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 HENRY LANDSEER. 
 
 TVTENTV-TU'O PLATES. 
 
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ANATOMICAL 
 
 STUDIES 
 
 BONES AND MUSCLES, 
 
 THE USE OF ARTISTS, 
 
 FROM DRAWINGS BY THE LATE 
 
 JOHN FLAXMAN, ESQ. R.A. 
 
 ENGRAVED 
 
 BY 
 
 HENRY LANDSEER: 
 
 WITH TWO ADDITIONAL PLATES; 
 
 EXPLANATORY NOTES, 
 
 WILLIAM ROBERTSON. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 M. A. NATTALI, 24, TAVISTOCK - STREET, CO VENT - G A RDEN. 
 
 M.DCCC. XXXIII. 
 
TO 
 
 FRANCIS CHANT RE Y, ESQ. R.A. 
 
 ETC. ETC. 
 
 T HIS W O II K 
 
 IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, 
 
 WITH EVERY SENTIMENT OF 
 
 admiration of his talents, 
 
 AND GRATEFUL ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOR 
 
 HIS VALUABLE ADVICE DURING THE PROGRESS OF ITS PUBLICATION, 
 BY HIS MUCH OBLIGED AND OBEDIENT SERVANTS, 
 
 W. ROBERTSON and M. A. NATTALI. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The formality of a Preface to the present Work would have been gladly 
 avoided, but for the apparent expediency of giving some explanation concerning the 
 nature and object of a publication which claims, on specific grounds, the patronage 
 of a large and increasing class of readers and students. 
 
 An intimate knowledge of the human frame in its anatomical structure, is 
 only to be obtained by long and laborious examination, assisted by the use of the 
 knife amid the offensive details of the dissecting-room; or, though of course more 
 superficially, by the study of an extensive series of delineations and descriptions. 
 And, after all, excepting to professional men, the practical or speculative uses of an 
 application so close and protracted, would bear little proportion to the time and 
 pains spent in the prosecution. On the other hand it is essential to every educated 
 man, that he should acquire a general knowledge of the corporeal system, of its 
 springs and movements — the sources of its vitality, and the mechanism of its activity. 
 
 One of the most important and attractive sections of this investigation, will 
 be found clearly and effectually illustrated in the following Plates. They have been 
 carefully copied from the drawings of a man who had made the laws of muscular action 
 his most particular and successful study, and whose skill as a draughtsman enabled 
 him to give the most expressive character of nature to his transcripts from the 
 dissected limb. He compared the collapsed with the working muscle, and while 
 
 b 
 
6 
 
 he drew it in the flaccidity of death, his crayon gave indication of its play and 
 tension in the elasticity of life. 
 
 But while these Plates are recommended to general readers as instructive and 
 ably executed diagrams of the exterior muscles, they are with still higher confidence 
 offered to Students of Art, as the productions of an Artist of the highest order, 
 whose name they have been accustomed to associate with those of Buonaroti and 
 Donatello in days of yore, and with those of Chantrey and Canova in our own 
 time. To announce these exhibitions of muscular mechanism as the studies made by 
 Flaxman for his own use and instruction, is to give them a practical recommendation 
 superior to all critical eulogy. We have here the exemplification of his labours; 
 the secret of his processes; and all that need be urged on the young Student is 
 to follow in the Master’s steps. 
 
 It is believed that these delineations supply an important deficiency in the 
 artist’s educational apparatus. The splendid work of Albinus is not only prohibited 
 by its costliness, but is too extensive in its nature, and too rigid in its execution, 
 to meet the exigencies of the student; he wants, not the developement of a statue, 
 but the expression of living fibre, so far as it may come within the command of 
 the pencil. The folios of Vesalius contain invaluable materials, but the student 
 would find himself bewildered amid their complication and technicality; nor does 
 the selection made by Tortebat adequately meet the requirements of the artist: 
 ascribed to Titian, though in reality from the drawings of Van Kalcker, they are yet 
 far from satisfactory. They err both in excess and in defect; fewer and more 
 expressive details, with superior execution, would have brought them nearer the 
 mark. 
 
 Under these circumstances, the publisher ventures to indulge the hope, that 
 these drawings, with their descriptions, will be found to have supplied an 
 acknowledged and urgent deficiency, and that while they furnish the beginner with 
 suitable instruction, they may serve also as a vade-mecum to the more advanced 
 student. 
 
NAMES OF THE BONES. 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 I 
 
 b 
 
 d 
 
 e 
 
 K 
 
 f 
 
 g 
 
 li 
 
 i 
 
 L 
 
 M 
 
 k 
 
 N 
 
 O 
 
 P 
 
 Q 
 
 R 
 
 S 
 
 T 
 
 U 
 
 V 
 W 
 X 
 1 
 
 Y 
 
 m 
 
 Z 
 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 o 
 
 P 
 
 q 
 
 s 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 t 
 
 u 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 Os frontis. 
 
 Ossa bregmatis. 
 
 Os temporum. 
 
 Os occipitis. 
 
 The mastoid process. 
 
 Osjugale, (os malare,) or cheek-bone. 
 
 The upper jaw. 
 
 The lower jaw. 
 
 Clavicula. 
 
 Scapula. 
 
 Caracoide process of the scapula. 
 
 Acromiun of the scapula. 
 
 Spine of the scapula. 
 
 Base of the scapula. 
 
 Humerus. 
 
 Head of the humerus. 
 
 A sulcus, or furrow, through which passes one of the heads of the biceps. 
 
 Outer protuberance of the humerus, from which arise the muscles that extend the wrist and fingers. 
 Inner protuberance of the humerus, from which arise the muscles that bend the wrist and fingers. 
 Radius. 
 
 Ulna. 
 
 Olecranon. 
 
 Bones of the carpus, or wrist. 
 
 Bones of the metacarpus. 
 
 Bones of the thumb. 
 
 Bones of the fingers. 
 
 Sternum. 
 
 Seven vertebrae of the neck. 
 
 Twelve vertebrae of the back. 
 
 Five vertebrae of the loins. 
 
 The seven true ribs, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6’, 7. 
 
 The five false ribs, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. 
 
 Os sacrum. 
 
 Os coccygis. 
 
 Os ilium. 
 
 Spine of the ilium. 
 
 Os ischium. 
 
 Obtuse process of the ischium. 
 
 Os pubis. 
 
 Femur. 
 
 Head of the femur. 
 
 Great trochanter. 
 
 Lesser trochanter. 
 
 Spine of the femur. 
 
 Inner protuberance of the femur. 
 
 Outer protuberance of the femur. 
 
 Patella. 
 
 Tibia. 
 
 Fibula. 
 
 Lower appendix of the tibia or inner ankle. 
 
 Lower appendix of the fibula or outer ankle. 
 
 Os calcis. 
 
 Tarsus, or instep, composed of six bones, besides the os calcis. 
 
 Bones of the metatarsus. 
 
 Bones of the toes. 
 
NAMES OF THE MUSCLES. 
 
 From the occipital tuberosity; the tendon is expanded over 
 the superior part of the cranium, and is inserted into the 
 teguments of the forehead and eye-brows. 
 
 From the tendon of the occipitis, and is inserted into the 
 upper part of the ear, which is connected with the head. 
 
 To move the skin and raise the eye¬ 
 brows. 
 
 The action of this muscle is scarcely 
 perceivable. 
 
 Surrounds the eye-lids on the edge of the orbit, and is fixed Shuts the eye-lids, 
 to the transverse suture, which crosses the nose from the 
 corner of the eye. 
 
 Zygomaticus. 
 
 From the higher part of the upper jaw, and is inserted into 
 the lower part of the under jaw. 
 
 From the os mala;, near the zygomatic suture, and is inserted 
 into the angle of the mouth and the orbicularis oris. 
 
 By two heads, one from the orbitar process, the other from 
 the nasal process of the superior maxilla, and is inserted 
 into the upper lip, and the outer part of the wing of the 
 
 To raise the jaw and draw it obliquely 
 outwards. 
 
 To raise the corners of the mouth and to 
 draw it outwards. 
 
 To raise the upper-lip and dilate the 
 nostrils. 
 
 Orbicularis oris. 
 
 Depressor labii infe- 
 rioris. 
 
 Levator anguli c 
 
 Depressor anguli oris. 
 
 Sternohyoideus, 
 
 Formed by the insertion of the fibres of other muscles, and To shut the mouth, 
 constitutes the principal part of the lips ; it is inserted 
 into its fellow at the angles of the mouth. 
 
 From the inferior part of the lower jaw, next the chin; runs To depress the under-lip. 
 obliquely upwards, and is inserted into half the edge of 
 the under lip. 
 
 From immediately below the infra orbitar foramen, and is 
 inserted into the corner of the mouth. 
 
 From the under part of the lower jaw, at the side of the 
 chin, and is inserted into the angle of the mouth. 
 
 To raise the corner of the mouth. 
 
 To depress the corner of the mouth. 
 
 From the sternum, the clavicle, and the cartilage of the To depress the os hyoideus. 
 first rib, and is inserted into the base of the os hyoideus. 
 
 By two distinct origins from the sternum and part of the 
 clavicle, and is inserted into the mastoid process. 
 
 From the hinder part of the head, from the spines of the 
 vertebra of the neck and the eight upper ones of the 
 back, and is inserted into the spine and acromiun of the 
 scapula and the clavicle. 
 
 To turn the head to one side and bend 
 it forward. 
 
 To move the clavicle, scapula, head, and 
 neck. This muscle, passing over the 
 scapula, contributes very much to a 
 certain roundness which we see in 
 that part. 
 
14* 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 1.9 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 9 
 
 NAME. 
 
 ORIGIN AND INSERTION. 
 
 USE. 
 
 Spleneus. 
 
 From the three lower vertebra of the neck and the five 
 upper ones of the back, and is inserted above the mastoide 
 process. 
 
 To move the head backwards and side¬ 
 ways. 
 
 Pectoralis. 
 
 From part of the clavicle, from the sternum and from the 
 six upper ribs, and is inserted, by a strong tendon, into 
 the humerus, four fingers’ breadth below its head. 
 
 Moves the arm forwards and upwards 
 towards the sternum. 
 
 Deltoides. 
 
 From the outer part of the clavicle, from the spine and 
 acromiun of the scapula. It is composed of several 
 lobes or parcels of flesh, which all join in one tendon, 
 and are inserted into the outside of the humerus, four 
 fingers’ breadth below its head. 
 
 To raise the arm and assist it in every 
 motion, except that of depressing it. 
 
 Biceps. 
 
 By two heads, one of which arises from the upper edge of 
 the scapula; they both unite about the middle of the 
 arm and make one belly, which is inserted, by a strong 
 round tendon, into the tuberosity, at the upper end of 
 the radius. 
 
 To bend the fore-arm. 
 
 Brachiaeus interims. 
 (This is partly co¬ 
 vered by the 
 biceps, and is 
 marked with two 
 
 figures, to prevent 
 its being taken for 
 two muscles.) 
 
 From the middle and internal part of the humerus, on each 
 side of the deltoides, and is inserted into the upper and 
 fore part of the ulna. 
 
 To bend the fore-arm. 
 
 Gemellus, or triceps 
 brachialis. 
 
 Is composed of the brachiteus externus, which arises about 
 the middle and hinder part of the humerus; the musculus 
 longus, which arises from the lower side of the scapula; 
 and the musculus brevis, which arises from the hinder 
 part of the humerus. These three make one tendon, 
 which covers the elbow, and is inserted into the hinder 
 part of the olecranon. 
 
 To extend the fore-arm. 
 
 Anconams. 
 
 From the back part of the outer protuberance of the hume¬ 
 rus, and is inserted into the ulna, four fingers’ breadth 
 below its head. 
 
 Helps to extend the arm. 
 
 Pronator teres. 
 
 From the inner protuberance of the humerus, where those 
 bending the wrist and fingers arise, and descends obliquely 
 to its insertion, a little above the middle of the radius. 
 
 To roll the radius together, with the hand 
 inwards. 
 
 Supinator radii lon- 
 gus. 
 
 From the ridge of the humerus above the outer protuberance, 
 and is inserted into the lower part of the radius. 
 
 Rolls the radius outwards, and, conse¬ 
 quently, the palm of the hand upwards. 
 
 Extensor carpi ra- 
 dialis brevis. 
 
 From the outer protuberance of the humerus into the root 
 of the metacarpal bone of the little finger. 
 
 
 
 Extensor carpi ra- 
 dialis longus. 
 
 From the outer protuberance of the humerus, and is inserted 
 into the bones of the metacarpus that sustain the fore and 
 middle fingers. 
 
 
 '-To extend the wrist and hand. 
 
, 'isi_ "Vil 
 
 To extend the wrist and hand. 
 
 Perforatus and per- 
 forans is the mass 
 of flesh that ap¬ 
 pears under the 
 flexor carpi radi- 
 alis and palmaris. 
 
 Infra spinatus. 
 
 35 Coraco brachialis. 
 
 From the inner protuberance of the humerus and ulna, 
 and is inserted into the little bone of the wrist. 
 
 From the inner protuberance of the humerus, upper and 
 fore part of the ulna, and is inserted into the first bone 
 of the metacarpus that sustains the fore finger. 
 
 From the inner protuberance of the humerus, and passing 
 by a slender tendon to the palm of the hand, expands 
 itself, and is inserted into the bones of the metacarpus 
 and into the first bones of the fingers. 
 
 The perforatus arises from the inner protuberance of the 
 humerus and from the radius, and coronoid process of the 
 ulna, and is divided into four tendons, which are inserted 
 into the second bones of the fore finger. Just above their 
 insertion they are perforated or split, to give a passage to 
 the tendons of the perforans, which arises from the upper 
 part of the ulna, and is likewise divided into four tendons, 
 which pass through the perforations just mentioned, and 
 are inserted into the third bones of the fore fingers. 
 
 From the cavity below the spine of the scapula, and filling 
 that cavity, is inserted into the humerus a little below its 
 head. 
 
 From the inferior costa of the scapula adhering to the 
 capsular ligament, and is inserted into the outside of the 
 external tubercle of the humerus below the infra 
 spinatus. 
 
 From the lower angle of the scapula, and is inserted into 
 the humerus with the latissimus dorsi. 
 
 From the coracoid process of the scapula, and is inserted 
 into about the middle of the humerus at its inner side. 
 
 -Bends the wrist and hand. 
 
 Helps the hand to grasp any thing 
 closely. 
 
 To bend the fingers. 
 
 N.B. The muscles of the fore arm are 
 never so strongly marked as when the 
 hand is shut, or grasps something with 
 all its strength, because then the internal 
 muscles acting, the external ones ar 
 swelled more than ordinary. 
 
 Draws the arm downwards and back¬ 
 wards. 
 
 To roll the humerus outwards and to 
 draw it backwards. 
 
 Helps to draw the arm downwards and 
 backwards. 
 
 To raise the arm upwards and forwards. 
 
11 
 
 ORIGIN AND INSERTION. 
 
 Obliquus 
 
 dens. 
 
 descen- 
 
 Serratus major an- 
 ticus. 
 
 Latissimus dorsi. 
 
 Longissimus dorsi. 
 
 Sacro lumbalis. 
 
 Gluteus medius. 
 
 Gluteus major. 
 
 Membranosus, 
 
 Fascialis. 
 
 From the sternum and the two last true ribs, and is inserted 
 into the os pubis. 
 
 From the two last true and the five false ribs, by five or 
 six digitations, the four uppermost of which lie between 
 the teeth of the serratus major anticus, it descends 
 obliquely by a broad and very thin tendon, and passing 
 under the rectus is inserted all along the linea alba to 
 the upper and fore part of the spine of the ilium, and to 
 the fore part of the os pubis. 
 
 From the six lower true ribs and from the first and some¬ 
 times the second of the false ones by so many distinct 
 portions, resembling the teeth of a saw, and is inserted 
 into the base of the scapula. 
 
 From the hinder part of the spine of the ilium, from the 
 upper spine of the os sacrum, from the spines of all the 
 vertebras of the loins, and from the seven lower ones of 
 the back, it passes by the lower angle of the scapula to 
 which some of its fibres are fixed, and joining with the 
 teres major is inserted with it into the humerus, three 
 fingers’ breadth below its head. 
 
 From the upper part of the os sacrum and back part of the 
 spine of the ilium, and is inserted partly into the processes 
 of the vertebras of the back and partly into the ribs. 
 
 From the same origin as the last muscle, and is inserted 
 into the back part of the ribs near their root. 
 
 From the spine and dorsum of the ilium, and is inserted 
 into the back part of the trochanter major. 
 
 From the external surface of the ilium and ischium, from 
 the os coccygis and os sacrum, and is inserted into the 
 thigli bone a hand’s breadth below the great trochanter. 
 
 From the upper and fore part of the spine of the ilium, its 
 fleshy part terminates at the great trochanter, where its 
 membranous part begins, and spreading itself over the 
 muscles of the thigh passes to its insertion on the upper 
 part of the tibia. 
 
 USE. 
 
 Raises the body when we lie on the 
 back, and sustains it when it is bent 
 backwards; it has three or four nervous 
 or tendinous intersections or bands 
 which divide it, and make it appear 
 like several muscles : the third of these 
 bands is not in every body exactly in 
 the same place, it being sometimes 
 even with the navel, and sometimes 
 higher, and sometimes there is one of 
 those bands below the navel. 
 
 Assists in expiration, and occasionally in 
 discharging the stomach and belly of 
 its contents. 
 
 Moves the scapula forwards, and when 
 the scapula is forcibly raised to draw 
 upwards the ribs. 
 
 Helps to draw the arm downwards and 
 obliquely backwards. 
 
 This muscle at its insertion is so thin that, 
 it does not hinder your seeing the 
 action of the muscles that are under¬ 
 neath it, but towards its insertion it 
 becomes very thick and fleshy. 
 
 f These muscles keep the body erect, bend 
 it backwards, and sustain it when it 
 is bent forwards, and when they act 
 only on one side they draw the body 
 ■ sideways. 
 
 Although these two last and the spleneus 
 are entirely covered by the trapezius 
 and the latissimus dorsi, their action 
 L and shape appear very plainly. 
 
 To pull the thigh outwards, a little back¬ 
 wards, and rotate it inwards. 
 
 To extend and rotate the thigh inwards. 
 
 Draws the leg and thigh outwards. 
 
 D 
 
Helps to bend the leg, and is likewise 
 employed in turning the leg and foot 
 outwards when we sit down. 
 
 N.B. This muscle forms the outer ham¬ 
 string. 
 
 From the upper and fore part of the spine of the ilium 
 and descending obliquely over the thigh, is inserted into 
 the inner and upper part of the tibia. 
 
 From the os pubis near its articulation, and is inserted into 
 the upper and inner part of the tibia. 
 
 Is named from having three heads, the first and second 
 arise from near the articulation of the os pubis, and the 
 third from the tubercle of the ischium; they are inserted 
 all along the spine of the femur. 
 
 From the upper and outer part of the tibia, and is inserted 
 into the inner os cuneiforme, and the base of the 
 metatarsal bone of the great toe. 
 
 From the upper part of the tibia, and is inserted by four 
 tendons into the bones of the four small toes. 
 
 From the outer and upper part of the fibula and passing 
 under the channel of the outer ancle, and is inserted into 
 the outer bone of the metatarsus. 
 
 From the back and upper part of the tibia and fibula, and 
 is inserted into the os scaplioides, and partly into thj 
 under surface of the tarsal bones. 
 
 Extends the leg. 
 
 When a figure stands upright and rests 
 on one leg, there appears above the 
 knee certain swellings, which are made 
 by the tendon of these three muscles 
 and the skin, which disappear when 
 the knee is bent. 
 
 Crosses the legs in the manner tailors 
 are used to sit, whence it has its 
 name. 
 
 Helps to bend the leg and assists in 
 bringing it and the thigh inwards. 
 
 Pulls the thigh inwards. 
 
 To bend the foot. 
 
 Extends the toes. 
 
 To move the foot outwards. 
 
 To move the foot inwards and to turn the 
 toes inwards. 
 
1 , 
 
 
 
 •* 
 
 
 NAME. 
 
 ORIGIN AND INSERTION. 
 
 USE. 
 
 58 
 
 Flexor longus pollicis. 
 
 From the back part of the fibula below its head into the 
 last joint of the great toe. 
 
 To bend the great toe. 
 
 59 
 
 Flexor longus digi- 
 
 torum. 
 
 From the upper and inner part of the tibia, and is inserted 
 into the last bones of all the toes except the great toe. 
 
 To bend the toes. 
 
 60 
 
 Gasterocnemius. 
 
 Has two distinct fleshy originations from the hindermost 
 part of the two protuberances of the thigh bone; in their 
 descent they are dilated into two fleshy bellies, the 
 innermost of which is thickest and largest, and joining 
 together make a broad strong tendon, which unites with 
 the tendon of the sokeus and is inserted with it. 
 
 Extends the foot. 
 
 61 
 
 Solteus. 
 
 From the upper and back part of the tibia and fibula, and 
 increases to a large fleshy belly, which lies under the 
 gasterocnemius, and terminating in a very strong tendon, 
 which by some is called the tendon of Achilles, is inserted 
 into the hinder part of the os calcis. 
 
 Extends the foot. The action of these 
 two last muscles is very necessary in 
 running, leaping, jumping, walking, 
 and standing on tiptoe, and those who 
 walk much or carry heavy burdens 
 have these muscles larger than others. 
 
 N.B.—Those Muscles marked with a Star lie underneath, 
 
 but their action and shape appear very plainly. 
 
 LONDON- 
 
 1ARCRAKT, PRINTER, INC 
 

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