 the last, is complete. 
 I'or example, line 41 Groolt, 7 hier. 
 where the hieroglypliic reads, " that 
 thv will make all {rcnufiexion and 
 
 ceremony of offering, like as is done 
 to the gods of the countries in the 
 panegyrics every year," not " in the 
 paitegiiriesofthe country.*' Letronne, 
 loc. cit. p. 29. 
 
PLATt 50. 
 
 Fi^ 177 
 
 Tig 178. 
 
 "ta/Mt in Granite 
 
 ,ul>,, 
 
 ^.1 
 
 ^:^, 
 
 F AruJi4Jii6, 'le>/..'' 
 
FUNCTIONARIES OF AN EARLY PERIOD. 117 
 
 according to him, in lionour of Ptolemy Epiphanes was drawn up on the 18th of Mecheir 
 (27th of March), d.c. 196, in the twelfth year of the life of Epiphanes, and in the ninth of his 
 reign, and the facts cited or alluded to are the birth of the king on the 8th of October, B.C. 209, 
 the troubles in higher Egypt and the decease of Philopator, the attack of Antiochus by sea and 
 land, the siege of Lycopolis, inundation of the Nile, 12th of August, B.C. 198, chastisement of 
 the revolters, and coronation of the king at Memphis, 2Gtli of March, B.C. 196, and issue of the 
 decree on the following day. It is the most extended and important document of the Graeco- 
 Egyptian period. 
 
 FUNCTIONARIES OF AN EARLY PERIOD. 
 
 Fig. 177 is one of the earliest statues in any European collection, having been removed 
 from a tomb in the vicinity of the pyramids of Gizeh. The peculiar mode of parting the hair 
 in the centre of the head, and its falling in two large squared masses, much resembling the 
 style prevalent under the supposed XVIItli or Xllth dynasty, to which many of the Meuiphite 
 remains closely approximate, so as to render it probable that these two dynasties are closer 
 than is usually supposed. He is seated on a stool, the sides of which are regularly arched, and 
 holds by his left hand, across his shoulder, a pickaxe. On his drapery are two lines of 
 hieroglyphics, in bas-relief. These express '■^ the royal orator (I) attached to the charge of the 
 
 boat{1) bgot mas."^ It is in red granite, and came from one of Mr. Salt's Collections, 
 
 purchased in 18.35. 
 
 Fig. 178 is a small figure in zoned arragonite, or Egyptian alabaster, found in the tomb of 
 Abydos, and, consequently, of not so early an epoch as the preceding. The hair and style of 
 work, however, present an appearance of even greater antiquity, with more of the African 
 developement of features. Before his feet is a tray for viands, similar to that in Jig. 150, of 
 Maut-em-wa, and a flight of stejDS, shewing that the figure is seated on a kind of dais. This is 
 also from Mr. Salt's Collection, purchased in 1835. 
 
 ' The hieroglyphics on this figure are not very distinct in parts. 
 
NEB TO, 
 
 PRINCE IN THE REIGN OF THOTHMES III. 
 
 This small statue {fig. 179), certainly one of the most interesting in the Museum, assumes 
 an historical value from the inscription with which the garment is covered, consisting of twelve 
 lines of hieroglyphics, disposed horizontally, and seven vertical lines on the base before it. It 
 represents Onebto, or Onebento, a prince seated upon his haunches on the ground, with his 
 knees raised and his arms crossed, one hand closed, and the other open. He has a small 
 square beard, and long hair falling on his shoulders, coloured black, and exhibiting the mode 
 of attiring it j^revalent in the reign of Thothmes III. The inscription is as follows : " made hy 
 the hards of the gracious goddess, the mislress of the two icorlds [preuomen of Amoun-noum-he 
 erased], living and established like the sun for ever, together with her brother, the gracious god, 
 
 the lord making the sun, the establisher of ceremony, giver of life, like the sun, for ever — 
 
 « royal offering to Amoun-ra, lord of the thrones of the world, to Ousiri, ruler of eternity, to 
 Anoup, resident in the divine abode, the director of the embalming, lord of To-sor, that they will 
 give an abode well provided with oxen and geese, clothes and incense, wax, and all other good 
 and pure things, all manifested on their tables in the end of every day, to drink the water out of 
 
 the streams of the river to go hither and thither in Rosattou, to (for the sake or offering 
 
 of) the victorious chief , celebrater or bard of his god, loving his lord by his constructions, serving 
 his lord at his journeys in the north and south, the royal son {prince), superintendent of the bow, 
 encharged with the care of the royal tvood, Onebto, truth-speaking to the other great gods." 
 
 lu front of the pedestal is a small sunken plinth, in which are seven lines of hieroglyphics, 
 reading vertically, and having on one side cakes of bread, bunches of onions, and other viands, 
 and on the other two vases, such as are usually placed under tables, entwined by buds and 
 flowers of the lotus. These express, " a vast quantity of flesh and foivl, and icine, incense and 
 
 wax, clothes, and plants, all other gifts, of divine incense all kinds, and all other good and 
 
 pure things, for Onebto." 
 
 Tlic liistorical deduction to be drawn from this statue has been already mentioned in the 
 account of the Queen Amense, or Amoun-noum-he. Tlie present statue is well executed; the 
 eyes are coloured red, the brows blue, and hair black. The hieroglyphics are coloured blue 
 throughout. It was acquired from Mr. Salt's Collection of 1835, and was found at Thebes.' 
 
 ' See Atlianasi (Giov.), A Brief Account of the Researches and Discoveries in Upper Egypt. 8vo. 
 Loud. 1836, p. 246. It was Lot 1114 of Mr. Salt's sale. 
 
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POERI, 
 
 PRINCE OF KUSH. 
 
 Fig. 180 is a sandstone figure of PoL-ri, prince of Kush or Ethiopia, in tlie reigns of 
 Sethei I. and Ramesses II., and the restoration of his son Amounemtape to the throne has been 
 already mentioned in the account of Harnesses II. He holds before him a small circular altar, 
 on which is the head of a ram, indicating an act of adoration to the divinity Amoun-ra.' Down 
 the altar in front is inscribed, " an act of offering to Amoun-ra, resident in the centre of the abode 
 
 ofAmoun-mai Ramesses, the fortress " Round the plinth is a double dedication : "«« act 
 
 of offering to Isis, the great mother-goddess, that she may give duration for ever to he 
 
 dandled for Po'cri, jyrince of Kush." Round the other side is a similar dedication to 
 
 Khem, husband of his mother, the type of Amoun, as Hor, or son of Osiris and Isis. Down 
 the plinth behind, to the right, "act of offering to Amoun, resident in the abode of Amoun-mui 
 
 Ramesses, that he may give health fur the offering of the j)rince of Kush, Po'eri ; and to 
 
 the left, " act of offering to Hor, lord of Shem or Shatem, lord of Nubia, that lie may give 
 duration of days for the offering of the prince of Kush, Po'eri." 
 
 This statue is not of fine execution, and has been repainted by some modern hand. It is 
 interesting as exhibiting one of the series of princes who monumentally commence with 
 Meisrao," under Amenophis III., and continue to Amounemtape,'' under Ramesses II., and 
 Satoge-eian,* under Ramesses III. It formed part of Belzoni's collection. The place where it 
 came from is not mentioned,^ but not improbably from Aboosimbel, or some part of Nubia.'' 
 
 OFFICERS. 
 
 Fig. 181 is a group in calcareous stone, well executed, and of the period of the XVIIIth or 
 XlXth dynasty, representing a military or civil functionary of the highest rank, in full 
 costume, seated on an Egyptian chair, his right hand holding the sash of a Ref-he, or military 
 chief, his left afiectionately holding that of liis sister, or wife, who is seated on a similar chair at 
 his side. The group is apparently unfinished, and there is in front a place for a perpendicular 
 line of hieroglyphics. There are no inscriptions on these figures, which are finely executed in 
 
 ' Thus Ramesses III. Iiolds an altar with 
 a scarabieu.s, the living emblem of 
 Tor, to the god. Egyptian Saloon, 
 No. 27. 
 
 ' Rose]. Men. Stor. torn, iii. parte i. 
 p. '259. 
 
 ^ See Ramos II.; also Mr. Bonomi's 
 
 Communication of an ex-voto at 
 
 Ferar. 
 ^ The lid of the coffin of this prince is 
 
 in the Museum Collection. Eg, 
 
 Saloon, No. 78. 
 
 Catalogue of a Collection of Egyptian 
 Antiquities, to be sold by Mr. So- 
 theby, 8vo. Lond. 1835. Lot 1275. 
 
 I conjecture this from the local title of 
 the divinity, lord of Xubia, and the 
 office of the prince. 
 
120 ROYAL SCRIBES, PRIESTS, ETC. 
 
 a soft, very white, calcareous stone. Tliey came from tlie collection of Sig. Anastasi, but there 
 are no memoranda sent by the proprietor of the place where they were found. 
 
 Fig. 182 is one of those family groups, so common in Egyptian sculpture, which were often 
 deposited in the tombs along with the mummy and other remains of the dead. Several of 
 these are in the collection, and the attitude of the figures is usually the same. In the present 
 instance, these figures place eacli one of their arms on the other's shoulder. The man holds a 
 sash, the female a nosegay of a lotus-flower and two buds. Down his garment is a perpen- 
 dicular line of hieroglyphics — " {good and pure things'] all manifested on the altars of Amoun-ra 
 for the offering of the person belonging to the residents of the pure abode, superintendent of the 
 white abode,^ Otou or Atou {Othoes). Down the dress of the female is — " all good and pure 
 things manifested on the altar of Mau-t, mistress of the heaven, for [the sake of his sister] Honoer, 
 the priestess of Amoun." The smaller figure seated between their legs, which represents a 
 priest, has also a small inscription on the pedestal, expressing, "for his son, reviving his name, 
 the second prophet-priest of the Sun, chief of rites, (J.) (Amenophis II.) Nofre-hhaif" • At the 
 sides of the throne are two inscriptions : a dedication to Amoun on one, and Osiris on the 
 other. The fact of the total omission of the name of the wife in this inscription seems to justify 
 the supposition that the Egyptians in many instances married their sisters — a custom which 
 the Ptolemies, for political motives, availed themselves of. 
 
 ROYAL SCRIBES, PRIESTS, &c. 
 
 Fig. 183 is an officer of high state, in full costume, apparently about the period of 
 Harnesses III. or his successors. It is exceedingly well executed in wood. The feet are 
 wanting; the hand has probably held a roll. From Mr. Salt's Collection of 1835. Found 
 at Thebes. 
 
 Fig. 184 is a figure of a priest, probably one of those functionaries entitled in the texts, 
 " encharged with the divine offerings of bread of all the gods." On his head he supports 
 with one hand a circular tray or dish, on which are five round cakes of bread. His other 
 hand is elevated, as if holding a vase or altar. From Mr. Burton's Collection, sold in 183G. 
 
 Fig. 185 is a libatory priest. He wears a long garment, holds in his left hand an altar of 
 libations, and in his right a vase of the same. From Mr. Salt's Collection of 1 835. Found at 
 Thebes. 
 
 Fig. 186 represents a functionary of the reign of Ramesses III. or Great Sesostris, with the 
 long Iiair falling in vertical locks from tlie forehead to the shoulders, terminating at the ends 
 in a short curl, which resembles a fringe. He is dressed in a tunic of fine linen, called the 
 
 * AiuKov Ti7;(^os, or Memphite Acropolis (1^ 
 
 ' This has been engrtivtd. Library of Entertaining Knowledge, Egyptian Antiquities, vol. ii. p. 3, No. 31. 
 
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ROYAL SCRIBES, PRIESTS, ETC. 
 
 121 
 
 hasoui,^ gathered in plaits rouiiil tlio loins, and forming a kind of apron in front : on his feet are 
 sandals. He holds before him a small tablet, wliich, when complete, had probably a rounded 
 top. On it is a cartouche, surmounted by a disk and plumes, and based on the Egyptian symbol 
 for Noub, or gold. The cartouche contains the prenomen of Ramcsses III. " the Sun, the director 
 of truth (I) approved of the Sun;" and at tlie sides are two notched jjahn-branches, emblems of 
 years,^ based on tadpoles, emblems of multiplicity,^ seated upon objects resembling signets, 
 emblematic of the sun's orbits,* from which time springs. At the back is a single vertical line 
 of hieroglyphics, the names and titles of the functionary, viz. " the good hard of the lord of the 
 two worlds (the hing), attached to his majesty at his side (?), tlie royal scrihe of the tables of all 
 the gods, Phtahrnai, or Phtah-mere, truth speaking." The office of royal minstrel seems to have 
 been one of the highest honour, and it precedes in the present titles that of royal scribe, one of 
 the most important functions. At a very early period we find an officer entitled " superintendent 
 of the bards, delighting the heart of his lord {the Pharaoh) with his excellent songs in the hall of 
 the great house." ^ We are not aware that those bards were necessarily of the sacerdotal order, 
 but there were some of these functionaries attached to the worship of divinities, as bard of 
 Noutehir,'' and bard of the Hall of Amoun.^ The next title, that of royal scribe, is one also of 
 the highest rank, and held by princes of the blood-royal. They were invested with different 
 functions, and formed the secretaries of state for the offices of the court and administration of 
 the empire. Thus we have royal scribe of the viands,^ of the clothes and oxen," and others 
 exercising similar functions. From the titles of Phtahmai, his office appears to have approached 
 that of a sacred scribe, a title rarely met with on the monuments. The present little figure is 
 more than usually interesting, from being connected with the historical papyri of M. Sallier, 
 representing, in fact, the writer of that containing the celebrated campaign against the Khout, 
 Shot or Shto, and it came into the possession of the Museum, along with the papyri, by jjurchase 
 from M, Sallier. It is an exceedingly well-executed figure, and exhibits the usual excellency 
 of art and elegance of costume prevalent in the reign of Ramesses III. It probably came from 
 Memphis. 
 
 Pig. 187 is of Roei, high-priest of Anioun, seated in the Egyptian manner upon the ground, 
 his hands folded over a sistrum, or sceptre : in his right hand he holds an ear of corn. His 
 titles are inscribed in the line beneath his beard. Down the back are two lines : the one to the 
 right, " a dedication to Amoun-ra, king of the gods, lord of the heaven, and ruler of the other 
 
 gods, that he may grant his name to endure for ever in the halls ;" the other, to the left, 
 
 " an act of offering to Maut, great mistress of Eskor (region of darkness or extinction), that she 
 may grant his statue to remain and be perpetuated in the gate of [Ids'] house for ever, for the 
 
 offering of the high-priest of Amoun " His name and titles are also in the line under his 
 
 beard. It is well executed, and of the XVIIIth dynasty.'" 
 
 Fig. 188 is a Re . . . heth-emsbash, bearing a small altar, on which is a cynocephalus. On 
 
 ' Champ. Gr. Eg. p. 53. 
 
 « Ibid. p. 317. 
 
 ' Ibid. The tadpole replaces in many 
 
 texts the lizard. 
 ' Cf. Lepsius (Dr. Ric), das Todten. 
 
 buch. 
 
 ' Burton, Exc. Hier. pi, xxvii. 5. 
 
 « Coffin of Onkhape, B. M. Case XX. 
 
 ^ Figure, 13. M. 
 
 » Sep. Cone, B. M. 
 
 » Ibid. 
 
 '» Engraved, Description del'Egypte.voI. 
 iii. pi. 18, No. 4 and 5, and Library 
 of Entertaining Knowledge, Egyptiaa 
 .Vntiquities, vol. ii. p. 29. 
 
l22 ROYAL SCRIBES, PRIESTS, ETC. 
 
 the altar is, '■'■from is the king of the tivo loorlds, the sun rejoicing the heart, the son of the 
 
 sun, ever living, beloved of Thoth, son of the second Horus." Down the back is a mutilated 
 inscription (dedication to such a god), " to give an abode provided with oxen, and geese, and all 
 
 other good and pure things divine life hy them, ivith all things manifested in the abode, 
 
 and all things placed on their altars, for the sake of the chief the superintendent of the 
 
 goods (?) of the lord of the upper and lower icorld, Pirishe, whose good name is Re . . . heth-emsh- 
 boish." Round the sides of the pedestal are prayers to the priests for the deceased. 
 
 Fig. 189 is one of the finest statues in the collection. It represents Nahsi, a royal scribe of 
 the reign of Harnesses III., kneeling, and holding before him a small shrine, the top surmounted 
 by a bas-relief, and the interior containing figures of Osiris, Isis, and Horus, the triad of 
 Abydos. The top and sides of this shrine are inscribed with hieroglyphics relative to Horus, 
 as, ''Life! dedicated to Hor, the commander of the two ■worlds, the king of the upper country, 
 the support of his father (Osiris), for the sake of the person encharged ivith the signets (or 
 shrines) of the south and north, the clothes and loorhs in all lands and countries, IVahsi:" and 
 again, "the Hor, taking care of the world with the rule of Osiris, lord of eternity, for the person 
 encharged with the divine tribunals, and the pure abode of the spirits." In the lines at the side 
 the invocation invokes upon him the usual benefits, and, combined with those at the base of the 
 shrine, styles him " the royal scribe, encharged with the care of the silver abodes, all devout and 
 good in offering." The line which divides the centre of the main pedestal contains his names, 
 and that he saith two prayers, of scarcely even mythological interest. 
 
 The subjects in Plate .57 having been described in Plate 38, are here shewn on a larger 
 .scale. The reader is referred to the description, pp. 94 and 95. 
 
 LONDON : — PRINTED I(Y MOVES AND DAIICLAV, CASTLE STIlEEr, LEICESTER SQUARE. 
 

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INDEX TO THE MYTHOLOGY. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 Figs. 
 
 Ainoun-Ra 1,2 
 
 Anioun (abode of) 3 
 
 Amoun-Ra (Hai-saphes) ... 4 
 Athor, or Athyr .... 34-37 
 
 Anoup, or Anubis 76 
 
 Ainenti, or Hades (genii of) 77-80 
 
 Amset 77 
 
 Apis, or Hapi .... 102, 103 
 
 Bubastis, or Paslit .... 20-33 
 Ben 120 
 
 Cynocepbalus 90-93 
 
 Cat 98,99 
 
 Crocodile 132 
 
 Frog 134 
 
 Goose 121 
 
 Hapinioou 45 
 
 Hbos 32 
 
 Hor, Har, or Horus (Triad) 63-68 
 
 Hor-Animon 64 
 
 Har-oeri, Har-siesi, Har-sont-iotf 66 
 
 Har-sont-to 65 
 
 Hape, Api, or Hapi .... 78 
 
 Hare 101 
 
 Hawk 110-115 
 
 Imouth, or Einiophth .... 51 
 
 Isis 49, 57-61 
 
 Isis (as part of a Triad) ... 68 
 
 Jackal 97 
 
 Ibex 107 
 
 Ibis 117 
 
 Khons 7-9 
 
 Kebhsnauf 79 
 
 Knepli Phtha, or Typhon . 80-85 
 
 Lepidotus 136 
 
 INIaut 5. 6 
 
 Plate 
 
 Page 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 19 
 
 21 
 
 43 
 
 22 
 
 45 
 
 22 
 
 46 
 
 26 
 
 52 
 
 8-10 
 
 16 
 
 27 
 
 56 
 
 25 
 
 49 
 
 25 
 
 51 
 
 28 
 
 58 
 
 28 
 
 58 
 
 27 
 
 56 
 
 13 
 
 25 
 
 14 
 
 29 
 
 19, 20 
 
 35 
 
 19 
 
 38 
 
 19 
 
 39 
 
 19 
 
 38 
 
 22 
 
 46 
 
 26 
 
 52 
 
 27 
 
 55 
 
 14 
 
 28 
 
 16 
 
 31 
 
 19 
 
 39 
 
 26 
 
 51 
 
 26 
 
 54 
 
 27 
 
 56 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 22 
 
 47 
 
 23 
 
 47 
 
 28 
 
 59 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 Figs. 
 
 Moui, or Meui 39 
 
 Month Ra 41 
 
 Nouf, or Noum 11 
 
 Neitii 15 
 
 Nofre-Athom 38 
 
 Nephtliys (as part of a Triad) 62, 68 
 Nahab-ka 74, 75 
 
 Osiris-Ioh 53 
 
 Osiris-Ouonophris 54 
 
 Osiris-Pethempamentes .... 55 
 
 Osiris-Tattou 56 
 
 Oxyrynchus 138 
 
 Phtah 13 
 
 Phtah (Phtha Socharis Osiris) 16-19 
 
 Pasht (see Bubastes). 
 
 Pig 109 
 
 Re, or Ra 42-44 
 
 Ram 104, 105 
 
 Sate 12 
 
 Sabak, Savak, or Souchis ... 40 
 
 Selk 50 
 
 Shoup 73 
 
 Soiimautf 79 
 
 Seth 87 
 
 Shrtnv-mouse 100 
 
 Serpent 122-127 
 
 Scarabreus 128-131 
 
 Scorpion 135 
 
 SiUirus 137 
 
 Sphinx 139, 140 
 
 Thoth 46, 47 
 
 Thmei, or ]Mei 48 
 
 Te-oer (Thuoeris) . . . 70-72, 86 
 
 Typlion 80-85 
 
 Toad 133 
 
 Vulture 116 
 
 Plate 
 11 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 18 
 21 
 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 
 28 
 
 6 
 7 
 
 26 
 
 12 
 
 26 
 
 5 
 12 
 14 
 
 21 
 22 
 24 
 26 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 
 14 
 14 
 21 
 23 
 
 28 
 
 Page 
 
 22 
 23 
 
 9 
 12 
 21 
 34 
 43 
 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 31 
 59 
 
 13 
 15 
 
 54 
 
 24 
 53 
 
 11 
 23 
 28 
 42 
 47 
 48 
 52 
 57 
 57 
 59 
 59 
 60 
 
 26 
 28 
 41 
 47 
 
 58 
 
INDEX TO THE HISTORY. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 Figs. 
 
 Amoun-noum-he 146 
 
 AmounopthI.(Amenophis-\ , ,„ ,.. 
 
 Chebron) .... J ' 
 Amounopt III. (Amenophis- "I , -, 
 
 Memnon) J 
 
 Apoph (Apophis Phiops) . . 142 
 
 Har-em-hbai (Horus) . 152, 153 
 
 Mautemwa 150 
 
 Menephtah II. (Menophes) 159, 160 
 
 Nakhtnebf (Nectanebes) . 165, 166 
 
 Psametik II. (Psammetichus) . 167 
 
 Ramos II. (Rameses Armais or"! .r_ 
 
 Armesses) J 
 
 Ramos III. (Raraeses Miamoun) 158 
 
 Sethei-Menephtah I. . . . 154 
 Sethei II. (Sethos) . . 163, 164 
 
 Thotlimes II 145 
 
 Thothmes III. (Mephres) . 147, 149 
 Thothmes IV 148 
 
 Kings, Heads of . . . 161,162 
 Kings, Figures of. . . 168-171 
 
 Plate 
 
 Page 
 
 32 
 
 77 
 
 30 
 
 73 
 
 35 
 
 83 
 
 30 
 
 72 
 
 36 
 
 86 
 
 34 
 
 82 
 
 41,42 
 
 106 
 
 45 
 
 110 
 
 45 
 
 109 
 
 39 
 
 104 
 
 40 
 
 103 
 
 37 
 
 88 
 
 43,44 
 
 108 
 
 31 
 
 76 
 
 33 
 
 80 
 
 34 
 
 81 
 
 42 
 
 107 
 
 46,47 
 
 112 
 
 Figs. 
 Queen 172 
 
 Female of Quality, probably a"l , „ ^ 
 
 Priestess J 
 
 Female of Ordinary Rank . . 173 
 Female of Inferior Class . . . 174 
 
 Rosetta Stone 176 
 
 Tablet of A by dos 141 
 
 Functionaries of an earlyPeriod, 177, 178 
 
 rOnebto, reign of Thotli-"i ,_q 
 Princes:) mes III J 
 
 (Poeri, of Kush ... 180 
 Princes 190-192 
 
 Officers 181, 182 
 
 Priests 184, 185, 188' 
 
 Roei, High-Priest of Amoun . 187 
 
 Royal Scribes 183 
 
 Nahsi 189 
 
 Phtahmai 185 
 
 Plate 
 
 Page 
 
 48 
 
 113 
 
 48 
 
 113 
 
 48 
 
 113 
 
 48 
 
 113 
 
 49 
 
 114 
 
 29 
 
 65 
 
 30 
 
 117 
 
 51 
 
 118 
 
 51 
 
 119 
 
 57 
 
 122 
 
 52 
 
 119 
 
 53 
 
 120 
 
 65 
 
 121 
 
 55 
 
 121 
 
 53 
 
 120 
 
 56 
 
 122 
 
 54 
 
 120 
 
Br «^ 
 
 GETTY RESEARCH INSTITUTE 
 
 3 3125 01000 4279 
 
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