JOURNAL OF The Academy of Natural Sciences PHILADELPHIA. SECOND SERIES, VOLUME XIII. PART 4. PHILADELPHIA: THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. P. C. STOCKHAUSEN. PPINTCR, PHILADELPHIA. 1908. PUBLICATION COMMITTEE. Henry Skinner, M. D. Philip P. Cal\ Henry A. Pilsbry, Sc. D. Witmer Stone Edward J. Nolan, M. I). The President, Samuel G. Dixon, M. D., ex-officio. Editor, Edward J. Nolan, M. D. t y WRITINGS ON ARCHAEOLOGY. By Clarence B. Moore. (Jertain Shell Heaps of the St. Johns River, Florida, hitherto unexplored. The 'American Naturalist, Nov., 1892, to Jany., 1894, inclusive. Five j)apers with illustrations in text, and maps. Certain Sand Mounds of the St. Johns River, Florida, Parts I and 11. Journal of the AYcademy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, 1894. Vol. X. (Quarto, 130 and 123 pages. Frontispieces, maps, plates, illustrations in the text. Certain Sand Mounds of Duval County, Florida; Two Mounds on Murphy Island, Florida; Certain Sand Mounds of the Ocklawaha River, Florida. Journ. A-Vcad. Nat. Sci. of Phila., 1895. Vol. X. Quarto, 108 pages. Frontispiece, maps, plates, illustrations in text. Additional Mounds of Duval and of Clay Counties, Florida; Mound Investigation on the East Coast of Florida; Certain Florida Coast Mounds north of the St. Johns River. Privately printed, Philadelphia, 189C. Quarto, 30 pages. Map, plates, illustrations in text. (’ertain Aboriginal Mounds of the Georgia Coast. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phila., 1897. Vol. XI. (Quarto, 144 pages. Frontispiece, map, plates, illustra- tions in text. Certain Aboriginal Mounds of the Coast of South Carolina ; Certain A\boriginal Mounds of the Savannah River; Certain Aboriginal Mounds of the Altaniaha River; Recent AYcquisitions ; a\ Cache of Pendent Ornaments. Journ. Acad, Nat. Sci. of Phila., 1898. Vol. ‘XL (Quarto, 48 pages. Frontisi)iece, maps, illustrations in text. Certain Aboriginal Remains of the Alabama River. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phila., 1899. V^ol. XI. (Juarto, 02 pages. AMap, illustrations in text. Certain A'\.nti(iuities of the Florida West-Coast. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phila., 1900. Vol. XI. Quarto, 46 pages. Maps, illustrations in text. Certain Aboriginal Remains of the Northwest Florida Coast, Part 1; Certain A\l)original Remains of the Tombigbee River. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phila., 1901. Vol. XI. (Quarto, 100 pages. Maps, illustrations in text. Certain Aboriginal Remains of the Northwest Florida Coast, Part II. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phila., 1902. Vol. XII. Quarto, 235 pages. Maps, illustrations in text. Certain Aboriginal Mounds of the Central Florida West-Coast; Certain Aboriginal AMounds of the AYpalachicola River. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phila., 1903. Vol. XII. (Juarto, 130 pages. ,Maps, illustrations in text. Sheet-copper from the Mounds is not Necessarily of European Origin. A-Vinerican Anthropologist. Jan.-March, 1903. Plates in text. The So-cper beads, found in but a single instance, cannot be regarded as more than an indication ; and as all other sites of importance investigated by ns on the Arkansas river were, as we have said, distinctly post-Columbian, the (piestion of contact between Europeans and the makers of the cemetery at Greer must be considered an open one. In the way of artifacts, but little save earthenware lay with the dead in the graves along the lower Arkansas, the aboriginal mourners, seemingly, having- considered their duty fully performed by depositing pottery alone. \'essels were not always present with the dead, though in the great majority of cases they were so found, sometimes singly, often in pairs (usually a bottle and a bowl); occasionally in greater number, ten in one instance having been found with a single burial. The smallest vessels usually accompanied the remains of children. * In anotlier translation of Mareads of glass or of enamel ” by Littre; and practically the same definition is given by the Dictionary of the French Academy. Nouveau Larousse lUudre gives rassade as meaning glassware for trading purposes. Nevertheless it is just possible that Marquette, though lately from Canada where glass beads on Indians must have been a familiar sight, may have used the word rassade in describing beads of shell or the pierced pearls often worn by aborigines. The Arkansas and the White rivers are today famous for their yield of pearls. As attested by the United States Army ^Medical .Museum where the bones now are. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIRPI. 483 As a rule, vessels lav near the skulls; and even in bunched burials, the vicin- ity of a skull was often selected as the i)lace of deposit. This rule, however, had many exceptions, and in some sites vessels were found at almost every part of the skeleton, as may be seen in the detailed accounts of our investigation, which are to follow. As we have already said, practically all the cemeteries investigated by us on the lower Arkansas river extended into the post-Colnmbian period, a fact, however, which had little to do with the earthenware of the cemeteries, as hns been well expressed b\’ Professor Holmes. “ There is but little (evidence of the iuHuence of the art of the whites,” he says,* “ upon the ceramic products of this province, although the forms are some- times thought to be suggestive of European models. It is certain, however, that the art had reached its highest stage without the aid of civilized hands, and in the study of its many interesting features we can feel assured that we are dealing with purely aboriginal types.” The earthenware of the lower Arkansas river, in common with that of all the middle Mississip[)i region, was not “killed” by l)reaking a hole in the base or by making one there prior to the firing of the clay; nor was it broken ceremonially before i n hum ation . The ware, shell-tempered, is not, in our oi)inion, e([ual to the best we have found elsewhere (notably at Mound ville, Ala., and along the northwestern Florida coast), being less thin, less evenly fired, and often having the tempering material irregularly distributed, as if by imperfect kneading of the clay. The dark ware with a highly polished coating, which sometimes is found in Mississippi and in Alabama, is scarcely met with along the lower Arkansas. However, althongh the ware as a whole is, as we have said, inferior to that sometimes found elsewhere, we nevertheless encountered in our investigation a number of well-tempered, well-fired, and carefully-wrought vessels, which among others, will be particularly described and figured later in this report. In form, the pot, the bowl, and the bottle greatly predominate, the long- necked bottles, or carafes, being comparatively numerous. We find also the life- form, sometimes in combination with the bottle; and we meet with eccentric forms, occasionally. An interesting type along the Arkansas river is the “teapot” form of vessel, which has a more-or-less globular body ; a circular opening on top, surrounded by a low neck; and a spout and small knob on opposite sides' of the body. ‘ \V. II. Holmes, “ Ancient Pottery of the Missi-ssippi Valley,” Fourth Ann. Rep. Bur. Am. Ethnol., p. 371 . In addition to the above-named work we would call attention, in connection with the pottery of the lower Arkansas river, to “ Pottery of the .Middle ^Mississippi Valley,” in W. II. Holmes’ “Aborig- inal Pottery of Eastern United States,” Twentieth Ann. Rep. Bur. Am. Ethnol.; also “Pottery from .\rkan.sas,” by the same author, in Third Ann. Rep. Bur. Am. Ethnol.; Gates P. Thruston, “Antiqui- ties of Tenne.ssee”; Dr. Edward Evens, “ Archajology of Missouri, Part I, The Ancient Pottery of Southeastern Missouri”; Charles C. Willoughby, “An Analysis of the Decorations upon Pottery from the Mississippi Valley,” Journal of American Folk-Lore, Vol. X, 1897. ^ Two vessels of this form are figured by Holmes as coming from near the Menard mound, Arkan- sas river. Third Ann. Rep. Bur. Am. Ethnol., p. 482. 484 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. “ Tlie origin of tliis form of vessel,” says Professor Holmes,^ “is suggested by a flue red piece from ‘Mississippi,’ now in tlie National Collection. The knob is the head of a turtle or other full-bodied re[)tile, and the spout takes the place of the creature’s tail. Many of the animal-shaped vases would resemble this form closely if an opening were made through the toj)of the body and through the tail.” This animal-form “teapot” referred to by Professor Holmes, is figured l)y him in a later work.^ We found on the lower Arkansas twentj'-eight of this “teapot” form of ves- sel, ranging in size between the mere toy hut 1.9 inches in height, and the capacious vessel 7.6 inches high; some of dark ware; some of yellow ware liaving a solid coating of red; others of 3 *ellow ware decorated with red and white; and in two instances with red, white and black. There were also two life-forms with s|)onts. The more noteworthy of these “teapot” vessels will be described in their proper places. We believe this novel “ teapot” type, so far as tlie United States^ is concerned, to be peculiar to eastern Arkansas and nearby regions.^ As we went westward on the river, the ty[)e was less often met with, only one being found in the cemetery at Creer. We have seen a few said to have come from near the city of Little Rock. In photographs of two large collections of pottery from Arkansas, west of Little Rock, the “teapot” form appears but once. A large percentage of tlie pottery of the Lower Arkansas is undecorated.® When decoration is present it consists of the use of pigment, or of designs con- ferred by a pointed implement, sharp or blunt. In the case of .some ves.sels found in one site, incised decoration with red pigment rubbed into the lines was encoun- tered. The pigments employed, as Professor Holmes® points out, were generally clays, white or tinted with iron oxide. Dr. II. F. Keller has made lor us eight determin- ations and analyses of coloring matter on vessels from the lower Arkansas and of various masses of white and of red material which we found with skeletons, some- times carel’ully stored in vessels. The red pigment is oxide of iron ; the white pigment is clay. One of the masses of red material “is very intense in color and contains more than sixty per cent, of ferric oxide, the remainder being silica and alumina. This material is undoubtedly red ocher.” * Fourth Ann. Rep. Bnr. Am. Ethnol., p. 40.3. ^Twentieth .Viin. Rep. Bnr. .\m. Ethnol., Plate XL, h. ’('omi)are ves.sels with spoil ts, from Panneo ^'alle_v, Mexico. Jesse Walter Fewkes, “(Jertain Antiipiities of Eastern Mexico.” Twenty-fifth Ann. Rep. Bnr. Am. Ethnol., Plate ('XX VI I, a, h. A1.SO compare ve.ssels, with single and double spouts, from Central America. Catalogue of Col- lection of .Seiior Arango, Medellin, (jolomhia. ‘Holmes de.scrihes one as coming from “ Mississippi.” I'onrth Ann. Rep. Bur. Am. Ethnol., p. 403. See also two “ teapot” vessels from Coahoma County, Miss., which county borders the Mi.«sissippi river. Charles Peabody, “ Exploration of Mounds, Coahoma County, Mississipiii,” Peabodv Museum Paper.<, Vol. Ill, Xo. 2. Plate XIV. * Undecorated vessels, commonplace in shape and so poorly fired that after their long dejiosit in water-soaked ground, they were hardly more than paste, were sometimes the jirincipal yield from a day’s work. ® Twentieth Ann. Rep. Bur. Am. Ethnol., p. 86. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 485 Another mass of red contained a moderate percentage of ferric oxide with ((uartz and clay, forming a light red. Doubtless admixture of white clay with the red o.vide formed the various shades of cream and of pink used in decorating the pottery. The white masses from the several localities are almost pure kaolin and doubt- less are the same as the white material used on the vessels. The Tarahumare Indians of Mexico use a white earth in the decoration of pottery/ and Pueblo Indians of southwestern United States used kaolin on their ware.^ The black coloring matter occasionally found on the vessels of the lower Arkansas, seems to l)e hardlj' more than a stain, and does not lie on the vessels in a coating as do the ferric oxide and the clay. have not been able to obtain enough of this material to make an analysis. The painted decoration, which is almost invariably on yellow or yellow-red ware, oilers hut little variety. In a majority of cases we find a .solid coating of red, sometimes rich in shade and carefully polished. When designs are attempted, there is great rej)etition. Of the fifteen bottles found by us on the Arkansas river, decorated in red and white, hut four have designs other than almost e.xactly similar partly-interlocked scrolls; and two of these four have scroll-decoration nearly related to that of the majority of the bottles. The contrast between the monotony of design on the painted vessels of this region and the great variety on those of southwestern United States is marked indeed. In the case of at least .some of the bottles from the lower Arkansas, with dec- oration of white and of red pigment, it .seems as if first of all a slip, or coating, of red had been placed over the entire bottle, and that the white of the painted design had been laid on top of the red. In jdaces, also, to deline the design, the red has been scraped away, leaving the yellow of the ware in which, however, traces of the red slip still remain. The decoration on the dark ware of the lower Arkansas has been conferred, as a rule, by means of a method explained by Profes.sor Holmes, that is. In’ trail- ing a broad point along the clay before firing. The incised design, properly speaking, is rarely found and is seldom other than of inferior execution, while engraved decoration, made with a line point, is more unusual still. Several excellent examples of these forms were met with by ns, however. Of the trailed decoration we can say, as we have said of the jiainted designs, that there is great repetition. Some idea of the extent to which this repetition was carried may be gathered from the fact that in one cemetery on the Arkansas we found thirty-two bottles and bowls, all bearing very closely related scroll-designs formed by combinations of trailed, broad lines. ' Carl Luinlioltz, “ Unknown ^Mexico,” Vol. I, p. 243. MValter Hough, “ Archaeological Field Work in Northeastern Arizona.” Smithsonian Report, 1901, p. 315. 48G CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. As most of the ware found by us was broken when discovered, or received injury from the spades of the diggers, it has been necessary to cement the parts together and occasionally to make slight restorations. In this hitter event, how- ever, care ' has been taken to introduce nothing not thoroughly justified by the remainder of the vessel, and to use for restoration a material slightly differing in shade from the color of the ware, that the modern work may not be confused with that of the aboriginal potter. All reductions in size of vessels, and of all other olijects, figured in this report, are linear; measurements are appro.ximate. Decoration sliovn in diagram is as exact as to size as is possible in the case of a curved design represented on a flat surface. Thanks are tendered to Dr. M. G. Miller, who has accompanied us on all our archaeological expeditions, in charge of the anatomical portion of the work ; to Mr. F. W. Hodge for literary revision of this report; and to Mr. Arthur W. Clime, who lent us eflicient aid as assistant throughout the season of 1907-08. We shall now describe our work on the lower Arkansas river, omitting many places where our ([uest was unsuccessful, and detailing only such as yielded tangible results. MOUNDS AND SITES INVESTIGATED. Near Menard Mound, Arkansas County. Near Sawyer’s Landing, Arkansas County. Near Old River Landing, Arkansas County. Mound near Goldman Field, Jeffer.son County. Mound near Douglas, Lincoln County. Cemeteiy near Greer, Jefferson County. Near Mexakd Mound, Arkansas Countv. The Menard monmU is about one mile WNW. from Menard Landing on the Arkansas river, and six miles, approximately, in an ESE. direction from Arkansas Post. The mound is on property of Mr. J. Menard, who lives within fifty yards of its base, and who owns much land in the neighborhood, all which was placed at our disposal in the most cordial manner, as was much adjacent property lielonging to Messrs. C. W. Wallace, A. L. Plant, and N. R. Menard — Mr. Wallace even allowing us to work for days in ground which had recently been plowed. The high ground on which the mound is built, and much adjacent land, is not subject to overflow, to which so much of this region is exposed, and hence must have been the seat of a considerable aboriginal j)opulation, as it is about the first high land encountered in ascending the river. ' In relation to the Menard mound, see: \V. H. Holmes, “Pottery from Arkansas,” Third .\nn. Rep. Bnr. Am. Ethnol., p. 476, et seq. ; and, Cyrus Thomas, “ Mound E.xplorations,” Twelfth Ann. Rep. Bur. Am. Ethnol., p. 229 et seq. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 487 Tlie mound, a truncated cone, imposing in apj)earance, is 34.5 feet in height, measured from tlie north, where the surrounding territory is somewhat high; meas- ured from the northwest, where there is a depression, the height of the mound is from 3 to 4 feet greater. Tlie basal diameter of the mound is 167 feet; the diameter of the summit plateau is 28 feet. On the southwest is a causeway of consideralile size. It is not in the mound, however, though some digging has deen done into it in the past, that the burials and accompanying artifacts, which have made the place famous, have been found, but in small rises of the ground in the adjacent land — dwelling-sites — and even in perfectly level ground. In all directions on the surrounding territory lie bits of pottery and fragments of human bones; in the helds ; in the gardens ; by the roadside ; everywhere', in fact ; and there is no inhabitant of the neighliorhood but has exact details to give, based on personal experience, of the finding of quantities of alioriginal potter}’. Unfortunately for late comers, like ourselves, the constant wash of rain over soil loosened by cultivation had laid bare a majority of the burials, or so removed the soil above them that the plow had wrought sad havoc among bones and pottery ; while desultory digging also had levied a considerable toll. In consequence, only gleanings remained for ns from a former abundant harvest. Our work near the Menard mound, with from eleven to thirteen men to dig, lasted twelve working days and began in the neighborhood of the Menard home, where the curious spectacle was presented of the unearthing l>y us of a number of burials, with accompanying vessels of earthenware, in Mr. Menard’s “front yard,” between his veranda and the garden fence. Our investigatioris continued over the Menard orchard and fields ; were carried on for a number of days in the dwelling-sites of Mr. Wallace’s fields and woods, situated in a northeasterly direction from the mound ; were extended to the field of Mr. Plant, somewhat farther in the same direction, and to the woods of Mr. N. Menard. Our work in all the woods, however, was without success, so far as the dis- covery of pottery is concerned, though small mounds and rises of the ground are present in them in abundance. One hundred and sixty burials were met with during our work near the Menard mound. The bones varied somewhat as to condition, some being badly decayed, while in other cases lomr-bones were recovered entire. Some of the bones showed the effects of inflammatory conditions ; one instance of anchylosis of the radio-ulnar articulation was found ; and also a reunited frac- ture of a radius and an ulna. The two latter specimens were sent to the United States Army Medical Museum, Washington, D. (J. Certain crania from this place were preserved, and in common with all crania found by us along the Arkansas river, are de.scribed by Dr. Hrdlicka in a report which, as we have said, forms the concluding portion of this part of our report. 488 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. Many fragments of crania, of consiileralde size, were found, some showing marks of post-natal compression and some evidently being parts of normal skulls. No fixed orientation as to the head was noted in the burials found, skeletons having been interred with the sknlls pointing in all directions. The forms of burial were as follows : Full length on back, 31.^ Closely flexed, lying on the right side, 5. Closely Hexed, lying on the left side, 4. Closely flexed, face down, 1. Partly Hexed, lying on the right side, IT. Partly Hexed, lying on the left side, 5. On back, the limbs widely separated, 1. Full length on back, feet crossed, 1. Trunk on back, knees slightly flexed to the right, 1. Bunched burials, 39.^ Bunches or aboriginal disturbances, 2. Disturbances, modern and aboriginal, 18. Layers of bones, 2. Children, bones often too decayed for determination of position, 23. Badly decayed adult bones, 2. Incompletely described in field-notes, 6. Particularly described, 2. The two burials to be particularly described are as follows ; Burial No. 12 was the skeleton of an adolescent, fifteen inches down, head NW., trunk on the back, the lower extremities turned to the left and slightly Hexed, the legs being drawn tightly against the thighs. Burial No. 108, fourteen inches below the surface, was a skeleton of an ailult, Avith parts detached, yet not exactly a bunch. We shall noAV de.scribe in detail certain burials Avhich arc included in the fore- going list, to introduce the association of artifacts. All individual skeletons not otherwise defined Avere those of adults. Burial No. 9, sixteen inches down, consisted of a bunch of children’s bones, including three skulls. Near one skull Avere nine fresh-Avater, univah'e shells, kindly identified by Dr. II. A. Pilsbry as Mvipanis subpiirpnrciis, the upper por- tions cut off to alloAv the use of the shells as beads. Burial No. 10, eighteen inches deep (all depths are taken to the upper surface of the burials), consisted of a mass of bones in a grave distinctly traceable from the surface down. These bones, an ideal exam[)le of the bunched form of burial (Fig. 1), lay in a symmetrical pile, the long-bones j)arallel, the smaller bones stoAved aAvay here and there betAveen them. > Two children lying side by side in one grave are included as a single burial. *()ne consisting of bones of three children. Some bunches had two, three, four, five, and two had seven skulls each. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 489 At one end of the ]>ile were three skulls ; two of these, one of an adult, and one of a child, lay side hy side on the base of the grave with the skull of a child upon them. Immediately behind these skulls, in among the long-hones, was the skull of another child. This bunched burial lay ENE. and WSW., the skulls being at the eastern end. The dimensions of the pile, which apparently included a full complement of bones for four skeletoms, were; length, 29 inches; breadth, 15 inches; height, 7 inches. Fig. 1. — Burial Xo. 10, a bunched burial. Xear Menard Mound. Near the hunch lay an undecorated bowl of earthenware. The adult skull from this burial, showing cranial compression, is one of those sent by us to the National Museum. Burial No. 13 was a great layer of mingled bones representing a number of skeletons and covering a considerable are.a. With this burial were the bases of several bowls or bottles, the upper parts of which had been plowed away, and a 62 JOURX. A. X. s. PHILA., VOL. XIII. 490 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. number of bone pins, some with carved heads, lying parallel one to another in a heap (Fig. 2). Burial No. 46, a skeleton lying partly lie.xed on the right side, had, near the skull, a water-bottle and a vessel of a conventionalized shell-form, this latter vessel lying inverted over a mass of kaolin — white clay used by the aborigines for paint. Glass beads were near the skull. Burial No. 48, closely Hexed on the right side, had, at the skull, a l>ottle and two inverted bowls, in one of which latter was a musselshell. At the chin of the skull were four pebbles, one pebl)le-hanimer, and a mass of kaolin. Burial No. 69, two feet down, was a bunched burial, very symmetrically arranged, the long-bones parallel, smaller bones stowed in between, the presence of fifteen humeri showing that the remains of at least eight individuals were repre- sented in the burial. Though a number of lower jaws were present, only a single fragment of any other cranial part was found. Burial No. 73 was the remains of a skeleton of a child, with an undeco- rated bowl and Vessel No. lt)3, a line, polished efiigy bottle of black ware (Fig. 16), representing a seated child with chubby legs extended, no doubt the property of the child when alive. Burial No. 78, an interesting bunched burial, similar to several found by us near the Menard mound, consisted of a little pit with a lot of long-bones care- fully put in perpendicularly, and surmounted by a skull. Near the skull were two vessels, one on its side and in contact with the bones. Burial No. 160, partly Hexed on the right side, had shell beads at the neck; a water-bottle near the skull ; and near the bottle a mass of red pigment, to which allusion has already been made, and which Dr. II. F. Keller lias determined to be a mixture of clay and oxide of iron, with a not very high percentage of the latter. Tliere were found near the Menard mound, glass beads with four burials; brass beads or small ornaments of lirass, with live burials; and copper beads with one burial. In one instance, a small mass of iron, badly rusted, lay with brass; and once small ornaments were so badly decayed that it was impossible to determine whether they were of brass or of copper. Under the skull of a skeleton lay a small stone hatchet, and several hatchets (one of hornstone having an extremely sharp cutting edge) were 1‘ound apart I'rom human remains in the midden debris where most of the burials were. A grace- fully-made hatchet of fair size, from the Wallace field, was given by us to Mr. Wallace, without determining the stone of which it is made. Small (piantitics of shell beads lay with several burials. With a burial was a tooth kindly identified by Brof. F. A. Uucas as the right upper incisor of a beaver. We are also indebted to Professor Lucas for identifica- tion of other material from dwelling-sites in the neighborhood of the Menard mound, as follows: a single canine tooth and the lower jaw of a black Ijear; part of the Fig. 2. — Bone pins with Burial Xo. 13. Near Menard Mound. (Full size.) 492 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. skull of a Virginia deer, which had been very neatly opened to extract the brains” ; “parts of the right hnmerns and right radius of a bull bniralo, both from tlie same animal.” There'were many bison bones in the Wallace field, some of considerable size. Apart from burials were found : an awl of bone ; tines of deer antlers, neatly sev- ered from the horn by a cutting tool ; a tubular bead of earthenware, 1.5 inches long, .5 inch thick; several pottery discs; several stone discs, none more than 3 inches in diameter; a large pebl)le worked into the form of a barrel, with a neatly drilled hole at one end, .6 of an inch in diameter and somewlnit more than .5 of an inch in depth, with a considerable core remaining at the base ; numerous rude arrowheads and knives, of chert; small cutting implements of the same material; and a num- ber of chisels, each several inches in length, wrought from pebbles and having the original surface of the pebble still remaining in part. A flat pebble about one inch in diameter was picked up on the surface ; another pebble having a length of about two inches was found with the skeleton of a child. Both are shown in Fig. 3. In the Wallace field was found a fragment of a conglomerate rock of high specific gravity, polished on both sides. Judging by the curvature of its inner and outer surfaces, it is evidently part of a large vessel. We know the aborigines who inhab- ited the vicinity of the Menard mound were carvers of stone of no mean ability, as it was on the farm of Mr. AV. N. Al- mond, about two miles from the mound, that Mr. Almond plowed up the two stone pipes and the beautiful ceremonial palette of stone shown in The American Anticpuirian ” ' and subsequently referred to 1)3' Professor Holmes" in an instructive paper. We visited Mr. Almond and, with his permission, dug where the disc had been found, but without result. The palette and pipes are now owned by Mr. 11. L. Stoddard, of Stuttgart, Ark. From a low mound in the Wallace field came a quartz crystal bearing no groove for suspension. Father Le Petit, ^ speaking of the Natchez Indians, describes their idols as figures of stone or of baked clay ; also bones of big fish and bits of crystal; and Father (Iravier"* tells of a bit of crystal in the Natchez temple. At the present time many and beautiful specimens of (juartz crystals come fi*om the Hot Springs, Ark. > Miiv and June, 1U04, pp. 154, 155. Certain Notclied or Scallopped Stone Tablets of the Moundbuilders,” Amer. Anthropologist, Jan. -March, 1906. ’ French, Hist. Coll, of La., Part III, p. 141. * French, Hist. Coll, of La. and Fla., 1875, p. 82. Fig. 3. — Perforated pebbles, near Menard Mound. (Full size.) CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 493 Also in midden refuse was part of a bowl of a rude pipe of earthenware. Professor Holmes, speaking of the earthenware pipes of the region of which the Arkansas valley forms part, truly says 0 “In the central and southwestern sec- tions pipes were for the most })art remarkably rude and without grace of outline, and generally without embellishment, while the earthenware of the same territory was well made and exhibits pronounced indications of esthetic appreciation on the part of the potters.” Two hundred and fourteen vessels of eartheiiAvare, mostly undecorated and of ordinary form, came from the neighborhood of the Menard mound. In this number we include all vessels, broken and whole, and fragments large enough to show that a vessel had been interred. While some burials were without accompanying pottery, the majority of inter- ments had a mortuary tribute of this kind, especially in the Menard place in the vicinity of the mound, and in Mr. ^Vallace’s field. On the other hand, the few burials found by us in the Avoods, and a fiiir num- ber of skeletons in Mr. Plant’s field, Avere Avithout artihicts of any sort. As a general rule, A-essels lay near the heads of burials and Avere usually single or a pair. In exceptional cases A^essels Avere found by us at other parts of the skeletons, and on one occasion so many as ten Avere found Avith a single burial. More fully to illustrate certain of these exceptional cases, Ave shall describe some of the noteAvorthy burials in detail. Burial No. 02, bones of a child, had at the skull two boAvls of moderate size, one inverted ; a small bottle, and a diminutive saucer placed on its edge. Burial No. 83, the skull of a child from Avhich the remaining bones probably had disappeared through decay, had around it no fcAver than ten A^essels, compris- ing tAvo nests of three each and four vessels placed singly, the skull being entirely surrounded. Burial No. 98, a skeleton lying partly flexed on the right side, had near the pelvis, and also near the feet, Avhich draAvn back, approached the pelvis, an inverted boAvl more or less coA’ering tAvo small, inverted boAvls, side by side, Avhich Avere lying on a fourth boAvl, also iuA'erted. In contact Avith this mass of pottery Avas a small boAvl tilted on its side. Incidentally, Ave may say that decayed shell beads Avere at the neck of the skeleton, and a knife Avrought from a chert pebble lay near the skull. Burial No. 150 consisted of a bunch of bones Avith three skulls, one of them being that of a child. Crushed against one skull Avas an inverted 1x)av1, and nearby Avere a teapot-shaped A^essel, in fragments, and a boAvl. Near the child’s skull Averc tAvo small water-bottles, Avhile the other adult skull had near it a A^essel of eccentric form. The crania in this bunch lay separated one from another, the child’s skull being on top, one adult’s skull at one end, and the remaining skull somewhat at the side. > “Aboriginal Pottery of Eastern United States,” Twentieth Ann. Rep. Bur. Am. Ethnol., p. 98. 494 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. Wo shall now describe in detail the more noteworthy vessels from the neigh- borhood of the Menard mound. Vessel No. 34. This beautiful bottle (Plate XIII) is one of the very few ves- sels found hy us on the lower Arkansas river showing in two colors a design other than the scroll. The ware is light yellow. The bod}' is globular, but projects somewhat at the base, which is flattened. The long, graceful neck, Haring toward the aperture, is coated with pigment, brick-red in color. Around the body are spaces of the yellow ware, defined by white pigment. Tliese spaces, circular on top, with extensions tapering downward, have precisely the shape of the co}>per pendants found by us in the great prehistoric site at Moundville, Ala., the circular portions of which contain either swastikas or stars. On this vessel similar spaces enclose live-pointed stars on the upper row, and figures somewhat resembling an arrowhead on the lower tier. All these stars and projectile points (if that is what the latter re])resent) are colored with brick-red pigment. The star does not seem to have been extensively employed on the ware of the middle Mississippi region. An example, however, is described as coming from southern Missouri.* Vessel No. 170 is a bottle of yellow ware, 4.7 inches in height, with red pig- ment exteriorly on the neck. The decoration on the body consists of four irregular circles of solid color, red and white alternately. Each of these circles is surrounded hy a circular space without paint, showing yellow ware, which space is, in turn, enclosed in a painted circle, white around the red and red around the white The same style of decoration may be seen on the small ‘teapot’’ vessel in Plate XX. Vessel No, 194, of dark ware (Fig. 4), is of the “teapot” variety which, as we have said in our introductory remarks, is found only in eastern Arkansas or in nearby regions. It seems to us there is a possibility that this type of vessel may be derived from the gourd, although vessels that unmistakably represent the gourd usually have a small depression opposite the neck, or extended part, though such is not invariably the case, as we have seen a few examples in which the knob and not the depression is present. In Fig. 5 is shown a gourd-vessel from southern Mis- souri,^ which, were the upper i>art of the neck cut away and a smaller aperture j)resent on the top, could well be a vessel of the “ teapot ” class. Vessel No. 78 is a toy-vessel of dark ware, of the “teapot’’ variety (Fig. 6), the smallest of this kind found by us along the Arkansas river. The spout and part of the opening have been restored. Vessel No. 64 also belongs to the “ teapot ” variety, and is 7.6 inches in height. The vessel has a uniform coating of red pigment, which is well preserved and gives the vessel a rich and striking appearance. Vessel No. 166 is another of the “tea[)ot” form, coated with red })igment. Its height is 3 inches, a size evidently litting it lor a child’s use. In this particular ' Dr. Edward PA'er-s, “ Arcliieology of Missouri,” Part I, PI. IV, Fig. 1. ^ Evers, op. cit., PI. XIV, No. 22M. JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD., 2ND. SER., VOL. XIII. PLATE XIII. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. NEAR MENARD MOUND, VESSEL NO. 34. (height, 9.6 inches.) Cockayne, Boston. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI 495 Fig. 4. — Vessel No. 194, of the “ teapot ” variety. Near Menard Mound. (Height 6.25 inches.) 496 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. instance there was a group of five vessels, mostly small, with no human remains visibly in association. Presumably the skeleton of an infant had disappeared through decay. \"cssel No. 82 is another of the “ teapots,” 3.8 inches in height, with a coating of red pigment, somewhat worn in places. In relief on two opposite sides are mod- eled the legs of a frog. The head, which has been on that part of the vessel o]>po- site the spout, is missing through breakage in aboriginal times. M"e shall figure in its proper place a more complete frog-“ teapot ” from another site. (See Plate XVI.) Fig. 7. — Ve.ssel Xo. 91. Xear Menard Mound. (Diameter of bowl 7.5 inches.) Vessel No. 91, of dark ware, is a life-form representing a quadruped, the legs being used as supports for the vessel. On one side is a small head which does not aid us in determining the animal re^iresented, while on the opposite side is a tail turned downward. The decoration, made with a broad, trailing point, is of the scroll variety (Fig. 7). Ves.sel No. 50 is a graceful bottle of yellow ware, with a neck first contracting, then flaring. The decoration consists of a coating of red pigment on the neck and, on the body, partly interlocked scrolls in red and white, as shown in Plate X!\'. JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD., 2ND. SER., VOL. XIII. PLATE XIV. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. NEAR MENARD MOUND, VESSEL NO. 50. (HEIGHT, 9.5 inches.) Cockayne, Boston, *r r * ‘ -'iTi "■ ^ ' -* *r - * ' ' ■ ^ar.- r -< * -:A ’“- 'r*» _; »<■■*■ , ’ •» ■ 'Ik •r a ' •v . -..St';' r,'-v v . >!: ^ ^ I ' : 1 ^'^ ' P-alt:' •j'. r ‘ -f* - “-V ' « ^ ^ •:■ -. • : /''• r,^-' ir 4 * ^ -,j ' i • ■■ ^ X^ •/■’*' ■' ■• • -y */* ^ ' ' ' . -* L^r„. ■' -:-• v^. ^ «';y ' pbTj.v . L ■ »_ ‘‘’^iBw" ■ ■^^‘‘ "'^y” *> -• •*r ' C '■‘^ v«- ■ ’.*• ■■;;*-; ;••;■■•■ -’air--*. ■ --’. ‘ -i' I • »' V. ^ f' ■ '-’l*'** Vi*''*"’-'- ■■■' .■'' -*^ ' ■ ■ h”-'* ’-»* -^<\ ’ j ■ -! *~ '-I .V. '/M: -?i.- ; ■ v-iJ'^.j;.: •-•■■■' ‘■-.- " ■ .. ■^' tfi^ ■■: ^•‘ ■ kMl£‘ r . ,- t . i_"' . • ■ - •■ i»-. ' -V.- . * •J: y- wt^f- -a • ^.- .,, , ' '•' ' i- .jC •'' Bitf j -4^ f? _.J 7 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. NEAR MENARD MOUND, VESSEL NO. 133. (FULI. size.) JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD., 2ND. SER., VOL. XIII. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 497 So many vessels of this type and style of decoration were found In- ns along the Arkansas river that we sliall not describe particnlarly any other than this one. Vessel No. 38. This gracefnl vessel, sliown in Fig. 8, is of black ware, and has an evenly made decoration of trailed, broad lines, which is precisely similar to one shown l)y Profess“ Aboriginal I’otterv of the Eastern United States,” Twentietli Ann. Rep. Bur. Ain. Ethnol., Pis. Lid and LHIh. ^ Third Ann. Rep. Bur. Am. Ethnol., p. 482. Twentieth Ann. Rep. Bur. Am. Ethnol., PI. XXIIld. 63 JOURX. A. X. S. PHILA., VOL. XIII. 498 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. irnity to the camera in the initial process of preparation of the })Iate. Around the neck is considerable abrasion, as b)’ the use of a cord for suspension. Vessel No. 185 is a bottle oI‘ yellow ware, 5.3 inches high, also a life-form representing a fish not unlike the one just described. Much of its original coating of red paint has been worn away. Fig. 9. — Vessel No. (Jo. Near Menard Mound. (Height 5.6 inches.) Vessel No. G1 is a bottle of rather coar.se, yellow ware, the body ovoid with flattened base. The incised decoration, rather roughly executed, consists ol a meander surrounding circles (Fig, 10). Vessel No. 30 is a wide-mouthed water-bottle or jar, of dark and rather porous ware. The decoration, which is of broad, trailed lines, is a volute design five times shown (Fig. 11). CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 499 Vessel No. 3G is a graceful bottle of dark ware, having a design of which the scroll forms part, conferred by imprints of a blunt-pointed implement, as sliown in Fig. 12. Vessel No. 02 is an undecorated bottle of dark, porous ware, shown in Fig. 13. Vessel No. 31 is a wide-mouthed bottle or jar, of dark ware, having a hemi- spherical body on which is a meander decoration consisting of three parallel bands of punctate markings enclosed within parallel lines (Fig. 14). In addition, on the base is a design represented in Fig. 15. Fig. 10. — Vessel Xo. Gl. Near Menard Mound. (Height 9.9 inches.) Vessel No. 102 (Figs. 10, 17) is a human efligy- vessel of hard, dark ware, to which reference has been made in an earlier part of this report. This life-form represents a child with its plump legs extended, and doubtless has been the prop- erty of the little one with whose remains it was found. Vessel No. 88 is a pot of yellow ware, with a design in which the scroll con- ferred by a broad-pointed tool trailed over the surface, figures in combination with punctate markings (Fig. 18). 500 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI Fig. 11. — Vessel Xo. 30. Near Meuard Mound. (Height 7.3 inches.) CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 501 Fig. 12. — Vessel Xo. 36. Near .Menard .Mound. (Height 9.7 inches.) 502 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI Fig. 15. — Vessel Xo. 31. Decoration of base. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 503 Vessel No. 35, of dark ware, G.7 inches in height, with a circular opening at the top, near which is a small knob, is intended to rep- resent a gourd. An almost exactly similar vessel from Arkansas is figured by Professor Holmes.' Vessel No. 208, a vase of gray, porous ware, liglit in weight, with base resembling a much trun- cated cone reversed (Fig. 19), has an interesting incised decoration around the body (Fig. 20), sug gestive of the bird-head motive. \ essel No. 200 is a vase of gray, porous ware, of somewhat unusual form, without decoration (Fig. 21). A'essel No. 55. We have here a bowl of yel- low ware (Fig. 22), with an interior coating of red paint and a band of red pigment below the margin on the outside, such as is usually found on vessels of this character along the lower Arkansas river. On one side is a rudelj- modeled human head with high crest, looking outward ; on the other side, the conventional tail — both head and tail having a coating of red pigment. Vessel No. 114 (Fig. 23) differs from the one just described in minor details only. Fig. 13. — Vessel Xo. 62. Near Menard t- i 'V' l i • l 1 i* Mound. (Height 7.2 inches.) ^ OSSCl No. 1(4 IS a bowl of COarSt, 3'elloW Fig. 14. — Vessel No. 31. Near Menard Mound. (Diameter 7.4 inches.) Twentieth Ami. Rep. Bur. Am. Etlmol., PI. XfXf‘. 504 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. FiCt. 16. — Vessel Xo. 102. Xear Mcnaid Mound. (Heiglit 6.8 inelics.) CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. Fl(i. 17. — Vessel No. 102. Side view. 64 JOURX. A. X. S. PHIL.\.. VOL XIII. 506 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. F'ig. 18. — Vessel Xo. 88. Near Menard Mound. (Diameter 4.5 inclies.) Fig. 19. — Ves-sel No. 208. Near Menard Mound. (Diameter 6.3 inches.) Fig. 20. — Vessel No. 208. Decoration. (Half size.) CEPxTAlN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 507 Frci. 21. — Vessel Xo. 200. Xear Menard Mound. (Diameter 4.9 inches.) 508 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. ware (Fig. 24) with pigment decoration, having the head of a bird modeled on one side and conventional tail on the oj)posite side. ^ essel No. 171, a bowl of yellow ware, having on each side, marginally, a Fig. 23.— Vessel No. 114. Xear Menard Mound. (Diameter 8.1 inches.) band of red pigment, and in the lower part of the interior, shown in red pigment, the circle and cross, /.c., the symbol of the sun and the four winds, or directions (Fig. 25). Fig. 24. — Vessel No. 174. Near Menard Mound. (Diameter 10 inches.) CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 509 .loutol ‘ (1687) tells in a most interesting way how the Cenis (Ilasinai, or Caddo) Indians of Texas, in celebrating a suceessfnl battle, held out scalps toward the four directions. Vessel No. 139 is a bowl (Fig. 26) similar to the one just described, with the addition of ecjnidistant, festooned bands of red pigment between the arms of the cross. These semicircles probably represent (a part for the whole) entire circles, or sun synd)ols.' Fig. 2.). — Vessel Xo. 171. Xear Menard Mound. (Diameter 7 indies.) Ne.\r Sam'yer’s Landing, Arkansas County. Sawyer’s Landing is five miles, approximately, by water, below Arkansas Post, on the same side of the river. About one mile in a southeasterly direction I'rom the landing is the home of a colored family named Johnson, in front of whose doorway is a small mound in which onr search was not rewarded. > French, Ili.st. Coll, of La., Part I, p. 161. * Charles C. Willoughby, “ An Analysis of the Decorations upon Pottery from the Mississippi Valiev,” Journ. Am. Folk-Lore, Vol. X, 185(7, p. 13. 510 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. A large field adjacent to the Johnson property, which had been under cnlti ca- tion but was fallow at the time of our visit, was placed at our disposal by Messrs. Pettit and Pettit, of Stuttgart, Ark., to whom the warm thanks of the Academy are tendered. On the surface we found a brass disc about 1.5 inches in diameter, with a cen- tral perforation. Analysis by Doctor Keller showed the disc to be of very impure brass, containing, besides copper and zinc, very considerable amounts of lead and iron, as well as traces of arsenic and silver. Kio. 2(). — Vessel Xo. 139. Near Menard Mound. (Diameter 6.5 inches.) We devoted part of <‘i forenoon to this field, sinking holes here and there, with the result that seven burials were met with, all near together, in the highest part of the field. Six ol these burials certainlv were of the bunched varietv, one containing bones belonging to at least two skeletons. The remaining burial — probably a bunch also — had been disturbed by recent cultivation. No bones were in a condition to save. Twelve vessels were found in connection with these burials, many crushed and CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 511 some broken by the plow. Some burials were without artifacts, while as many as four vessels lay with one interment, a water-bottle having been placed on top of three small, shallow bowls, arranged one above the other. I'essel No. 5, of yellow ware, is a bowl Avith a bird’s head on one side, and a conventional tail on the other. The only point of interest about this vessel is that the crest of the bird is repre.sented by e.xcisions, an unusual method (Fig. 27). Vessel No. 7 is a small bowl Avith the head of a frog extending forward from it, and fore-legs and hind-legs modeled in relief. Fig. 27. — A'essel No. 5. Near Sawyer’s Landing. (Diameter 8.75 indies.) The aboriginal artist has not been trammeled by details, as the fore-feet of the frog are represented Avith three toes each and the hind-feet each Avith four toes — one too feAv in each case, as the reader is doubtless aAvare. Near Old River Landing. Arkansas County. Old riA’er (a former course of the Arkansas) is about 3.5 miles above Arkansas Post, folloAving the riA'er, on the same side. 512 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. By landing at the lower side of the lower month of Old river and following a road parallel to it, about 1.5 miles, we reached the property of Mr. II. S. Jones, of Arkansas. Post, to whom we are greatly indebted for cordial ])ermission to investi- gate whatever portion we saw lit. Near the road, forming part of Mr. Jones’ property is a field (twelve acres in extent, we are informed), at the eastern corner of which rises a mound about 5 feet in lieightand 75 feet, apjiroximately, across its somewhat irregular base, except where a small part of the mound is cut away by a cross-road, where the diameter is, of course, somewhat less. Part of the mound, not being on Mr. Jones’ jiroperty, was not dug into by ns. The part investigated yielded nothing except the neckless body of a water-bottle, that probably got in with the clay material of which the mound is made. The history of the twelve-acre field and of an unenclo.sed field on the other side of the cross-road, which latter field has now been so denuded of soil by heavy wash of rain after cultivation that careful investigation by us was without result, is a long list of discoveries of earthenware vessels, by all who have had a hand in the cultivation of the property. In the twelve-acre field, which is higher than most of the surrounding land and is not subject to overflow, and in the adjacent barnyard of Mr. L. F. kShepherd, the manager of the property, are a number of circular rises of the ground, all dwelling-sites from which, with the exception of those in the barnyard, which have not been under cultivation, the ])low had turned out much clay, hard and red from ancient fires. Two of these dwelling-sites (those nearest the mound) were each about 40 feet in diameter, the others somewhat less. The sites, nine in all, were carefully dug by us and nearly all found to contain burials and artifacts, but to a verv different extent. About 30 yards W. by N. from the mound was one of the larger elevations which had been long and deeply jilowed over and doubtless deprived of much of its original contents, many of the burials being but C inches below the surface — the upper parts of the most deeply buried being but 18 inches down. From this site came thirty burials, thirty-four additional being found in the other dwelling-sites which had been less deejily j)lowed and conseipiently in which bones and artifacts were in somewhat better condition. All bones, however, were badly affected by decay ; no crania were saved, but large fragments of some showed moderate artificial cranial compression. As the forms of burial in these dwelling-sites near Old Riv('r Landing pre- sented nothing markedly different from those met with near the Menard mound, they will not be described, although exact details are given in onr field-notes. In one dwelling-site were found several I)iirlals which we could not positively assign to either the flexed burial or to the bunched method of interment. These particular burials, each made u[) of the parts of one skeleton only, had the bones largely in place; a few, however, were in disorder. Presumably these latter bones. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 513 having become detached in the dead-honse or on their way to the place of burial, were piled in indiscriminately at the time of interment. The yield of artifacts other than pottery, was meager indeed. AVith a bunched burial was a diminutive pipe of limestone, so water-soaked that parts fell from it on removal. Near the skull of a bunched burial was a quartz crystal showing no sign of workmanship. Burial No. 17, consisting of what was left by decay of the skeleton of an infant or of a very young child, had with it, in addition to two earthenware ves- sels, seven cones of sheet-brass, from two to three inches in height; a number of blue glass beads; and fifteen very roughly-made shell beads, from .4 of an inch to somewhat more than 1 inch in length. The shell beads are about as rough in appearance as any we have met with in all onr experience, being little more than perforated fragments of shell. Burial No. 27 , a skeleton of an adult, partly tlexed, lying on the left side, besides Iiaving two vessels of earthenware near the skull and upper part of the trunk, had near tlie neck six shell beads, or rather six rough sections of shell that had been made to do duty as beads, one of which is shown in Fig. 28. With another burial having vessels in association were beads of blue glass. Burial No. 05, the skeleton of an adult, lying partly flexed on the right side, had with it, in addition to two vessels, two small “celts” lying together between the vessels and the skull. AVe have not thought it worth while to mutilate these “celts” for micro- scopic slides and for material for analysis, to determine the stone or stones of which they are made, and deem it useless to hazard a guess on the subject. Another small “celt” of hornstone, like one found near the Menard mound, is remarkable for the shar{)iiess of its edge. In debris of the dwelling-sites were several small chisels wrought from pebbles of chert; one or two diminutive “celts” ; and a canine tooth identified bv Professor Lucas as having belonged to a black bear. From the surface of the two fields to which reference has been made, but doubtless in many cases })lowed or washed from dwelling-sites now, or formerly, on these fields, came neatly-made arrowheads of chert ; small chisels of chipped chert; diminutive cutting-tools of like material ; and two flat pebbles perforated for sus- pension, similar to those from near the Menard mound. Associated with the thirty burials encountered in the dwelling-site we have referred to, were forty-nine vessels of earthenware — many, however, crushed and broken. In all the sites examined eighty-two vessels lay with the sixty-four burials, if we include several vessels not immediately with interments, but which doubtless had been separated from them by the plow. Fig. 28.— Shell bead. Old River Landing. (Full size.) 6.0 JOURX. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XIII. 514 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. The pottery of the Old River dwelling-sites, as a rule, lay near the skull, but, as usual, there were exceptions. Much of the ware was inferior in cjuality and friable to the last degree after its long exposure to continual soaking with water. Fio. 29. — Vessel Xo. 1. 01(1 Kiver Landing. (Height 8 inches.) As a rule, the vessels met with presented no novelty in form, and were mainly })ots, bowls, and bottles. Many of the vessels are undecorated. Pigment is the jirincipal form of deco- ration employed — red, or white and red in combination. Exceptionally, black coloring-material, now hardly more than a stain had been used. One feature connected with this ])laee was new in our experience. Nearly all % ■•'1 -g^-j V »i . ' “ ' > ^ . “-'J •• *' -‘■‘J ■ *■ ■ - •'* ■ } ^^■ *' K ' t >t r. * • - \> ■’*" % -- ■--■^^ ■ ■ ■ -s-^- ■ ■ 54:- • ■' '•■■ “’ -'■^ . ' ■'■• -. r-w * 'C • '< ^ ' -iA- ^ r, ' CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. NEAR OLD RIVER LANDING, VESSEL NO. 19. (FULL SIZE I JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD., 2ND. SER., VOL. XIII. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 515 the howls — and a large numl)er ol‘ the vessels Ibimd were bowls — had been placed in the ground inverted. This fact may denote that at this place at least, the bowls, when placed with the burials, did not contain ollerings of food. In some cases, one vessel had been placed within another, as, for instance, a pot resting inverted within another pot. Another vessel was found turned over a smaller one which was itself inverted. The more noteworthy vessels will now be described in detail. Vessel No. 19 is an interesting example of the life-form and “teapot” vessel combined. From one side projects the head of a frog, while on the opposite side is the spout (a restoration) of the “teapot.” In connection with these are the legs of a frog modeled in relief (Plate XVI). The ui)per part of the vessel is coated with red pigment, while the lower part has been covered with white coloring-mate- rial, now largely worn away. Professor Holmes, as we have noted in our introductory remarks, describes^ and ligures' an animal form “teapot” from “ Mississippi.” The fine specimen referred to by him differs from ours, however, in that the head is apparently not that of a frog, wdiile the legs, instead of being modeled in relief on the vessel, e.xtend vertically downward and serve as supports. V^essel No. 1. This vessel, a bottle, was found in many fragments that have since been cemented together with slight restoration of the body and almost complete restoration of the neck (Fig. 29). The ware, which is yellow, appears in but two or three spots where the painted designs, Avhich are pink and Avhite, are not in contact thi-ough oversight (m the part of the aboriginal artist. Both varieties of pigment on this vessel have adhered exceptionally well, no flaking being apparent. The design differs from that^ on most of the bottles decorated in two colors, met with by us along the lower Arkansas river, and consists of a current scroll in deep pink surrounding the body of the vessel, with an encircling band of white above and below, from which four eciuidistant arms extend downward and upward, respec- tively, forming, in connection with each other, partly interlocked scrolls; at the same time the upper and the lower circles and arms form swastikas of a pattern shown in Fig. 30. Ihe neck of the bottle has been pink, matching the current scroll decoration, I* IG. 30. — Vessel No. 1. Part of the decoration. (One-fifth size.) 516 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. and a slight extension at the base of the vessel, having a flat under surface, is coated with pigment of the same shade on such parts as are visible. It is interesting to note that two bottles bearing almost exactly similar decora- tion to that just described, were found in a mound in Coahoma county, Mississippi.’ Vessel No. 28, a gracefully formed, acorn-shaped vessel of dark, smooth ware, 4.5 inches in height, bears around the uj)per })ortion a design six times shown, con- Fig. 31. — Vessel Xo. 2(i. 01*1 IJiver Landing. (Ileiglit 5.1 inches.) sisting of partly interlocked scrolls, each having on its upper part a small, roughly triangular space filled with reticulated lines. The entire design is a convention- alized decoration derived from the representation of crested serpents on earthen- ware, the evolution of which we have shown ^ step by step, through the merging ‘Charles Peabodv, “ Ex|)]oratioii of Mounds, Coahoma Countv, Mississippi,” I’eabody Museum Tapers, Vol. Ill, No. 2, Tl. XV. ’ “ .Mouudville Jievisited,” Fig. Go to Fig. 73, inclusive, dournal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Thiladelphia, Vol. XIII. t '.VA ^ - I , ^ -i- ' -. .' rji wr* ■ • • ■ »* I 'C' * w* ».■', ; N* "• ' 4aev‘r;:r' ^ - . J i - ■-■■ j^-'y'- - ■ -w> '■'• r” -“^W- .^V- S;'.-'--^. 5^ .,^-: ■ ~ ■ ■s^.r - ' •' ^x. ■ feJrv: >*■• . ;' ■ . - '"•■■ ' 'A ■ > " •u’i ^ m >V.y • «>-4 - . . '•^> •_iiiA''-*^- Xr-.-M t ■ It -. wi» - . , 1- ." KKe- ;■ C ■• ■' -i^irs ■'■'i ’ '' ’--^ ' "-■ - . ;.* *^v-**'- * *'Z I ^ ■' -V ;*. ■• • i ’ * • T • 4 jt ‘-»k * ^ “ i» ^ I '4 ■' ’ -v'-- r '■^' : - " : _ ■ itjy S- pis |#i- f Sp ''*i' ^J. .;;, > ^.-. r-^i --v* B 'i ' . S .♦.. • v'. tTx r J.- - - • 'it^: ^*^_- i.-i ^ ^•- a. ?■ - ^ J-. ■ - *•.'> ' '*■ V, • “T* * */« >^a£iVx» k !• • ' * __ kj-’k’ ^-' » T'C- 'li. ■•• -'- ' ■■‘•4 ’ll ^ ?«• ■d_J^£.-^v* r- -H' * r * . -,f' - - - -"-■*■ wv .*>? ■• ; v-^y:y: . . . \-' ’ i ii^’’ Avi' ■■; - .\ S '-,:>.;./fi-Ny >:. .v<->.feV.^-' r':^ ■ rnsr^- 'jsrr? •• ' ' ■ •■*-™““-' ■'-- * ■* '■'s^>' 5-5i?frn' *>,V- ..- .s CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. NEAR OLD RIVER LANDING, VESSEL NO. 45. (full SIZE.) 1 1 JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD., 2ND. SER., VOL. XIII. PLATE XVll. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 517 of crested serpents, and interlinked, crested scrolls, down to the scroll pure and simple. Vessel No. 2(1 is a bottle of dark and rather inferior ware, with double encir- cling lines of projections around the body (Fig. 31). Vessel No. 52. This curious va.se of porous, yellow ware, shown in three positions in Figs. 32, 33, 34, bears an incised decoration representing a face on one side of the body of the vessel, and scroll designs over the remaining portions. I'lG. 32. — Vessel No. 52. Old Kiver Landing. (Full size.) Vessel No. 45. This beautiful vessel, of the “teajiot” variety (Plate XVII,) is of yellow ware and has a scroll design alternately deep red and pink. The neck is red, and the red and pink scrolls continue up the spout, as does a streak of black separating the other two colors. The base is black (or rather has been black. 518 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. Fio. 33. — Ve.ssel Xo. 5’.J. Side view. (Full size.) CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 519 Fig. 34. — Vessel Xo. 52. B»ck view. (Full size.) 520 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. as hardly more than a stain remains) and the color projects n[)\vard from the base between the pink pigment and the red. Vessel No. 78 is a bowl of dark ware, representing a turtle (Fig. 35), the head, tail, and dippers projecting. Two holes on opposite sides of the vessel have served for suspension. Vessel No. 21, a cooking-pot, has considerable soot still adliering. It bears a Fig. 35. — Ves.sel No. 78. Old River Landing. (Dinnieter 6 inches.) rude decoration largely made up of concentric circles, probably sun-symbols, appar- ently made by the imprint of coarse cord (Fig. 30). V^essel No. 21a is a pot of yellow ware, with the curious incised decoration shown in Fig. 37. This vessel has been in use for culinary purposes, as traces of soot remain on the outside. Vessels Nos. 9 and 27 are bowls of moderate size, each with four ecpiidistant loop-handles below the rim, and an upper, outer, encircling band of red pigment, somewhat more than one inch in width. The interiors of both bowls have rich coatings of red pigment. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 521 Fig. 36. — Vessel Xo. 21. Old River Landing. (Diameter 7.75 inclies.) Fig. 37. — Vessel Xo. 21a. Old River Landing. (Height 4.8 inches.) 66 JOURX. X. S. PHIL.\., VOL. XIII. 522 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. Vessel No. 40 is a bowl (Fig. 38) with interior eoating of red paint and a band of tlie same color, about one inch in width extending below the rim. A human head, modeled in an upright position, looks outward on one side and a conventional tail projects horizontally from the opposite side. Fl«. 3S. — Vessel No. 4G. Old River Landing. (Diameter 7.4 inclies.) Fui. 39. — Vessel No. 54. Old River Landing. (Diameter 7.3 inches.) Vessel N(l 54, decorated with red pigment, like the vessel just described, has the head of a bird on one side and the usual conventional tail on the other side (Fig. 39). Vessel No. 14 is a bowl of porous, yellow ware, decorated with red paint in CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF xMISSISSIPPl. 523 the same manner as are the two last preceding vessels, and having, in place of a modeled head taken from life, a diamond-shaped figure with four perforations. The conventional tail is present (Fig. 40). Mouxi) NE.\U Ooi.DMAN FlEI.I), JeFFEKSON CoUNTV. Goldman field is on the bank of the Arkansas river about si.x miles by water below the settlement of Douglas, hut on the opposite side, that is on the right-hand side, going up. In woods subject to overtlow, about one-half mile NW. by N. from Goldman field, is a mound about 4.5 feet high and 87 feet across its circular base. Fig. 40.— Vessel Xo. 14. Old River Landing. (Diameter 7.2 inches.) Thirteen holes were sunk by us in this mound, resulting in the discovery of six burials, between 8 inches and 38 inches in depth. Three of these burials consisted of layers of fragments of calcined human bones, one layer being of considerable size, the bones representing several indi- viduals. With these layers were charcoal and masses of cl cremation, however, did not appear to have taken jilace in the mound, but else- where, the reddened clay and charcoal seemingly having been gathered up with the bones for their final deposit. With one of the layers of calcined bones was a “celt” apparently of igneous rock. Two of the burials were limited each to a badly decayed, isolated skull. With ay reddened by (ire. The 524 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. one was an undeoorated bowl; with the other, a l)owl hearing rude, encircling lines, and having had, above the rim, the head of a bird or (quadruped, part of which had Ijeen hroktm off before interment. Roth howls were of most inferior ware and in fragments. The remaining burial was a badly decayed skeleton, closely flexed and lying on the right side. Apart from human remains, in the mound was a rude knife wrought from clierty material. Mound near Douglas, Lincoln ('ountv. In the verge of woods, about two miles KSK. from Douglas, on projierty of Mr. R. E. Lake, of Doughus, who kindly placed it at our disposal, was a mound 6.5 feet high and 70 feet across its circular base. The summit plateau, also circular, was 22 feet in diameter. The mound had sustained some digging in the past by treasure seekers, we were told, and, to a limited extent, on one or two occasions, by inhabitants of Douglas. This digging, however, had not affected the height of the mound or its diameter. On the western side of the mound was a depression, filled with water at the time of our visit, whence material for the building of the mound had been taken; and a similar, though smaller, depression was on the opposite side. After some exploratory digging, it was found that only the core of the mound contained burials, and these were superficial, the mound apparently having been originally a domiciliary one and subse(juently used as a cemetery. The core of the mound, 44 feet in diameter, was dug out by us, at first along the base, then a little above it, until a portion 16 feet in diameter remained. This part was dug out to a depth of 3 feet, as no burials had been met with deeper than 31 inches. Thirty-two burials were encountered, all proving to be of the bunched variety, wherever determination was possible. Those not classilied were disturbances in some cases; in others, where many bones seemed to have disappeared through decay. Several also were bones of children, much crushed and disintegrated. No skull was found in condition to save or, with one exception, in fragments large enough to enable determination as to cranial comjiression. In this one case, no compression was apparent. A pathological specimen found by us in this mound was sent to the United States Army Medical Museum. Dr. D. S. Lamb, pathologist of that imstitution, kindly has reported on the bone as follows : ‘‘The right femur, from mound near Douglas, Arkansas County, Ark., Burial No. 12, shows marked atrophy of the head of the bone and downward disjilace- rnent, the neck forming an acute angle with the shaft, probably a case of tubercu- lous hipjoint. I say ‘ probably,’ but I know of no other cause than tuberculosis that Avould cause such a lesion.” But few artifacts except pottery were present in the mound. With several burials were shell beads. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 525 Rurial No. 9 had a bottle and a bowl near the skull, and at the neck, tubular beads of slieet-brass and small shell beads. Burial No. 17, a bunched burial, bad at one end two skulls side by side. Immediately above one of these skulls, and covering part of it and the whole of a downturned vessel resembling the one shown in Plate XIX, which lay against the skull, was an inverted bowl, decorated with red [)aint. Alongside the first-men- tioned vessel, but not covered by the bowl, lay, on its side, a small vessel of the “teapot” variety. Near this group of vessels were two others, one being a small bottle, decorated with a coating of red pigment; the other, a little vessel of coarse, yellow ware, having two compartments — no doubt a highly-conventionalized, open- bivalve form. "With the two skulls described (which had belonged to adults) and their accompanying bones, were the skull and bones of an infant, which fact explains, no doubt, the presence of the smaller vessels. Near the chin of the infant’s skull, that is to say at the neck, was a necklace of tubular beads of sheet- brass, the material on which they were strung still holding the beads in place. Near these were two diminutive, penannular bracelets of sheet-copper, of a size suib'd to baby arms (Fig. 41), round in cross-section, and tied together, the cord still intact through the agency of the salts of copper. Near the bracelets were one "lass bead and one tubular bead of brass. C At the opposite end of this bunched burial, away from the skulls, were two vessels together, both inverted and both (a bottle and a “teapot”) belonging to classes of vessels rarely found in that position. Burial No. 22, that of an infant, had near small fragments of the skull, a necklace (Fig. 42) made up of tubular beads of sheet-brass and shell beads, the material on which the beads Avere strung being still capable of sustaining the Aveight of the necklace. Nearby Avere nine large shell beads, and a fcAV shells kindly identified by Dr. H. A. Pilsbry as MargiucUa apicimi. A part of each of these shells had been cut away to lit them for use as beads, and some of them Avere still in place on a fragment of cord. Doubtless all of them had formed part of the necklace. I'hve pebldes, two of which Avere much polished on one side, lay together under part of an earthen Avare A'essel. With a burial Avere two A'essels, one of Avhich, a boAvl, was inverted oAer a mass of Avhat Dr. H. F. Keller has determined to be almost pure kaolin. This clay, no doubt, served as Avhite paint, as Ave have pointed out elsewhere in this report. Fifty-tlmie vessels came from the mound at Douglas, taking into account all that were found, though maiiA' Avere crushed beyond restoration. The vessels present little A’ariety of form and do not A'ary greatly in decoration. Praetic;illy CA’ery boAvl met Avith Avas iiiA’erted, as Avere some other vessels, but very exceptionally the bottles. Some A'essels Avere interesting as to aj)position. Vessel No. 45, a hoAvl, Avas inverted oA'er a small boAvl and a very diminutive bottle, both of Avhich Avere lying on their sides. 52G CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. Fio. 41. — Necklace of beads of sheet-brass and bracelets of sheet copper. With Burial No. 17. Douglas. (Full size.) CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 52 Fig. 42. — Beads of brass 'and of shell. With Burial Xo. 22. Douglas. (Full size.) 528 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. A small vessel of the “teapot” variety had a small cup turned over the open- ing of the body. We give in detail de.scriptions of more noteworthy vessels found in the mound near Douglas. Vessel No. 22. This bowl of gray ware (Plate X\M1I) has the usual band of red pigment on the upper portion, inside and out. Interiorly is a coml)ination of festooned bands, three bands on each of the four sides, probably sun-symbols.* Fig. 43. — Vessel Xo. 7. Douglas. (Diameter 7.5 inches.) Vessel No. 7, a bowl of yellow ware with the usual marginal decoration of red }>aint on both sides (Fig. 43), has, in the interior, a design somewhat resembling a pair of antlers, perhaps an attriliute of the horned ser[)ent. Vessel No. 17 is a bowl similar to the one just described with tlie exception that the lower, interior decoration is a cross of the four directions, with equidistant projections downward from the encircling marginal band — perhaps sulidivisions of the four directions (Fig. 44). * C. C. Willoiiglihy, op. cit., p. 13. JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD., 2ND. SER., VOL. XIII. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. NEAR DOUGLAS, VESSEL NO. 22. (FULL SIZE.) ■» i «r -».“ • >■ ? ■' ' • . , > J -V * ■- , . , ; ■ TT * ■ - * “ . *• .. .. ■ ‘im ,■"% . •■* *r' . 'i : •?«, - • *?>* ■ -:' •■--'* i*,. • ■ ?• CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI 529 Fig. 44. — Vessel Xo. 17. Douglas. (Diameter 6.4 inches.) 67 JOURX. A. X. S. PHILA., VOL. XIII 530 CERTAIN xAIOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. Vessel No. 50 is a bowl of yellow ware having a solid coating of red on the inside. In ]>lace of the usual head derived from life is a blunt-pointed handle turn- ing inward, having a perforation. On the opposite side is the usual conventional tail (Fig. 45). Vessel No. 3 is a small vessel with four equidistant protuberances around the rim, resembling the well-known loop-handles so often found in southern United States. In this case, however, two of the.se protuberances have been perforated after the baking of the clay, for ])urpose of suspension, while the other two remain solid. For decoration, this bowl has an interior coating of red paint, and a band of red pigment surrounding the up])er, outer part. Vessel No. 15 is a l)owl of excellent, dark, smooth ware, with incised decora- Fig. 45. — Vessel No. 50. Douglas. (Diameter 5.6 inches.) tion, shown in Fig. 4G, in which the meander and the discs, which are probably sun-symbols, have a conspicuous place. Red pigment has been used in the lines of the upper, or Haring, part of the outside of the bowl, while white pigment appears exteriorly in the decoration of the body of the vessel. Vessel No. 1, a bottle of light yellow ware, 8.2 inches in height, has a globu- lar body, which, including the neck, has a beautifully })olished, even coating of red pigment. Many bottles of this class, though with the color less excellently preserved, were found by us in the lower Arkansas region, but they will not be described particularly unle,ss offering some point of divergence. Vessel No. 79 is a bottle only 2.8 inches in height, evenly coated with red paint. This toy, as might be supposed, lay with the skeleton of an infant. V^essel No. 30. This beautiful vessel (Plate XIX) has an even coating of cream-colored pigment on the outside, and of carmine over the entire interior. JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD., 2ND. SER., VOL. XIII. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. NEAR DOUGLAS. VESSEL NO. 30. fFULL SIZE.) ■ « y , V %■ •^r.vT::?- W- - ■ *< ■'-' d ■'%':■ '■■: „.r ^ '• *. -s ■ * .. '• '■ ' ... . ■: -. •V. J ■ r‘. ,. "■ ■ •• --.^r ’’- 4^ '' ~yi^^ ■ ^!>wi ' - '•^ - i •'«H ' ./ '■ •'?:,■-%■■ ■■ '' VW^ : ••- «5l ■ '•=• ■■ . ■' ‘i*. '■. ■ ■‘V->j^^ 4* ■♦■ ■ *'■ * • ' ' ■ a". ..' 4 J\j»i *' /jJjS S*i sjF • ^ • — ^ . if i. ' Tit- -*-^ ♦« ^^BT'. ' ■» - . B^lT-'- K*.*.;.* . '- - ' ••I - 'y * ’ 'r ~^-" .-5 «'.f '■. •■- ■" ^ \ , -^ ^ ^ : > Vi. -*. '-^1 ' •• ..p^; , . . F>'’ - ‘ Ku^- '-. ■ ■•-f ■ sJ-'--'.% '■ f CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. NEAR DOUGLAS, VESSEL NO, 32. (FULL SIZE.I Cockayne, Boston. cp:htal\ mounds of Arkansas and of Mississippi. 531 are unable to say with certainty just what this vessel represents; whether it is modeled after a section of a gourd or is a conventionalized shell-form. On each of the four^ vessels found hy us is a protuberance opposite the projecting part, which part, in the case of a shell, would represent the beak ; or the neck in the case of a gourd, lu conventionalized shell-forms which we have seen, Avhere the conch [Fi(/gnr) drinking-cup is represented, there is a group of knobs around a central protuberance. On the other hand, nearly all gourd-vessels have a depression in place of a knob, and rightly so since the depression represents the actual one seen on that part of the gourd which is opposite the neck. Per contra^ as we have pointed out in this paper, vessels unmistakably representing gourds sometimes have a knob in place of a depression. Fl«. 1C. — Vessel Xo. 1.5. Douglas. ( Diameter 5.8 inches.) Vessel No. 51, a diminutive ‘‘teapot” of dark ware, was found with part of a small boat-shaped vessel inverted over the opening in the body. \'essel No. 3‘2, a “ teapot,” has the spout and knob surrounded by circles of white ])igment. On the two other sides of the vessel are round markings in white enclosed in circles of red with small, intervening, circular spaces of the yelloAv of the ware, as shown in Plate XX. Vessel No. 21 is also a “tea[)ot” but somewhat larger than the one just described. It is decorated in the same manner, with the addition of some black pigment that has been present on the hasal portion, but whicdi is now hardly more than a stain. ' There were found by us along the Arkansas river four such vessels, diHering only in size, with a single exception. The knob on one of the vessels is surrounded by four small, incised, concentric circles. 532 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. Cemetery near Greer, Jefferson County. Greer, a small settlement, is on the ri^lit bank of the Arkansas river, troini!: lip, 27 miles by water above the city of Pine Blnlf. At Greer is the plantation of Mr. G. B. Greer, live or si.\ thousand acres in extent. Affer considerable bargain- ing with this gentleman, carried on through bis son, we acapiired the right to dig on the plantation. On the Greer estate is an aboriginal mound that has been used as a ceme- tery in recent times, and which is covered with tomlistones and is carefully fenced in. In the field surrounding the mound were many signs of aboriginal occupancy, such as bits of pottery ; arrowpoints of chert, broken as a rule ; pebbles ; chips of cliert, etc. The canine tooth of a large carnivorous animal, and a a small and neatly made “celt,” lay upon the surface, as did also a small ornament, probably of sedimentary rock, with a cutting edge at one end and a bole for suspension at the other (Fig. 47). Investigation was carried on bv sinking trial-boles and trenches where signs of occupancy seemed most jiromising, and then by digging tbrongbont the area where burials were encountered. Most of onr successful digging was done in two small areas, one about 40 yards in a southerly direction from the mound; the other about 30 yards northeast of it, where burials were found in consider- able numbers, eighty in all being encountered, twenty of which were of infants and of older children. These burials, none of which was more than 2 feet from the sur- face (few attaining that depth), consisted, as a rule, of skeletons at length on the hack and of those in a Hexed position. There occurred, in addition, a number of times, three rather unusual forms of interment which, however, are modilications of the same form, namely : 1. Where the trunk lay upon the back, the thighs raised upward and parted somewhat, with the legs bent back on the thighs. 2. The trunk on the back, the thighs widely separated and drawn np, the Fl«. 47. — I’eiid- a ti t . Greer. (Full size.) legs Hexed against the thighs. 3. The thighs and legs in the position just described with the trunk bent forward, sometimes to such an extent that the skull touched the pubic part of the pelvis, and sometimes so that the cranium rested to one side of the pelvis. These forms were encountered ten times in all : once in the siti' southward from the mound, and nine times in the area northeast of it, though about the same number of burials was present in each site. Blit one hunched burial was found at Greer, and this one unmistakably was of the bunched variety, inasmuch as some long-hones belonging to at least three skele- tons were neatly jiiled, parallel — with hut one skull, however, which lay beneath the pile. There were present also disturbances in which bones had been disarranged by CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 533 tlie a))origines when making other burials; and there were, of course, many burials that had been disturbed by the plow. Fire had been employed but once. A skeleton lay in order down to the upper part of the thorax, unallected by heat. From this point downward were charcoal and fragments of bones, including parts of the lower long-bones, some of which were burned considerably, but were not calcined. Most of the bones at Greer were in better condition than we have been accus- tomed to find them, some skulls being saved. Nearly all the skulls and fragments of skulls showed antemortem com})ression, though there were exceptions to this rule. Burial No. 59 at Greer has been referred to in the introductory ])ortion of this report. Many long-bones of this skeleton, which show marks of a specific disease, were sent to the United States Army Medical Museum, while the skull is at the United States National Museum and is included in the report by Doctor Ilrdlicka. This burial was 2 feet below the surface. The skeleton was partly Hexed on the right side, a distinctly aboriginal form of burial. There were no artifacts with it. but it lay among burials which had them. Not many feet from Burial No. 59 were recent burials in coffins, doubtless the remains of negroes, former laborers on the })lantation. We do not believe, however, that under the circumstances as we have given them, there can be any ground to suppose that Burial No. 59 can have been recent. But few artifacts, with the exception of pottery, lay with the dead. A neatly made ‘‘celt,” rounded at one end, after the southern fashion, lay near a burial. This implement we presented to a visitor. There were also, associated with human remains: a few shell beads in several instances; several tines of deer-horn, each showing marks of separation from the antler by the aid of a cutting-tool ; a piercing implement of bone with the articular part remaining; two implements (found separately) similar in every respect to the last, with the exception that the points are blunt and rounded — seemingly just fitted to make broad lines on clay previous to firing; three fragmentary teeth found together, probably incisors of the beaver; a number of lanceheads and knives, of chert; and a small and beautifully-made double-pointed implement of chal- cedony. With a burial were a number of tubular beads of sheet-coj)per, with overlap- ping edges, which had stained bright green a cervical vertebra and the chin. Some of these beads, analyzed by Dr. II. F. Keller, }>roved to be of the purest copper, as we have related in the early part of this rc})ort, a copper far too pure to have been obtained from Europeans, whose supply was derived from impure, sulphide ores. In the soil, but not associated with burials, were the usual hammer-stones, broken and whole; also chisels and cutting implements, some wrought from chert pebbles; a small disc, probably of fine-grained sandstone; and a })iercing imple- ment of bone, with a perforation at the hlunt end. 534 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. Throughout the investigation at Greer 160 vessels of earthenware were found, or an average of exactly two to each burial.^ Only -a few burials were without a mortuary deposit of vessels, ranging from one to live in number. These vessels were found, not in a great majority of instances near the skull, as was the case iu sites farther down the Arkansas river, but arranged variously. Sometimes vessels lay near the skull, in one instance the head being entirely surrounded with them, or again vessels were found along the arm, near the thighs, at the knees, or at the feet. For example. Burial No. 7, a skeleton lying partly flexed on the left side, had at the right shoulder a water- bottle, another vessel at the elbow, and a bowl at the feet. Burial No. 61, a skeleton having the lower extremities extended and the head and trunk flexed over and turned to the right, had, under the skull, a bowl con- taining a smaller bowl ; at the elbow, a bottle; ov(*r the left knee, a bowl; at the right thigh, a large bowd with a smaller bowl somewhat above it. * But few vessels at Greer had been placed in the ground, inverted. In certain respects the earthenware found at Greer differs from that met with by us farther down the river. The ii.se of red paint as a coating for vessels was excejitional in this cemetery, while decoration made up of red designs and white designs in combination was found but twice, though red pigment appears in a number of instances worked into the lines of incised decoration. But one vessel of the ‘‘teajiot” variety was met with at (Jreer, and this vessel was found with a burial at a distance from the two sites whence all the rest of the pottery was taken. The ware from Greer is largely dark, not highly polished, and, when decorated, bears in almost every instance a scroll decoration made up of broad, trailed lines, and offering little varietj’ of combination. The majority of the ware is undeco- rated and of inferior ([uality, especialh* that placed with the bodies of children, a rather exceptional circumstance, for the aborigines, as a rule, were liberal when interring their little ones. As usual, vessels with children’s remains were small in keeping with the size of the departed. In many of the vessels were large musselshells, too fragmentary for identifi- cation, as a rule, though in one case Dr. II. A. Pilsbry has identified one to be LavipsiUs pH rpH rat iis. Red pigment was found in several vessels We have already (pioted (page 484) the analysis by Dr. II. F. Keller of red ocher from this place. Part of a rude smoking-pi[)e of earthenware was found in the soil, apart from human remains. We shall now describe the vessels from Greer, which merit particular notice. ' In this enumeration all ve.«.«els have been scored, whether whole, [)artlv broken or hoj)elesslv crushed by the plow (the last two classes greatly predominating), our object being to ascertain as nearly as possible the number originally placed with the dead, though, of cout^e, owing to the destruction of the human remains and of vessels through cultivation of the field, it was impossible to do this with exactness. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 535 Vessel No. 100 is a shallow bowl of dark ware (Fig. 48), having as decoration, incised over the entire base, an interesting form of the s\vastika — a variety found in the United States and in Central America.* Professor Holmes has kindly prepared for us the following note^ on this form of swastika: Fio. 48. — Vessel No. 100. Oreer. (Diameter 6.4 inches.) With regard to the device engraved on the bottom of the earthen bowl, you will remember that it occurs on engraved shells and in various degrees of conven- tion on the stamped earthenware of the Southern States. It is also a very general ' Thomas Wilson, “ The Swastika,” Rej). U. S. Nat. Mus., 18‘)4, p. 002. ^ See, also, William II. Holmes, “On the Origin of the Cross Symbol,” Proc. Am. Antiq. Soc., Oct. 24, 1006. 53G CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. occurrence on the pottery of the ancient Pueblos — especially the cliff dwellers. The design is merely a form of the cross popularly known as the swastika. The cross in all of its forms is a cosmic symbol representing the world (the })ritnitive universe), the division into four (north, south, east, west) being the convenient means of locating the groups of deities to which offerings and appeals had to l)e made. We may thus regard it as the .symbol not so much of the universe itself, as of all the vast number of deities, pow- ers, and agencies of good and evil sup- posed by aboriginal peoples to occu{)y tlie four (juarters of their world.” In Figs. 49, 50, 51, 52, are shown illustrations suggested by Professor Holmes in connection with his remarks. A'essel No. 56. This beautiful bottle of dark ware, having an oblate-spheroidal body and flat base (Fig. 53), bears an in- cised decoration on two sides, showing a swastika of a variety akin to the one seen on Vessel No. 100. Between the two crosses is a minor decoration, probably added to fill space. Still remaining in the inci.sed lines are traces of red pigment. Vessel No. III. This bottle, of hard, yellow ware, with a flat, annular base (Fig. 54), has, in trailed, broad lines, a swastika decoration of the same class as the two already described. Vessel No. 64, which in reality is but the basal part of a vessel, evidently bore, when entire, an incised decoration in which a swastika similar to those just mentioned, formed a part. As much Fig. 49. — Swa.stika, a .stamped decoration on South Apalachian ware. (Holmes.) Fig. oO. — S hell gorget with swastika decora- tion. (Half size.) (Holmes.) Fits. 51. — Swastika. (Holmes.) middle Mississippi region. I'lG. .52. — Swastika. (Holmes.) In form it resembles a as was found of this vessel is shown in diagram in Fig. 55. \'essel No. 48. This ves- sel, of dark wart*, polished (Fig. 56), in shape, we believe, differs from any hitherto de- scribed as coming from the saucer with a perforated, trun- CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 537 Fig. r>:5. — Vessfl No. 5(J. Greer. (Height 8.6 inches.) 68 JOURN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XIII. 538 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. cated cone as a support, and recalls to some extent the basal part of certain bottles from the region in question. This vessel is without decoration. Vessel No. 51 belongs to the same class as that just described, but differs from it in that the support has a greater number of perforations and the vessel bears incised decoration. Around the lower part of the support is an encircling, incised line, in connection with which are oblique, parallel, incised lines (Fig. 57). I'lG. 54. — Vessel No. 111. Oreer. (Height 4.8 inches.) The interior of the upper part bears an interesting, incised decoration (Fig. 58), in relation to which, and to the decoration on the two vessels described after this one, we have consulted with Mr. Charles C. Willoughby,* for whose assistance in this matter we wish to express our thanks. The central figure, of course, is the cross of the four directions, while the cross- ‘ The reader is referred also to ^^r. Willoughby’s paper, “An Analysis of the Decorations upon Pottery from the Mississippi Valley,” Journal of American Folk-Lore, Vol. X, 181)7. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 539 Fig. 55. — Vessel Xo. (14. (ireer. Decoration. (Half size.) Fig. 5G. — Vessel Xo. 18. Greer. (Diameter 6 inches.) 540 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. hatch figure is a swastika. Mr. Willoughby thinks the four circles near the edge in this decoration are analogous to the four circles coniinon to similar designs in which each of the circles surrounds a cross that has within each of the lour spaces formed by its arms, a small circle surrounding a dot. Mr. Willoughby does not believe that the cross-hatch near the edge and around the circles in the design ligured by us forms a s}>ecial design, but rather is used as a back-ground. Vessel No. 79. We have here part of another vessel (Fig, 59) of the same type as the two just described. Red pigment remains in the lines of the incised decoration. This decoration, partly restored, is shown in diagram in Fig. 60. Fig. 57. — Vessel No. 51. Greer. (Diameter 6.3 inches.) Mr. Willoughby thinks, but does not feel sure, that the central design is made up of serpents’ tails with rattles. If such be the case, the rattles are represented by the cross-hatch design. The remainder of the decoration on this vessel much resembles that on Vessel No. 51, with the introduction, however, of four additional circles. Vessel No. 17. This saucer-like vessel of dark, smooth ware (Fig. 61), has a most interesting, engraved decoration covering its entire outer surface, which prob- ably represents various parts of the serpent. The central design is formed of four tails, showing the rattles. The four lobes surrounding the inner circle and forming a cross, are serpents’ mouths, showing their teeth. The smaller circles probably represent the eyes. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 541 In some of the outer semicircles tlie serpents’ teeth appear again, and we believe it likely that the dentate, cross-hatch figures represent crests of the crested serpent, as similar designs are seen on representations of winged and crested ser- pents, and appear again and again through every form of convention down to the simple scroll. ‘ Mr. Willoughby says : “ The complete design seems to me to be analogous to Fig. 58. — Vessel No. 51. Decoration. that of a certain type of shell gorgets, which 1 always believed re[)resented a serpent. “ It is possible that the small circles in all these designs are eyes. It is inter- ' C. B. ]NIoore, “Moundville Revi.«ite. 135. Greer, (lleig)it 7 inches.) CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 547 Fig. 65. — Vessel No. 1 19. Greer. (Diameter 5.5 inches.) 548 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. A essel No. 10 is a well-made bottle with the usual scroll and attendant deco- ration (Fig. 6G). \"essel'No. 61 has been a large elligy of a quadruped, supported on four legs and painted a brilliant red. Unfortunately, the head and hack (and probably Fl<;. 66. — Vessel So. 10. Greer. (Height 7.5 inches.) a neck, as the elligy was most likely a bottle) have been carried awav b^' the sweep ol a plowshare. ^ essels ot a type presumably similar to this one are figured by Holmes’ and by Thruston.^ ' Twentietl) Ann. Rep. Bur. Am. Ktlmol., 1*1. XXVf. 2 “ Anti(iuities of Tennessee.” Fig. -4(5; also 1*1. IX. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 549 Ve.ssel No. 45 i.s a bowl of dark ware (Fig. 07), in shape an inverted, trun- Fig. 67. — Vessel Xo. 45. Greer. (Diameter 7 inches.) Fig. 68. — Vessel No. 45. Decoration. (Half size.) cated cone, with a graceful decoration of broad, trailed lines (Fig. 68), shown twice on the outer surlace. On the base is a swastika that had become so indistinct 550 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. through wear that it was necessary to outline it with chalk for purposes of photography. ^^essel No. 120 is a bowl of excellent, dark ware (Fig. 69), having on the upper part an incised decoration in which remain traces of red pigment. FtG. 69. — Vessel Xo. 120. (Jreer. (Diameter 7.2 inches.) Fig. to. — V essel Xo. 106. Greer. (Diameter’9.3 inches.) Vessel No. 106 is also a bowl of dark ware, with an incised decoration that at one time has had a deposit of red pigment in the lines (Fig. 70). Vessel No. 121 is a wide-mouthed bottle of dark ware, having a body globular with extended Hat liase, and a neck first upright, then Haring (Fig. 71). The deco- ration, which is incised, is made up of bands of reticulated lines, most of which unite in forming a scroll eifect. As was almost invariabl}- the case in the cemetery near cp:rtain mounds of Arkansas and of Mississippi. 551 Greer, red paint is an adjunct to the incised decoration, which, incidentally we nia}' say here, was not employed when the decoration consisted of broad, trailed lines. Vessel No. 1 12 is a wide-mouthed bottle of dark ware, with a body having an extension ending in a flat base (Fig. 72). The decoration, incised, with the usual traces of red pigment, is made up of a combination of spaces filled with reticulated lines. Vessel No. 30 is a bowl of coarse, yellow ware, having an almost indistin- guishable decoration on the lower part. The upper part, exteriorly, bears an incised and punctate design in which the scroll has a prominent place (Fig. 73). Fig. 71. — Vessel Xo. 121. Greer. (Diameter 6.75 inches.) Vessel No. 8 is a cooking vessel of yellow ware, with soot still adhering (Fig. 74). The decoration of trailed lines and punctate markings shows scrolls, concen- tric circles (probably sun-symbols), and diagonal, parallel lines. Vessel No. 37. This interesting little vessel (Fig. 75) is a reproduction in earthenware of one of the musselshells {Uiiio) found in the Arkansas and White rivers. We do not recall having seen before the musselshell represented in earth- enware, though the conch and the clam figure in the pottery of the middle Mississippi region. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI Fkj. 73. — Vessel Xo. 30. Greer. (Diameter 5.6 iiielies.) CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 553 Vessel No. 1 10 is a bowl of yellow ware ( Fig. 7G), having as decoration a Fig. 74. — Vessel Xo. 8. Greer. (Diameter 6.5 inches.) band of red pigment on both sides, extend- ing somewhat below the rim. In the in- terior are four series of doultle, crescentic bands executed in red paint. Centrally, is a frog shown in red paint, the represent- ation of which, however, is somewhat marred through the effect of heat, tlie out- side of the vessel and the central jiart of the interior having been discolored by fire. It is interesting to note that a ves.sel found l)y Doctor Hough * in nortlieastcrn Arizona, bears a frog painted on the base of the interior. “ The frog is a symbol of water,” says Doctor Hough, “and its sym- bolic use is widely diffused in the Pueblo region, carved in shell, formed in clay, worked in tunpioise mosaic or painted on pottery.” The frog shown by Doctor Hough is tailless, while the frog on the vessel from (Ireer bears a well-developed tail. Fig. 75. — Vessel Xo. 37. Imitation of musselsliell. Greer. (Full size.) ‘Walter Hough, “ Arclueological Field Work in Northeastern Arizona,” Smithsonian Report, 1901, p. 315, PI. L. 70 JOURX. A. X. S. PHILA., VOL. XIII. 554 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. It is well known that in the tadpole state the incipient frog has, at the same time, both tail and legs, which fact, no doubt, caiused the aboriginal artist to portray on our bowl a Irog with marked caudal development. • Here again, however, we can find a parallel in the Southwest. Doctor Fewkes ' describes and figures as coming from the ancient Pueblo of Sikyatki, in Fig. 76. — Vessel Xo. 110. Greer. (Diameter 13.5 inches.) northeastern Arizona, a painted representation of Ji frog hearing a tjiil of consider- jible size. Vessel No. 32, a bowl of yellow ware (Fig. 77), has an interior coating of red pigment and an exterior band of the same material extending somewhat below the ' .T. \V. Fewke.s, “ Arohieological E.vpodition to Arizona in 1895,” Seventeenth Ann. Rep. Hiir. Am. Ethnol., Part II, p. 677, PI. CXXXIIf. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 555 rim. On oj)posite sides are an efligy of tlie human head and a conventional tail. A'essel No. 55, also a bowl of yellow ware, much the worse for ravages of time, has had an interior coating of red pigment that has almost entirely disap- peared. On the outside are traces of the usual hand of red paint below the margin. On one side is the head of an unidenti- fied animal with con- spicuous ears erect, protruding eyes, and partly open m o u t h showing the teeth (Fig. 78). On the opposite side a tail curves first upward, then inward. A essel No. 9 is a bottle of yellow ware, found in many frag- Fig. 77.— Vessel No. 32 . Greer. (Diameter 7..3 inches.) ments through con- tact with a plow, the neck being entirely gone. This bottle has been cemented together with considerable restoration as to the body and complete restoration of the neck (Fig. 79). The design varies somewhat from that on anv other vessel ft/ found by us along the Arkansas river, though it is of the same general character. Partly interlocked scrolls of white and of red form the decoration, the scrolls hav- ing fenestrated ends filled with color — the white scrolls witli red, the red scrolls with white. As the paint formerly on this bottle has been considerably Avorn away, Ave have attempted in the figure to shoAV the design as it originally appeared, the dark shade representing red ; a lighter shade shoAA'ing the yelloAv of the Avare ; the Avhite, of course, being represented Avithout color. Vessel No. 130. This small A'essel, Avith rounded base and square in upper, horizontal section, is undecorated and is Avorthy of note only on account of its quadrangular form Avhich, as has often been remarked, is nnusnal though of Avides})read occurrence. Fig. 78. — A’essel No. 5.7. Greer. (Full size.) 556 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI Fig. 79. — Vessel Xo. 9. Greer. (Height 9 iiiubcs.) CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 557 The Toltec Mounds, Lonoke County. These iiioimds, near Toltec station, on the railroad, about sixteen miles below the cit\’ of Little Rock, are described as the Knapp Mounds in the Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, ‘ as doubtless they were called at the time of tlie publication of the Report. The mounds were visited by us, but investigation was not deemed advisable, as there seemed to be no history of the discovery of artifacts in the vicinity. Little Rock. In the State-house at Little Rock, the capital of Arkansas, we examined a small case of earthenware vessels said to have been found in the neighborhood of the city. One of these vessels, of the ‘‘teapot” variety, bears a human face on one side, well modeled in relief, and is one of the most interesting vessels from Arkansas that we have seen. Since our return, we have tried without success, to obtain from the officials at the State-house a photograph of this vessel for reproduction. J Page 243 et seq . RP:P0RT ox a collection of crania from ARKANSAS. (Made, and donated to the National Museum, by Mr. Clarence B. Moore.) By Ale!5 IIkdlicka. (In charge of the Division of Pliysical Anthropology, U. S. National Museum.) Tlie collection in question consists of twelve more or less perfect skulls, four of which are marked as coming from “near Menard mound, Arkansas Co., Ark.,” while six were exhumed “ near Greer, Jefferson Co.,” the same State. All the specimens present ahont the same degree of conservation. They are all of ninch the same yellowish color, fragile, largely devoid of animal matter, but not mineralized. Two of the skulls are repre.sented hy the frontal bone only, and of the others three lack the lower jaw. Their original and Mnsenm numbers, with identification as to sex and estimate of the age of the individuals, are as follows; Mena HI) Skull.s. Oi’ig. No. Mnsenm No. Sex. Approximate age of 249,914 male 55-60 y. “ Ihirial 10” 249,915 male 50-60 y. “ 86 249,916 female 30-35 y. 249,917 female adolescent. Gkekh Skulls. “ Burial 6 ” 249,918 female 35 y. “ GO 249,919 male 55-60 y. “ 7 249,920 female 40 V. “ 43 249,921 male (?) 35 y. “ 12 249,922 female (?) 45 y. “ 59 249,923 female 35 V. “ 32 249,924 female 40 V. “ 53 249,925 female 35 V. Several of the sknlls show signs of injnry in life, or of disease, d’hns, in 249,915 (Menard), a hyperostosis of the plate that forms its floor occludes entirely the right external auditory meatus, while on the left side there is a similar condi- tion in an advanced stage; in 249,91!) (Greer), there are three scars of old lesions of unknown nature, one, of moderate size and irregular form, anteriorly near tlie right frontal eminence, a trace of a similar one in nearly the same locatioii on the opposite side, and a large scar over the upper third of the right })arieto-occij)ital articulation; in No. 249,920 (Greer), there is a larger (3 x 2 cm.) scar, resemhling in nature those in the preceding case, on the left frontal eminence; in No. 249,921 (Greer), a large symmetrical area over the top and back of each j)arietal shows KKPOirr ox A COLLECTION OF CRANIA FROM ARKANSAS. 559 signs of prolonged congestion, resulting in slight hypei’idiisia of the surface bone layer; finally, No. 249,922 shows an old scar in the large inion depression which exists in this case, and in one ])art of this scar the bone is perforated, the irregular opening measuring G x 5 millimeters. All these scars suggest syphilitic lesions, but they are all healed and there is a total absence of the characteristic syphilitic ulceration of the bone. Resides the just mentioned conditions, it is noticeable that dental caries was more prevalent than is usual among the Indians. Three of the Menai-d and three of the Creer crania show various degrees of artificial, intentional deformation of the “flathead” type, and one additional (ireer skull (249,922) pre.sents a lateral occipital flattening. Specimens 249,917, ’20, ’21 and ’23 are free from deformation; in 249,915 and ’925 the frontal compression is of so light a grade that it does not affect materially the general shape and meas- urement of the skulls. Anomalies of structure are observable in a number of cases, those more worthy of mention being as follows: An epactal bone, 4.3 x 9.9 cm. in surface measure- ments, exists in 249,920; and there is, in 249,918, a somewhat rudimentary atlas, with complete neural arch, fused entirely with the occi])ital. The anthropological characteristics of the skulls from the two localities are found on examination to be practically identical. They are so close that there is a strong probability of their proceeding not only from the same general type, but even from the same tribe of people, and they can be legitimately dealt with as one group only. Measukements and Description. Fonn . — The undeformed skulls of this collection are all decidedly brachy- cephalic, and several of the deformed specimens give plain indication that they belong to the same type. The skulls are ahso all relatively high. The individual measurements and indices showing these conditions are as follows : Measurements of the Crania Relative to their Shapes. MISEI'M Ncmber Sex Diameter antero- posterior maximum Diameter lateral maximum Basion — breKi"a height Cephalic index Height- length index Height- breadth index 249.915 Male cm. 17.8 cm. 15.4 cm. M-3 S6.5 80.J 92.9 249,919 Male 16.5 14.8 14.6 89.7 88.S 98.6 249.920 Female 16.2 14-5 >3-9 89-5 83.8 95-9 249,921 Male (?) 17.2 14-5 14-15 84-3 82.3 97.6 249.923 Female 16.5 14-3 13-7 86.7 83.0 95-8 249.925 Female 15-7 13-9 13.6 88.5 86.6 97.8 560 REPORT ON A COLLECTION OF CRANIA FROM ARKANSAS. Size . — The skulls under examination are all of rather low cai)acity, when compared with whites, but can not l)e said to be exceptional for Indians, particu- larly for- those of moderate stature, which in this case is indicated by the usual small lumen of the foramen mairnum, as well as by a few of the long-hones sent by Mr. Clarence R. Moore to the Army Medical Museum (a right male femur among these measures 41.1 cm.). The next table gives a number of determinations which have relation to the size of the skulls ; it will be seen that it is of importance to learn, in connection with the external measurements, also the approximate thick- ness of the bones that form the cranial vault, to be enabled to judge with some accuracy as to the ca])acity. The thickness of nearly all of these skulls is above the average in whites, though agreeing with that usual in the Indian. Me.^surements of the Crani.a. Relative to their Size. MI’SEUM Nu.mber Sex Capacity ill c.c. (writer’s method) Cranial module (a^mean diameter) Circumfer- ence (above supraorbital ridges) Xasion— opisthioii arc Thickness of left parietal (above the squamous suture) 249.915 Male C.C. 1425 cm. 15-83 cm. 51-8 cm. 34.5 m m. 6-7 249,919 (4 1345 15-30 49-9 33-8 4-6 249,921 “(?) 1260 15-28 50.7 35-2 6-7 249,922 ; Female (?) 1305 15-07 48.0 33-8 4-6 249,916 Female 1290 14.80 48.2 32-5 4-6 249,918 t ( 1 170 NEAR 14.90 47.0 NEAR 33-3 6-7 249,920 < 4 1185 14-87 48.6 33.8 4-6 249.923 4 4 1250 14.83 49.1 33-9 4-6 249,924 1240 14.90 48.8 32.6 4 6 249.925 4 4 1140 14.40 46.3 32.3 3-4 The facial farts of these skulls gave measurements which are grouped iu the next tables. It is seen that the upper facial height is in most of the instances quite considerable. This is due to a relatively great development in height of the upper alveolar process, which assumes really exceptional proportions in No. 249,916. The total facial height is less pronounced, due to a relative lowness of the inferior maxilla. The breadth of the face is throughout moderate. The nasal index is REPORT ON A COLLECTION OF CRANIA FROM ARKANSAS. 5G1 groiipcMl about the boundaries of the lepto- and inesorbynic, the orbital index is varia- ble, with a predominance in the undefonned skulls of the mesoseme. The prognath- ism is on the av^erage only slightly greater than is usual among the Indians, but is excessive in two of the specimens (Nos. 249,916 and 249,924). The palate is pre- dominantly brachy uranic (Turner). The angle of the lower jaw presents nothing unusual, with one possible exception (No. 249,921, abnormally large, if this sknll is that of a male). The breadth as well as the height at symphysis of the lower jaw are both moderate in all the specimens. Measurements Relative to the Facial Parts. Museum Nu.mber Sex Total heiKlit of the face Alveolar point — nasion height Diameter bizygo- matic maxim um Facial index, total Facial index, upper Nose : Height (mean of that from nasion to the nasal notches) Nose : breadth Nose : index Orbits : mean height Orbits : mean breadth (Broca) Orbits : mean index cm. cm. cm. cm. cm. cm. cm. 249.915 male 12.4 7-7 14.6 84.9 52-7 5-45 2-75 49.1 3 40 4 - 50 75 249,919 < < ? ? 14-5 ? ? 5.00 2.50 50.0 3-20 3.85 83.1 249,921 “ (?) 1 II. 9 7-45 13 2 go. I 56.4 5-40 2.50 46.3 3-45 3.90 88.5 219,922 female (.!*) 12.0 7-35 13.2 90.9 55-7 5.05 2.30 45-5 3-50 4 - 05 86. 4 249,916 female ! 13.2 8.05 12.7 103.9 63-4 5.20 2.45 47.1 365 3.70 ( 98 . 6 ) 249,918 C < II. 6 71 13.7 84-1 51-8 4.90 2.50 51.0 3.30 3-75 { 88 . 0 ) 249,920 4 4 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 249.923 4 4 lO.O 6.7 133 8/ 9 50-4 5-15 2.55 49-5 3-50 3-75 93-3 249,924 44 12.0 7.65 13 - 1 91.6 58-4 5.30 2,40 45-3 3-50 3-75 {93-3) 249.925 4 4 ? 7.25 12.8 ? 36.6 5-20 2.60 50.0 3-40 3.60 94 4 Additional Measurements Relative to the Facial and Other Parts of the Skull. Prognathism Palate Lower Jaw Frontal Bone Museum Number Sex Basion — forepart of alveolar point (a) Basion — nasion (ij Angle between a and b Basion — middle of nasal notches (c) Height from alveolar point to middle of nasal notches (<0 Angle be- tween a and d Exter- nal length (X) Exter- nal breadth (>•) Index Diam- eter bigo- nial Angle (mean) Height at sym- physis Diam- eter frontal mini- mum Diam- eter frontal maxi- mum Fora- men mag- num ; mean diam- eter cm. cm. degrees cm. cm. degrees cm. cm. cm. degrees cm. cm. cm. cm. 249.914 male ? ? ? ? > f ? ? ? ? ? ? ABOUT lO.O (12.3) ? 249.915 < ( 10.7 II. 4 74.0 9.8 2.10 57-5 5-8 NEAR 6.9 iig.o 10.9 116.5 3-4 9.8 (12.3) 3-35 249,919 “ ? 10.5 ? 8.95 ( 1 - 95 ) ? ? ? ? p ? ? 10.15 12.6 3-15 249,921 “ (?) 10.2 10.5 730 9.0 2.20 52-5 5-8 6.9 119.0 I I.O 134.0 ^6 9-4 12.4 3-50 249,922 female (?) 10.2 10.6 73-0 915 2.45 58.5 5-75 6.6 114.8 9.6 126.0 3-5 9-4 1 1.6 3.00 249,916 female 10.4 lO.O 63.0 9.0 2.85 52-0 6.2 71 114-5 9-9 ? ? 9 85 (13.2) 3-05 249,917 i 4 ? ? ? ? ? ? > ? ? P ? ? 9.2 II. 8 ? 249,918 4 4 ? ? f ? 2.30 ? 5-6 69 123.2 10. 0 I2/.0 3 - 25 8.8 (II- 5 ) ? 249,920 4 4 ? 9.8 ? ? ? ? ? > ? ? ? ? 8.9 11-95 2.90 249.923 4 < 9-4 9-9 73-5 8.5 1-75 55-0 5-35 6.8 121.1 10. 1 125-0 315 9-4 12.4 3.30 249,924 4 4 10.6 10.2 66.5 9-3 2-35 51-5 5-8 6.65 114.1 9.8 i 2 g.o 3.5 9.2 (12.5) 3-25 249.925 4 4 10. 0 10.15 70.0 9.0 2. 10 56.0 5-6 6.55 IIJ.O ? ■ ? ? 9-1 11.5 3 - 25 71 JOURX. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XlII. 562 REPORT ON A COLLECTION OF CRANIA FROM ARKANSAS. Descriptive Xotes . — In the undeforined skulls, the forehead is generally well built; the sagittal region is anteriorly uniformly oval, or there is but a slight median elevation, while from the summit backward and ])articularly in the region of the obelion, a numher of the specimens show a shallow median depression ; the temporo-parietal region is convex, without bulging, and the parietal bosses are not pronounced ; the occiput is also convex, without bulging, as it does in long crania. In several instances the locality of the inion, usually marked by a })rotuberance, presents a depression; this is es])ecially marked in Nos. 249,1)18 and 249,922. The supraorbital ridges are in all these crania less developed than usual, while the opposite is true of the mastoids, particular!}’ those of the females, which are much above the average and could in most of the cases easily be taken for those of males. The sutures show sjenerallv a submedium serration; obliteration is irresular in the different specimens, but in a number of instances is seen to have involved the coronal suture below the temporal ridges before it has advanced much in other localities. The pterions are all of the II form and mostly of" fair width. Sutural bones are small and (juite infre(pient. The nasion depression, due to the small supraorbital ridges, is generally more or less shallow; the nasal bridge is of but moderate height, especially in 249,925; the inferior borders of the nasal aperture are in most of the cases sharp, but in 249,918 they are dull, with moderate subnasal gutters, while in 249,923 they are dull and there are moderate submasal fossa\ The spine, as usual in the Indians, is mostly of submedium dimensions as compared with that of whites." The malar bones and zygonue are in all these specimens of only moderate strength and prominence. The canine, or suhmalar fossa', are of medium develop- ment. The chin is generally of moderate protrusion ; in 249,921, and especially in 249,915, it is scjuare. The angles of the lower jaw are in no case })rominent. The base is characterized by small depression of the petrous bones, small mid- dle lacerated foramina, and submedium to rudimentary styloids — all features com- mon in Indians. In two of the ten skulls, in which the examination of the floor of the auditory meatus is possible, there is a small defect in the same — in 24'9,921 on the left, in 249,922 bilaterally. The dentition has been found regular and complete in all cases where it was possible to examine the same, except in 24i),919, where there are traces of one or possibly two rudimentary, supernumerary dental elements in the upper jaw on the right side. The teeth are in all cases of moderate size. 'I'lie upper incisors, where preserved, show the pronounced ventral concavity, or shovel form, which is encount- ered in nearly all of the Indians. The cuspidary formula*, so far as they could be ascertained, differed in no way from what is most usually found in the whites. The wear of the teeth is less than usual in other localities. “ This structure is subject to so much variation, and is so often damaged, particularly in old skulls, that the writer finds it impracticable to utilize it as the point from which the nasal height is to be meas- ured, utilizing instead the mean of the lowest points on the border of the two notches of the nasal aperture. REPORT ON A COLLECTION OF CRANIA FROM ARKANSAS. 563 Deductions . — The collection of skulls described above, consists of one well delined type, characterized mainly by bracbycepbaly. There are, in addition, features which may he regarded as local or tribal modifications, connected probably in the main with the habits and environment of the people, consisting in more than usual development in height of the upper alveolar process, a considerable develop- ment of the mastoids in the females, and small development, in both sexes, of the supraorbital arches. The people were not tall in stature, and their food was not coarse. The type of people indicated by the skulls prevailed at one time over a large part of the present State of Arkansas, and extended to the (lulf States. Its exact limits are as yet hut ill defined. It stands in relation — regardless of the custom of head deformation — with a large contingent of the mound Indians, reaching well into Ohio. More distant peoples of fundamentally the same type are, on one hand, the brachycephals of the northwest coast, and, on the other, the people of Yucatan and parts of the eastern coast of Mexico. The southwestern brachycephals must also be borne in mind. There are doubtless, in the Gulf States, yet living representatives of the type of people indicated by the Arkansas skulls here described. It exists to an unas- certained extent among the Tonkawa. And the type is predominant, if not gen- eral, among the Choctaw. To learn its ancient distribution would be an im})ortant stej) in the anthropology of this country. Belzon ao* Cam|a L'dg. WASHINGTON MAP OF PARTS OP THE YAZOO AND SUNFLOWER RIVERS Scale in miles f to 1 9 08 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. Bv Clarence B. Moore. PART II. Mol'N'ds of the Lower Yazoo and Lower Sunflower Rivers. Mississippi. The Yazoo river has its origin in the northwestern part of the .''tate of Mis- sissippi. and flows in a southerly course through the eastern part of the alluvial plain of the Mississippi valley, to its union with the Mississippi river, near the city of Vicksburg. The Sunflower river has its source somewhat to the westward of that of the Yazoo, and continues southward to its junction with the latter stream, about 44 miles by water above Vicksburg. The Yazoo region is of considerable archteological interest, since the Y*azoo Indians, who dwelt not far from the mouth of the river that bears their name, were at no great distance north of the famous Natchez Indians who. as the reader is aware, were found by the early explorers living near where now is the city of Natchez. Miss. The Y’azoo had been, no doubt, long under the influence of the Natchez Indians, and in 1730 we find the Yazoo, on their return from a visit to the Natchez, massacring the small garrison of the French fort on the Yazoo river. According to Du Pmtz. the Yazoo and other small tribes, after the Natchez troubles with the French, took refmre with the Chickasaw and were absorbed bv them. B. F. French, however, says* there were still a few huts of the Yazoo on the Yazoo river so late as 1851. A list of the small tribes of the lower Yazoo is given by Coxe.' and another by Chevalier Tonty,’ who says : •* The Yazous are masters of the soil.’* Other lists are given by Du Pratz * and by Penicaut.® Referring to the Yazoo river at the beginning of the eighteenth century. La Harpe* says : "Cabins of the Y’azous. Courois, Offagoula and Ouspie are dispersed over the country upon mounds of earth made with their own hands.” * Hist. Coll, of La.. Part III. p. 59, footnote. * French, Hist. Coll-, of La.. Part II, p. 227. * Ibid., Part I, p- 82, et * Histoire de la Louisiane, Paris. 17->8, Vol. II, p- 226. ' Hist. Coll, of La. and Fla.. ls69, p. 61. 566 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. There can be little doubt tliat in early times the Natchez- Yazoo region bad a comparatively considerable poi)idation. Du Pratz attributes the great falling off in numbers of the Natchez tribe in bis time (1720) to the many human sacrifices following the death of the greater and inferior suns,” or nobles, which, be says, were more destructive than the havoc wrought by war. Rut the Natchez bad their wars also, for, although Charlevoix, speaking of them in 1721, says they rarely go to war and do not glory in the destruction of men, de Montigny, who saw them in 1699, speaks of them as then at war “with almost all the nations on the Mississippi.” ^ De la Vente,^ who visited the lower Mississippi river in 1704, found most of the jieoples there at war. “ I could not say for how long back,” he says, “ their chief glory has been to take a few scalps from their enemies on the slightest pre- text.” M. de la \Tmte adds that the English gave the Indians firearms and incited them to make war on each other in order that they (the English) could obtain slaves thereby'. Parenthetically, it may be said that the English were not wholly to blame in the distribution of firearms. Of Indians of Mississippi we are told by Fatber Membre, who went down the Mississippi in 1682, that “they have also axes and gnus, which they procure from the Spaniards, sixty-five or more leagues off.” ® Presumably all the causes given were contributory to the lessening of the num- ber of aborigines, to wbich may be added the introduction of smallpox and of alcoholic drink. We shall now describe onr work on the Yazoo and Sunflower rivers. As noted in previous memoirs, it is our practice to have agents, who are accustomed to the work, travel in advance over the region, the investigation of which we have in view, in order exactly to determine the situation of mounds and cemeteries, and to obtain the names and addresses of the owners; thus, in the winter season, in onr flat-bottomed steamer, with a large force to dig, including many who have been in onr service before, we go directly to work on such mounds, whose owners have accorded us permission. Preceding our work, Mr. J. S. Raybon, captain of onr steamer, Avho has trav- eled for a number of seasons to discover mounds for us, accompanied by a compan- ion, carefully searched the Yazoo river from Sharkey to its union with the Missis- si{)pi, a distance of about 257 miles l)y water, and also covered the Sunflower from Faisonia to its junction with the Yazoo — about 96 miles, following the course of the stream. After about one month’s continuous work on the Yazoo and Sunflower rivers • M. I’Abbe Aniedee Gosselin, “ Les Sauvages du Mississippi,” Congres International des Anitiri- canistes, (Quebec, 1906, Vol. I, p. 43. * Ibid., p. 43, et .seq. ’ H. F. French, Hist. Coll, of La. and Fla., New York, 1875, p. 25, footnote. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 5G7 (Jiinuary-Febnuiry, 1908), it having become evident to us that our search was iuade<|uately rewarded, we determined to change to anotlier field, after liaving worked on the Yazoo river as far northward as Racetrack Landing, 187 miles by water above Vicksburg; and to (leorge lake on the Sunllower river, 17 miles by river above its union with the Yazoo. The Yazoo and Sunllower river region forms part of a great alluvial plain that is subject to overHow and is almost without high ground of any sort. Hence our investigation was greatly hampered, since permission to dig was refused in some instances, and restricted in many others, owing to the necessity for landowners to preserve their mounds for the use of cattle and hogs (and for the inhabitants on occasion) in periods of high water. The need to leave the mounds, therefore, in as good condition as that in which they were found and without involving any part of them which might he exposed to wash of water, accounts for many instances of incomplete investigation on our part. Presumably, however, the result of our research was not materially affected by our limitations, as enough work was done, we think,' to })rove the preponderance of domiciliary mounds in the Yazoo-Sun dower region and to show that the placing of artifacts with the dead was not widely practised there. Two points of interest, however, Avere demonstrated by our work : According to Du Pratz,® no tribe of Louisiana practised cremation — referring, of course, to the great region then known as Louisiana, of which the Yazoo territory formed a ]>art. As our report on the Yazoo country will show, cremation was practised there in aboriginal times. Hence we must conclude that the custom antedated the time of Du Pratz’s sojourn in the region (1718 and later), or, which is more likely, that this author, though a careful observer, was not able accurately to report on all the customs of so e.xteuded a territory. Another point determined by our work relates to urn-hurial. When we wrote our paper on Urn-hurial in the United States,” ® we were unable to cite an instance of the discovery of an aboriginal urn-hurial in Missis- sipj>i. Our work on the Yazoo shows it to have been practised there upon one occasion at least. No skulls or other skeletal remains, in a condition to keej), were found by us in the Yazoo-Sun dower region. We shall now proceed to describe our work in detail, first tendering the Avarm thanks of the Academy of Natural Sciences to all owners of mounds or of aboriginal dwelling-sites, Avho so kindly granted us permission to dig in a region Avhere for reasons Ave have explained, the favor sometimes iinolved jiersonal sacrifice. ' We wilf gladly transfer to any institution or to any responsible individual willing to undertake the work, all the data as to mounds, and letters of permission relating to that part of the Yazoo and Sunflower rivers covered by onr agents, but not investigated by us. 2 Op. cit., Vol. 1 1 1, p. 24. ’American Anthropologist, Oct.-Dec., 1904. 568 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. Mounds and Sites Investigated on the Yazoo Rivek. Mounds at King’s Crossing, WarrtMi County (3). Dwelling-site below Haynes’ Bluir Landing, Warren County. Mounds near Haynes’ Bluir Landing, Warren County (3). Mounds near Leist Landing, Issa(iuena County (2). Mounds near O’Neill’s Landing. Yazoo County (2). Mound near Stella Landimx, Yazoo Countv. Mound near Clark’s Ferry, Yazoo County. Dwelling-site near Monterey Landing, Yazoo County. Mound at Carutliers’ Landing, Yazoo County. Dwelling-site at Koalunsa Landing, Yazoo County. Mound near Parker’s Bayou, Holmes County. Mounds at the Fort Place, Yazoo County (5). Mound near entrance of Tchula Lake, Holmes County. Mound on Tchula Lake, Holmes County. Mounds at the Peaster Place, Holmes County (4). Mound at Belzona, Washington County. Mound above Belzona, Holmes County. Mound near Welsh Camp Landing, Holmes County. Mound near entrance of Wasp Lake, Washington Count}’. Mounds near Wasp Lake, Washington County (G). Mounds near Silent Shade Landing, Holmes County (2). Mounds near Carey Middleton Gin Landing, Holmes County (2). Mounds near head of Honey Island, Holmes County (2). Mound near mouth of Yalobusha river, Leflore County. Mounds on the Lucas Plantation, Leflore (ounty (3). Mound at Racetrack Landing, Leflore County. Mounds at King’s ('hossing, Warren (’ounty. At King’s Crossing, about four miles in a northerly direction from Vicksburg, in full view from the Yazoo and Mississippi \ alley Railroad, are three mounds, and what may be parts of other mounds. Mound A, on property belonging to Miss M. C. Collier, resident on the place, was used as a fortification by the (Jonfederates during the siege of Vicksburg, and cannon-balls may still be seen partly imbedded in its clay. Owing to the historical associations of the mound, the owner was unwilling that digging should alter its present shape; and in point of fact, investigation seemed almost unnecessary, inasmuch as the mound evidently belongs to the domi- ciliary class so abundant throughout southern United States. At the time of our visit the mound was about 25 feet in height and showed much irregularity in shape, though doubtless formerly it had been a symmetrical oblong. Its basal measurements N. and S. and F]. and W. were respectively 157 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 569 feet and 173 feet. The diameters of the summit plateau, in the same directions, were 74 feet and 92 feet. Mound R, al)out 100 feet east of Mound A., on property of Mr. T. 1). .Major, residing nearby, was much spread by long cultivation. Its height was 5 feet 5 inches; its base, of irregular outline, was 96 feet N. and S., and 84 feet E. and W. Fourteen trial-holes * were put into this mound (which probably was domiciliary), without result. Nine trial-holes were dug without success into soil blackened with organic matter, somewhat to the north of the mound, evidently a former dwelling-site. Mound C, about 250 feet E. by N. from Mound A, on property belonging to Miss Collier, has been almost cut to j)ieces — in the first place for use as a fortifica- tion, and later, it is said, by treasure seekers. Dwelling-Site kelow Haynes’ Bluff Landing, Warre.n County. Mounds ne.vr Haynes’ Bluff Landing, Warren County. On the plantation of Mr. II. K. \yilliams, resi- dent on the place, about one half mile in a NE. direc- tion from Haynes’ Bluff Landing, on ground sloping toward the river, is a symmetrical mound, evidently domiciliary. This mound, to some e.xtent impaired by wash of water at its NE. angle, has a roadway leading out from its southern side. Its height from the western side is 30 feet 2 inches; from the eastern side, 28 feet 5 inches. Fio. 1. — Objectof limestone. Haynes’ Biiiir Landing. (Full size.) About one-half mile in a southerly direction from Haynes’ Bluff Landing, on property belonging to Mr. Richard Harris, resident on the place, is a small dwell- ing-site in a cultivated field. Investigation yielded nothing of interest with the exception of a neatly-made object of limestone, about the shape and size of a hen’s egg, encircled somewhat above the middle by a groove (Fig. 1), which was found on the surface. On Mr. Harris’ property also are two elevations that were believed by persons in the neighborhood to be Indian mounds. Investigation, however, showed them to be ledges of lime-rock {lartly covered with soil, the stone being similar to that in the low hills about 150 yards distant. ' .Vll trial liole.s mentioned in tliis report were designed to be 6 feet by 4 feet, by 4 feet deep. These dimensions, however, were not always strictly maintained. 72 JOURX. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XIII. 570 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. The mound is practically s(piarc, the base being about 185 feet in each direc- tion. The sutmnit plateau is 75 feet square. Fourteen trial-boles were put down, resulting in the discovery of a few frag- ments of ])ones of lower animals, mostly of the deer, and a bone which Prof. F. A. Lucas kindly has identified as being part of a tibia of a wild turkey. There were also some bits of earthenware, shell-tempered as a rule, a few having a fine black polish on each side. In the neighborhood of this mound are three elevations, one of which we believe to be a knoll that has served as a dwelling-site; the other two, remnants of mounds. In one of these, just below the surface, was a skeleton having small glass beads at the neck. Mounds ne.\r Leist L.wding, Iss.\quen.\ County. On the property of Mr. Samuel Leist, living on the })lace, are two mounds; an elevation in a field, probably a dwelling-site; and the remnant of a low mound, on which stands a house. One of the mounds which, like so many in this region, serves as a refuge for cattle in flood-time, is about 400 yards in a westerly direction from Leist Landing. Its height, taken from the eastern side, is 29 feet 4 inches. Its basal outline is circular in a general way, but somewhat irregular owing to cultivation of the field in which it stands and to wash of water in times of overflow of the Yazoo. The sides of the mound also have been impaired through wash of rain and trampling of cattle in all probability, as the highest floods remembered have covered only the lower ten feet of the mound. The diameter of the mound is about 174 feet. There is but little summit plateau. Eleven trial-holes were put down in the upper part of the mound, the material encountered being hard loam.' These trial-holes were carefully filled by us accord- ing to our invariable custom. With the exception of three recent burials in coflins, nothing was encountered by us in this mound. On the bank of the Little Sunflower river, which here ap{)roaches the Yazoo, and about half a mile N. by W. from the mound just described, is a curious plat- form covered with loam filled with evidence of long occupancy, averaging 8 feet in height except at the southern end, where the elevation is 14 feet. Its outline is irregularly oblong. Its basal diameter N. and S. is about 305 feet ; E. and M". it is 245 feet, appro.ximately. ‘ Tlie composition of the mounds of tlie Yazoo-Sunflower region is alluvial deposit, rich in clay, with the addition of more or less organic matter in places. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 571 Fourteen trial-holes through dark loam to yellow clay below, showing the mound had been built and then liv^ed upon, yielded no object of importance. Morxi) NEAR .Miller Landing, Sharkey ('ounty. A mound near Miller Landing was reported by our agent to be about 12 feet in height and aliout one acre in e.xtent, but as several houses were upon it, investi- gation was impossible. -Mound near Sweet Home Landing, Yazoo ('ounty. We did not visit a small mound reported to us as being near Sweet Home Landing, as perrni.ssion to dig was not obtainable. Mound.s near Big .Mound Landing a.nd Syca.more Landing, Yazoo County. These mounds, included in the list of our agent as near Big Mound Landing and Sycamore Landing, were not investigated by us, the owner e.\plaining they were needed for protective ])urposes in times of overilow. .Mound near Friedlander Landi.ng, Yazoo C'ounty. .V mound near Friedlander Landing was visited by us, but not opened, permis- sion not being obtainable. .Mounds .near O’Neill’s Landing, Yazoo (’ounty. On property of Mr. R. S. (Joody, living on the place, in a cultivated field about one (juarter mile from O’Neill’s Landing, is a small circular mound 2 feet 6 inches in height and 33 feet in diameter. Seven trial-holes to the base, were put down with negative result. In woods one half mile in a northerly direction from O’Neill’s Landing^ also on property of Mr. (,’oody, was a circular mound 28 feet in diameter and 3 feet in height. A small hole had been dug into the central part of the mound previous to our visit. This mound was totally demolished by ns, two bits of pottery being the only discovery made. .Mound near Stella Landi.ng, Yazoo County. (^n property of Mrs. II. L. Taylor, of Bentonia, Miss., in a cultivated field about 100 yards southwest from Stella Landing, is a symmetrical, conical mound 7 feet in height and 49 feet in diameter of base. Two holes, 0 feet by 3 feet each, which were about all the limited summit plateau could accommodate, were put down and later were considerably enlarged by extending them under the slope. 572 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. From 4 feet 4 inches to 4 feet 10 inches down (the outer parts of the layer sloping downward) was a stratum of shells mingled with dry, clayey material, light brown iir color. The thickness of this layer was not determined, a hole 1 foot 8 inches in depth not having reached the bottom. A selection of the shells kindly has been identified by Dr. II. A. Pilsljry, as follows: Quadnila trapczdides^ Q. pusiiilosa^ Q. lachrymosa^ 0. hiyoua^ Q. ellip- sis^ Lmtipsilis pinpuratus^ L. hydianus^ L. Jallaciosus, I ivipanis subpurpurens^ Pyramidula alteniata — all being shells found in the Ya/oo region at the present time. Sloping downward in the mound, the head being 3 feet from the surface, the knees, 4 feet 9 inches, was a skeleton of an ad nit, at full length, face downward, the head pointing west by north. The beneficial effect of the infiltration of lime salts on bones was well illus- trated in the case of this skeleton, which, down to the knees, was in a condition so friable as to fall almost into dust under slight pressure. From the knees down, however, the bones lay on the shell layer, of which mention has been made, and were hard and excellently preserved. The tibim showed evidence of slight periostitis. Under the same conditions as those of the burial just described, and interred in exactly the same manner, save that it headed WSW., lay another adult skeleton. Neither of these skeletons had artifacts of any kind in as.sociation, except a fragment of pottery, which was probably an accidental introduction. About G inches above the pelvis of one of the skeletons were the skull and some of the cervical vertebne of a child. The remainder of this skeleton, proba- bly little more than dust, had, no doubt, been thrown out in the digging without attracting attention. Around the neck were a number of shell beads. In (piest of a cemetery, twenty-four trial-holes from 1 foot to 2.5 feet in depth, as the case required, were put down without result in the neighborhood of the mound, through black soil showing former occupancy, to undisturbed clay. Mounds near Exola Landing, Oak \'ai.eey Landing, Rialto Landing, Yazoo ('ountv. M"e were unable to obtain permission to explore mounds reported by our agent to be in the neighborhood of Enola Landing, Oak \hilley Landing, and Rialto Landing. Mound near Tarsus Landing, Yazoo (’ounty. A mound near Tarsus Landing, on ])roperty of Mr. John S. Ilord, of Rose- neath. Miss., was not visited by us, permission to dig having reached us after we had passed beyond the place. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 573 Mounds neak Yazoo ('ity, Yazoo ('ounty. A number of moinuls near Yazoo City, whicli were kindly put at our disposal by their owners, Messrs. J. C. Hollingsworth and C. II. Clark, of that city, were not visited by us as we were informed by our agent, who had seen the mounds, that they had been dug into already ; ' and the prospect for gleanings in the Yazoo region was not alluring. Mound near ('lark’s Ferry, Yazoo ('ounty. In a cultivated field helonging to Mr. E. T. Clark, living nearby, about one half mile AVSW. from (Jlark’s Ferry, in full view from the river, is a symmetrical, conical mound, 12 feet in height and 64 feet across the base. The summit plateau is 17 feet in diameter. A deep hole, 6 feet by 5 feet, starting in the middle of the summit plateau, had been made at night, ])revious to our visit, presumably by treasure-seekers. Two trial-holes, each carried to a depth of about 5 feet, produced only negative results. In many parts of the field around the mound are deposits of broken shells, pebbles, fragments of implements, etc. — the usual debris of dwelling-sites. Frag- ments of coarse [)ottery were abundant; some of these bear cord-marked decoration, a few are colored with red pigment. About 75 yards due south from the mound is a rise in the ground, thickly covered with broken shells and other debris. Twelve trial-holes put down to undisturbed soil yielded nothing of importance. Dwelling-Site near Monterey Landing, Yazoo ('ounty. In a corn-field about one half mile NE. from Monterey Landing, on property of Mr. M. R. Payne, of Koalunsa Landing, is much debris on the surface, denoting occu})ancy in aboriginal times. Fourteen trial-holes were without avail. Mound at ('arutkers’ Landing, Yazoo County. At Caruthers’ Landing, on ]>roperty belonging to Mr. J. S. Caruthers, of Yazoo (Jity, is a mound in full view from the river bank. This mound, which forms part of a barn-yard, is 4 feet in height and 44 feet across its circular base. It lias been much trampled by cattle, and is consefht and 55 feet across its circular base. Three trial-holes of unusually large size were })ut down, this number being all the top of the mound would accommodate, the destruction of the sides not being desirable. The clay 1‘rom which this mound was made was dry and hard, necessitating the use of a pick. .Vbout 1 f)ot down were a few fragments of human bones; and 3 feet from the surface were bits of earthenware representing an entire pot, or a large part of one, with decoration resembling the impress of finger-nails. Mounds at the Peaster Place, Holmes County. On the Peaster Place, about 4 miles up, on the western side of Tchula lake, on property belonging to Mr. R. L. Peaster, of Thornton, Miss., are four aboriginal mounds. Mound A, a symmetrical mound in sight of the bank of the old river, about 150 yards in an ESE. course from the landing, has a height of 9 feet 4 inches; a diameter at base of 58 feet. A hole with perpendicular sides, 18 feet 6 inches long and 8 feet wide, was put down from the top of the mound. This excavation was D) feet 6 inches deep in the middle, 10 feet deep at one end, and 9 feet in depth at the other end, which was under a slo})ing part of the mound, the excavation including more than the summit plateau. The outer part of the mound consisted of a layer of loamy material, dark with admixture of organic matter, from 2 ieet to 2.5 1‘eet in thickness. Below this Avas a mixture — mainly ehi}' — which continued until the base of the mound was reached, ' In many part? of the South what remains of tlie former course of a river is called a lake. Tchula lake was part of the Yazoo river in former times. 576 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. and owing to its hard and tenacious character required the aid of a pick to remove. This fact and the restricted space in which the diggers were confined made the work a veritable task. Forty-seven burials were met with from just below the surface to a thin layer of dark material 9 feet down, on which were three fireplaces, one having fish-scales near it. This laj-er, on which were scattered bits of musselshells and fragments of bones of lower animals, was probably the original surface of the ground. On this layer had been deposited a number of burials, but no trace of human remains was found below it, and the ground seemed undisturbed. The human remains in this mound (with the exception of calcined fragments which, of course, were hardened by fire) were in the last stage of decay and with but two or three exceptions (which, strangely enough, came from near the base), could, even includimr the teeth, be readilv reduced to dust between the thumb and finger. The form of twenty-six burials was undetermined by us. Certain burials will be considered in detail. Rurial No. 1, 1 foot 8 inches down, was a skeleton of an adult, lying at full length on the back, the skull SSW. This skeleton, from the skull to the pelvis inclusive, had lain on a bed of fire and the bones were badly affected by the heat, which had burnt the adjacent clay to a red hue. Burial No. 2, 10 inches down, was an adult skeleton extended at length on the back, the liead directed SE. This skeleton, from the up|)er part of the chest down to and including the feet, had lain on the same fire as skeleton No. 1, the legs of skeleton No. 2 crossing the chest of the other skeleton. Although such parts of both these skeletons as had been exposed to heat showed markedly the effects of fire, the bones remained entire and were not reduced to small calcined fragments, as is the case when cremation among the aborigines has been successfully carried out. Burial No. 5 consisted of the skeleton or of a large part of the skeleton of an adult, arranged in a bunch. Immediately above this bunch was a small layer of calcined fragments of bone which had belonged to a somewhat smaller skeleton than the one below it. The foregoing burials, which were all superficial, it will be noted, were the only ones bearing marks of fire that were met with by us in this mound. Burial No. 7 consisted of leg bones and a pelvis. We could not determine in this instance if the remainder of the skeleton had disappeared through decay or if no other bones had been interred. No trace of decayed bones was apparent, however. Burial No. 9 was the skeleton of a child, probably Hexed and lying on the left side. Burial No. II was a bunch, though some of the related bones were attached when interred, as, for instance, a few of the lumbar vertebra' and the pelvis. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 577 Burial No. 17. Nine feet down, that is to say on the base of the mound, lay the skeleton of an adult, the trunk on the hack, the face turned to the right, the up])er arms along the trunk. The right forearm was flexed up to the outer side of the humerus, with the hand turned in toward, and resting on, the shoulder; the left forearm was Hexed up diagonally on the chest. In addition there were the following burials; Lying on the right side, closely Hexed, one being a child, . . .9 Lying on the left side, closely Hexed, ....... 'I (.'losely flexed, face down, ......... I Recent disturbances, .......... 2 The skulls found in the mound showed no fixed orientation. There were also throughout the mound scattered fragments of human bones and in several instances traces of decayed bones. A fragment of a radius showed where the bone had healed with good union after a fracture. Mainly with burials or where traces of burial remained, were a number of arrowheads or knives, and four lanceheads — all of chert. These points, with one exception, were rather rudely made, many showing breakage, thus leading one to believe that imperfect objects had been utilized for interment with the dead. One lancepoint of dark gray chert, thin and carefully wrought, heart-shaped in outline, would be a fine example of aboriginal workmanship were it not for the absence of the point. Lying with the burial was a “celt” 5.4 inches long, having a graceful flare on one side of the edge, though the flare was wanting on the other side. This hatchet was given to Mr. Peaster, owner of the mound. The earthenware in this mound showed no evidence of shell-tempering, but was poor in ipiality, and when found was spongy from moisture and reduced to manv fragments. With a burial were parts of a vessel of moderate size, undecorated, which probably had been entire when deposited in the mound. From near the surface came many fragments which, when put together, formed part of a vessel of yellow ware having as decoration a punctate Held with ovals and oblong spaces decorated with red paint and surrounded by depressions so deep and broad that the designs had the ap[)earance of being in relief. A part of a vessel of inferior, dark ware, in many fragments, bore a rudely incised scroll-decoration. Apparently dissociated was a small, undecorated pot which fell into many fragments on removal. Mound B, in a cultivated Held, about one mile from Mound A, in a SE. by E. direction, is 2 feet 7 inches high and 40 feet in diameter. Eleven trial-holes were put down, some of which came upon human remains. One foot down were bones not showing the effect of fire, though charcoal was immediately above them. 73 JOURN. X. S. PUILA., VOL. XIII. 578 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. On the charcoal and extending beyond it was a deposit of calcined fragments of human bones, 2 feet wide, 2 feet 9 inches long, and about 3 inches thick. Just below the surface of the mound was a thin layer of frajiments of cal- cined human remains mingled with charcoal, 2 feet long by 1 foot 4 inches wide. Nearby was a small decorated pot in fragments. On the opposite side of the layer was another small pot, also in fragments, having a slight, rude decoration and two loop-handles. Sixteen inches down were the remains of probably what had been a skeleton extended at full length on the back. Fig. 2. — Vessel of eartlienware. Mound D. I’easter I’lace. (Height 5.2 inches.) Two feet from the surface w'as an urn-burial consisting of presumably a skele- ton — the decaying remains of a skull and some long-bones being noted — which, after the removal of the llesh, had been taken apart and arranged in a heap on the ground. This heap had been covered, or rather, almost covered (for a few ends of long-bones projected), by a large inverted bowl of most inferior ware, whieh, upon removal, fell into many small fragments paste-like in consistency. This bowl had no decoration except a grotestpie representation of a human head extending above the rim, part of which also crumbled away. Near the projecting bones was a small “celt” which was given by us to the owner of the mound. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 57 feet and 5G feet. Part of the eastern end of the mound has been hauled aAvay in order to utilize the shell, a large admixture of Avhich, mingled Avith dark loam, is present in the mound. TAvelve trial-holes put doAvn in the summit plateau resulted in the finding of tAvo fragments of a human femur in one instance and a human os ca/a's in another. Presumably these bones had been gathered Avith material for the construction of the mound. One trial-hole exposed six post-holes in line, about 30 inches Irom the surfaee. These holes AA^ere from 3.5 to 4 inches in diameter and about 2 feet in depth. In another excavation Avere tAvo similar post-holes. No doubt an aboriginal building had once stood on a part of the mound belbre its final imu’ease in height. Mound above Belzona, Holmes County. About 1 mile above Belzona, but on the ojiposite side of the river, immediately at the Avater’s edge, on pro]>erty of Mr. M. R. Payne, of Koalunsa Landing, Miss., Avhose kindness in permitting us to dig elseAvhere on the riA’er Ave have liad occasion 580 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. to acknowledge, is a mound 5 feet G inches in height and 94 feet in diameter. Eleven trial-holes were sunk without result. Mound ne.\r Welsh C.\mp Landin(;, Holmes County. On property belonging to Messrs. L. G. and J. T. Montgomery, of Yazoo Cit\', about three-quarters of a mile in a straight line SSE. from Welsh Camp Landing, though considerably farther by tlie road, at the edge of a swamp and in full view from the road, was a symmetrical mound, slightly furrowed in places by rain. On the surface of this mound we picked up a small pottery vessel with a dec- oration probably made by trailing a broad point on the surface of the clay before firing. The decoration, however, had become rather indistinct through exposure. Near the foot of the mound lay an arrowhead or knife, of chert, and an object probably of red sandstone, flat on one side, convex on the other, 3.75 inches in diameter and 1.5 inches thick. The diameter of the ba.se of the mound, which was circular, was 47 feet; the height as taken by us was 9 feet, but we are inclined to believe this figure exceeded the actual height, inasmuch as a perpendicular line from the summit plateau to undisturbed ground at the base jiroved to be but 7 feet 9 inches in length. This mound, which was surrounded and jiractically dug down by us, but sub- se([uently was rebuilt, was composed of soft, brown loam in the outer parts, but as the digging progressed hard and tenacious material was encountered, requiring time and much work to penetrate it. What seemed to be the base of the mound was a line of black soil containing a few potsherds as well as fragments of bones of lower animals. Below it was undisturbed soil. The first burial was encountered 16 feet from the center of the mound, and consisted of human teeth and a few fragments of bone in the last stage of decay. In all, seventeen burials were met with, from 1 foot 9 indies to 8 feet 8 inches in depth, measured to the ujiper surface of the burials — those at tlie greatest dejith being four skeletons in a circular grave at the center of the mound, 5 feet 8 inches in diameter and extending 1 foot 5 inches below the base. These four skeletons, with skulls in three diflerent directions, lay three on their left sides and one on the right side. Three were closely flexed, the knees being drawn up well toward the chin. One of the skeletons, flexed on the left side, had the legs at right angles to the body. The skeletons, somewhat crushed, occupied a space G inches in thickness. But one other grave below the base — a bunched burial or a much-detached skeleton — was found by us. The predominating form of burial in this mound, where determination was possible, was that of close flexion, there being, in addition to the burials noted, four skeletons closely flexed on the right side, and two closely flexed on the left side. Moreover, two badly decayed skeletons indicated close flexion on the left side. There was also one bunched burial which may liave been only a skeleton CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 581 rather more detached tlian the others, at the time of interment. One of the closelj dexed skeletons lay with the mandible reversed. There were also a burial disturbed in caved soil and one represented by traces of bone and teeth only. Probably others of this kind were passed over by us witliout notice. The yield of artifacts from this mound, considering the initial discovery, was disappointing. With each of two burials lay a single arrowhead of chert, and six- teen lanceheads and arrowheads or knives, all of chert, but one Avhich was of (piartzite, none carefully made, lay singly throughout the mound, apart Irom burials. In addition, also dissociated, a number of broken arrowheads or knives and a few small cutting implements, all of chert, were encountered. There were in the mound also a number of small balls of compact, brown clay — possibly sun-dried — and several ol)jects of the same material, diamond-shaped in section and evidently intentionally made. Mouxd near Entrance of Wasp Lake, Washington County. At the left side of Was{> lake, going in, about one-half mile in a westerly direction from the entrance to the lake, in a cultivated field belonging to Mr. S. H. McClintock, who lives on the place, is a small mound 3.5 feet high with circular base having a diameter of 48 feet. Fourteen trial-holes brought no human remains to view, though two undeco- rated vessels of inferior ware, broken, were found separately in the mound. These vessels Avere not shell-tempered, though the AA'are shoAvs small patches on the surface, Avhich, hoAvever, are somcAvliat darker than fragments of shell, and are not affected by acid. .Mounds near Wasp Lake, M'aski.ngton County. About five miles up Wasp lake, on the AA’estern side. someAAdiat less than a mile aboA'e JaketoAA ii, are six mounds in the immediate neighborhood of the land- ing and a number of smaller mounds some distance aAvay. Although it AA'as impossible for us to obtain permission to excavate these mounds, Ave sfient .some time in e.xamining their surfaces. Taa’o are large, quadrangular mounds Avith summit plateaus and CA'idently domiciliary; one, a low Hat mound; another through Avhich a road has been cut; Avhile tAVo are mounds from 3 to 5 feet in height, Avhich liaA'c been considerably reduced in diameter to make Avay for a railroad. One of these mounds a[)parently had contained many burials, as fragments of human bones Avere scattered about and a large part of a skeleton lav e.xposed. Spread ov'er the neighboring field Avere many fragments of shell and numerous bits of eartbeiiAvare, some of the hitter shell-tem})ered and some not. Nearly all Avere undecorated, though some bore a beautiful, bright red pigment on both sides. The coloring matter on one of these, tested by Dr. II. F. Keller, [iroA^ed to be red oxide of iron. 582 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. At the base of the cuttings of the two mounds through which the railroad passes, were (juantities of fragments of pottery, some shell-tempered and some of the same sort of inferior, porous ware we had found farther down the river. Mounds near Silent Shade Landing, Holmes County. Somewhat less tlian two miles in, along the Tchula road from Silent Shade Landing, in full view from the highway, are two mounds within a few feet of each other. Mound A, the northernmore, on property belonging to Mr. Robert E. Warlield, of Tchula, Miss., is 5 feet 7 inches high and 50 feet in diameter. An excavation was made by us, IG feet by 10 feet, with ])erpendicular walls, extending through a dark line with light-colored clay below. This clay, which we considered to be the base, was somewhat deeper than the height of the mound measured from the outside. As usual, the outer part of the mound proved to be soft, the inner part hard and tenacious. Considering this mound to have been built for burial purposes (and we do not see how the reverse can be po.ssible), one cannot fail to be impressed by the small number of interments in so large a central portion — only seven having been encountered. Four burials came from near the surface: two bunched burials; one probably a bunch ; one too badly decayed to determine. Nineteen inches down was a deposit of calcined fragments of human bones, 22 inches by 15 inches by 5 inches thick. On top of part of this deposit was a small, undecorated bowl of inferior ware, in fragments. Two skeletons at full length on the back, almost in a condition to crumble into dust, lay, side by side, 3 feet 8 inches down, the heads directed SW. Near the skull of one were two small, undecorated vessels of ordinary shape, and of inferior, porous ware, both in fragments. With these vessels were two hammer-stones. The second skeleton also had near the skull a vessel similar to the others. On the chest, in contact with the chin, was an ornament of wood, rotten through and through, which had been coated with sheet-copper, a few fragments of which still adhered. This ornament, circular, Hat on one side and convex on the other, had a diameter of 2.5 inches, a thickness of .75 of an inch. Near the surface of the mound were two undecorated pots of crude ware, found in fragments, separately, apart from human remains. No earthenware from this mound showed tempering with shell. Mound B, on property of Mr. S. S. Hudson, of Adcksburg, Miss., has a basal diameter of 46 feet. Its height is 4 feet 10 inches. An excavation with per[)endicular walls, 10.5 feet by 10 feet, and 5 feet 7 inches in depth, was sunk in the central part of the mound. No basal line was CERTAIN xMOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 583 encountered, though a hole of additional depth was made, extending into seem- ingly undisturl)ed soil. Ten inches below the surface was a layer of bones so badly decayed that the method of burial was j)ast determination. With this la}'er, together, were a small, undecorated howl in fragments and a badly crushed vessel also without decoration. At another part of this layer of bones were two other vessels, both badly broken. None of these vessels was tempered with shell. Three feet 4 inches from the sairface was a hadly decayed burial which evi- dently had been at full length on the back. Mounds ne.\r Carey Middleton Gin Landing, Holmes County. About one-half mile ESE. from the landing at the Carey Middleton gin, though somewhat larther by the road it is necessary to take in the rainy season, on property of Mr. Carey Middleton, who lives on the place, are two mounds in a cultivated field, about three hundred yards apart. Mound A, G feet 3 inches in height, much spread by cultivation, has a diameter of G4 feet. A hole 9 feet by 12 feet was carried squarely down through a dark line of soil into undisturbed ground below. One foot down was a bunched burial of badly decayed bones. Slightly lower was a sknll indicated mainly by remnants of teeth. Mound B, NE. by N. from Mound A, is 5 feet 10 inches high and has a present diameter of GO feet, much of which has been caused by the cultivation of the mound. An excavation 9 feet l)y 11 feet, carried perpendicularly down, was made to a depth of somewhat more than G feet. Eighteen inches down was a layer of fragments of calcined human bones, 30 inches by 24 inches and 2 inches thick. Mixed with these fragments was burnt clay Init no ashes or charcoal, which indicated that the cremation had been con- ducted elsewhere. Three feet down were human bones too badly decayed to show the method of burial. The closely flexed skeleton of an adult, lying on the right side, was 3 feet 8 inches below the surface. Not far from the Carey Middleton mounds is another which our agent informs us is somewhat larger than the ones investigated by us. This mound, belonging to another person, was not placed at our disposal. Mound near Montgomery Landing, Holmes County. Our agent reported to us a mound near Montgomery Landing, which we did not visit, not having been able to obtain permission to dig. 584 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. Mouxds near the Head of Honey Island, Holmes County. Near the head of tlie Yazoo river side of Honey island is the plantation of Mr. A. W. Evans, Avho resides on the place. The lower part of this plantation is known as Gold-dust. About half a mile in a NE. by E. direction from the landing at Gold-dust are two mounds in a cultivated liehl, in full view of each other, both much spread by cultivation. One, largely of sand, has a height of 4 feet 4 inches and diameters of 78 feet and 64 feet. The other mound, partly of sand, 2 feet 10 inches high, Avith diameters of 38 feet and 54 feet, has, someAvhat beloAv the surface, a great deposit of musselshells, mostly badly crushed. Some less broken than the rest have kindly been deter- mined by Dr. II. A. Pilsbry as Quadrula pyramidata^ 0. plicala^ Lanipsilis falla- ciosuSy all shell-fish still found in tlie Mississi|)pi A’alley. Mound near Sheppardtoavn Landing, Leflore County. Two mounds near SheppardtoAvn Landing, described by our agent as Ausited by him, Avere passed b}' us Avithout a visit, permission to dig not having been obtained. Mounds near Shell Bluff Landing, Leflore County. There are a number of mounds near Shell Bluff Landing, on properties belong- ing to Messrs. W. G. Poindexter, of SheppardtoAvn, Miss., and F. M. SoutliAvorth, residing on his property at Phillipston. Although both these gentlemen gave cor- dial permission to investigate, Ave did not avail ourselves of their kindness as the mounds Avhich Avere inspected by us so nearly resembled others in AA'hich Ave had been unsuccessful that aau decided not to delay our journey. Mounds near Phillipston Landing, Leflore County. Tavo small mounds near Phillipston Landing, on property belonging to Mr. F. M. SoutliAvorth, to Avhose plantation at Shell Bluff Landing Ave liaA'e already referred, Avere not investigated by us for the same reason that those at Shell Bluff Landing Avere not dug into, though Mr. SoutliAvorth had kindly placed the Phillips- ton mounds at our disposal. Mounds near Oakavood, or Roebuck, Landing, Leflore County. Tavo mounds near OakAvood, or Roebuck, Landing, belonging to Mr. Herman Aron, of Noav Orleans, La., Avere not \dsited by us OAving to the unsatisfactory return from mounds in this region, though Mr. Aron had Avillingly given his consent to our Avork. Mound near Mouth of Yalobusha Ria'er, Leflore County. On property of Mr. S. J. Stein, of Greemvood, Miss., at the roadside, about one quarter mile NNE. from the landing, at the union of the Yalobusha, an CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 585 unnavigable stream, and the Yazoo river, is a mound almost circular iu basal out- line, with a diameter of 4G feet. The height of the mound is 3.5 feet. A central excavation 10.5 feet by 8.5 feet l)V 4 feet deep yielded neither bone nor artifact. Mou.xi) XKAH Ashwooi) Landing, Leflore Counta'. In a cultivated lield, a short distance from Ashwood Landing, on property belonging to Mr. W. C. George, of (Jreenwood, Miss., is part of a mound, the remainder having disappeared through cultivation and through wash of rain. Although Mr. George had consented to investigation of the mound, we decided the work would be inex[)edient. Moi xDs NEAR Star We.st Landing, Leflore Counta'. Two small mounds, said by onr agent to be about 1.5 miles from Star W’^est Landing, were not dug into, although their owner, Mr. F. M. Aldridge, of Green- wood, Miss., had courteously authorized the investigation. Mounds on the Lucas Pi.antation, Leflore Gountal On the plantation of Dr. J. II. Lucas, of Greenwood, Miss., about 5 miles above Greenwood, on the west side of the river, all in sight from the liank, are three mounds. The northernmost is a remnant immediately on the liank. The next, in a cultivated field, has a small modern cemetery upon it. The third, in the same lield, much spread liy plowing, is C feet 4 inches in height, and 82 feet aiu'oss its circular base. Fourteen trial-holes were sunk without result. Mound at Racetrack Landing, Leflore ('ounta'. In sight from Racetrack Landing, on property of Mr. S. F. Jones, resident on the place, is a mound with irregularly circular base, 107 feet in diameter, and 20 feet across the circular summit ])lateau. The mound, though furrowed by rain and somewhat cut by cultivation at the base, is still symmetrical, and being 24 feet in height, presents an imposing appearance. Three trial-holes in the summit plateau, each 5 feet in depth, were without result. On our way up the river our hopes had been buoyed by reports which our agent had heard of a carved vessel of stone, with a top of like material, which, it was saiil, had been taken from the mound at this place. Our agent had visited the mound in the absence of the owner, and hence had been unable to investigate the report. The rumor turned ont to be without any basis whatsoever, nothing, we were assured by Mr. Jones, having been taken from the mound. 71 JOURX. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XIII. 586 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. At this point on the Yazoo river, there being no report from mounds farther up to justify hope of greater success in returns, the investigation of tlie river banks and the adjacent territory was abandoned by us, although, as we have said, abund- ant work had been mapped out by our agent as far as Sharkey, about 70 miles above by water. MOUNDS AND SITES INVESTIGATED ON THE SUNFLOWER RIVER. Mound near Anderson Landing, Sharkey County. Mound near Bachelor Retreat Landing, Sharkey County. Mounds near Wrong-end-up Landing, Yazoo County (3). Mounds at Spanish Fort Landing, Sharkey County (3). Mound at Fairview Landing, Yazoo Count v. Mound on f'airview Plantation, Yazoo County. Mounds at Stalonia Landing, Sharkey County (3). Mounds near George Lake, Yazoo County (a large group). Mound np:ar Anderson Landing, Sharkey County. In woods about one-quarter mile E. by S. from Anderson Landing, on property probably belonging to Messrs. George T. Houston & Co., of Chicago, 111., to whom the Academy is especially indebted for tlie fullest and most cordial permission to excavate all mounds on the great territory owned by them, on the SunHower river, and for kind otters to facilitate its work in every possible way, is a mound 6 feet 7 inches in height and 62 feet across its circular base. This mound, which gave evidence of former, but apparently somewhat super- ficial, investigation, was dug out by us in the central part, the excavation being 7 feet 6 inches, by 12 feet, by 7 feet 4 inches deep, the sides of the hole being carried squarely down. Near the surface were disturbed human bones with which were frainnents of a vessel of yellow ware without shell-tempering. This vessel (No. 1), whose parts have been put together, has a quadrilateral body with rounded corners, on which is a decoration partly punctate and partly produced by the trailing of a broad- pointed implement. Below the iq)per margin of the vessel is a circular band of evenly made, reticulated lines, and an encircling line of imprints, made with the end of a blunt tool (Fig. 3). About 3 feet 9 inches from the surface was a small, undecorated bowd of dark ware (Vessel No. 2), in fragments, w’ith mere traces of a skull and teeth nearby. Six feet 9 inches down, ])resumably on the base of the mound, near what were probably traces of human bones, was Vessel No. 3, in fragments (Fig. 4). The yellow ware is without shell-tempering. Below the rim is a rude, cross-hatch deco- ration, while the body of the vessel has a primitive, trailed design, three times represented, showing a serpent (Fig. 5). While we were engaged on other and more- su])erficial work in the mound, an undecorated vessel in small frasrinents was encountered. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 587 Fio. 3. — Vessel Xo. 1. Anderson Landing. (Height 3.25 inches.) Fio. 4. — Vessel So. 3. Anderson Landing. (Height 3.9 inches.) 588 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. Mound at Pecan Grove, Sharkey County. Tills mound, which was kindly placed at our disposal by Mr. T. H. Camjibell, Jr., of Yazoo City, was not dug into by us owing to the presence of a building on it. Mound near Bachelor IIp:treat Landing, Sharkey County. By the roadside, in sight from Bachelor Retreat Landing, on property of Mr. John Ross, who lives at the landing, is a mound much worn by cattle and washed by rain and by the river in times of overtlow. The jiresent diameter of the circular base of the mound is 60 feet ; its height is 3 feet 7 inches. Fourteen trial-holes resulted in the discovery of decaying human bones just below the surface, and of what appeared to indicate a bunched burial, 2 feet 8 inches down. Fig. 5.— Vessel No. 3. Decoration. (Half size.) Mounds near Wrong-End-Up Landing, Yazoo County. In woods about three-quarters of a mile in an easterly direction from Wrong- end-up Landing, on property of Mrs. J. E. Edwards, whose address we were unable to learn, is a mound wdth circular base and summit plateau, whose diameters are, respectively, 72 feet and 28 feet. Its height is 7 feet 9 inches. Nine holes were dug into the summit plateau and into the sides of the mound, four being ordinary trial-holes, and five considerably larger. Nearly 4 feet down were remains of a badly decayed skeleton. In another hole, 3 feet from the surface, Avere a number of bones crushed together, greatly decayed, including three skulls indicated by nunains of teeth. Two other mounds about one-quarter mile in a northwesterly direction from the one just described, served as foundations for pens for domestic animals in flood- time and were not dug into by us. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 589 Mounds at Spanish I"okt Landing, Sharkey Colunty. Visible from Spanish Fort Landing are three mounds, upon one of Avhich is a house; upon another, a cotton-gin. A few yards 1‘rom the gin, in a cultivated field, on property of Mrs. L. A. Kettleman, living nearby, is a circular ri.se of the ground, evidently a dwelling-site as its surface is thickly strewn with hits of pottery and fragments of musselshells. Considerable digging in this place was without return. The field in which this dwelling-site is, having an area of forty-live acres, it is said, is enclosed, except that part which faces the river, by a semi-circular embank- ment resembling a levee. It is from this embankment, which we believe to he aboriginal, like similar enclosures in this region, that the landing takes its name. Mounds .\t Fairview' Landing, Yazoo C'ounty. In sight from Fairview Landing, on property of Mr. William 0. Childers, of Satartia, Miss., in a cultivated field, are three mounds in line, hut short distances apart. The largest, much spread, had been considerably dug into previous to our visit, and the smallest mound is in use as a cemetery. Neither of these mounds was dug into by us. The third mound, lying between the other two, is conical and fairly symmet- rical. Its height is 11 feet 6 inches; its basal diameter, 75 feet. A moderate amount of digging in this mound showed that it, too, had been used as a cemetery in recent times. Near Fairview Landing is a mound belonging to Mr. S. S. Hearn, of Wrong- end-up Landing, which we did not investigate owing to the presence of a house upon it. Mound on Fairview Plantation, Yazoo County. In sight from an arm of the river that here encircles a small island, at the upper end of Fairview plantation, partly cut away by the road, is a small mound also belonging to Mr. S. S. Hearn. The height of this mound is 3 feet; its diameter, 35 feet. Our investigation was unrewarded. Mounds near ^Maybon Landing, Yazoo County. Two mounds reported by our agent as near Maybon Landing were not visited by us, permission to dig not being forthcoming. Mounds at Stalonia Landing, Sharkey County. On property of Mrs. N. J. Guess, living nearby, at Stalonia Landing, are three mounds, one of which, much cut away l)y a railroad, shows no bones or artifacts along the section. The other two mounds are in a cultivated field just beyond the landing. 590 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. One of these, almost plowed away, was dug into l)y us without success. The third mound, well preserved, evidently domiciliary, has a height of 9 feet. Its basal length NNE. and SSAV. is 128 feet; and 103 feet SE. by FI. and NW. by W. The diameters of the summit plateau in the same directions, respectively, are 64 feet and 43 feet. Considerable digging in this mound yielded only a small, flat mass of limestone, pitted on one side. Mounds at the Mouth of (Jeokge Lake, Yazoo County. Two small mounds at the mouth of Ceorge lake, southern side, were visited by us but were not investigated, though permission had been given by Mrs. C. E. Crippen, their owner, who lives nearby. Mounds near George Lake, Yazoo County. About one-half mile above the union of George lake ^ with the Sunflower river, on the southern side of the lake, on the plantation of Mr. W. A. Henry, of Yazoo (hty. Miss., to whom the Academy is especially indebted for full permission to investigate, is a notable group of mounds.' These mounds, rising here and there around a great central tumulus, stud an area of about forty-four acres, as determined by a recent survey, we are informed. Here and there pools of water mark e.xcavations whence material for the mounds was taken. The mounds are enclosed, except on the lake-front, by an aboriginal embank- ment, probably from 4 to 6 feet in height, and no doubt of greater altitude in early times. Possibly it was then surmounted by a stockade. The number of mounds that surround the great central one in a rather irregu- lar way would be hard to determine with exactness, inasmuch as but two of the entire group have not been subjected to cultivation over the entire surface, and some, probably never of great size, are now hardly distinguishable. Presumably more than thirty rises of the ground and mounds small and great could be counted within the enclosure. Of all these mounds, however, but three retain any resemblance to their former shape, supposing them to have been other than mere conical elevations; and one of these three (now with a well-marked summit plateau), cultivated over its entire surface, its soft material exposed to wash of heavy rains, will soon be in the condition of most of its companions. The most symmetrical mounds and the only ones (except the one we have noted as in process of destruction) that are not of moderate height, are the great central monnd and another about 80 yards in a southwesterly direction from it. The great central mound (whose sides almost exactly face the cardinal points), ‘The reader will recall that a “lake” in this region, is where the river formerly flowed hnt has been diverted from its course. ’ This land, being somewhat elevated, is usually beyond reach of the river, though it is covered in times of verj high water, as was the ca.se in the great overflow of 1882, when the inhabitants and their stock, from a considerable distance around found these mounds a welcome place of refuge. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 591 with remnants of causeways on the E. and N., is now almost devoid of vegeta- tion ; and trampled by animals and with the soil of the summit plateau loosened by cultivation and offering full sco}>e to wash of rains, which have eaten narrow channels * into the sides of the mound, has lost much of the symmetiy it possessed until recently, and soon, we fear, will be still farther ini])aired. The height of this mound is 55 feet, as taken by us from near the base. We were informed, however, that a surveyor, standing at some distance from the mound, had determined its height to be more than GO feet. It seemed to us, however, that the standpoint of the surveyor, as pointed out to us, w'as somewhat below the general level, a pool of water being there at the time of our visit. Perhaps a fair judgment of the height of the mound would be midway between the figures given by the surveyor and our own, as possibly we stood somewhat on the slope when our determination was made. The western part of the summit plateau, 57 feet in length, is about 9 feet lower than the eastern 42 feet — the total diameter of the plateau E. and W. being 99 feet. In a N. and S. direction the diameter is 93 feet. The basal diameters of the mound are 263 feet E. and W., and 275 feet N. and S. Doubtless the mound, at one time, was practically square in horizontal section. The mound to which we have referred as southwesterly from the great mound is a truncated cone 22 feet in height, about 173 feet in diameter of base and 86 feet across its summit plateau. Tbe remains of a causeway are apparent on the northern side. Strewn over the enclosed area, among the moutids and on them, in some places in great abundance, are cbert })ebbles ; fragments of chert; bits of musselshell ; and small parts of earthenware vessels. The ware, as a rule undecorated, is shell-tempered in most instances but some- times has a tempering of small fragments of stone which does not react to acid, such as is often found in the ware of the Yazoo-Sun flower region. The decoration, when present, so far as noted by ns, offers no original feature. Mr. J. B. Martin, manager of the plantation, to whom we are indebted for much information as to the place, showed us a small water-bottle of excellent, yellow, shell-tempered ware, with a graceful decoration consisting of a current scroll and small circle, four times repeated, boldly executed with a broad, trailing-point. This vessel, Mr. Martin said, had been found in digging a post-hole on the property. There were found on the surface by members of our party, several small, delicately-shaped arrowheads of chert; part of a diminutive chisel apparently of silicified wood; a ball of chert, from 2.75 inches to 3.5 inches in diameter. This ball, which has depressions on two opposite sides as for fingers, perhaps served as a hammer-stone. We read, howev^er, in the Narrative of d’Iberville® of ‘‘a round stone ball which they strike with sticks” for amusement. I One at least reaching a depth of 5 feet. “ French, Hist. Coll. La. and Fla., 1875, p. 74. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. We Jo«rad on the sirfw of « Ion- mo«md. a pip? of o»nb«iwju^. probablv a wc 4 f vc a Fsi. Tne w; 4 re 15 5 bell-ttmp^K^ : the modeliiig. wiihont &rd5i^ Bent. TEin«« triii-b-ie^ 5 r™k mso the B«;d 00 which this pij» lav were withcmt leward- We did l«t a s.^Ierate aBonat of on and amon£ the moaods i>ear Gectf*^ lake, fioirar two bonals Ijinr near the sar£»ee, which had undergone ^sttirbaoce. There was little indacemeni to dir. as sajerfcial borialsw had there ever been washed awav. and the same coadhicns. no donbe lar^lj existed in the level ^vmd- Snch cc^T Bwnds as were investirated vieiied n^jching. Anc«^»er fe c cqra gkg ieatare wa= the ahzio^ entire abeenee of histoink of the fee o fTTw of h»e« or of ardfrcis on the plantation- despite deep and constant caltrrazim and wash «£ rain, ihro^^ which the level ^lond in places, as well as the mcKinds. is deeply farr:Bed- Ai lake onr jonmey sp the Scmdower rfver was afanadoned. althonrh. as we have said, the streaK had >«een leconnoeteTed by oar arents as far as Faisonia. 7j» aiSes abiwe. W water. Fat t — 'Fmyr rf PART III The Blum Mounds, Mississippi BY CLARENCE B. MOORE. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. By Clahkxce B. Moore. PART III. The Bi.um Mounds, Messisshti. The Bliini group of mounds, in AVasliington county. Miss, (see nni])), is about four miles in a straight line, in a northerly direction from the city of Greenville ; about one mile in a southerly direction from ^Vinterville station; and two miles NNE. from the Mississippi river at its nearest approach. The group on a plantation behmging to A. Blum, Esf[., of Greenville. Miss., and of New Orleans, La., to whom the warm thanks* of the Academy of Natural ' Tlie Aciidemy wishes also to e.xpress its indebtedness to Messrs. J. B. Williani.s, Esq., of Green- ville, the lessee of the property, and J. II. McKnight, E-:(j., of Winterville, the snj)erintendent. BLUM MOUNDS NEAR WINTERVILLE.WASHINGTON COUNTY, MISSISSIPPI Scale in feet 0 <50 100 200 I 9 07 . . ‘-VM';. ,-V [oin/ 596 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. Sciences are tendered for full and cordial permission to investigate, consists of a great central mound, 55 feet high, surrounded by fourteen other mounds forming an irregular ellipse. One of these mounds is so nearly obliterated, however, that it might well be passed over in an enumeration. The diameters of this elli{)se are about 1600 feet NE. and SW., and 1000 feet NW. and SE. The central mound, marked A, and the other mounds marked B to 0, inclu- sive, are shown in the accompanying plat of a survey* made by Dr. M. G. Miller, at the time of our visit. Certain small elevations outside and inside the ellipse, probably dwelling-sites, have been disregarded in the plan. The Blum mounds, uninvestigated previous to our visit, though a few holes had been dug into them (by treasure-seekers, it is said), are not mentioned in the ‘‘Mound Reports” of the “Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology.” They are not the “Avondale Mounds” referred to in the “Twelfth Annual Report” and in Thomas’ “ Catalogue of Prehistoric Works,” but are umpiestionably the group described in the latter work as being “ nearly opposite Point Chicot,” which grou}) is more fully described in the Smithsonian Rej)ort for 1879, page 383 et sec].^ though the plan accompanying the description gives but little idea of the mounds as they appear at present. These mounds on the river plain and, consequently, on land subject to over- flow, are not, however, exposed to wash of water in time of flood, it is said, the distance from the river being such that the current has no influence, and the water comsequently is still. The summits of the more important mounds of the group, so far as known, have never been submerged, the usual rise of water about the mounds when there is a flood being, we are told, from 3 to 5 feet. Nevertheless, a number of the mounds (E, F, G, II, I, K, E, M, N, 0) have no regularity of outline, a fact due, we believe, to long-continued cultivation, though some of the mounds enumerated have not been plowed over in comparatively recent times. Even the regularity of most of the larger mounds, the sides of which are too steep for cultivation, is considerably impaired, owing, probably, to wash of rain ; to the constant tread of mules, sheep, goats, and liogs, which frequent the mounds in numbers; to the deep and extensive rooting of hogs; and to the general wear and tear of time, which is ever more destructive in the case of mounds like the Blum mounds which are but little protected by the roots of trees and shrubbery. It might be suggested that in earlier times, before the erection of the levee, different conditions tending to make stronger the erosive force of the water, may ' Thougli tlie e.xpedition was amply provided with photographic apparatus, no pliotographs of the mounds were made. E.vperieuce has shown that tlie work of the camera in connection witli mounds is misleading, undue prominence to the foreground being given and inadequate portrayal of the heights. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 597 have existed, or that the mounds may have been much nearer the river (wliich, as all know, is ever changing its course) and were exposed in flood time to a deeper and fiercer current than is the case at present. The answer to this would be that Mound J (which is protected by bushes and shrubbery, and does not seem to be frequented by stock) is almost intact, and that this mound has suffered only to the extent of a partial leveling of its causeway, evidently through cultivation. A current that would wash away any of the mounds, presumably would eat into all of them. The height of a mound often depends on the side from which the measurement is made. The subjoined list gives the altitudes of the Blum mounds, as taken from within the enclosure. Mound A — 55 feet. Mound B — 13 feet 2 inches. Mound C — 19 feet G inches. Mound D — 17 feet 0 inches. Mound E — G feet 7 inches. Mound F — 9 feet 7 inches. Mound G — 4 feet. Mound H — 7 feet 7 inches. Mound I — 9 feet. Mound J — 30 feet 10 inches. Mound K — 12 feet 5 inches. Moimd L — 7 feet G inches. Mound M — 7 feet 3 inches. Mound N — 8 feet. Mound 0 — 10 feet 10 inches. The Blum mounds and surrounding territory have comparatively no history as to the discovery of artifacts or of human remains. No human bones were seen by us on the surface, though extensive ditching had been done, and much of the lev^el ground and a number of the mounds are regularly plowed over; and only a limited number of fragments of earthenware lay around — all this lack of signs of former occupancy being in marked contrast with our experience at the great group of mounds at Moundville, Ala. Six days in November and December, 1907, were devoted by us to the Blum mounds, with five of our trained men to dig, it beiiig impossible to engage additional help at the mounds owing to scarcity of men on account of the needs of the cotton- crop. However, as it turned out, a greater force was not urgently called for. A very long e.xperience in mound-work in southern United States has led us to believe that domiciliary mounds and mounds built as places of worship (which classes of mounds are of considerable size and usually are rectangular in outline with summit plateaus) seldom contain burials. We know, however, there are noteworthy exceptions to this rule, some of which we have enumerated at length 598 CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MlSSISSim. in the account of onr first visit to Moiindville/ and that summit plateaus or parts of them sometimes were used for burial purposes. We commenced, then, to investigate the Blum group of mounds in the same manner as we did the mounds and cemeteries of Mouudville, namely, by sinking trial-holes in the summit plateaus of the mounds, and in the level ground where appearances indicated the possible presence of a cemetery, with the intention, should burials be discovered, of prosecuting the search in a more tliorongh way. The trial-holes in the Blum mounds were intended to be 6 feet long by 3 feet wide and 4 feet deep, but as the material of which the mounds were made was. as a rule, a tenacious, alluvial deposit, dried comparatively hard and in places still farther hardened by fire, necessitating the use of picks and grubbing-hoes, the dimensions given were not always adhered to exactly. Sometimes, but not often, the holes exceeded the standard size. In the level ground the trial-holes were 6 feet by 3 feet and were usually 4 feet deep, but sometimes when ground unmistakably undisturbed was reached, the holes were not carried to a full depth of 4 feet. We shall now state the extent of the tentative work carried on by ns in con- nection with the Blum mounds, giving the area of each summit plateau where such was present. Mound A, summit plateau 100 feet by 132 feet, approximately, was accorded twelve trial-holes on the summit plateau and five at its northern corner. Mound B, with a summit plateau 44 feet by 60 feet, had on it a number of burials made in recent times, which were not disturbed by us. But five trial-holes were put down in this mound. Mound C, with a summit plateau of irregular outline, 90 feet by 136 feet, received five trial-holes. Mound D, with an irregular, oblong })lateau about 60 feet by 112 feet, was fairly well covered by the seven trial-holes allotted to it. In one hole, just below the surface, was an isolated skull badlv decaved. In another were fragments of a skull. Mound p], part of which had been cut away in the making of a road, received one trial-hole in addition to a close examination of the section laid bare. .Mound P', four trial-holes. A small oblate-spheroidal vessel of coarse ware was found near the surface. Mound (i, five trial-holes. Eying near together in this mound were nine double-pointed fish-scales which Mr. 11. W. Prowler, of the Academy of Natural Sciences, has identified as probably belonging to the alligator-gar {Lcpisos/cns tri- stwchiis), a fish abundant in the lower Mississipj)! river. The scales of this fish, which Du Pratz' calls poisson-aniir, are said by him ' “Certain .\boriginaI Moiimls of the Black Warrior River,” Joiirn. .Vead. Xat. Sci., Vol. XIII p. 241 et seq. ^ Ilistoire de la Lonisiaiie, Vol. II, p. 168, I*ari.«, 17.58. CERTAIN MOUNDS OF ARKANSAS AND OF MISSISSIPPI. 599 sonietiines to have served as points for the arrows of aborigines of the lower Mis- sissippi region. Certain it is that the ganoid scales of the alligator-gar, a fish which sonietiines reaches a length of from 8 to 10 feet, would be admirably suited for use as projectile jioints. M (Hind 11, live trial-holes. Mound I, Avhich had been innch dug into previoush', received four trial-holes. Mound J, summit plateau 76 feet by 80 feet. Nine trial-holes Avere sunk into the summit plateau of this mound, resulting in the discovery of a badly decayed skeleton of an adult, at full length on the hack, 2.5 feet beloAV the surface. Ten trial-holes Avere })ut into Mound K. A number of lish-scales Avere found, [irobahly belonging to a young alligator-gar. These scales Avere too small to have served as arroAvpoints, and, moreover, they lay one overlapiiing the other as if a [lortion of the fish had been present originally. Just beloAV the surface of Mound K Avere three small, coarse, undecorated pots of eartheiiAvare, all Avith Hat bottoms. Near these, together, Avere tAvo small pots, one Avith two loop-handles, the other Avith loop-handles on tAvo opposite sides and projections below the rim on tAvo other sides. AVith these pots Avas a small fragment of e.xcellent yelloAv Avare, having part of a design in Ioav relief, painted red. Ten trial-holes Avere dug into Mound L. A much-decayed skeleton of an inlant Avas met Avith about 2 feet beloAv the surface. Mound M, fiA'e trial-holes. Mound N, ten trial-holes. Mound 0, nine trial-holes. In the level ead of earthenware, 492. Beads of brass, 490, 525. Beads of glass. 482, 490, 513. 525, j 570. Beads of sheet-copjier, 490, 533. Beads of shell, 490. 493, 513, 524,1 525. 533- 572. Beads worn by Indians near Ar- kansas river, 482. P,ear, black, jaw and tooth of, 490. Bear, black, tooth of, 513. Beaver, tooth of, 490, 533. Beech drove Landing, mound near, 574. Belle Prairie Landing, mound near, 574. Belzona, mound above, 579. Belzona, mound at, 579. Big Mound Landing, mound near, 571- “Bird’s-head” motive, vessel with design resembling, 503. Bird’s head, vessel with rim sur- mounted by, 508, 51 1, 522. Bivalve, oi)en, vessel in form of, 525- Blum A., acknowledgment to, 594- Blum mounds, maj) of, 595. BLU^r Mouxd.s, Mississiim’i, Tiik, 593- Boat-shaped vessel, 531. Bone awl, 492. Bone implements, blunt, probably used in decorating pottery, 533. Bone. ])iercing implements of, 533. Bone ])icrcing imi)lement with perforation, 533. Bone ])ins, 490, 491. Bones, human, usually badly de- cayed, along the Arkansas river, 482. Bones, ])reservcd by lime salts, 572- Bones, specific disease of, 482, 533- Bracelets of sheet-coi)per, 525. Brass beads, 490, 525. Brass beads, necklace of, 525. Brass, disc of, 510. Brass, sheet-, cones of, 513. Buflfalo, b(ines of, 492. P>unched burial, ideal exami)le of, 488, 48(9. Bunched burial, a vertical form of, 490. Burial, details of noteworthy forms of, 493, 513, 532, 576, 577, 580. Burial, forms of, 488, 510, 512, 523. 524. 532. Caddo, four directions in the scalp ceremony of, 509. Carey Middleton Gin, mounds near, 583. Caruthers’ Landing, monnd at, 573- “Celts,” 490, 513, 523, 532, 533, 577- 57«- CicKT.MN Mounds ok Ark.\nsas .\ND OF Mississippi, 481. Chalcedony, double-pointed im- plement of, 533. Chisels wrought from pebbles, 492, 513. 533- Clark’s Ferry, monnd near, 573. Clay, white, used as pigment on jiottery, 484. 485. Clime, Arthur \\'., 486. Compression, cranial, post-natal, 488. 489. 512, 533. Cones of sheet-brass, 513. 76 JOURN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XIII. 602 ini)p:x. Copper, sheet-, heads of, 482, 490, 533- Cop])er, sheet-, bracelets of, 525. Copper, sheet-, ornament of wood overlaid with, 582. Crania from lower Arkansas river, sent to U. S. National Museum, 482, 487, 489. Cranial compression, post-natal, 488, 489, 512, 533. Crania of lower Arkansas river, report on, by Dr. Ales Hrdlicka, 55 ^- Cremation, 523, 533, 567, 576, 578, 5 *^ 3 - Cremation ])ractiscd in Yazoo- Sunflower rej^ion, 567. Cross of the four directions, 508, 528, 538. Crystals of quartz, 492, 513. Decoration of j)ottery of lower Arkansas river discussed, 484, 485. Decoration, painted, on pottery of lower Arkansas river, 485. Deer, Virginia, skull of, 492. ] 3 esigns, painted, on pottery of lower Arkansas river, have lit- tle variety, 485. Disc of brass, 510. Disc, ceremonial, and stone j)ipes, found near Menard mound, 492. Discs of ])ottery, 492. Discs of stone, 492, 533. Double-pointed implement of chalcedony, 533. Douglas, mound near, 524. Du Pratz as to the Yazoo Indians, 5^>5- Earthenware, bead of, 492. Earthenware pipe, fragments of, 493- Earthenware, ])ipe of, 534. Effigy of mussclshell, 351. liiffigy of (juadruped, 548. Effigy-pipe, of earthenware, 592. Effigy-vessel, animal, 496. Effigy-vessel, human, 490, 499. Engraved designs on pottery of lower Arkansas river, seldom found, 485. Enola Landing, mound near, 572. Evolution, winged serpent to scroll, 516, 541. Excisions as decoration of pot- tery, 51 1. Eairview Landing, mounds at, 589- Eairview Plantation, mound on, 589- I'ewkes, Dr. J. W., 554. I'ish-shaped vessel, 497, 498. I'orm, unusual, in pottery, 536, 538, 540, 55 L 555- I'ort Place, mounds at, 574. I'our directions, cross of the, 528, 538. I'our directions, cross of the, ves- sel with sun and, 508, 509. Eour directions in scalp ceremony of the Caddo, 509. I'our directions, the, indicated by position of mounds, 574. h'owicr, H. identification of fish by, 598. Erog-“teapot,'’ 496, 515. I'rog-vessel, 51 1. Erog with tail, j)ainted on pottery, 553. 554- Car, alligator-, scales used as pro- jectile points, 598. George Lake, mounds at the mouth of, 590. George Lake, mounds near, 590. Glass beads, 482, 490, 513, 525, 570. Goldman h'ield, mound near, 523. Gourd-vessel, probable prototy])e of the “tea])ot" vessel, 494. Gourd, vessels in form of shell or 531- Greer, cemetery near, 532. Haynes’ I’lufif Landing, dwelling- site below, 569. Haynes’ PlufF Landing, mounds near, 569. Henry, W. A., acknowledgment to, 590. Hodge, E. 486. Holly Landing, mound at, 579. Holmes, Prof. Y'. IL, 483, 484, 485. 492, 493, 497, 503, 515, 535, 548. Holmes, Prof. W. H., his note on interesting form of swastika, 535- 536. Honey Island, mounds near head of, 584. Hough, Dr. Walter, 485 footnote, 553- Houston, George T., acknowl- edgment to, 586. Hrdlicka, Dr. Ales, 482, 487, 533, 558-^ Hrdlicka, Dr. Ales, his paper on crania of lower Arkansas river, 558- Human effigy-vessel, 490, 499. Human face, vessel with incised, 517- Human head, vessel with rim sur- mounted by, 503. 522, 555. lm])lement, double-])ointed, of chalcedony, 533. Implement, of bone, probably used in decorating pottery, 533. Implement, piercing, of bone, 533. Implement, ])iercing, of bone, with perfemation, 533. Incised decoration on pottery of lower Arkansas river, 484. Incised decoration on pottery of lower .\rkansas river, rarity of, 485- Indians near .Arkansas river, Mar- (|uette as to, 481. Indians of the lower Yazoo re- gion, Du Pratz, Coxe, Tonty, Penicaut, La Harpe. as to, 565. INDEX. 603 Interlocked scroll design common on ])Ottery of lower Arkansas river, 485. Inverted vessels, 490, 493, 515, 5^5. 534- Investii^ation, onr, extent of, in the Yazoo-Sunflower region, 566. Investigation, onr, in Vazoo-Sun- flower region, limitations to, 507- Iron, 490. Jontel, as to scalps waved toward the four directions, 509. Kaolin used for paint, 485, 490, 525- Keller, Dr. H. F.. chemical an- alyses and tests by, 482, 484, 490, 510, 525, 533, 534. 575. 5«'. 599- “Killed” pottery not found on lower Arkansas river, 483. King’s Crossing, monnds at, 568. Knives of chert, 492, 493, 524, 532, 533. 577. 580, 581. Koalnnsa Landing, dwelling-site at, 573- “Lake,’’ nse of the word in parts of the southern United States, 573 footnote. Lamb, Dr. D. S., as to tnheren- losis of bone, 524. Leist Landing, monnds near, 570. Life-forms in pottery of lower Arkansas river, 483. Little Rock, interesting vessel in collection at, 557. Lucas Plantation, monnds on, 585. Lucas, Prof. F. identification of animal bones by, 490, 513, 570- Lumholtz, Dr. Carl, 485 footnote. Mar(juette as to Indians near .Ar- kansas river, 481. May bon Landing, monnds near, 5's9- Menard Mound, 481, 483, 486, 487. Menard Mound, forms of burial near, 488. .Method of applying painted dec- oration to ])ottery of lower .Ar- kansas river, 485. .Miller, Dr. M. G., 486, 596. Miller Landing, mound near, 571, Monterey Landing, dwelling-site near, 573. Montgomery Landing, mound near, 583. Mound at Douglas, used as cem- etery, 524. Mounds .\nd Cf.metkries of the Lower .Ark.\ns.\s River, 481. | Mounds and sites investigated on lower .Arkansas river, 486. ’ iMounds and sites investigated on the Sunfiower river, 586. j Mounds and sites investigated on the Yazoo river, 568. j Mounds of the Lower AAvzoo .\nd Lower Sunflower Rivers, ]\Iis- SISSIIM’I, 565. I Musselshell, effigy of, 551. Musselshell in vessel near Menard mound, 490. Musselshells in vessels at Greer, 534- Mutilation, no ceremonial, of pot - 1 tery, along the lower .Arkansas river, 483. Natchez Indians, Du Pratz, Charle- voi.x, de Montigny, de la Vente, | Memhre, as to, 566. | Natchez Indians, reason for their decrease in numher, 566. ' .Necklace of beads of sheet-brass, 525- Necklace of beads of sheet-brass and of shell, 525. j Oak \'alley Landing, mound near, 572. Oakwood, or Roebuck Landing, mounds near, 584. Object of limestone, 569. Objects, post-Colnmbian, almost universally found along lower .Arkansas river, 482. Old River Landing, near, 51 1. O’Neills Landing, monnds near, 571- Origin of “teapot” vessel, accord- ing to Professor Holmes, 484. Origin of “teapot” vessel, sugges- tion as to, 494. Ornament of wood overlaid with sheet-copper, 582. Owners of monnds and sites, thanks to, 567. O.xide of iron, red pigment on pottery, 484, 599. O.xide of iron, red pigment, with hnrials, 490. Painted decoration on pottery of lower .Arkansas river, 484, 483. Painted decoration on pottery of lower .Arkansas river, method of ap])lying, 483. Painted decoration on pottery of lower .Arkansas river, monotony of, 483. Parker’s Rayon, mound near, 374. Pathological specimens, 487, 324, 533- Pathological specimen from Douglas, Dr. D. S. Lamb as to, 524- Pathological specimens from vic- inity of Menard mound, 487. Peaster IMace, mounds at the, 373. Pebble cut in form of barrel. 492. Pecan Grove, mound at, 388. Pendant of sedimentary rock. 332. Perforated pebbles, 492, 313. Phillipston Landing, mounds near, 384. Piercing implements of bone, 333. Pigment contained in vessels, 484, 525. 534- Pigment. red, in connection with inci.sed lines on pottery, 484, 5.30. 534. 53<'a 540, 550. 551- G04 INDEX. Pigments on pottery of lower Ar- [ kansas river, nature of, 484, 485, 490. Pigments, varieties of, on pottery of lower Arkansas river, 484. 485, 490. I’igment, white, in connection with incised lines in pottery,, 530- Pilshry, Dr. II. A., shells identi- fied by, 4H8, 525, 534, 572, 584, 600. Pins of hone, 490, 491. I’ipe of earthenware, 493, 534. l’i])e of limestone, 513. Pipes of earthenware of middle I\lississip])i region. Professor Holmes as to, 493. I’ottery, black, highly i)olished, seldom found along lower -Ar- kansas river, 483. Pottery discs, from near Menard mound, 492. Pottery, how deposited along lower .Arkansas river, 482, 483. Pottery, how de])osited in ceme- tery near (ireer, 534. Pottery, how deposited near Men- ard mound, 493. Pottery, how deposited near Old River Landing, 514. Pottery, little else but, in graves of lower -Arkansas river, 482. I’ottery, noteworthy, particularly described, 494, 496, 497, 498, 49 *^. 503. 508, 509, 51 1, 515. 516, 517. 5^0, 522, 528, 530, 531, 535, 53 ^^ 538. 540, 54 L 543. 544 , 548 , 549. 550, 55 L 55 ^, 553, 554 , 555 - Pottery of lower -Arkansas river, hut little affected l)y the Euro- pean contact, 483. I’ottery of lower .Arkansas river, decoration of, discussed, 484, 485- Pottery of lower .Arkansas river, its fpiality discus.sed, 483. Pottery of lower .Arkansas river, its shaj)e described, 483. Pottery of lower .Arkansas river, not ceremonially mutilated, 483. Pottery, unusual forms of, 536, 538, 540, 551, 555 - Quadruped, effigy of, 548. Quadruped vessel, 496. Quartz crystals, 492, 513. Racetrack Landing, mound at, 585- Red ocher, used as pigment on vessel, 484. Report o.\ .\ Coi.i.ection oe Cr.\- Ni.\ EROM .Ark.\ns.\s, by Dr. .Ales Hrdlicka, 558. Research on .Arkansas river, e.\- tent of our, 481. Restoration of pottery of lower Arkansas river, as to, 486. Rialto Landing, mound near, 572. Sawyer’s Landing, near, 509. Scroll, evolution of, from winged serpent, 516, 541. Scroll design of unusual form, 555 - Serj)ent design on pottery. Sun- flower river, 586. Ser])ents, ]>arts of, shown on ves- sels, 540, 541, 543- Sheet-cop])er, beads of, 490, 533. Sheet-copi)er, bracelets of, 525. Shell beads, 488, 4(p, 493, 513. 524, 525. 533. 572- Shell lllutif Landing, mounds near, 384. Shell-form, vessel of convention- alized, 490, 525. Shell, vessels in form of gourd or of, 531. She])pardtown Landing, mound near, 584. Silent Shade Landing, mounds near, 582. Silver City, mound at, 579. Sites affected by course of Ar- kansas river, 481. Skulls from lower .Arkansas river sent to U. S. National Museum, 482. Smoking-pipes, 493, 513, 534. Spanish Fort Landing, mounds at, ' 589- ; Springwood Landing, mound near, 579. I Stalonia Landing, mounds at, 589. j Star-form as decoration on pot- tery, 494. Star \\’est Landing, mounds near, 585- I -Stella Landing, mound near, 571. Stone discs, 492, 533. Stone pipes and ceremonial disc found near Menard mound, 492. Stone vessel, fragment of, 492. Sunflower river, its course, 565. Sun-symbols, 509, 520, 528, 530, 551- Sun-symhol, vessel with cross of the four directions, and, 508, 509- Swastika as decoration on pot- tt-'OA 515. 535. - 53 ^’. .540, 543. 549 - Swastika, interesting form of, 535, 536- Swastika, note on interesting form of, by Prof. W. IL Holmes, 535, 536. Sweet Home Landing, mound near. 571. Sycamore Landing, mound near, 57 '- -Symhols of sun and the four di- rections, on pottery, 508, 509. Tarsus Landing, mound near, 572. Tchula Lake, mound near en- trance of. 575. Tchula Lake, mound on, 575. “Teapot’’ form of vessel, 483. 484, 493, 494, 496, 5 ' 5 . 5 ' 7 . 525. 528, -S 3 '. 534 . 5 - 57 - “Teapot,” frog-, 496, 315. INDEX. G 05 “Teapot” vessel, distribution of, 484. “Teapot” vessel, orig-in of, accord- ing to Professor Holmes, 484. “Teapot” vessel, suggestion as to origin of, 494. “Teapot” vessel, certain varieties of, described, 484. Tempering of pottery with frag- ments of stone, 581. Tbruston, Gen. Gates P., 548. Tines of deer antlers, 492, 533. Toltec mounds, 481, 557. Trailed decoration, how conferred, -IHS- d'railed decoration shows monot- ony of design along lower Ar- kansas river, 485. 'ruberculosis, human bone affect- ed by, 524. Turtle, vessel in form of, 520. Urn-burial practised in Yazoo- Sundower region, 567, 578. X'ertical form of bunched burial, 490. X'essel of quadrangular form, 555. Vessel of stone, fragment of, 492. VTssels, either gourd-, or shell-, forms, 530, 531. \Tssels, inverted, 490, 493, 515, 5 U> X'essels, noteworthy, particularly described, 494, 496, 497, 498, 499- 503. 508, 509, 51 1, 515, 516, 517, 520, 522, 528, 530, 531, 535, 53G, 538, 540, 541, 543 . 544 . 548, 549. 550, 551. 552, 553 . 554 . 555 - Vessels, number of, found near Menard mound, 493. X'essels, small, usually found with children, 482, 493, 494, 496, 525, 530, 534 - V'essels of unusual form, 536, 538, 540. 55 G 555 - Wasp Lake, mound near entrance to, 581. Wasp Lake, mounds near, 581. Waterbottle, painted with unique design of stars and “arrow- heads,” 494. Welsh Camp Landing, mound near, 580. Willoughby, Charles C., as to dec- oration on certain vessels, 509 footnote, 528 footnote, 538, 540, 541, 543 - Winged serpent, evolution of, to scroll, 516, 541. I Wrong-end-up Landing, mounds i near, =588. I I Yalobusha river, mound near mouth of, 584. Yazoo City, mounds near, 573. Yazoo Indians, their connection with the Natchez, 565. Yazoo river, its course, 565. , 4-^ ^ ^..i-38-', r-'-''* V.-H;, ^’^-^>51! •-,■ '■ '•, ■. '.*■• '■■ ■ -y ■-■'■:■:■ 4. , , -■'- - ... >?^- s JOURNAL OF The Academy of Natural Sciences PHILADELPHIA. VOLUME XIII, SECOND SERIES. PHILADELPHIA: PRINTED FOR THE ACADEMY. 1905-1908. PU B r JC ATION COMM ITTEE. Henky Skinner, M. D. Piiilii* P. Calvert, Pil I). JIenry a. Pilshry, Sc. I). Wit.mer Stone. Edward J. Nolan, I). The President, Sa.muel G. Dixon, M. D., ex-officio. Editor, Edward J. Noi.an, M. I). CONTENTS PART I. ART. [. — Organization and Cell Lineage of the Ascidian Egg. Hy Edwin G. Conklin, I’h.I). (Plates I-XIII) . . 1 PART II. .\RT. II. — Certain Aboriginal Mounds of the Black Warrior River. By Clarence B. Moore . . 127 .\R r. III. — Certain Aboriginal Mounds of the Lower Toinhighee River. By Clarence B. Moore . . 247 ART. IV. — Certain Aboriginal Mounds of Mobile Bay and Missi.ssippi Sound. By Clarence B. Moore . . 279 .\RT. \^. — Miscellaneous Investigations in Florida. By Clarence B. Moore . . . 299 PART III. ART'. VI. — Mound ville Revisited. By Clarence B. Moore. ...... 387 .\RT. VII. — Crystal River Revisited. By ('larence B. Moore ...... 407 .VRT. VIII. — Mounds of the Lower Chattahoochee and Lower Flint Rivers. By Clarence B. Moore . . 427 .VRT. IX. — Notes on the Ten Thousand Islands, Florida. By Clarence B. Moore . . 4o8 PART IV. .VRT. X. — Certain Mounds of Arkansas and of Mississippi. Part 1. Mounds and Cemeteries of the Lower Arkansas River. Part 2. .Mounds of the Lower Yazoo and Lower Sunflower Rivers, M ississippi. Part 3. The Blum Mounds, Mississippi. By Clarence B. Moore . . 481 ’ Kxtra copies printed for tlie author. March 24, 1905. Kxtra copies printed for the author, October 16, 1905. ^ Kxtra copies printed for the author, Septemher 20, 1907, * Kxtra copies printed for the author, ,\ugust 2.5. 1908. -i,. > V ^T-f 0^ ■ * '*■' ■'* ..... • '^••V* - '*ST-' *r^ ' ■^- - , .^.. •::f:vS-.^5 •'-wC # ■ : ; -i -r m .■< ' . -1 INDEX TO SPECIES, ETC., KEFKHHEI) TO OR DESCHIHEI) IN VOLUME XIII. Allolohophora, 96, 100. Anculosa talniata, 180. Ancylus, 89. Area, 469. ])()iuIerosa, 470. Asterias ^lacialis, 89. Cerebratulus, 89. ClKctoptcrus, 95. Ciona, 6-112. Callista ninihosa, 307. Campaloma poiiderosum, 264. Campejiliilus principalis, 138. Cardium, 415. Cassis cameo, 415. Castor canadensis carolinensis, 403- Codakia orbicularis, 470. Dentalium, 89, 96, 99, 105 106. Dosinia discus, 399. Fasciolaria, 325, 465, 467, 468. ^Mj^antea, 325, 415, 418. tulipa, 415. Finna, 399. Fnlgiir, 416, 423, 424, 531. carica, 325, 415. ])erversum, 161, 223, 305. 307, 3 i^>- 325 , 415. 4 if*. 454. 4CA 468. pyrum, 415. (jrampns grisens, 423. Cypagus papa, 384. lllyanassa, 105. Lampsilis anodontoides, 270, 285, 600. claibornensis, 263. fallaciosus, 572, 584. hydianns, 572. purjinratus, 222, 263, 270, 534, 572. rectus, 175, 270. Lepidosteus tristoechns, 598. Liniax, 89. Limmea, 89, 96, 105. Lithasia showalterii, 180. Macrocallista gigantea, 424. Marginella apicina, 416, 450, 525- Myzostoma, 98-106. glabrnm, 96. Xeritina, 90. Obovaria circulns, 177. Obliqiiaria retlexa, 177, 263. Odocoliens virginianus, 423. Oliva literata, 423. Pectnnculns, 469. Physa, 89, 96, 105. Planorbis, 89, 96, 105. Polygyra, 89. Pyrainidnla alternata, 572. Quadrula boykiniana, 343. cornuta, 264, 399. ebena, 177, 263. ellipsis, 572. beros, 263, 600. lacbrysmo.sa, 572. Quadrnla inetacora, 263. pernodosa, 177, 263, 264. perplicata, 600. plicata, 584. pyramidata, 399, 584. stapes, 177. trapezoides, 249, 263, 572. trigona, 572. Rangia cuneata, 281, 284, 290, 295. Rhyncbelinis, 96. Salpa, 108. Stroinbns gigas, 325, 415, 461. Strongylocentrotus, 89, 94, 99-107. Snccinea, 89. Tritigonia tnberculata, 399. Truncilla jienita, 177, 263. 'I'rygon, 424. Tiilotoma inagnifica, 166, 264. Unio, 89, 95, 551. congaroeus, 177. crassidens, 399. forbesianus, 399. gibbosns, 263. Crsns americamis, 382. Venus mortoni, 469. \ iviparns subeinirpnreiis, 488, 572. PUBLICATIONS OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Thirteen volumes of the New Series of the Journal (Quarto), 1847 to 1908. The price per volume of four parts is $10, or $3 per part to subscribers, and to others $12.50 per volume, or $3.75 per part. Vol. V II contains "The Extinct Mammalian Fauna of Dakota and Nebraska, with a Synopsis of the Mammalian Remains of North America.” Illustrated with thirty plates. By Josei’h Leiuy, M.D., LL.D. The hiRST Series of the Journal, 1817 to 1842, in eight volumes octavo, may be ob- tained at $40 to members, and to the public $48. 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