35. Koiilcvard CapucincH. 39 . PARIS. fLAIN AND FIGURED SILKS. IV»IA A!V» FRif:i^cn CACHESIIRES. black and AVHITE LACE. mantles, visites, sorties de bal. DRESSES AND COURT DRESSES. Wedding Oullits FANCY GOODS AND GRANDES NOUVEAUTES. extensive in Europe; the ^ ^losl comprise upwards of thirty saloons or cilleries ‘■‘‘y separate entrances, Reip« their own ^ Productions are not liaije "rihe account of intermediate agents anri ii * .‘'/^'fecs made on fo„l ,0 offer lo “fp.ff“liro,u™s Ilian any other house. Every article marked in plain figures. ^ ^ Cachcmii es, is fluffs Cacheroiri": an,l U™;‘lll,{ m!° . sale in any country whatever. ^ ■'^uccxrsale for will be exchanged or retaken, if required. C H C/5 i- ' P. o 30 M m w cr X •rj O p o3‘ :3 c fs B O/ £. CO M m C/3 S9 & CO B 9 o ■n A GO O 9 Cr- 30 Wi fS* z *5 9 o o 9 K < £L m W r" © H £ m <9 i® <9 ?:! ■ «i M 6 EHY CBm LIBRARY AU BON DXARGH^;, VICBT. THERMAL ESTABLISHMENT. CENTRAL OFFICES B»UB^EVAR» IBO.^TMAKTRE, PARIS, ^VHERE ALL INFORMATIOM MAY BE OBTAINED. The Thermal Establishment is open for patients throughout the year, but the fashionable season lasts from the 15lh May to the 1st October, during which period the EMPEROR usually visits Vichy. BALLS, Concerts, Operatic and Theatrical performances then take place daily in the elegant Casino. For persons unable to visit Vichy the treatment may be also carried on at home by means of the Bottled ^^aters and Baths composed of Salts extracted from the Springs ; to be had as follows : — Paris : Central Offices, as above. London: 27, Margaret street, Cavendish square. Liverpool : Smith and Co., 11, Lord-street. Manchester : Smith and Co.. 27, Market-street. Dublin: Thwaites and Co., 37, Upper Sackville-street. New Yobk : Fougera, 30, North William-streel. Chicago: Muller, 130, YVells-strect. Gibraltab : Roberts. — E. Bonnet. Calcutta: New Medical Hall. And of all resiieclahle druggists. A Branch of the LYONS Railayay runs direct to Vichy ; Visitors will find accommodation in eighty Public and one hundred and fifty Private Hotels. PERIIIANENT EXHIBITION. i3, BOULEVABD DES CAPUCINES, 43. MAISON ALPH. GIROUX SUCCESSORS ^ DUVIlVAGB A\I> irARIPVKOUCK. Paironized by their Majestm the Emperor and Empress and by xeveral Foreign Courts. ’ A in s. l A.VCY AKTICLES. ai’.iosniEs. imOAZES. FINE STATIONERY. frames. ME DA I. LIONS. COLOURS. DRESSINC CASES. CABINET WORK. FURiMiL'RE. LEATHER AR'IICLES. ■SALE AND HIRE OF PAINTINGS, WATER COLOURS AM) DRAAVINGS by the BEST MODERN MASTERS. Speciality for Articles for New Year s Gifts, V\'eddin-^ Fete and Christening Presents. ’ ’ Rich Corheilles, Livres d’heures, Fans, Purses, Keepsakes, Smelling Bottles, ( ard Cases, etc. CHILDREN’S TOYS. 18 and 20, RUE vivienne, paris. REQUILLART, ROUSSEL and CIIOCQUEEL, CARPETS AND TAPESTRY Stuffs for Hangings and Furniture. Manufactories at Tourcotng (Nord) and Aubusson {Ctcusc), This is one of the most important houses in Paris and is dis- tinguished for the ricliness of its productions, their great variety, and the moderation of their prices. Extract horn “ The Reports of the Juries ” of the Universal London Lxhihition in 1851 : “ One of the fcalures of tiie exliihilion is the progress made in the manulaclure of Moquette and velvet-pile carpets. Cliocm'iefU^of 'p?'® hy Messrs. Requillart, Roussel and Chocqucel of Pans and Tourcoing (Nord) are pre-emineni for tlieir artistic designs and beauty of colouring.” WHOLESALE AND RETAIL. ENVIRONS OF PARIS. WITH CONVEYANCES TO THEM. PLACES. Arcueil. . . Page. 495 Argenteuil. . 495 Arnouville. . 496 Auteuil. . . 189 Beauvais . . 496 Belleville . . 452 Bellevue . . 496 Buc. . . . 498 Chantilly . . 498 Charenton. . 500 Chartres . . 500 Chatenay . . 502 Choisy-le-Roi 502 Compiegne. . 502 Corbeil. . . 507 Enghien . . 508 Ermenonville 508 Fontainbleau. 508 Crenelle . . 448 Maison Laffite 519 MaisonsAlfort 495 Marly . . . 520 Meudon . . 520 Montmorency 522 Mortefontaine 522 Nanterre . . 522 Neuilly. . . 523 Passy . . . 489 Pofssy . . . 524 Pr 6 S. Gervais 524 Rainey. . . 524 Rambouillet . 525 Romainville . 529 Rueil . . . 529 St. Cloud . . 529 St. Cyr. . , 536 St. Denis . . 536 St. Germain . 543 St. Leu. . . 547 St. Maur . . 524 St. Ouea . . 547 Sceaux. . . 547 Sevres . . . 548 Versailles. . 552 Vesinet . . 546 Vincenaes. . 580 ' CONVEYANCES. Rue Christine, No. A . — Sceaux Railroad. Railroad, r. St. Lazare, 124. Rue d’Enghien, 2. Rue duBouloi, 24 . — Railroad, r. St. Lazare. Northern Railroad. Rue Catinat — Place Dauphine, Omnibus. Railroad, Boul. Mont-Parnasse. Versailles Railroad, left bank. Northern Railroad. Corner Place du Palais Royal. Lyons Railway. Railroads, Boul. Mont-Parnasse & Rue St. 16, Passage Dauphine. [Lazare. Railroad, Boul. de I’Hopital. Northern Railroad. Lyons Railroad. Northern Railroad. Northern Railroad. Lyons Railroad. Place du Palais Royal, Omnibus. Railroad, rue St. Lazare. Place de la Bastille.— Lyons Railroad. Rue du Bouloi, 24 . Railroad, Boul. Mont-Parnasse. Rue d’Enghien, 2— Northern Railroad. Northern Railroad. Railroad, rue St. Lazare. Rue du Louvre, Omnibus. Place du Palais Royal. — Place de la Con- Railroad, rue St. Lazare, 124. [corde. Rue Catinat, Omnibus. Strasburg Railroad, Bondy Station. Railroad, Boul. Mont-Parnasse. Rue Catinat, Omnibus. Railroad, rue St. Lazare. Rue du Bouloi, 24.— Rail. r. St. Lazare, 124 . Railroad, Boul. Mont-Parnasse. Rue d’Enghien, 2.— Northern Railroad. Rue du Bouloi, 24.— Railroad, rue St. Lazare. Northern Railroad. [tiers. Place de la Bastille — Square des Arts et M6- Place du Palais Royal, Omnibus. [d’Enfer. Passage Dauphine, 16.— Railroad, BarriSre Railroad, rues. Lazare— Railroad, left bank. Railroad, rues. Lazare— Railroad, left bank. Railroad, rue S. Lazare. PI. de la Bastille — Square des Arts et Metiers Economy of Time and Money. aALlDNANl’S MESSENGER. Published in Paris, Rue de Rivoli, No. 224. Two Editions of this universally known journal are pub- lished every day, one at six in the morning for Paris and its Environs ; the other at four in the afternoon in time for Post, and containing all the news received dawn to the latest mo - ment of going to press, thus anticipating the morning papers hy 24 hours. Galignani’s Messenger offers an immense advantage of economy both in Time and Money — Time, as in a single jour- nal it reproduces the Leaders and Intelligence given by the London daily and weekly newspapers, with their various shades of opinion, thus replacing and bringing before the reader at one view the contents of all — and Money, as the subscription is less than to any of the daily London Papers. — The principle of Galignani’s Messenger, to the scrupulous observance of which it owes much of its reputation, is inflex- ible impartiality. — One department of this journal is devoted to intelligence from England, the other to occurrences in France and all news reaching Paris earlier than London. — The former contains, besides the opinions of the London journals, full Reports of the Parliamentary Debates, and Law Courts, Commercial, Naval, Military, University, and Clerical Intelli- gence, Stocks, Bankrupts, Births, Marriages and Deaths, Fashionable News, Theatricals, etc., etc. — The latter Depart- ment comprises the earliest information from France, Italy, Spain, Germany, Russia, and every other part of the Con- tinent ; Analyses of tlie opinions of the Paris Political Press ; the Proceedings of the Legislative Bodies ; Political, Judicial, Theatrical, and Fashionable Occurrences, etc. Terms of Subscription. — A single Journal, lo sous ; a week, 3 fr.; a fortnight, ofr., one month, 10 fr.; three months, 28 fr. To receive it fi'ee of postage tliroughout France and Fo- reign Countries, see tariff. — ADVERTISEMENTS RECEIVED. (&aaa(Bi!5iiiaa*s NEW PARIS GUIDE, Wov MS&9, REVISED AND VERIFIED BY PERSONAL INSPECTION, AND ARRANGED ON AN ENTIRELY NEW PLAN. COHTEITTS. Preface. — (Important to the Stranger.) Part I . — General Information, Advice to Travellers, Comparative Tables of French and English Weights and Measures, Money, Ther- mometrical Scales, etc.; Tables of French and English Duties ; Physical and Social Statistics ; Laws affecting Foreigners ; Histori- cal Notice of Paris; its new Division, Government and Public Institutions. Part II . — Description of Paris by Walks ; Edifices, Curiosities, etc. Part III . — Places of Public Amusement. Part IV . — Environs of Paris. Party. — Paris Directory; Addresses of Ambassadors, etc., List of Bankers, Tradesmen, etc.; List of Streets; Index. (BntertJi' at SfatiDners’ Therighl of republication (or translation) is reserved by the Proprietors. A. AND W. GALIGNANI AND G». SIMPKIN, MARSHALL and Co.; AND SOLD ALSO BY G. F. CROGHLEY, 8 1 , FLEET-STREET, AND J. LEE, 440, STRAND . ii PREFACE. upon the present work will suffice 1o show that it aims at a higher distinction than its luimlde title, in the common accept- ance of the term, denotes, and that it is m reality a condensed repertory of the history, statistics, and art of the capital of France, far superior, therefore, to all the other French and English Guides in existence, which are quite unworthy of the matter they treat of. In the present book there will be found collected an immense quantity of valuable and interesting information, books of the first authority having been consulted on the history and antiquities of Paris ; while personal observation has supplied with great accuracy the ac- count of all that now meets the eye in the metropolis. In the collection of this information, and in the annual correction of tlie work, neither time nor expense has been spared, and, by availing themselves of the valuable services of Mr. Outhwaite, the engraver, the publishers have been enabled to embellish the work with accurate and well-designed plates. The plan adopted in this volume is calculated to save the visitor much useless expenditure of time and exertion. What- ever relates to the institutions and general statistics of Paris has been put into the First Part, entitled General Information; while every other object of interest is described in twenty walks, which, while equal in number to \\iearro7idissempnls or municipal sections of Paris, are nevertheless arranged ir- respectively of those divisions, which would be inconvenient for the purpose of visiting the capital . The stranger, after study- ing his map of Paris with care, is supposed to go through these walks, inspecting their contents in the order in which they are arranged in this work, or omitting some, according to his taste and inclination. By so doing he will see every thing in a comparatively short space of time, and will pass over nothing that is really worthy of being ex- amined by the tourist. By a reference to the Index, where everything is carefully classified, the reader may see, at one glance, the whole of any particular class of things of which he may be in search. The Publishers trust that the conscientious care which has guided them in the publication of this volume will obtain the approbation of the visitor. Any correction which may suggest itself to the reader will be gladly received. Paris is one of the great centres not only of French but of continental intellect ; from its prolific press the most valuable publications are constantly issuing ; it takes the lead in scien- tific research and discovery, and has every claim to be con- sidered a magnificent and wonderful city. Its superb and PREFACE. iii beautiful collections of ancient and modern art are, witli an ad- mirable spirit of generous liberality, thrown gratuitously open not only to natives, but particularly and at all seasons to fo- reigners. In every branch of knowledge lectures are delivered gratis by the most eminent professors, and the traveller who has paid the least attention to the fine arts becomes, on arriv- ing in Paris, in some measure identified with them ; even the public amusements of the capital tend to the improvement Of the mind, and the advancement of civilization. The metropolis is naturally salubrious, and the purity of its atmosphere may be at once ascertained by viewing it from an elevated situation. How unlike the view from the top of St. Paul’s in London, with its canopy of fogs and clouds, and its sickly sunbeams ! There, every building is blackened with smoke, and the eye looks down upon darkening vapours and mists ; but if Paris be seen from the towers of Notre Dame, the Pantheon, the Arc de Triomphe de I’fitoile, the heights of Montmartre, or the cemetery of Pere La Chaise, the panorama is complete; there is no indistinctness or confusion in the pro- spect ; every palace, church, and public edifice stands distinctly before the eye, and, interspersed with the foliage of the gardens and the boulevards, the whole forms a prospect at once grand and beautiful. It need hardly be added that this lively me- tropolis is the most attractive emporium of pleasure and litera- ture in the world, and, at the same time, the cheapest for the advantages it presents— circumstances which render it the ge- neral rendezvous for all the nations of the globe. ® In order fully to appreciate the treasures of art and industry for which this capital is so renowned, a residence of several months will hardly suffice. But, as many persons visit Paris for only a few days, and are therefore only able to take a bird s-eye view of the remarkable sights it contains the fol- lowing list of important places, arranged by days on which they can be visited, and with reference to the page of the Guide at which they are described, cannot fail to he acceptable DI4RV OF PLACES THAI ODCHI TO BE SEEH BY A SIBASOEI SUNDAY.— The Louvre and all its Museums, from lo to Tuilerie.s, (p. i44; ticket).— Triumph; Arch of the Carrousel (p. 154).— Column of the Place Vendom (P- ‘79).-Ghamps Elys^( fn ofj^lysee-Napol(5^ (p. 196).-Triumphal Arc n Ferdinand, from lo to L MaicleiniTp ^ Eipialoirc (p. ,02 ; (cc).-ci.urcl. V PREFACE. MONDAY. — Hotel des Invalides, (fee), and Tomb of Napo- leon from 12 to 3 (p. 330 ).— Church of St. Sulpice (p. 37o) Church of SI. Germain des Pr(5s (p. 335).— Ecole des beaux Arts {p. 363 ; fee). — Palais de Juslice andSainte Ghapelle, from 10 to 4 (p.298, 304 ; ticket).— Cathedralof Notre Dame (p. 309 ; fee). TUESDAY.— Artesian Well of Greneile (p. 334).— Palace of tlie Legislative Body (p. 324, fee).— Palais du Quai d’Orsay, from 9 to 11 (p 322 , fee).— The Mint, Museum, 12 to 3 (public), coining, 12 to 3 {p. 33 9, ticket).- Church of Notre Damede Lorette (p. 2i 6). WEDNESDAY.— Palace of the Luxembourg, picture-gallery, from 10 to 4 (p. 374 ). — Hotel de Cluny, from ii to 4 (p. 383).— Pantheon (p. 40o, fee).— Cluirch of St. Etienne du Mont (p. 40s). THURSDAY.— Manufacture des Tabacs, from lo to 4, (p. 331; card).- Mus(5e d’Artillerie, from 12 lo 4 (p. 332).— Il&tel de Ville, from 12 to 4 (p. 284 ; ticket).— Imprimerie Imperiale, at 2 , with ticket (p.2G0). — Conservatoire des Arls etMeticrs, from 10 to 4 (p. 256 ).— Northern Railway Terminus (p. 235). - Church of St. Vincent de Paule (p. 234). FRIDAY. -Louvre (p. 158 .)— Garden of Palais Royal (p. 208,) — Bibliothi!c[ue Imperiale, from 10 to 4 (p. 221).— Exchange (p. 219 ). —Abattoir de Popincourt (p. 276 , fee). SATURDAY.— Garden of Plants ; Museums open from 1 1 to 2 (p. 427 ).— Gobelins Manufactory, from 2 to 4 ;p. 4i 1 ; ticket).— Place (lu Tronc (p. 278 ).— Column of July 'p. 282; fee).- Ceme- tery ofPtlre Laciiaise (p. 433). EXCURSIONS.- Fontainebleau, one day (p. 508 ; fee). — Ram- bouillet, one day (p. 523 ; ticket).— Sevres Manufactory (ticket), and St. Cloud, one day (pp. 548 and 529 ; fees).— Abbey of St. Denis, one day (p. 536 ; fee). -Versailles, daily, Mondays ex- cepted; see preface, p. viii. and p. 552 .— Vincennes, Saturdays (p. 58o\ ticket). Bois de Boulogne, afternoon; Viaduct and bridge of the Chemin de fer de Ceinture at Auteuil (p. 190 .)— Parc de Chaumont (see p. 4 5 i) —Park of Monceaux (see p. 204). See also preftce, pige ix. The stranger will do well, immediately on his arrival, to write for permission to see the following places ; viz., the Hotel de Ville, to M. le Prefet de la Seine, Hotel de Ville. — The Palaces of the Tiiileries, St. Cloud, and Petit Trianon, to M. le General Rolin, Adjudant-general du Palais des Tuile- ries • the Palace of Raraltouillet and the Sainte Ghapelle, to M. le Ministre de la Maison di I’Empereur. — The Musee de Sevres, specially mentioning also the workshops or les ateliers, (seep. 548), the exhibition-rooms being open daily Avithout’ tickets (Sundays and holidays excepted), to M. I’Ad- ministrateur de la Manufacture de Sevres — The Mint, o see the coining, (the Museum, &cc., being public on certain days see p. 859), to M. le President de la Commission des Monnaies et Medailles, II Mel des d/onnaie,8.— The Observa- tory (visible once a month), to M. le Direct eur de VObs -r a- PREFACE. V toire. — Vincennes, mentioning the Armoury, to M. le Ui- nistre cle la Guerre . — These letters must he sent franked by post : the tickets will be received in two or three days. The following is the usual form of the letter to he written : — Monsieur {giving his title, &c.), J’ai ITionneur de vous prier [if to a Minister: de prier voire Excellence) de vouloir bien me faire adresser un billet pour {name number of persons), afin de visiter (iriscrf nan^e of places). N’ayant que peu de jours a rester a Paris, it me serait trts- a^reable de le poss^der aussit&t que possible. Veuillez recevoir, avec mes remerciments, I’assurance de la haute considdration avec laquelle j’ai Phonneur d’etre. Monsieur, Votre trfes humble serviteur, {Sign name with address, very clearly written. Should the stranger, as is sometimes the case in consequence of the negligence of some inferior functionary, not receive a speedy reply to his letter, he will do well to call for it in per* son at the proper office. Leave is rarely granted to visit the prisons, hut hospitals and other charitable institutions are thrown open, not only for the inspection of professional men, hut also for the relief of the necessitous stranger, with a libe- rality that cannot be too highly commended. The visitor is strongly recommended, as a general refereiue, to consult the article headed Stranger’s Diary, in the daily English newspaper, Galignani’s Messenger, which is taken in at all the principal cafes, restaurants, &c., or may be sub- scribed for by the day, week, fortnight, or month, and where whatever is to be seen on the day of publication is always mentioned, with all necessary- information concerning it. The stranger in Paris is also advised to attend high mass at the cathedral of Notre Dame, or at the churches of St. Boch, St. Eustache, or Notre Dame de Lorette. at 10 any Sunday morning, if he would witness an imposing spectacle, and be gratified with excellent music. In consequence of the frequent errors which occur in the de- livery of journals casually sent from Paris to England, it should be knowm that Newspapers must be surrounded by a band of paper on which the address is written, and prepaid at the principal post offices, at the rate of 8 centimes for each 4 0 grammes weight. If thrown in without being franked, they would he charged like letters according to weight. The stranger, on arriving in Paris, is often at a loss to choose among the good things presented to his taste by the mrtes of the restaurants, some of which contain three to four vi PREFACE. hundred dishes. The following list of some of the best will no doubt be well received by the gastronomic traveller : — SOUPS (Pot age}. A la bisque. — A la julienne. — Au macaroni. — Au riz. — A la pur^e.— Purde aux croutons. MEATS (Viande). Beefsteak au beurre d’anchois. — Filet de boeuf, au vin de Ma- dfere. — Fricandeau, sauce tomate. — Ris de veau pique a la finan- cifere. — Ris de veau A la poulette. — Tfite de veau en niatelotle. — T6te de veau en tortue. — Cotelette de mouton a la Soubise. — Cotelette de mouton sautee aux Iruffes. — Filet mignon. — RognonS; au vin de Champagne. POULTRY (VOEAILLE). Poulet A la Marengo. — Poulet en fricassee. — Poulet A la tar- tare. — Poulet en Mayonnaise. — Poulet saut6 aux champignons. — Supreme de volaille. — Coquille A la financiAre. — Croquettes de volaille. — Salade de volaille A la Mayonnaise. — Ragout A la fl- nanciAre. — Foie gras en caisse. GAME (Gibier). Perdreau en salmis aux truffes. — Perdreau roli. — Caille A la financiAre. — Caille rotie. PASTRY (Patisserie). Vol-au-vent A la financiAre. — Vol-au-vent de ris de veau aux truffes. — Vol-au-vent de turbot A la bechamellc. — Vol-au- vent de filet de volaille aux truffes. — PAt6 de foie gras. FISH (Poisson). Turbot, sauce aux huitres. — Turbot, sauce aux capres. — Sau- mon, sauce aux capres. — Saumon A la Genevoise. — Truite en Mayonnaise. — Eperlan au gratin.— Eperlan frit. — Sole au gra- tin.— Sole A la Normande.— Filet de Sole A la maitre d’hotel. — Matelotte de carpe et d’anguille. — Anguille A la tartare. — B6- chamelle de poisson. — Ecrevisses A la Bordelaise. SIDE-DISHES (Entrem^its). Coquille aux champignons. — Macaroni au gratin. — Choux- fleurs au Parmesan. — Omelette aux fines herbes. — Artichauts A la barigoule. — Artichauts frits. SWEET DITTO (ENTREM^:TS At Sucre). Beignets de pomme. — Beignets d’abricots.— Omelette souftlee. Omelette aux confitures. — Charlotte de pomme. — Charlotte aux confitures.— Charlotte russe.— Charlotte aux fraises.— Croquettes de riz. — Abricots A la Cond^. — Croutes au MadAre. — Meringue aux confitures. — Meringue glacAe. WINES (VlNs). Red. Burgundy. — Beaune. — Poniard. — Nuits. — Volnay. — Chambertin. — Romance. — Hermitage.— Cote-Rotie. —C/areC— Chateau-Margaux. — Mouton. — Laffltte. — Medoc. — Pichon. — White. Chablis. — Meursault. — Saint-Peray. — Hermitage. — Sau- terne.— Champagne.— S weet Wines. Lunel.— Frontignan. PREFACE. Vii LIQUEURS. Eau-de-vie. — Kirsch. — Anisette. — Curasao. — Marasquin. — Absinthe. — CrSme de Moka. — Noyau. — Creme de Cafd. — Huile de Vanille. — Huile de Rose. — Liqueurs des lies. As the portions served at the restaurants are very copious, parties of two or more persons will do well to take portions only for half their number, viz., one portion for two’persons, two for four, &c. The visitor in Paris who is inclined to go to a boarding-house should be very careful to choose one of respectability ; and we caution the stranger against a kind of establishment that is apt to deceive foreigners, and which has become very prevalent in this capital since the abolition by law of public gaming- houses. Many persons have opened tables-d’hdte and board- ing-houses, under cover of which card-playing to a considerable extent is carried on in the evening, and the unwary visitor may be easily inveigled to play, and to lose sums to a large amount. They are frequented by persons of both sexes, of fashionable exterior, but of very indifferent character. The facilities of introduction and of social intercourse which Paris affords to distinguished strangers far exceed those of any other capital. A presentation at Court must of course be sought through the usual medium, that of the ambassador of the country to which the applicant may belong, and a court- dress is requisite to be admitted to balls or receptions at the Tuileries. Generally, however, the stranger in Paris will find that the greater part of the resident families in fashionable, official, or professional life, and not a few of the foreign, domiciled for a longer or shorter time, receive, from the commencement to the close of the winter season, once a-week, in the evening, between the hours of nine and twelve. Most of the eminent savants and men of let- ters, chief librarians, and directors of the great literary and scientific institutions of the capital, have likewise their soirees. In addition to these there are numberless private balls and occasional parties, to which personal respecta- bility and suitable acquaintance ensure easy access. What we may call more public and advantageous, are the evening recep- tions of the Ministers of State, the presidents of the Senate and Legislative Body, the ecclesiastical dignitaries, the chiefs of the national guard, the prefect of the Seine, the higher munici- pal functionaries, and even the directors and principal artistes of the first theatres. In the course of a month the prominent persons of every department of political, literary, and fashion- able life may be seen at the various soirees, so as to content thj curiosity of a well-bred stranger of liberal tastes and active VIU PREFACE. social habits. The host does not spontaneously serve as in- troducer ; considerin" the multitude of foreigners circulating • the task would indeed be impossible ; but a request suffices for the formation of a cursoiy -acquaintance, which is often im- proved into an agreeal)le intimacy. At these assemblages long visits and long “talks” are not hon ton; as it is the custom to attend several the same evening. The name of the guestis usually announced at the door of the salon ; after a salutation of tho hosts, movement within and exit are entirely free. Wiioea er wishes to be presented at the soiree of a Minister does best to seek the auspices of the diplomatic representative of his coun- try, wlio ushers the elite only, and with a discrimination uni- versally expected. The foreign legations and agents, and the superioi- officers, in full uniform, together with strangers of rank, and natives and envoys from all regions in costume, who frequent them, produce an exceedingly imposing efiect. A refined and amiable courtesy marks tile deportment of all the entertainers. The number of ladies that figure at the Ministerial soirees is comparatively small ; yet most of the fe- male members of the Ministers’ families appear also. Little conversation, however, takes place; a passing boxv, or a few sentences from a familiar acquaintance, is the most that polite- ness or gallantry can bestow on these occasions. The public halls of a benevolent nature afford opportunity, at the cost of ten or twenty francs a ticket, of seeing the haul ton of French and foreign society. The professional reader will find in the chapter on Medical Institutions the most ample information, now so frequently required by foreigners, more especially by the English and Americans. Ample information will likewise he found respecting births, deaths, marriages, wills, trade-marks, etc. The English Hospital and Asylum, 3 5, Boulevard Bineau, Parc de Neuilly, outside’ the Barricre Villiers, erected in 18C6, and long much needed, well deserves a visit from the stranger, it being quite a model hospital (see p. 123). The following few remarks on the best mode of visiting the Environs of Paris may be useful to the stranger. Persons visiting Versailles shoidd leave Paris not later than 9 a.m. and proceed by the Versailles and Meudon railroad (left bank). Boulevard Montparnasse, the station of which at Versailles is the nearest to the palace. Tins will allow of a cursory glance being taken of the exterior of the palace, and at 1 1 o’clock, the time of opening the doors, visitors can enter at once and inspect the interior without being annoyed by the PREFACE. ix crowd. Those provided with special tickets, obtained as de- scribed at p. iv., may claim the services of a separate attendant to view the reserved apartments, and will thus he spared the annoyance of being shown through them hurriedly in hatches of from thirty to forty persons. The same may he said of the Trianons, which should not he visited on the same day as Ver- sailles, if they would he enjoyed. The stranger may return to Paris by the Versailles and St. Cloud railroad (right bank), by which means two magnificent views of Paris and the neighbouring country will he obtained, one from the south by the former railroad, the other from the west and northwest by the latter. The museum of Versailles is closed on Mondays. The Lyons railroad will take the stranger to Fontaine- bleau. Leaving Paris by the first or second train, he will be there by 9 to 11 o’clock (1.) The magnificent palace, more his- toric in its decorations than Versailles, and with its park and gardens forming altogether the finest sight of the kind in France, may then be fully inspected. If the visitor be not afraid of a little fatigue, he will have time*enough to hire a carriage for a drive of a few hours to the more picturesque points of the fa- mous forest, full of romantic beauties and rocky scenery, which would well employ another day, if it could be spared. Many other delightful excursions may be made in the envi- rons of Paris, a great number of which are now easily accom- plished by the existing railroads. Thus the Chartres line passes through Rambouillet, famed for its chateau and park ; through Gaillardon, with its old historical Donjon ^ Maintenon, remarkable for the splendid chateau and park of the Due de Noailles, with the adjoining aqueduct ; and Chartres, cele- brated for its beautiful cathedral and valuable library, con- taining upwards of 1000 manuscripts, both of which may he seen in one day. — The Versailles railroad (right bank) passes through the villages of Suresne, Puteaux, St. Cloud, and Sevres. The Auteuil branch offers a convenient mode of conveyance to the Bois de Boulogne ; the station of the Avenue de Flmperatrice is the best for that purpose. (See p. 486.) — The Versailles railroad (left bank), by Meudon, Bellevue, — The St. Germain line touches at Nanterre, Rueil, andChatou, where the ad joining Park of Vesinet offers charming walks. At this station vehicles may be found for Bougival, Marly, and the wood of La Celle. — The Rouen line touches at Poissy, Meulan, and Mantes. — The Northern passes (i) The IncVcideur lies Chemins de Fer, which gives the hours of departure of the railway trains of all the lines may be had for a few sous at all the omnibus offices. X tRfiFACE. through St. Denis, a town not to be on any account omitted, and Enghien-les-Bains, from which place a railway goes to Montmorency, the forest of which is highly picturesque ; a ride by the Hermitage to Ecouen, or by Andilly to the Rendez-vous de Chasse, is one of the greatest treats that a lover of fine scenery can enjoy. At the Chantilly station of the same line, which also touches at Poutoise, there is a branch railway to Senlis, which may easily be seen in a day ; further on is Compiegne, whence the stranger may proceed to the ruins and spa of Pierrefonds, and the Roman camp of Champlieu, with its amphitheatre, and other antiquities, these excursions requiring a day, including the return to Compiegne. Lastly, Ermenonville and Mortefontaine may be reached by hiring carriages at Senlis, which will also take a day.— By the Strasbourg line the stranger may visit Meaux, the cathedral containing the monument of Bossuet, and the walks in which he used to meditate his works. — The Sceaux rail- road leads to Arcueil, Bagneux, and Bourg-la-Reine. From hence vehicles go to Chatillon and Fontenay-aux-Roses. — The Orleans line touches at Choisy-le-Roi, and a branch of the Lyons line leads direct to Corbeil. — The new Vincennes railroad affords great facilities for visiting Vincennes, St. Maur, and Fontenay-sous-Bois, in one day. The Park of Vincennes has now become the chief attraction at the east end of the capital ; the Parc de Chaumont, laid out with extraordinary taste, and affording one of the finest views of Paris, enlivens the quarter of La Villette, and the west end boasts the Park of Monceaux, in addition to the delightful Park of Boulogne and the Champs Elysdes. The FStes of most of the places in the environs of Paiis are held on a Sunday, but, as they change every year with the moveable festivalsj to avoid leading the stranger into error, we have not given the day in our description of the places, refer- ring the reader for correct information to the notices published beforehand in the daily English journal, Galigmni’s Messenger. NEW PARIS GUIDE. PART I. GENERAL INFORMATION. PASSPORTS. — The passport system, which was lately enforced with great rigour in France, has now been abolished here so far as English, B elgia n, and Dutch travellers are con- (cerned. To viStf^hv rMof the ConttneiltT^’ Brifish subject jmust be provided with a Foreign Office Passport, available ]for one year ; the tourist must apply in writing to “ Her Ma- ijesty’s Secretary of State, Foreign Office, London,” with the I word “Passport” conspicuously written on the cover. Par- ! ties not personally known to the Secretary of State must ap- ' ply through a person who is, or through a banking Firm, or a Member of either House of Parliament, or with a cer- tificate of identity signed by any mayor, magistrate, justice of the peace, minister of religion, physician, surgeon, so- licitor or notary, resident in the United Kingdom. Every such certificate must bear the signature of the tourist, who may obtain his passport at the Foreign Office the day follow- ing the receipt of application, between 11 and 4, either in person, or by deputy, with a written authorisation, in this case the words “Passport will be applied for at the Foreign Office” must be added to the certificate of identity. If it is desired that the passport should be sent by post, the sum of two shillings must be forwarded, with the application, by post-office order, made payable to the “ Chief Clerk of the Foreign Office ” at the post-office. Charing Cross. The passport must receive the visa of the ambassador or consul-general of the country or countries which the tourist intends to visit. Since the 1st of January 1861, British subjects may enter and circulate freely without passports, provided they pre- sent themselves at the passport olfice on landing, to have their nationality identified. A British subject may secure the advantage of visiting the public establishments of Paris by 2 GENERAL INFORMATION. having his visiting-card stamped by a functionary appointed for the purpose at the port or frontier. This formality, how- ever, IS almost unnecessary. (1.) ROUTES TO PARIS. — The following is a list of the various routes from the coast to Paris, ail by railway. I. Calais to Paris in S to lo hours, by Arras and Amiens. II. Boulogne to Paris in 6 to 8 hours. (Fine church at Abbeville, and Cathedral at Amiens.) III. Havre to Paris, in 5 to 7 hours, passing through Rouen. (Cathedral of St. Ouen, statue of Joan of Arc, Museum, Bridge, Qua}’-s, &c., are well worth stopping one day at Rouen.) IV. Dieppe to Paris, through Rouen, in 5 to 7 hours. V. OsTEND TO Paris, by Brussels, Lille, &c., in 12 to 13 hours. CONVEYANCES. — Correct information respecting these may he obtained at the railroad and packet offices in London. The Dover, Folkestone, Southampton, and Brighton trains leave several times a-day to meet the packets. The best routes to Paris for rapidity are by the morning or evening mail-post trains, by Dover and Calais in 1 1 hours ; for day travelling, Folkestone and Boulogne; and for scenery, but with a longer sea passage, Southampton to Havre, or Newhaven to Dieppe. Steam Packets. — Packets leave London-bridge for Calais and Boulogne, almost daily, especially in summer. Packets start daily from Dover and Folkestone ; from Newhaven to Dieppe, and Southampton to Havre, the Channel islands, St. Malo, &c., several times a-week. Purlic Coaches. — Diligences carry aliout 15 passengers, and contain several kinds of places. All luggage above 40lb. to 50lb. per head is charged. The day, hour, and seat, are marked on the receipt. For information apply to the Messa- geries Imperiales, 28, rue Notre-Dame des Victoires ; and 130, rue St. Houore, and to the coach-offices (see list before title-p.j Posting. — To travel by post, a livre de paste, price 4 fr., containing all requisite information, should be procured. Fee to the postilion, 2 fr. per myriametre (about miles), if he has behaved well; legally, 1 fr. Carriages may be hired lor journeys from the postmasters at about 12 fr. per diem. RAILROADS. — Eleven of these, having stations in Paris, are in operation; viz.: I. The St. Germain railroad, 124, rue St. Lazare, the first railway opened (1837 .) — II. The Rouen rail- road, 9, rue d’ Amsterdam, continued to Havre, with a branch o Dieppe. — III. The Versailles railroad on the northern (0 Last year Ihe number of arrivals and departures of British sulijeets were as follows .—Boulogne, 106,392; Calais, 77,205 ; Ollier porl-s 5G,oi2; total, 239,609. CONVEYANCES. 3 bank of the Seine, 124, rue St. Lazare, communicating with St. Cloud and intermediate places. — IV. The Western railroad, boulevard Montparnasse, leading to Cherbourg by Versailles and Rennes. — V. The Orleans railroad, rue Neuve de la Care (near the Jardin des Plantes), through Nantes, Bordeaux and Bayonne, with branches to Limoges and Toulouse. — VI. The Sceaux and Orsay railroad, boulevard St. Jacques, on the Arnoux system (see p. 647.) — VII. Tlie Nor- them railroad, 24, rue de Dunkerque, connecting Paris with the Belgian frontier by Amiens and Valenciennes. It has branches to Soissons, St. Quentin, Boulogne, and Calais. — VIII. The Strasbourg railroad, place de Strasbourg (boule- vard of that name). — IX. The Lyons railroad, boulevard Mazas, touching at Fontainebleau. — X. The Corheil railroad, a branch of the preceding.— XI. The Vincennes railroad, a suburban line, opened in 1859.— XII. The Chemin de fer de Ceinture, or railway round Paris. (1) Notices of the fares and hours of departure, may be obtained gratis at the re- spective stations (2). Connecting omnibuses for these rail- ways may be found at different points of Paris (3). STEAM-BOATS start from the Quai d’Orsay in summer, for Sevres and St. Cloud, several times a day, and from the Quai de la Greve, for Melun and Montereau. There are also omnibus-boats on the Seine, intended for direct communica- tion between Bercy and St. Cloud during the Great Exhibition of 1867. MUNICIPAL DIVISION OF PARIS.— The stranger, on his ( 1 ) This railway has stations for passengers as well as goods at Auteuil, and at all Ihe above railway lines, which it crosses. It passes over the Pont Napoleon, beyond Bercy, and is now being continued on the left bank. Its length on the right bank is 30,000 metres (to miles). It has cost 22,000,000 fr. (2) In France the reserved compartments in all passenger trains are severally mai’ked “ Post-office,” “For ladies only,” “For smokers,” or simply “Reserved.” No persons except those entitled so to do are allowed to enter such comparlmenls. (3) The length of all the railroads of France working in 1866 was 8,473 miles; their receipts were i 836 , 559,997,018 fr. They annually pay 43 millions of francs taxes. Capital invested 4 , 35 o millions of francs, 7 50 of which arc paid by Government. The number of persons attached to the working of railways in France is 70,000 ; the rolling stock comprises 3,151 engines and tenders, 7,000 carriages, and 60,000 trucks, etc. The quantity of fuel consumed per day is 3,000 tons. The annual number of passengersis about i,400 millions. The loss of life by accidents is t in t, 935, .353 passengers; wounds, i to 496 , 531 . _ By dili- gence the ratios were respectively 1 in 355 , 463 , and 1 in 29 , 871 . 4 GENERAL INFORMATION. arrival in Paris, should not neglect acquiring, by the study of his map, a general idea of the 20 arrondissements and 80 quarters into which the capital is divided, and of which the following is a list : — 1ST. Louvre. t. St. Germain I’Auxerrois. — 3. Halles. — 3. Palais Royal. — i. Place Vendome. 2d. Bourse. 5 . Gaillon. — 6. Vivienne. — 7. Mail. — 8. Bonne Nouvelle. 3d. Temple. 9. Arts et Metiers. — 10 . En- fants Rouges. — n. Archives. — 12. Ste. Avoie. 4th. Hotel-de-Ville. 13.St.Merri. — i4.St. Gervais. — 1 5. Arsenal. — 16. Notre Dame. 5th. Pantheon. 17. St. Victor. — 18. Jardin des Plantes. — 1 9. Val de Grace. 20 . Sorbonne. 6th. Luxembourg. 21 . Monnaie. — 22. Od^on.— 23. Notre-Dame des Champs. — 24. St. Germain des Prds. 7th. Palais Bourbon. 25. St. Thomas d’Aquin. — 26. Invalides. — 27. Ecole militaire. — 28. Gros-Caillou. 8th. Elysee. 29. Champs Elys^es. — 30 . Faubourg du Roule. — 31. Made- leine. — 32. Europe. 9th. Opera. 33 . St. Georges. — 34. Chaus- s^e d’Antin. — 35 Faub. Mont- martre. — 36. Rochechouart. 10th. Enclos St. Laurent. 37. St. Vincent de Paul. — 38. Porte St. Penis. — 39. Porte St. Martin.— 40. Hopital St. Louis. 11 TH. POPINCOURT. ■ 41. Folie-M6ricourt. — 42. St. Ambroise. — 43. Roquette. — 44. Ste. Marguerite. 12th. Reuilly. 4 5. Bel Air. — 46. Picpus. — 47 , Bercy.— 48. Quinze-Vingts. 13th. Gobelins. 49. Salp^tri&re.-50. Gare.— 51. Maison Blanche. — 52. Crou- lebarbe. 14th. Observatoire. 53. Montparnasse.— 54. Sant^. — 55. Petit-Montrouge. — se. Plaisance. 13th. Vaugirard. 57. St. Lambert.— 58. Necker. — 59 . Grenelle .— 60 Javel. 16th. Passy. 61 . Auteuil.— 62 . La Muette. — 63. Porte Dauphine. — 64 . Des Bassins. 17. Batignolles Monceaux. 65. Ternes.— 66. Plaine Mon- ceaux.— 67. Batignolles. — 68. Epinettes. 18th. Butte Montmartre. 69. Grandes Carri^res. — 70 . Clignancourt.— 71 . Goutte d’Or. — 72. La Chapelle. 19th. Buttes Chaumont 73. La Villette.— 74. Pont de Flandre. — 75. Ain^rique. — 76. Combat. 20th. Menilmontant. 77. Belleville. — 78. St. Far- geau. — 79. P^re-Lachaise. — so. Charonne. CARRIAGES, HACKNEY-COACHES— FozTures de grande remise (glass coaches) may be hired by the day or month at from 25 to 30 fr. a-day, or from 600 to 700 fr. a-month They will go a certain distance out of Paris, but must be back again before midnight, unless agreed upon ; and with a small additional charge a lad is given to go behind the carriage. There are two kinds of public cabs, the one called voi- CARRIAGES AND HACKNEy-COACIIES. 5 lures de remise, which go rather quicker, and are to he found under covered standings ; they are rather superior to the others, called voitures de place, or Fiacres, which are ranged in public stands. The former are distinguished by a red number, the latter by a yellow one. The following is a table of the maximum fares allowed to be charged : — INSIDE PARIS. From 6 o’clock a.m. in summer (1st April to 1st October), and from 7 a m. in winter (1st October to 31st March) to halt- an-hour after midnight. Hackney coaches and voilures de remise taken on thepwiftc stands Drive. Hour. Drive. Holding two or f. c. f. c. f. c. three persons . 1 50 2 0 2 25 Holding four or five Remise, taken at private stands : Holding two or 1 70 2 26 2 50 three persons . 1 80 2 25 3 0 Holding four orflve 2 0 2 50 3 0 LUGGAGE : One package, 26c. ; two, From half- an-hour after midnight to 6 a.m. in summer and to 7 a.m. in winter. Hour. BEYOND THE FOR- TIFICATIONS. Bois de Boulogne, Bois de Vincennes, and the communes outside the fortifications , From 6 a.m. to mid- night in summer or 10 p m. in winter. When re- turn in g with the cab to Paris The drive or hour, f. c. 2 60 1 2 76 J When quit- tingthe cab beyond the fortficatns. Return indemnity. 1 franc. 3 0 2 francs, three or more, 76c. Coachmen load and unload all trunks, etc. Whatever article can be carried in the hand, or taken inside without injuring the vehicle cannot be charged as luggage. It is customary to give the driver a small gratuity, of ! from 3 to 10 sous, according to time. (1) When it is intended to take the carriage by the hour, the ; driver must be told so beforehand, else he can demand the price : of a “ course ” for each stoppage. The traveller should show jthe driver the time by his watch. After the first hour, the time above the full hour is paid in proportion. — (i) There are no police-regulations concerning fares for drives beyond the fortifications after 10 p.m. in winter and 12 in summer; but a bargain may be made. The fare is stuck up inside for the information of the public. Impositions of the driver are severely punished. Although cab-driving is no longer a monopoly, nearly all the voilures de ptace belong to the same Company, which clears about 2 ,ooo,ooofr. per annum, with a capital of I2,5o0,ooofr. It employs il,ooo horses, and pays the City about 2 ,ooo,o 0 ofr. per annum for licence and poach-lax. A voiturede pface produces tsfr. daily. 6 GENEIUL IIS'FORMATION. The driver is bound to give a printed card with his number, which it is well to preserve, in case of forgetting anything in the coach. (1) All vehicles are numbered; and, incase of accident or insolence, redress can be had hy writing one’s complaint in a register kept at the cab-stands for the purpose. ^ There are also vehicles for the environs. Those which go to St. Cloud, Versailles, and St. Germain, start from the Rue de Rivoli. For starting-places, see pages befoie title. (2) OMNIBUSES. — There are 1 lines of omnil)uses (3) in Paris, which ply from 8 a.m. to 11 p.ra. They convey about 80 millions of passengers per annum, for o sous inside, and 3 on the imperiale, or top. They stop at different offices , or bureaux on their way, to take up passengers, and set down those who have claimed a check, called correspondance, de- livered gratis by the “cad,” for the purpose of deviating from the direct line. In the following list the capital letter denotes the line, the rest its extremities and the offices where the omnibus may be waited for ; A.— Palais Royal, Auteuil— Along tlie Cours la Rcinc and the quays. AB -Place de la Bourse, Passy.— Place de la Madeleine ; H7, Rue du Fau- bourg St. HonorC. A<".— fours la Reine, Petite Villctte.-15, Rue Rovale St. Hon.; 79 , Rue l.afayelle. AD.- Pont de PAlma, Chateau d'cau.— 78, Rue St. Dominique; Place Dauphine. ’ (1; Rewards, averaging 6 o per annum, are given to drivers for honesty in restoring articles of value left in Iheir carriages, and which have been known to amount to 300,000 fr. in one year. Tlie arlicles are delivered hy the finders to the Prefecture de Police, where they are restored to Ihe owners. (2) The number of public carriages authorised by the police is 7698, thus classed: — Hackney-coaches and cabriolets, 3000 ; voitures de remise, 2598; omnibuses, 700 ; glass-coaches, t, 40 o! The number of vehicles of every kind circulating in the streets is staled at 60,259, including 27,938 public and pri- vate carriages, all taxed at the rale of 60 fr. for four-wheeled, and 40 fr. for two-wheeled vehicles; and of persons circu- lating annually in the former, 100,000,000. The number of horses in Paris is stated at 1 14 , 000 . The first carriage which appeared in France was that of Isabella of Bavaria, in 4 405 . ( 3 ) The new charter of the omnibus company, by which it has the monopoly of those vehicles, expires in 1910. It pays the City 1,000,000 fr. for the right of driving 500 omnilmses.: The Company is hound to keep special omnibuses for the conveyance of workmen at the option of the municipality ^ and, when required, to furnish 50 carts for the removal of ice or snow, or conveyance of sand to put down on the public way. The Company now sell tickets which may be bought beforehand, like postage-stamps, for paying the fare. POST-OFFICE. 7 AE. -Place des Arts et Metiers, Vincennes.— 78, fioiilcvard du rcnii)le, Place du Trdnc. Correspondence with E. AF. — Place Coil rcelles, Panthdon— Place de la Madeleine; to, Rue Royale St. Honord ; Place de la Concorde, florrcspondcnce with AB, E, and A. AG. — Strashurg Railway, Montrougc.— Place du Chatclet, Pont St. Michel Correspondence with G. B. — Chaillot, Strashurg Railway.— 96. Avenue des Champs Elysde.s^ 15, Rue Royale; Place do la Madeleine; Versailles lermiuus; 78, Rue St. Lazare ; Rue Ollivier, Notre Dame de I.orette ; 2, Rue Bleue. C. — Louvre, Courhevoie.— Rue du Louvre; Place du Palais Royal; Avenue des Champs Elysees, corner of Rue de Berry. D. — Ternes, FillesduCalvaire.— 117, Faubourg St. Honore; 15, Rue Royale; Place de la Madeleine; 155, Rue St. Honore. ji E.— Madeleine, Bastille.— Along the Boulevards. Correspondence with D. F.— Monccaux, Bastille.— Versailles terminus ; Place de la Madeleine ; Rue Catinat; 30, Rue Ramhuteau. i G.— Batignolles-Monceaux, Jardin des Plantes.— Place du Palais Royal ; 78, ■■ Rue St. Lazare ; Place du Chatclet. H. — Clichy, Odeon.— 9, Rue Ollivier; 8, Boulevard des Italiens; Place du Palais RovaV; 10, Place St. Sulpice. I. — Montmartre, Halle aux vins.— Place de la Bourse ; Rue Croix des Petite Champs; Place Dauphine. Correspondence with AB. J. — Place Pigallc, la Glaciere.— Place du ChtUelel; 2, Pont St. Michel 1-1, Rue Soufflot. K. — College de France, La Chapelle.— Porte St. Denis ; Place du Chatclet ; Pont St. Michel. Correspondence with E L. --Place St. Sulpice, villetle.— Pont St. Mitticl; Porte St. Martin. Cor- respondence with E. M. — Les Ternes, Belleville, Boulevards Exterieurs.— Correspondence with H and J. N. — Belleville, Place des victoircs.- 78, Boulevard du Temple ; Porte St, ‘ Martin ; Porto St. Denis ; Rue Catinat. Correspondence with E. i O.— jMdnilmontant, Chaussde du Maine.— Boulevard des FillesduCalvaire; : Place du Chatclet; Place St. Sulpice. Correspondence with E. p.-('.haronne (for Pere La ChaiscL Place d’ltalie —Place de la Bastille. Correspondence w ith E, F, AE, Q, R, S and Z. Q. — Palais Royal, Trdnc.— Rue du Louvre; Place du Chatelet; Place dela Bastille. Correspondence with E. R. — St. Philippe du Ronle, Boulevard Charenton.- 15, Rue Royale; Rue du Louvre: Place do la Bastille. S. — pouvre, Bcrcy.— Rue du Louvre; Place de la Bastille. T. -Sqnare Moniholon, Gare d’lvry.-Porle St. Denis ; 30, Rue Ramhuteau ; Pont Louis Philippe ; Quai de la Tournclle. U. — Pointe St. Eustachc, Bicfitrc.- Place du Chatclet; Halle aux Vins, Correspondence with G. V. — Maine. Chemin de For du Nord.— 55, Rue de S6vres; Place Dauphine Rue du Louvre. X. — Place du Havre, Vaugirard.— Place du PalaisRoyal ; 69, Rue de Grenello St. Germain ; 55, Rue do S6vres. Y. -Grcnelic, Porte St. Martin.— Corner of Rue do FEglise; Place du Palais Roval. Z. — Grenellc, Bastille.— 69, Rue de Grcnclle; 10, Place St, Sulpice; I't, Boulevard St. Germain. POST OFFICE. — The General Post-office is in the rue Jean Jacques Rousseau ; the branch offices arc divided into bureaux principaux, as those at 24, rue de Seze ; 4, Place de la Bourse ; at the Corps Legislatif, and at the Luxembourg, etc.; and into bureaux supplement air es, as those at 3, rue del’Echelle; GENERAL INFORMATION. 75, Faubourg St. Honore; at 3, rue de Chaillot; at 30, rue de Londres ; at the Lyons, Orleans, and Northern railway stations, etc. There are also receiving boxes, boites aux lettres, at tobacconists’ shops, etc., in every part of the town. Unregistered letters are in time for the evening mail at the boites, till 5o clock, at the bureaux principauxiiW a quarter to 6 0 clock; at the Bourse, and at the head office till 6 o’clock, for Lyons, Marseilles, and Algeria, till 7, at the Lyons rail- way station. For Orleans, Tours, Bordeaux, and the Py- renees, till 8, at the Orleans railway station. For Rouen, Havre, Dieppe, till 9 at the boites; till lo, at the bureau at 24, rue de Seze, and till half-past 10 at 30, rue de Londres. There is also a morning mail for the Departments and for Belgium, Holland, Prussia, and Baden, for which letters posted at the boites by half-past 1 1 o’clock, at the bureaux pnncipaux by noon, and at the head office by half- past 1 2 o clock, are in time. ( 1 ) For England and the Northern railway they are in time if posted as follows At tbe Letter-boxes, before „ Bureaux ,, Hotel des Posies \ ” >, 4, Place de la Bourse J ” Northern Railway „ Morning mail. 9 p.m. p.m. a.m. 6 }^ a.m. Evening Mail. 5 p.m. 5}^ p.m. 6 p.m. 7 p.m. Letters leaving London at 7 a.m. are delivered in Paris at about 7 p.m. ; and by the evening mail at 9 a.m. There is no arrival on Monday morning from England. (2) Letters may be posted after 6 p.m. at the Central Office, or at 4, Place de la Bourse, on paying an extra tax of 20 c. within the first quarter of an hour, of 40 c. within the second, or of 60 c. after that time until the closing of the mail-bags. At 28, Place de la Madeleine, and 11, rue St. Lazare, the time is calculated from a quarter before six. The English government boats which leave Marseilles on the 5th, 12th, 20th, and 28th of every month, take the mails for Malta, Alexandria, Aden, the East Indies, the Indian Ar- chipelago, and China. That of the 28th also takes the mails for Australia. French boats also start from Marseilles every Thursday to Malta, every other Sunday to Malta and Alex- andria, and every Saturday for Constantinople. Letters for these departures should be posted in Paris two days pre- viously ; but for the English steamers letters posted at the head office are in time until 9^ a.m., of the 4th, 11th, 19th, (1) There are two and more general posts a-day, (o many places distant 450 kilometres (280 miles) and more from Paris. ( 2 ) Letters for London put into the Post-office in Paris on Sa- turday are delivered on Monday, with those put in on Sunday. 9 POST-OFFICE. and 27th of each month. When for Aden and other parts beyond, they should be marked “voie de Suez (1). Letters eoine through England must be marked “vote d Angleterre, and ‘‘ by private ship,” if that is the intention, and be posted in Paris 2 days before the departure from England. Letters are franked, either by putting on st^ps of sufficient value, or else by having them weighed at the post-office, to avoid mistake. (2) A letter posted with in- sufficient stamps for a foreign country goes as unpaid if the prepayment for that country is optional, and if not, is thrown into the dead letter office. Letters for England only pay the difference between the value of the stamps and the postage. Letters are registered (chargees) for any part of France, and for those foreign countries to which the franking is op- tional. Inland letters pay four sous extra; for foreign countries they pay double postage. These letters must be prepaid and must have five seals thus placed, so as JC ^ to make it impossible to open any part, and be pre- sented at a post-office. A receipt is given for them, lr _ — ^ and in case of loss 50 francs are allowed. Paris letters for Paris (3) pay, if prepaid, 2 sous for under 20 grammes, 4 sous for under 40 grammes, etc., and 5 cent, more if not prepaid. There are 7 deliveries per day, letters arriving from 3 to 4 hours after being posted (4). Newspapers, periodicals, and other works in print must be secured with strips of paper called bandes, so as not to cover more than one-third of the surface, and to allow of their being easily removed to examine the contents. If they con- tain anything in writing except the direction, they are charged as letters by weight. They must be prepaid, delivered at the office, and, for the evening mail, before 2 o’clock. (5) The following table shows the rates of postage for various countries, for letters and newspapers. To the countries marked with an asterisk all letters must be prepaid ; to the (1) The French Post-office refuses letters to hot climates closed with sealing wax, since it makes the letters stick together, and renders the addresses illegible. ( 2 ) Patterns of goods, photographs, and business papers, un- sealed, are charged forEngland at 30c. per 1 20 grammes, or under. (3) This service, begun in 1760, is called La Petite Paste. ( 4 ) The total number of French post-offices was 4,500 in 186S. The total number of post-oftice functionaries throughout all France is upwards of 30 , 000 , including 25,000 postmen. The number of the latter in Paris is 495. (b) The number of political periodicals in Paris is 63 ; of non- political, 5U. In the departments, 367 and 250 respectively. 10 GENERAL INFORMATION. otliers franking is optional for common letters, but lettres chargees, or money letters, as also newspapers, must in all cases be prepaid. The latter are charged according to weight the lowest being 4o grammes. For Turkey, the Papal States’ the Ionian Islands, Austria, and Saxony, the weight allowed for^ the price marked is 45 grammes. For larger size or COUNTRIES. 1 ranee, Algeria, and Corsica , Great Britain, (1) Malta ( 1 ) . . British N. America, Greece South America on tiie Bacifle * South America on the Atlantic* Paraguay (1) Central America*, Venezuela*, liermuda* Portugal*, Azores*, Madeira* . . St. Helena*, Cape Verd*, Australia*, Cape* East and West Indies, Aden. Ceylon Hong Kong, Mauritius, New Zealand Cliina*, United States ( 1 ) . . . Spain (1), Bavaria, Italy . . Belgium Denmark Switzeiland Alexandria, Constantinople (sea) . Turkey (land), to Austrian frontier Sweden il). Papal States (1) . . Austria, Venice Russia, Poland Baden (1) . . . . i 1 . j Saxony (1), Prussia, French Colonies For most countries the unit Single letters . NEWSPAPERS Un- always franked . prepaid. f. C. f. c. c. 0 20 0 60 4 0 40 0 80 8 1 0 1 0 12, 8 1 0 0 0 17 0 80 0 0 12 0 80 0 0 12 0 60 0 0 8 0 80 0 12 0 80 0 80 20 0 80 0 80 20 0 80 0 80 12 0 40 0 60 8, 10, 6 30 50 6 90 99 10 0 30 0 50 8 0 50 1 0 8 0 60 0 60 10 1 0 1 0 10, 20 0 60 0 80 10 10 1 10 10 0 30 0 40 10 0 50 0 60 10, 10, 12 ^ weight is 7 */2 grammes: equal to j dwt. English, or to a franc and a half in silver. Postage stamps are ; green, for 1 sou, for newspapers and visiting cards. Bistre, for 2 sous. Blue, for 4 sous. Chestnut or 6 sous. Orange, for 8. Red, for 16 sous; and Violet’ lor 5 Ir , They are used indiscriminately to make up the A^alue lequiied, and sold at all the post-offices and tobacconists. ( 2 ) weight is grammes. In France iiic douhle letter, weighing 20 grammes, costs 40 c., but from 20 to 100 grammes the cliarge is only sue. vcSJ-lo receipts of the Post-office for fifteen yeaisgive (he foHowmg resulis : — 18U fr. I I860 G3,96,-i.726 fr.. 1812 4i n '<2,000 1858 253 23 '1,000 1863 212,383, 1 0 1859 259,450,000 1804 273.200.000 274 UOO.C.OO 2 s 3 .oou.noo 200.00 ,000 298,000,000 (i) The receipts for private dispatches amounted in i8C4to 5 315 000 francs. The mean time of Paris is now telegraphed from the Observatory to the Hotel de Ville, and thence to the principal public clocks. There are at present in France 100,000 kilometres ( 02,500 miles) of telegraphic lines, and i,606 stations. GENERAL INFORMATION. It is not usual, nor is it advantageous, to go to a maison mevbUe for a stay of a few days. Of hotels there is a great abundance in Paris, from the most luxurious down to those of the very humblest description. Lodgings may be hired by the night, week, or month ; the price ought always to be agreed on beforehand, even for a single night ; the price ot a bed-room for one night varies from 2 to 5 fr. (j) There are numerous boarding-houses at different charges, both French and English (see p. 88). Unfurnished apartments may be taken per quarter, and furniture purchased cheap at second- hand shops, or hired from upholsterers. Good hotels are generally provided with a table d’hote, which the traveller will find a better plan than sending for a dinner to a restaurant or traiteur. Apartments may be had by the day, week, or month ; breakfasts are served in the coffee-room or in private apartments, and visitors may dine at the table-d’hote or in their own rooms. A list contains the charge for every article servants, etc. Such hotels forward letteis, and procure in- fonnation of every kind with great regularity. Couriers, interpreters, and return-carriages may also be had there. Among the best hotels in Paris we may mention Meurice's, p8, Ruede Rivoli ; the Hotel du Louvre, Place du Palais Royal (see p. 20)9 ; the Grand Hdtel, Roulevard des Capucines (see p. 213); and as family hotels, the Hdtel Bristol, Place Vendome, Lawson’s Bedford Hotel, rue de I’Arcade, and Hotel des Deux lUondes, rue d’Antin. — See also Directory. SERVANTS. — In almost every furnished hotel there are ser- vants who may be hired by the month, fortnight, week, or day. Ihe chaige is 5 or 6 francs a-day, as they bboard themselves. Ihey are called valets-de-place ; they will be found invalu- able to the stranger who desires to visit all the curiosities of the capital, and to examine those numerous localities of Paris celebrated for the historical events extending from the middle ages down to the last revolution. A well-informed guide can stiJl point out highly interesting traces of the olden time, and save the visitor much time and trouble. INTERPRETERS. — There are in Paris interpreters of every language, also offices kept by sworn translators. COMMISSIONNAIRES. — Porters, under this name, and wearing a numbered brass plate, are found at the corners of all principal streets. Letters or parcels may be safely entrusted to them; their charges vary from 10 to 40 sous RESTAURATEURS AND TRAITEURS.— These rank among vO The average number of hotels and furnished houses in Pa- ns, IS 5,000, affording accommodalion tq To,ooo persoiis, CaP^S. 13 the most striking establishments of the capital. (1) Nothing is more common than for a great part of the Parisian community, including ladies and persons of the first distinction, to dine occasionally at a restaurateur’s. In fact, Paris nowhere pre- sents a scene more elegant than one of the splendid saloons of a first-rate restaurateur, fitted up in a style of the highest taste and luxury, and crowded with a brilliant company of both sexes. If in summer, the traveller ought to select the Boule- vards, and bespeak a table at one of the windows, thus adding to the pleasures of the palate the sight of one of the most animated panoramas Europe can afford ; for the evening scene of the Boulevards in this fashionable part of Paris, with its well-dressed crowds, seated in groups or promenading, its verdant trees, and its thousand lights, forms a most enchant- ing picture. Restaurants have rooms called cabinets de societe, in which a party may dine in private. Besides the principal restaurateurs, where the dinner is d la carte, there are other houses where dinners are served for a fixed sum, from 2 francs, including wine. In most parts of Paris, a dinner may be had for 40, 35, and even 30 sous. The last of these prices will procure soup, 2 dishes at choice, a dessert, bread, and a modicum of wine. Traiteurs, or petty restaura- teurs, send out dishes, or dinners ready dressed, to order. A family in lodgings, had better bargain with the traiteur for a number of dishes at a certain hour. After dinner Parisians go to a cafe, to take a demi-tasse of coffee, and a petit verve de liqueur, instead of sitting over their wine. For a list of the best dishes, see Pre/bce. The principal restaurants are Trois Freres Provencaux, (Palais Royal,) Maison Doree, and Cafe Anglais, boulevard des Italiens. See Directory. CAFES. — The first cafe in Paris was established by an Ar- menian in 1 697, and was greatly frequented. These establish- ments multiplied rapidly under Louis XV., and became cele- brated as the favourite resort of distinguished individuals. At I present they are to be found in every quarter, and justly rank I among the most remarkable features of this capital, being i usually decorated with unrivalled costliness and splendour. It I is difficult to fancy anything more tastefully brilliant than I the coffee-rooms on the western boulevards, and other fashion- (I) Formerly privileged persons alone could keep eafing- hoiises in Paris; but in 17 65 a cook prepared a room for re- freshments, placing over the door the following parody of a ; passage in Scripture : ‘■'Venife ad me omnes qui stomacho labo- ratis, et ego restaurabo vos.” This attempt was successful, and since 1789, these establishments have increased every year, and are now about 2,63o in number. 14 GENERAL INFORMATION. able parts of the town. When lighted up at night, the effects whether seen from within or without, is perfectly dazzling. Chairs and small tables are placed outside, where both sexes enjoy the cool of the evening, and witness the animated scene around them ; while within you see yourself reflected by mir- rors, remarkable for their size and number ; you find yourself bewildered with the blaze of light, amidst the confused glitter of gilding, painting, and glass. Nearly all these places furnish coffee, cliocolate, tea, ices, liqueurs, &cc., and dejeuners d la fourchette, either hot or cold; but dinners and suppers are generally to be had only at the restaurateurs’. Estami- nets, or smoking rooms, are not of course eligible places for ladies. The finest cafes are the Grand Cafb and Cafe du Grand Hotel, Boulevard dcs Capucines, Cafe Riche and Cafe Cardinal, Boulevard des Italieus. For size and decoration the Cafe Parisien, Boulevard St. Martin, Cafe du Globe, and Cafe du XIXe Siecle, on the Boulevard de Strasbourg, are worth seeing, but the public frequenting them is not select. For a list of other cafes, see Directory. READING-ROOMS AND CIRCULATING LIBRARIES.— There are many establishments of this kind in Paris ; but the most eligible and most frequented by Frenchmen and foreign- ers, particularly Englishmen and Americans, is that of Messrs. Galignani and Co., No. 224, rue deRivoli, which is conducted on a most extensive scale. The tables are covered with all the European, Indian, and American periodicals worthy of notice. Ladies also frequent these rooms. The admission is by the day, week, or month. The Circulating Library is conspicuous for its excellent selection and great number of volumes. The subscription is by the week, fortnight or month. CERCLES. — These are clubs like those of London; but few foreigners belong to them, owing to their short stay in Paris. The best are ; the French Jockey Club, Boulevard des Capucines; the Cercle des Arts. 22, rue do Choiseul ; Cercle del’ Union, if. Boulevard de la Madeleine; Cercle Agri- cole, 29, quai Voltaire ; the Cercle Imperial, under the presi- dency of Prince Murat, 5, rue dcs Champs Elysees ; the Cercle des Chemins de Fer, 22, rue de la Michodiere ; and Cercle des Deux Mondes, 30, rue Grainmont. Cricket Chib r Office, 3, Hue d Aguesseau, H.E. M. Drouyn de I’Huys, pre- sident Chess-players frequent the Cafe de la Regence, ICJ, Rue St Honore. MONETARY SYSTEM. — Accounts are kept in France in francs, each of 10 decimes or loo centimes^ The modern gold coins are pieces of 100 fr., 50 fr., 20 fr., 10 fr., and 5 fr., commonly called “ pieces do cent francs,” “ de cinquante MONETARY SYSTEM. 1 5 francs,” “ de vingt francs,” (napoleons,) “ de dix francs,” “ de cinq francs.” The silver coins are 6 fr. (piece de cent sous), 2 fr. (piece de quarante sous), 1 fr. (piece de vingt sous,) Yifr. (piece de dix sous), and pieces of 20 centimes. The copper coins are 2 sous, 1 sou, and 2 and 1 centime, (t) In the monetary system of France, ( 2 ) the coins, if accurately minted, may serve also as weights. Thus, lofr. in copper (new coinage), 20'0 in standard silver, or 3100 in standard gold, weigh 1 kdogramme; the piece of 1 fr. weighs 5 grammes, and any other piece in the same proportion. The notes issued by the Bank of France are of 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, and 5000 fr., convertible into silver at the Bank, at par, except 2 sous for the bag ; or, at a small charge into silver or gold, at the money- changers’. (3) In reckoning for 25 sous they say 1 fr. 25c.; for 30 sous, 1 fr. 50 c., etc. The gold and silver coins con- tain l-loth alloy ; but small silver coin only contains 0.79 of the pure metal. The value of the pound sterling, which is 25 fr. at par, is given in the following table ; — r (1) All the copper money of France, amounting to . 5 i, 54 i, 096 f., j and weighing 4 , 860,461 Ishos., has been recoined since 4852 . : The new coin contain 95 parts ofcopper, 4 of tin, and i of zinc. ( 2 ) Before 1795 accounts were kept in livres, of 20 sous, or 240 deniers; the terms livres and francs for many years were used indiscriminately, although 80 of the old livres were worth about 81 fr. of the present coin. The double louis was rated at 48 livres ; the simple louis at 24 livres; the large crown-piece, or ecu, at 6 ; and the small one, or yietit 6cu, at three livres. There were also pieces of 30 and of 15 sous, of base metal. There are mints at Bordeaux, Lille, Lyons, Marseilles, Rouen, and Strasbourg, all under the authority of the “ Commission des Monnaies.” (3) The gold coin in France is now at par. The specie in cir- culation in France in the time of Colbert, in 166 I, was 600.000. 000 fr. ; in 4708 it was 800,000,000 fr., and in 1754 , 4.600.000. 000 fr. The following is an official statement of the gold and silver coin struck in France from 1795 to i863 : Gold. Silver. 1st Republic. . . . fr. 106 , 237,255 fr. 1 st Empire . . . 523,024,440 887,830,055 Louis XVllI. to Louis Philippe 658,164,780 3,004,279,764 ^ 2d Republic (l848-1 85 l) . 412,873,340 449,809,786 2 d Empire (l852-1864) 4,420,080,238 506 , 024,584 Totals: 6,019,142,798 4,954,181,444 f|The cost of coinage is fixed at 6 fr. 70 c. per kilo, for gold, at I fr. 50 c. for silver, and at 4 fr. 89 c. for copper. BRITISH CURRENCY REDUCED INTO FRANCS WEIGHTS, measures, ETC. 17 i Weights, measures, &c. — Before the first Revolution the poids de marc was the standard weight in France The boisseau was the corn-measure, the pinte the measure for li- quids, the pied, or foot, the unit of length, from which were derived the lieue, or league, and the toise, or fathom. Since 1795 the metrical or decimal system has been introduced, and confirmed by a special law, which came into operation on the 1st of January, 1840; but although parties using the old weights and measures are now liable to prosecution, they are stiU pertinaciously adhered to iu several parts of the country. — The ten-millionth part of the spherical distance of the Pole from the Equator is called a metre, and adopted as the unit of length ( 1 ) ; its square and cube are taken as stan- dards of surface, capacity, and sobdity, and the weight of a cube of distilled water, at the temperature of 4° centigrade (39.2° Fahr.), having its side equal to the hundredth part of a metre, is the unit of weight. (2) The following tables will be found useful in converting the old or new French weights and measures into English ones, and vice versa. SYSTEMATIC NAMES. FRENCH VALUE. ENGLISH VALUE. Measures of length. Myriamistre. . . io,ooo metres 6.2138 miles. Kilometre. . . . i,ooo metres io 93.633 yards. 5 - 8 lhs of a mile. D^camMre. ... lo mMres 10.93633 yards. M^tre Fundamental unit of 1.093633 yard, or weights and measures. 39,371 inches. D^cimfetre. . , . i-ioth of a m^tre 3.937079 inches. Centimetre... i-iooth of a metre 0.393708 — Millimetre. . . . i-ioooth of a metre. . . , o, 03937 — (i) The length of the quadrant of the terrestrial meridian was ascertained by Delambre and Mechain, by measuring an arc of the meridian between the parallels of Dunkirk and Bar- celona. ( 2 ) There was also a mixed system between the new and old, jailed the systems usuel, having the metre as the standard, but with binary divisions. As this has also been abolished by law, we need only mention that the toise usuelle (of 2 metres) equal* led 6 % feet English, and the aune 3 feet n% inches English, with their several subdivisions into inches and lines. The bois‘ teau usuel was Ya hectolitre, or 0.35474 bushel English. The .'i- fron was 2 1-19 English pints. Apothecaries used to compound by the systeme usuel, and diamonds were weighed by carats, each jf 2.01 dficigrammes, or 3 1-10 grains, English. The old pound weight of France, still spoken of, but now never used, was 1 lb. . oz. 10 dr. English and the quintal mitrique, now in use, is I cwt. 3 qr.s. 24 lb. 8 oz. 2 18 GENERAL INFORMATION. avSTEMATIC NAMES. FRENCH VALUE. Superficial Measures. ENGLISH VALUE, Hectare 10,000 square metres. . . 2.471143 acres. Are 100 — ... 0.098845 rood. Centiare 1 — ... Measures of Capacity. 1. i 960 33 8C{ yd ( 1 ) Kilolitre 1 cubic metre, or 1000 cu- bic decimetres. 220.09668 gal. Hectolitre 100 cubic decimetres. . . . 22.00967 gallons. Decalitre 10 cubic decimetres 2.20097 — Litre 1 cubic decimetre 0.220097 gallon, on.760773pint. Decilitre 1-1 oth cubic decimetre. . . Measures of Solidity. 0.17608 pint. St^re ........ 35.31658 c. feet. D^cist^ro 1-1 oth cubic metre Weights. 3.53166 c. feet. Millier 1000 Ml., or 1 French ton. 19.7 cwt. Ouintal 100 kilogrammes 1.97 cwt. Kilogramme. . . . 1,000 grammes; weight of 1 cubic decimetre of water. 2.67 93 lb. troy or 2.2046 lb. avoirdupois. Hectogramme . . . 100 grammes 3.2 ounces troy. Decagramme. . . . 10 grammes 6.43 penny- weights troy. Graihme , Weight of 1 cubic centi- metre of water. 15.433 gr. troy. Decigramme. . . . . 1-1 oth of gramme 1.54 33 gr. troy. Centigramme. . . . i-iooth of gramme. . . . o.i5433gr. troy. Milligramme. . . - , 1 - 1 , 000 th of gramme. . . o.oi 544gr. troy. It may assist the memory to observe that the terms for multiplying are Greek, and those for dividing, Latin. VALUE OF OLD FRENCH WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 1 livre : i marcs; 16 oz. ; 128 gros; 9216 grains; 0,4895 kilog.; 7555 gr. English. t muid : 12 sellers; 144 boisseaux ; 18.72 hectolitres; 53.124 English bushels. 1 muid : i44 quarts; 288 pintes; 268.128 litres; 70.8192 English gallons. 4 foot : 12 inches; 144 lines; 1728 points; 0.32484 metres; 12.7893 inches Engiish; 1 aune de Paris : 1.1888 mfstre; 46.85 Eng. inches. 4 toise : 6 French feet; 1.949 m&tre; 6.395 Eng. feet. 4 lieue : 2 miles Fr.; 2000 toises; 2 miles, 1 furlong, 28 pol. Eng- gj' ( 1 ) The square yard is 0.836097 of a square mMre. WEIGHTS, MEASURES, ETC. ENGLISH TROY WEIGHT IN GRAMMES. 19 Grain (i-24th of pennyweight) Pennyweight {i- 2 oth of ounce) Ounce (i-i 2 lh of pound troy). Imperial p'ound troy. . 0.065 gramme. 1.555 — . 31.103 grammes. 0.373238 kilogramme. FRENCH FEET INTO ENGLISH FEET AND INCHES, (l) Fr. Inch. Eng.. Inch.. Fr. Feet English Feet, Inch. Fr. Feet. English Feet. Inches. Fr. Feet. English Feet. Inches. 1 l.OTT 1 1 0.79 10 10 7.89 100 106 6.91 2 2.13 2 2 1.58 20 21 3.78 200 213 1.84 3 3.2(1) 3 3 2.37 30 31 1 1.68 300 319 8.76 4 4.2(6 4 4 3.16 40 42 7.57 400 426 3.68 5 5.3(3 5 5 3.95 50 53 3.46 500 532 10.59 6 6.4(0 6 6 4.74 60 63 11.35 700 746 0.42 7 7.4(6 7 7 5.52 70 74 7.24 900 959 2.27 9 9.5!9 8 8 6.31 80 85 3.14 1,000 1,065 9.19 11 11.72 9 9 7.10 90 95 1 1.03 2,000 2,131 6.36 FRIENCH METRES INTO ENGLISH FEET AND INCHES. M6t. F. Incch.. Mer. F. Inch. Met. F. Inch. Met. Feet. Inch. 0.01 0 0.3.9 4 0.75 2 4.532 10 32 9.708 500 1640 5 395 0.05 0 1.9>7l0 1 3 3.371 20 65 7.416 1000* 3280 10.790 0.10 0 3.9137 2 6 6.741 30 98 5.124 1609.31 5280 1 mile. 0.20 0 7.8.7 4 3 9 10.1 12 40 131 2.832 4000’ 13123 7.160 0.25 0 9.8;4 4 4 13 1.483 50 164 0.539 5000 16404 5.950 0.50 1 6.6;8» 5 16 4.854 100 328 1.079 10000® 32808 11.900 {*) One kLlomJitre. (*) One league. (®) One myriamMre. FRENCH KlT.OMfeTRES AND MYRIAMETRES INTO ENGLISH MILES, &C. Kilom. Engliisih Miles. Furlongs. Yds. Kilom. English Miles. Furlongs. Yds. 1 0 4 213 8 4 7 164 2 1 206 9 5 4 157 3 1 6 199 imyria . 6 1 156 4 2 3 192 2 — 12 3 92 5 0 185 3 — 18 5 10 6 1 5 178 4 — 24 6 160 7 4 3 171 5 — 31 0 90 FRENCH LIEGES DE POSTE INTO ENGLISH MILES AND YARDS. L. Mis. Tds. 1 2 743-061 2 4 1486.122 3 7 469.1 83 4 9 12(2.244 5 12 195.305 L. Mis. Yds. 6 14 938.366 7 16 1681.427 8 19 664.488 9 21 1407.549 10 24 390.610 L. Mis. Yds. L. Mis. Yds. 20 48 781.221 70 169 974.275 30 72 1171.832 80 193 1364.886 40 96 1562.443 90 217 1755.496 50 121 193.053 100 242 386.107 60 145 583.664 200 484 772.214 (i) To reduce French toises into English feel and inches, re- duce the toises into French feel at 6 feet per toise, and then ap- ply the albove table. An aune de Paris is 3.658 French feet, 3 feet 10 . 6 S inches English, and i.i 88 French metres. A m^tre is 3.0784 French feet. 20 GENERAL INFORMATION. In the following six tables the tens, hundreds, &c., are found by carrying the decimal point one place further to the right for the tens, two for the hundreds, &c. The intermediate numbers are found by addition. Thus 356 hectolitres will be found to amount to 979.4296 bushels. FRENCH KILOGRAMMES INTO ENGLISH POUNDS {Avoirdupois). Kilog. Eng. pds. Kilog. Eng. pds. Kilog. Eng. pds. 1 2.2046 4 8.8184 7 15.4322 2 4.4092 5 11.0230 8 17.6368 3 6.6138 6 13.2276 9 19.8414 Eng. pds. 22.0464 220.4642 2204.6428 FRENCH POUNDS INTO ENGLISH POUNDS (Avoirdupois). Pounds. Fr. Eng 1 1.0792 2 2.1583 3 3.2375 Lit. Gall. 1 0.2201 2 0.4402 3 0.6603 Pounds. Fr. Eng. 4 4.3167 5 5.3958 6 6.4750 FRENCH LITRES Lit. Gall. 4 0.8804 5 1.1005 6 1.3206 Pounds. Fr. Eng. 7 7.5541 8 8.6333 9 9.7125 INTO ENGLISH Lit. Gall. 7 1.5407 8 1.7608 9 1.9809 Pounds. Fr. Eng. 10 10.7716 100 107.7164 1,000 1077.1644 GALLONS. Lit. Gall. 10 2.2010 100 22.0097 1,000 220.0967 FRENCH HECTOLITRES INTO ENGLISH BUSHELS. Bush. Hect. Bush. Hect. Bush. Hect. Bush. 2.7512 4 11.0048 7 19.2584 10 27.5120 5.5024 5 13 7560 8 22.0097 100 275.1208 8.2536 6 16.5072 9 24.7609 1,000 2751.2085 FRENCH ARPENS INTO ENGLISH ACRES. Arp. Acres. Arp. Acres. Arp. Acres. Arp. Acres. t 1.0430 4 4.1721 7 7.3012 10 10.4303 2 2.0861 5 5.2151 8 8.3442 100 104.3026 3 3.1291 6 6.2581 9 9.3872 1,000 1043.0262 FRENCH HECTARES INTO ENGLISH ACRES. Hect. Acres. Hect. Acres. Hect. Acres. Hect. Acres. 1 2.4711 4 9.8846 7 17.2980 10 24.7114 2 4.9423 5 12.3557 8 19.7691 100 247.1143 3 7.4134 6 14.8268 9 22.2403 1,000 2471.1430 In the French and English barometrical scales, 704 millimetres equal 26 Fr. inches or 27.7 Eng. in. nearly. 731 — 27 — 28.8 756 — 28 — 29.8 779 — 29 — 30.7 In the thermometrical scales, the freezing point, marked 32° in Fahrenheit’s scale, is marked 0° in the Centigrade, or French ENGLISH DUTIES. 21 scale, and in Reaumur’s. The boiling point, which is 212° in Fahrenheit’s, is 100 ° in the Centigrade, and 80° in Reaumur’s scale. The range between Fahrenheit’s freezing and boiling points being therefore 180°, it follows that 5° Centigrade= [9° Fahrenheit=4° Reaumur. A number of Centigrade or Reaumur’s degrees having by [this rule been changed into Fahrenheit’s, 32° must be added to the result for all temperatures above freezing point ; the iresult must be subtracted from 32°, for those below. CENTIGRADE AND REAUMUR’S THERMOMETRIC SCALES TURNED INTO FAHRENHEIT’S. c . R. F c . R. F . C . R. F . c . R. F . 100 80.0 212 .0 69 55.2 156.2 38 30.4 100.4 7 5.6 44.6 99 79.2 210 .2 68 54.4 154.4 37 29.6 98.6 6 4.8 42.8 98 78.4 208 .4 67 53.6 152.6 36 28.8 96.8 5 4.0 41.0 97 77.6 206 .6 66 52.8 150.8 35 28.0 95.0 4 3.2 39.2 96 76.8 204 .8 65 52.0 149.0 34 27.2 93.2 3 2.4 37.4 95 76.0 203 .0 64 51.2 147.2 33 26.4 91.4 2 1.6 35.6 94 75.2 201 .2 63 50.4 145.4 32 25.6 89.6 1 0.8 33.8 93 74.4 199 .4 62 49.6 143.6 31 24.8 87.8 0 0.0 32.0 92 73.6 197 .6 61 48.8 141.8 30 24.0 86.0 — 1 — 0.8 30.2 91 72.8 195 .8 60 48.0 140.0 29 23.2 84.2 — 2 — 1.6 28.4 90 72.0 194 .0 59 47.2 138.2 28 22.4 82.4 — 3 — 2.4 26.6 89 71.2 192 .2 58 46.4 136.4 27 21.6 80.6 — 4 — 3.2 24.8 88 70.4 190 4 57 45.6 134.6 26 20.8 78.8 — 5 — 4.0 23.0 87 69.6 188 6 56 44.8 132.8 25 20.0 77.0 — 6 — 4.8 21.2 86 68.8 186 8 55 44.0 131.0 24 19.2 75.2 — 7 — 5.6 19.4 85 68.0 185 0 54 43.2 129.2 23 18.4 73.4 — 8 — 6.4 17.6 84 67.2 183 2 53 42.4 127.4 22 17.6 71.6 — 9 — 7.2 15.8 83 66.4 181 4 52 41.6 125.6 21 16.8 69.8 — 10 — 8.0 14.0 82 65.6 179 6 51 40.8 123.8 20 16.0 68.0 — 11 — 8.8 12.2 81 64.8 177 . 8 50 40.0 122.0 19 15.2 66.2 — 12 — 9.6 10.4 80 64.0 176 0 49 39.2 120.2 18 14.4 64.4 — 13 — 10.4 8.6 79 63.2 174 . 2 48 38.4 118-4 17 13.6 62.6 — 14 — 11.2 6.8 '78 62.4 172 . 4 47 37.6 116.6 16 12.8 60.8 — 15 — 12.0 5.0 '77 61.6 170 . 6 46 36.8 114.8 15 12.0 59.0 — 16 — 12.8 3.2 76 60.8 168 . 8 45 36.0 113.0 14 11.2 57.2 — 17 — 13.6 1.4 75 60.0 167 . 0 44 35.2 111.2 13 10.4 55.4 — 18 — 14.4 0.4 74 59.2 165 . 2 43 34.4 109.4 12 9.6 53.6 —19 — 15.2 — 2.2 73 58.4 163 . 4 42 33.6 107.6 11 8.8 51.8 —20 — 16.0 — 4.0 72 57.6 161 . 6 41 32.8 105.8 10 8.0 50.0 —21 — 16.8 — 5.8 71 56.8 159 . 8 40 32.0 104.0 9 7.2 48.2 — 22 — 17.6 — 7.6 70 56.0 158 . 0 39 31.2 102.2 8 6.4 46.4 —23 — 18.4 — 9.4 DUTIES ON ARTICLES IMPORTED INTO ENGLAND.— Regulations as to Passengers’ Luggage As soon as all he luggage is landed, passengers are called in according to he list forwarded by the captain. Passengers must see that heir names are properly inserted in the list. A passenger GENERAL INFORMATION. 22 having only a small carpet bag is allowed to take it on shore after examination by the officers who come on board. All merchandize brought with luggage is liable to seizure unless duly reported as such by the captain of the vessel . — Caution : [ If any person, on being questioned by an officer, whether he | or she has any foreign goods upon his or her person, or in his or her possession, deny the same, and any be discovered, such shall be forfeited, and such person forfeit treble the value of such ' goods. False declarations subject parties to a fine of £100. Under the present free trade, scarcely anything that is likely to form part of a tourist’s luggage is liable to duty. The only t duties worth recording (and to which, when marked with an ti asterisk, Five per cent, must be added) are the following : — | Roolis printed prior to i so < , free. — French or German, printed in or since isoi, free. — admitted under treaties of in- ternational copyright, or if of or from any British posses- sion, free. Any books wlierein tbe copyright shall bn subsisting, first printed in tiie United Kingdom, and reprinted in any otlier country, are pro liibited to be imported into tbe Bri- tisli possessions, provided tlie pro- prietor of such copyriglit sliail have given due notice lo Uie Customs. Foreign books and maps liavingonce paid duty, or been purchased in Eng- land, arc delivered free, on a declara- tion being made. Brandy. See Spirits. Cards, playing, per dozen packs, 3s. 9d. Cigars, see Tobacco. Clocks and watches, free. — or watches of any melal, im- pressed with any mark or stamp, appearing to he or to represent any legal British assay, mark, or stamp, -orpur- porling, By any mark or ap- pearance, to he the manufac- ture of the United Kingdom, prohiliiled. Cologne-water, each Bask (3o not more than a gallon), Gd. Confectionary of sugar, hon- hons, &c., the Ih., id. Liciueurs. See Spirits. Paper hangings, painted or stained paper or (lock-paper, free. — Letter paper, free. Pictures, viz. ; Oil Paintings and Photographs, free. Plate of gold, the oz., troy, I7S. — of silver, do., is. Cd. — battered, free. Plums, dried, 7s. perewt. Prints and drawings, plain or coloured, free. — admitted under treaties of international copyright, free- Spirits, or strong waters, not being sweetened or mixed with any article, so that the degree of strengih thereof cannot be ascertained by Sykes’s Hydrometer, for every gallon of the sti ength of prool by such Hydrometer, and sc in proportion for any greatei or less strength of proof, and for any greater or less quan- tity than a gallon, viz.: — Brandy, per gal. o lo Geneva, clo., . o lo Bum, cd' and from iiny foreign coun- try being that of its production . . 0 lO — from any other country . . o 10 Tafia, of and from any colony in France . . . 0 lo Unenumerated . o lo FRENCH DUTIES. 23 Other spirits, being sweetened or mixed so that the degree of strength cannot he ascer- tained. as aforesaid, per gal., 1 4S. ■— perfumed, to be used as per- fumery only, per gal., i4s. Spirits I'pmaiiisof passc'iigers’ stores, unexi)cndcd on tlie voyage, are admit- ted wlieii less ttian a [dn't; or half a pint of eau de Cologne, or other cor- dial water, or any medicated or per- fumed spirits or liqueurs. Tea, per lb. . .006 ‘Tobacco unmanufac- tured, per lb. .030 — snuff, per lb. , o 4 6 — cigars, per lb. .0 5 o Duties are received upon less than 31b. of cigars, hut any greater quantity requires a petition to the Board of Customs to he admitted. Varnish, conlaining any quan- tity of wine or spirits, 12S. per gallon. Wine containing 4 5 per cent, and upwards of proof spirit, as verified by Sykes’s Hydro- meter, is deemed to be mixed spirits, and charged withduty as such. — do., making 26 deg. 0 i o — do., making 42 deg. o 2 6 — ifimported in bottles, and containing less than 4 2 deg. . .026 An additional duty of 3d. per gallon for every degree of strength beyond 42 deg. DUTIES ON Articles imported from England into France. — E.xtracted from the new official tariff : Piate and jewellery for the use of travellers, free, if nol exceeding the weight of 5 hectogrammes. Parties going to reside in France, and wisliing to take their furniture, linen, plate, &c., must apply to the Director-General, at Paris, sending a statement of the articles, and, if admitted, generally pay 10 per cent, on the value. Numerous other articles, lately abso- lutely prohibited, even when a part of passengers’ luggage, are now admitted, and are charged with a duty of 30 to 33 per cent. The same favour is extended to portions, or whole pieces which liave not or have scarcely been made up. In those cases, tlie condition and supposed intentions of such passen- gers as may have brought them are taken into consideration. According to the Customs’ regulations, every thing that is new, or not used, either made or not made up, must be de- clared before the examination of the luggage, under penalties of seizure and fine. But tlie officers generally tax those things not duly declared, or give them back for re-exportation. The regulations as to passengers’ luggage are much the same as on landing in England. Beer, ale, or porter, 2 fr. 4oc. the heclolilve (about too bottles), in addition to Ihe internal tax. Books, ill dead or foreign lan- guages printed in England, free. Books in French, printed in England, free. Boots and shoes, lo percent, ad valorem. Boxes, carved wood and ivory, 10 per cent, ad valorem. Bronze, manufactured, 20 fr. per 100 kil. Calicoes, bleached, i5 per cent, i ad valorem per i Oo kil. 24 GENERAL INFORMATION. — do., unbleached, 15 do. — do., dyed, 25 cent, above I per cent. do. Cards, 1 5 per cent, ad valorem besides 48 cent, for each pack Carpets, 32 fr. per.ioo kilog. Carriages, to per cent, ad val. Cheese, hard, lofr. per 100 kil Clocks, 5 per cent, ad valorem. Coal, 1 fr. 20 c. per ton. Cotton manufactures. See Cali- coes. Earthenware, line, 20 per cent ad val. Embroidery, 10 per cent, ad valorem. Engravings,lithographed prints, maps, charts, &c., free. Frames, (picture,) 10 per cent. Furniture of all sorts, 1 Oper cent. Glass, for domestic use, 10 per cent, ad val. Gloves, 5 per cent, ad val. Horses, 25 fr. (£1). — Colts, 15 fr. (12s.) Hardware, iron, for domestic use, i 4 fr. per 100 kil. — do., cutlery, 20 per cent, ad valorem. — do., copper, brass, or bronze, 20 fr. per lOo kil. Jewels, set in gold, 5 fr. ( 4 s.) per ifil. Lace, cotton or linen, 5 per cent Lace, silk, free. Linen, for personal or house- hold use, free, unless in large quantity; in such case a per- mit must be obtained from the Director of the Customs. Liquors 150 fr. (£e) per hecto- litre (100 bottles). Musical instruments, lopercent, ad val. Optical and mathematical in- struments, 10 per cent, ad valorem. Paper, of all sorts, 8 fr. per 100 kil. Plate, new or used, 5 fr. ( 4 s.) per kil. Plated ware, 1 fr. per kil. Porcelain, 10 per cent, ad val. Silk goods, all silk, free. — figured, or brocaded, 10 per cent, ad valorem. ditto, with gold and silver, 12 fr. ( 9 s. 8 d ) per kil. — mixed with thread, 3 fr. per kil. Skins, varnished or morocco, 80 fr. per loo kil. — otherwise prepared, 10 fr. per 100 kil. Steam-engines, for machinery, 10 fr. per fr. !18i4 738 242,0(10,, ! J8:i5 7:17 .43 000 ,, I 18:i0 804,334,000 „ 1837 8.4(>,8 4,000 ,, 1 1838 847 2o0,000fr. 1 1859 930,870,00 ,, \ 18j0 1,020 207 000 ,, 1 1831 I 0:52,713,1.00 ., I 1832 l’09l,728,l)0 I „ 1 1803 l,004,G44.000rr, 1, 73,712,000 ,, 1.009.500.000 ,, 1.190.087.000 ,, 1.244.377.000 ,, Among the items of 1863 we find: Regisiration and Mortgage dues, 32 ! 4 , 576,000 fr.; Stamps, so, 360 ,ooo fr.; Customs, Naviga- tion, &(C., 69 , 444,000 fr. ; Salt-duty, 22,956,000 fr.; Potable liquors, 224,985,000 fr,; Letters, and Duly on sending money, 73,024,0 00 fr. ; Tobacco Monopoly, 236, 505 , 000 francs. Home- grown, Colonial, and Foreign Sugar, 106 , 656,000 fr. The col- lection of taxes for all France costs 151 millions of francs. 44 GENERAL INFORMATION. 20 fr. Of the females, 17,2oO earn from 50 c. to 1 tr. 25 c. ; 88,700 from 1 fr. 50 c. to 4 fr ; and 700 from 4 fr. 50 c! to 10 fr. Out of 100 workmen, 71 have their own furni- ture, 1 8 live in lodging-houses, and 1 1 with their masters : 87 per cent, can read and write. The different manufac- tories contain 1,185 steam-engines, representing 9,748 horse- power, and 2,997 sewing-machines. There are about 1,000 manufactories of haberdashery, and 1 4 1 of paper-hangings ; the shawl trade counts 752 looms ; the number of maisons de modes is 879 ; of ready-made clothes shops, 225 ; stay-makers, 653 ; hatters, 644 ; cabinet-makers, 1,915 ; carvers, 222 ; upholsterers, 519; house painters, 1,800; looking-glasses, 120 ; bronze and gilt work, 450. Out of the 101,171 establishments, 64,000 continue with- out interruption throughout the year. The remaining 37,171 suffer more or less from slack work and absolute interruption. In some of these the slack season endures from two to four months ; but as these periods are regular in their recurrence, both master and man can provide against them (l). Rag-collectors, or chiffonniers, realize from 1 fr. 50 c. to 2 fr. a day. Young women in shops receive their food, wash- ing, and lodging, and are paid from 300 to 700 fr. per annum. Apprentices generally have board and lodging ; sometimes their washing and a trifling salary. The ordinary expense of a journeyman is from 30 to 40 sous daily for food, and from 7 to 10 fr. per month for lodging. (2) A great part of the Paris workmen do no work on Monday or on Sun- day afternoon. Their condition has been observed to improve nearly in proportion as Savings’ Banks have increased. (See these institutions at p. 129.) Of the manufactures existing in Paris, or its vicinity, three belong to the government, viz., one, the Gobelins, for tapestry and carpets ; one for snuff and tobacco ; and the third for porcelain. The first of these does not sell its produce ; but (1) The average yearly amount, calculated on the last sixteen years, of the exports from Paris, is 130, 000,000 fr. The number of tradesmen’s licences annually issued in Paris is upwards of 65.000, producing 11 millions a-year. The capital invested in all France in trades and manufactures now amounts to 100,000 millions of francs, instead of 50,000 millions in 1830. France has 150,000 large trade establishments, employing 1,500,000 operatives, in addition to 5,000,000 employed in minor trades, and 500,000 steam horse-power, representing the labour of 10.000. 000 men. ( 2 ) A sum of 3,000,000 fr., resulting from the confiscation of the Orleans property, had been since 1863 jilaced at the disposal CONSUMPTION OF PARIS. 45 the secondl mrnishes nearly a fifth of the snuff and tobacco consumed in the country, the sale of which amounts to 140.000. 0100 fr. The third, at Sevres, is rather a laboratory for useful experiments in the manufacture of porcelain ; its sales, thoiugh very great, barely cover the expenses. CONSUMPTION. — The following is an average statement of the consunnption of Paris : — Wine, 21,700,000 hectolitres (i); spirits, io 6 ,ooo h.; cider, 80.000 h.; Ifine oil, 9 ,ooo h. ; vinegar, 36 ,ooo h.; beer, 370 , ooo h.; Imilk, i,20to,ooo h. ; syrups, 7 ,oooh.; orange-flower water, Hl ,000 h. ; butchers’ meat, 334,ooo,ooo kilogrammes; pork, 18.000. 000 k.; hams, sausages, i, 8 oo,ooo k.; pies, potted meats, 302.000 k.;; cheese, 3,000,000 k.; bread, 300,000,000 k.; sea-nsh, 1 1 . 000 . 000)fr.; oysters, 2,500, ooofr.;fresh-water fish, 1,500, ooofr. ; poultry amd game, 21,000,000 fr. ; butter, 25,000,000 fr. ; eggs, 13.000. 0001 fr. ; grapes, 4,200,000 k.; pastry, 5,000,000 k.; su- gar, 7,500 ,, 000 k. ; jams, 920,000 k.; ices, custards, 550,000 k.; honey, 2400,000 k.; coffee, 3 , 000,000 k.; chocolate, 4 , 000,000 k.; common frruit, 24 0,000,000 k.; melons, 1,000,000 fr. ; oranges, lemons, 2 :, 000,000 k. ; dried fruit, 4 , 000,000 k.; pine apples, 40,400 k. ; greens, 4 50,000,000 k. ; pulse, 8,600,000 k.; truffles, 26.000 k.;; salt, 11,500,000 k.; mustard, 270,000 k.; spices, 450.000 k..; mushrooms, 2,525,000 small baskets; chesnuts, 3.000 hect..;walnuts, 4,500 sacs ; hay, 18,000,000 bundles ; straw, 26 . 000 . 000 ) bundles ; oats, 150,000,000k. ; ice, 8 , 5 oo,oook. ( 2 j The ordlinary consumption of Paris in grain and flour, sold at the Hallle au Ble, is estimated at 2,000 sacks, each weighing 1 59 kilogn’ammes, daily. The price of bread, no longer offi- cially regmlated by the authorities, varies with the price of flour, but may be averaged at 3 s ous a-poun d for.bgst quality. ( 3 ) In the winteir of 1846-1847 it was aTHear as 6% sous. of the Mimister of the Interior, in order to enter into arrange- ments witih capitalists fo r building houses for the w orking classes . But this pilan not succeeding, the Emperor, in 1856 , bought 18.000 squiare metres of ground on the Boulevard Mazas, where such housies for persons of limited income have now been built. Since 186'.2 Count de Madre has built 86 houses behind the Hdpital St.. Louis, in the rue St.Maur and the adjoining ground. Each aparttment, let at 210 fr. a-year, consists of two rooms and a kitchen. There is no distraining for rent, nor is any claimed beforehanid,the insolvent lodger being only exposed to ejection. (1) The vineyards of France are estimated at 800,000 acres , producing; 40 millions of hectolitres of wine (v alu eTTo 0 miYIions offr.), whiich pay an octroi-duty of 80 millions of fr., besides 120 millioms of francs to the State. (2) The consumption of Paris is valued at 1,000,000,000 fr. Even Madirid sends vegetables to the French capital. (3) Sincte 1863, the baking trade has been thrown open. The number o)f bakers in Paris is now 846 . In 1700 the average ^ 6 GENERAL INFORMATION. The greatest number of oxen for the Paris markets are brought from the departments of Calvados, Maine-et-Loire, Eure, Manche, Orne, Vendee, and Haute-Vieime ; their price varies from 300 to 600 fr. a-head. Cows come from the districts of Maine, Normandy, Beauce, and Brie ; their value is from 190 to 450 fr. Calves come from Auvergne and Nor- mandy, but are bought up by the dealers of Pontoise, and there fattened for the capital ; their average value is from 7 5 to 120 fr. Sheep are sent in the greatest numbers from the Seine-et-Oise, Indre, Marne, Orne, and Germany ; they sell from 25 to 30 fr. each. The capital employed in the purchase of cattle for Paris last year was upwards of 47,000,000 fr. (l) The annual sale of tobacco in Paris is estimated at 2,000,000 kilogrammes; wood, 700,000 steres; charcoal, 3,500,000 hectolitres ; and coal, 600 , 000,000 hectolitres. HISTORICAL NOTICE OF PARIS. The origin of Paris and of its founders is involved in great obscurity. A wandering tribe obtained permission of the Se- nones, at a remote period, to settle upon the banks of the Seine. They built huts upon the island now called la Cite, which served as a natural fortress to protect their property from the neighbouring tribes. To their stronghold they gave the name of Lutetia (2), and to themselves that of Parisii. (3) Upon the conquest of Gaul by Julius Caesar, he found the pi ice of the pound loaf was \ sou ; in 1 763 2 sous ; 3 in 1 839 ; and it is now 4. In 1739 meat cost 9 sous a pound ; its present price is 20 sous. The yearly production of corn in France is 8,046,000,000 kil.; consumption: 7,900,000,000 kilos. (1) By order of the Minister of the Interior, a book, called btud-book Frangais, for the registration of the short-horned or Durham race of cattle, is published regularly. The following 18 , in round numbers, an official statement of the cattle now existing m the 89 departments of France Horses, 3.000,000- asses, 300,000 ; mules, 36o,ooo ; bulls, 300,000 ; oxen, 2^000, 000; cows, 5,800,000, and calves, 2,000,000; sheep, 3.5,000,000 including 20,000,000 of the merino, or crosses of the latter with the common breed ; goats, 1,400,000 ; pigs, 4,400,000. ( 2 ) Lutetia, from loutou-hesi, dwelling of the wafers. Sequana, beine, from seach, devious, and an, water, river; from avainn. (3) Pansu— probably from the Celtic bar or par, a frontier. I1IST0RICA.L NOTICE. 47 Parisii one of the 64 tribes of the Gallic confederation, whose chief town was Lutetia. Two bridges established communi- cations with the opposite banks of the Seine, w'hich were covered with extensive marshes or gloomy forests, and the in- habitants, who were remarkably herce, supported themselves chiefly by hunting and fishing. Under the dominion of the Romans, “this tribe remained in the spie state of insignificance as before ; their progress in civilisation was slow, and even the worship of the Roman gods with difficulty superseded the human sacrifices of the Druids. Some antiquarian remains dug up from beneath the choir of the Cathedral of Notre Dame, and which are now deposited in the remaining vault of the Palais des Thermes, lead to the conclusion that temples were erected there to Jupiter and Mercury. In the year 54 B. C., Csesar convoked at Lutetia an assembly of the nations of Gaul. In the general rebellion of the Gallic na- tions, in the following year, Lutetia was burnt by the Gauls to prevent its falling into the hands of the Romans ; but it sub- sequently came into their power with the rest of Gaul. The Rom an laws and a municipal government were gradually introduced, and the city was called Lutetia Parisiorum. During; the next three centuries the place is hardly noticed. The emperor Julian, between A. D. 358 and A. D. 3 Go, remodelled the goveniment of Gaul, gave stability to the Romati laws, and equalized the privileges of the various towns. Lutetia changed its name to Parisii, obtained political franchises, and the dig- nity of a city. The trade of Paris was in the hands of a trad- ing company, called Nautm Parisiaci, which existed long after the fall of the Romans. For 500 years of Roman do mination, Paris was the residence of a prefect. A palace was erected in the Cite for municipal purposes, and another on the soutlh bank of the Seine, remains of which may still be seen. A,n arena was formed upon the declivity of the hill of St. Victcr, and a cemetery near where the Lycee St. Louis now stands ; an aqueduct was constructed from Chaillot, remains of which were discovered in the last century in the Place de la Concorde and the Palais Royal ; and a second aqueduct, to convey the waters of Arcueil to the Palais des Thermes. Con- stantine and Constantins visited the capital of the Gauls; Ju- lian passted three winters in it; Valentinian issued several laws here, which are published in his code; and Gratian, his son, lost a battle under its walls, which cost him the empire. According to a legend of the monks of St. Denis, the gospel was first preached at Paris, about the year 250, by St. Denis the AreO'p^igitc, who suffered martyrdom at Montmartre. As early as the reign of Valentinian I. a chapel dedicated to 48 GENERAL INFORMATION. St. Stephen was erected on the spot where Jupiter was wor- shipped, and where the cathedral of Notre Dame now stands. In 406, Gaul suffered greatly from the incursions of hordes of barbarians from the north. In 445, the Sicambri, of the league of the Franks, crossing the Rhine, made themselves masters of the cities situated on its banks, and, marching thence to Paris, stormed it. The Roman government, however, still lingered on in Gaul, in the last stage of existence, when Chil- deric, king of Tournay, having died in 481, his son Clodovech, or Clovis, in 486 marched against the Roman general Siagrius, whom he routed ; and, extending his conquests by degrees, he made himself master of Paris, in 494 or 496. Here he mar- ried Clotilde, embraced Christianity, and built a church to St. Peter and St. Paul, but which shortly after was dedicated te Ste. Genevieve, who died in his reign. At this period the island was surrounded by walls with gates and towers. Childebert built the abbey of St. Germain des Pres and church of St. Germain FAuxerrois. The walls built by Clovis existed until Louis VI., in order to defend himself from his feudal lords, protected the faubourgs on the north and south by a wall. Under the kings of the Merovingian dynasty, which lasted 256 years, the arts, laws, and literature, introduced by the Romans into Gaul, fell into decay. Few of the princes of the second or Carlovingian dynasty resided at Paris Charlemagne afforded powerful protection to letters and the sciences, and did more for the establishment of the monarchical authority than any of his predecessors, but, under his feeble successors, Paris became the private patrimony of hereditary counts. In 845 the Normans, attracted by the wealth of the churches and con- vents, made a descent upon Paris; they sacked and burned it in 857, and again besieged it in 885. After appealing in vain to Charles le Chauve for succour, the Parisians, by their own efforts, seconded by the valour of Count Eudes, or Odo, com- pelled the enemy, at the end of two years, to raise the siege. Charles was then deposed, and the crown given to Eudes, in whose family it became hereditary in the person ol Hugues Ca- pet, elected king in 987- In the first year of his reign he be- gan the palace which now bears the name of Palais de Justice. The inhabitants commenced building in all directions ; and so great was the increase of the city that it was divided into four quarters, whence the term quartier, to express a division of Paris. At that period, however, the city was not very large, as ten men sufficed to collect the taxes. The duties of the northern gate, situated at the intersection of the rue St. Mar- tin with the new rue de Rivoli, produced, under Louis le Gros, only 12 fr a-year (600 fr. present money). This monarch re- HISTORICAL NOTICE. 49 built the Louvre, which existed as early as the time of Dago- bert. Bishop Maurice de Sully began the foundations of Notre Dame, the first stone of which was laid in 1163, by Pope Alexander III. ; and the Templars erected a palace upon tL spot where the Marche du Temple is situated. Under the early reigns of the third dynasty, many privileges were con- ferred upon the Parisians, A royal prevot administered jus- tice in the king’s name, and a prevot des marchands watched over the municipal interest. The schools of Paris became celebrated, and in the I4th century colleges were founded. Philip Augustus built several churches and the tower of the Louvre of that time ; he caused streets to be paved, and for- ! titled the city with a wall and turrets, which, beginning on the right bank above the Pout des Arts, and proceeding northward as far as the rue Grenier St. Lazare, ended on the Quai des Ormes ; on the left bank it commenced near the pre- sent site of the Palais de I’lnstitut, and, after running south- ward to the rue des Fosses St. Jacques, took an easterly direc- tion, and ended at the Quai de la Tournelle. The river was bar- red by a heavy chain fastened to piles, and supported byboats. Paris then formed three divisions, la Cite, in the centre ; la Ville,' on the North ; and I’Universite, on the south of the river. In 1250, Robert Sorbon founded his schools in the quarter still called de la Sorbonne, which was also named le pays latin. Under St. Louis many vexatious customs were abolished, a better system of juris;prudence introduced, and many religious and commercial institutions established. A body of munici- pal troops was fonned, and a night patrol organized. An hos- pital for the blind, a school of surgery, and a body of notaries were instituted. Philippe le Hardi improved the streets and highways ; and Philippe le Bel established several courts of justice. During the captivity of King John in England Paris was agitated by the faction of the Maillotins, headed by Etienne Marcel, prevot des marchands, and instigated by Charles le Mauvais. Marcel was however slain by his own partisans and the Dauphin quelled the revolt. ’ Under Charles V., the faubourgs being much extended and in danger from the incursions of the English, new ditches and walls were begun in 1367, and completed in sixteen years During this period the Bastille and the Palais des Tournelles were built, and the Louvre repaired and enlarged. Paris was then divided into 16 quarters, and contained 1084 acres of ground. Charles V. was succeeded in 1330 by Charles VI Who became insane in 1392, and died in 1422. During this disastrous reign, the revenues of the state were squandered in the struggle between the dukes of Orleans and Bourgogne ; 50 general information. the factions of the Bourguignons and Armagmcs distracted the country, and the English occupied Paris in 1421. The Pont St. Michel was built in 1384, and the Pont Notre Dame m 1414. Under Charles VII. the English were driven from Pa- ris, in 1436 ; and the Greek language was taught for the first time in the University, which contained 25,000 students. Un- der him and the succeeding monarch, Paris was desolated by famine, the plague, and by wolves, to such a degree, that in 1466 the malefactors of all countries were invited thither as a sanctuary, with a view of repeopling the capital. Notwith- standing the dreadful mortality, the population, under Louis XL, amounted to 300,000 souls, and the space comprised within the walls was 1100 acres. In 147 0 printing was in- troduced, and the post-office established. Lrancis I. gave a new aspect to Paris. The old castle of the Louvie, an as- semblage of towers and heavy walls, was demolished, and a palace commenced on its site. Several churches were rebuilt, a royal college for gratuitous instruction in the sciences and learned languages was founded, better communications opened between the different parts of the city, the fortifications en- larged and repaired, and the rebuilding of the Faubourg St. Germain, ruined during the preceding wars, commenced. In 1533, the Hotel de Ville was begun, the Quai de la Tournelle was formed in 1552, the Place Maubert in 1553, and the pa- lace and garden of the Tuileries in 1563. About the same time the Arsenal was constructed. Under Henry II. the col- lege of Ste. Barbe was endowed, a protestant church established in° defiance of his persecutions, and the coins of the realm bore for the first time the effigy of the king. The wars of religion, and their disastrous consequences, among which the Massacre of St. Bartholomew was the most conspicuous, arrested for a while the progress of letters and the fine arts, until Henry IV., having restored peace to the kingdom, turned his attention to plans for promoting his subjects’ happiness and embellishing the capital. During bis reign the Pont Neuf was finished, the hospital of St. Louis founded ; the Place Royale, Hie rue Dau- phinc and the neighbouring (iuays, were laid out ; great alditions were made to the palace of the Tuileries, and the gallery which joins it to the Louvre was partly constructed. Under Louis XHl., the Palais Cardinal, now Palais Royal, was begun by Richelieu, and the Luxembourg by Marie de Mcdicis ; the Cours la Reine was planted ; the quays and bridges of the He St. Louis constructed ; magnificent hotels arose in the Fauliourg St. Germain; the college, afterwards called Louis Ic Grand, the Academie Royale, and the Garden of Plants, w'ere founded; the Faubourg St. Honore became united HISTORICAL NOTICE. 5 1 with the villages of Roule and Ville-rEveque, and the Faubourg Saint Antoine, with Popincourt and Reuilly. Louis XIV. completed the projects of Henry IV. and Louis XIII. More than eighty new streets were opened, and most of the old ones improved and embellished. The Place Vendome and Place des Victoires were formed. Thirty-three churches were erected, many of the quays were faced with stone, and a new one formed ; and, for the greater convenience of the courts of justice, the Grand Chatelet was erected. The Hotel des Invalides, a foundling hospital, the Observatory, the co- lonnade of the Louvre, and the Pont Royal were completed, and the Champs Elysees planted. The Tuileries were enlarged, and the present garden laid out. The College Mazarin, now the Palais de I’lnstitut, was founded, as also the manufactory of the Gobelins. The old city gates were superseded by triumphal arches, of whieh those of St. Denis and St. Martin remain ; and the boulevards became promenades. Paris under Louis XV. occupied a space of 3342 acres. Among the improvements of this reign are some of the sump- tuous hotels of the Faubourgs St. Germain and St. Honore, the Palais Bourbon, now the palace of the Legislative Body, the church of Ste. Genevieve, (the Pantheon,) the Place de la Con- corde, the manufactory of porcelain at Sevres, the southern boulevards, and several fountains, among which that of the rue de Grenelle, by Bouchardon. Another foundling hospital was established, the Ecole Militaire, the Hotel des Monnaies, College de France, facades of St. Sulpice and St. Eustache were built, and the Garden of Plants was enlarged. Louis XVI. continued the church of Ste. Genevieve, com menced that of the Madeleine, built St. Philippe du Roule, and several others. He also repaired the Palais de Justice, and founded or enlarged several charitable institutions. TlxeThedtre Frangais, the French, Italian, and Comic opera-houses, and other theatres, arose in quick succession. The old markets were enlarged, and new ones formed. Steam-engines were established on the banks of the Seine, to accelerate the distri- bution of w'ater to different quarters of the city; the Pont de la Concorde formed a communication between the Faubourg St. Honore and that of St. Germain, and the octroi-wall and barriers were built (seep. 278). The new boulevards and the villages of Chaillot, le Roule, and ]\Ionceaux, were enclosed within Paris, thus adding 8,560 acres to its area, and the galleries of the Palais Royal, furnished with shops of every kind, gave the Parisians an idea of the bazaars of the East. The local history of Paris during the first revolution is in fact the history of the revolution itself. Wc need therefore 52 GENERAL ''information. i hardly advert to the taking of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, 1 or the erection of the guillotine on the Place Louis XV., now \ Place de la.,Qoncorde. Many monuments of the middle ages ■ were demSishe^^m'that eventful time, and the fine arts threat- ened with destruction. But under the Directory the rau;seura of the Louvre was opened, and under Napoleon I. Pariis as- sumed more than its former splendour. The Place du Car- rousel was cleared of the unsightly buildings which stO'Od in front of the palace ; the northern gallery connecting the Liouvre with the Tuileries was begun ; the garden of the TuUeries embellished ; the magnificent rue de Rivoli commenced ; the rue Castiglione, connecting the latter with the Place Vendome, rue de la Paix, Boulevards and Chaussee d’Antin, was de- signed and executed ; a new and spacious market formed on / tlie site of the convert des Jacobins, near the rue St^ Honore ; ' another near the'ii^ey oTSlT Martin des Champ's7'and a~thTfj~~ ' near St. Germain des Pres ; three handsome bridges were built : and new quays formed on each bank of the river. The Canal de rOurcq was opened, and, in the basin made at the barriere de la Villette, a junction was effected between it and the Canals of St. Denis and St. Martin, while an ample supply of water was thus afforded to the capital. The Place de la Bastille, intersected by the latter canal, was begun, and near it a vast granary of reserve was constructed. The Bank of France was established in the Hotel de Toulouse, and a magnificent Bourse or Exchange begun. Fifteen new fountains were erected in different parts of the city, and several wide streets and spacious markets were opened. The palace and garden of the Luxem- bourg were improved and enlarged, and the column of the Place Venddme erected. Three great cemeteries were formed without the barriers ; and five public slaughter-houses, called abattoirs, were constructed at the extremities of the faubourgs. The churches devastated during the revolution of 1789 were repaired and embellished. More than £4,000,000 were ex- pended on these works and improvements in 12 years. Paris was taken on the 30th March, 1814, by the allied forces under the command of Prince Schwarzenberg, after a gallant defence by the garrison, supported by the National Guard, and the students of the Polytechnic and Veterinary School's. On the 3 1st the allied sovereigns made their entry, a capitulation having been signed with the authorities of the city. Louis XVIII. , on his restoration, extended the town, com- pleted the canals; constructed the Chamber of Deputies, three bridges, and several barriers ; erected statues of the kings of France in different places ; built a chapel in the Temple, another in the '/'Anjou, and a third on the site where the HISTORICAL NOTICE. 53 Due de Berri was assassinated (see p. 221) Several mar- kets and hospitals were finished or enlarged, the works at the Entrepot des Vins and Grenier de Reserve resumed, and the lighting and cleansing of the city much improved. Under Charles X. the architectural alterations of Paris were chiefly of an ecclesiastical character. The church of St. Ger- main des Pres was restored ; the Madeleine progressed ; at Gros Caillou the church of St. Pierre was erected ; and other new [ churches rose from their foundations. Three new bridges were built ; many of the Passages that now embellish Paris were begun, and the suburbs continued to increase rapidly. The people of France, dissatisfied with the return of the Bourbons through the aid of foreign bayonets, were not about this time very warmly attached to the reigning dynasty. The imprudent acts of the Villele and Polignac ministries increased their dissatisfaction, till the famous ordinances of July gave the signal for a general outbreak at Paris. During the 27 th. 28th, and 29th of July 1830, upwards of four thousand barricades were raised, and after an obstinate resistance on the part of the Swiss Guards and the Gendarmerie, commanded by Marshal Marmont, Charles X. was dethroned, and the younger branch called to the throne by the people in the person of Louis Phi- lippe. Under the reign of that prince, the garden and Palace ' of the Tuileries were much altered, some of the quays widened, those on the north planted, and several new bridges built. A great number of handsome netv streets were opened, the Hotel de Ville was quadrupled in size, the Madeleine, the churches of Notre Dame de Lorette, St. Vincent de Paule, and St. Denis, were finished ; the Place de la Concorde was completely remodelled, and the Obelisk of Luxor reared in its centre ; the Triumphal Arch at the Barriere de I’Etoile was completed , as were the magnificent palaces of the Quai d’Orsay and of the Fine Arts. Vast works were undertaken for the drainage of the streets ; gas was generally introduced through- out the town ; and health and comfort were more consulted in the improved construction of private edifices, (l) ( 1 ) The following showsthe area of Paris at different periods ; Under Julius Caesar.. . . B.C. 56 Hectares 15 » Philip Augustus. . . . A.D. 1211 253 » Charles VI. . . . . 1383 439 » Henry III. . . . 1581 483 » Louis XIII. . . . . 1634 568 » Louis XI 7. . . . 1686 4,104 ” Louis XV. . . . I7l7 1,337 » Louis Philippe . . . 1848 3,524 » Napoleon HI, , , . . I860 7,802 54 GENERAL INFORMATION. Such was the state of apparent prosperity in the capital of France in the beginning of 1 848, when political errors brought , about the memorable revolution of February. The sudden | change from royalty to a commonwealth generated a series | of public misfortunes, which put a stop to all improvement ; i and the greatest efforts on the part of the authorities were | hardly equal to the task of satisfying the cravings of a host of starving workmen, by employing them in the demolition of j, some hundred decayed houses near the church of St. Eustache. In 1 849, the ravages committed by the cholera at last roused | the republican government to the conviction that the health j of the metropolis required the execution of great works of i: public utility. It therefore agreed to share with the city of ; Paris the expense of prolonging the rue de Rivoli ; the new ; halles, now one of the ornaments of Paris, were also com- menced, and many a filthy street was effaced from the map. The events of Dec. 2d, 1851, which caused the overthrow I of the Constitution of 1848, and the proclamation of the Em- |, pire on the same day of the following year, mark the com- j mencement of an era of improvements, such as neither Paris, : nor any other capital of Europe ever witnessed before. The ; rue de Rivoli has been extended to the rue St. Antoine ; the i works of the Louvre and Place du Carrousel, commenced in 1852, are all completed; the Boulevards de Sebastopol, de Malesherbes, and du Prince Eugene have been opened ; the rail- way round Paris constructed, and extensive embellishments exe- i cuted in the Bois de Boulogne and in that of Vincennes ; the j rue des Ecoles connects the principal establishments of pub - 1 lie instruction, the central maiket has been opened to traffic, j and Paris has been extended to the fortifications. Other j works of bewildering magnitude are begun, and a few years; hence Paris will have undergone such changes as were never : effected in so short a time in any capital of Europe. (1) P (i) The following are the principal sums laid out during thej Empire in improving and hcaulifj’ing Paris: Junction of the Louvre and the Tuileries, 62 ,- 500,000 fr. ; repairs of historical monuments, 2 ,i 7 o,ooo fr. ; Palace of the Elys 6 e, 1,-100,000 tr. p Boulevard de Strasbourg, 3,149,000 fi'. ; Boulevard de Sebas-r topot iright banlO, 23,500,000 fr. ; Monument to Marshal Ney,, 50.000 fr.; Reiioious edifices, 5 , 6 18,01 1 fr.; Tomb of Napoleon I., | 865.000 fr.; Hotel of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 4 , 500, 000 fr.;. Municipal and scholastic buildings, :i 4 , 8 'j 4 ,i 05 Ir. ; Palais de| rindusfrie, i4.880.ooo fr. Boulevard SI. Michel and Boulevard| St. Germain (loft bank), 42.1 87,728 fr. ; Penis des Invalides,) d’lfena, andd’Arcole, 4, 2 50,000 fr. ; Cathedral of Paris, 3 , 500 ,oootr.’ barracls, 7,850,ooo fr. ; streets, walks, gardens, 09 , 328 ,oi 8 Ir. ;| New Opera, 22,000,000 fr, ; total, 323 , 641,892 fr, j TABLE OF FRENCH KINGS. 55 The following table of the Kings of France, with the dates fif their accession, and commencing with the first monarch of the second or Carlovingian race, will be found useful. Pepin A.D. 7 52 Charlemagne. . 768 Louis 1. Le Debonnaire. . 814 Charles II. Le Chauve. 840 Louis 11. Le Begue. . 877 Louis HI. and Carlonian. 879 Charles Le Gros (regent) , 884 Eudes. , . . . 888 Charles III. Le Simple 898 Raoul 923 Louis IV. d’Outremer. 936 Lolhaire 954 Louis V 986 Hugh Capet. 987 Robert. . . . . 996 Henry I 1031 Philippe I. . . . 1060 Louis VI. Xe Groe. 1108 Louis VII. Le Jeune. . 1137 Philippe II. Auguste. 1180 Louis Vlir. . . . 1223 Louis IX. St. Louis. 1226 PltiTippe IH.' XeTTdVdi. . 1270 Philippe IV. Le Bel. 1285 Louis X. Le Ilutin. 1314 Philippe V. Xe Long. 1316 Charles IV. Le Bel. . 1322 Philippe VI. De Valois. . 1328 Jean, Xe Ron. 1350 A.D. Charles V. Le Sage . . 136 4 Charles Yl. . . 1380 Charles Yll. . . . 1422 Louis XI 1461 Charles YIII. . . . 1483 Louis XII 1498 Francis I I5i5 Henry II 154 7 Francis II 15 59 Charles IX. . . . 1560 Henry III i574 Henry IV 1589 Louis XIII. Xe Jttsle . . 1610 Louis XIV. Le Grand. . 1643 Louis XV 1715 Louis XVI. . . .1774 States-General. . . 17 89 Constituent Assembly. . 1789 Legislative Assembly. . i79i Republicand Convention. 1792 Reign of Terror. . . 1793 Directory 1795 Consulate 17 99 Napoleon, Emperor ■ . 1804 Louis XVIII. Restored. . 1814 Charles X. . . .1825 Louis Philippe. . . 1830 Republic, — L. Napoleon. 1848 Napoleon 111. Emperor. . 1852 The following is a list of the most remarkable spots in Paris, all mentioned in their respective places. (See Index.) Places of Historical Note. — House where the illustrious Corneille died. — Spot where the Duede Berri was assassinated. — Rue St. Honore, where Henry IV. was murdered. — House wherein Moliere died. — Scene of Fieschi’s Infernal Machine. — Street where the Connetable Clisson was waylaid. — Tomb of Lafayette. — Tomb of Boileau. — Hotel where Voltaire died. — House where Marat was assassinated by Charlotte Corday. — Burial-place of James II. — Spot where Marshal Ney was shot. — Old house where Gabrielle, the mistress of Henry IV., lived. Scenes of Popular Disturbances. The Champ de Mars. — Elysee Napoleon, — Place de la Concorde. — Church of St. Roch. — Tuileries. — Place du Carrousel. — Corner of rues St. Honore and Richelieu. — Palais Royal. — Place des Victoires. — Louvre. —Pont des Arts. — St. Germain I’Auxerrois, — Church of St. 66 GENERAL INFORMATION, Merri. — Rue Transnonain, now rue Beaubourg. — March4 des Innocents. — Hotel de Ville. — 'Pont d’Arcole. — Notre Dame.— • Site of Archbishop’s Palace. — Palais de Justice. — Temple.— Place de la Bastille. — Faubourg St. Antoine. — Porte St. Mar- tin. — Porte St. Denis. — Faubourg St. Marceau. — Convent des Dames Carmelites. — Barracks of rue Babylone. GOYERNMEIVT. CIVIL. MILITARY. AND JUDICIAL. By the Senatus-consultum of Nov. 7th, and the subsequent decree of Dec. 2, 1852, the Imperial dignity has been revived in the person of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, (1) now Napoleon III., who, on Jan. 29, 1853, married the present Empress Eugenia, Countess of Teba, (2) daughter to Count de Montijo, senator and grandee of Spain. The throne descends to the issue of the Emperor, (3) and, in default, to that of the late Prince Jerome, his uncle. (4) The membersof the Imperial family having a right to succeed to the throne, are styled French princes ; the first-born of the Emperor has the title of Imperial Prince. The EMPEROR governs the country constitutionally, con- jointly with a Senate, a Legislative Body, and a Council of State. He executes the laws, and exercises paternal power over all the members of the Imperial family. He appoints the senators and presides at the sittings both of the Senate and Coun- cil of State whenever bethinks fit. His civil list comprises the dotation of the Crown, which is fixed by a Senatus-consultum at the commencement of every reign (it amounts at present to 25 millions of francs), and all the palaces, museums, libraries, and jewels belonging to the State, and which he cannot alienate without the sanction of a law. His private domain consists of whatever property he may acquire by purchase or inheritance, during his reign. — The princes and princesses of the Imperial family enjoy an annual dotation of 1 , 500,000 fr. SENATE. — The Senate is the guardian and interpreter of the Constitution, and regulates all matters which the latter has (t) Born on the 20lh of April, 1808. (s) Napoleon Eugene Louis Jean Joseph, Prince Imperial of France, born March leth, is 56 . (4) Prince Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul, son to Prince Jerome, was born on the plh of Sept. is 22 ; and on Ihe 30th Jan. i8s9, was married to Princess Clotilde of Sardinia, born on the 2 d of March 4 843. Their first son, Napoleon Victor Jerome Frederic, was born on July isth, 1862 ; and their second, Napo- leon Louis Joseph Jerome, on July leth. 4864 , Born on the 5th of May, 4 826. LEGISLATIVE BODY. 57 not specially provided for. It may refuse its sanction to laws contrary to the Constitution, or endangering the safety of the country. It may propose modifications of the Constitution, provided they be not at variance with its fundamental prin ciples, in which case they must be submitted to the universal suffrage of the people. It takes cognizance of petitions. The number of Senators is about 170, including the French princes, who become members of it from the age of 18, the French Cardinals, and the Marshals and Admirals of France. The Senators are named for life, and receive a dotation of 30,000 fr. per annum. The Em- peror appoints the President and vice-presidents of the Senate ; their functions last one year. The sittings of this body are not public. The members of the Senate are divided by lot into five bureaux. Each bureau examines the measures laid before the Senate, and elects one of its members to sit in a commission for the further consideration of the measure in question, after which the coimnission names a reporter. The Senate may, however, decide on a measure without referring it to the bureaux. It only pronounces on the expediency of the promulgation of any bill, either proceeding directly from the Government, or previously voted by the Legislative Body, and cannot therefore amend it ; but it may amend Senatus- consultums, either proposed by the Emperor, or originating from a Senator. The latter, to be taken into consideration, must have been authorised by three at least of the five bureaus. No amendment can be taken into consideration unless supported by 5 members. Any Senator may move the presentation of a report to the Emperor on some subject of great national interest. To pass a measure, there must be an absolute majority of the members of the Senate present, pro- vided they exceed one-third of the whole body . To be dis- cussed, a modification of the Constitution requires the signa- tures otf ten Senators, if the motion originates with a Senator. In all debates, the Government is represented either by Ministers or by Councillors of State appointed by special de- cree. There is no secret ballot. The treasury of the Senate is in the hands of a Grand Referendaire. LEGISLATIVE BODY.— It consists of 283 members, elected by universal suffrage, in the proportion of one member for every 32,400 electors. The Legislative Body votes or re- jects the bills presented to it, and the taxes. At its debates the Government is represented as in the Senate. Its members are distributed Ijy lot into nine bureaux for the preliminary consideration of legislative measures. Each bureau elects its own p>resident and secretaries for one month. The bureaux 58 GENERAL INFORMATION, proceed in every respect like the bureaux of the Senate. Amendments are sent for consideration to the Council of State (1) The del)ates at the sittings of the Legislative Body first turn on the bill as a whole, and then on the separate articles. The vote is public. Tbe President and vice-pre- sidents of the Legislative Body are named for a year by the Emperor. No minister can be a member of the Legislative Body. No petition can be addressed to it. The Emperor convokes, adjourns and dissolves it ; in which latter case a new one must be convoked within 6 months. The sittings of the Legislative Body are public. Each deputy is named for 6 years, receiving 12,500 fr. per annum during an ordinary session, and 2,500 fr. per month during an extraordinary one. The Emperor opens the session with a speech from the Throne addressed both to the Senate and Legislative Body. The debates in both Houses are reported by stenographers, and delivered to the daily newspapers, which have the choice either of reproducing the whole, or a part relating to the same subject in cxlvnso, or else of publishing a short summary which the Presidents send regularly in time for the press. COUNCIL OF STATE. — This body, the members of which are named by the Emperor, and revocable by him, frames the bills to be presented to the Legislative Body, under the guidance of the Emperor ; as also all regulations of public administration. It solves all difficulties wliicli may arise in administrative matters. The Emperor or a president or vice- president appointed by him presides. It supports the dis- cussion of the bills presented by the Government to the Senate and Legislative Body. The French princes and the ministers have the right of sitting and voting in the Council of State, but the former only after the age of 18, and with the Emperor’s consent. The number of ordinary councillors is now forty-four ; their salary is 25,000 fr. There are besides ordinary Councillors not attached to any particular section, the number of whom is at present seventeen ; seven extraordinary councillors ; forty Masters of Requests, divided (I) By a decree of .Ian. i9(h, i8(57, members either of the Senate or Legislative Body may put questions finterpellalionsl to Government, provided these questions be aj)proved of by itwo Imreaux of the Senate or four of the Legislative Body. After discussion either Cliamber may reject the question by voting the “ order of the day,” or else submit it to the eonsideratiori of Goveinment in the following terms : “ The Senate (or Legisla- tive Body) calls the atlention of Government to the subject of the question.” MINISTERS. 69 into two classes of twenty each, and eighty auditors, divided into two classes of forty each. A Secretary-General is attached to the Council of State. For the better dispatch of business, the Council of State is divided into six sections, namely, the section of Legislation, Justice, and Foreign Affairs; tlie section of Disputed Affairs ; that of the Interior, Public Instruction, and Worship ; that of Public Works, Agriculture, and Com- merce ; that of War and the Marine, Algeria and the Colonies ; and that of Finance. Each section is presided over by a Councillor of State, appointed by the Emperor. GOUlSiGlL OF MINISTERS.— This Council is composed of the Minister of State and the nine heads of the different state de- partments. It is presided either by the Emperor, or by the Minister of Justice and Keeper of the Seals. The Council takes cognizance of all that concerns the general internal and external policy, of the Empire. The ministers are only responsible to the Emperor, each as regards his department. The salary of each minister is 100,000 fr. The MINISTER OF STATE corresponds in the name of the Government Avith the Senate, the Legislative Rody, and the Council of State ; he countersigns the decrees for the nomi- nation of ministers, presidents of the Senate and Legislative Body, Senators. &c. ; and supports Government measures in the debates of the Legislative Body. The Archives and en- couragements to men of letters and science, are under his authority. Residence and office. Place du Carrousel. MINISTER OF THE IMPERIAL HOUSEHOLD AND THE FINE ARTS. — The Imperial Palaces, Public Monuments, Mu- seums. and Schools of bine Arts are under his control. MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS. — His department em- braces correspondence Avith foreign powers, all political and commercial treaties, conventions, 8cc. (1) Residence and office, 130, i-ue de ITJiiiversite (see p. 330.) The offices for passports are open daily, holidays excepted, from 11 to 4. The MINISTER OF WAR. — 8G, rue St. Dominique, has the army and military establishments under his control. MINISTER OF THE MARINE AND COLONIES.— He su- perintends all that relates to the navy, military ports, and Colonies. Residence and office, 2, rue Royale. To this department is attached a valuable library of charts, maps, etc., kept at 13, rue de I’Universite. minister of finance.— T he taxes, national debt, sinking (1) Tills department is divided into four Sections or Directions : the P'olilical, the Commercial, the Financial, and that of the Archives. The commercial direction has 28 consuls-general, %7 consuls, and 775 inferior agents under its control. 60 GENERAL INFORMATION. fund, customs, post-office, mint, forests, national domains and Government manufactories, are under his direction. The residence and offices are at 234, rue de Rivoli, where in- formation about this department is to be had daily from 10 to 2. MINISTER OF THE INTERIOR.— The duty of this Minister IS to correspond with the prefects, and all officers attached to the internal government of the State, to execute the laws of elections, to attend to the organization of the national and municipal guards. See. The Direction de SuretS Generate, annexed to this department, has the supreme control over the police of the Empire (see p. 71.) Residence and offices Place Beauveau, Fauhourg St. Houore, and 103, Rue de Crenelle St. Germain, where the Central Telegraph and a few other offices still remain. MINISTER OF JUSTICE AND PUBLIC WORSHIP.— To this Minister all judges, law officers. Sec., are subordinate. Letters of pardon, naturalization. Sec., are granted hy him. The direction of the Imperial printing-office also falls within his jurisdiction, and he regulates all matters connected with Publm Worship. Residence and offices, 13, Place Vendome. The Chancellerie de France, belonging to his department, is at 36, rue Neuve du Luxembourg. MINISTER OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.— This Minister superintends the University of France, schools, the Institut of France, and various other scientific and literary societies, public hbraries and museums, &c. He is also President of the Committee for publishing whatever relates to the monu- ments, arts, or history of France. His residence is at llo rue de Crenelle St. Germain. ’ MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE, COMMERCE, AND PUB- „ WORKS.— This department comprises the regulations affecting the customs and commerce, trading companies, patents, weights, and measures, agri(;ulture, fairs, markets! veterinary establishments, &c., as also the supervision of bridges and roads, railways, mines, &c. Residence and of- fices, 62, Rue St. Dominique St. Germain. All the imnisterial offices are open to claimants and peti- tioners, having previously inscribed their names on a list kept tor the purpose, on Thursdays from 2 to 4. An audience of a Minister must be applied for in writing. Official receptions ^re announced in the Moniteur. The persons employed are 2,380, receiving 6,500,000 francs annually, (i) Every mi- nistry has a library, relating to its department. I The number of functionaries in all France is officially slated as follows Justice, u, 053 j Foreign Affairs, 740 ; Puh- LEGION D’HONNEGR. 61 IMPEBIAL HOUSEHOLD. — It is regulated by the Minister of that department aided by a Council of the chief officers of the palace, and consists of a grand almoner, 2 almoners, a vicar- general, 4 chaplains, an ecclesiastical master of cere- monies, a grand marshal and 4 prefects of the palace, a governor of the Tuileries, Louvre, and Elysee, one of St. Cloud, a grand chamberlain, 11 chamberlains, a private secretary, a grand equerry, 14 equerries, a grand veneur and 7 other officers of the chase, a grand master of ceremonies and 6 assistant-masters, 2 treasurers, 25 physicians and sur- geons, a minister of the military household, an adjutant- general, 16 aides-de-camp, and other minor officers. — The Empress’s household comprises a grand mistress of the palace, a lady of honour and 12 ladies of the palace ; a lady reader, 3 chamberlains, 2 equerries, &c.— -The Prince Imperial has a governess and 2 assistant-governesses. —Prince Napoleon’s household consists of 2 chamberlains, 1 secretary, 4 aides- de-camp, 8cc. ; Her Imperial Highness Princess Clotilda, the Prince’s consort, and daughter to the King of Italy, has a lady of honour and 3 assistant ladies, and two chamberlains. — 'Princess Matilda has a private secretary, a chevalier d’honneur, a lady of honour and two assistant ladies. ORDRE DE LA LEGION D’HONNEUR.— The Order of the Legion of Honour was instituted by a law of 29 Floreal, an 10 (1802), and remodelled in 1852, for the recompense of civil and military merit, or length of public service. The order is administered by a grand chancellor, wfio keeps the seal, and is assisted by a secretary-general and a council of ten members. The Emperor is the Grand Master of the Legion, which consists of chevaliers, officers, commanders, grand-officers, and grand- crosses — all nominated for life. The number of chevaliers is unlimited. Foreigners are admitted to the Order, but take no oath. The decoration of the Legion is a star, with Qve double rays, surmounted by a crown. The centre of the star con- tains the effigy of Napoleon, encircled with leaves of oak and laurel, with the legend, Napoleon, Empereur des Francai: ” On the reverse is the eagle, with the words, “ Honneur et Pa- trie." In time of peace to be admitted in the order “ twenty years distinguished services in civil or military functions” are required. In time of war acts of valour and serious wounds ; and in time of peace, extraordinary and valuable services of any kind may be rewarded with admission or promotion . All officers, non-commissioned officers, and men of the army lie Instruction, 5o,ooo; Interior, 344, ooo; Agriculture, Com- merce, and Public Works, 10, ooo ; War, 30,000 ; Marine, 13,000 ; Finance, 76,000 ; total, 534,800, exclusive of servants. 62 GENERAL INFORMATION. and navy in active service, nominated or promoted in the Legion since the decree of 22d of January, in the year 1852, receive annually — as Members 2 50 fr.. Officers 500 fr., Com- manders 1,000 fr., Grand Officers 2,000 fr.. Grand Crosses 3,000 fr. Pensions of the same amount are granted to all mi- litary and naval officers, memhers of the Legion of Honour, placed in retirement after 2 2d January, 1852. Every suh- officer or soldier created before 1814, receives 250 fr. per annum, and the other members according to their rank. The quality of member may be forfeited on the same grounds as that of French citizen. (1) Besides this Order, there is a medal since 1852 for private soldiers, with an annual pension of lOO fr. It is also given to Marshals and Generals, but without the pension. There is also the St. Helena medal, instituted in 1857 for the survivors of the Grande Armee of the first Empire. Attached to the Order are the establishments for the educa- tion of the daughters, nieces, and sisters of the members, (see p. 102.) The Grand Chancellor resides in the hotel of the Order, in the rue de Lille, where the offices also are. BUDGET. — The public expenditure for 1866 is estimated at 1 ,716,973,439 fr. (2), the Ways and Means at 1,7 19,185,262 francs, showing a surplus of 3,21 1 ,823 fr. PUBLIC DEBT. — The funded debt now stands as follows, exclusive of pensions and temporary loans for public works ; 4/2 per cent 37,753,635 fr. interest. 4 per cent 446,096 — 3 per cent 307,979,860 — Sinking Fund 122,773,87 6 — Total 468,953,407 — NAVY. — From recent returns it appears that the navy of France consists of 491 vessels afloat, manned by 30,000 sailors (1) At the end of i864, the Legion was composed of so gi’and- erosses, 260 grand officers, 1,254 commanders, 5,i3i officers, and 50,300 chevaliers. Among the foreign members are 44 crowned lieads and princes of royal blood, exclusive of the Emperor and Imperial princes. No French subject is allowed to wear foreign decorations, unless duly aulhorised by Government. (2) This sum is equivalent to £68,678,033. The chief items arc: Imperial Household and Fine Arts, 1 i,076,ioofr. ; dolations, 4 5,746,013 fr. ; Legion of Honour, 1 6,03o,6oo fr. ; Ministry of State, 3,092,400 fr. ; Justice, 33 , 073,710 fr. ; Foreign Affairs, 12,783,200 fr. ; Public Instruction, io,9i8,i2i fr. ; Public Wor- ship, 48,1 10,586 fr. ; Interior, 53,367,085 fr. ; Agriculture, Com- merce, and Public Woias, 70,550,953 fr.; War, 36 1,.324,797 fr. ; Marine, 145,451,482 fr.; Finances, 522,892,320 fr. MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT. 63 and marines (1). This fleet comprises 36 wooden ships of the line and 3 2 frigates ditto, 15 ironclads, 11 corvettes, and 46 advice-boats. There are besides in the dockyards 26 wooden steamers, 18 ironclad batteries, 11 screw-corvettes, 6cc., carrying in all 6,399 guns. MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT. — The French army in 1865 consisted of 243,61 1 infantry, 59,673 cavalry, 37,803 artil- lery, 7,309 engineers, 5,655 drivers, and 648 veterans, form- ing a total of 354,699 men, including 28,547 men of the Garde Imperiale. The number of horses is 85,705, including 15,896 for Algeria. There are 10 Marshals of France, 90 Generals of Division, and lOO Generals of Brigade (2). The garrison of Paris is now about 30,000 men. — General Staff, 7, Plac! Vendome. Court Martial, 37, rue du Cherche-Midi. The Emperor’s body-guard, called Cent Gardes d Cheval, consists of a lieutenant-colonel, and 221 men, officers included. The Garde Imperiale consists of 8 regiments of infantry (3 of grenadiers, 4 of voltigeurs, 1 of zouaves,) and a battalion of chasseurs ; 6 regiments of cavalry, one of gendarmes foot), and a squadron of mounted gendarmes; 16 batteries of artillery, 2 companies of drivers, and 2 of engineers. In field service and ceremonies, these troops have precedence over all, except the Cent Gardes (3). National Guard. — By a decree of .lanuary ii, i852, all Frenchmen between 25 and 50 are liable to serve in the na- tional guard. It is under the control of the mayors, sous- prefets, prefets, and the Minister of the Interior. All officers, (1) There are 2 admirals, 17 vice-admirals, 30 rear-admirals, 130 captains of men of war, 270 captains of fristates, 750 lieu- tenants, and 600 mates in the French n.avy. The French mer- cantile navy consists of 15,092 vessels, measuring together 983,235 tons. ( 2 ) The value of the stores of the War department amount to 612 millions of francs. (3) On payment of 2,5oo fr. to the sinking fund, or '450 fr. for each year, or fraction of a year, the military authorities undertake to find a substitute. This constitutes the Dotation. Young men not belonging to the army are permitted to make investments in this fund, so as to collect sufficient capital to buy themselves off when they are of age for the conscription. Officers and privates may also invest and receive 3 'A per cent, interest. The receipts of this fund from 18.53 to 1865 were: From young conscripts, 352,778,900; from soldiers serving, 40,618,356 fr ; interest on rente, 37,127,930 fr. ; additional interest by the Caisse des Depots and Consignations, 4,47 4,487 fr. ; donations and legacies, 1 6,795 fr. ; sundries, 289, 50i fr. ; total, 444,505,969 fr. Tlio general total of expenses amounts to 430,405,150 fr. The num- ber of rc-enlisted soldiers was I5,5ti in Jan. 1SG5. 64 GENERAL IN FOR^lATlON. from the lieutenants upwards, are named by the Emperor ' the lower grades are under the nomination of the majors or chefs de bataillon. The legions, or battalions may be dis- solved and re-organised at will by the Government. At present the national guard of Paris, including the banlieue, is composed of 51 battalions of foot, and six squadrons of cavalry, amount- ing in all to about 40,000 men. The staff of the national guard of Paris is at No. 22, Place Vendome. (1) The charges to the city for rent, guard-houses, staff, musicians, clerks, &c., are about 900,000 fr. The artillery of the national guard, which was disbanded in 1832, was reorganised in March 1848, but again disbanded after the disturbance of June 13, 1849. Gendarmerie. — This force, which is under the orders of the Prefect of Police, is composed of 2 legions, 1 for Paris, and 1 for the department of the Seine. It is composed of 4,441 officers, sub-officers, and privates, including 613 horse, and is entrusted with the maintenance of public tranquility. (2) Garde de Paris. — This is a section of the police force under the orders of the Minister of War, and comprising 2,892 men, 663 of whom are cavalry. Sergents de Ville. — These are the municipal police, and organised somewhat on the London system. f3) Sapeurs Pompiers. — The firemen of Pans, consisting of a regiment of 2,000 men, are organised on a military footing, and under the orders of the War department ; but in case of fires, they obey the orders of the Prefect of Police. (4) A portion are on duty every evening at the theatres, 6cc. (1) In March 1848, the national guard amounted to 241,884 men. (2) The whole Gendarmerie of France is composed of twenty- seven legions. (5) The force comprises : One commissary of police, head of the service, salary i2,Ooo fr. ; one deputy, with 8,ooo fr.. and a sub- chief, with 3,500 fr., but which may be increased to 5,ooo fr. ; 20 clerks, from I,ooo fr. to 2,7oo fr. ; 4 inspectors-general, 6,000 fr. ; 32 officiers de paix, from 3,ooo fr. to 6,000 ; 4 6 prin- cipal inspectors, 2,5oo fr. ; 78 brigadiers, i ,800 fr. ; 42T sub- brigadiers, 1,600 fr.; 3,676 sergens de ville, from 4,200 fr. to 4,5oOfr. ; 321 auxiliaries, 3 fr. a-day; one head physician, 3,500 fr.; and 42 other medical men, 4,6oo fr. In all, 4,59o police agents, being an increase of i,oi7 since the annexation of the banlieue. There are also 26 agents attached to the service of control at the Prefecture of Police, These wear a metal badge under their coats, to prove their quality. (4) The sapeurs pompiers are efficient soldiers no less than ac- tive firemen, and are carefully drilled and trained in gymnastics. Medals are annually awarded to such as have distinguished them- selves by their exertions and good conduct. The annual cost to the State of the Sapeurs-Pompiers is 57 5,390 fr. COUfttS> TRIBUNALS, ETC. 65 COURTiS, TRIBUNALS, 8cc. — The Minister of Justice is the supreme Ihead of all the judicial courts in the State and their officers (scee p. 60). High Court of Justice.— This Court, established in virtue of art. 54 of the Constitution of January 1852, judges, with- out appeail or remedy by cassation, the persons accused of crimes or conspiracies against the Emperor and the security of the State. It cannot take cognizance of any case without a spe- cial decree; of the Emperor. It is composed of a Chambre des 'rmses en (accusation, a Chambre de Jugement, and a hi°-h jury comiposed of 36 members of the Councils-general of tL departmemts. Each chamber is composed of 5 judges and 2 deputy-ju(dges, annually appointed by the Emperor. Court (Of Cassation, Palais de Justice.— There is but one Court of Cassation for the whole empire. ' It is the supreme Court of ^Appeal on all points of law only, and its power is confined tto annulling the decisions of the courts appealed from. W'hen, therefore, a cause comes by appeal before the Court of Cassation, it is not at once determined there but sent down for decision to another court of the same degree with that from \which it has come. The time allowed for appeal in civil matte3i’s, is three months ; in criminal matters, and breach of police r(egulations, only three days. The Comrt of Cassation is composed of a president, 3 vice- presidents,, and 45 counsellors. It is divided into 3 cLmbers of requestls, of civil, and criminal appeal. In civil cases the appeail first comes before the Chambre des RequHes where the appellant only is heard; and if admitted by that chamber, it passes to the Chambre Civile. Attached to it are a prociureur-imperial, 6 avocats-generaux, a chief registrar besides 4 mnder-registrars. A college oi 60 advocates has the exclusive iright of pleading in this court. The 2 civil sections have a vacation, from September 1 to November 1 but the criminal siection always continues sitting. ’ COUR DIES COMPTES, Palais du Quai d’Orsay.— This court is the ne3xt in rank to that of Cassation. It consists of a chief president, 3 presidents, and 18 masters of accounts who formi the chambers; there are besides 84 conseillers ri- ferendatrefs, who examine the accounts and report thereon 20 auditors, ;a procureur-general, and a registrar. It is divided into 3 secttions or chambers, whose jurisdiction extends over the whole receipts and expenditure of the country. CouR ImipEriale de Paris, Palais de Justice. — This is one of the tweiit}y-seven courts of appeal in France. It hears an- peals from the Tribunals of First Instance and of Commerce of Pans and nal of Simple Police, Palais de Justice. — The justices of the pe:ace sit here in rotation, and decide upon the breach of police regulations where the penalty does not exceed five days’ anprisoniment, or a fine of 1 3 fr. A commissary of police acts &s counsiel for the prosecution. Appeal may be made to the fribunat de Premiere Instance. JUGES DE Paix.— There is one for each of the twenty Ar- 'ondisseiments of Paris. Their jurisdiction is three-fold, riiey fornn what is called a Bureau de Conciliation, to under- itand whiich it is necessary to hear in mind that no action lan be bnought until the complaining party has summoned Jie deferndant before the juge de paix, whose duty it is to j-y to effcect a reiouciliation. They have jurisdiction without Ipjieal wlhen the ground of action does not exceed loo fr. n value,, and jurisdiction subject to appeal in all personal ictions tO) the value of 200 fr., and in actions between landlords »f hotels iand lodging-house keepers and travellers and tenants, or hotel s expenses and lessor damage of effects, etc. They lecidc wiithout appeal to 1 oo fr., and with appeal to 1 ,5oo fr. fhey sit ;at the mairic of each arrondisseinent (see p. li). Advocavtes. — The order of advocates comprises 9oo mem- )ers. Tluey have a bureau for gratuitous advice to the poor ipen on Saturdays, from 1 till 4, at the Palais de Justice. ’ Avoui 5 ss.— The avoues, 210 in number, are licentiates in fivil law,, and act as solicitors and attorneys ; in certain cases hey havee the right of pleading ; and are subject to a chamber )f disciplline. They take the oath of an advocate. Notariies. — The number of Paris Notaries, who exercise (i) The! number of cases annually brought before the Tri- mnal of Commerce is on an average 68,000. Of these about bur-flflbis are judged, and the remainder are either settled ty eonciliialion, or withdrawn, except a few that stand over for he following year. There are about 1500 commercial or joint- lock connpanieg formed every year, representing an average •apdal of ■ 80,000 fr. The number of bankruptcies averages leoo, >er annuim. 68 general information. their profession within the jurisdiction of the court of appeal, is 122; they draw up wills, leases, mortgages, title-deeds of es- tates’, and other deeds ; they give security to the government, and, on retirement or death, their places can be sold. Their cham- ber of discipline meets at 1, Place du Chatelet, every Friday. Huissiers. — These officers, 150 in number, fulfil the duties of sheriffs officers, attached to the different tribunals, and their services are required in protesting bills, 8cc. COMMISSAIRES Priseurs (appraisers and auctioneers).— Their number in Paris is fixed at 80. They have the ex- clusive privilege of appraising and selling by auction, and are under the jurisdiction of the Procureur Imperial. CoNSEiLS DES Prud’hommes, or Councils of Arbitrators. (1) — These councils are instituted for the purpose of amicably settling disputes about wages, 8cc., between masters and their dependants, in order principally to obviate strikes and other irregularities. By the law of 1853, the councils of prud - hommes are composed of masters and foremen of a certain trade, elected by their peers. Masters, being French subjects, aged 25 or upwards, of 5 years’ standing, and 3 years’ domi- cile within the jurisdiction of the Council, are electors for the master-prud’hommes ; foremen and workmen, under the same circumstances, are electors for the foremen prud’hommes. All electors aged 30 and upwards, and skilled in reading and writing, are eligible. The masters and foremen are equally balanced in the council, which must consist of 6 members at least. One jialf of tbe council is renewed every second year. Their presidents and vice-presidents are named by the Empe- ror, and may be selected from among persons that are not eligible as members. They remain 3 years in office, but may be confirmed anew. The different trades of Paris have been divided into four classes, namely, the metal trades, weav- ing, chemical preparations, and articles of Paris manufac- ture. These councils decide the most intricate questions with speed by the custom of the trade, generally to the satisfaction of both parties. These questions relate to counterfeits, indem- nities, apprenticeships, the condition of children working in factories, hours of labour, and wages. The judgments of the Conseils de Prud’hommes are without appeal for sums not ex- ceeding 200 fr. ; if above that sum, an appeal lies to the (t) Arbitration in matters of trade dates in France from very early times. Prud’hommes were named by the king, for a speci- fied time, or permanently, to exereise vigilanee over certain manufactures, to fix prices, &c. In certain maritime districts the fishermen used annually to elect Prud’hommcs to examine their accounts and settle their differences. CIVIL ADMINISTRATION. 69 Tribunal of Commerce. The Emperor may dissolve the councils at any time. They meet at No. 18, rue de la Douane. (1) 1 CIVIL ADMINISTRATION OF PARIS.— Offices at the Hotel fle Ville, open from 10 to 5. The Prefect of the Seine is the fehief municipal authority in the capital. Resides the duties poramon to the other prefects of the empire, he exercises nearly [ill the functions of an English mayor. He superintends all public works, establishments, churches, streets and public ways, barracks, excise duties, markets, hospitals, benevolent institutions, direct taxes, public fetes. Chamber of Commerce, and domains of the State within the department. He also pre- sents to the municipal council the estimates for the coming year. Under him is a Council of Prefecture, composed of 5 members, and a secretary-general, with a municipal and de- partmental Commission composed of 68 members, provision- ally named by the government. The members of this com- mission are also members of the Council-general of the de- partment, which comprises 8 members more for the arrondis- sements of Sceaux and St. Denis. The members of each irrondissement form its municipal council, and as such are mbject to the control of the council-general. Communal and Departmental Administration. — Under bis head are comprised four principal divisions. The First Division has a bureau for legalizations, patents, translations )f foreign documents, sales, purchases and salaries ; one for ilementary schools, boarding-schools for young ladies, the talks d'asile for infancy, ouvroirs, (see p. 102) learned socie- aes, the City library, and religious affairs ; (2) a third for jommerce and statistics, the Rourse, joint-stock companies, h’ud’hommes, and the Chamber of Commerce (see p. 106) ; a ourtli bureau for the organization of the National Guard, rouses of correction, barracks for the Gendarmerie, Sapeurs- ^’ompiers, &c., also guard-houses, recruiting, 8cc. ; and a fifth (1) The number of cases annually brought before these couii- uls averages 4,ooo, about two thirds of -which relate to wages. ?hey are generally settled by conciliation; the judgments rarely tmount to more than a hundred, and appeals seldom occur. (2) The Comite Central d’ Instruction Primaire is composed of a iresident, vice-president, 2 secretaries, all the members of the nunicipal commission who reside in Paris, and 9 members be- lides, among whom are the senior mayor and the senior curate )f Paris, the Grand Rabbi, and 2 pastors of the Lutheran and Re- ormed Churches. This committee has the inspection of all pri- nary schools, and nominates or revokes communal masters, lesides this, there is a committee of primary instruction in each if the 20 arrondissements, under the presidency of the mayor. 70 GENERAL INFORMATION. for puL'lic festivals, 8cc, — The Second Division comprises a bureau for inscription and delivery of deeds, the archives of | the civil department, the installation of municipal councils, s the nomination of maires in the communes of more than oooo | inhabitants, presentation of candidates for various functions I and the Legion of Honour, statistics, administration of rural | communes, expenses of the mairies, sale and purchase of land, | buriais and verifications of deaths ; a second bureau has the direction of the octroi, public weights and measures, the ■ letting of stands in the streets and public walks, coach-stands, slaughter-houses, and the butchers’ trade. The third bureau jj superintends the hospitals and asylums of the Seine ; the Mont de Piete, foundlings, lunatics, wet-nurses, vaccination, ton- tines, and encouragement to charitable institutions. The fourth bureau is devoted to mortgage inscriptions, national property, fisheries, national pension list, sale of unclaimed articles found in the streets, expenses of prosecution under the game-laws, 8cc. The fiftli has the compilation of the electoral and jury lists, the division of electoral colleges, the verification and publica- tion of the results of elections of Deputies to the Legisla- tive Body, of members of councils-general, mayors, 8cc. — The Third Division has a bureau for the maintenance of canals and rivers, roads, bridges, railways, mills, manufacto ries, and cleanliness of streets ; a second bureau for the canals of the Oureq, St. Denis, and St. Martin; for hydraulic ma- chines, distribution of water and gas, fountains, sewers, street- pavements, foot-paths, and plantations ; a third for the direc- tion of the plan of Paris, the widening of streets, expropria- tions, the naming of streets, numbering of houses, and expenses relating to these various subjects ; and a fourth bureau com prising the execution of public works ; the granting permissions for building, regulations pertaining thereto, building and repair- ing the Hotel de Ville, churches, prisons, and colleges, slaughter- houses, markets, the Palais de Justice, and the cemeteries of Paris. — The Fourth Division has a bureau for the collection and imposition of the taxes, &c. ; another for the verification of the lists of tax-payers, the reduction of taxes, 8cc. ; a third for the compilation of the budget of the department, pensions, accounts of the treasurers of benevolent institutions and the octroi ; and a fourth for the liquidation of expenses ordered by the Prefect, orders for payment, and accounts of the department. The offices of the Treasurer of the City of Paris are at the Hotel de Ville. — The financial service of the Department of the Seine is conducted by the following administrations : — Direction, de V Enregistrenient et des Domaines, rue Neuve de la Banque. — Direction des Contributions Directes, 9, rue Poulletier, He administration of the police* It St. Louis. The Administration of the Customs, 2, rue de Luxembourg. — Direction of Indirect Taxes, 12, rue Duphot. —Direction des Droits dVctroi, at the Hotel de Ville. — liecette Centrale du Departement, 24, rue Mont-Thabor.— Direction de la Poste aux Chevaux, 2, rue Pigale. To each of the arronclissements of St. Denis and Sceaux there a sub-prefect, with a Conseil d’ Arrondissement. [ Mairies. — Each of the 20 arrondissements of Paris (see their list at p. 4) is headed by a mayor and one or two deputy mayors, w'^hose principal functions relate to births, marriages, and deaths. The prefect of the department is the head mayor. The offices of the mairies are open daily from 9 till 4, except on Sundays and holidays. The mayors or deputy mayors sit every day from 12 till 2. Timbre Imperial. — Bureaux for the distribution of stamped paper are established in the different quarters of Paris, besides the central office, 9, rue Neuve de la Banque. Electors. — The electoral law of February 2, 1852, |gives the right of suffrage to every Frenchman born, or foreigner naturalized, of the age of 2 1 and upwards, on condi- tion of a 6 months’ residence in the commune in which he is ■to vote. Persons who have suffered condemnation for crimes land certain offences specified by law are excluded. Soldiers lonly vote when present in the commune to which they be- long. Elec tors of the age of 2 5 and upwards are eligible to the Legislative Body. The department of the Seine is divided into 9 electoral circumscriptions, each of which returns a member. The number of electors inscribed is about 340,000. Jurors. — By the law of 1853, a juror must be 30 years of age at least, and in the full enjoyment of his civil and political rights. The high functionaries of the state and those belong- ing to the police or customs’ department, ecclesiastics, school- imasters, dlomestics, illiterate persons, and such as have under- Igone certain condemnations, are excluded from the jury-list. ilSepluagen arians and workmen are exempted . The annual jury- list of the department of the Seine contains 2000 jurors. Per- sons refusing or neglecting to serve on the jury are liable to a tine of from 200 to 500 fr. ADMINISTRATION OF THE POLICE.— Prefecture de Poi.iCE, rue du Harlay, Quai des Orfevres. — Offices open every day from 9 till 4. The Bureau de Sureteis open night ■and day. The authority of the prefect extends over the whole of the dcparliiiiMit of the Seine, the district of St. Cloud, Sevres, and Meudon, in the department of the Seine-et-Oise, and mar- ket of Poissy. He is under the authority of the minister of the Interior. He is president of a Conseil de Salubrite, 72 GENERAL INFORMATION. composed of 20 members, all physicians, surgeons, or chemists, specially entrusted with the superintendence of the sanitary re- gulations of the capital, the cleanliness of streets, markets, sewers, &c. It holds its sittings every other Friday at the Prefecture ( 1 ). The Secretariat-General has a bureau for trans- lations of documents, legalization of the signatures of the princi- pal functionaries of the Police-department, statutes of joint-stock companies, statistics, and nomination and discharge of police- officials. A second bureau has the management of the Garde de Paris and Sapeurs-Pompiers, the surveillance of theatres, and public halls, societies, hawkers, bill-stickers, public festivals, apprehension of deserters, smugglers, and control over societies of mutual assistance. Lastly, a third bureau is entrusted with the reprinting of ordonnances, the restoration of articles lost or seized, and the treasury of the Prefecture. Besides the Secre- tariat-General, there are 2 divisions, the first of which has a bu- reau for the detective service, repression of vagrancy, and classification of the sentences of the criminal courts ; a second bureau for passports, pcrmis de. sejour, licences for fire-arms, furnished hotels, livrets of servants and workmen, 8 cc. ; a third for prisons ; a fourth bureau for prosecution of persons ar- rested on an order from departmental authorities, liberated convicts, or persons to be sent to an hospital; a fifth bu- reau for licences to prostitutes, the surveillance over maisons de tolerance, the search after persons who have disappeared from their homes, the Mont de Piete, public sales, strikes among workmen, suicides, accidental deaths, lotteries, and gaming- houses, lastly, a sixth for the insane, children abandoned by their parents, orphans, nurses, and maisons de sante. — The second Division has a bureau for the inspection of markets, &c., the deposits of grain by bakers, the bread-assize, the de- struction of unwholesome victuals exposed for sale, the Bourse, brokers and workmen of the halles, the verification of weights and measures, the surveillance of ports, canals, floating manu- factories on the river, steamers, wine and coal-merchants. A second bureau is for the demolition of houses, and for other works to be executed in the streets, the emptying of sewers, the numbering of houses, public thoroughfares, pedlars and itinerant venders. The third has the surveillance of the clean- ing, watering, and lighting of streets, sewers, aqueducts, and fountains, public carriages and wagons. The fourth and last is for dangerous or noisome establishments, breweries, locomo- tives, fireworks, public health in general, exhumation of bodies, cemeteries, and the hours of labour in manufactories. — The ( 1 ) There is a Comite de Salubrite Pvblique in each arrondisse- ment, connected with the Conseil. PRISONS. 73 Garde de Paris and Sapeurs Pompiers, in cases of fire, are un- der the Prefect of Police. During the night the sergents de ville patrol the streets every half hour. They are also stationed at the theatres, concert and ball-rooms. (1) Connected with the Police are the following : Commissaires de Police. — In each of the eighty quartiers of Paris resides a commissary of police, who superintends its cleanliness and lighting; takes cognizance of misdemeanors; makes the first examination of crimes and offences; delivers certificates to obtain passports upon the attestation of two householders. The commissaries attend to all the complaints the public may have to make. Their residence is known at night by a square lantern of red glass hung at the door. Bureau de Verification des Poids et Mesures, rue de la Coutellerie. — New weights and measures are stamped at this office before they can be used in commerce ; and inspectors verify every year those in use by tradesmen. Secours aux Noyes et Asphyxies. — Witnesses of accidents on the Seine and elsewhere are bound to afford the first aid, and to call the nearest physician or surgeon, or to make it known to the nearest military post or commissary of police. A reward of 25 fr. is given to any one who gets to shore a drown- ing person, if restored to life; and 15 fr. in case of death. About eighty sets of apparatus for restoring suspended anima- tion are deposited on the banks of the Seine (2). L behind Notre Dame dental death are deposited for tmcc uayo. iaiix upon inclined slabs of black marble, twelve in number, open to the inspection of the public, in order that they may be re- cognized by those interested in their fate. Their clothes are hung up near them, as an additional means of recognition. If not claimed, they are buried at the public expense. The bodies are separated from the public by glass screens. (1) The expenses of the Prefecture of Police amount to about 1 2 , 000,000 fr. The central administration comprises 280 employes. Of the 80 commissaries of Police, 24 receive eooo francs a-year, the rest 5,400 francs a-year. ( 2 ) The number of medals annually given for saving the lives of persons averages i230. About one in thirty of these medals is gold, the others in silver. The number of persons annually saved is about looo. The annual average for the last ten years of the number of dead bodies exposed at the Morgue is 334, viz., 233 men, 52 women, and 49 new-born infants. The Morgue (from morguer, to scrutinise), was formerly a police- prison in the Petit Chatelet (see p,307 n,). The annual average of suicides in France is 2,600, the unknown persons 74 GENERAL INFORMATION. PRISONS. — It was not until 1070 that improvements were introduced into tlie piisons of Paris. Under Louis XVI, M. de Malesherbes separated lunatics and political offenders from criminals ; other improvements contemplated by M. Necker were interrupted by the Revolution. On Sept. 29, 1791, a law was passed which established houses d’arr^t, of justice, and detention. All other prisons were prohibited, and mildness towards the prisoners was enjoined. The execution of the measure was scarcely begun, when the system of terror filled the prisons with those who ought to have been for ever strangers to them. The 9th Thermidor put an end to that state of things ; and public opinion loudly demanded a change in the system. In 1795, by a decree of the Convention, sepa- rate prisons were appointed for the different classes of offenders, and the penal code enacted. The improvement of the prisons has since occupied the attention of the municipality of Paris and of the governmeiu ; and the new buildings now produce satis- factory results. All the prisons of Paris are annually visited by a Commission selected from among the members of the Coun- cil-General. The conveyance of prisoners from one depot to anotlier is performed by means of cellular vehicles, and the disgusting chame, traversing the country slowly with felons to the hulks (galeres), is now abolished. ■ The prisons of Paris under the jurisdiction of the Prefect of Police are 8 in number, viz. for persons under accusation or trial; debt; political offences and offences liable to only l year’s Imprisonment; for those condemned to death or to the hulks; juvenile criminals; and females. Besides tliese there is 1 military prison, under the jurisdiction of the Minister of War. In most of the penal prisons the criminals are allowed books and writing-materials; (1) they are bound to observe the religious duties of their respective creeds ; meals are in common ; work is obligatory, but permission may be obtained to exercise a particular trade. They may receive visits from their families. Men receive 7 50 gr. (1 ’/a lb.) of bread a-day ; women 700 gr. (2) For permission to visit any of the prisons (3), application must (0 Alost of the prisons have libraries for Ihe prisoners. (2) The daily supply of bread to all the prisons amounts to 700 liilogs. of white, and 3 , 4 oo kilogs. of brown bread. ( 3 ) There are in France 383 prisons (mauons d’arrr'O, and 23 maisons centrales; they are occupied by about 71,000 individuals; about 22,000 falling to the share of the maisons centrales. Tliere is at present but one bagne, where formats or COllVicIs are kept; viz., at Toulon; all the others h.ive been gra- dually cleared, and the convicts sent to the penal settle- ment at Cayenne. The work done by the prisoners in the maisons centrales amounts to about 4,000,000 fr., of which PRISONS. /a be made by letter to M. le Prefet de Police, ii la Prefecture. It is, however, but rarely granted. A prison, important both for its size and its historical asso- ciations, LA Force, (see p. 273 ,) has been replaced by the Prison Modele, or Nouvelle Force, boulevard Mazas, opposite the Lyons railroad. This prison is constructed on the well-known cellular system. A semicircular building forms a centre, to which converge six large wings, each con- sisting of a ground floor and two stories of 70 cells each ; so that every wing contains 210 cells, and the whole structure 12 60. A round hall of observation occupies the central body, and communicates with the long internal corridors which in each wing separate the two rows of cells from one another. In this rotunda is the altar, of white marble, placed on a cir- cular platform supported by 8 Doric columns. Around the frieze is the following inscription ; Gaudium erit in coelo su- per uno peccatore pcenitentiam agentc, quam super nona- ijinta novem justis qui non indigent pwnitentia. From this altar, which is approached by a bridge communicating with the lower gallery which runs around the circular hall, the keeper may survey at a glance the 6 galleries which extend from it as from a centre. Each gallery has 2 wooden balconies esta- blishing a communication with the cells of each story, and con- nected with one another by bi'idges. The warders in the’ galleries may communicate with the rotunda by speaking-tubes fixed in the walls. Every cell has a bed, gas-burner and water- closet, and communicates with an apparatus intended both for ventilation and the distribution of warm air. "When a prisoner is in want of something, he pulls at an iron knob, which causes an iron blade to project outside, on seeing which, the warder stationed in the gallery immediately attends to him. The door of each cell has a small opening closed by a shutter, from which food is passed into the cell at meal-times. The warder may, besides, by turning a knob, open unohserved a small hole in the door, through which he may see what the prisoner is about. Besides these ordinary cells, there are cells of pu- nishment ill each gallery, Avhere unruly prisoners are shut up with nothing but a straw-mattress, in total darkness. Each cell is abtoiit 12 feet long by 6 in breadth. There is a /)ar^o^'r about one-fourth by women. The women are employed in neetlle-W'Oi'k, glove, fringe, and lace-making, &c. ; the men in tailoring, shoe-making, cabinet-making, etc. The produce of prison lilllhilr in tlie department of the Seine amounts to about 500,000 fr., the gain per day being from I fr. 5 c. to 2fr. 14 c. The general average is 41 1/2 c. The produce is divided equally between the prisoners and the administration ; the latter concedes its part to contractors fora certain sum daily. 76 GENERAL INFORMATION. for each gallery on the ground floor, where persons who have obtained permission from the prefecture may converse with the prisoner they call for. These parloirs contain 7 stalls each, with iron grates, where the prisoners are introduced without the possibility of seeing or communicating with one another ; opposite these are 7 cells for the visitors, also grated ; a keeper walks between these two rows during the conversa- tion, so that no paper or other suspicious article can change hands. There are also a guard-room, a cantine where prisoners, by means of the keeper, may buy what food they like be- sides the prison-fare, a dispensary for medicines, and rooms for overseers in the upper stories, all contiguous with the cen- tral rotunda. In the cellars is the large apparatus for calefac- tion and ventilation, consisting of 6 large stoves in which a constant fire is kept up, thus distributing warmth through pipes m winter, and producing a draught in summer through the central chimney, which carries off the impure air from all the cells. Railways run all along these cellars under the galleries, communicating with the kitchens, which are in a court apart from the prison. The rations are contained in tin saucepans, 1 8 of which fill an iron salver fitting in a wooden frame upon wheels. Each frame, holding 12 of these salvers, is, when full, wheeled on the railway to the bottom of a gal- lery, whence it is drawn up by pulleys to the upper stories, and the contents distributed to the prisoners by the warders. In the yards between the wings are the prhux, circular enclo- sures divided by walls into 20 small courts communicating with a central building, so contrived that the prisoners may each enter their court for the sake of exercise without being seen by the others. Each court is closed in front by an iron railing, and has a shed for bad weather. A warder stationed in the central building may survey them all. Every prisoner has an hour’s airing here daily. A cheminde ronde runs all around the prison ; sentinels are placed there at intervals. The gas-apparatus consists of three gasometers of 150 cubic metres each. There are 1460 gas-burners in the establishment. In another part of the chemin de ronde is the dead-house, and further on a yard containing the guard-house for 100 men, and anotherin which is the sick-ward. Here the prisoners live in common. The walls facing the rue Mazas and the first court are pierced with loop-holes intended for the defence of the prison in case of a popular outbreak. This prison is reserved solely for persons awaiting trial. Its annual cost is about 95,000 fr. The system has been found so advantageous that a new prison has been built exactly ou the same plan (see P^e 77). PRISONS. 77 Maison D’ARRfeT DES Madelonnettes, — fonnerly t2, Rue des Fontaines, has now been transferred to the new buildings in the Rue de la Sante, constructed on the plan of the Prison Mazas, just described. They cover a space of 25,000 square metres, and consist of four galleries of four stories each, con- verging towards a centre, which comprises the chapel and the infirmary. One portion of the edifice is reserved for prisoners condemned to not more than a year’s punishment. These have their meals in common, and work in the shops provided for them, whereby they earn a little money, if they know a trade, such as tailoring, shoe-making, &c. The rest of the building is constructed on the cellular system, and the prison discipline is there identically the same as at Mazas. Every prisoner, on entering, is made to take a bath, and his clothes, if necessary, are disinfected in a sulphuring-room (soufroir), He is not allowed to have more than 1 5 francs about him ; any sum above that is deposited at the office. Every day the prisoner is visited by the director, the almoner, and the apo- thecary. He is provided gratuitously with books and writing- materials ; he has a bath once a month, and is shaved once a week. The prison diet consists of 7 50 gms. of bread a day o'd, half a litre of broth, and a third of a litre of boiled vege- tables or pulse ; twice a week he gets 100 gms of boiled meat. He may buy wine and other small luxuries at the cantine, a shop for the purpose within the walls of the prison, where everything is sold according to a tariff approved of by the Prefect of Police (see p. 415). D^pot de la Prefecture de Police. — This prison is a place where persons arrested are detained 24 hours and then either set at liberty or sent to one of the other prisons. It is a new building, constructed on the cellular system. The ward on the ground-floor is reserved for prostitutes, who generally are released after a few hours’ confinement, their only fault being disorderly behaviour. There are cells for the insane, who are not kept there more than 1 2 hours at the utmost, as a medical man attends twice a-day to decide whether or not they be in a state to require being sent to an asylum. Some of the cells are called prisons de pistole, for such as are willing to pay for them. There is also a room set apart for the children of prisoners, or such as have been found lost or abandoned in the streets of the metropolis. The population of this place is on an average 230 individuals; the mean entrances and exits per day being 120. The CoNCiERGERiE, in the Palais de Justice, is used as a depot for prisoners during their trial, and sometimes for no- torious offenders before their committal. For the historical 7 8 GENERAL INFORMATION. associations connected with this prison, and its description, (see p. 302.) It costs 25,000 fr, annually. Military Prison, 38, rue du Cherche Midi. — This prison replaces the old Prison de VAbbaye, which stood at the corner of the rue Sle. Marguerite, and was formerly a house of correction within the jurisdiction of theAbbaye of St. Germain des Pres. (1) The new building serves as a house of arrest for military offences (see p. 381). To visit this prison apply to the Minister of War, but permission is seldom granted. Prison for Debtors, 70, rue de Clichy.— this prison is of plain construction, airy, and well situated ; it holds from 300 to 400 persons, and costs 30,000 fr. yearly. (2) Stf, Pelagie, rue du Puits ITIermite. — This prison, formerly a convent of nuns, suppressed at the revolution of 17 89, was afterwards converted into a prison for debtors. It has for some years been appropriated to persons condemned to im- prisonment for not more than a year, or awaiting trial, and to political offenders, sentenced to short terms of confinement. The internal arrangement of the prison has therefore been mucir, improved. Political offenders are kept apart from the rest, and are at liberty to occupy themselves as they please. Pri- soners receive soup and boiled meat twice a-week. They are not obliged to work, but may if they choose, in which case they earn something. There are three courts, one of which is set apart for political offenders. About 550 persons are generally confined here. The buildings are largo and airy. Its cost to the city is 40,000 fr. St. Lazare, 107, rue du Faubourg St. Denis. — This was the ancient convent of the Lazarists ; but it is now converted into a general prison for females committed for trial, or condemned to imprisonment for terms not exceeding one year. The Mai- son Centrals, to which they arc sent for longer periods, is at Clermont. This prison is divided into three sections, altogether distinct from each other ; the first contains, 1 , criminals com- mitted for trial ; 2, those who are undergoing a sentence of im- prisonment ; 3, children under IG years of age. The second section is devoted to prostitutes condemned to short impri- sonment for offences against sanitary or other regulations of the police. There is an infirmary for each section. The children (1) The liorrors which look place there during Ihe Revolufion of 1789 gave Ihe Ahbaye a fearful interest. It was one ot the first prisons entered by the bands of assassins in Seplemher 1792 . A mock tribunal here sat upon each viclini, whence they were dismissed to the hands of the furious mob w'ho were waiting w'ilh- out, by whom they were all unpilyingly massacred. { 2 ) The annualnumber of debtors senthere ranges between 4S0 and goo. The population averages HO. PRISONS. 79 are locked up at night in separate cells, where they are strictly watched hy means of galleries extending aU along them, which have windows opening upon them, but protected by bars and lattices. The number of these cells is 200 ; there are besides other cells in an unwholesome part of the building, which are only had recourse to in cases of extreme necessity. The other sections have dormitories of various sizes. There are also pistole cells here, containing from 2 to 3 beds, where prisoners able to pay 2 5 or 32 sous for every ten days may ' enjoy a little more comfort. The infirmary of the prostitutes contains 340 beds, distributed into 17 wards. The prisoners of each section pass the day in different halls, not unhke school-rooms. A sister of St. Joseph, 40 of whom attend this prison, presides at an elevated desk, and strict silence is en- forced during the hours of labour (see p. 74.) The prisoners receive one quarter of their earnings daily, and another quarter on leaving the prison. The children are taught to read and write ; in case of ill-behaviour, they are punished by being excluded from the class for a short period, and this punishment is found extremely effectual. The refectory is on the ground-floor, and consists of a hall, the ceiling of which IS supported by nine columns. Here the prisoners awaiting trial, the condemned prisoners, and the prostitutes that are not connned in the infirmary take their meals at different hours. The cantine, where prisoners may buy any humble dainties they may fancy, furnishes part of the prison revenue. The diet consists of half a litre of broth, witii two-fifths of pulse or vegetables ; on Sundays and Thursdays each prisoner has 125 grammes of meat. A chemin de ronde surrounds the building. The prison has its own bakehouse ; the loaves weigh 700 grammes each, that being the daily ra- tion. The chapel consists of a nave and galleries capable of containing 900 persons. The number of prisoners varies from 900 to 1,100, the annual movement of the population of this prison may be estimated at about 10,000, and the cost 70,000 fr. (see p. 236.) Depot des Gondamnes, or Nouveau Bicdtre, rue de la Ro- quettc. — ^This prison is intended as a temporary place of confinement, rarely exceeding six months, for criminals con- demned to hard labour or transportation. It consists of a pile of buildings surrounding a large quadrangular court 180 ft. by 150 ft., three stories high; the lower of which is occupied by workshops, 6cc., the two upper by the prisoners’ cells. The greater part of the western side is allotted to the lodgings of the director and other officers, the general linen store, &c. In this side, too, is the enti’ance, the porter’s lodse, corps-de- 80 GENERAL INFORMATION, garde, &c, A small court, added to the eastern side, is Sur- rounded by a commodious chapel and an infirmary containing 36 beds. A court, in which surveillants and sentinels constantly keep guard, surrounds the whole ; each prisoner has a separate room, in which he is locked at night ; and there are cachots, or dark chambers, for refractory prisoners, as well as three condemned cells for prisoners under sentence of death. There is a fountain in the middle of the great court. The average number of prisoners is 4 00. Prisoners condemned for crimes of comparatively minor importance may, by applying to the Minister of the Interior, obtain permission to pass the time of their sentence in this prison, on condition of paying 60 cen- times a-day, or 219 francs a-year, to the State. During their stay in the prison, the convicts are generally obliged to work at a trade (see p. 74). The convicts are paid by the piece ; Government takes one-half of their earnings for prison expenses ; of the rest, they receive one half every Saturday, and the remainder on their discharge. But, owing to the limited number of trades pursued in the establishment, few of the convicts here are set to the trade they have been brought up to ; so that they are generally obliged to learn a new one. Nor is there always work sufficient for all the inmates, as that depends upon the demand in the markets ; owing to this cir- cumstance, there are often upwards of 250 men without work, who lounge in the yard, or crowd in winter to the chauffoir, a large heated room on the ground-floor. Every prisoner who has employment works ten hours a-day, but is allowed two hours’ exercise in the open air. The prison diet consists of iy> lb. of coarse but wholesome bread per day ; a broth soup in the morning, and another soup of some kind of pulse for dinner, except twice a- week, when a piece of boiled meat is given instead. The distribution is effected with great regularity ; the provisions are brought into each ward, and each man. on hearing his name called, steps forward and re- ceives his share. The relations or friends of the pri- soners are admitted to see them in the par loir on Sundays and Thursdays from 11 to 3 (see p. 76). The prison is guarded by a detachment of 34 soldiers, and 18 keepers or surveillants are attached to it. This building may be looked upon as a model, both as regards solidity and sanitary condi- tions. It was designed by M. Gau, and built in the short space of 18 months, at a total cost of 1,245,000 fr. Its annual expenditure is 35,000 fr. Maison Centrale d’Education CoRRECTiONNELLE, ovPrison des Jeunes Detenus. — This prison, immediately opposite the last-named one, is constructed upon the cellular principle. i ■I .) a PRISONS. 8 1 |aiid used to receive such male offenders under the age of 1 6 as ^ad been declared by the tribunal incapable of judgment ; they [were here subjected to correctional education for a certain gme, not exceeding their 20th year. In compliance with the Empress’s advice, the inmates have now been sent to various |)enal agricultural establishments in the departments, and the prison is now used for common offenders. Connected with prisons we may mention the : Soci^Tg DE Patronage des Jeunes Lib^r^s de la Seine.— This excellent institution, founded in 1833, is intended for the management of young prisoners while in confinement at the Maison Centrale, and for observing their conduct after the expi- ration of their punishment. Each member has one or more young prisoners under his own especial care, and whose patron he is. The liberated prisoner is bound apprentice to a trade, and the society assist the family in maintaining him if their means are insufficient. Every individual costs the society on an average 80 fr. a-year. The most gratifying effects have already resulted From the efforts of this society, which is also assisted by govern- aaent. The conduct of the prisoners is greatly improved, and Ae number of cases of recommittal diminished from 75* to 7 per cent. The government allows the society 70 centimss per lay for each prisoner liberated before the expiration of his time, but only during the remaining period of his sentence, being ;he same allowance as that given to a colony at Mettray, near fours, (1) for young offenders sent thither from prison, and jmployed in mechanical and agricultural work. An annual neeting for the distribution of prizes for good conduct, &c. is leld at the Hbtel de Ville, and a report is published every year fhe secretary’s office is at 9, rue Mezieres. There is another association, cs\\&diSoci6t6d6 Po,tTonciQ6 pouT e$ Jeunes Filles liberees et delaissees, 89, Rue de Vaugirard. rhe City pays 4000 fr. a-year to each of these two societies’, ind 4,500 fr. to the colony at Mettray. LAWS OF FRANCE AFFECTING BRITISH RESIDENTS. ^ Births.— The French law requires, in case of Foreign as of rench parents, that within three days every birth be declared lo lie mayor of the arrondissement, and the child taken to the itiay or s officer and produced to the officer who registers the tirth. The father, or in his absence the midwife or medical nan who attended the birth must make the declaration. Twe vitnesses, men or women, are besides necessary to sign the re- hc receives yoiing offenders not older than 17 , from DC dilierent prisons of kiance, on condition ihat the time still remainimr nf JhTorKU"y^'oTsSs^“o^T^^^^^^ 20 to 30 individuals, under ihc 6 82 GENERAL INFORMATION. gister. Parties not complying with these regulations are liable to fine and imprisonment. The entry in the register is legal evidence in England of the birth. A child horn in France of foreign parents is entitled to all the rights of a Frenchman, on his claiming them within a year after his majority. (1) 1 Marriages. — A marriage in a foreign country between British | subjects is valid in England either when it has been solemnized j in the house or chapel of the British ambassador by a minister J of the Church of England, or as a general rule when the parlies j have married in the form established in the country in wliich I the marriage is celebrated, and it is valid by the laws of that .j country; or, lastly, since the recent statute of 12 and 13 Victoria, chap. 68, when the marriage has been celebrated before a | British Consul, who has been duly authorized for that purpose, j For a marriage in the Ambassador’s house or cliapel no notice a or previous residence is necessary. The parlies intending to marry at the Embassy in tliis city are required to make oath or declaration before tlie consul to the etiect that tliey are of age, or that the proper consent has been obtained, and tliat there is no lawful impediment to the marriage. To marry according to French law, publication of llie marriage is twice made by the mayor of the commune of each of ttie parties, witli an interval of eight days between each publication. A civil cere ■ mony is celebrated by the mayor of the commune in which one of tlie parties has lived for six months. Tlie parties must pro- duce the certificates of their birth or baptism, or, if not to behad, a declaration of seven persons made liefore the juge de paix of the date and place of birth of the party, and tlie consent of their parents properly authenticated; and, if tliey are dead, certificates of their burial and the consent of the grandfather and grandmother, if living. When the man is upwards of 25, and the woman upwards of 2 i, it is sufficient to sliow that the parents have been applied to for their consent in the manner required by the French law. — To marry at a Britisli Consulate in France both the parties must havedwelt witliin its district not less than one calendar month, next preceding wlien notice is given by one of them to the Consul of the intended marriage. A copy of the notice is suspended at the Consulate. The Consul may grant a license for a marriage. When the marriage is by license, both parties have to make oath or declare that there is no impediment to tlieir marriage, that both have liad for one calendar month previously their usual places of abode within the district of the Consul, and that the proper consent has been obtained in case of either of tliem being a minor. At tlie end of 7 days, when a license has been obtained, or otherwise at the end of 21 days from the notice so given, the marriage may be solemnized, in presence of the Consul, according to the form of the Ctiurch of England, or according to any other religious form, or, as a civil ceremony, and by the Consul liimself, as the parlies desire. Tlie fees are : for entering and suspending notice, (I) BiiThs and deallis are also registered at tlie Consulate, on payment of /is. (id., Init this does not relieve the parties fiom lue duty of registering Ihom at the office of the mayor. LAWS AFFECTING BRITISH RESIDENTS. 83 los. ; for every marriage solemnized by licence, 20s. ; without licence, 10s. For the attendance of the Consul at the marriage when by license 20s. Deaths. — In case of death, a declaration thereof should im- mediately be made at the mairie by the relatives or friends of the deceased, or by the person at whose house the death took place. The body is then visited by a physician appointed by the mayor to ascertain the causes of dissolution, and cannot be interred without authorisation from him, nor until 24 hours * after decease, except in cases otherwise provided for by the regulations of the police. Tlie burial usually takes place two days after death. If all or any of the lieirs or residuary lega- tees are minors or alisent, the juge de paix can place his seals on tlie papers and effects of the deceased. The seals may also be required by any person interested as creditors or legatees. It a will is found tlie juge de paix delivers it to the president of the tribunal, by whom it is deposited with a notary public. Wills. — Wills disposing of real property in England must, whether made there or abroad, be in tlie English form, namely, signed by tlie testator, or by another person in his presence by his direction, and attested in his presence by two witnesses. For personal property in England, the English resident abroad must likewise follow the English form unless he has established his domicile or permanent abode (as distinguished from mere temporary residence) in a foreign country, and then to be valid in the English courts his will must be valid by the law of the country of his domicile. By a recent enactment, however, a British subject, whatever his domicile may he, for his personal property in the United Kingdom, has the choice of making his will either in the form required by the law of the plaee where it Is made, or by the law of the place where he was domiciled when the same was made, or hy the law then in force in that part of her Majesty’s dominions where he liad his domicile of origin. In French law every will made in France in tlie Frencti form, is valid, and according to the opi- nion 0 some, the French form is necessary to the validity in the French courts of every will made in France. With regard to the valid disposal of property by will and to the devolution of property in case of intestacy, for house or landed property, the French law, and when in England, the English law is al- ways followed. For personal property tlie law of the country in which the deceased liad his domicile is followed. It appears to be still a question in the French courts wliethcr a foreigner by settling permanently in France, places his personal pro- perty under the French law in tiiese respects, when he is neither naturalized nor authorized by the government to estab- lish his domicile in France. The French law restrains the power of disposing of properly by deed or will. A testator liaving one legilimate cliild may dispose of not more than half of his pro- perty ; if two cliildren, a third part; if more than two children, a lourth part only will be at liis disposal. Children born out of wedlock whose parents afterwards marry one another are legitimaled, and placed on the same footing as legitimate 84 GENERAL INFORMATION. children if they were before the marriage recognised by the father in an authentic manner, as in the register of birth or by declaration before a notary, or even in the marriage act itself. The testator’s power of disposing of his property is also restricted when he leaves relations in the ascending line, neither can he give to a natural child more than the law allots to him upon an intestacy. Natural children, when the issue of adultery from the father or mother being married to another person, or of incest, are incapable of taking under a will. In default of a will, all the children inherit alike, without distinction of sex or age ; the natural children when recognised in the manner required by law, also inheriting, but only, in case there are legitimate children, for one-third of the share they wmuld have taken if legi- timate, and for one-half of such share if the deceased left a parent or brothers, or sisters. Differently from the English law again, representation is admitted for collaterals in favour of the issue of brothers or sisters only. In the case of the failure of legiti- mate heirs, the property passes entirely to the recognised natural children, and failing such, to the surviving husband or wife of d0C0fts©d. Succession or Legacy-duty.— This duty is payable to the French government in respect of all property left in France by foreigners, whether they were residing in France or not at the time of their decease, and though the same property may be chargedwith a similar duty in the country to which he belongs. The duty is as follows:— For the husband or wife of the de- ceased, 3 per cent. ; for persons in the ascending or dsscending line, 4 per cent. For brothers or sisters, uncles or aunts, ne- phews and nieces 6 1/2 per cent. For grand-uncles, grand-aunts, grand-nephews, and grand-nieces, and cousins-german, ^ per cent. For relations beyond the 4 th and up to the 12th degree, 9 per cent., and for strangers in blood, 9 per cent. In case of a life interest the life tenant pays one-half of the duty, and the reversioner the whole duty, and both duties are to be paid at once. To the above rates must be added one-tenth and half a tenth of the amount of the duty. The duty is taken on the value of the property the day of the death. It must be paid within 6 months from the decease, in default of which, a further sum equal to one-half of the duty is incurred. Residence, Domicile, Naturalization. — Foreigners residing in France are bound to observe all laws and regulations for the maintenance of public order or safety; but the civil courts ex- ercise no jurisdiction over matters in dispute between foreigners when they are not settled in France. This rule, however, is often evaded by entrusting the matter to a friend, and is more- over liable to many exceptions, as in case of commercial transactions, or when the subject of litigation is landed property in France, and is departed from in favour of French subjects, who can cite before the French courts (serving the process a,tthebar of theProcureur Imperial) even foreigners not living in France, and though the cause of action arose in another country. To obtain a complete domicile and the enjoyment of all the rights of a French- man, apart from political rights, the authority of the government LAWS AFFECTING BRITISH RESIDENTS. 85 lo fix his domicile is necessary for a foreigner. He is then free from arrest in the same cases as a Frenchman ; he need not give security for costs, and can cite another foreigner before the French courts, etc. The Emperor decides on applica- tions for naturalization; it can only be granted after en- quiry into the character of the foreigner and on the favourable report of the Council of State. The applicant must have ob- tained permission to fix his domicile in France, and have resided ten years in the country subsequently lo this permission. But such residence for one year will be suflicient for foreigners who lhave rendered the country great service, or who have brought to it either a useful discovery or distinguished talents, or who have opened great establishments in it. Until naturalization, a foreigner may be ordered by the Minister of the Interior to leave the country, without assigning a reason. Arrest for Debt. — Foreigners who have not been authorised by the Government to establish their domicile in France, are liable to arrest on a judgment recovered against them at the suit of a French creditor, whether the Frenchman is the original creditor, or has become so by indorsement of a Jjill of exchange or promissory note, for not less than ibo fr. ; they may also be arrested before judgment and without notice by order of the President of the Tribunal, given on application of such French creditor, unless they can show that they possess in France a commercial establishment, or real property of suffi- cient value. The length of imprisonment, when the debt has been contracted in the course of trade, or arises on a bill of exchange, is limited to 3 months, for a sum under 500 fr., to 6 months for under looo fr., to 9 months for under 1500 fr., and to a year when the sum does not amount to 2000 fr. The imprisonment is not to exceed 3 years for a sum of 6OOO fr. or up- wards. When the debt is not of the nature above described the length of the imprisonment is to be fixed by the judgment, and must be from six months to five years. Arrest must not take place before sunrise nor after sunset; nor on holidays; nor in any house whatever, even in the domicile of the debtor, if en- jtrance is refused, unless authorised by the Juge de Paix, who must in such case accompany the officer. The prisoner may demand to be taken to the President of the Tribunal de Premiere Instance, who will decide as an arbitrator. — The keeper of the prison, on receiving the prisoner, must enter in the register the judgment which authorises the arrest. This must also certify the deposit of at least one month's prison allowance by the creditor, who must always make this deposit beforehand. A debtor may obtain his liberation by the payment of a third of the amount and costs, and giving for the remainder a surety accepted by the creditor, or approved by the Court; by the default of the creditor to deposit one month’s prison allowance, fixed at 30 fr, ; or by the prisoner having entered his 7oth year. In case of non- payment of prison-allowance, the debtor is entitled to an order from the court for his release, provided he apply before the money is paid ; and he cannot again be arrested by the creditor, except pn paynient of all costs incurred by the former in obtaining }ti| 86 GENERAL INFORMATION. Ulieration, with a deposit of 6 months’ allowance in advance, in the hands of the prison-keeper. — The above is the law as it stands at present, but a bill tending to the abolition o>f arrest, as a geneial rule, is now before ibe Legislature. Biu.s OF Evchange. — By the law of France all endorsements upon bills of exchange, &c., are recpiired to be special. Unless ' a bill of exchange is payable to order it cannot be negotialed. The holder of a bill of exchange protested for non-payment may, upon procuring the order of a judge, distrain the goods and chattels of the drawer, the acceptor, and tiie indorsers; which, when so taken, are deposited in the hands of justice to answer ] the amount of the debt. Actions upon bills of exchange are li- jl mited to 5 years from the date of tl»e protest, or from ttie last proceedings upon it: but different and frequently contradictory opinions have been held by judges respecting the interpretation of the hiw of 183 ‘i, and of certain clauses of the code regarding bills of exchange, and all questions concerning “ debt. ’ Amb.\ssadors, Consuls, &c. — By the law of nations, the liotel of an amhassador is considered as forming part of the territory of the nation which he represents. This, however, does not invalidate the right of a child of a foreigner, born within the pre- cincts of the hotel, to become a French subject on its coming of age. The ambassador is privileged from all civil and criminal proceedings, and so are his servants, secretaries, ^Icc. ; but the same privilege does not apply to a consul. Theduties of a consul are very extensive : he has to watch over the commercial interests of his nation ; to protect his countrymen who may be in distress, and in some cases to exercise judicial authority over them. In Paris it is addedtothe embassy, and the olliceis in thesamehotel. Copyright. — By the French law the authors of works of literature, and composers, painters, engravers, &c., enjoy the sole property and disposal of their works, during their own lives ; to their widows for life, if entitled to it under the marriage-con- tract ; to the children of the author for 20 years from bis decease, or from the decease of the survivor of him and his widow, if the latter takes a life-interest; to the author’s other heirs or assignees (if he leaves no children) for 10 years from his decease. The copyright is possessed by dramatic authors during life, and by their families or heirs for 5 years after. The importation into France of works originating there, and pirated in a foreign country, is a misdemeanor. Authors may dispose of their property to another person, who then becomes entitled to the same rights. English aulhors have since 18.52 equal rights wilh French authors, on deposiliiig wilhin 3 months afler pub- lication 2 copies of their works at the Ministry of the Interior, and registering a proper declaration. Patents. — To take out a patent in France all that is required is the payment in advance of 100 fr. per annum during the term of the patent, and the patentee can at any lime discontinue the payment, if he finds his patent unproductive, which in that case becomes public property. The non-payment of the annual sum of 100 fr. wilhin the exact period allowed immediately annuls LAWS affecting BRITISH RESIDENTS. 87 the patent right. Patents of importation are no longer granted, but a patentee in a foreign country, and he only, can take out a patent for the same object in France, either in person or by an agent in Paris duly authorized by him. As there is no obligation to continue the payments if theinvention should prove unprofit- able, patents are generally taken out for tlie full term of 15 years. When, however, a patent for the same invention exists in a foreign country, it will be good in France no longer than for the term that remains on the original. A patent is lo»t if networked in France within two years from its date, or during any tw'o (consecutive years witliin the term granted, unless suf- ficient cause he shown to justify this neglect. Trade Marks. — The recent treaty of commerce places British subjects on an equal fooling with the French with respect to re- dress in France for the usurpation or fraudulent imitation of llieir Irade marks. Game. — Permission to carry a gun (port d’armes) may be ob- tained at any prefecture ; it costs 25 fr., and is valid for only 1 year. The sportsman should always carry it about him, since aiiy authorised guard may always demand to see it ; and, if not produced, a summons before a tribunal may be made, which will he attended with expense. Sporting must not be on an- other’s property without leave, and on no uninclosed property out of the season, which is generally from 1st Sept, to 1st March. Fishing. — Every person is allowed to fish with the line only, the spawning-season excepted, in all rivers, canals, and navigable streams belonging to government, and in all dependencies of such streams, &c., where a fishing-boat can pass. Every person fishing in private waters, without permission of the owner, is liable to a fine of from 20 fr. to 100 fr., besides damages. National Guard. — Foreigners who have not been authorised by the Government to establish their domicile in France, are not liable to serve in tlie national guard. Innkeepers and masters of hotels, in France, are responsible for the property brought into their house by a traveller, and for all robberies committed by servants or strangers, except in the case of an armed or superior force, or where tlie property, being of a very considerable value, was not shown to them, or the existence of it mentioned wlien tlie traveller came to the hotel, especially if any negligence as to locking-up, &c.. can be shown against the owner. Their responsibility holds good even if tl le traveller leaves the key in the lock of his door during the night, because he has aright to count upon the same security as if he were in his own house ; but not so if he leaves the key in during the day, because that is held to he an act of imprudence. Innkeepers and persons letting furnished lodgings may detain the effects of a lodger in case of non-payment, except the clothes actually in use ; they cannot appropriate the elfecis of a deceased or departed guest, hut must obtain the authority of the Tribunal de Premit'ire Instance to sell sufficient to satisfy their claim. Servants, if hired by the day, are paid accordingly, and dis- missett at pleasure ; those hired by the year are paid by the ca- 88 GENERAL INFORMATION. lendar month, and are entitled to eight days’ warning or wages on being dismissed, but must, if required, serve the eight days. When the servant gives warning, or demands to be dismissed, the eight days are not payable unless the master requires the service of the party during that period. The master is in all cases believed on affirmation as to the amount and payment of wages (see p. 12 .) Apartments. — An apartment taken furnished at so much per week or month is presumed in the absence of written proof to the contrary, to be taken by the week or month, and notice to quit can only be given for the end of a current week or month and before the latter half of it begins, failing which the tenancy con- tinues to the end of the following week or month. When, however, the apartment is taken for a specific period, and there is written proof of it, no notice is necessary. If the tenant remains and is allowed to remain in possession beyond the time, the tenancy continues at the same rent. The rent is paid in advance. When there is no written agreement to the con- trary an apartment in Paris taken unfurnished is taken by the quarter or terme. The rent is paid at the end of each quarter. Notice to quit must he given 6 weeks before the end of a quar- ter for a rent under 400 fr. ayear,and when above that sum the notice must be given before the commencement of that quarter. Strictly, and for giving notice, the quarter begins on the tst of January, of April, of July, and of October, Jiut for the payment of rent and for coming in and going out, and when the rent is above 400 fr. it begins on the 15th of these months. During the last quarter the tenant is bound to show the apartment at proper hours to persons applying to see it. The notice to quit should be accepted in writing by the landlord or given through a huissier. The death of the tenant does not put an end to the tenancy. In the absence of any writing and until possession hp been taken, the party denying the tenancy is believed on his oath. For the amount of the rent and its payment the evi- dence of the landlord is preferred to that of the tenant, but the latter can call for a valuation. The tenant is bound to de- liver up the apartment in the same condition in which the inventory or etat des lieux described it to be, and if no such inventory was made he is presumed to have received it in a good state of tenantable repair, and he is bound to restore it accordingly without any allowance for natural wear and tear ; he is not responsible for the effects of time or for any other damage which happened from causes beyond his control, or which he can prove, to have existed before he entered, He is liable for damage by fire, unless he can prove that the fire broke out in another apartment, or that it could not have broken out in his own, or tha^ it arose froni bad construction or force mdjeure. LAWS AFFECTING BRITISH RESIDENTS. 89 FORM OF A LEASE, Je , propri6taire (or) principal locataire de inaison, la lone A M. , (or) lone a M. , appartement, au 6tage, dans ladite maison {describing them accurately)^ pour — ann6es, qui commenceront A courir de {the day) pour prix {amount) payable A ( time of payment)^ et sous tontes les obligations imposdes aux locataires et r6gl6es par le Code civil. Et moi ( the lessee) je prends la pr6sente location conime et ainsi qu’elle est ci-dessus stipulee. Fait double entre nous, ^ ^ le , mil huit cent soiiaute . {Signatures.} I PllBlie INSTlTliTIOtiS. INSTITUT DE FRANCE. — The National Convention, by a decree of 1793, abolished all the literary and scientific societies, denominated academies, established under Louis XIII. and Louis XIV., and the arts and sciences seemed condemned to oblivion. After the fall of Robespierre, however, the Con- vention appointed a committee for the preservation of the monuments of France, created the Polytechnic school, opened the colleges, founded the Conservatoire de Musique, Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, 8cc., and hy a decree of Oct. 26, 1795 (3d Rrumaire, an III.), established the Institut, to replace the acade- mies, and the Directory apppinted a number of members, whom they authorised to elect others. The Institute was divided into three classes ; I . physical and mathematical sciences ; 2 . moral and political sciences; 3. literature and the fine arts. Rona- parte, who was elected a member of the first class (Dec. 25th 1797), having'become Consul, divided the Institute into four classes (1803): 1. physical and mathematical sciences; 2. French language and literature; 3. ancienthistoryandliterature; 4.thefinearts. In 1816, Louis XVIII.changedthe four classes into four academies, viz. 1. the Academic Franfaise; 2. the Academie Royale des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres; 3. the Academie Royale des Sciences ; 4. the Academie Royale des Beaux-Arts, and some of the most celebrated members being dismissed, others were substituted by royal nomination, and the acade- mies taken under the special protection of the king. In 1832, a fifth Academie, under the name of Academie des Sciences Morales et PoUtiques, was added. The funds common to all the academies are managed by a committee of 1 0 members, two from each academy, presided by the Minister of Public Instruction. Tlie nominations to vacant places are balloted for ip each aegderny, subject however to the approval of th9 90 GENERAL INFORMATION. Emperor. The members of one academy are eligible to all the others. Each receives a salary of loOO fr. Every time a member attends, he receives a silver counter to denote that he was present; non-attendance during the year exposes to a line, and permanent absence, witliout sufficient cause, to ex- pulsion. Each academy has its special rules and funds. The library, &c., are common to all. Their annual meetings are held as follows. — Academic Frangaise, the first Thursday in May; — Academic des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, ihe fu'st Friday in July ; — Academic des Scmices, last Monday in Ja- nuary; — Academic des Beaux Arts, first Saturday in Oc- tober ; — Academic des Sciences Morales et Politiques, the fii’st Saturday in January. A general annual sitting of all the acade- mies is held in August. The Institute comprises 223 members, besides 7 secretaries, 35 free academicians, who receive no salary, 31 associates, and 22 5 correspondents. The Acadernie Frangaise coi\sis,[.s of 40 members; this sec- tion is specially charged with the composition of the Dictionary, and the extension and purification of the language. It adjudges an annual prize of 2000 fr. for poetry or eloquence, besides two annual prizes founded by M. Monthyon, one for the work most useful to public morals, and another for some distin- guished act of virtue displayed by a poor native of France; it likewise awards a prize each year, given by M. Gobert, of 10,000 fr., for the most eloquent work on French history, and accords a gratuity of 1,500 fr. every alternate year, the gift of Count Maille de la Tour Landry, to some deserving hut indigent young man of letters. Private meetings on Thursdays at 3 p.m. The Academie des Inscriptions ei Belles-Lettres is composed of 40 members, and 10 free academicians, besides foreign as- sociates and correspondents. The learned languages, antiqui- ties, and monuments, the translation of Greek, Latin, and Ori- ental works into the French language, and the formation of archa'ological collections, are within their sphere. (1) This academy awards an annual prize of 2,000 fr. for the most learn- ed work on French History, and another for pumismatics, founded by M. d’Auteroche. It furtlier awards 3 medals of 500 fr. each for the best works on Frcmh antiquities, and a prize founded by M. Gobert. It meets on Fridays at 3 p.m. (1) This Academy publishes — i . Ses Memoircs, 4to ; 2 . Les moires qui lui sonl pr6sentes par divers savanls, 4lo; 3. Les Notices des Manuscrils, 4lo ; 4. Les M6moires sur les AnliquiWs de la France, 4lo ; 5. L’histoire litteraire de la France, 4to ; 6. Collecliou (les TTisloires de France, folio ; 7. Les Charles el Do- cuments relalifs a I’Hisloire de France, et les Lettres des rois de France, folio ; 8. Le Catalogue des Charles, folio- ACAD^MIE FRAiNgAlSE. 91 The Academie des Sciences contains 08 memhers (including the two secretaries), 10 free academicians, and 8 foreign asso- ciates, besides correspondents. It is divided into 1 1 sections, as follows ; — geometry, 0 members; mechanics, C ; astronomy, 6 ; geography and navigation, 0 ; general natural philosophy, 6 ; cheniistry, 0 ; mineralogy, C ; botany, 0 ; rural economy and the veterinary art, C ; anatomy and zoology, C; medicine and surgery, o. This academy awards a considerable num- ber of prizes, of from 500 fr. to 3,000 fr., foi essays on given subiecls. Among tbe founders of tliese prizes M. de Monthyon stands first. A prize of 20,000 fr., towards which the Em- peror contributes one-half, is open to competition for the ap- plication of the regeneration of bone to surgery ; and a sum of 10 (J ,000 fr. has been left by the late M. Breant for the dis - covoivr of a specific remedy for the Asiatic cholera. Until this prize be awarded, the interest of the capital may be ap- plied annually as a reward to those wbo have approached nearest to the solution of the problem (l). Public meetings every Monday, at 3 p.m. The Academie des Beaux-Arts is composed of 4t members, including the perpetual secretary, and 10 free academicians, besides associates. It is divided into five sections, viz. paint- ing, 14 members ; sculpture, 8 ; architecture, 8 ; engiaving, 4 ; musical composition, 0. Meetings every Saturday at 3 p.m. The Academie des Sciences Morales et Politiques, restored by an ordonnance of Louis Philippe (Oct. 2 6, 1832), is, since April, 1835, composed of 40 academicians, divided into C sec- tions ; — philosophy; moral philosophy; legislation, public law and jurisprudence; political economy and statistics; his- tory and the philosophy of history ; and lastly, a new section of 10 members, under the title of “ Political, Administrative, and Financial Section.” At least one annual prize is given. This academy has 5 free academicians and also 5 foreign as- sociates, among whom are Lord Brougham and Mr. M’Cul- loch. It meets on Saturdays, at noon. A perpetual secretary is attached to each academy, except to that of sciences, which has two. BUREAU DES LONGITUDES.— This society, formed m 1795, for the discovery of methods for the more accurate de- termination of longitudes at sea, and for the improvement of navigation by means of astronomical observations, holds its meetings at the Observatory. By a decree of January, 1854, it is composed of 9 titular members, viz. ; 2 members of the (1) This Academy publishes — i . Compte-Rendu deses Stances; 2 . Uecueil de sesM^inoires ; 3. Recueil de M(5inoires des sa\aolR strangers a I’Acad^mie. 92 GENERAL INFORMATION. Academy of Sciences, 3 astronomers, 2 members belonging to the department of the Navy, 1 belonging to the War depart- ment, and 1 geograplier. There are besides 4 assistant- members, viz. ; 1 member of the Academy of Sciences, 2 astronomers, and 1 member belonging to the Navy-office. To these are added 3 artists. The Bureau compiles the Annuaive des Longitudes and the yearly astronomical tables, called Con- naissance des Temps, the latter being published at least 3 years beforehand. It also devotes its attention to improvements in astronomical instruments, the calculation of tides, and mag- netic variations, 8cc. The OBSERVATORY is a distinct establishment, under the management of a director, 4 astronomers, a professor of na- tural philosophy, and several assistant-astronomers and pupils. The instruments, &c., are under the control of the director, who publishes the observations made, during the year, and corres- ponds with the Minister of Public Instruction and with foreign observatories. The observations of chronometers, &c., are com- municated to the mercantile navy. Director, M. Leverrier (1). CONSEIL IMPERIAL DE L’lNSTRUCTION PUBLIQUE.— It is believed that Charlemagne was the founder of the Univer- sity of Paris, so celebrated in the history of France. In 1789, the 10 or 12 universities in France, and all its religious col- leges, were suppressed, and no definite plan of public in- struction adopted, until Napoleon I. established one im- perial University, consisting of twenty -five academies, for all France, under the direction of a council and a grand master. Louis XVIII. abolished the latter, but kept up the aca- demies. The council was afterwards re-established under the title of Conseil Royal de V Instruction Publique, and, in 1822, the office of grand master was restored, and the minister of Public Instruction invested with it. Since then, a decree of March 9th 1852, has established a Supreme Council of Public Instruction presided by the Minister of Public In- struction, and composed of five bishops or archbishops, three Senators, three Councillors’ of State, three members of the Court of Cassation, three ministers belonging to the Lutheran, Reformed and Jewish creeds, five members of the institute, eight inspectors-general, and two heads of private establishments of instruction. All the members are named {l).This establishment now publishes the Bulletin de I'Observa- toire, (mntaining the daity barometrical readings telegraphed from the most important points Of the coasts of France, with remarks relating to the fore-casting of storms at sea. The Ob- servatory communicates daily with Admiral Fitzroy’s department in England for this purpose, ^ ■ COUNCIL OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 93 by the Emperor for one year. The Supreme Council assembles at least twice a-year. It gives its opinion on bills concerning public instruction, on regulations respecting examinations, 6cc., and has the control over all the Councils of Academies in France, which are now 16, viz. Aix, Besancon, Bordeaux, Caen, Cler- mont, Dijon, Douai, Grenoble, Lyon, Montpellier, Nancy, Pa- ris, Poitiers, Rennes, Strasbourg, and Toulouse. Every de- partment has a departmental Council of Public Instruction un- der the presidence of the prefect. All the academies have lyceumiS (grammar-schools), colleges, and schools of primary instruction under their jurisdiction, and all have faculties either of law, medicine, literature, or sciences. (1) Public Instruction in France is distinguished into Instruc- tion Superieure, comprising the faculties ; Instruction Secon- daire, comprising lyceuras and communal colleges ; and In- structiion Primaire, comprising elementary schools. There are 8 inspectors-general for the faculties, 6 for the establish- ments of secondary, and two for those of primary instruction. The Academy of Paris possesses a library at the Sorbonne, and consists of 5 faculties — Sciences, Letters, Theology, Law, and Medicine. The first three are estabhshed at the Sorbonne, where the annual programmes of the lectures may be obtained. Sciences. — To obtain the following degrees the candi- date must be bachelier es lettres, or else undergo a previous trial, consisting of a translation, both oral and in writing, from the Latin into French : Bachelier es Sciences : logic, history, and geography ; pure and mixed mathematics (arithmetic, geometry, trigonometry, conic sec- tions, surveying, levelling, projections, cosmography, mecha- nics, and hydraulics); natural philosophy, chemistry, zoology, animal physiology, botany, and geology, — all within the limits of the programmes of the imperial lyceums. Licenciees sciences mathernatiques : differential and integral calculus, mechanics, and physical astronomy . Licenciees sciences physiques : chemis- try, physics, and mineralogy. Licencie es sciences naturelles : botany, geology, zoology, and anatomy. To become a licen- tiate, the degree of bachelor must have been taken, and two (1) In France there are 6 faculties of catholic theology, esta- blished at Paris, Rennes, Bordeaux, Lyons, Aix, and Toulouse; and 2 of protestant theology, at Strasburg and Montpellier. There are 9 faculties of law, at Paris, Caen, Dijon, Grenoble, Toulouse, Aix, Poitiers, Rennes, and Strasburg. Three faculties of medi- cine, at Paris, Montpellier, and Strasburg. Six faculties of sciences and letters, at Paris, Caen, Dijon, Grenoble, Montpel- lier, and Bordeaux. 94 GENERAL INFORMATION. courses of the faculty must have been followed in the same year. Doctcur es sciences : candidates are required to sustain two theses on the subjects of one of the 3 licentiates’ examinations. Letters. — To obtain the degree of Bachelier es lettres, the candidate must be t fi at least, and undergo two examinations, one in writing, consisting of three compositions, and the other oral, on Greek, Latin, and French authors, and, at his request, on a living language ; also on all matters taught in the classes of rhetoric and philosophy. (1) Licencie es lettres : the candidate must be a bachelor of one year’s stand- ing, and have taken four inscriptions. The examinations consist of compositions in French, Latin, and Greek, and in literary, philosophical, and historical questions. Docteur es lettres, for this he must he a licentiate, and sustain two theses; one in Latin, the other in French, on two distinct subjects witliin the compass of the instruction given in the faculty, and at the choice of thecanidate. Theology ; — Dogmatic theology, moral theology, sacred scriptures, ecclesiastical law, sacred eloquence, and Hebrew. The degrees of bachelor, licentiate, and doctor, are also con- ferred in this faculty. (2) The Faculty of Lcno is established at the Ecole de Droit, Place du Pantheon. There are 18 professors who lecture on the general introduction to the study of law, the civil code, civil and criminal procedure and criminal legislation, commercial code, administrative law, code Napoleon, comparative cri- minal law and penal legislation ; law of nations, Roman law. Pandects, history of Roman and French law. To he ad- mitted to follow these courses, in order to become an avoue, he must inscribe his name as a student (3) ; hut to graduate in this faculty he must besides he bachelier es lettres. Bachelier en droit : two examinations are necessary for this degree, which is taken at the end of the second year ; the first in the civil code and the institutes of Justinian ; the second in the civil code, and the codes of procedure, penal laws, and criminal process. Licencie en droit : a third year’s study is requisite for this degree, and two examinations, one in Roman law, the other in civil and commercial codes, and (1) See “ Manuel du Raccalaureal fes Lettres. ” ( 2 ) By an orclonnance of Dec. 25, 1830 , no one can be a pro- fessor of theology witliout liaving taken the degree o( doctor in that facutty ; nor curate of a chief town or any' higher functionary in the cliurch, without being a licentiate; nor curate of a cliief town of a canton without being bachelier, unless the functions of olliciating minister have been performed by liim for 10 years. ( 2 ) The number of law-students in 1 865 was 2,744. THE FACULTIES. 95 iu atdmiuislrative law, besides a thesis. Docteur en droit : a fomrth year is necessary for this degree ; two examinations and a thesis consisting of two dissertations, one of which must: be on Roman law. Hue Faculty of Medicine, and everything relating to that scienice, is specially treated of in Chapter VII. (see p. 130). Thie title of agrege, which is independent of the usual de- grees,, is obtained after a most difficult examination by com- petitiion, by such as aspire to a chair in the University. The salarries of the professors vary from 2,000 fr. to 8,000 fr. All their - lectures are public and gratuitous. Tine numlier of students attending the faculties of the Uni- versiity of Paris amounts to about 2,000, for law, 3,000 for mediicine, and 1,500 for the sciences. Foreigners wishing to follow the lectures of the faculties of law, letters, medicine, or the ssciences, are admitted to take out their first inscription on prodiucing certificates required in their o^yn countries for ad- mission into faculties of the same order, if found to be equi- valemt to the French diploma of bachelier es lettres. SCGHOOLS AND LYCEUMS.— College Imperial de France 1, Pdace Cambray, instituted iu 1530 by Francois I.— At this colle 3 ge 34 professors give public and gratuitous lectures on the follonving subjects : — astronomy ; mathematics ; general and expe 3 i’imental philosophy ; medicine ; chemistry ; natural his- tory ; comparative embryogeiiy ; natural, comparative, and naticonal law ; history, political economy, arch, comprising 32,506 schools for boy^ under the direction of laymen, with 904,358 pupils, and iGjOP4 103 GENERAL INFORMATION. Salles d’Asile, or Infant Schools. — There are 84 such establishments; they receive during the day about 15,000 children of both sexes. Their annual expense is about 200,000 francs. Infants arc received till their sixth year (1). The Salles d’Asile are under the protection of the Empress, who awards medals to the directresses that distinguish themselves by their exertions in the execution of their duties. Her Majesty also presides over a central Committee of Patronage, of 27 members, mostly ladies of rank, appointed for the propagation of those institutions. The same illustrious lady is also, in virtue of a decree of Nov. 1855, protectress of The Maison ImpEriale de St. Denis and its branch estab- lishments, now collectively known as the Maisons Im- periales Napoleon, devoted to the instruction of the daugh- ters, sisters, and nieces of members of the Legion of Ho- nour. Thisinstitution was originally established by Napoleon I. in the ChMeau of ficouen, under the superintendence of Madame Campan, and has been rendered illustrious by the peculiar favour of the Emperor, who often visited it ; by the Letters and the enlightened cares of its excellent gover- ness; and by the numbers of accomplished women who have received their education within its walls. Since 1815 it has been fixed in the vast buildings of the confiscated Abbey of St. Denis, and according to the latest regulations, is thus constituted. The Grand Chancellor of the Legion presents the Lady Super- intendent of the establishment to the Emperdr for appoint- ment, and names tlie other ladies by his own authority. All pupils are nominated by the Grand Chancellor. The esta- blishment consists of a lady superintendent, an inspectress, 3 directresses, a treasurer, G ladies dignitaries ; 1 2 ladies of the 1st class, 33 ladies of the 2nd class, 20 novices, be- sides candidates for the noviciate, and 500 pupils, of whom 400 are taught gratuitously, the remainder at the expense of their families, the superintendent, dignitaries, and governing members of the institution wear a decoration consisting of a four-branched enamelled cross, and retiring pensions are al- lowed them. Ahighly finished education is given to the pupils ; and the young ladies who are brought up here receive all the conducted by lay-women, with 618,508 pupils; i7,206 do. kept by the clergy, viz., 2,502 for boys, with 443,732 pupils; and 14,704 for girls, with 1,1 66, 942 pupils. The sums paid by families for primary schooling amounted to 1 8,578,728 fr., and the voles of councils-general for the schools amounted to 4,231,608 fr. (i) The most authentic accounts of the institutions for public instruction in France are to be found in the “ Almanach de I’Uni- vetsitd,” and In the “ Reports” of the prefect ofthe department. MAISON DE ST. DEMS. 103 advantages that can result from a well-matured system of col- legiate instruction, aided by eminent professors of the fine arts and music. 3 almoners and a large medical staff are attached to the service of the establishment. The rules of the house are exceedingly strict, without being severe ; all the members of it wear the same uniform, black dresses, black bonnets and gloves, with aprons and collars; all dine together, and are subjected to almost military discipline. Frequent examinations take place, and prizes are awarded according to merit. Per- mission to visit the establishment is granted by the Grand Chancellor on a written application. Two succursal houses, belonging to this institution, are esta- blished, one at Ecouen, with 200 pupils, the second with 300 pupils, at the Maison des Loges, at St. Germain. They are superintended by the Congregation de la Mere de Dieu, an order of nuns. The number of gratuitous admissions in these three establishments is 800, but boarders may be admitted at 900 fr. a year. None but daughters of officers not below the rank of captain are admitted at St. Denis ; at the branch establish ments even the daughters of privates are admitted. Pro- testants are excluded. All tbe dignitaries and teachers have been brought up in the establishment. Ecoles d’Equitation. — T he best are at 12, rue Duphot, and 4 2, rue d’Enghien Gymnase, 55, Avenue Montaigne, Champs Ely sees. — At this institution, conducted by M. Triat, instruction is given to pupils of both sexes in gymnastic exercises. It is very well attended, and the public are admitted at 4 and 8 p.m. PUBLIC MUSEUMS. — Besides the Louvre, containing the richest and most important collections of ancient and modern art, there are several other Museums of art, numismatics, natural history, etc. ; for these see Index under Musee, Galerie, and Cabinet. PRIVATE MUSEUMS. — The following private collections are visible bj* application in writing ; — Ancient and Modern Art: Marquis of Hertford, 1, rue Taitbout ; Count d’Espagnac, 27, rue de Clichy ; M. Lacaze, 118, rue du Cherche Midi. (Sundays, from io to 1.)— Paintings by Living Masters: Baron J. Rothschild, 17, Rue Laffitte; Mine. Paturle, 21, rue du Paradis-Poissonniere. (In winter only), M. A Moreau, 3, rue St. Georges. — Antiquities and Curiosities : M. D’Yvon, 20, rue de la Chaise. — Numismatics : M. Rollin, 12, rue Vivienne (from 1 2 to 5). — Herbaries ' — M . Adrien de Jussieu, at the Garden of Plant The following are only accessible upon proper introduction : Paintings Baro.j James Rothschild, 19, rue Laffitte ; M. De 104 GENERAL INFORMATION. Rothschild, 40, rue Taitbout; Marquis of Hertford, 2, rue Laf- fitte ; Marquis Maison, 24, rue Neuve des Capucines ; M. Dagnan, 35, rue St. George’s (Swiss scenery.) PUBLIC LIBRARIES.— This city possesses many valuable libraries, for which, see Index, under the head Bibliotheques. PRIVATE LIBRARIES. — There are several attached to the different public offices and institutions ; but cannot be visited without a permission granted for some special object. Thus every ministry has one relating to its peculiar department ; the Cour de Cassation has one of 30,000 volumes ; the Depot de la Marine comprises 25,000; the Home Office has one of 22,000 ; and the Ecole Poly technique, the Ecole des Fonts et Chaussees, the Seminaire St. Sulpice, and the Observatoire, have each their particular one of about 20,000 volumes. PERIODICAL EXHIBITIONS.— Of these the most important are — the periodical Exhibitions of National Industry, which, are held in the Palais de V Industrie (see p. 183), the annual Exhibition of the works of Living Artists (see p. 183,) (1) and the annual Horticultural Exhibitions, (seep. 105). LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES.— The names of most of these denote their object. In the following list those marked with an asterisk publish periodicals, or apply funds towards the advancement of human knowledge. SociETE FRANgAiSED’ARCHEOLOGiE, 44, RueBoiiaparte, — Founded in 1 805 ; devotes itself to the history and antiquities of the Gauls and French down to the leth century ; 60 resident members, and numerous correspondents. Meets on 9th, i9th, and 29 th of each month. SociETE DE l’Histoire DE FRANCE.* — Meets on ) st Monday of every month, at the Archives lmp6riales. It publishes original documents on the History of France, previous to 1789. SociETE Litteraire POLONAISE, 6, quai d’Orl^ans. — Founded in 1833, under the auspices of the late Prince Adam Czarto- ryski. It meets once a week, and possesses a library of5o,ooo volumes, which is public (see p. 3i9.) INSTITUT HiSTORiQUE,* 12, r.ue St. Guillaume. — Holds an annual conference, wherein matters of history are- discussed and prizes are awarded. Public and gratuitous lectures. iNSTiTUT d’Afrique, 22, Place Venddrne. — Founded in 1838, to promote the civilisation and colonisation of Africa. SociETE de G^ographie,* 3, rue Christine. — Founded ini 821. Annual subscription; 36 fr. This society possesses a library, containing valuable geographical collections, and many curious objects presented to it by travellers. (1) The first exhibition of the kind'occurred in 1699 ; that of 1 855 was the 78th. There were 2 under Louis XIV., 24 under LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 105 Society des Gens de Lettres/ 14, Cit6 Tr^vise.— To secure rights of literary and scientific authorship ; meets every Monday. SociETE DES Bibliophiles, Hotel de Lauzun, i7, quai d’Anjou. - Prints very scarce or inedited works. Athenee des Arts, Sciences, Belles Lettres, et Industrie, H&tel de Ville. — Founded in 1 792. Atthe annual public meetings in May, prizes are adjudged for useful inventions and improvements. The ’ordinary sittings on Mondays ; literary and musical soirees every three months. SociETE DES Enfants d’Apollon, 8, rue Neuve Brdda —Holds an annual meeting, devoted to music and poetry. SociETE DU Caveau.— This socicty was founded in 1737 by Piron, Cr^billon junior, and Colld, and met at that period in a tavern called Caveau, in the Carrefour de Bussy. Duclos, Bernard, Mon- crif, Helv6tius, and Rameau, were successively members of it. The members meet twice a-month to cultivate lyrical poetry, and on the first Friday of every month at 248, rue St. Honors, for the pleasures of the table. COMITTE Central des Artistes, for the promotion of the fine arts and affording assistance to poor artists, meets at the H6tel de Ville on the 1 st and 3d Friday of every month. SociETE DES Amis des Arts.*— Its object is to encourage the fine arts by purchasing original paintings, statues, drawings, migrav- ings, &c., by living artists of the French school. The objects of art purchased during the year are exhibited at the Louvre, and distributed among the shareholders by means of a lottery. Such shareholders as do not gain prizes are entitled to a proof engrav- ing. Eighty proofs before letters are drawn of every engraving and distributed by lottery among the shareholders. SociETE Libre des Beaux-Arts.— Meets at the Hotel de Ville on 1 st and 3d Tuesday of the month. Public sitting in May. SociETE DES Amis des Sciences, 44, rue de Bonaparte. Founded in 18 56 , by the late Baron Th^nard, for the relief of the widows and orphans of men of science. It already possesses a capital of i3o,ooofr. SociETE Philotechntque, 21 , Rue de Valois, Palais Royal. Holds public half-yearly meetings, at which papers are read, music performed, and pictures, designs, or sculpture exhibited. SociETE Entomologique, at the Hotel de Ville. — Meets on 2 d and 4th Wednesday of every month. SociETE Philomatique,* 8, me d’Anjou Dauphine. — Next to the Institute, the most scientific body in Paris; 60 members. SociETE Geologique DE FRANCE, 39, me de Fleurus. It meets on the 1 st and 3d Monday of every month. It has a good library. In the same house is the SociETE Meteorologiquede France. • SociETE IMPERIALE ET CeNTRALE D’AGRICULTURE, SOflETE BOTA- NIQUE, and SociETE Imperiale et Centrale d’Horticulture, 84, rue de Grenelle St. Germain.— These three societies, which are under the protection of the Emperor, occupy the same premises. They possess a valuable library of 8,ooo volumes, and annualljr Pj’gTpisQ flower pnd agricultural strops iq the rhapaps ^lygepsi, 106 GENERAL INFORMATION. Societf; Impi5rule Zcologique d’Accumatation, 10 , rue dc Lille.— For the introduction of useful breeds of animals into France.— Founded in iS54. It was founded by the late Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, and counts upwards of i,ooo members. Public sitting in May, at the Hole! ue Vilie (See p, 493 .) SOCIETE POUR L’ENCOURAGEMENT DE L’INDUSTRIE NATIONALE,* 44 rue Bonaparte.— This society has erected at its OAvn cost the build- ing it now occupies. Since 1801, it has expended 500,000 fr. in prizes. It has a collection of models to whicli visitors are admitted on apply- ing to the director between 10 and 4. The President is M. Dumas. Academie Nationale Agricole, MANUFACTURifeRE et Commer- CIALE,* 21, rue Louis le Grand. — Meets at the Hotel de Vilie oh the 3d Wednesday of every month ; awards prizes and me- dals. In the same house is the SOCIETE DE STATISTIQUE UNIVERSELLE. SociETE DU Magnetisme, Rue St. Honore, 123, Place d’Aligre.— Holds a gratuitous public silling on 1st Thursday of cacli month, at which experiments in animal magnetism are performed. Besides these there are numerous other societies in the ca- pital, full information respecting the objects and constitution of which may be obtained at the addresses annexed to them. The following are the principal : — Societe des Instituteurs et Institutrices, at the'Hdtcl de Vilie.-— Socfefe^sm/zgne, 7, Rue Vivienne. It publishes the Journal Asiatique.— Societe pour I' Instruction Elementaire, 7, Rue Vivienne. — Societe des Architectes, 7, Rue Vivienne. — Academie des Arts et Metiers, at the Hotel de Vilie. — Societe Academique Indus- trielle et Artistique, 8, rue de Valois. Treemasons. — This is the only secret society in France not forbidden by law. It is administered by the Grand Orient of France, which has its offices and holds its sittings at No. 16, rue Cadet. It has upwards of five hundred ateliers under its authority in France, the French Colonies, and foreign parts. General or sectional meetings take place once a-month. Visiting brethren having the degree of Master are admitted to them. The private meetings of the Rit Ecossais are held on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Fridays at 7 p.ip,., at 3.5, rue de Crenelle St. Honore. Freemasons are admitted on presenting their diplomas. Grand Master, General Mellinet. COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS.— The Chamber of Com- merce consists of the prefect of the department and 2 1 bankers or merchants, 5 of whom are elected annually by tbe patented merchants of Paris, who have carried on business in it for one year at least. They communicate with the government upon commercial affairs, superintend buildings connected with trade, attend to the execution of the laws against smuggling, &c. They meet at No. 2, Place de la Bourse, every Wednesday . COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS. l07 The Exchange is open daily from 12 till 3 for the sale of public securities, and till 5 for other transactions. Sixty agents de change, sixty courtiers de commerce, and eight courtiers d’assurance, named by the government, are alone authorised to transact public business here. The sale of Stock, railroad shares, hills of exchange, &c., belongs exclu- sively to the agents de change, but bills are allowed by tole- rance to be negotiated by brokers. The courtiers de commerce certify the price of gold and silver, fix the price of merchandize, rates of freight, &c. The courtiers d’assurance fix the rates of insurances, &c. The legal price of public effects and goods is fixed daily at the close of Change by the agents de change and courtiers, and registered by the Commissaire ( see p. 21^). Bank of France, rue de la Vrilliere. — This institution was formed in 1803, by a law which gave it the exclusive privilege of issuing notes payable to the bearer at sight, until 1807. Its charter was renewed in 1857, extending its duration to Dec. 31st, 1897. Since 1848, it has branches in all the depart- ments. It also has a branch-bank at Algiers. It is directed by a governor, 2 deputy governors, 15 regents, 3 censors, and a council, composed of twelve members, which superintends the discounts. Tlie governor presides over the council of re- gency, and every year a general council, composed of 200 of the largest shareholders, audits the accounts. The operations of the Bank consist in discounting bills of exchange or to order, at dates not exceeding three months, stamped and gua- ranteed by at least three signatures of merchants or others of undoubted credit , in advancing money on government bills, at fixed dates ; on bullion or foreign gold, silver coin, and public securities ; in keeping an account for voluntary deposits of every kind, government securities national and foreign, shares, contracts, bonds of every kind, bills of exchange, other bills, and all engagements to order or to bearer, gold and silver bars, national and foreign coin, and diamonds, with a charge for keeping, according to the value of the deposit ; and length of time (l); in undertaking to recover the pay- ment of liills for individuals and public establishments having accounts current with the Bank, and in making payments for them to the amount of the sums entrusted. Open from 9 to 4 daily, excejit Sundays and festivals, for the exchange of hills against specie and for discounting. To be admitted to dis- count, and to have a running account at the bank, a request must be made in writing to the governor, accompanied by the (<) It takes charge of packages from abroad of gold and silver, on payment of i fr. 5oc., for any length of time, but without answering for them. 108 GENERAL INFORMATION. certificate of three well-known persons. The usufruct of bank shares may he ceded, but the fee-simple may still be disposed of. The shares may be immobilisees, that is, converted into real property, by a declaration of the proprietor. The capital of the Bank, which at first consisted of 45 millions of francs IS now represented by 182,000 shares of l,ooo fr. each’ exclusive of the reserve fund. The interest on the original price of these shares, which varies commonly from 12 to 15 per cent., can never be under 6 per cent. The lowest rate of discount since 1852 has been 3 per cent., and the highest 9. The notes of the Bank in circulation, which are of 5,ooo fr.* 1,000 fr., 500 fr., 200 fr., lOO fr., and 50 fr., represent 800 millions of fr. ; the specie and bullion in reserve amount to about 400 millions of fr. The accounts are made up and sub- governor every evening, and a balance-sheet is published once a month ( 1 ). This establishment comprises a printing-office for its private use (see p. 230). Caisse d’Amortissement, et Caisse des Depots et Consi- gnations, 56, rue de Lille.— These two establishments, both under the control of the Government, are administered by a committee, composed of the governor of the Bank of France the president of the Chamber of Commerce, a director of the Ministry of Finance, and four members appointed by the Emperor from among the members of the Senate, the Council of State, the Legislative Body, and the Cour des Comptes. The Caisse d’Amortissement conducts all operations r^ative^ to the reduction of the public debt of the country. The Caisse des Depots et Consignations, which is open from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m., receives all moneys deposited in it in con- sequence of legal awards, and other public proceedings,' or by any public functionaries, for which it allows interest at the rate of 4 14 per ctnt. per annum after the money has been deposited lo days. No interest is paid for less than 30 days and 10 days’ notice must be given in order to withdraw the capital. Private individuals may also deposit money here on the same terms. During the legislative session the president (i) The following tabular statement shows the amount of busi - ness transacted by the Bank of France for the last five years : — Year Central Bank DepartnientalBanks 1860 2,408,710.840 fr. 3,931,856,314 fr. 1861 2,744,784,523 „ 3,8l 1,911.500 ,, 1862 3,618,327,257 „ 4,165,472,540 „ 1863 3,347,462,896 ,, 4, 194, -81 3,200 „ 1864 3,481,399,489 ,, 4,427j928j090 Bills Discounted By Central Bank 077,855 fr, 2,136,305,921 ,, 2,278,792,782 ,, 2,455,160,200 ,, 2,982,713^689 , CAISSE D’AMORTISSEMENT. 109 of the commission makes a report, which is published, (i) Connected with the foregoing establishment, are the Dotation de l’Arm4e (see p. 63n), and the Caisse des Retraites pour la Vieillesse, instituted by a law of June 18, 1850, Its capital consists of voluntary con- tributions of 5 fr. at least by persons of any age from three years upwards. Foreigners enjoying civil rights are admitted! to contribute. Every contribution bears 4 % per cent, com- pound interest. The capital contributed is reimbursed in toto at the contributor’s death to his heirs, provided he has notified his intention to that effect at the time of his first pay- ment. At the age of 50 and upwards, the contributor may, two years after the first payment, claim an annuity, not exceeding l,500 fr. Every contributor receives a livret, where his accounts with the establishment are registered. The Caisse des Retraites is conducted by a permanent committee, of which the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce is president. All the sums it receives are employed in buying rentes. (2) CoMPTOiR National d’Escompte, rue Bergere, 14. — This establishment, created by the Provisional Government in 1848, to meet the commercial crisis of that period, has been found! so useful, that its charter has been prolonged to 1887. It is. under the management of a director, an assistant director. ai Board of 1 5 administrators, and three censors. There is also* a Conseil d’Escompte, composed of tradesmen named by the Board. Capital, 40,000,000 francs. The operations of the Comptoir d’Escompte, which, since 1854, is under the authority of the Minister of Finance, consist : 1. in dis- counting bills with two signatures and falling due within loo days, provided they be upon Paris or towns possessing a branch of the Bank of France ; 2 . in discounting bills upon other towns of the departments or foreign parts, bearing two signatures and falling due within 65 days; 3. in opening accounts to private persons depositing their capital, which bears 2 per cent, inte- rest. It also discounts receipts of goods deposited in the ge- neral warehouses of the State, in accordance with the decree of March 21, 1848. (3) The present rate of discount is 4 per- (1) The following is the account of the Caisse for 1866 : Re- ceipts, 1,656,172,098 fr. ; payments, 1,233,247,067 fr. ; in hand', Dec. 3lst, 422,925,031 fr. ( 2 ) The receipts of the Caisse des Retraites amounted in 4S86 io 10,388,611 fr. ; the disbursements to 883,868 fr., leaning a balance in hand. Dec. 3ist, of 9,504,743 fr. The retraites- of all the functionaries of the State are now become a separate source of revenue, to provide for a Civil Service Superannuation Fund. (3) The scarcity of money was so great at that lime, that the Provisional Government had recourse to the expedient of open- 110 GENERAL INFORMATION, cent. There are also in Paris five Sous-Comptom de Ga^ rantie, for as many particular trades, connected with this esta- blishment. They have been opened by joint-stock companies, for the purpose of endorsing commercial bills for discount at the Comptoir d’Escompte. The capital of each sous-Coinpioir is 100,000 fr. at the least, and is deposited at the Comptoir d’Escompte in guarantee of payment. (1) Credit Foncier de France, 19, rue Neuve des Capucines. — A joint-stock company, authorised in 1 852, for the purpose of investing money upon mortgage throughout France on the fol- lowing principles,. viz. ; — The property to be unshackled by previous mortgages ; the loan not to exceed one-half of the real value ; maximum interest 5 per cent. ; the mortgage ex- tinguishable by an annual payment of from 1 to 2 per cent. Another annual charge to cover the ordinary expenses of the company, which may issue bonds of 100 fr. and upwards, payable to bearer or otherwise, up to the amount of the loans effected, bearing interest, and to be withdrawn from circula- tion in the same proportion as the loans are reimbursed. If a mortgager fail to pay his annuity, his property is liable to sequestration and sale by public auction. The company is under the authority of the Minister of Finance, aud cannot turn its capital to other purposes. It is bound to extend its loans to the amount of 200 millions of francs, the State con- tributing 10 millions thereto. Its Board of Directors consists of a governor and two sub-governors named by the Emperor, and 15 members, including three receivers-general of the taxes. It has 26 bi’anch establishments in the departments. (2) SocietE GenErale DU Credit Mobilier, 15, Place Ven- dome, authorised in 1852. This company buys up public bonds, shares, or scrip in railway undertakings, canals, mines, &c. ; issues its own bonds to the amount employed in such purchases ; sells, raises money upon, or exchanges the bonds, shares, &c., in its possession; makes tenders for public loans; lends on public bonds, shares, 8cc. ; opens running accounts on such deposits ; calls in moneys for other companies, pays their dividends, &c. It never engages in time bargains or in ing the warehouses of the State to tradesmen, that they might there deposit their goods, which they had no prospect of selling at the time. Receipts were given, upon which they raised money by loan at the Comptoir d’Escompte. This system still continues. (1) During the year ending June 30, 18S6, Ihe Comptoir d’Es- compte Aiscounled 892,469 bills, to the amount of 605,030,270 fr. The central Comploir delivered 680 receipts for deposited goods, to the amount of 75,832,057 fr. Dividend; 8 fr. 40 c. per cent. ( 2 ) The number of loans contracted with this Company up to Jan. 1st, 1866 was 7,694, and amounted to 464,338,668 fr. CREDIT MOBILIER. HI optionial ones. Capital, 60 millions of francs, in 1 20,000 shares of 500) francs each. Its board consists of a president, two vice- presidlents, and 15 members, elected by the shareholders (i.) REILIGION. — The present constitution confirms “the great principles proclaimed in 17 89,” among which are liberty of conscience and admission to public employments and dignities withoiut distinction of creed. But the open exercise of any form tof worship is not free in France. For meetings of more than '20 persons even for religious purposes, the permission of thee local authorities is necessary. The Catfiolic, the Re- formerd, or Calvinist, and the Lutheran churches, and since 1830, the .Jewish worship, are recognized and supported by the staate ; they are at the same lime placed under the control of the government. The Catholic religion, as that of the im- perial family and of the great mass of the population, may be said t(o be the religion of the state. Its chief festivals are observ/ed as public holidays ; when public prayers are ordered, the auithorities are presumed to be catholic, and attend the catholiic ceremony. Yet no procession or ceremony is allowed outsidle the walls of a catholic church in towns where there are chmrches for a different worship, and marriage is made a civil contract ; no religious celebration of marriage can take place mntil the civil contract has been entered into before the mayon-, nor can the registers of baptisms, marriages and bu- rials, Ikept by the church, be received as evidence in lieu of the likce registers kept by the mayor. CATrnoLic Church. — The concordat concluded with the Pope Iby Napoleon Bonaparte in 1801, on restoring Christian worshiipiu France, still regulates the government of the church and itts intercourse with the state. Its leading object is to place Ithe church entirely in the hands of the state. The go- vernmient nominates to archbishoprics and bishoprics; the Pope then confers the canonical institution. The bishops appoimt the priests, subject to the approbation of Govern- ment. No communication from the Papal Court — no doc- trinal decision or formulary can be published or taught — no counciil held — no change in discipline introduced without the sainction of Government, Finally, all differences within the chiurch or between its ministers and other persons arising out of the exercise of their functions, must be referred to the Counciil of State. Paris is the seat of an archbishopric, whose diocese extends over the department of the Seine. The Blishops of Meaux, Versailles, Chartres, Orleans, and (l) TTlie following was the financial situation of this Company on Jan. Istt, 1866 : — Assets, 2 13, 39 5,5 35 fr.; liabilities, 199 , 195,814 fr.; dividemd, 25 per cent. Ii2 GENERAL INFORMATION. Blois, are the suffragan bishops of the Archbishop of Paris, The secular catholic clergy of Paris amount to the number of 1,000 persons, most of them engaged in parochial duties. Each of the arrondissements has its church and cure, with egiises succur sales, or chapels of ease, forming in all 66 parishes. We would however particularly recommend to the attention of strangers the Madeleine, Notre Dam* de Lorette, St. Vincent de Paule, the Cathedral of Notre Dame, Eglise St. Genevieve, St. Etienne du Mont, St. Germain VAuxerrois, St. Eustache, St. Gervais, and St. Sulpice.— Churches or chapels not parochial, but deserving of particular attention, are the Eglise des Invalides, Chapelle Expiatoire, Chapelle de St. Ferdinand. (See Index.) English sermons are preached every Sunday at St. Roch, and at the Chapel | St. Nicholas, 193, Faubourg St. Honore. Convents. — There are above 30 such establishments in Paris, principally of nuns, who devote themselves to the education of young ladies, the relief of the sick, and other useful pur- suits. Among the principal we may mention ; the Dames du Sacre Cceur, 77, rue de Varennes ; the Dames de St. Michel, 193, rue St. Jacques; the Dames de St. Thomas de Villeneuve, 27 , rue de Sevres ; the Dames Augustines Anglaises, at Neuilly, Avenue du Prince Eugene ; the Dames Carmelites, 5, rue de Messine ; the convent of Capuchins in the rue Sta- nislas, established in 1852 ; and the Congregation des Sxurs de St. Vincent de Paule, or sisters of charity, 140, rue du Bac. The latter, about 800 in number, attend the sick in the hos- pitals, in private houses when required, and to the superin tendence of schools for the poor. But ministers of any esta- blished creed are admitted into the hospitals. Seminaries. — The education of the secular clergy in France is conducted exclusively in seminaries apart from their lay fellow countrymen. Boys enter the. petits seminaires at 12, and leave at 18, being then considered to have concluded their rhetoric, and to be ready to enter on their course of phi- losophy in the higher diocesan college or grand seminaire. The Seminaire de St. Sulpice, in the Place of that name, is the grand seminaire for the diocese of Paris. It has a supe- rior, a director, 13 professors, and 160 students in theology, with a branch establishment at Issy for the study of philoso- phy, where there are 50 students. Seminaire de St. Nicolas du Char donnet. — Forms two di- visions ; one established at the ancient seminary, 18 bis, rue de Pontoise, and the other, called Petit Seminaire, at 2 1 , rue Notre Dame des Champs. The. two houses contain 300 pupils. Seminaire des Missions EtrangMes, 128, rue du Bac. — ROMAN CATHOLIC CHtJRCH. 113 Mi^ioilai'ies are instructed here in the Asiatic languages, and in whatever may fit them for the missions in the East. S4minaire du St. Esprit, 30, rue des Postes. — The pupils are destined for missions to the French colonies. Institut des Freres des Ecoles Chretiennes, 27, rueGudinot. ‘—It has a noviciate for the teachers of the Ecoles Chretiennes. There are in Paris 1 o establishments and 80 classes. Caisse Diocesaine. — This fund is destined to afford pensions to aged or infirm priests, and to grant allowances to young men destitute of fortune who devote themselves to the ecclesias- tical state, to enable them to prosecute their studies. Protestant Churches. — The Reformed and Lutheran Churches owe their legal establishment and support from the state to the law promulgated by the First Consul in 1802, which, with some changes introduced by a decree of the Pre- sident of the Republic in 1852, continues in force to the pre- sent time. Like the Catholic Church, they are both under the control of the state. The appointment and removal of pastors must be confirmed by the government. To the Council of State belongs the decision of all questions arising out of acts done in the exercise of their functions, whilst with regard to the assembly representing the whole community, the mem- bers ai-e either chosen by the government or their delibera- tions confined to matters authorized by the law, and permis- sion is necessary to the publication of their resolutions. Reformed or Calvinist. — The government of this church is entrusted to boards of presbyters, local consistories, and to a central council. A board of presbyters elected by the whole congregation of each church, and presided over by the pastor, administers its affairs under the authority of the consistory. There is a consistory for every 6,000 persons, who form a consistorial district, but the board of presbyters of the church at the chief town of the district is (with the addition of the pastor and a lay member from the other churches), itself the consistory, and hence this is called the consistorial church. A consistory often embraces several churches within its juris- diction. It generally represents a large church together with the smaller ones in its vicinity. The duties of consistories are of a purely local character ; they manage the funds of the churches under their care and vote subscriptions for increasing the stipends of pastors, for repairs, 8cc. They appoint the pastors on the presentation of the board of presbyters of tbe church in question. Above the consistories stood the synods, composed of delegates from five consistories, and assembling in presence of the prefect of the department, for inquiring into all matters connected with the faith and government of the 8 114 GE^ERAL INFORMATION, church, but on account of some practical difficulties they have fallen into disuse. The general synod is omitted altogether in the law of 1 802. To supply the want of a body representing the whole of the reformed church, a central council of 1 5 persons, chosen from the principal members of the community has been created. The council acts for the reformed churches in all its dealings with the government ; and takes cognizance of all questions of general interest with which it may be entrusted, either by the government or by churches. The reformed church has a faculty at Montauban, and is com- posed of lO.T consistories, 1045 places^ of worship, and 1139 schools. Its churches in Paris are; I Ovatoire, 157, rue St. Honore; la Visitation de Ste. Marie, 216, rue St. Antoine; le Pentemont, 106, rue de Grenelle St. Germain; a chapel at 38, Boulevard des Batignolles, at 38, Rue Madame, and the Eglise de la Trinite, 5 Rue Roquepine. The pastors are seven. The eloquent M. Athanase Coquerel is of the number. Lutheran.— The Lutheran Church has the same boai'ds of presbyters and local consistories as the Reformed Church. Over these a Directory of 5 persons, 3 of whoin are chosen by the government and 2 by the superior consistory, admi- nister the affairs of the church generally ; they have the appointment of the pastors. This body appoints also the pro- fessors of the seminary and college belonging to the Lutheran community, and overlooks the teaching and discipline at these establishments. On their presentation the govenimenl appoints ecclesiastical inspectors, whose duty it is to visit the churches and see to their good order. The Superior Consis- tory is formed, 1st, of two delegates from each inspection. (There is an inspection for every five consistoi’ial churches, the members of the inspection being the pastor and an elder of each church.) 2d, of the ecclesiastipl inspectors ; 3d, of a professor of the seminary ; 4th, of the president of the directory, and a lay member chosen by the government. The consistory is called together once a year, to hear the report of the directory on the affairs of the church. The consistory has also within its province the maintenance of the constitution and discipline of the church, the issue of regulations for the internal government of the church, the approval of books and formularies for use in worship or teaching. The superior con- sistory sits at Strasburg, but is represented in its communica- tions with the government by the consistory of Paris. The Lutheran Church has a seminary and college at Strasburg, 44 consistories, 403 places of worship, and 609 schools. In Paris its churches are ; La Redemption, 5, rue Chauchat ; les Cannes Dillettes, 16, rue dcsBillettes (sermons in French and German iPROTESTANt CHCRCHES. H5 and a chapel, 147, rue du Temple. These churches hare to- gether 5 pastors. Schools with chapels annexed are at 74, rue St. Maur, faubourg du Temple, and at 19 , rue Neiive Ste. Genevieve. — The following are not paid by the state : — Church of England. — The clergy of this church is composed of the chaplain to the embassy, and 3 ministers. The episcopal chapels are : 5, rue d’Aguesseau, Faubourg St. Ilonore ; the Marboeuf Chapel, 10 his, Avenue Marbeeuf, Champs Elys’ees ; and 17, rue do la Madeleine. — Presl)ylerian service (Church of I Scotland), at the Chapel of the Oratoire, 1 60, rue de Rivoli. ; Congregational Chapel, 23, rue Royale St. Ilonore. —IFes/ej/an ' Church, 4, rue Rociuepine ; Boulevard Malesherbes. — Swiss ^Church, 357, rue St. Honore.— The Protestant American [ Chapel, 21, rue de Berry, is open to 'Evangelical Chris- tians of all nafidns and denominations.— Amerma/i Epis- copal Church, Rue Bayard. For [lours of divine service, see Stranger's Diary, in every Saturday’s Galignarfi’s Messenger. . C l . i ^ The Free Churchy or Union des I^gTises Evan^eligues, holds the same doctrines as those of the Reformed Church. To preserve its independence it refuses the support of the state. The church is active in spreading Protestantism and in providing new places of worship ; in doing which it has met with the opposition of the civil authorities, under the provi- sions of Art. 291 of the Penal Code. The pastors are ap- pointed by the consistories. Synods are held at intervals, in which the members, lay and clerical, discuss the affairs of the church and decide on admitting new churches into the union. The Chapelles Emngeliques Reformees, at 54 , rue de Provence, 180, rue du Faubourg St. Honore, and 29,’ rue Chabrol, belong to this community. Protestant Schools. — There are several communal and other schools of various Protestant persuasions in Paris. The prin- cipal are at 38, rue Madame; au Peutemont, rue de Grenelle ^t. Germain; 39,rue des Ecuriesd’Artois ; 95, ruede Reuilly; and 6, passage Colbert. As regards the wealthier classes’ Youths receive a Protestant education, when desired, at all the lyceesand colleges ; and for young ladies, the Protestant com- tnunity have provided a series of educational lectures by emi- nent professors, under the title of Cours Gradues pour les jeunes denwt elles Protestantes, at 19 bis, rue de laChaussee d’Antiu. English Free Schools, for boys and girls, 1 19, rue du Fau- bourg St. Honore.— Under the patronage of the British Am- bassador, and the management of a "committee of English clergymen and residents. The children of the English working- classes here receive a moral and religious training, and the ele- 116 GENERAL INFORMATION. meats of useful knowledge. About 150 children arc under the care of three teachers, at an annual expense of 10,000 fr., obtained from the voluntary contributions of English and Ame- rican visitors. Connected with these schools is an Asylum for destitute English and American orphans. Open daily, Thurs- days excepted, from 9 till 4. Contributions received by Messrs, de Rothschild, Callaghan, and Galignani. Societe Biblique Protestants de Paris, 5, rue des Beaux Arts. — The object is to spread the Holy Scriptures, without note or commentary, in the versions received and used in Protes-tant churches. It holds an annual public meeting. Societe pour r Instruction primaire parmi les Protestants de France, 3, ruede I’Oratoire St. Honore, instituted in 1830. Societe des Missions EvangMiques chez les peuples non Chretiens, formed in 1832, at Passy, 21, rue Franklin. Societe des Traites religieux, 47, ruedeClichy. Societe Evangelique de France, 47, rue de Clichy. Societe Biblique frangaise et etrangere, 54, rue de Clichy, This last society and the Societe EvangMique de France, are connected with the Free Church. The Societe Evange- lique maintains catechists, ministers, and schoolmasters, in different parts of France. It assists the free churches which are not yet able to maintain themselves, and communicates, through delegates, with the government. Greek Church. — Rue dela Croix (see p. 204). Armenian Persuasion. — Seminaire des Moines Armeniens Meketairistes de St. Lazare de Venise, 12, rue Monsieur. Jewish Persuasion. — The ministers of this creed are paid by the State. A central Consistory, headed by the Grand Rabbi of Paris, exercises jurisdiction over the other Consistories throughout France in matters relating to religion. There are two synagogues in Paris, one at 15, rue Notre Dame de Na • zareth (German rite), and another at 23, rue Lamartine (Por- tuguese rite). (1) A central Rabbinical school is established at Metz, for aspirants to the priesthood. (2) (1) Two more are to be built by the Jewish community and the City, at a cost of 4, 000,000 fr., in the rue de la Yictoire and Place Royale. ( 2 ) The total number of Catholic clergy in France is about 124,000, comprising 6 cardinals, 15 archbishops, 69 bishops, 155' vicars-general, 660 canons, 3,396 cum, and 39,630 priests of iglises succursales, 20 chaplains for the ten cemeteries of Paris, 30,000 seminarists, and 5o,ooo monks or nuns. The arch- bishop of Paris has 5o,Ooo fr., the others 20,000 fr. each, and bishops 15,000 fr. The 6 bishops or archbishops who are car- dinals, receive 10,000 fr. besides. Moreover, 23 bishops, residing* n large and expensive centres of population, receive an addition PROTESTANT SOCIETIES. 117 CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS.— Hospitals.— Numerous es- tablishments existed in Paris at a very early period ; but the object of their founders was greatly perverted, and their re- venues directed to other purposes. From the time of Philip Augustus to the revolution of 17 89, nothing could exceed the maladministration, wretchedness, and consequent mortality, which prevailed in these abodes of human suffering. In 1786, owing to the deplorable state of the Hotel Dieu, the construc- tion of four new hospitals was ordained ; hut the profligacy of the minister Calonne, the low state of the finances, and the events which preceded the revolution, caused several millions of r the hospital fund to he dissipated. By a decree of the Convention, July, 16, 1793, part of the patients of the hospitals of Paris j were transferred into convents or other structures which had become national property. By subsequent decrees the super- intendence of the hospitals was vested in sixteen members of the National Convention, two new hospitals were establish- ed, and the number of beds in those already existing consi- of 72,000 fr. amongst them. The indemnities allowed for diocesan ! visits, &c., amount to 173,500 fr. a-year. The total expense of the 87 sees is estimated at 1,652,500 fr. per annum. The salaries of : vicars-general and canons vary from 2,500 to 4,500 fr. ; those of curds from 1,200 to 2,4oo fr. Since 18 O 2 , a sum of 55 , 000 fr. is allowed for pensions to retired curds. The number of convents for nuns of different orders is about 3 , 000 , and the number of nuns about 24,000 ; there are also in France convents of Trappists, Carthusians, Capuchins, and Benedictines, besides the priests of St. Sulpice and 2,000 Jesuits. The total cost of the catholic clergy in France is estimated at 47 , 000,000 fr. — Of the mi- nisters of other persuasions there are 579 Calvinists, of whom 90 are presidents of Consistories ; 26 3 Lutherans, of whom 6 are in- i specters, and 3i presidents of Consistories. The salaries of pro- ' testant ministers vary from i ,600 to 3,000 fr., according to the j number of parishioners. The protestant seminaries are besides I endowed with 30 purses of 400 fr. each, and 60 half purses of I 200 fr. The Church of England has at least 40 ministers in 1 France. During the last four years 6t new Protestant churches : were inaugurated in France. The expense of the Protestant worship amounts to 1,542,036 fr. The Jewish creed counts 65 Rab- bins and 62 officiating ministers : the expenses amount to 208,500 fr. There are 86 ministers of other denominations. The number of Roman Catholics in France is 35,93i,032 ; Calvinists, 480,507 ; Lutherans, 267,825; Jews, 73,975 ; and other creeds, 30,000. In 1789 the total number of ecclesiastics was 114 , 000 , including 1 9,000 regular clergy, and 32,000 nuns. Their revenues amounted to 72 millions of francs, and the tithe to 70 millions, giving a total of 142 millions. The sum expended for Roman Catholic missions is 3,880,ooofr. a-year, and the receipts, from subscriptions and other sources, 3,570,000 fr. 118 GENERAL INFORMATION. derably augmented. By a decree of Jan. lo, 1849, every- thing relating to public charity has been placed under the Administration Generate de I’Assistance Publique d Paris. it is under the control of the Minister of the Interior, and is managed by a director and a Conseil de Surveillance of 20 members, presided by the prefects of the Seine and of Police. The medical treatment administered in the hospitals of Paris, and other particulars, will he found amply described under the head of Medical Institutions (see p. 130.) (1) Hospices. — Under this name are understood in France certain establishments not unlike English alms-houses. The following description will fully explain their peculiar nature. Hospice des Menages, at Issy (see p. 519) — Is appropriated lo aged persons of both sexes, married or widowed, who have resided in Paris, or the department of the Seine, for two years, and contains 428 rooms for married couples, 4 54 for widowers and widows, and 430 for unmarried people. The best cham- bers are reserved for couples of from CO to 70, who can give 3,200 fr. for admission ; the remainder are for couples entirely destitute of resources, one of whom must be 70 and the other at least 00 years of age. The chambers for widows and wi- dowers are granted to those who are 60 years old at least, have been married 20 years, and can pay 1,600 Ir. on ad- mission. Each inmate is required lo bring a bedstead, two mattresses, a bolster, two blankets, two pair of sheets, two chairs, and a chest of drawers. Each receives a pound and a half of bread per clay, and half a pound of raw meat per day ; the sum of 3 fr. every ten days ; and 2 steres of wood and two voies of charcoal a-year. The new buildings, which are well worth a visit, have cost 4,44 6,665 fr. ; they com- prise a laundry, wash-house, baths, a vast court laid out as a garden with three avenues of lime trees, and six other courts ; refectories, a reading-room, and a library. The present libra- rian, M. Estienne, descends in a direct line from the cele- brated printers of that name. Physician, Dr. Potain. Institution de Sainte Perine, 4, Place Ste. Genevieve, at Auteuil (see p. 189). — This was removed hither fi’om the Abbaye de Sainte Perine at Chaillot, suppressed in 1790, and now demolished. This asylum was founded in 1806 by M. Duchaila, for persons of both sexes over 60 years of age, of small income. The Empress Josephine was a great benefactress to it. The number is limitel to 2 10, and the vacancies by removal or death average (D Last year, the hospitals of Paris received legacies and donations lo the amount of i90,o64 fr. in cash, rentes, goods, and landed property. CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 119 50 annually. Admission is either on a specific payment, or the annual sum of 950 fr. (1) There are several pavilions and a chapel, situated in a heautifulpark. Each member has a room and dressing-room to himself. The Sceurs de la Sa- gesse have the care of the inmates. Physician, Dr, Besnier. Maison do Retraite, or Hospice de La Rochefoucauld, route d’Orleans, No. 15. — This house, now chiefly devoted to the reception ’of oid servants of the hospitals, was originally es - talilished for 12 soldiers, and 12 ecclesiastics. The present buildings were erected in 1802 by Antoine. Persons who are 60 and upwards pay 200 fr. a-year, and those that are infirm, 250 fr. Infirm persons of small fortune, upwards of 20 years of age, may treat for admission by paying down, according to their age, &c., a sum which gradually rises from 700 to 3,600 fr. The number of beds is 246. Dr. Fournier and the Soeurs de Charite attend this institution. Hospice Devillas, at Issy (see p. 519), founded in 1835 by a Protestant of that name, for persons of either sex of the age , of 70 or upwards. The number of inmates is 35; four-fifths, ac- cording to the founder’s will, must he catholics. Hospice Leprince, 187, rue St. Dominique, au GrosCaillou. —This hospice was founded in 1819, in execution of the will of M. Leprince, It contains 10 beds for old men, and 10 for women. The Sceurs de Charite attend patients. Hospice des Enfants Assistes, 74, rue d’Enfer, founded in 1640 by St. Vincent of Paule, for the reception of foundlings. For a child to be received at this hospice a certificate of its abandonment must he produced, signed by a commissary of police. (2) The commissary is bound to admonish the mother or party abandoning the child, and to procure for them assistance from the hospital fund, in case of their con- senting to retain and support the child themselves. Every encouragement is given to those who relinquish the idea of (1) Inquiries instituted by the Academy of Sciences establish the singular fact, that the mortality of the inmates is greatest during the first four years of abode; being the ist year in the proportion of 24 to lOO, and in the 4th of 9 to lOO ; owing pro- bably to the fatigue and disease in which they arrive, so that they do not profit soon enough by the quiet life they lead. (2) At Paris, anefin several parts of France, boxes called tours are established, which revolve on a pivot, and, on a bell being rung, are turned round by the persons inside to receive any child that may have been deposited in it, without attempting to ascertain the parents. The abolition of this humane cuslorn in many departments has caused infanticide to become very fre- quent in those parts, the average annual number of such cases having risen from to4 to i96. As for indirect infanticide before 120 GENERAL INFORMATION. abandoning their offspring, and consent to support them at home. Of the children received in the hospital, those that are healthy are put out to nurse in the country, those that are sickly are retained at the hospital as long as requisite. Nurses from the country, of good character, arrive daily at the hospital in search of employment of this nature, and receive from 4 fr. to 8 fr. a-month for each child, according to its age. They are kept here a few days, and leave after their charges are assigned to them ; care being taken to assign the children to nurses living as far as possible from their birth-places. After two years of age, the nurse may give the child up, when, if no other nurse can be found for it, it is transferred to the orphan department. The number of deaths is about 18 percent. The number of beds in this hospital is 600 . The number of chidren placed out at nurse in the country is about 3,400. The total expense of this institution is on an average 3,000,000 fr. per annum. The physician is Dr. Labric; surgeon. Dr. • Depaul. The internal arrangements of this hospital are admirable. The children are first placed in a general reception-room, called La Creche, where they are visited in the morning by the physicians, and assigned to the dif- ferent infirmaries. These are four in number ; for medical cases; for surgical cases; for measles; and for ophthalmic cases. In each of these rooms, as well as in the Creche, cradles are placed round the walls in rows, and several nurses are constantly employed in attending to them. An inclined bed is placed in front of the fire, on which the children who require it are laid, and chairs are ranged in a warm corner, in birth, the number has doubled in most departments ; in the Charente, Basses Alpes, &c., it has trebled, and risen to four and five times its amount in the Hdrault, Morbihan, Orne, and Maine et Loire. The number of foundling-hospitals was 236 in 1832 : at present only 152 remain in all France. Agricultural colonies for foundlings and orphans have since been established in several departments; they are at present i7 in number. The yearly average number of foundlings maintained at the Paris hospital, calculated upon the last 18 years, is 4400. It was 6154 in 1854. The Administration of Public Assistance has lately done much towards the education of foundlings. At the age of 4 2, the boys are bound apprentice to «ome trade, at the expense of the Administration, which has, also, by contracts with certain private schools, provided a kind of penal establish- ments for refractory individuals at Montagny (Sadne et Loire), Varaignes (Dordogne), and other places. The director of a work- ing asylum at Vaugirard likewise receives about 20 young girls whose conduct is open to reproach. A portion of 1 48 fr. is award - pd by the administration to female foundlings when they marry, provided their conduct has been unexceptionable throughout, CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 12 1 which children of sufficient age and strength sit part of the day. Every thing is admirably conducted. The Hospice des Orphelins, founded in 1669 for girls, but, in 1809, opened to boys also, forms but a section of the pre- ceding one. Children whose parents are dead, or whose parents certify that they have not the means of supporting them, are received from the ages of 2 to 12, by order of the Prefect of Police. Poor persons falling ill, and being obliged to go to an hospital, may send their children until they are themselves cured and able to return to their occupations. Persons con- demned to imprisonment have the same facility. They are all educated in reading, writing, and arithmetic, and are placed out in trades, when the period of their residence is expired, which is at the age of 2 1 . Children under 1 5 falling ill in this hospice are transferred to the Hdpital des Enfants Malades, if older they are sent to other hospitals. Both this and the preceding establishment are under the superintendence of the Soeurs de St. Vincent de Paule, or Sceurs de Charite. Friends or strangers admitted on Mondays and Tuesdays from 12 to 4 (seep. 417.) Hospice des Incurables (Hommes), at Ivry (left Bank), was founded in 1 653 by St. Vincent of Paule. The number of beds is 497. About 30 of the oldmen work for their own benefit. It formerly contained children, but these are now sent to Arras, where, if their health admits of it, they learn trades. Physician, Dr. Desnos ; Soeurs de Charite attend. The in- mates may receive visitors daily from 1 to 3. Hospice des Incurables (Femmes), 42, rue de Sevres. — In this institution there are 636 beds for women, 70 for children, and 15 apartments or rooms for the persons employed. Vi- sitors are admitted on Tuesdays at 4 p.m. The physician is Dr. Empis, the Soeurs de Charite attend (see p. 346). Hospice des Quinze-Vingts, 28, rue de Charenton, for the re- ception of adult blind persons. The number of families living here is 3 00; the blind are received with their families, and encouraged to marry, if single. In a few instances both husband and wife are blind. None are admitted but those both blind and indigent, and such are received here from any part of France. Each blind person, if unmarried, receives 474 fr. 50 c. a-year, including l^lb. of bread daily ; if mar- ried 584 fr., and for every child of his, 54 fr.more; they are lodged gratuitously. The children are sent to a primary school; and an asylum is instituted for them in the hospital, where boys and girls remain till 14. Their apprentice fees are paid by the establishment. Those children that are blind are sent to the Institution Imperiale des Jeunes Aveugles (see 122 GENERAL INFORMATION. p. 335). There arc besides 1,200 out-door pensioners attached to it, divided into three classes, who receive respectively 100 fr., 150 fr., and 200 fr. per ann. Physician, Dr. Deiaffore. Admission daily from 12 to 3 (see p. 283.) infirmerie de Marie Thcrese, 116, rue d’Enfer . — This hos- pice, founded by the Viscountess de Chateaubdaiid, in 1819, derives its name from the Duchess d’Angouleme, who became its patroness. The persons received here are sick ecclesiastics, natives or foreigners. The house contains 50 beds, but the inmates having moved in respectable society, the furniture, linen, food, 8cc., arc of superior quality. Physician, M. Charpentier. The Sa;urs de St. Vincent de Paule attend. The infirmary is supported by voluntary contributions, and is under the control of the Archbishop of Paris. Maison Eugene Napoleon, near the Place du Trone, founded in 1856 by the Empress Eugenie, for the education of young workwomen. It contains at present about 100 pupils, all maintained free of expense. Visitors are not admitted. Orphelinat du Prince Imperial. — At the time the Prince Imperial was born, a committee was spontaneously formed for the purpose of collecting subscriptions for a magnificent present to the Empress. Her Majesty, however, in accepting the gift, declared her intention of applying it to a charitable foundation. The Emperor increased the fund by an annual contribution of 30,000 fr., and thus the Orphelinat was created. Its object is to relieve poor orphans, and give them a suitable education by placing them as boarders in honest families, binding them apprentices to some trade, 8cc. As the original subscribers chiefly belonged to the department of the Seine, the orphans belonging to the latter are preferred. The average sum paid for the board and lodging of an orphan is 220 fr. The number of orphans admitted since the founda- tion is 480 . The institution, which has already a fixed annual income of 50,000 fr., receives every year numerous donations from private persons ; it is conducted by a pennanent com- mittee, of which the Minister of the Interior is president. Societe du Prince Imperial pour les PrSls de VEnfance au Travail. This society, founded by the Empress in 1862, collects donations of ten centimes per week from children, with a view to employ the capital thus raised in loans to ar- tizans and labourei s of established honesty who may be in want of funds to purchase tools, materials, seeds, 6cc. The borrower must have lived at least a year in the same com- mune, and no loan can be obtained for a longer period than three years. The capital may be repaid by instalments, and the small interest it bears (two and a-half per cent.) is CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 123 payable half-yearly. No loan can exceed 500fr. The first funds proceeded from liberal donations made by all the digni- taries and functionaries of the State as well as by private individuals. Any person contributing at once a sura of 100 francs, and 10 francs annually besides, becomes a founder ; those who contribute an annual sum only, are members. Six hundred lady patronesses superintend the society, with the co-operation of a supreme committee. The funds at the dis- posal of the society amounted in I860 to 1,698,489 fr. Sums lent, 1,239,281 fr. to 5,000 borrowers. The English Hospital and Asylum for the Sick and Infrm in Paris, No. 35, Boulevard Bineau, Neuilly. — This chari- table establishment, founded by Messrs. A. and W. Galig- nani, consists of two parts, one for women and the other for men, and contains about five-and-twenty beds. The situa- tion is elevated and airy, and all the modern improvements for ventilation, light, water, etc., are introduced. The in- stitution is attended by regular medical practitioners, and the whole is placed under the management of one of the Sisters of St. John’s House, London. Maison Hospitaliere d’Enghien, 12 , rue Piepus, is a small hospice called after the unfortunate duke whose name it bears. It was founded by his mother, the Duchess de Bourbon, in 1819, and after her death was supported by Madame Ade- laide. It contains 50 beds, 18 for women, 12 for old men, residing there, and 20 for convalescents. The Soeurs de St. Vincent de Paule attend (see p. 27 9). Asile Ste. Anne, 44, Avenue duRoule, for 120 aged females, 22 of whom are maintained gratuitously on application by their cures. The others pay a small annual sum. Besides these, there are the Asile Lambrechts, at Courbevoie ; the Hospice St. Michel, at St. Mande, for 12 septuagenarians ; a Blind Asylum for girls at Vaugirard, conducted by the Soeurs Aveugles de St. Paul ; and the Hospice de la Recon- naissance, at Petit-Letang, in the commune of Garches, con- taining 316 beds for workmen belonging to certain specified trades, and being upwards of 60 years of age, (see p. 536.) See also the Salpdtriere, or Hdpital de la Vieillesse ( p. 440) ; the Institution des Jeuncs Aveugles (p. 335) ; and the Insti- tution des Sourds Muets (p. 420). Asile de la Providence, Chaussee des Martyrs, No. 13. — Founded in 1804 byM. and ft adameMicault de la Vieuville. It offers a retreat to old persons of 60 and upwards, at the cost of 700 fr. per ann. The Societe de la Providence (see below) contributes to its maintenance ; the Minister of the Interior also pays 10,000 fr. per ann,, and has the grant of 16 gratui- 124 GENERAL INFORMATION. tous places. A few of the pensioners pay only 600 fr. At present the number of inmates is 72. The director is ap- pointed by the Minister of the Interior. For the Imperial A^iledu Vesinet, and that of Vincennes, seepp. 646, 685. Charitable Societies. — Societe de la Providence. — It gives out-door relief to poor families and blind persons, pro- cures poor children a Christian education, besides teaching them a trade, and contributes to the maintenance of the Asile de la Providence by an annual payment of 6,000 fr. Societe de la Morale Chretienne, 12 , rue St. Guillaume. — Founded in 1821 by the Duke de Larochefoucauld Liancourt tfor the protection of orphans during apprenticeship, the aid of poor working people, the gratuitous defence of prisoners, and The protection of liberated convicts, by procuring them work. It exercises a strict superintendence over those it protects. Societe de St. Francois de Regis. — Founded in 1826 and ninder the direction of the Archbishop of Paris. It promotes imarriage among poor people living in unlawful intercourse, and contributes to the legitimizing of their offspring. Societe Centrale d’Education et d' Assistance four les Sourds-Muets en France. — Founded in I860 by the Deaf and Dumb Institution of Paris. It procures the Deaf and Dumb iinstruction ; binds them apprentice and aids them in their •©Id age. Honorary presidents, the Prefect of the Seine and •the Archbishop of Paris. There is also an Asile des Sourdes- Muettes, 33, rue Neuve Ste. Genevieve, maintained by twelve charitable ladies, under the direction of Mile. Vivier. Societe Tutelaire et Paternelle des Orphelins. — Founded an 1850, under the patronage of the Archbishop of Paris. It affords protection to orphans, and sends them to the Colonies Agricoles of France to learn agriculture. SocietedeCharite Maternelle, 17 6, rue Montmartre. — Forty- eight ladies compose the council of administration, and distribute assistance in the different arrondissements, to aid poor women in childbed, and encourage them to nurse their children, (l) Societe Philanthropique, 12, rue du Grand Chantier. — Founded in 1780, under the patronage of Louis XVI., for 'distributing food, advice and medicine, and assisting chari- table establishments. They have 10 public kitchens, or four- neaux (2), open 6 months of the year, to distribute cheap pro- visions to the poor, to whom bons of the value of 2 sous are (1) The Empress having, on her marriage, sent 100,000 francs to this society, her Majesty is now perpetual president of all such :Societies. The number of women relieved in iS 63 was 2, -867. (2) Cheap kitchens, much on the same plan, have now bieen established in various parts of Paris under the patronage of their CHARITABLE SOCIETIES. 125 gratuitously given, enabling them to get dishes of 3 soB» value upon payment of 1 sou. Charitable persons may buy these bons at 1 0 fr. a-hundred, for distribution to the needy. Societe Protestante de Prevoya;nce et de Secours Mutmls, 48, rue I’Arbre Sec. Formed in 1825, to afford medkal advice, medicine, and 2 fr. a^day to sick members, who pay I a subscription of 24 fr. a-year. ' Societe des Sauveteurs de la Seine. — It devises measures I for saving persons in danger of drowning, and rescuing boats on the Seine. Its meetings are held at the Hotel de Ville, Societe protectrice des Animaux, 19, rue de Lille. — Awards medals to such persons of the lower classes as have displayed particular humanity towards animals. British Charitable Fund. — This excellent institution was formed in 1 822, under the patronage of the British Ambassador ^ for the relief of distressed British subjects, who have not th& means of returning to England. The funds, raised by voluntary subscription, are managed by a committee, who meet on Mon- days and Thursdays from 1 to 3, at 235, faubourg Saint- Honore. Few persons of distinction or fortune visit Paris, without contributing to the Fund. Subscriptions and dona- tions are received by the Committee, by the British Consul, and Messrs. Rothschild; Callaghan; Galignani. The number of per- sons relieved in 1865 was 2139 ; of those sent to England, 179,. Societe Allemande de Bienfaisance, Rue de I’Eveque, No.. 21, established in 1844. Its object is similar, with respect to. Germans, to that of the British Charitable Fund. Societe Helvetique. — Established in 1822, and composed of Swiss, without distinction of religion, who relieve their coun- trymen in distress. Office, 3, rue de I’Oratoire St. Honore. Majesties; and 68 such kitchens havebeen opened by the Prefect of the Seine, on a plan conceived by M. Klein, a retired judge,, by which not only the poor are benefited, but even a small, balance is realised, which may be applied to other charitable- purposes. His plan is this : the purchase of an economical, kitchen range, with its full complement, amounts to 2,500 fr. The meat is bought at 85 cent, per kilo., so that a kettleful of broth made with 100 kilo, of meat costs 89 fr., including salt', and vegetables. Every kilo, of meat furnishes seven portions,, so that the kettle yields Too portions of meat at 5 cent., plus 900* portions of broth at the same price; total so fr. Here therefore* there is a small loss of 9 fr., but on the other hand rice andl pulse yield a balance in favour of the establishment ; so that 600 portions yield a gross profit of 5 fr. 13 c. The rent, salaries,, firing, etc., cost 800 fr. for 6 months, or 4 fr. 45 c. per diem,, leaving a net proflt of 68 c, per diem, besides the sale of bones,. etc., making a total of 180 fr. for 6 months, or 7 per cent on the* capital. These kitchens are only open in winter. 126 GENERAL INFORMATION. Maison St> Casimir, 40, rue du Chevaleret, Ivry, — For this interesting Polish institution see page 442. Asile des Petits Orphelins, 1 19, Chaussee de Menilmontant. — Founded in 1849 for orphans from cholera. Societe des Amis de rE?ifance, 5, rue d’ Alger — Formed for the protection and instruction of male children. Societe des Amis de la Vieillesse . — At the Hotel de Ville. Maison pour les Enfants Delaisses, 3 1 , rue Notre Dame des Champs, for protecting deserted young girls, and such as have lost their mothers. After receiving a moral education, they are placed out as apprentices. The number of pupils is 1 0 o . Institution St. Nicolas, 112, rue de Vaugirard, with a branch establishment at Issy, for the reception of 1,500 male orphans. It contains 25 workshops, where the children learn various trades. Gardening and commerce are also taught. The board is 300 fr., and 240 fr. only for destitute orphans. Maison des Diaconesses, 95, rue de Reuilly, faubourg St. Antoine. — This is an establishment of Protestant Sisters of Charity, instituted in 1842, with a view to obtain Ihe care of Protestant patients in the hospitals of Paris. The City grants them a yearly subvention of 3000 francs. Societe pour le Placement en Apprentissage des Orphelins. — Subsidized by Government. Meets at the Hotel de Ville. Association pour les Jeunes Orphelins . — Meets at the Hotel de Ville. Besides these, we may mention the following ; So- ciete de St. Vincent de Paule ; Societe philanthropique des Classes Ouvrieres ; Asile des Vieillards Protestants; Orphe- linat Evangelique ; Orphelinat Protestant; Societe de Pa- tronage pour les Aveugles Travailleurs . Etablissement des Filatures, rue des Tournelies, 35. It be- longs to a society that gives work to about 3800 poor women, who receive hemp and flax for spinning ; also to ICO weavers, for whom frames and tools are procured gratuitously. There arc also in Paris several associationf^ de travail pour les pauvres (work-societies), directed by ladies of high rank, who make articles, to be sold at public exhibitions or by lottery for the benefit of the poor. Artists and benevolent persons are invited to contribute their works, 6cc. Large sums are thus raised and distributed to the poor by the Mayors. In most of the parishes of Paris there are associa- tions de bienfaisance for similar purposes. Creches, or Nurseries, are benevolent instilutions under the immediate protection of the Empress, where poor women, working out of doors, deposit their babies in the morning, return to suckle them at the proper hours, and take them home in the evening. The creches, now 18 in number, are open CHARITABLE SOCIETIES. 127 from 8 a. m. to 8 in the evening. (1) The Government and the City contribute about 7000 francs annually towards the support of the Creches. Each mother pays 20 centimes per day to the nurses. Medical and every other necessary attend- ance is provided. The Creche St. Philippe, 182, faubourg St. Honore, receives 60 children daily. Visitors are admitted. Direction Generate des Nourrices, 18, rue Ste. Apolline, This establishment, attached to the Central Administration of Hospitals, procures respectable wet-nurses for families. The City pays 31,000 fr. annually towards its support. Bureaux de Bienfaisance et Secours a, Domicile. — In each of the 20 arrondissemenls there is, under the superintendence of the Prefect of the Seine and the General Commission of Pub- lic Assistance, a bureau to afford relief, gratuitous advice, and medicine to the aged, infirm, and indigent, at their own homes. An infirmary is attached to each bureau. The relief consists of bread, meat, firing, and clothing ; besides which a monthly allowance of 3 fr. is given to those who are affected with palsy in two limbs; 5 fr. to those who arc blind, and those who are upwards of 7 5 years old ; and 8fr. to those who arc turned 80. Each bureau consists of the mayor (who is pre- sident ex-officio), the deputy-mayors, the rector of the parish, curates, and protestant ministers ; 1 2 managers, chosen by the Minisiter of the Interior ; and the commissaries for the poor, and Dames do Cliarite. whose number is fixed by the bureau. (2 ) Out-door medical relief is afforded to the indigent of every ar- rondissement, by 159 medical men appointed for the purpose. SociEtEs de Secod’rs Mutuels entre Ouvriers. — There are 73 of these benefit societies, comprising about 14,000 mem- bers, under the patronage of the municipality, and 281 others, comprising 35,373 members. The most ancient, St. Anne, dates from 1694. (3) Members of the liberal professions have also similar societies called Associations de Privoyame. (1) The Creches of the Seine last year received 2,300 children. (2) The following is, in round numbers, a statement of the poor annually relieved in Paris by the Bureaux de Bienfaisance, at a cost of about 4,300,000 fr. Number of families, 43 , 000 ; men, 23,000; women, 39 , 3 oo ; boys, 25,500; girls, 25,500. Average total, tl 5 , 3 oo. The 5 lh, nth, isth, and lOth arron- dissements contain the largest number of indigent persons. The poor in all France are about 8 per cent, of the population. (3) OnJan. 1st, 1807 , therewere 5 , 288 benefit societies through- out all France, comprising 782,498 members. Their aggregate re- serve-fund amounted to 40 , 000, 000 fr. At present t ,865 societies have accounts open at the Came des Retrailes (seep. 109), to Hie amount oif 7, 446 , 008 fr., to which must be added a subven- tion of the slate amounting to 781,494 fr. 128 GENERAL INFORMATION. Administration du MOnt de Pii£t^, 18, rue des Blaflcs Manteaux, and 7 , rue du Paradis, au Marais. — This establish- ment which, by a decree of March 1852, is under the autho- rity of the Prefect of the Seine, and the , Minister of the Inte- rior, is managed by a Director named by the latter, and a Council presided over by the Prefect, and composed besides of the Prefect of Police, 3 members of the Municipal Council, 3 of the Conseil de V Assistance Publique, and 3 citizens of Paris, all named by the Minister of the Interior. The Mont de Piete was created in 1777 for the benefit of the hospitals. It enjoys the exclusive privilege of lending upon moveables, four-fifths of the value of gold and silver articles, and two- thirds of the value of other effects, provided no loan exceed 10,000 fr. at the central, or 500 fr. at the branch establish- ments. The intere^ for money which it borrows varies ac- cording to the times ; it is generally 4 per cent. ; the lowest rate at which it has ever borrowed was 2'A per cent. The in- terest to the public upon pledges used to be 12 per cent; it is now reduced to 9, or % per cent, for 1 5 days, being the shortest term on which it can be lent after the lapse of the first month, the interest of which must be paid entire, even though the loan last but a few days. The pledges of the day before are brought every morning from the offices of the different commission- naires to the warehouses of the central establishment, or to its two succursales. A caisse d’d-compfes enables borrowers to refund by instalments the sums advanced ; even 1 fr. is received. Parties must be known and be house-holders, or produce a passport or papers en regie, otherwise they cannot pledge any article. About 3000 are pledged daily. Loans are effected from 9 to 4, and articles are redeemed from 9 to 2. After a year, or rather 14 months, the effects, if the duplicate be not renewed by paying the interest due upon it, are liable to be sold by auction, and the surplus paid to the borrower, on application within three years from the date of the duplicate, after which time the surplus is given to the Administration de V Assistance Publique. The Mont de Piete has two principal branches in Paris : one in the rue Bonaparte, and the other in the rue de la Roquette ; also 20 auxiliary offices, where articles may be pledged at the same rate as at the former. There are besides 19 commissionaires in different quarters of the town to receive articles in pledge for the Mont de Piete : they take an extra 2 per cent, for the first loan, 2 per cent, more for every renewal, 1 per cent, on redeeming, or 1 per cent, more for cashing the surplus in case the pledge has been sold, (1) All the appraisers are conjointly responsible for ( 1 ) The yearly average of the operations of the Mont de Pi(5ld MONT DE PIETe. 129 the value set upon the articles. The Mont de Piete is insured for 6 , 000,000 fr. ; the succursales for 2 , 000,000 fr. ( 1 ) Savings Bank {Caisse d’Epargne et de Prevoxiance) founded in 1818, has its central office at 9, rue Coq Heron ( 2 ) and 19 branch offices at the Mairies, those of the 1st and 2d arrondissements excepted, open on Sundays and Mondays, be- sides 5 more in the neighbouring communes. The adminis- tration is gratuitously conducted by a board of twenty-five directors ; the salaries of clerks and other expenses of the establishment are covered by 20,000 fr. of rentes on the State, possessed by the Savings Bank, and by a deduc- tion of from to 1 per cent, from the interest pay- able to the holders. Deposits of from 1 fr. to 300 fr. are received at a time, and inscribed in a lioret given to the depositor, who is not allowed to have more than one in his own name. The rate of interest for the ensuing year is fixed by the council of directors in the month of December ; it is for the last 15 years, according to official documents, is as fol- lows : Articles pledged, 1 , 985 , 500 ; amount of loans, 38 , 282 , 9 oo fr • average sum lent upon each article, 19 fr. 28 c. ; articles oil which the duplicate has been renewed, 397,370 ; the amount of loan they represent, 9 , 805 ,ooo fr. ; average sum per article 24 fr. 70 c. ; articles definitively redeemed, 1,435 900 ; sums re- ceived, 26 , 999,360 fr. ; average sum per article, 18 fr. 80 c- articles sold, 129, 89 o ; amount cleared by sale, 2,996,220 fr.- ex- penses of administration, t, 107,879 fr. ; total o’f receipts 1 , 577,023 fr.; total of expenditure, 1,343,955 fr. Balance in favour of the Mont de Pi 6 td, 233,068 fr. The average number of articles delivered to the Police on suspicion of theft is 391, representin'^ loans to the amount of 8,555 fr. The Mont de Pi 6 t 6 employs 300 perso-ns, whose salaries amount to 501,200 francs. (1) There are 45 Monts de Pietd in France,’ of which five lend gratuitou.‘ 5 ly. Before I 789 , there were only 22 in operation. Last year the number of pledges was 3 , 400 , 087 , represenling a" value of 48 , 922,251 fr. 20 e. ; Paris alone doing more business in ad- vancing money than all the rest put together. One Iialf of ihe loans vary from 1 fr. to 5 fr., and scarcely two-thirds reach 10 fr.; only about 700 are above 1,000 fr.,and 30 above 5,000 fr (2) This establishment suffered to such an extent from the revolution of is 48 , that it was scarcely expected to survive the shock. The danger, however, was averted through Ihe timely interference and support of the National Assembly. The follow- ing table shows its progress during five years : — Years licceipls No of Depos. Payments To Holders 1862 22,988,233 (V. 256, 1 85 2 1,326,97 4 fr. 9 1,2 8 1 1863 21,365,781 ,, 289,263 2 1,26 3,221 ,, 9 3,112 1864 22,890,226 ,, 252,656 24,886,224 ,, 95,270 1865 19,535,687 ,, 276,837 20,366,730 ,, 99,141 1866 22,496,792 „ 292,931 21,301,564 ,, 99j8l 1 9 GENERAL INFORMATION. 130 at present k'A pci’ cent. Not more than lOOO fr. can k held by the same person ; beyond that sum, the bank at once invests as much of it as will ensure 10 fr. interest, in the rer.tes or stocks. It will do the same upon demand with any iaferior sum, provided it be sufficient to ensure 1 0 fr. interest. The delay between the demand and the reimbursement of any ceposit must not exceed 12 days. There are in France 492 o' these establishments. All tlie money received, which here, as in the departments, mostly belongs to workmen and servants, is paid over to the Caisse cles Depdts et Consignations. MEDICAL INSTITIITIONS. The high reputation of the French Schools of Medicine, and the advantages which they offer to the student, attract so many foreigners to France that we shall here put together, for the convenience of our professional readers, all that relates to them and to the hospitals and medical societies of Paris. 1. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. — Paris has one of the three French faculties or superior schools of medicine, the others being at Montpellier and Strasbourg. Each of them confers degrees which enable the recipient to practise in every part of France. There are also preparatory or secondary schools of medicine at Lyons, Bordeaux, Dijon, Toulouse, Caen, Rouen, and other towns where most of the studies required for the profession may be followed. The faculty of Paris i.s composed of the doyen, or senior professor, 28 professors appointed by the government, and 29 professeurs agreges, appointed by com petition, and who lecture and examine in the absence of the professors. Foreigners are admitted as students and to take degrees in the French schools. To enter for this pur- pose the student must have attained his 18th year, and pro- duce the certificate of his birth duly legalised, and, if a minor, the consent of his father or guardian for the step he is taking. He must likewise be furnished with a certificate of his per- sonal respectability (bonne vie et moeurs), and if he is a minor and his father or guardian does not live in the town, he must find a surety. A course of study of four years is prescribed before the student can be admitted to examination for the degree of Doctor of Medicine, or of Medicine and Surgery. The student must enter in November, when the scholastic ) ear begins. On lodging the above papers with tlie .secretary of the faculty, (ogethcr with a diploma of bacJuiicr-es-lcttres, MEDICAL institutions. 131 hs cntors his iicUiic, 6tc., in a rBgistcr kept for that purpose and is given a carte d’ inscription. He renews his inscription I every quarter, until he has taken out sixteen inscriptions. When this last inscription expires, viz., at the end of the foiuth yeai, he can go in foi the final examinations (examens \ de reception), lly the end of the third year, if he has not I done so before, the foreign as well as the French student ' must produce the diploma of bachelier-es-sciences in the French University, for which he is examined in physics, che- I mistry, and natural history. The cost of this diploma is 5o fr. He has likewise to pass an examination in July of tlie ; first, second, and third scholastic years, on the subjects of i study of those years ; failing in any of which and in another ! trial in November, he cannot present himself again for exa- ' mination, nor take out another inscription till alter the lapse : of a year. From the 8th inscription to the 1 6th the j student must attend a hospital. There are five examina- I tions, and after them the thesis. The subjects of examina- I tion are detailed in the printed regulations. The last is I practical. Two cases in the hospitals are selected, on which i the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment are expected to be given. The candidates are examined in French, viva voce and one a.Her the other in the alphabetical order of their names for three-quarters of an hour at each examination. The ‘thesis is a printed dissertation on a subject selected by the student, and a discussion, viva voce, in support of it and on fourteen questions drawn by lot corresponding to the fourteen :branches of medical science tauglit in the schools. In the ;degree of Doctor in Surgery, a farther examination is under- ;gone. In case of rejection another trial is generally allowed at the end of three months. The fees paid in the French faculties are fixed by law Viz.; — sixteen inscriptions at 30 fr., 480 fr. ; three annual examinations (30 fr.), 90 fr.; five final, ditto (50 fr.), 250 fr • iive certificats d'aptitude (ioh\) 200 fr.; thesis, loofr.’- another pertificat d’aptitude, 40 fr. ; diploma, 100 fr.; total, ’l2C0 fr ( 1 ) The expense of a medical education in Paris is thus trifling tompared with that of the British schools. All the lectures at the Ecole de Medecine, and most of those at the Ecole Pratique (of which below) are pubiic and gratuitous; nor is any pav- ment made for hospital attendance. The library of the Ecole de Medecine, containing upwards of 30,000 volumes, and its excellent Museum of comparative anatomy, are daily’ open to students, except from Sept. 1 to Nov. 1. Gratuitous lectures (1) The number of inscriptions taken at the of the scholastic year I861-1862, was 1,131. commencement 132 GENERAL INFORMATION, are also given at the Jardin des Plantes, the College de France, and the Sorbonne, on general science and subjects relating to medicine. (1) The Ecole Pratique d’Anatomie is a kind of supplementary school, composed of 150 students. Fifty new students are yearly admitted by competition, and an equal number leave the school at the same time, after 3 years’ study. It is here and at the establishment of Clamart that the dissections are performed. For these, including a proper supply of subjects during the whole season, a payment of 30 fr. is expected from such students as do not belong to the Ecole Pratique, Mauyofthecourses at theEcole Pratique are gratuitous ; for others a small fee, from lOfr. to 30 fr., is required. Annual prizes are given at this school to the amount of 1680 fr. The sub- jects treated of at this school vary frequently, as they depend on the choice of the professors, who, although authorised, are mostly agreges who have not yet obtained a regular chair ; their lectures are therefore private undertakings. They may at present be stated as follows;— Anatomy and surgical patho- logy, by Batailhe ; general pathology and therapeutics, by Axenfeld; midwifery, by Joulin and Tarnier ; syphilio- graphy, by Clerc operative medicine, by Lefort; surgical anatomy, by Guyon and Panas ; diseases of the chest, by Mandl ; physiology, by Liegeois ; mental diseases, by Lasegue; descriptive and physiological anatomy, and also her- niary surgery, by Dupre ; nervous disorders, by Sandias. Courses on various subjects are also given by other gentlemen at their own houses or private dispensaries ; on diseases of the eye, by Sichel and Desmarres ; female diseases, by Elleaume ; internal pathology, by Racle; external pathology, by Pean, etc. But these lectures, as well as those at the Ecole pratique, vary every year, and even every two or three months ; and the student will therefore do well to seek for information on (1) The following is a list of the professorships, with the names of the gentlemen holding them -.—Anatomy, Jarjavay ; Patholo- gical Anatomy, Vulpian ; Physiology, Longet ; Medical Physics, Gavarret- Hygienics, Bouchai’dat ; Medical Chemistry, Wurtz ; Medical Pathology, Hardy and Axenfeld; External Pathology, Broca Gosselin; Operations and Bandages, Denonvilliers ; Medi- cal Jurisprudence, Tardieu ; General Pathology and Therapeutics, Lasegue ; Therapeutics and Materia Medica, S6e ; Medical Natural 'History, Baillon ; Pharmacology, Regnaiilt Clinical Surgery, Laugier at the H6tel-Dieu, N6laton at the Hopital de Clinique and Velpeau at the Charitii ; Clinical Medicine, Piorry and Bouhlaud at La Charity, Grisolle and Guillotat the Hotel- Dieu; Clinical Obstetrics, Depaul at the HSpital de Clinique; Obstetrics and Diseases of Females and Children, Pajot ; Histology , Robin. MEDICAL INSTITUTIOKS. 133 the subject in the entrance-court of the Ecole Pratique, where these and all other extraordinary courses of lectures are an- nounced by regular bills. Clinical lectures are given at nearly all the hospitals ; thus Dr. See and Dr. Bouchut lecture on the diseases of children at the Uopital des Enfans Malades, and at the Hopital Ste. Eugenie ; on other diseases, Dr. Chassaignac at the Hopital Larihoisiere, Dr. Cullerier at the Hopital du ! Midi, etc. (See Hospitals). And at other hospitals private lessons are given by the internes (l) on percussion, ausculta- tion, and the diagnosis of diseases. The medical session commences early in November, and finishes in July. Many of the private courses continue until September ; dissections are not allowed in the summer, but operative surgery is permitted. Many of the hospitals are open to the students ; where tickets are required, as at the Hotel Dieu, they may be obtained on application at the bureau of . the hospital. For admission to the Hopital des Cliniques, a ticket must be obtained from the bureau of the Faculty, at the I Ecole de Medecine. To visit the Lourcine, an hospital devoted ; to the diseases peculiar to females, a special order is necessary, : and the number of students is limited. The principal hospital for lying-in women in the rue du Port Royal is closed to every one. In the hospitals the visits of the medical officers take place at an early hour, usually at 7 or 8 a. m. A peculiar feature of the medical school of Paris is the “concours.” Most of the appointments under the profes- sorships, are determined by this test. A series of subjects is selected, on which the competitors are obliged to treat both in writing and orally ; these are determined by lot ; each lesson is delivered in public and before the Faculty, and it must occupy an hour. Each candidate must moreover write a thesis on a subject selected by the judg^, and defend it publicly against his opponents. The concours is a severe trial, and this system is infinitely superior to that pursued in England, where “preferment too often goes by favour,” Great advantages are offered in the study of special patho- logy, hospitals being set apart for patients afflicted with dis- eases of the skin, those peculiar to infancy and old age, scro- fula, calculus, syphilis, and mental derangement ; and perhaps in no other country will the student have equal opportunities of observing these affections. A season may indeed be well (i) A certain number of students of medicine, surgery, and pharmacy, varying from so to 4o, are annually selected, after a concours, to attend the sick in the hospitals of Paris for the pur- pose of practical instruction. They are called internes ; they re- main in ofiflce for s years, and receive a yearly salary of 500 fr, 134 GENERAL INFORMATION. spent in Paris at the Hospital St. Louis, one of the largest in Europe, chiefly dedicated to cutaneous and scrofulous diseases. Certificates of medical studies in a foreign faculty are taken in France in deduction of those required for a degree, and with regard to the degree of Bachelier-es-Sciences, if the foreign student has obtained a similar degree in his own country, he can apply to the Minister of Pul)lic Instriction for a dispensation. The holder of a foreign diploma wishing to obtain a French diploma, lias to submit to the examina- tions established for that degree; but the minister can lelievc him from the previous studies. (1) Officicrs de Sante . — These are an inferior class of medical practitioners. Before passing the examination of offtcier de sante it is iiecessaiy to have taken out 12 inscriptions in a faculty, which supposes three years of study, or fourteen inscriptions in a preparatory school of medicine. The exa- mination is either at a faculty or at a preparatory school in the presence of a professor of a faculty. The examinations take place in Sept, and Oct, They arc three in number: 1. Anatomy ; 2. surgery and pharmacy ; 3. the elements of medicine. Besides this the candidate has to write a disserta- tion on a question of a practical nature. The expense of the examination amounts in all to> 580 fr, Officiers de sante can only practise in the department where they have undergone their examination. In order to practise in another, a new examination is requisite. Closely connected wdth the medical schools, is the Musee Dupuytren, 15, me de FEcole de Medecine. — This museum contains many curious and rare specimens, some probably unique. It is especially rich in diseased osseous structures, and one or two of the luxations are exceedingly curious. The collection contains a heart in which the peri" cardium is wanting, and the extraordinary case published by Breschet, of the foetus within the substance of the walls of the uterus. In the centre of the hall are numerous specimens of diseases of the skin from various causes, modelled in papier- mache. This museum is open to students daily, and to stran- gers on application. Closed from Sept. 1 toNov. 1 . (see p. 390.) Amphitheatre of Anatomv for the hospitals of Paris, 17, rue du Fer a Moulin, on the site of the ancient burial-ground of Clamart. It consists of well-ventilated galleries, one story (i) llhas been calculated that France had, in i 864 , no less than 21,000 medical practilioners, an d 6,7G5 apotliecaries. Paris has i ,580 doctors in medicine, 5io chemists, and 2H officiers-de- sant6. On an average, i mediical man for 7 so inhabitants in Paris, and one for every looo ini the departments. MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS. 135 high, lighted from the roof, a museum, a theatre for lectures, and several small private rooms for dissections. Bodies are removed hither from the hospitals; the numlicr lierc and at the Ecole Pratique exceeds 4,000 annually (seep. 4 20.) Di- rector, M. Series, who lives at the Jardin des Plantes, and to whom application must he made for admission to the lectures. Medical Botanical Garden. — For this seep. 382. ficOLE ET Maison d’Accouchement, 5, rue du Port Royal. — Tills school and hospital which occupies the buildings of the Ahhey of Port Royal, rendered famous by the Jesuits and Pascal, was devoted to public uses in 1796. It contains in all 416 beds, of which 322 are for patients, and 94 for pu- pils, besides 80 cradles for infants. Women are received here in their last month of pregnancy, but, in case of urgency or distress, they may be admitted in their eighth month, on pro- mising to take charge of their offspring. They are attended in their confinement by women, or, if need be, by the surgeons of the institution ; and, if their health admits of it, are re- moved from the hospital on the tenth day after their confine- ment. If, notwithstanding the promise above-mentioned, a woman refuses to take charge of her child, a commissary of police is called in, who draws up the necessary declaration, and the child is sent to the Hopital des Enfants Trouves. If, on the contrary, a woman takes her child home, she receives a small sum of money, and a supply of clothing. Work of different kinds is provided for the women received here. The mean term of a patient’s abode here is 18 clays. Medical students are excluded from this hospital, which is devoted to the instruction of young women educating as midwives. (Ecole pour les Eleves Sages-Femmes.) The average number of pupils is 80, some of whom are maintained at their own expense, others by different departments of France ; 600 fr. a-year is the charge for board and instruction. After a course of two years, the pupils are examined by a jury, composed of the chief professor and the physicians of the hospital, a commissary of the Faculty of Medicine, and a commissary of the Council-general of Hospitals, and are allowed to practise on receiving a diploma. The number of licensed midwiv(>s in Paris is 4 50 . Strangers are not allowed to inspect the hospital . The average number of patients received here is 4,000 : the mortality is nearly 1 in 18. The average cost of a patient is 2 fr. 2 5 c. per day. Physician, llervieux ; surgeons, Danyau and Reraud ; chief midwfife, Mme. Alliot. Ecole de Pharmacie, 21, rue dc I’Arbaletc. — There are 11 professors attached to this school, who lecture on pharmacy, chemistry, natural history, and botany. Apothecaries are 136 GENERAL INFORMATION. examined here before they can practise as such (see p. 414.) This establishment has a botanical garden of its own. (i) ficOLES ImpeRIALES VetErINAIRES , ET BeRGERIES iMPE- RIALES.— The former are three in number, at Alfort near Paris at Lyons, and at Toulouse. The latter, for the breeding and treatment of cattle, are at Rambouillet, Perpignan, La Have Vaux (Vosges), and Mont Carmel (Pas-de-Calais). ’ II. HOSPITALS. — The civil hospitals of Paris are under the direction of the Administration of Public Assistance (see p. 119.) The military hospitals are under the authority of the staff of the garrison of Paris. The C onset I de Surveillance decides all administrative measures, and superintends the pro- perty, accounts, etc. of the hospitals and hospices. The bu- reaux of the administration are facing the Hotel de Ville • entrance at No. 3 Avenue Victoria (2). ’ In all cases of emergency the medical man upon duty at any of the hospitals may ieceive a patient into his establish- ment. The head physicians also, at their morning consulta- tions, may receive into their hospitals such patients as they rnay think proper. Others may be admitted upon application at the Bureau Central d’ Admission, opposite the cathedral of Notre Dame. This is a board of 12 physicians and 6 surgeons who relieve each other by rotation. From this body the hospital surgeons and physicians are selected as vacancies occur. They indicate the particular hospital for the patient according to the nature of the complaint. Medical advice is also given by the board to indigent persons, and children are vaccinated here on Thursdays and Sundays at 1 1 . This latter (1) A superior school of pharmacy is attached to each of the three faculties of medicine of Paris, Montpellier, and Strashurg and a preparatory school to each of the preparatory schools of medicine. The superior schools confer the title of Pharmacien and Herbonste de Premiere Classe, who can exercise their profes- sion everywhere in France. A course of study is required of candidates of three years in a superior school, and three and a half years in a preparatory school of pharmacy, and three vears passed at a chemist’s. The expenses of this course, including me examination and diploma, are 1,390 fr. The degree of Bachelier-es-Sciences in the university is also required. The pre- paratory as well as the higher schools, admit to the degree of pharmacien and herboriste of the second class ; the former after passing SIX years in a pharmacy, and one year’s study in a supe- rior, and a year and a half in a preparatory school. The expenses tor the pharmacien of this class are 460 fr., and for the herboriste only 50 fr. They cannot practise beyond the limits of the depart- ment in which they were examined without a fresh examination. (2) It appears from the last general returns that the hospitals ancl uospic^s of Paris support every year (in round numbers) HOSPITALS. 137 operation also takes place every Tuesday at the mairies ; to encourage this useful practice, three francs are paid to the parents for every child; and children not having undergone the process are excluded from the free schools of Paris. All the civil hospitals of Paris are divided into three classes t — 1 . General Hospitals, open to those complaints for which a special hospital is not provided; of these the H6tel Dieu is the principal ; 2. Special Hospitals, devoted to the sole treat- I ment of particular classes of disorders, as, for example, cu- taneous, mental, &c. ; and, 3. Hospices or Alms-houses. Those under the direction of the Council General of Public Assistance are twenty-six. Upwards of 40 millions of francs have been expended since 1830 on the hospitals of Paris. (1) In 1803 the population of Paris was 700,000, and the number of beds in the hospitals 5,620; in 1851, only 7,337, with a population of 1,100,000. (2) The total number of beds in the hospitals and hospices is at present 19,600, all of iron. All the hospitals have different wards for various diseases. The reader will find all the necessary information concerning i the hospices, at p. 118. We here subjoin a list of the hos- pitals of Paris, divided into general and special (3.) 12.000 aged and infirm men and women, and yearly receive nearly 90.000 patients, 5,200 of whom are always under cure or care ; 5.000 children are yearly received, and 14,000 are always out at nurse in the country ; 500 are apprenticed yearly. Besides this there are now 56 establishments for out-door relief. ( 1 ) There are in France 1 , 3 33 hospitals or hospices, the property ofwhich amounts to 408,254,77ifr. ; 1 national hospital for the blind, 332,492 fr. ; 7,599 bureaux de bienfaisance, 13,557,836 fr.; 46 monts de pidtd, the annual loans of which are 48, 000, 000 fr.; 39 asylums for the deafand dumb ; 1 school for theblind, 156,699 francs; i44 foundling hospitals; 37 lunatic asylums receiving 4,826,168 fr.; and 1 Maison Imperiale at Charenton, 459,875 fr., malting a total of 9,201 establishments, and an annual expenditure of 1 15,441,232 francs. ( 2 ) The following is the average statistical condition of the above institutions calculated for the last ten years -.—General and Special Hospitals.— Admissions, 62,500 medical, and 23,400 surgical cases. Cures, 54,600 medical, and 22,100 surgical cases. Deaths, s,ooo medical, and i,4oo surgical cases. Average num- ber of days passed in the hospitals by men 26 ; women, 27 ; boys, 32; girls, 35 . Mortality, men, 1 in 9’5o; women, 1 in 10 ; boys, 1 in 7 ; girls, 1 in 7‘5. The maximum of beds occu- pied occurred in March and December; the minimum in July and August. — Hospices and Maisons de Retraite. — Admissions, 7.000 ; exits, 5,600 ; deaths, i, 600 . ( 3 ) For children labouring under scrofula the administration has provided two branch hospitals; one at Forges-les-Bains (Seine-et Oise), the other at BerckTgi|r-M§r (Pas de Calais). GENERAL INFORMATION. 133 General Hospitals . — Ildtel Dieu . — Consists of large build- ings, separated by the southern branch of the river, divided into wards for men and for women ; there are also gardens for convalescents. The laboratory, pharmacy, laundry, &cc., are all on a large scale. The Hospital is composed of three detached parts, connected by means of a covered bridge and a tunnel passing under the quay with the new buildings erected in the Enclos Saint Julien. The modern portion of the Hotel Dieu in the Enclos Saint Julien contains 104 beds. The total num- ber of beds here at present is 828. Thirty-three Augustinian nuns attend. In this house are received the wounded and sick, with the exception of children, incurable and insane persons, and those with cutaneous or syphilitic diseases. Ly- ing-in women are admitted only in cases of extreme necessity, there being a special hospital for that class of patients. (See p. 135.) The yearly average number of patients is 12,000, and the mortality 1 in 18. Physicians: Drs. Barth, Fauvol, Gueneau de Mussy, Moissenet, Vigla, and Tardieu. Sur- geons : MM. Laugier and Maisonneine. Professional men ought not to neglect visiting the Hotel Dieu, since it may be taken as a large model of the others. (See p. 308 .) The following is an average view of the annual receipts and expciidilure of the administration of the Hospitals and Chari- table Institutions of Paris; net receipts, 19,800,000 fr. ; ex- penditure, 19,000,000 fr. The receipts include, among other items, rents of land, houses, &c., 1 ,100,000 fr. ; interest of capital, 4 , 700,000 fr. ; contributions of theatres and places of amusement, 1,700,000 IV. ; subvention of the Department of the Seine for the Enfants Trouves, 2,500,000 fr. ; concessions of burial- ground, 200,000 fr. ; sale of medicines, refuse, &c., 3,000,000 fr. The expenses include ; General Hospitals, 3,000,000 fr.; Spe- cial Hospitals, 2 ,ioo,ooofr.; Maisonlmp^riale de Santd, 300,000 fr.; Maisons de Retraite, 650,000 fr. ; Hospices, 4,000,000 fr. ; Chari- table foundations, 350,000 fr. ; buildings and repairs, 600,000 fr.; Administration, including pliysicians, 2,200,000 fr. ; Found- lings, 2 , 700,000 fr. The average cost of each patient per diem is : — ^^General Hospitals, 2 fr. 22 c. ; Special Hospitals, 2 fr. 6 c. ; Hospices, 1 fr. 34 c.; Maisons de Retraite, 1 fr. 34 c. The chief items of consumption in the hospitals and hospices .are: Flour, 5,800,000 liil.; bread, 3,200,000 Idl.; wine, 1,800,000 litres; meat, 1,400,000 kil.; butter, 1 10,000 kil. ; milk, 1,800,000 litres. The total value of furniture and linen of every descrip- tion belonging to the hospitals and hospices of Paris is about 10 , 500,000 fr., including 563 hathing-tuhs. All public jdaces of amusement pay a tax of 8 per cent, on their receipts toxvards the support of the ho.spitals ; and a heavy tax for their support is levied on every piece of ground jmr ■ chased for the purpose of burial in the cemeteries. Private mu- nificence also contributes largely to their maintenance. HOSPITALS. 139 Hdpital Lariboisiere, rue St. Vincent do Panic, a hospital opened in 1854. The same classes of patients as are admitted to the Hotel Dieu are received here. The number of beds is 634 ; twenty-four Dames de St. Augustin attend on the patients. Physicians: MM. Boucher dc la Ville- Jessy, Richard, Gallard, Oulmoiit, Duplay, and Ilerard. Surgeons: MM. Cusco, Voillemicr, and Chassaignac. (See p. 234.) The Hdpital de la Piiie, 1, rue Lacepede, is a hospital an- nexed to the Hotel Dieu. The buildings are spacious, and contain 620 beds . The yearly average number of patients is 10,750; and the mortality 1 in 11 '50. Physicians: Drs. Marrolte, Behier, Malice, See, and Bernutz. Surgeon : M. Gosselin. Clinical lectures on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays, at 9 a.m. Twenty-five sisters of Ste. Marthe attend (see p. 42 6.) Hdpital de la Charite, 45, rue Jacob. Clinical and medical schools have been established here. It contains 474 beds. The same diseases are treated as at the Hotel Dieu. The Dames de St. Augustin attend upon the sick. The yearly average of patients is 8,000, and the mortality 1 in 20. — Phy- sicians : Di’s. Pelletan, Bourdon, Nonat, and Pidoux. Sur- geons : MM. Velpeau, Malgaigne. Clinical lectures by MM. Velpeau, and Bouillaud. (Seep. 355.) Hdpital Beaujon, 208, rue du Faubourg St. Honore. This fine hospital, spacious and airily situated, contains 416 beds. The annual average of patients is 5100; the mortality is 1 in 14. A new system of ventilation has been applied at this hospital, which answers admirably. It is well worthy the at- tention of all who are interested in the subject of hygiene. — Physicians: Drs. Gubler, Fremy, Lailler, and Moutard-Martin. Surgeons : MM. Morcl-Lavallee and Huguier. Drs. Mahon brothers for the treatment of the scurf. The patients are attended by the Sceurs de Ste. Marthe (see p. 196.) Hdpital St. Antoine, 184, rue du Faubourg St. Antoine. — Tire patients here are of the same class as those of the Hotel Dieu, and are attended by 30 Sceurs de Ste. Marthe. The number of beds is 480. The average yearly number of patients is 4,800, mortality 1 in 22. Physicians : Drs. Bernard, Laboulbene, Jaccoud, Mesnet, and Woillez. Surgeon: M. Jarjavay (see p. 27 8.) Hdpital Necker, 151, rue de Sevres. — Besides the cases of general disease treated at this hospital, tliere are 7 beds for mothers with infants at the breast, and two more, containing 12 beds, for calculary disease, under the care of Dr. Civiale, who gives clinical lectures there on Saturdays from 9 to 11. The number of beds is 386. The yearly average number of patients is 4800, and the mortality 1 in 17. — Physicians: 140 GENERAL INFORMATION. Drs. Delpech, Lasegue, Bouley, and Vernois. Surgeon : M. Desorraeaux. Twenty Sceurs tie Charite attend (see p. 337 .) Hdpital Cochin, 47, rue du Faubourg St. Jacques. The same cases are treated here as at the Hotel Dieu. The num- ber of beds is 119; and three Soeurs de Ste. Marie d’Esperance attend upon the patients. The annual average number of pa- tients is 2,100, and the mortality 1 in 10. — Physician: Dr. Chapotin de St. Laurent. Surgeon - M. Guerin (seep. 415.) Special Hospitals. — Hdpital St. Louis. — 4o, rue Bichat. Though chiefly designed for the treatment of cutaneous dis- eases and scrofula, it receives also cases of acute disorders and surgical cases. It had many patients during the cholera. Male patients able to pay, are received in a separate pavilion, at the rate of 2 fr. a-day. In-door patients, who are able, are encouraged to work in the garden at 1 sou per hour. It contains 810 beds, the number of in-door patients having con- siderably diminished since the discovery of a new method for curing the itch, which is now performed in two hours. It has a large bathing-establishment for in and out-door patients, and is justly celebrated for its medicated and mineral baths, particularly those of a sulphureous nature. There is also a large vapour bath, admitting by distinct entries eight patients at the same time. Another, of a different construction, is fitted up with douches, 8cc. Upwards of 25,000 persons annually avail themselves of the baths, and in a single year 180,000 have been served. The average number of patients yearly is 9000, and the mortality 1 in 19. Gratuitous advice is given by the medical men to the poor. — Physicians ; Drs. Vidal, Gibert, Bazin, Devergie, Hillairet and Hardy, who during certain months deliver clinical lectures on diseases of the skin. Surgeons : MM. Denonvilliers and Richet. There are also 10 internes for medicine, and 7 for pharmacy. The Dames de St. Augustin attend. It has two clinical lecture- rooms ( see p. 251.) Hdpital du Midi, 15, rue des Capucins St. Jacques. — This hospital is exclusively reserved for male syphilitic patients. It contains 336 beds, besides 21 for persons able to pay. All the attendants are males. The annual average number of patients is 3, 300. — Physician: Dr. Simonet, Surgeon* M. Foucher. The clinical lectures of Dr. Ricord are very celebrated. Gratuitous advice given to out-door patients from 9 to 10. Mortality 1 in 257 (see p. 415.) Hdpital Lourcine, ill, rue de Lourcine, reserved for female syphilitic patients. — Contains 276 beds, of which 226 are for adults, and 50 for children ; it is exceedingly well regulated. The average number of patients in the year is 2000, and the HOSPITALS. 141 mortality l in 27. The nature of the diseases here treated being such as to make medical men rather unwilling to under- take the management of the patients, the Board of Health has imposed upon every physician desirous of a place in an hos- pital the obligation of passing some time in this, so that there are continual changes among the medical men attached to it. The actual physicians are Dr. Goupil and Dr. buys ; sur^ geons, MM. Verneuil and Richard Professional men easily obtain tickets. Hdpital des Cliniques de la Faculti de Medecine, Place de i’ficole de Medecine. — ^This hospital, containing 189 beds, is appropriated to surgical diseases and midwifery. A course of midwifery is given here to female aspirants to that profession, who during their stay assist in the hospital. The averse number of accouchements is 1000 a-year ; that of surgical cases 600. This is the only hospital of the kind to which students are admitted. Clinical lectures are given by the sur- geon and physician, Nelaton and Paul Dubois, the latter for obstetrics. Strangers are not admitted to these lectures without a card, to be obtained at the bureau of the Faculty of the School of Medecine (see p. 393.) Hdpital des Enfants Malades, 149, rue de Sevres, — Ex- clusively devoted to the diseases of children. The salubrity of the air, and the neighbouring walks, contribute greatly to the speedy convalescence of the young patients. Gymnastics have been introduced here with great advantage. It contains 698 beds. The children are admitted from 2 to 1 5 years of age. Gratuitous advice is also given to sick children in the neighbour- hood, The average number of patients yearly is 3525, and the mortality l in 38. Physicians ; Drs. Bouvier, Archambault, Bucquoy, Roger, Blache, and Bade. Surgeon : M. Giraldte. The Dames de St. Thomas de Villeneuve attend on the patients (see p. 337.) The Hdpital Ste, Eugenie, 89, rue de Charenton, establislied in 1854, under the patronage of the Empress, for the reception of sick children, contains 405 beds. Physicians; MM. Barlhez, Bergeron, Bouchut. Surgeon; M. Marjolin. Ten Dames de St. Augustin attend the patients (see p. 283). The Salpdtriere, 47, Boulevard de I’Hopital, wiiichmay be ranked among the hospices, is an hospital for incurable, epi- leptic, or lunatic female patients, and patients advanced in age. It contains 5,204 beds, of which 2,9 17 only are occupied by real patients. The physicians of this establishment are MM. Trelat, Charcot, Richard, Vulpian, Mitivie, Lelut, Falret, and Baillarger Moreau. Surgeon : M. Follin (see p. 440.) The Hdpital Militaire du Val-de-Grdce contains 1500 beds. 142 GENERAL INFORMATION. — Physicians ; MM. Godelier, Lustreraau, Champouillon, and Mounier. Surgeon; M. Laveran (see p. 418.) Connected with the hospitals are the following : Boulanger ie Gemrah, 1 3, Place Scipion. — This is tlie ge nerai bakehouse for all the hospitals (see p. 420.) Cave Generale, 2, rue Notre Dame. — Ilere all the wines spirits, Sec., used in the hospitals are delivered . Pharmacie Centrale des Hdpitaux et Hospices, 47, Quai de la Tournelle. — A general dispensary, where medicines'are prepared by steam. Hdpital St. Merri, CloitreSt. Merri, for poor patients of the 4th arrond. It contains 7 beds for men, and 7 for women. The Jeivish hospital recently erected by M. de Rothsclnld at 7 6, rue de Piepus, contains loo beds in all, viz., 60 for patients, and 40 for the old and disabled. Physician ; Dr. Brossard. Surgeon: Dr. Chonnow (see p. 279.) There are also charitable societies for medical purposes such as the ; Societe nationale de Vaccine ; Societe medicale d' Accouchement ; Societe medico-philanthropique ; Maison des saiurs garde-malades ; Societe medicale da Temple, &c. Besides hospitals, there are certain establishments called Maisons de SantE, which receive patients, who pay various prices according to the accommodation they receive. They are conducted generally by a medical man of reputation, who boards, lodges, and attends the patients ; they have gardens, and some are agreeable places for sick people. Rooms con- taining a single or several beds may be had according to the means of the patients; and persons condemned for political offences, whose health would.be endangered by the confinement of a prison, are sometimes allowed to reside on their jiarole, and on the responsibility of the director of the establishment’ in a Maison de Saute. Persons confined for debt in any of the prisons of Paris may be transferred to a Maison de Sante ; but the proprietor of the establishment is held responsible for the full amount of the debt due should the prisoner escape. The Maison Imperiale de Sante, 200 , rue du Faubourg St. Denis, the best establishment of the kind, receives patients at from 4 fr. to 7 fr. per diem, operations and attendance in- cluded. It contains 3oo beds. The number of patients ad- mitted annually is about 1 600, and the average mortality i in 7. — Physicians: Drs. Cazalis and Ghauffard. Surgeon: M. Demarquay. III. MEDICAL SOCIETIES. — The most important is the Academic hnperiale de Medecine, 39, rue des Saints Peres. — Previous to the revolution of 17 89, there was an Academy of Medicine and another of Surgery. The former was created MEDICAL SOCIETIES. 143 ill 1776, and the latter in 1731. Upon the formation of the Institute, the Medical Academy was annexed to tlie class of the sciences. By an ordonnance of Dec. 20, 1820, the Aca- demy was restored, and definitively organized by decrees in 1829 and 183 • The object of its institution is to reply to inquiries of the government relative to everything that concerns the public health. The number of its resident members, now amounting to 114, is to be reduced to 100 by extinction; so that at present the Academy only nominates one member after three extinctions. It has besides 14 free members and 32 foreign associates, correspondents not inclujjed. The Academy holds public sittings every Tuesday, at 3 o’clock. SocieU de Medecine de Paris. — This society devotes its attention to epidemic diseases and the human constitution, and keeps up a correspondence with physicians and scientific men in France and foreign countries. It publishes the Revue Medicale. Meets at tlie Hotel de Ville, 1st and 3d Friday of every month, at 3 p.m. Societe de Medecine Pratique. — ^For the study and cure of epidemic diseases. It meets at the Hotel de Ville, first Thursday of every month. Gratuitous vaccination. Societe de Cliirurgie, rue de FAbbaye, No. 3. — Meets at the Hotel de Ville, on Wednesdays, ai 7 p. m. Societe d’ Observation, for the reading and discussion of medical cases. — The meetings are at the Hotel Dieu, on Satur- days, but are not public. Societe Anatomique, one of the most interesting scientific societies of Paris. — The most curious specimens of morbid anatomy arc brought to the society from the different hospitals. Meetings on Thursdays, at the Ecole Pratique. The Parisian Medical Society, established in 1837, consists of English practitioners and students, as well as European medical men. German Medical Society, 24, rue de FEcole de Medecine. This society meets every Monday. Societe des Sciences Medicates. At the Hotel de Ville on the 4th Friday of every montli. Besides these, there are also the Societes Medico-Pratique and Medecine VetMinaire, at the Hotel de Ville; the Societe Medicale d’ Emulation, at the Ecole de Medecine; the SocieU de Pharmacie, 21 , rue de I’Arbalete; La Societe Biologique, at the Ecole Pratique ; and the Societe d’llydrologie Medicate, for the study of mineral waters, 3, Quai Malaquais. More- over, every arrondissement of Paris now possesses its medical society 144 GENERAL INFORMATION. PART II. DESCRIPTION OF PARIS IN WALKS. PIKST "WALK. This comprises part of the 1st arrondissement, containing The Palace of the Tuileries.— This palace occupies the site of a rubbish-shoot and some tile-fields that existed in the time of Charles VI. (147 6), and had furnished Paris for four centuries. (1) In 1518, Francis I. purchased a house erected there by Des Essarts and De Villeroi, for his mother, Louise de Savoie, who found the air of the royal residence, the Palais des Tournelles in the Marais, unwholesome. In 1525 this princess gave the Hotel des Tuileries to Jean Tiercelin, maitre d’hotel to the Dauphin ; it subsequently became the property of Catherine ce Medicis, who had the present edifice begun as a residence fcr herself in 1564. P. Delorme and J. Bullant erected the ceatral pavilion, the two adjoining wings, and the low pavilions by which they are terminated. Here her work stopped, for being alarmed by an astrological prediction bidding her beware o:' St. Germain, and the Tuileries being in the parish of St. Germain FAuxerrois, she fixed her abode at the Hotel de SoissDiis. Under Henry IV. the palace was enlarged by Ducerceau and Dupei’ac, who raised two other ranges of building facel with composite pilasters, and erected lofty pavilions at each end. This king also began the long gal- lery along the quay. Louis XIV. caused Levau and d’Orbay to complete i:, and to add an attic to the central buildings ; but he soon after neglected the works, and transferred his court to Versailles. The Regent Duke of Orleans resided at the Tuileries luring the minority of Louis XV.; but from that period till tte forced return of Louis XVI., the families of persons officixlly attached to the Court occupied it. T h is palace is inscribed on almost every page of the history of the first revolution. The mob entered it on June 20, 1792, and oi Aug. lo of the same year it was attacked and the Svvhs guards massacred. It was the official re- sidence of the First Consul, and subsequently the imperial pa- lace. In 1808 Napoleon began the northern gallery, to commu- (i) The fouidalions of the old tile-kilns were discovered in some excavatiins made in 18 36. PALACE OF THE TtJlLERlES. 145 ulcale with the Louvre. After the Restoration the Tuileries contiu'ed to be the chief residence of the King and Royal Fa- mily. After the revolution of 1830, when the people attacked and took the palace (July 29th), Louis Philippe fixed his re- sidence in it, and continued to inhabit it till the 24th of Fe- bruary, 1848, when it was again invaded by the people, and the King made his escape. By a decree of the Provisional IGovernment, dated Feb. 26 th, 1848, which was never put into I' execution, this palace was to be thenceforth transformed into an axylum for invalid workmen. During and after the insur- rection of June, it was used as an hospital for the wounded. In 1 849 the yearly exhibition of paintings was opened in it. At present it is the official residence of the Emperor. Exterior . — The extreme length of the facade is 33o yards, its breadth 36. The reconstruction of the southern portion of the palace, called the Pavilion de Flore, commenced a few years ago, and is now nearly completed, and remarkable for its rich sculpture. This and the adjoining new edifices have been subjected to the process of washing with silicate of alumina, which hardens the soft stone used in the building (1). The other pavilion in the rue de Rivoli, called Pavilion Marsan, is also to be reconstructed. The columns on the lower story of the central facade are Ionic ; on the second Cormthian ; on the third Composite. Those on each side of the Pavilion de I’Horloge consisted originally of a long gallery to the south and the grand staircase to the north. Towards the garden, vaulted arcades extended in front of these from the central pavilion, forming terraces on the top. Interior.— li would be difficult, in the present state of the palace,^ to give a correct idea of the interior. The entrance to Louis Philippe’s apartments was by the Pavilion de Flore. The room in which the ex-King consented to his abdication (2), and which was called the Grand Cabinet du Roi, still exists ; but no portion of this side of the palace is now visible. These apartments were formerly occupied by Marie Antoinette. Madame Adelaide, the Prince and Princess de Joinville, and ! (i) During the demolitions, several Caps of Liberty of 1793 Iwere found behind the hangings. ( 2 ) Some brief particulars concerning that memorable event cannot fail to interest the reader. In the course of the night of February 23d, barricades had been erected in all the streets of the metropolis. At 8 o’clock in the morning, M. Emile de Girar- ^in, the chief editor of the Pvesse^ arrived at the Tuileries, where be lound MM. Thiers, Odilon Barrot, de R 6 musat, Duvergler de Hauranne, and Lamoriciere, apparently unconscious of what was going on. After a brief consultation, these gentlemen hastily drew up a short proclamation announcing the formation of a 10 146 first walk, 5 their respective suites, lodged in the same pavilion. The q Pavilion Marsan at the northern end, with part of the ; lateral gallery called the New Gallery of the Louvre, was I occupied by the Duchess of Orleans, the Comte de Paris, \ Thiers-Barrot ministry, and the dissolution of the Chamber of Deputies. M. de Girardin immediately took it to the printing- i office of the Presse to get it printed. But the insurgents, when , they learned its contents, ridiculed it and would not allow it to ^ he stuck on the walls. M. de Girardin then returned to the Tuileries, and, having previously informed Marshal Bugcaud of what had taken place, was admitted into the royal cabinet. , The King was in an arm-chair near the window ; MM. Thiers and Rdmusat were leaning against tlie chimney-piece. “ What is the matter, M. de Girardin?” asked the King.— “ Sire,” was the answer, “ your Majesty is losing most precious moments; if a bold measure is not at once adopted, in an hour royalty will he no more!” These words created great astonishment. After a moment of desponding silence, the King said ; “ What is to be done?”— “ Your Majesty must abdicate,” answered M. de Girardin.— “ Abdicate?”- “ Yes, Sire, and confer the re- gency on the Duchess of Orleans, for the Duke of Nemours would not be accepted.”— “ The King then rose and said : “ Gentlemen, do you wish me to mount on horseback?” This was not approved of; M. de Montpensier stepped forward and urged the King to abdicate. The King replied : “ I abdicate...” And is the regency of the Duchess of Orleans accepted?” asked M. de Girardin. At this moment the report of musketry began to be more distinctly heard; it became evident that the Tuileries might soon be attacked. “ Go, go, M. de Girardin,” exclaimed the King. M. de Girardin obeyed, and attempted to reach the office of the Presse, in order to have a proclamation printed with the greatest possible expedition. But finding his progress impeded by countless barricades and dense crowds of armed people, he returned to the Tuileries. The entrance was thronged with persons who had repaired thither to learn tlie real state of affairs. He was recognized by a few, to whom he hurriedly communicated the important news of which he was the bearer; whereupon they advised him to draw up the pro- clamation on the spot, which he did, and wrote several copies of it, which were immediately passed from hand to hand, and despatched to be posted, up. All tliis time the Chiileau d’Eau, on tlie Place du Palais Royal, was being defended against a hu'gc number of insurgents by a handful of determined municipal guards and a small detachment of troops. AUbough about 8,000 men, consisting of infantry, cavalry, and artillery, were sta- tioned but a few' steps off in the court of tlie Tuileries, no rein- forcement was despatched to their assistance. Mcanw'hile the King had sent for Marshal Bugeaud, wdio had been ready to take the command of the city a few hours previous: but Hie marslial told him frankly that the hour for repressing tire insurrection had gone by. In the dismay follow'ing such an announcement, the Royal Family w’ere alarmed by the increasing sound PALACE OP THE TDILERIES. 147 the Duke and Duchess of Montpensier, the Duke and Duchess de Nemours, and the Duke and Duchess d’Aumale. The upper stories and entresols contain apartments for attend- ants, etc. At present the state apartments are the only portion of the palace to which strangers are sometimes admitted with a ticket (see p. iv.j, but only when the Emperor is absent. The stranger is conducted up a staircase situated between ’the Pavilion de Marsan and the Pavilion de VHorloge, called the Escalier de la Chapelle, and which gives access to the •^Antichambre de la Chapelle. Here the ceiling, brought from Vincennes, where it adorned the sleeping apartment of La Reine Blanche, is worthy of notice, both for its antiquity and elaborate workmanship. To the left on entering, a door opens into the Foyer da Thedtre, which leads to the Theatre, an elegant saloon with avaulted ceiling, supported by Ionic columns |all around, two tiers of boxes, and the pit. A range of much smaller boxes runs immediately below the ceiling. This thea- tre, which is capable of accommodating 800 spectators, is used bf musketry. The defenders of the Chateau d’Eau had just ween overcome, and the victorious multitude were approaching the Tuileries. The palace might easily have been defended ; but the King, informed of the partial defection of the National Guards and of the troops, who had quietly surrendered their arms to the people, resolved not to resist, in the hope that timely resignation might remove any opposition on the part of the people to the accession of the Count of Paris to the throne. He therefore gave oi’ders not to oppose any resistance to the peo- ple. A few minutes afterwards the excited multitude penetrated into theCourt. The King resolved upon flight, and theMonarchy of 1830 was no more. A few random shots were fired from the ranks of the insurgents, and shortly afterwards, the abode of royalty was unresistingly invaded hy the people, who were far from expecting so easy a victory. While the splendid saloons and chambers of the palace w ere thus receiving (not for the first time) their revolutionary masters, a far different scene Avas proceeding in the Garden of the Tuileries. Persons stationed on the balconies of the rue de Rivoli, a few minutes before one o’clock, could see a mournful procession, wending its way along the southern terrace of the garden. The King, accom- panied by some National Guards on horseback and about 3o cl- ficers in uniform, emerged from the Avestern gate, lending his right arm to the Queen. Both Avere dressed in black. His suite addressed the feAv persons on the Place de la Concorde Avith the words : “ Une grande infortune!” Louis Philippe and his consort, after stopping a moment on the very spot Avhere 56 years before Louis XVI. had been beheaded, retraced their steps to Avhere tAVo small black one-horse carriages Avere stationed. Two very young children were in the first. The royal couple entered the vehicles, and immediately set off at full gallop along the quays in the direction of Saint Cloud, never to return. J 48 FIRST WALK. as a supper-room when halls arc given at court. Returning to the Antichamhre de la Chapelle, a door opposite to the former leads to the Salle des travees, or Salon de la Chapelle, from which doors communicate with the state pew of the Chapel. This and the following saloons are all decorated with gilt panel- lings, arabesques, &c., upon a white ground. The Chapel, ' which occupies the ground and first-floor, is plain, with a gal- lery and ceiling resting upon Doric columns of stone and stucco. ’ The balustrade of the state-pew is decked with red velvet, em- broidered in gold. In this chapel there formerly stood a cele- brated organ, which was destroyed during the revolution of 1789. Adjoining the Salle des travees is the Antichamhre de VEscalier d’Honneur, with a ceiling similar to that already | noticed in the other antechamber, and also brought from Vin- cennes. The Escalier d’Honneur, leading straight down to the ground floor of the Pavilion de l’Horloge,is crowned with a balustrade of bronze and polished steel. Its ceiling rests upon Corinthian columns, which give it an appearance of grandeur suitable to the palace. The antechamber gives access to the Salle de la Paix, formerly Salle Louis Philippe. To those who saw it in June, 1848, when filled with National Guards taking a hurried nap on trusses of straw, with a mutilated equestrian statue of Louis Philippe over the mantel-piece, the contrast at present is magical. (1) This splendid hall, which is used as a ball room, is 140 feet long by 35 broad, and receives light from ten windows looking into the court of the Tuile- ries. Its ceiling is supported by couples of engaged columns fluted, with ivy leaves for cablings, now gorgeously gilt. Over the mantel-piece is an equestrian portrait of the present Emperor, by Muller ; the panels, corresponding to the windows opposite, are filled with immense mirrors. Two colossal chandeliers, of crystal and gilt bronze, presented to Louis Phi- lippe in 1842 by the King of Holland, flank the entrance from the antechamber, while at the opposite end is placed a silver statue of Peace, chiselled by Chaudet, which was voted to Napoleon I by the City of Paris after the peace of Amiens ; it is flanked by two marble columns supporting antique busts. The visitor now enters the Salle des Mar echaux, the splendour of which can hardly be surpassed. It occupies the two upper (1) After the 24th of February, 1848, a numerous party of dmeutiers installed themselves in the palace with some loose girls, made free with the ex-King’s wine-cellar and provisions, and celebrated their orgies night and day in the most sump- tuous apartments. The King and Queen’s bed-room was turned into a dining-room, and, everything belonging to them was made subservient to the will of those lords of the hour . They were turned out by main force after the lapse of ten days. PALACE OF THE TUILERIES. 149 stories of the Pavilion de I’Horloge, and is crowned with a lofty quadrangular ceiling, richly sculptured and painted, ^ouiid the base of which runs a gallery, supported by a bold projecting cornice all around, except facing the windows, ^here four colossal caryatides, copied from those by Jean Gou- jon in the Louvre, and gilt from head to foot, perform the of- fice of supporters. The names of the great battles fought un- der the first Empire are inscribed on the walls over this gallery, fcelow, the busts of distinguished generals and naval com- manders stand all around against the walls, while the follow- ing portraits of Marshals of France adorn the panels : Berthier, Prince de Neufchatel ; Joachim Murat ; Moncey, Due de Conegliano ; Jourdan ; Soult ; Brune ; Lanues, Due de Monte- bello ; Mortier, Due de Trevise; Ney, Prince de laMoscowa; Davoust, Prince d’Eckmuhl; Kellerman, Due de Valmy; and m^siere. Due d’Ystrie. The furniture and curtains are green velvet and gold. It is used as a ball room on state occasions. A door communicates with a small but elegant apartment, opening into the gallery which runs round the top of the Escalier d’Honneur. From the Salle dcs Marechaux the visitor enters the Salon Blanc, formerly SaMe d’Attente, now Ised as a card room. The decoration of the walls is, as usual, gold on a white ground ; the furniture, green silk, damask, ind gold. The carpets of this and the next three rooms are of Gobelins manufacture, and have cost 1,000,000 fr. Next fol- ows the Salon d’ Apollon, containing a fine painting, by Mi- gnard, of Apollo and the Muses. The ceiling represents Apollo ishering ia the day. From this we enter the Salle du Trdne, » splendid apartment. The hangings are of dark red velvet of Lyons manufacture, with palm leaves and wreaths wrought in gold. The throne, facing the windows, is surmounted by a lanopy of the same, with the letter N in small medallions ; lit drapery depending from it is studded with bees embroi- lered in gold. The chair stands on a plinth, accessible by hree semi-circular steps, and on the velvet drapery behind it s an escutcheon with the imperial eagle encompassed by a vreath, surmounted by a helmet with the imperial crown, .■■he sceptre and hand of justice form a cross intercepted by he escutcheon. Next comes the Salon Louis XIV., the furni- ure of which is red damask and gold. Over the mantelpiece s a portrait of Anne of Austria, with Louis XIV. and the Duke •f Orleans as children, by Mignard ; between the windows a ull length portrait of Louis XIV. in his 70 th year ; and oppo- ite, Louis XIV. presenting his grandson, Philip V., to the rrandees of Spain. The last of this suite of state rooms is the ialerio de Diane, being the dining-room, 176 feel long by 32 150 first walk. in breadth, a fine apartment of the time of Louis XIII. It has six windows, the intervening spaces and the wall opposite being filled with eight paintings by Mignard, representing my- thological subjects. To the right of the entrance is a small bronze equestrian statue of Louis XIV. standing on a pedestal, and at the opposite end is a fine table of Florence mosaic The curtains are of green damask. This dining-room is only used on state occasions, when the guests assemble in the Salle des Marechaux. Behind these rooms is a suite looking into the garden, which is inhahited by the Emperor, and is not shown to visitors. Another suite of rooms, consisting of an ante-chamber and three square saloons, has been lately added by the architect, M. Lefuel, by building over an open terrace looking out upon the garden, to which access is obtained by a new staircase, \Aith elegant bannisters cast in bronze, then gilt and platinised by voltaic agency. Of the three saloons, the first is sea-green, the second rose-coloured, and the third blue. On these delicate colours suitable subjects have been executed in grisaille, and other pictorial ornaments introduced,: by MM. Chaplin and Dubulfe. The chimney-piece of the green i saloon is of black marble, with delicate wreaths of gilt leavcsf, on its architrave. That of the rose-coloured saloon, the mostf] richly decorated of the three, is of lapis lazuli ; its jambs endi; in reversed acanthus leaves, beautifully chiselled. A fee,, though strictly forbidden, is usually given to the domestic! that conducts the visitor. Garden of the Tuilertes. — A street, called the rue des, Tuileries, formerly ran between the palace and the garden ; hut was suppressed in 1665, when Le Notre was entrusted| by Louis XIV. with the care of laying out the latter. T\yo parallel terraces form its northern and southern boundaries^ running from the extreme pavilions of the palace. Its lengtli is 2256 feel, and its width 990 feet. The southern terrace is] the more elevated and wider of the two, and affords by far the best view of the Seine and the palace, with which it is con- nected by a subterranean passage. That on the north is knowr as the Terrasse des Feuillants, so called from a convent tha stood there before the revolution of 17 89. Near it was tin Manege, or riding-school, where the National Assembly heb its sittings. A handsome iron railing, with gilt spesarheads separates it from the rue de Rivoli. The garden is; bisecte( throughout its whole length by a wide avenue, extendini from the palace to a gate giving access to the Place de laCon coide (see p. 178), and called Porte du Pont-ioiirnaint, fror a swing-bridge which existed there in 17 89. This avenue i met at right angles by a spacious gravelled walk,, at a poin GARDEN OF THE TUILERIES. 151 occupied by a large circular basin. The portion of the garden lying westward of this walk is open to the public at all seasons ; that on the opposite side separated from the rest by a sunken fence is the Private Garden, which is only accessible to the puhlic when the court is out of town. In 1832 Louis Philippe en- closed a narrow slip of ground along the whole front of the palace for a private garden, and this remained so until 1858, I when the Emperor caused it to be enlarged to its present ex- * tent. It is crossed by a broad walk running parallel to the palace, and skirting the old private garden ; the rest is laid out in walks bordered with shrubs and flowers. Two smaller : basins and various statues, some being copies from the an- : tique, others executed by good masters, complete its decora- ;tion. Skirting the sunken fence we find, commencing ! from the side of the rue de Rivoli, the celebrated antique j gi'oup of Laocoon, cast in bronze ; Spartacus, by Foyatier ; Theseus killing the Minotaur, l)y Ramey, jun. ; Themistocles, by Lemaire ; the Rape of Orythia, by Marsy and Flamen ; Time carrying away Truth ; Pericles, by Debay ; the Dying Spartan, by Cortot; Phidias, by Pradier, all in marble ; and the I Listening Slave, cast in bronze, by the Kellers (1668), a copy !of the celebrated antique in the Gallery of Florence. Within ' tlie garden , and in a line parallel to the palace, are Apollo Belvidere and Diana with the Hart, in bronze ; Lucretia and Collatinus between, in white marble ; Venus Pudica, and Antinous, in bronze ; and, between them, diiieas bearing An- chises and leading Ascanius, in marble. There are besides, ; around the basins, four statues representing Venus and Sylvan i Nymphs ; in front of the palace, two Shepherds, besides four j Lions, and the Infant Hercules stifling two serpents, all in white marble. The entrance to the private garden from the quays is adorned with two sphynxes of white marble, brought from Sebastopol. Several elegant marble vases are interspersed throughout the garden. The Public Garden, commencing from the large basin men- tioned above, comprises two large flower gardens, followed by I two groves of line chesnut trees, elms, planes, and limes, j skirting the principal avenue and bordering on a large octa- I gonal basin facing the Porte du Ponl-Tournant. This part ; also is laid out in flower gardens ; the side favoured with a I southern exposure, known by the name of La Pet He Provence, I is in winter the favourite resort of children and elderly people I of both sexes, who come here either for exercise or repose and i warmth. Flights of steps and, rising paths lead up to the terraces overlooking the Place de la Concorde; the southern FIRST WALK. 152 one, connected with the private garden, is not always open to the public ; it contains a spacious orangery, and has bridges over the two public passages opening upon the quays. The northern terrace, occupied with embowered seats, and a newly- built Tennis-court, and commanding an excellent view of the Place de la Concorde and Champs Elysees (see p. 18 2). forms part of the Terrasse des Feuillants, bordering on the Allee des Grangers, so called from the orange trees which are placed here in summer. It extends to, and partly skirts the Private Garden, and is adorned on that side with a statue of Hercules holding a Pigmy, by Bosio, cast in bronze by Carbonneau ; at the opposite extremity with Hercules and the Lernian hydra. This alley with the adjoining terrace is the most fashionable and delightful promenade of Paris, both in summer and in winter ; during the sunny hours of the latter, and in the cool evenings of the former season, all the gayest of the capital are to be found here, sitting on chairs, which are let out at two and three sous a-piece, walking or conversing, or listening to the bands of music that play here in summer. On Sunday afternoons, tbe crowd, if not so select, is much more numerous, and the alley of orange trees frequently forms a compact mass, presenting every variety and colour of dress which happen to be the fashion of the hour. In each of the two groves is a hemicycle of white marble, with a small enclosure in front, laid out as a garden, having statues of Atalanta and Hippomenes at the corners, and others representing Spring and Autumn in the centre. These hemicycles, called Carres d’Atalante, were constructed in 1793 by the Convention after the designs of Robespierre. They were intended as seats for the areopagus of old men who were to preside over the floral games dedicated to youth. There is a great deal of good sculpture in this part of the garden. The piers of the western entrance are graced with two spirited groups, brought hither from Marly : one of Mercury, the other of Fame, on xviuged steeds, by Coysevox. At the corners of the western terraces there are two colossal marble lions, copies from the antique. On the same terraces on either side of the entrance are the nine Muses, and Apollo ; and below, four mas- terly groups iu marble, viz., from north to south, 1, the Tiber, by Bourdot ; 2 . the Loire and the Loiret, by Vaucleve ; 3 , the Seine and Marne, byCoustou; 4, the Nile, by Bourdot. On either side of the central grove, on the opposite side of the basin, we remark two statues of Bacchus, a Vestal l)y Legros, termini representing the 4 Seasons, Hannibal, by Sloedtz, Scipio Africanus, by Cous- lou, and Cornelia. In the southern grove is a copy in marble of the well-known boar, of which llic Grecian original is GARDEN OE THE TUILERIES. I53 preserved in the Gallery of Florence, where another copy in bronze by Tacca adorns the Mercato Nuovo. At the eastern extremity of the groves are statues of the Diane d la Biche the Capitoline Flora, Julius Caesar, and the Farnesian Hercules! The walk which separates the private from the public gar! den, forms a public passage from the rue de Rivoli to the quay, through a gateway passing under the southern terrace, and bridged over. Anotlier passage extends from the entrance opposite the Rue de Castiglione to the new Pont de Soi.ferino, an iron bridge of three arches, the piers of which hear the names of the victories won in the last Italian campaign; it is 492 feet long by C5 /a in width, and has cost 1,170,000 francs. (1) The garden is open from 7 in the morning till dusk in win- ter, and till 9 in summer. It is then cleared by beat of drum. On leaving the garden by the quay, the visitor will find to his left one of the entrances to the Place du Carrousel. Before entering it, he should observe the immense length of the Southern Gallery of the Louvre, which was com- menced under Charles IX. by Ducerceau, built as far as the central pavilion, called Pavilion Lesdiguieres, by Hen- ry IV., and continued to the Tuileriesby Louis XIV. The earlier or eastern portion, te.vminating at the above-mentioned pavilion, partakes of the style of the Renaissance, with rus- ticated Tuscan pilasters supporting a range of mezzanini, above which are the windows of the celebrated gallery of paintings. The whole of this portion is elaborately and most beautifully scidptured. The western portion is now in course of reconstruction. We may now enter the Place du Carrousel, which derives its name from a great tournament held by Louis XIV. in 1 CG 2 . The spacious Court OF THE Tuileries, separated from the square by an elegant iron railing with three entrances, two of which are adorned with statues of Victory, Peace, History, and France, communicates by arched gateways with the Rue de Rivoli on the north ( 2 ), (1) A new street is to be opened in a line with the bridge, in- sulating the Palace of the Legion of Honour (see p. 32 - 4 ). (2) This court Avas principally formed by Napoleon I. Where the iron rails stand there Avere roAVS of houses and sheds before the revolution of i 789 ; and this circumstance materially facili- tated the attack on tlie palace by the mob on August 10, 1792. Napoleon used to revieAV his troops in this vast court. During and for some lime after the insurrection of June, i 848 , as also after the events of December, i 85 i, troops were stationed here, and the court bore the appearance of a camp. The troops who mount guard at the Tuileries are inspected here daily in fine Aveather, at about 12 o’clock, with music. FIRST WALK. UA and the Qiiai du Louvre on the south (1). Before the cenltral gate of the railing stands the Triumphal Arch, erected by order of Napoleon in 18^06, under the direction of Percier and Fontaine, at a costt of 1,400,000 fr. It is GO feet by 20 at the base, and 45 ' feet high, and consists of a central and two smaller lateral arclhes, intersected by transversal arches of equal height. Eight Co- rinthian columns of red Languedoc marble, with bases . and capitals of bronze, adorned with eagles, support the enttab- lature. The attic is surmounted by a figure of Victory iin a triumphal car and four bronze horses, modelled by Bosio firora the original, brought from the Piazza of St. Mark at Vennee, but restored by the Allies in 1 8 1 5 . 'Over each column, stantds a marble figure of a soldier of Napoleon’s army, in the uniformi of the several corps, and over each of the smaller archways is a marble bas-relief representing memorable events of the ccam- paign of 1805. (2) The following inscriptions sufticierntly explain the subjects; Fronting tbe Louvre, “ L’iinnde fran 5 aise, emluirquee a Boulogne, menagait I'AnglettciTC. Une troisienic coalition delate sui’ le continent. Lcs Fi’angais volemt de I'Ocdan au Danube. La Bavi'crc est delivree ; Vavme'e autvichienne pi iison- niere a Ulin, Napoldon entne clans Vienne. 11 tiiomplie a Austevlitz." ' On the northern side, “iMaitre des Etats de son ennemi, Napoleon lcs lui rend. 11 signne la paix le 25 ddeembre 1805, dans la capitale de la llongrie, occupee*. par son armde victoiieuse.” Fronting the Tuileries, “ A la voix du vainqueur d’Austerlitz, I’empire d’Alleinagne tomboe ; la Confeddration du HUin commence ; les royauraes de Bavicre et de IWur- temberg sont creds ; Venise est rdunie a la couronne de fer ; ITtalide en- tifere se range sous les lois de son libdrateur.” On the southern side, “ llonncur a la Grande Armde, victorieuse a Austerlitz, cn Moravi ie, le ddeembre 1805, jour anniversaire du couronnement de Napoldon.” The southern gallery of the Louvre, outside the Courrt of the Tuileries, viewed from this side, presents a series of seg- mental and triangular pediments, resting on Corinthian pilastters, and charged with various devices ; but the new portion Itying within the C.ourt differs from it, and projects consideraibly. The same system is to be adopted on tbe northern side, Ibuilt by Napoleon I. as far as the I'avillon de Rohan, which iss op- posite to, and the counterpart of, the Painllon Lcsdiguiieres. The Place du Carrousel has four principal issues, leadinf." re- spectively to the Hue de Richelieu and the Rue de I'lilchellle on (1) It Avas at tlic inner corner of tliis entrance tliat Alilliaud posted hiinseJf on June 25, 1 83G, to fire at Louis Pliilippe. (2) During the Restoration tiiese bas-reliefs were c.xeliauiged for subjects taken from the campaign of tbe Duke d’AogouilSme in Spain, is23. The former were, however, restored in isiso. ;ig ©IF ‘iTiEciE i \ynEW ekcobj ■’/o-je [bq^eir SOUTHERN GALLERY OF THE LOUVRE. 155 the northern side, and to the quays on the other. At the two pavilions above mentioned commence the buildings of the New Louvre. — It had often been m contemplation to purge the space l.etween the Tuileries and the Old Louvre of the mean-looking houses and unseemly sheds, many of which were still visible as late as 1850. The elder Napoleon was the first to grapple with the abomination, by making room for the northern gallery; and the architect Fontaine prepared designs for the union of the two palaces. Political events prevented the execution of this splendid project under the First Empire and the reign of Louis Philippe. In 1848, the last document signed by the Provisional Government was a decree for the completion of the Louvre, and new plans were presented to the Legislative Assembly in 1849, by MINI. Yis- conti and Trelat, but without success. Up to that time, upwards of fifty different plans had been presented by various eminent architects, whose chief aim was to conceal the defect of parallelism existing between the two palaces. At length, in 18 52, the present Emperor, then President of the Republic, decreed a sum of 2 5,000,000fr. for the purpose. The first stone of the new edifices was laid on the 25th of July of that year, and the works commenced by M. Yisconti, who, on his death, in 1853, was succeeded by M. Lefuel. The rapid completion of this and other vast public works, is one of the most remarkable facts of modern times. The general plan of the New Louvre comprises two vast lateral piles of buildings, projecting at right angles from the southern and northern galleries respectively, so as to form the eastern boundary of the Place du Carrousel ; then turning into the I 'lace Napoleon III., where they present on each side a frontage of 180 metres, interrupted by three sumptuous pavi- lions. (1) The space between the two corner pavilions is 125 metres. The defect of parallelism above alluded to is effectu- ally masked by two octagonal gardens (2) enclosed with elegant iron railings, occupying the central space, much in the style of the London squares. These gardens are to be adorned with equestrian statues of Louis XIV. and Napoleon I The old galleries and the pavilions are connected by spacious ar- caded porticos, elaborately sculptured, fronted with Corin- thian columns, closed with balustrades, and surmounted by terraces on a level with the first story, wdiich are decorated with statues of the most illustrious men of France by 53 (1) Tliey are named us follows : Northern side. Pavilions Tur- got, Richelieu, Colbert; southern, MolUen, Uenon, Uaru. (2) Here stood the Hotel de Rambouillet, and fdher houses cf the nobility which flourished under Louis XIY.; and on the FIRST WALK. 166 of the best French artists (1). The pavilions are fronted with coupled Corinthian columns supporting Composite ones, sur- mounted by groups of genii. The front of the Old Louvre has been made to harmonize with the new wings ; its central pavilion called the Pardllon de I’Horloge, now bears the name of Sully. Its gateway is flanked with two Corinthian columns of red marble. The northern side hears the follow- ing inscriptions; — “ 1541. Franjois I. commence le Louvre. 1564. Catliei'ine de Mddicis commence les Tuileries.” On the southern we see : “1852 — 1857. Napoldon III. rdunit les Tuileries au Louvre.” All the pediments of these pavilions are enriched with the most complicated allegorical sculpture, and supported by caryatides. The triangular pediments of the central pavilions contain the following subjects in alto-rilievo ; Pavilion Denon, Napoleon III., surrounded by Agriculture, Industry, Commerce, and the Fine Arts ; Pavilion Richelieu ; France distributing crowns to the most worthy of her children ; Pavilion Sully : Napoleon 1. crowned by Glory and the Arts. The second stories of the intermediate buildings are plain ; the roofs between the pavi- lions are fronted with balustrades adorned with groups of genii, emblematical of Agriculture, Science, War, the Seasons, site of the southern building was the church of St. Thomas du Louvre, built in 1 1 87 by Robert, Count of Dreux. On the 1 5 th of October, 1739, the roof suddenly gave way during divine ser- vice, causing great loss of life. It was subsequently ceded to the Protestants, who afterwards exchanged it for the Oratoire. ( 1 ) The following is a list of them in the order in which they stand, commencing from the Pavilion de Rohan : Lafontaine, B. Pascal, Mdzeray, Molifei’e, Boileau, F^n^lon, Larochefoucault, and P. Cor- neille. On the north side of the Place Napoleon 111., ist section ; Gr(5goire de Tours, Rabelais, Malherbes, AbaiJard, Colbert, Ma- zarin, Buffon, Froissart, J. J. Rousseau, and Montesquieu. - 2 d sect. : Mathieu Mold, Turgot, St. Bernard, Labruydre, Suger, De Thou, Bourdaloue, Racine, Voltaire, and Bossuet. From the Pavilion Colbert to Die Pavilion Sully : Condorcet, Denis Papin, Sully, Vauban, Lavoisier, Lalande, Louvois, St. Simon, Joinvitle, Fiddlier, Ph. de Cominines, Aniyot, Mignard, Massillon, Ducer.^ ceau. From the PavillonSully to thePavillon Daru ; Cl. Lorrain, Grdtry, Regnard, Jacques Coeur, Marigny, A. Chenier, Keller, Coysevox, J. Cousin, Lenotre, Clodion, G. Pilon, Gabriel, J. Le- pautre. South wing from the Louvre, ist sect.: L’Hopilal, Le- mercier, Descartes, A. Pard, Richelieu, Montaigne, Houdon, Du- pdrac, J. de Brosse, Cassini ; 2 d sect. : Daguesseau, Mansart, Poussin, Audran, J. Sarrazin, Coustou, Lesueur, C. Perrault, Pli. de Champagne, and Puget. On the Carrousel, from the Pavilion Mollicn; Pierre Lescot, Bullant, Lebrun, Chanibichc, Bruuul, Delorme, B. de Palissy, and Rigault, THE NEW LOUVRE. 157 etc. ( 1 ). The interior construction is remarkable for its solidity and safety from fire, all the roofing and flooring resting upon iron framework. Each of the two wings we have described contains two courts. Those of the southern wing are entered from the quay, those of the other from the Rue de Rivoli. The first story of the building which intervenes between the two courts of the latter contains Library of the Louvre, (see p. 17 5.) The ground floor of the southern wing contains tlie Imperial Stables. — The buildings, which are in the Italian style, comprise the Cour Caulaincourt and the Cour Visconti, both accessible from the quay through handsomely carved oaken gates. In the former there is, to the left the first stable, divided into 14 stalls for saddle horses. Adjoin- ing, is a second containing ten boxes, and a place for washing. Gas- lamps are suspended from the ceiling, and cocks supply the water required for use. The stalls are of richly carved oak, the racks of ornamental bronze, and the chains of steel. The gallery after the washing place is 300 feet long by 14 wide. It has a row of stalls on either side, and accom- modates 82 horses. The ground-floor of the two other sides of the parallelogram comprises coach-houses, harness-rooms, etc. In the former there are 12 ordinary state carriages, and on the west side 50 of different kinds (2). On the first floor is a riding-school, to which the horses ascend by a gentle slope. For tickets to visit the stables, apply to M. le General Fleury, Premier Ecuyer deS. M. I'Empereur, at theTuileries. On the first story of the transversal building separating the two courts is the Salle des Etats, for the reception of the great bodies of the State ; it communicates with the picture gallery ( 1 ) The sculptures have required the combined efforts of 53 artists. The number of subjects executed is 261 ; the expense, 1,6/(3,400 fr. The total cost amounts to 62 , 500,000 fr. Thespace covered and enclosed by the new buildings is 60,000 metres, and, with the Tuileries and old Louvre, nearly 60 acres English. ( 2 ) The most elegant is the state carriage. The body is almost entirety of plate glass ; it is lined with white satin covered with giold bees, and the straps and cords are of gold lace. The border round the roof of the carriage is bronze finely chased and gilt, and forms ciphers and crowns mixed with laurel and oak leaves ; a gilt eagle is at each corner. This carriage cost 90,000 fr. Tine Imperial stud altogether is composed of from 300 to 320 horses — saddle, carriage, and post horses; and they are now distribuit«d at the Louvre, at the Imperial stables on the Quai d’Orsay (see p. 3321, in the rue de Monceaux, and at St. Cloud. The cairriages, 180 in number, are kept at the Louvre and Quai d’Orsay. Other state carriages are at Trianon, (see pp. 332 and 577.) TEie number of coachmen and grooms exceeds 300. 1 58 first walk. (seep. 105). It was here that the ceremony of inaugurating the New Louvre took place, on the 14th Aug., 1857, five years after the commencement of the work, fhe rest contains rooms for the domestics, barracks for the Cent Gardes, etc. All the chimney- flues are of iron, and imbedded in concrete. At a distance of about 300 feet measured diagonally from the Pavilion de Rohan, Cadoudal’s infernal machine, intended to destroy Napoleon I., on his way to the opera, then situated in the Place Richelieu, exploded Dec. 24, 1800. (1) On leaving the Place du Carrousel through one of the nor- thern issues, the visitor will obtain a view of the whole extent of the old and new edifices, and remark the tasteful and well-studied transition which each section presents from the most simple to the most elaborate style of architecture. The Pavilion de Rohan, with its 8 elegant niches and statues (2), and the front of the Now Louvre will especially claim his attention. A few steps eastward brings the visitor to The Old Louvre. — A castle which existed on the site of this palace is said to have been used as a hunting-seat byDagohert, the woods then extending over the actual site of northern Paris down to the water’s edge, Philip Augustus, in 1200, formed it into a stronghold, ancl used it as a state prison. (3) It was not enclosed within the walls of Paris until 1307 and 1383. Charles V. made many additions to the castle ; the Royal Li- brary was kept there ; also the various officers of state and foreign princes visiting Paris were lodged in it. Francis I. began the present building in 1528, and erected the southern half of the western side of the court, as it now exists, after the de- signs of Pierre Lescot. His son Henry II. continued and extended this plan, completing the whole of the western front, now called the Vieux Louvre and the wing containing the Ga~ lerie d’ Apollon. The sculptures were entrusted to the di- (1) The event occurred in the rue St. Nicaise, a street which no longer exists, hut wliicli extended into tlie jiresent Place du Carrousel. The house called the Hotel de Mantes, close to Svhich the infernal machine had been placed, was pulled down in 1851. ( 2 ) Tliose of Soult, Desaix, Ney, and Marceau, to the right; and of Hoclte, Massena, Lannes, and Kleber, to the left. (3) The foundations of this caslle were brought to light again in i860 hy order of the Municipality, in order to elucidate some obscure historical points. The twin lowers flanlung the prin- cipal entrance stood near the centre of Hie present court, at the corner of the soutli-weslern cpiadrangle. Tlie masonry of the foundations was of excellent execution and well preserved, though scarcely a foot below the surface. It was also ascer- tained that they extended to the Seine in the direction of the Pont des Arts, and likewise parallel to the rivter, passing under the Tour de I'Horlogc. THE OLD LOUVUE. lr)'j rection of Jean Goujon, and other great artists of the day. Henry IV. made some additions to this part of the building at the time of commencing the Long Gallery ; and during the reign of Louis XIII. the central pavilion of the western side was added to the erections of Lescot by Lemercier, Avho also built all the lower part of the northern front. Louis XIV., at the suggestion of Colbert, decided upon completing this palace, and a public competition of architects was opened to furnish designs for the new building. A physician, Claude Perrault, was the successful competitor, but, some distrust of his abilities arising at court, Bernini, who constructed the porticos in front of St. Peter’s at Rome, was sent for from Italy, and his plans were adopted. Louis XIV. laid the first stone of the east- ern front : but for some reason Bernini was soon sent back to Italy, loaded with presents and a pension, while Per- rault, to the honour of France and of Colbert, was allowed in 1600 to carry his original design into execution. He built the eastern front, and that towards the river ; but the caprice of the King put a stop to the works, and diverted the treasure of the country to the building of Versailles. Until 1802 the greater part of the Louvre remained without a roof, and the whole seemed to be destined to fall into ruin. Napoleon, however, resumed the works, and under him the Louvre was finished, and the surrounding streets and places cleared. Its internal arrangements were principally effected by Charles X. and Louis Philippe. Charles IX. inhabited the old Louvre, and, as is well knov/n, fired from its windows looking towards the quay and river on the victims of the St. Barthelemy. (i) Henry HI., Henry IV., and Louis XIII. also resided here, as well as the unfortunate English queen, Hen- rietta, widow of Charles I. Louis XV., during part of his mi- nority, inhabited the Louvre ; but since then it has been devoted to the reception of the various museums of the line arts, and has occasionally been used for great ceremonies of state. (2) The eastern front of the Louvre is one of the finest pieces of architecture of any age. The grand colonnade is composed of 28 coupled Corinthian columns, fronting a wide gallery. The basement story affords an admirable contrast by its simplicity ; and the projecting masses in the centre, and at either end of the (1) A window, with a balcony on ilie first floor, is often shown as that from which he fired ; hutthis must he a mistalce, as that part of the building was not constructed till Jong after the year 1572 , the date of that most perfidious massacre. (2) It was allacliod by the people, July 28 and 29, 1850, and obstinately defended by the Swiss guards. The dead were buried in front of the eastern facade, but afterwards removed to the Column ofJuIy. i 60 FIRST WALK. facade, fronted with pilasters, and pierced With large windows, complete the grand features of this side. The central mass of the building, forming the gateway, is crowned bv a pediment, the raking cornices of which are each of a single piece, 52 feet in length and 3 in thickness. This pediment contains a bas- relief, executed by Lemot in 1811; and over the grand door- way is another by Cartellier, of the same date. The gates themselves, made by order of Napoleon, are of magnificently- worked bronze. (1) The southern front, also the woiis of Claude Perrault, though not so bold, is very line. It is deco- rated with forty Corinthian pilasters, and, like the eastern, has a richly-adorned pediment over the central compartment. The northern front consists of a central and two lateral pa- vilions projecting from the main body with few but tasteful ornaments. In the court, the general features of the ground floor are a range of circular arcades, separated by Corinthian pilasters, and under each arch is a lofty window. ]\lost of the intermediate niches are now adorned with marble statues by modern masters, representing Sappho, Circe, Sculpture, the Benaissance, Abundance, Glory, etc. The design of the first story consists of windows richly dressed, separated by Compo- site pilasters. The upper story of the western front has the windows richly enchased with sculptured groups, trophies, etc. The Pavilion de Sully, is surmounted by a quadrangular dome, resting upon colossal caryatides by Sirrazin. The sculptures of the wings are hy Paolo Poncio and Jean Goujon ; those of the northern pediments are modern. The central gateways were sculptured hy Lesueur, Ramey, and Coustou. Perrault formed the designs of these three sides, each of which is 408 feet, the whole forming a perfect square. The court of the Louvre is one of the finest in Europe with respect to decoration and proportion. It is now laid out in bitumen bordered with beds of ivy and shrubs, surrounded with a low railing, and lighted hy 24 bronze gas lamps. (2) A small garden on the south-western side is called the Garden of the Infanta, from the Spanish Princess who came into France, in 1721, to marry Louis XV. The wall of the ( 1 ) The dimensions of this front are length, 5’5 feet; height, 85 feet; width of central comi)artment, 88 feet; width of ex- treme compartments, 75 feet; height ofbasement story, 35 feet; height of columns, lo diameters and a half, or 38 feet nearly. The entablature takes up nearly lo feet of the entire height. ( 2 ) An equestrian statue of the Duke of Orleans stood here before the revolution of i848. It wasthen removed to Versailles, and on the empty pedestal were written the following words:— “ AuxCitoyens de Paris morts pour la liberty, la I\6publiqi:e reconnaissanle, 23, 24 Fevrier 1 848.” THE OLD LOUVEE. 161 Galerie d’ Apollon which overlooks it, has been sculptured hy M. Cavelier. Similar gardens run all round the palace, ending at the new wing facing the rue de Rivoli, and are public. Interior. — ^Almost all the interior of this palace is devoted to the museums collectively known under the name of Musees Imperiaux, for which it is so celebrated. The description of the various galleries will be found in the order in which they occur to a visitor making the circuit of the palace. Owing, however, to the improvements now in progress, some slight variation in the order may occasionally take place. The museums are entered at a door under the gateway of the Pavilion de I’Horloge. On the ground-floor is the Musee des Antiques. This museum commences with the Salle des Caryatides, a splendid hall, occupying the whole ground floor of the southern half of the Vieux Louvre. It derives its name from four colossal caryatides, by Jean Gou- jon, supporting a gallery, at its northern end ; they are reckoned among the chefs-d’oeuvre of that master, and copies of them are to be seen in the Salle des Marechaux at the Tuileries ( see p. 148.) Above the gallery is the copy of a bas-relief by Ben- venuto Cellini, originally sculptured for a fountain at Fon- tainebleau, and representing Diana (see p. 174.) At the further end of the hall stands the Cupid and the Centaur, a well known antique. Next follows a suite of apartments consisting of two distinct parallel series, being part of the old pile of the Louvre as it e}dsted in the time of Charles V., from 1364 to 1380, and when inhabited by his consort, Jeanne de Bourbon. The walls areincrusted with rich marbles. At the farthest end, before a colossal statue of Melpomene, is a fine mosaic pavement in compartments, the central one antique, representing Victory, the others modern, representing the Nile, the Po, the Danube, and the Dnieper. Close by, in the parallel gallery to the left, is the celebrated Femis of Milo. To the right of this suite is the Salle de Diane : (I) the ceiling and tympans of the arches are painted with subjects relating to Diana, Next follows the Rotunda, the ceiling of which represents Prometheus giving life to man by the aid of the heavenly fire. The adjoining rooms were once occu- pied by Anne of Austria. The fresco paintings, by Meynier, Mauzaisse, and Barthelemy, which adorn their highly de- corated ceilings, represent : 1st, Justinian delivering his code of laws to Rome ; 2dly, subjects relating to Apollo and Diana ; 3dly, Minerva displaying the olive-branch as the fruit of Victory ; 4thly, various passages of the early history of Rome j Sthly, allegorical paintings of various virtues. (i) These rooms and galleries are now provisionally closed. 11 FIRST WALK. 162 To view the remaining antiques, the visitor must now leave this museum l)y the same entrance, and go to the Pavilion Denon, which he will find on the Place Napoleon III. to his left. Here the bust of Caracalla found at Drama, near Philippi, the Venus Victrix, the Lycian Apollo, Bacchus, and a large number of other valuable antiques wilt be found arranged in the vestibule and gallery to the rigid, that to the left containing a full-size galvanoplastic reproduction, in six parts, of the bas-reliefs on Trajan’s column at Rome. This great collection of antiques dates from 1797, and in 1803 was opened to the public under the title of the Muse'e Napoleon; it then contained, like the gallery of paint- ings, all the richest spoils of Italy, but which were res- tored in 1815 by the allies to their original owners. The pre- sent collection consists of 240 statues; 230 busts; 215 bas- reliefs; and 235 vases, altars, &c.; in all 920 objects. (1) Returning to the Pavillion de I’llorloge, and mounting the stairs, we find to our left, in the passage, the entrance to the Salle des Bronzes, once the Chapel of Henry IV., and now adorned with a magnificent pair of gates of wrought iron, brought from the Chateau de Maisons. This spacious hall now contains a portion of the Collection Campana, purchased from the Papal Government, and now arranged in various parts of the Louvre, under the name of Musce Napoleon III. It comprises 11,835 articles, of which the metal portion only, of Greek and Roman origin, is displayed here, together with various Roman antiquities found at Notre-Dame d’Alencon, near Brissac (Maine tl Loire). Two lateral presses contain metal vessels, chandeliers, statuettes, knives and tvvo- pronged forks, and swords, helmets and other piecesof armour, spear-heads, &c. The presses along the walls contain other articles of the same nature, besides an oval bell, a Roman steelyard, lamps, &c. Colossal busts and statues, mostly of bronze, are arranged round the room. But the most inte- resting is the central stand, containing jewels, diadems, and necklaces, chiefly of Etruscan manufacture, though some are Greek or Roman. The perfection to which the soldering of the precious metals had been brought by the Etruscans have attracted the attention of the best goldsmiths of Paris. On leaving this, a door to our right gives access to the Salle des Seances, a vast saloon of Corinthian architecture, with a gallery running all round, and roofed with dulled (i) Complete catalogues of all the museums of the Louvre may be had on the spot. The produce of their sale amounls to upwards of 200,000 fr. ; and more than 100,000 fr. are fallen at the door for depositing canes and umbrellas. MUSEUMS OF THE LOUVrE. 1G3* glass. It is sumptuously gilt, and now contains a portion of the Musee Napoleon III., consisting of Etruscan bas-reliefs, vases, and sarcophagi. Adjoining it, is tlie Salle Henry II. , the ceiling of which, richly embossed, is painted by Blondel in three compartments. The central one represents Jupiter pronouncing judgment on the relative ad- vantages of the creations of Neptune and Minerva ; the other two compartments are allegorical of Commerce and War. The r Musee Napoleon III. is continued here. Next to this is the Salle des Sept Cheminees (1). The ceiling is beautifully decorated with gilt arabesques on a white ground , and colossal genii in stucco ; ten medallions contain the busts of Gros, David, Girodet, Gerard, Guerin, Percier, Prudhon, Chaudet, Ge- ricault,and Granet, whose masterpieces are in this room. A door to the right on entering opens into the Salle des Bijoux, in which we find another and richer sec- tion of the most valuable portion of the Garapana collection, viz., the Etruscan, Roman, and Greek jewelry, a considerable proportion of which has been already noticed in speaking of the Salle des Bronzes. Some specimens are of admirable exe- cution. Ceiling, by Mauzaisse : Time pointing to the ruins caused by his progress. Next to this is the Salle Ronde, containing a fme mosaic pavement and exqui- sitely sculptured white marble vase. The ceiling, painted by Couder and Stouf, represents, in the central compartment, the fall of Icarus; in the four lateral compartments respectively. Hercules suffocating Antaeus ; diolus mastering the Winds ; Vulcan shewing Thetis the arms made for Achilles; and, lastly Achilles inv oking the aid of the Gods against the Scamander and Simois. A pair of beautiful gates of wrought steel, transported hither from the palace of Maisons, open into the Galerie d' Apollon. — This was commenced under Charles IX., and completed under Henry IV. by Ghambiche, Fournier and Plain. It was almost completely destroyed by fire on the 6th of February icci ; but was rebuilt that very year, the ornamental part being entrusted to the hands of Errard, and the paintings of the ceiling to Lebrun. The latter was after- wards, however, appointed to direct the whole. Louis XIV. having, in the interval, turned both his attention and his trea- sures to the palace of Versailles, the Galerie d’ Apollon was forgotten, and during the following century divided into apart- jments, where the Royal Academies, and especially that of (i) It was here Henry IV. died, after being stabl)ed by Ba- Ivaillac. At that time it was composed of several rooms, one [of which is marked in the old plans of the nalace with the words : Chambre oft mourut Henry IV. 164 FIRST Walk. Sculpture and Painting, held their sittings. In 1747 and 1748 tlie paintings of several living artists were exhibited there ; in 17 56 the gallery had become the studio of Vanloo ; and in 1 7 8 7 it became a picture-gallery. In 1826 it was found necessary to reconstruct the ceiling ; hut it was not until the 5th of June 1851, that this saloon was solemnly re-opened to the public, under the auspices of the Emperor, then President of the Republic. The Gallery is 184 feet in length and 2 8 feet in breadth; it has 12 windows looking upon the Jardin de ITn- fante, and a balcony commanding a beautiful view of the Seine. Opposite each window is a door for the sake of sym- metry; only the last towards the Seine is intended for use, and gives access to the Salon Carre. The panels of these doors are charged with the attributes of the Arts and Sciences, Navi- gation, etc. ; on the walls opposite the windows are seen in Gobelins tapestry, the portraits of Sarrazin, G. Pilon, M. Anguier, Duperac, Lebrun, J. Goujon, Lemcrcier, Romanelli, LenStre, and J. Bullant ; between the windows, those of P, Lescot, Ducerceau, Poussin, Coysevox, Coustou, Ph. Delorme, Mignard, &c., artists who at various periods contri- buted to the construction and decoration of the Louvre. Be- tween the central windows we see medallions with portraits of Philippe Auguste and Francis I. The windows are crowned with other allegorical figures, arabesques and escutcheons. The walls are profusely gilt, and the vaulted ceiling rests upon a frieze adorned with L’s and fleurs de lys. It represents, at its northern extremity, the Triumph of the Earth, by Gui chard, after the designs left by Lebrun ; and at the other, nearest the Seine, the Triumph of the Waters or of Amphitrite, by Lebrun bimself. The other paintings of the vault are, beginning from the latter, as follows ; Aurora on her car, in an octagonal compartment, painted by Lebrun, and re-painted by Muller ; Castor, or the Morning-Star, in an oval compartment, painted in 1781 by Rcnou ; adjoining it, are two lateral compartments i*epresenting Autumn, by Taraval (17 69) and Summer, by Durameau (1774). The great central compartment contains the Triumph of Apollo, by Eu- gene Delacroix. Next comes Evening, situated between Spring, by Callet, and Winter, by Lagrenee junior. The last octa- gonal compartment represents Night. These compartments are interspersed with appropriate emblems and arabesques ; the lower part of the ceiling is adorned with medallions re- presenting the months, and with stuccos of the Muses, the signs of the Zodiac, flowers, etc., executed under the direction of Lebrun, by Girardon, Regnauldin, and the brothers Marsy. This splendid gallery now contains a rare and costly collection MUSEUMS OF THE LOUVUE. 1(55 of enamels of Bernard de Palissy, vases of agate, jasper, and other precious stones, curious articles of Japanese manufacture, jewels, ficc., arranged in three magnificent glass stands on ta- bles, beautifully carved, of tbe time of Louis XIV., as the escut- cheons with flmrs do lys, and the motto, Nec pluribiis hnpar, denote. There are other stands along the wall and opposite. A door to the right opens into the Salon Carre, the ceiling of which is white and gold, with caryatides, and genii representing the Arts ; the names of the most celebrated artists are inscribed on the frieze. The choicest specimens of the treasures for which the Louvre is so cele- brated, are placed here, among which are the Feast of Cana, i and Mary anointing the feet of Jesus, both by Paolo Veronese, ! Charles 1 of England by Vandyck, and the Conception by j Murillo, bought in 1852, at the sale of Marshal Soult’s gai- ! lery, for the sum of 615,300 fr. i The Musee des Tableaux des Ecoles Italiennes, Flamanden et FranQaises occupies the Long Gallery, the exterior of which has already been described at page 154. It was 1322 feet in length, and 42 in width ; but owing to the demolitions in pro- gress, it has provisionally lost two-thirds of its length. The walls are encrusted with red marble to the height of about three feet, the rest of their surface is entirely covered with pictures, comprising three schools, viz. ; the French school, 700 ; the Flemish and German, 620 ; the Italian and Spanish, 585. The further end is exclusively occupied by the Galerie de Rubens, a precious collection of some of the most admired works of that great artist. These master-pieces have now undergone a thorough restoration, and been re-canvassed. None but the works of deceased masters are admitted into this gallery, \vhich was chiefly formed by Na- poleon, and enriched with the master-pieces of Europe ; the greater part were returned ip 1815, but even now this gallery is one of the finest in the world. For the convenience of the public, lists of the pai ters/ names whose works are nearest at hand, and indications of their subjects, are affixed to the walls at proper intervals. From the Galerie de Rubens a door to the right opens into four rooms, twm of which consti- tute the Galerie Lesueur, and exclusively contain works of that master ; in the fourth we find the celebrated sea-ports of Joseph Vernet. Hence a passage leads to a large hall filled with master-pieces of the French Schools of the 18th and 19th ■ centuries. We now enter the Salon Denon, a splendid and lofty hall containing four large pictures by Lebrun. It is surmounted by a dome, gor- geously gilt aiid decoi-fited with sculpture and paintings by FIRST WALK. ICC Muller, the four principal of which represent Louis IX., Francis I., Louis XIV., and Napoleon I., each surrounded hy the eminent men of his time, and fjiving directions for the execution of public works. The initials of these four Princes may he seen on gilt scrolls in the corners. A gallery resting on a rich cornice runs all round this hall, just beneath the large arched windows hy whieh it is lit. The French School is continued in the following room, from which a passage leads to another, containing the choicest specimens of some Italian masters ; and thence we return to the Long Gallery, from the middle of which we may occasionally, through the curtains which often conceal it from view, obtain a glimpse of the Salle des Etats, opening into the Salon Denon. It is a hall 42 metres long, 21 wide, and 16 high. It is lighted by three rows of windows, the upper range being cireular. A gallery, supported on gilt columns, runs round the greater part of it. On State occasions (see p. 1 57 .) the Throne is placed at the entrance to the gallery, which is then closed. There is a gallery for the Empress, the Imperial Princesses, and their suites. The ceiling, painted hy Muller, represents Civilisation, enlightening the world. At her sides there are Justice and Force, the Genius of Law, and Philosophy. France is seated on a throne between Abundance and Gene- rosity. Behind stands Prudence, holding the national flag, protected by Vigilance and Patriotism. Below genii present Algeria to France, and History writes the national annals. Further on there are genii presenting to the world Literature, Science, the Arts, and Religion ; near the latter are Joan of Arc, (personifying female heroism), Devotion, Charity, Misery and Sorrow finding consolation in prayer. Tradition receiving the Scriptures, and Sacred Music. The left side is devoted to Labour, Agriculture, Arts, Science, Poetry, Meditation, Manu- factures, Commerce. Below is War, and at the other end there are symbols of Peace. Over the entrance opposite the gallery is an equestrian statue of Charlemagne, before which a procession passes, and over the other is one of Napoleon I., with groups of veterans, young men, and the Arts, depositing wreaths of palm at his feet, etc. Retracing our steps to theSa//e de$ Sept Cheminees, a door to the right, opposite, leads to another part of the Musee Napoleon Til., containing another part of the Cam- pana collection, and antiquities brought over from Syria by M. Ernest Renan, from Macedonia and Thessaly hy M. Henzey, and from the North of Asia Minor by M. Perrault. The de- scription of these rooms is briefly as follows • — 1st room : MUSEUMS OF THE LOUVRE. 167 antique pottery from Judea, Cyprus, and Rhodes ; ceiling ; the presentation of Poussin by Cardinal Richelieu to Louis XIII., by Alaux ; 2d : Etruscan and Roman pottery ; ceiling : the battle of Ivry, by Steuben ; 3d : painted vases of the primitive period ; ceiling ; Puget presenting bis group of Milo of Croton, now in the Musee de la Sculpture Moderne, to Louis XIV. at Versailles, by Deveria ; 4th : tombs, sepulchral lamps, urns, &c., in the centre the “ Lydian tomb in terra- cotta ; ceiling : Francis I., accompanied by his court, receiving the paintings brought by Primaticcio from Italy, by Fragonard ; 5th : Coiinthian vases found at Ceeriin Etruria; ceiling : an allegorical representation of the revival of the arts in France, and eight historical subjects from the time of Charles VIII. to the death of Henry II. , by Heim ; Gth ; Vases found in Magna Grsecia; ceiling: Francis I. knighted by Bayard, by Fra- gonard ; 7th : the same series continued ; ceiling : Charlemagne receiving the Bible from Alcuin, by Schnetz ; 8th : red vases with painted subjects, Greek and Etruscan ; ceiling ; Louis XII. proclaimed father of the people at the states-general of Toui’s in 1506, by Drolling; 9th: glass, mosaics, frescoes from Pompeii sent by the late Francis I. of Naples ; ceiling : the expe- dition to Egypt under the orders of Napoleon, by L, Coignet ( i ). A suite parallel to this contains the old collection of Egyp- tian, Greek, and Roman antiquities. It commences with the Musee Egyptien, most of the antiquities in which are the fruits of the French researches in Egypt. For articles of domestic life, and for all minuter details, this is perhaps the most complete collection in existence. Valuable Egyptian vases, human mummies and those of animals, some MSS, in fine preservation, and palettes on which the colours still re- ma n, will be remarked. Seeds of various kinds, and even fragments of bread, found in the tombs of Egypt, are collected hero. Glass cases occupy the embrasures of the windows, con- taining minute articles. Cloth of various kinds, brooms, musical instruments, walking-sticks, a crutch shod with iron, shoes, toilet-cases, mirrors, needles, and elegant spoons, all of the earlier periods. of Egypt, fi-nd a place in this most interesting museum. Here are also the weights and measures of the Phileterian system, mentioned in the Scriptures, and some cu- rious Egyptian loadstones, nicely balanced, so as to answer the purpose of a magnetic needle. The ceiling of the first room represents the Genius of France encouraging the arts, and tak- ing Greece under her protection, by Gros. In that of the 2d, is Pope Julius II. giving orders for the building of St. Peter’s (i) On the ground-floor of this side of the court are studios not shown to visitors without an order from the Director, FIRST WALK 168 to Bramante, Michael Angelo, and Raphael, by Horace Vernet. The ceiling of the 3d represents Egypt saved by Joseph, by Abel de Pujol. That of the 4th represents Study and Genius aiding Greece in exploring Egypt, by Picot. Compartments in other styles accompany these ceilings. La Salle (la Trdnc is next entered ; its magnificent ceiling is divided into nine compartments, painted by Gros. Six of these represent the busts of Pericles, Augustus, Leo X., Fran- cis I., Louis XIV., and Charles X., with scrolls, bearing the names of the celebrated writers of their age. The centre com- partment represents Glory supported by Virtue, with scrolls Ijeariug the names of celebrated French statesmen, warriors, and writers. In the eighth is Truth, assisted by Time, receiv- ing the protection of Wisdom; in the ninth. Victory holding the reins of two fiery steeds ready to draw the chariot of Mars ; Peace offers him a bridle, the emblem of moderation. The ceiling rests on white marble Corinthian columns, with gilt capitals and bases ; in the centre of the floor is a fine mosaic encircling a pedestal which supports an Egyptian idol in black marble. Mummies and Egyptian sarcophagi stand in other parts of the room. We now enter the Musee Grec et Romain. — Here we have the series of antiqui- ties found in ancient Etruria and the. south of Italy, but chiefly in Greece. The collection occupies four rooms, and is ex- ceedingly choice. The visitor’s attention will be attracted by the unusual size of a great number of the vases, particularly those on the marble tables, and to the high state of preservation of most of them. The wealth and refinement of Herculaneum and Pompeii are represented here, and even most of the utensils of domestic life may be seen in these cases. A collection of glass vases, another of bronze instruments, and another of cameos and gems, will not escape the visitor’s attention. The ceilings represent : 1st room, Cybele, the Magna Mater, protecting Stabise, Herculaneum, Pompeii and Retina, from the fires of Vesuvius, by Picot ; 2d, the nymphs of Parthenope, carrying their household gods to the banks of the Seine, under the guidance of Minerva, by Meynier ; 3d, represents Vesuvius receiving fire from Jupiter to consume Herculaneum, Pompeii and Stabise, by Heim; 4th, the apotheosis of Homer, by Ingres. On the mantel-piece of this room stands the bust of the late lamented architect Visconti, who furnished the designs for the completion of the Louvre. The last-mentioned room opens into the Salle des Sept Cheminees. The visitor must now retrace his steps to the Musee Egyptien, wdiich leads to a Corinthian staircase at the south-eastern angle of (he Gallery. Here he will find an entrance opening into (he MUSEUMS OF THE LOUVUE. IfiO celebrated colonnade of Claude Perrault, and obtain an ad- vantageous view of St.-Germain-rAuxerrois ( see p. 238). Another door on the same side gives access to the Musee des Souverains, composed of five rooms, the three first of which severally bear the names of Chambre d’Anne d’Autriche, Chambre d coucher de Henri IV, and Salon de Henri IV. The elaborate carving and gilding of the ceilings [ and wainscoting is remarkable. The first room contains a portrait of Louis XIII., by Philippe de Champagne, and a modern one of Anne d’Autriche opposite. A splendid vase of Sevres porcelain and gilt bronze stands in the centre. The 2d room contains full-length portraits of Henry IV. and Marie de Medicis, and, in an alcove where Henry IV. used to sleep, there is a statue of that prince in his childhood, by Bosio. In the 3d room are the altar and desks of a chapel of the Order of the Holy Ghost, with the mantles worn by the knights, and other brilliant articles relating to the same. The fourth room is called the Salle des Bourbons. A rectangular compartment of the ceiling contains the arms of the Bourbons, flanked with the initials of Louis XVIII. and Charles X. On the coves are medallions with the portraits of those princes, and the legends, Trocadero and Alger, under each respectively; the walls display fleurs de lys on a blue ground. In the centre of this room we perceive, under glass cases, the rich saddles and saddle-cloths used at the corona- tions of Louis XVI. and Charles X. , and in the presses around, marked with the names of the kings whose reigns are repre- sented here by some object of interest, we find the arm-chair of King Dagobert, full suits of armour worn by Charles IX., Henry II., (1) Henry HI., Henry IV., Francis II., Louis XIIL, and Louis XIV. ; a splendid casket, presented to Anne d’Autriche by Bichelieu ; and the baptismal font used at the baptism of St. Louis, Philip Augustus, and the Comte de Paris. It is a silver basin, covered with handsome chasings. There are also many other objects of great interest here, such as the sceptre of Charlemagne, a chandelier and mirror presented to Marie de Medicis by the Bepublic of Venice, both studded with cameos and precious stones ; a copy of the crown worn by Louis XVI. at his coronation ; his sword (without a hilt) ; a shoe worn by Marie Antoinette ; the prayer-book of Charle- magne, dated 780; his sword and spurs ; the marriage sword (i) That to the left is the one in which he was killed in 155!). The visor of the helmet being raised for air, (as the day was hot and the exercise of the tournament fatiguing,) the tilting spear of the Count de Monfgommeri accidently hit (he king’s eye and ciitefed his brain, 170 FIRST WALK. oflJcnry IV., and other arms of historical interest. A beautiful cabinet, which belonged to Marie Antoinette, stands in the left corner ; and a large casket, adorned with pastoral minia- tures on white velvet, and bearing the cyphers of Louis XYI. and Marie Antoinette, is to be seen in the adjoining press. In a corner opposite is the sedan-chair of Louis XV. ; near the windows are the desks of Louis XVIII. and Louis Philippe, the latter bearing marks of the fury of the invaders of the Tuileries in 1848. Several articles here displayed formed part of Prince Soltikoff’s collection. — The fifth room, called the Salle de I’Empereur, displays on its ceiling the name of Napoleon, and numerous eiublems i of giory, the arts and sciences, &c. The walls are studded ^ with bees on a red ground. In this room we see a silver statue of Napoleon I., the size of life, by Rochet. He is represented as a pupil of the School of Brienne. Among the other articles in this room are the full-dress clothes worn by him on state occasions ; his uniform which he wore at Marengo ; his sword of First Consul, his horse’s bridle-bit, the hat he wore in the campaign of 1814, and the small round hat which he wore at St. Helena, as well as the pocket-handker- chief which he used when on his death-bed ; the Austrian uni- form of the Duke de Reichstadt ; a locket containing the hair of Napoleon and of his son, and the flag kissed by Napoleon when he bid adieu at Fontainebleau, and which had since then remained in the possession of General Petit. A small chalk sketch of Napoleon I. at the age of 16, signed “Cournoni,” (17 85) will be seen near the entrance. From this suite we enter three rooms called the Musee de la Colo7inade, where the paintings which formed part of the Campana collection have now been arranged, con- stituting the third section of the Musee Napoleon III. They arc 303 in number, and comprise several works of the earlier painters, as well as some masterpieces of the more modern Italian schools. Arriving at the north-east staircase, we find to the left a series of seven rooms, formeilv occupied by tbe Collection Standish, bequeathed in 1838 to Louis Philippe by F. II. Standish, Esq., of Duxbury Hall, Lancashire, but sold by auction in 1850, together with one called the Galeiie Espagnole, in order to cover the liabilities of the dethroned King. Subsequently these rooms were devoted to en- gravings, those especially the plates of which arc the property of the Louvre, from which, by the sale of copies, it derives a considerable income. These rooms are now chiefly filled wilh the curious and interesting MUSEUMS OF THE LOUVRE. 171 Collection Sauvageof, thus called after a gentleman of that name, a distingiiis|jed antiquarian, who left it hy will to the Louvre in 1856. The whole collection is valued at a million of francs, exclusively of many articles which have been added to it. The antechamber contains various statues and groups executed in terra-cotta after the manner of Luca della Robbia ; in the first room of the suite we find Italian crockery of the same period and school, viz., plates, dishes, &c., adorned with painted figures. This series is continued in the second room. In the third we find specimens of Bernard Palissy’s earthenware. In this the various subjects and de- vices are in relief. The fourth coptains valuable bronzes, such as statuettes, embossed dishes, cups, 6cc., besides two bronze bas-reliefs in compartments, representing the Italian campaigns of 1515 and 1544. In the fifth we see specimens of Venetian glass, flasks, cups, beakers, &c., and a mosaic by Fasolo, representing the Lion of Venice. The sixth room is devoted to carved wood, such as delicate trinkets, medallions, 6cc., of exquisite workmanship ; and the seventh chiefly contains carved ivory, including statuettes, dyptics, furniture, 6cc., together with an altar-screen, all of ivory, minutely carved in 69 compartments, representing subjects taken from the New Testament. With the eighth room, which contains chalk drawings hy various celebrated masters, commences the Musee des Dessins, one of the most valuable and extensive collections of works of this kind in existence, consisting of 14 rooms, and comprising 36,000 specimens of the great mas- ters of all schools, of inestimable value to the professional student, as well as to the connoisseur. Many precious speci- mens of the pencils of the first masters of the Italian, Flemish, French and Spanish schools are here exhibited. The visitor will find choice subjects due to the talent of Poussin. Lcsucur, Claude Lorraine, Teniers, Rubens, Van Dyck, Albert Durer, Rembrandt, Cuyp, Holbein, &c. ; beautiful miniature portraits of historical interest, and other portraits, groups, and views executed in pencil, Indian ink, 8cc. In the last five rooms the drawings are mostly arranged under glazed frames on inclined desks. These rooms were formerly those reserved for state purposes, and under Charles X. were used for the re- ception of the Chambers before the opening of the legislative session. The first of the- suite was formerly an antechamber, and has no decorations; the second was the Salle dcs Confe- vences ; the ceiling, painted by Mauzaisse, represents Divine Wisdom giving laws to kings and legislators. The ceiling of the third, the Salle du Comite du Contentieux, represents Law 172 FIRST WALK. descending upon earth, by Drolling. The fourth is the Grande Salle du Conseil, the ceiling of which, by Blondel, represents France receiving the charter from Louis XVIII. It is surrounded hy'eight allegorical and as many historical compartments. The fifth room, of the tune of Henry II., has a richly decorated ceiling : History recording the events of the battle of Bou- vines ; it is surrounded with allegorical figures, hy Blondel. The Musee de la Marine occupies the second floor on the northern side, and is approached hy a small staircase leading from the ante-room of the Collection Sauvageot; it occupies a suite of 1 1 rooms, and contains models of vessels of all classes, many equipped and armed. In the 1st room is the model of the country around Luxor, where the obelisk of the Place de la Concorde formerly stood. This model gives an accurate idea of the operation of shipping the obelisk and of the machi- nery used for the purpose (see p. 179). Another model shows the operation of raising the obelisk on its pedestal in Paris. Above this, on the wall, is an inscription, placed there hy the English residents in France, commemorating the heroic endur- ance of Lieut. Bcllot, of the French navy, who perished in the Arctic expedition of 1853 sent in search of Sir J. Franklin. Models of Brest, Lorient, Toulon, and Rochefort are in the 2d, 3d, 8th, and 11th rooms, executed on a large scale and with great nicety. In the 2d is the model of the three-decker Valmy, executed in ivory and ebony. In the 4th is the model of the 3-decker I’Oce'an, six metres in length. In the 5th room is the bell of Fort St. Jean d’Ulloa, pierced through with cannon- shot. In the 6th is an obelisk decorated with the relics of the ship of M. de La Perouse, discovered and brought to France by an Englishman, Capt. Dillon ; in a glass press we see a letter addressed by La Perouse to one of his friends just before his departure from Brest in 1785 ; there is also the trunk of a tree, found at Botany Bay, bearing the epitaph of one of La Perouse’s chaplains. In the 7th, on a stand there is the model of the Belle-Poule frigate, which brought over the re- mains of Napoleon I, from St. Helena in 1840."^ In the 9th is a piece of ordnance, on the revolving principle, with 1 2 chambers, and invented at Joigny in i837. Here likewise is a large model of a steam-engine, with others of fire-arms of every calibre. In the l oth are geographical globes, sextants, and other scientific instruments used in navigation. The 1 1th room con- tains a beautiful model of the state galley of Louis XIV. ; the walls are decorated with the admirable gilt bas-reliefs which ornamented the original. Hero is also a model of the gor- geous man-of-war, the Louis X V. From this room we enter the Mu^ee Ethnonrophique, coobisting of six rooms, the first o.f MUSEUMS OF THE LOUVRE. 173 Which contains, besides models of the men-of-wav Tage, Rivoli, and Inflexible, a collection of weapons used by the nations of Central Africa. In the 2d there are a few models of junks, canoes, 8cc., also some Chinese paintings, including a few very good caricatures of Europeans, and landscapes rather deficient in perspective. The 3d contains a collec- tion of arms and ornaments used by various nations inhabit- ing the islands of the South Pacific, and the still compa- I ratively unexplored regions of North America. In the centre ' of the room is a model of the celebrated temple of Jagganatha, or Juggernaut, in India. The fourth, fifth, and sixth rooms, to the left on entering, are specially devoted to Chinese art and manufactures. Here we see a large chapel of carved wood, containing a Goddess called Kang, besides other idols, altars, various obiects of worship, and household utensils. The spe- cimens of Chinese porcelain are numerous and elegant ; there are besides a model of a Chinese burial, also boxes, fur- niture, paintings, amulets, coins, carved chessmen, dresses, utensils, trinkets, &cc., partly brought over by M. de Lagrenee, and partly sent from Canton by Admiral Rigault de Genouilly. In a passage to the right of the 3d room is the Musee Americain, containing objects of Peruvian and Mexican origin, sent by M. Audrand, French Consul in Bolivia. It consists of pieces of sculpture, seals, woven stuffs, etc., showing the comparatively high civilisation of those nations at the time of the Conquest. Passing to the galleries on the ground floor, the first we find to our left on re-entering the court, is the Musee de la Sculpture Moderne. It is arranged in five halls, and is remarkable for many master-pieces of the French school, to which are added a few by foreign artists. The room to the left, called the Salle Coysevox, contains Marie Adelaide of Savoy, as Diana, and a splendid tomb of Cardinal Mazariu. In the Salle du Puget, is the celebrated Milo of Croton by that artist ; also a marble group representing Perseus delivering Andromeda, and a small bronze model of the equestrian statue by Girardon, which formerly stood in the Place Vendome ; there is also a foot of the statue itself (see p. 176.) The Salle des Coustou has statues of Louis XV., Maria Lescinska, Queen of France, and four bas-reliefs in bronze, by Desjardins. In the Salle de Houdon we see Psyche, by Pajou; Diana in bronze, by Houdon; the bust ofBuffon, by Pajou ; and that of Madame Dubarry, by the same. The last, the Salle de Chaudet, contains Love and Psyche, by Canova ; and the co- lossal bust of Napoleon I. by Bartolini. Further on, in the north-eastern portion, is the 174 FIRST walk. Galerie Assyrienne, consisting of six rooinsj and a ves- tibule on the iiorthera ground floor, and containing valuable relics of Assyrian sculpture brought to light in the vicinity of Nineveh, through the exertions of M. llotta, French consul in Syria. Colossal winged hulls flank the doors of tiie second room. The bas-reliefs, which occupy the lateral walls, are interesting as showing the costumes, weapons, and vessels of the remotest ages, the manner in which they were laden, and their clumsy oars. The cuneiform inscriptions, taken from the palaces of Sardanapalus, Nimrod, Taimanassac, and Jehu, the small seals engraved on agate and jasper, are worthy of attention. The thiicl room contains Greek haut-reliefs, a vase discovered at Pergama, and the great Ama- thusian vase, 10 metres in circumference, sent over from Cyprus in i8 60. The vestibule which follows is filled with plaster-casts from the Musee des Platres. The 5th romi con- tains sarcophagi, 5cc., from Niuiveh, and the 6th, valuable specimens of Greek sculpture from the Parthenon, Delos, &c. In the south-eastern portion is the Galerie Egyptienne, a lofty hall filled with colossal Egyp- tian statues, sphynxes, bas-reliefs, paintings, and other curiosi- ties. The freshness of the colours of the paintings, which the lapse of upwards of thirty centuries has been unable to efface, is really surprising. The visitor will particularly remark the bas-reliefs which adorned the pedestal of the obelisk of Luxor. The adjoining vestibule, which is filled with specimens of Egyptian pottery, a figure of the sacred bull, 8cc., communi- cates to the left with a passage containing a number of Roman antiquities, such as busts, inscriptions 8cc., found in Algeria. Ascending the staircase, which leads to the Musee des Souve- rains, we perceive on the walls five large copies of Egyptian paintings. In the southern wing is the Musee de la Sculpture de la Renaissance, composed of 6 rooms. In the first, besides the casts of the tombs of Charles and Mary de Bourgogne, the visitor will remark the cast of a stupendous chimney-piece of the Salle du Senat at Bruges, cf the most elaborate workmanship. The 2d room, called the Salle Jean Goujon, contains specimens of sculpture by that artist ; among which is his masterpiece, Diana de Poitiers (the favourite of Henry II., who, at the age of 47, captivated the youthful king) represented as Diana Venatrix. We also see a fine group of four angels carved in wood by Germain Pilon, Next comes, to the left, the Salle des Anguier, where the most con- spicuous object is the pyramidal monument to Henri deLongue- ville. Here are also bronze statues of Louis XIII., Anne MUSEUMS OF THE LOUVRE. 175 d’Auti'iche, and Louis XIV. in his boyhood, by Guillain, a bronze statue of Fame, by Berthelot, andFrancheville’s master- piece, the four bronze figures, representing as many conquered nations, that formerly adorned the equestrian statue of Henri IV., on the Pout Neuf. There are also some fragments of the statue itself, which was of colossal dimensions (see p. 297.) Returning to the 2d room, we enter the Salle de Jean de Douai, or Giovanni di Bologna, containing the group of Mercury and Psyche in bronze, by Adrien de Vries, and the bronze bas- relief of Diana with the stag by Benvenuto Cellini, which adorned the Chateau d’Anet (see p. 366.) Here is also a pri- soner, in marble by Michel Angelo. The Salle de Michel Colombe contains a beautiful alto-relievo of white marble, by that artist, representing St. George killing the dragon. There is also a statue of Louis XII. by Demugiano. All these museums are open to the public on all days, Mondays excepted, from 1 2 to 4 ; to artists daily, Sundays and Mondays excepted, from 8 to 1. For permission to study in the museums, apply by letter to “Monsieur le Directeur des Musees, au Louvre.” The visitor, on leaving, should enter the Rue de Rivoli, that vast artery connecting the utmost limits of the Tuileries with the rue St. Antoine, a distance of 3146 metres, (2 miles.) It runs through part of the ground once occupied by the orchard of the convent of the Feuillants, and by the celebrated Manege, or riding-school, where a temporary building, erected in 17 90, was succes- sively occupied by the Constituent and Legislative Assem- blies, the Convention, and the Council of Five Hundred. This street was begun in 1802 , and continued with a uniform system of arcades to the northern pavilion of the Tuileries, thus opening the noble garden of the palace to public view on the northern side. The menacing prospect of serious danger to the State roused the Government of 1848 to provide work for the labouring classes at any cost, and it resolved to continue the Rue de Rivoli. During the reign of the present Emperor, the rue de Rivoli has been prolonged beyond the Hotel de Ville. The arcades extend as far as the rue du Louvre, turning also into the Place du Palais Royal. This street has cost a sum of 150 millions of francs, and caused the demolition of upwards of 1,000 houses. As was the case with the old rue de Rivoli, the houses built with arcades in the new one, have been exempted from taxes for thirty years. The principal pavilion of the New Louvre, facing the Palais Royal, contains the Bibliotheque du Louvre — the Emperor’s private library. 176 FIRST WALK. to visit wiiich, apply by letter to Son Excellence le Grand Marechal dn Palais, aux Tuileries. The stranger, on as- cending a beautifully sculptured double-branched staircase, will enter a suite consisting of two saloons connected by a spacious gallery, with six recesses on each side, fitted up with bookcases. The ceiling of the first saloon, painted by Brune, represents the Muses ; that of the second, by Abel de Pujol, the Arts and Sciences. Here is a collection of books bequeathed to the Emperor by Mr. Mottley, an American. Students may obtain permanent entrance here. Continuing westwards along the Rue de Rivoli, we find opposite the Rue Richelieu (1), the offices of the Ministere de la Maison de I’Empereur, and at No. 192, near the Passage Delorme, a house occupied in 184 8 by Sobrier and his ad- herents until the 1 5th of May, when they were forcibly dis- banded. At No. 224, are the library and news-rooms of Messrs. Galignani and Co., wherethedaily English newspaper, Galig- nani’s Messenger, so well known throughout the Continent, is published (see Directory). Most of the houses in this street are public hotels, among which is Meurice’s, No. 228, an estab- lishment almost as well known as the rue de Rivoli itself. The rue de Castiglione leads to the octagonal Place Vendome — of which the Rue de la Paix (2) forms the only other outlet on the opposite side. The Place Ven- dome, originilly called Place des Conqu6tes, and then Place Louis le Grand, was begun by Mansard, in 1 099, Louis XIV. having, at the suggestion of Louvois, purchased the hotel of the Due de Vendome, an illegitimate son of Henry IV. and Ga- hrielle d’Estrees, which stood on this site. The buildings, ori- ginally intended for the Royal Library, the Mint, 8cc., were subsequently continued by the City of Paris, and finished by the financier Law. They are uniformly Corinthian : the larger sides of the octagon measure 450 feet, the smaller 420. In the middle formerly stood a colossal equestrian statue of Louis XIV., in broaze, by Girardin and Keller, erected in 1069, but demolished cn August 10, 1792; the bronze figures that orna- mented its base are to be seen in the Musee de la Renaissance. The mutilated pedestal was replaced in 1806 by the Colonne Vendome, erected by Napoleon, to comme- (1) At the :orner of the rue de Richelieu and the rue St. Honord some soldiers of the Garde Royale made a desperate re- sistance in the revolution of i830, and fell to a man. ( 2 ) On the site of the rue de la Paix, originally rue Napoldon, stood the large Convent of the Capucines, the greater portion of which was destroyed in 1789. In i806 the street was formed through the aody of the convent. ’iffTRjn mTTPTBiA’OL iUEcniET ®]? if.° imro rnL]^ .. Jry^ ^ /Hiartion-' 3tr y jSiutr/Siui/e-IFitrj^ COLONNE VENDOME. morate the success of his arms in the German Campaign of 1 8 o 5 . This column, 135 feel high, by 12 in diameter, is an imitation of the pillar of Trajan at Rome, on a scale larger by one twelfth. The pedestal, 21 feet in height, and 20 in breadth and the shaft are of stone, covered with bronze bas-reliefs* cast out of 1,200 pieces of Russian and Austrian cannon’ weighing 3 CO,O 00 lbs., and representing the victories of the French army. The bas-reliefs of the pedestal represent the ' uniforms and weapons of the conquered troops. Four eagles weighing 500lbs. each, stand at the corners of the pedestal’ supporting wreaths of oak. The door, of massive bronze is decorated with crowns of oak, surmounted by an eagle ; above is a bas-relief, representing two figures of Fame, suppo’rting a tablet, with the following inscription ; ® Neapolio Imp. Aug. Monumentum belli Germanic! Anno MDCCCV. Trimestri spatio, ductu suo, profligati, ex aer’e canto Gloriae exercitus maximi dicavit. ^ ’ : The spiral bas-reliefs of the shaft display, in order, the prin- cipal actions, from the departure of the troops from Boulogne to the battle of Austerlitz. The figures, 2,ooo in number are three feet high ; the length of the scroll 840 feet ; a spiral thread divides the lines, and bears the names of the actions repre- sented. The designs, by Bergeret, were executed by^si sculptors, one of whom was Mme. Charpentier. Above the capital is a gallery, approached by a winding staircase of 176 steps. Upon the capital is this inscription : Monument 61ev6 a la gloire de la grande arm^e, par Napoleon le Grand, commence le xxv aout 1 806, termini le xv aoht isio sous la direction de D. V. Denon, MM. J. B. Lep^re et L GonI doin, architectes. The capital is surmounted by an acroterium, on which we see a bronze statue, by Dumont, of Napoleon I. in a Roman cos- tume and wearing the Imperial mantle. It is an exact copy of the first statue by Chaudet which stood here, and which was melted down in 1814 to form part of the horse of Henry iV ., now on the Pont Neuf. The figure of Victory in the Em- peror’s right hand is the same which was held by the original , statue ( 1 ) . The column stands upon a plinth of polished granite ! surrounded by an iron railing. The total cost was 1,500,000 i francs. The view of Paris and the environs from the gallery ( 1 ) During the Restoration a lleur-de-lys and a flag-staff oc- cupied the place of the statue ; but on the 28th of July i 833 a statue by Seurre, representing Napoleon I. in his welhknown military costume, vvas solemnly inaugurated in the presence of Louis Philippe. This statue, 1 1 feet high, now stands on a pe- destal in the centre of the Rond-Pointof Courbevoie. (Seep. 507 ) 178 first walk. is most interesting. To ascend it, apply to the guardian at the door, who expects a small gratuity, and furnishes the visitor with a lantern. The hours are from 10 to 6 iii sum- mer, and 1 to 4 in winter. The Fontaine des Capucins, at the corner of the rue Casti- glione and rue St. Honore, was erected in 1071, and rebuilt in 1718. It bears the following inscription by Santeuil ; Tot loca sacra inter, pura est quae labltur unda; Hanc non impuro, quisquis es, ore bibas. Six convents formerly stood here. Further west is the ficLiSE DE l’Assomption, 369, rucSt. Honore. — This church, formerly belonging to a convent of Dames de VAssomption, now converted into barracks, was built by Errard in 167 6. It is circular, and surmounted by a dome 62 feet in diameter. The style is Corinthian ; the cupola is painted in fresco by Lafosse. It contains the Birth of the Virgin, by Suvee (1779), and an Assumption, by Blondel. The church is a chapel of ease to the church of the Madeleine. The rue de Luxembourg leads to the Hotel des Finances, a vast building comprised between the rues de Rivoli, de Casti- glione, du Mont Thabor, and de Luxembourg. Further on, at the corner of the rue St. Florentin, is a large and handsome mansion, formerly the residence of Prince Tal- leyrand, and purchased, after his death, by Baron Rothschild. Before the revolution of 17 89 it was the hotel of the Duchess de I’lnfantado . Alexander I . , Emperor of Russia, occupied it in 1 8 1 4 . SEOiOlTK ITALZ. This walk comprises the 1 cth arrondissement, with a fraction of the 8lh. The visitor will commence it by the Place de la Concorde, or de Louis XV., which was, till the reign of that King, a waste, irregular space. After the peace of Aix-la-ChapeUe, the Municipality obtained leave of Louis XV. to form a square here, adorned with a statue in his honour. The works, conducted after the designs of Gabriel, were not finished until 1772. The square was octagonal, bounded by balustraded losses. The two line marble groups, by Coustou, jun., representing restive borses checked by grooms, which stand at the entrance of the Champs Elysees, were brought hither from Marly in 1790, like their counterparts opposite, by Coysevox, at the western entrance of the garden of the Tuilerics. In the middle stood a bronze equestrian statue of Louis XV., in a Roman costume, by Bouchardon. At the lour angles of the pedestal were marble statues of Peace, ©IF nKim'UTS'iE'iKsro PLACE DE LA CONCORDE. 179 Prudence, Justice, and Strength ( 1 ) . The statue was destroyed hy order of the Legislative Assembly on the 1 Itli of August 1792, and melted down into cannon and republican two-sous pieces, while a large plaster ligure of Liberty was placed on the pedestal, in front of which was erected the guillotine, and the place was called Place de la Revolution. By a decree of 1800 it assumed the name of Place de la Concorde ; both figure and pedestal were removed, and a model of a column was erected in wood covered with painted canvas. Figures representing the Departments surrounded the base. The com- pletion of this was prevented by the wars of the Empire. In 18 14 the name of “ Place Louis XV.” was restored. Louis XVIIL issued an ordonnance for re-erecting a statue of Louis XV. Charles X. fixed the Rond Point of the Champs Elysees as the proper place for this statue, intending to erect that of Louis XVL on the Place Louis XV., to be called Place Louis XVI. The events of 1830 caused it to remain in a neglected state till 1836, when the works for its completion were begun. In 1852, the fosses were filled up, and the carriage-ways wi- dened. All the spaces for foot-passengers are flagged witli bitumen. The square is enclosed with balustrades, terminating in the basements of eight colossal statues of the chief provincial cities, viz. Lille and Strasburg, by Pradier ; Bordeaux and Nantes, by Calhouet ; Marseilles and Brest, by Cortot; Rouen and Lyons, by Petitot. Twenty rostral columns, bearing lamps, are placed along the balustrades, and 1 20 ornamental lamp-posts border the carriage-ways. In the centre of the square stands the Obelisk of Luxor. — This magnificent relic of ancient Egypt is one of two obelisks that stood in front of the great temple of r Thebes, the modern Luxor, where they were erected, 1550 \ years before Christ, by Rhamses III., of the 18th Egyptian dy- \ nasty, better known in history as the great Sesostris. These ‘ two monoliths were given by Mehemet Ali, Viceroy of Egypt, to the French government, in consideration of the advantages conferred by France on Egypt in aiding to form the arsenal and navalestablishment of Alexandria, but only one was removed (2 ). This obelisk is formed of the finest red syenite, and covered (i) The luxury and dissolute habits of the court at that lime gave rise to the following pasquinade : O la Belle statue! 6 le Beau piCdestal! Lcs vei'tiis sent 5 i)ied, le vice est a cheval. By a singular coineidence of dates, the idea of erecting this royal statue on the future Place de la Concorde, was conceived on the 24 th of February i748, and the statue itself reached the square, after 4 days’ hard labour, on the 24th of February 1T63. It was inaugurated on the 2 oth of June following. S’) The operation of transporting this monolith toFrance, which 180 SECOND WALK. on each face with three lines of hieroglyphic inscriptions com* memorative of Sesostris ; the middle lines being the most deeply cut and most carefully finished. The number of characters is 1,600. A flaw which it had when first cut from the quarry extends to one-third of its height, but is not perceptible from the ground. The Egyptians remedied this by inserting two wooden mortises under the inner surfaces. The apex has been left in the rough state in which it was when found in Egypt, The height of this monolith is 72 ft. 3 inches; its greatest width at the base 7 ft. 6 inches ; at the top, 5 ft, 4 inches ; Its weight 500,000 pounds. (1) The pedestal on which it stands is a single block of grey granite, from the quarries of Laber, in Britanny, weighing 240,000 pounds, and 15 feet by 9 at the bottom and 8 at the top (2). On the northern face of the pedestal are engraven gilt sections of the machinery used at Luxor in removing the monolith ; on the southern are those used in Paris. On the eastern side is this inscription : Ludovicus Philippus I., Francorum Rex, ut antiquissimum ar- tis Algyptiacae opus, idemque recentis glorias ad Nilum armis partas insigne mouumentum Franciae ab ipsa jEgypto donatum posteritate prorogaret, obeliscum Die xxv Aug. A. MDCCCXXXII. Thebis Hecatompylis avectum naviq. ad id constructa intra men- ses xiii. in Gallia perductum erigendum curavit. D. xxv. Octob. A. MDCCCXXXYI. Anno reg. septimo. Tlie inscription on the western side is as follows : En pi'^sence du Roi Louis-Philippe I«’, cet obeiisque, trans- ports de Louqsor en France, a SIS dressS sur ce piSdestal par •M. Lebas, ingenieur, aux applaudissements d’un people im- mense, le xxv octobre MDCCCXXXVI. The entire cost of removal and erection was about two mil- lions of francs. On either side of this venerable monument are The two Fountains of the Place de la Concorde, dedicated, one to Maritime, the other to Fluvial, Navigation. They consist each of a circular basin, 50 feet in diameter, out of which rise two other smaller basins, the upper and smaller one being in- it took three years (from i83i to 1833) to complete, will be best understood by inspecting the excellent model of the country around Luxor in the Musee de la Marine at the Louvre, which gives an exact idea of the road made to the Nile, the vessel con- structed at Toulon for the purpose, &c. (see p. 172 ). The erec- tion of the obelisk on the Place de la Concorde and the machinery used vOct. 25tb, 1836) is fully represented by another model close by. A box ol cedar, containing medals struck in comme- moration of the occasion, was placed under the obelisk. (1) The obelisk of the Vatican at Rome xveighs 900,000 lb. ( 2 ) For a full description of this monument, see Notice Histo- rique, Descriptive, et Archeologique sur I'Obelisque de Luxor. PLACE DE LA CONCORDE. 181 verted ; Iheir diameters are 12 and 20 feet respectively. The middle basin is supported by a cylindrical shaft, ornamented with foliage, standing on a hexagonal base. Six fignres nine feet in height are seated around it, with their feet on the prows of vessels;, and separated from each other by spouting dol- phins. Six larger dolphins, held by as many Tritons and Nereids, sporting in the large and highly ornamented basin below, spout water into the second one. The shaft of the in- verted basin is surrounded by three upright figures of winged children, standing on inverted shells, with swans by their sides spouting water. In the Maritime fountain, the figures sup- porting the second basin represent the Ocean and Mediterranean, by Debay ; the Genii of the Common and the Pearl Fisheries, by Deshoeufs ; with those of the Coral and Shell Fisheries, by Valois. The figures of the upper basin, representing the Genii ■ of Astronomy, Commerce, and Maritime Navigation, are by i Brian. In the Fluvial fountain, the lower figures are the j Rhine and the Rhone, by Jechter ; the Genii of Flowers and I Fruits, by Lanno; the Vintage and the Harvest, by Husson. The upper figures, by Feucheres, are the Genii of Agriculture, Manufactures, and Fluvial Navigation. The Tritons and Ne- reids are by Moine, Elschouet, and Parfait. The lower basins are of polished stone, and the remainder of each fountain is of iron, bronzed by galvanism. The water of these fountains comes from the Plaine de Monceaux (see p. 203.) The Place de la Concorde forms a beautiful link between the » Tuileries and the Champs Ely sees. On the north are two ' palaces, between which the rue Royale opens a view of the Madeleine ; to the south are the Pont de la Concorde, and the 'L egis la tive Palace, behind which is seen towefing the dome of InyaMes. The two edifices on the north side are "each 288 feet in length ; and the rue Roya^ whicli separates them, is 90 feet wide. In eacB7'th'enpper story, ^ I flanked wath projecting pavilions, is adorned with 1 2 Corin- \ thian columns resting on a rusticated arcaded basement. These \ structures were erected by Potaiu, after the designs of Gabriel. The build ing nearest to the garden of the Tuileries was formerly occupied as the Garde-Meuble de laCouronne. Under Napoleon, it was appropriated to the residence and offices of the Minister i OF Marine (see p. 59), who still inhabits it. The building on i the other side of the rue Royale is inhabited by private families. The events that have rendered the Place de la Con- corde famous are so identified with it, that we shall mention the principal ones in chronological order ; — Mat 30, 1770.— During the rejoicings in honour of the marriage of Louis ■XVI., a fsla 1 accident was caused, after a discharge of iireworks, hy the pec- 182 SECOND WALK. pie taking a panic, in consequence of carriages driving among the crowd, and rushing towards the rue Koyale, where the ground had been broken up lor building; 1200 persons were trampled to death, and about 2000 others seriously injured— an ominous commencement of nuptial bonds, to be cru- elly severed by the guillotine ! JuLv i2, 178!).— A collision between Prince de hainbcsc’s regiment and the people became (he signal for the destruction of the Bastille. »* Jan. 21, 1793.— Louis XVI. suffered death on fliis Place, (I) where the fol- ’ lowing persons also subsequently perished by the guillotine : July 17, Cbar- ; lottcCorday; Oct, 2,Brissot and 29 of his colleagues' Oct. iti, Blarie Antoi- ! nette, consort of Louis XVI.: Nov. 17, Louis Philippe Joseph Egalite, Duke of . Orleans : Marcli 24, 1794, the licbertists, Maratists, and Orlcanists j .A])iil 8, j tlic IJantonists, including Danton, Camille Desmoulins, etc.' .April lo, the ■ Atheists, composed of Chaumette, Anacharsis Clootz, the w ives of Camille Desmoulins, of liebcrt.ctc. ; Alav 12, Elisabetli Marie lleienc of France, sister of Louis XVI. : July 28. Itobesp'ierre and his brother, Dumas, St. Just, and Couthon. members of the Committee of Public Safety, with several otliers ; July 29, seventy members of the Commune de Paris; July 30, twelve other nieml)ers. From Jan. 21 , 1793, to May 3, 1795, more than 2800 persons were executed here. — Arait, 10, 1814 — The Kussians, Prussians, and .Austrians were reviewed, and Tc Dcum was sung at an altar on this Place. Feb. 23, 1 8 48.— The first disturbances that ushered in the memorable re- volution of that year took place here. Feb. 24, I 848.— Flight of Louis Philippe and bis family by the western en- trance of the Tuileries Garden. Nov. 4. I 848.— The Constitution of the Republic was solemnly proclaimed here, in the presence of the Constituent Assembly. The Champs Elysees were formerly covered with small detached houses and gardens, meadows, and arable land. In 1616, the queen mother, Marie de Medicis, caused three alleys of trees to be planted, closed at tbe extremities by iron gates. This promenade, intended exclusively for that princess and her court, assumed the name of Cours la Heine, which it still re- tains. It extends along the banks of t he S eine, from which it is separated liy the high road leading to Versailles. On the other side it was divided by ditches from a plain, with which a communication was formed by a small stone bridge. In 1670, this plain, which extended to the village ^i Roule, was by order of Colbert planted with trees, interspersed'wiflTgrass plots. The new promenade was first called le Grand Cours, and soon after Avenue des Champs Elysees. Madame de Pom- padour, having become proprietor of the hotel now called the Palais de I’Elysee Napoleon, caused Colbert’s plantation to be cut down ; but after her death, in 17 64, the ground was replanted, several alleys formed, and restaurants and cafes erected. From 1777 to 1780, the ChampsElysees were the fash- ionable promenade. A sequestered avenue in the neighbourhood was called Allee des Veuves, from its being filled in the afternoon with carriages of rich widows in mourning, who, being by custom excluded from the public walks, used to congregate here to I'elicvc their sorrow. In 1814, a Cossack bivouac was established in the Champs Elysees; and, in 1816, the English (I) The sea Hold for Ihc execution of Louis XVI. was erected midway between / tbe centre of the place and the horses of Marly; that for Marie Autoinetle, between the centre and the gate of tbe Tuileries. CHAMPS ELYSEES. 183 encamped there. In 1818, the walks of the Champs filysees were improved, and young trees planted to replace those de- stroyed during the occupation. At this time an open space called the Carre Marigny was cleared, affording a fine view of the Hotel des Invalides. This spot is now occupied by the Palais de l’Industrie. — This palace was built in 1852-55 by a company for the purpose of imitating the noble example set by England in 1 851 , when the first Universal Exhibition of all nations was held ; and also to provide a permanent build- ing for the quinquennial Exhibitions of the National Manufac- tures of France (1). It has since been purchased by govern- ment, and is used for exhibitions and agricultural shows. The Imperial Commission for the Great Exhibition of 1867 has its offices here (2). The architect was M. Viel. Exterior of the Palace.— The plan of the buildmg is a vast (1) The first Exhibition of the kind occurred in Paris on the Champ de Mars in i798. It lasted only a week, and only no exhibito rs availed themselves of the opportunity. Another was held in i 80 i, and boasted 220 exhibitors; in I 802 there were 5 40 . The fourth exhibition did not take place until 18 O 6 , when there were 1 122 exhibitors. They were then suspended until I8i9, and others were held in 1823 and i827. From 1834 they be- came quinquennial, their duration being fixed at two months. ( 2 ) For this Exhibition a vast elliptical building, 500 metres long by 400 in breadth, is now erecting in the Champ de Mars, at a cost of is, 000,000 fr. It will open on the 1st of April and close the 3 ist of October, i 867. A branch of the railway round Paris will lead to this provisional palace. The Palais de I’lndustirie will be exclusively devoted to the works of living artists oT all nations. This palace, with some additional build- ings, was used for the Great Exhibition of 1855, where England was represented by 2,600 exhibitors. During the 198 days the Exhibition lasted, the number of visitors was 4,533,464. The total receipts amounted to 2 , 941,668 fr. The Rotunda of the Panorama was reserved for the most precious articles, and for the crown jewels. Of these, the finest is the Regent, purchased, in 171 8, by Philippe 11., Duke of Orleans; it weighs 136 carats, and is valued at about 5,000,000 fr. The precious stones of the State are 64,812 in number, weighing 18,751 carats, and worth 20 , 900 , 260 fr. The crown has 5206 brilliantts, 146 rose-diamonds, and 59 saphirs, value 14,702,708 fr. Next cQ'mes a swnrd with 1506 roses, valued at 261,165 fr. ; a clasp wfith 217 brilliants, value 273,119 fr. ; a sword with 1576 briltianits, value 241,874 fr.; a clasp for a cloak, mounted with an opal vallued at 37,500 fr.; and 197 brilliants worth 30,605 fr.; and a button for the hat, with 21 brilliants, worth 240,700 fr. Among the articles for ladies are four head-dresses, value 1,16.'5,163 fr., 293,758 fr., 283,816 fr., and 1 30,820 fr.; a brilliant necklace worth 133,900 fr,, and some wheat-ears valued at 191,476 fr. 184 SECOND WALK. rectangle, with two projecting central and four corner pavi- lions. The central pavilion facing the Avenue des Champs Ely- sees contains the principal entrance, a lofty arch of forty-five feet span, and measuring sixty feet from the ground to the key- stone. It is flanked with coupled Corinthian columns, above which rises an attic surmounted by a magnificent group by Robert, representing France in the act of awarding laurels to Art and Manufacture. On either side of this group arc genii supporting escutcheons charged with the imperial arms and initials. The frieze below, sculptured in relief by Desboeufs represents the Arts and Manufactures bringing their productions to the exhibition ; under the cornice of the entablature are the words ; A V Industrie et aux Arts. Two figures of Fame by M. Dieboldt, adorn the spandrils of the arch. A propylaeum under the arch contains three doors, giving access to the inte- rior, and surmounted by an arched ^vindow, decorated with a group, in alto-relievo, by Vilain, representing Commerce Agid- culture. Manufacture, aiid Art, over which the imperial’ eagle spreads out its wings. This principal entrance is flanked on either side by two tiers of large arched windows, which are continued all round the building, numbering 598 in all. The spandrils of the upper tier are adorned with escutcheons bear- ing the names of various to\\ms on bars traversant ; those of the lower with medallions displaying the initials of the Empe- ror and Empress, or portraits of eminent men. On the frieze which intervenes between the tiers we read the names of vari- ous celebrated men. Fronting the principal facade are two elegant fountains encircled with flower-beds, and the ground towards the Seine, as indeed the whole of the Champs Rlysees has also been laid out in pleasant walks and grass-plots. /nfermr.— Except the outer walls, the main building simple in design, is entirely constructed of iron and roofed with glass. A central rectangular nave, 35 metres in height, with a surface of 192 metres in length and 4 8 in breadth, is sur- rounded by three aisles of an aggregate breadth of 30 metres and formed by four rows of iron columns, 288 in number sup- porting a spacious gallery 30 metres wide, transmitting light to the ground-floor through rectangular skylights. This gallery, to which a splendid three-branched double-staircase in the mam central pavilion, and five other elegant staircases in the corner pd southern pavilions, give access, has 216 columns, supporting the arched roofs both of the nave and aisles. The central roof terminates in two vertical segments, containing two stained glass paintings of indifferent execution, represent- ing France convening all Nations to the Exhibition, and Equity presiding over the Increase of Exchange. CHAMPS ELYSEES. 185 Facing the western extremity of this palace a building has been erected by the city for the exhibition of panoramicviews. It covers a space of 1,7 50 square metres; the canvas now exhibited, on which episodes of the Italian war are exe- cuted, is 1,680 metres in length. The Avenue des Champs Elysees, with its foot-pavements in i bitumen, 12 feet wide, intersects the Champs Flysees ; its j j length is a m^ and ]a quarter. Bisecting the Avenue, is the ' Rond PomT,' a circular spate, surrounded by six basins embel- lished with shrubs and flowers, from which the rues Montaigne and Matignon branch out to the north, and the Allees d’Antin and des Veuves (now called Avenue Montaigne) to the south, intersecting the Cours la Reine. The Avenue de Marigny, nearly opposite to the Palais de V Industrie, leads to the Elysee Napoleon (see p. 190.) By far the most animated part of the Champs Elysees is the Avenue des Champs Elysees, which is the favourite walk of the gay Parisians. On Sundays and holidays in particular 1 the shopkeeper and workman may be seen here jostling the lion of the boulevards, while aristocratic velvets and cashmere shawls meet in close contact with humble merinos and coarse tartans. Under the groves are toy and gingerbread stalls, jeux de bagues, and other attractions for the rising generation ; jugglers and itinerant tumblers attract a willing and ever- changing crowd of spectators, while Punch squeaks his secular jokes to his delighted juvenile audience. On sunny winter- days, or cool summer-evenings, numerous parties of all classes | are seen, enjoying the lively spectacle before them, seated ( on iron chairs hired for 3 or 4 sous, or on the wooden benches | placed at intervals on the sides of the avenue, while elegant carriages roll in procession along the road. Handsome coffee- houses, scattered among the trees on either side, attract the loiterer by their cheerful lights, varied refreshments, and vocal and instrumental music. In the northern grove is the Cirque de V Imperatrice, devoted to feats of horsemanship; and facing it, the Folies Marigny, a small theatre for vaudevilles, pan- i tomimes, etc. The former only open in summer. There are several elegant fountains, some surrounded with flower-beds, under each of the groves. The effect of the double line of lamps, ( ; along the carriage-road, after dark is splendid. The Jar- ^ din Mabille, in the Avenue Montaigne, and the Chdteau des Fleurs, (1) near the Arc de I’Etoile, are somewhat like the Cremorne Gardens. Beyond the Rond Point there is the (0 It was right opposite to this place, in the Avenue, that an odious attempt on the life of the present Emperor took place (April 28th, i 85 b.) His Majesty was passing on horseback. 186 SECOND WALK. splendid mansion of Count Lehon. The public fetes are held in the Champs Elysees ; (1) and here also takes place the celebrated annual Promenade do Longchamp, on the Wed- nesday, Thursday, and Friday of Passion Week, extending into the Bois de Boulogne. The carriages, which on these days are much more numerous, proceed in line up one side of the Grande Allee, and down the other. (2) The Avenue d’Antin leads to the Pont des Invalides. In the Cours la Beinc to the right, we see a house displaying decorations by Jean Goujon from a seat which Francis I. built at Moret, near Fontainebleau, in 1527, for his sister Mar- garet. It bears the following inscription : Qui scit frenare linguam, sensumquc ctoinare, Fortior est illo qui frangit viribus urbes. Inst. 1528, et rest. 1826. The frieze over the ground floor is adorned with bacchanalian bas-reliefs, and with 7 medallions bearing the portraits of Louis XII., Anne de Bretagne, Francis II., Marguerite de Na- varre, Henri II., Diane de Poitiers, and Francis 1. Numerous when the assassin Pianori, alias Liverani, approached, as if to present a petition, and, taking off his hat, drew a double-bar- relled pistol from his bosom and discharged it at the Emperor. Eye-witnesses state that His Majesty, without displaying the slightest emotion, immediately turned his horse towards the assassin, who was in the act of making his escape, and rode after him, when Pianori was seized, wliile drawing another pis- tol from his pocket, by a Corsican police-ofticer, named Ales- sandri, and after a struggle, during which the captor had to in- flict a wound upon him with a poniard, was at length secured by the aid of other people who had hastened to the spot. (1) The City clears 50,000 fr. a-year from the rents paid for the places of amusement and refreshment. The owners of the chairs let to the public pay 12,000 fr. a-year. (2) In the Bois de Boulogne, an abbey, called Abbaye de Long- champ, was founded in i 26 i, by Isabella of France, sister of St. Louis, of which little notice was taken till the middle of the eighteenth century, when a melodious choir of nuns attracted the attention of amateurs. The churclf of the abbey was fre- quented, and in Passion Week it became the fashion for the haut ton to attend it in state. As the sums collected were very considerable, and might be still further augmented, the principal singers of the Opera were invited to assist in chanting the lamentations and Tenebrce. This attraction however gra- dually passed away, the church of Longchamp was deserted, but the Parisian nobility still flocked to the Bois de Boulogne. The early scenes of the revolution of 17 89 suspended for a while this annual pageant, until after the i8th Brupiaire, when the promenade of Longchamp was resumed palais POMPEIEN. 187 escutcheons adorn the other parts. Close to this is an elegant hotel, belonging to Mme, Alhoni, the celebrated singer. (1) The next object of interest we meet is the Pont de l’Alma, finished in 1856 at a cost of 1,200,000 francs. It has three stone arches, and elegant balustrades Its piers are adorned with four statues, representing a zouave, a soldier of the line, an artilleryraan, and a chasseur ; the Iwo former hy Dieholdt, and the latter by Arnaud. Proceeding a few steps into the Avenue de Montaigne oppo- site, we see, at No. 20, Prince Soltikoff’s mansion, in the taste of the middle ages, and at No. 18 the Palais Pompeien.- This small palace was built by Prince Napoleon in tbe style of tbe bouse of Diomedes, at Pompeii, after tbe designs of M. Normand. It has now been purchased by the Count de Quinsonas for purposes of speculation, the galleries and museum being open to the public daily from 12 to 6, p.m., at a charge of one franc. It is also used for concerts. It is fronted by an iron railing ; the principal entrance is under a composite portico, with its frieze display- ing the initials of the Prince. The narrow windows above the portico denote the place of the gyneceum Right and left stand the bronze statues of Acbilles and Minerva. On the floor of the portico is the Ggure of a dog, with the motto Cave Canem ! On entering the vestibule we see the Goddess Pan- thaea, painted on a panel to the right of the entrance of the atrium, and the Goddess Hygada to the left, under the form of a serpent. The lateral walls are painted in compartments representing the seasons, interspersed with birds, animals, etc., all borrowed from the antique paintings of Pompeii. To the right of the vestibule is the staircase. The atrium, or inner court, is rectangular ; its sides running parallel to those of a central basin of white marble, tbe impluvium of the ancients. At the four corners of this basin four composite columns support a rich entablatui-e running all round, and bordering a terrace above, thus forming the compluvium, which, however, contrary to the custom of the Ancients, is here glazed over. Benches of white marble stand between the columns ; the floor here and in the other rooms is paved with marble lozenges of three colours, while, y ellow, and black. Several busts, copies from the antique, here supply the place of the Majorum Species, or effigies of the ancestors, among the ancients. The walls are covered with frescoes, the subjects of which are borrowed from (G A railway for omnibuses drawn by horses, and carrying 50 passengers, at a small charge, according 1o distance, extends along the Cours la Heine, from the Place de la Concorde to the hois de Boulogne, St. Cloud and Versailles, 188 SECOND WALK. Hesiod’s r/ieo^onm, and are distributed in six compartments be- sides the friezes. They represent the Revoltof the Titans, Ntnaesis, and the Fates ; Phoebus ascending into the heavens on a car drawn by four horses ; the Triumph of Neptune and Amphritrite ; iEneas carrying his father Anchises ; the triumphs of Bacchus and Ceres ; Venus rising from the sea ; Minerva issuing from the head of Jupiter ; Prometheus creating man ; Venus and Cupid uniting Paris and Helen. All these paintings, as well as those of the vestibule, are by M. Cornu. A door to the right leads to the dining-room, ornamented in the Pompeian style ; the door opposite, to the library ; and that in front, to the drawing-room, elegantly painted in imitation of rosso anlico. From this a glass-door opens into the Jardin d'hiver, an ele- gant glazed room, communicating with the garden. A door to the right opens into a boudoir. Adjoining w'as Princess Clotilda’s bed-room. Next follows a Turkish bath-room, preceded by a toilet-room, with Arabic inscriptions. On the opposite side of the Jardin d’hiver was the Prince’s study, now arranged as a reading-room ; next follows the Salle de gymnastique, with fancy arms, a bath-room adjoining, with a large basin for swimming in winter, and lastly a bed-room formerly inhabited by the Prince, and another apartment which contained his picture gallery. Continuing along the Quai de Billy, we see at No. 4 (he POMPE A FEU DE CuAiLLOT, for supplying the lakes cf the Bois de Boulogne and various fountains with Seine water. Erected in 1778, by Messrs. Perier, it now possesses a gi- gantic reservoir having a surface of c,000 square metres, and a capacity of 25,000 cubic metres ; above which rise two other basins resting on pillars, of a capacity of 1,200 cubic metres. At Nos. 32-30, are the Subsistances Militaires, a general bakehouse and storehouse of provisions for the garrison. The daily ration of bread to each soldier is I'/db. Further on is the Pont de Jena. — This bridge, begun in 1806, after the de- signs of M. Dillon, and under the direction of M. Lamande, was completed in 1813. It stands opposite the Ecole Mili- taire, and forms a communication between the Quai de Billy and the Champ de Mars (see p. 333). It consists of five ellip- tical arches, and is 460 feet between the abutments. (1) It has a cornice, imitated from the temple of Mars at Rome, and wreaths of laurel and oak, encircling the imperial eagle, adorn the piers. At the extremities of the parapets are 4 colossal groups, (i) This bridge, named after the famous liallle, .was threatened with destruction in 1814. By intercession of the Duke of Wellington it was spared, and called Pont des Invalides, Bince 1830 it has again resumed its original name. PASSY AND AUTEUIL. jgg representing a Greek, a Roman, a Gaul, and an Arab, eacli checking a spirited horse, executed respectively by MM. De- vaulx, Daumas, Preault, and the late M. Feucheres. An elevated plateau, on the hill side, opposite the Pont de Jena, called the Trocadero, once the garden of a convent, was the intended site of a marble palace for the King of Rome. It has now been levelled and intersected by boulevards. The visitor may here ascend the hill and turn to the right into the rue des Batailles. But if he be a determined pedes- trian, he may enjoy a delightful walk by visiting Passy, a charming village now annexed to Paris, and re- markable for its salubrious air, extensive views and delight- ful villas. A few steps along the Quay will bring him to No. 32, where a ferruginous spring, of some note, rises in a garden. A large quantity of this water is bottled for sale. The lane close by leads into the rue Basse, where Franklin re- sided in 1788, at No. 40 ; a continuation of this street has received his name. At Passy the famous Abbe Raynal died in 1796 ; Piccini, the rival of Gluck, in 1803 ; and Bellini, the composer, in 1834. Lamartine, Rossini, and Mme. Grisi have built houses here, and since its annexation to Paris in I860, many an elegant villa has sprung up at Passy. Continuing westward, the stranger will find Boulain- vilUers, a village merged into Passy. Here is the Matson d' Arret de la Garde Nationale, an establishment jocosely called the Hdtel des Haricots, a corruption of H6tel Darricau, the site of the old prison having formerly belonged to the General of that name. Punishments (for neglect or breach of discipline) seldom exceed 48 hours here. Further on we find Auteuil, another pretty village annexed to Paris, studded with villas like Passy. It was founded in the 7 th century by the inhabitants of a village called Nimio, given to the Bishop of Le Mans by Clotaire II. It was the favourite retreat of Ra- c , La Fontaine, Chapelle, Franklin, Uelvetius, Cabanis, Condorcet, Count Rumford, and other eminent men. An obe- lisk on the square before the church commemorates the resi- dence and death of the Chancellor d’Aguesseau. The church itself is an old semi-Gothic pile ; it contains some old stained glass and a good sepulchral bas-relief in white marble. Behind the church, in the Place St. Genevieve, No. 4, is the Insti- tution de !Ste. Ferine (see p. 118). Moliere composed some of his works in the street hard by, which has received his name ; and continuing along the Grande Rue, we shall find the rue Boileau, where No. 18 was inhabited by the great satirist. The railroad round Paris here skirts the fortifica- 190 SECOND WALK. tions(l) on a splendid and curious viaduct designed by M. de Bassonipierre, which will excite admiration It ci’osses the Seine on a bridge of five arches, flanked on both sides with a carriage-road and foot-pavement, between which, and extending far beyond both banks of the river, there rises a series of 226 arches, supporting the railway, and forming a length of two kilometres. It merges into the Auteuil line. Taking a ticket for Passy, the visitor, on alighting, will see the beautiful garden of the CluxtGctu ds la once Grown property, but now belonging to the widow of M. Erard, the piano-forte manufacturer. To the right of the Railway- station, at No. 15, is the office of the Director of the Public Walks’, where tickets may be obtained to visit the great Horticultural Establishment of the City, at 137, Avenue d'Eylau. This establishment, covering 44,000 square metres, contains 24 conservatories and 3,000 hotbeds, representing a glazed surface of 10,000 sq. metres. Here all kinds of orna- mental plants and trees for the public walks and gardens of Paris are reared under the care of 50 workmen. It is well worthy of a visit. The new Avenue de I’Empereur here crosses the Avenue d'Eylau, where we find the Artesian Well of Passy, commenced in 1855, under the direction of M. Kind. Water was found on the 26 th of May, 1861 ; but the work was persevered in until Sept. 24th, when the supply at once rose to 5,000,000 gallons in 24 hours ; it now yields 3 , 08 o ,000 gallons, and feeds the lakes of the Bois de Boulogne conjointly with the Pompe de Chaillot. Its waters are impregnated with iron and sulphur (see p. 334.) The Avenue d'Eylau is skirted by various cheerful villas. At a circular space with a fountain in the centre we find the Hippodrome for equestrian performances (see p. 47 2), and a small church built in the Lombard style. A number of streets branch out from this Rond-point ; by one of these, tlie rue des Bassins for instance, the stranger may descend into the rue de Chaillot (2), where at No. 50 he will see the church of St. Pierre de Ghaii.lot, the oldest part of which is the choir, of the 15th century. It has five sides, and its ribs unite in a sculptured pendant. It is painted in the Byzantine style ; the windows are adorned with sacred sulijects in modern stained glass. The paintings in the aisles are the Flight to Egypt, by (1) The large unilnislied building bordering on this railway is intended for a permanent Universal Exliibiiion Palace. (2) The village of Chaillot was anciently called C/iai7, (which ancient deeds Iranslate by destructio arhorum) and was declared a suburb of Paris in 1659, under the name of Faubourg de la Con- ference. The village formed part of the royal domains. ARC DE TRIOMPHE. 191 Vignaud; Peter restoring Tabithato life, by Smith ; the Adora- tion of the Magi, by Gosse ; and St. Peter delivered from prison, by Dubusc. At the entrance of the choir are two angels in fresco by Hesse ; over its arch, the Adoration of God, by Debay. The Chapel Marboeuf (Church of England), lo bis, Avenue Marboeuf, opened in 1824, is a chaste specimen of the pointed style. The interior consists of a nave, with an oaken gallery on iron pillars. The chapel is well attended (see p. 115 .) The rue Galilee was called in 1848 the rue du Banquet, from the ever-memorable banquet prepared in General Thiars's grounds, on Feb. 22, and the prevention of which ushered in the revolution of that year. At the corner of that street in the avenue Josephine is a white marble statue of the Empress Josephine. THIRD ITjLLT. This comprises the eighth arrondissement, with a fraction of the 17th. We may commence it Avith the Place de VEloile, a vast circular space which bids fair to become in course of time the most fashionable quarter of Paris. It is partly sur- rounded by a series of elegant houses, of a uniform design, and fronted with gardens, to be continued all round. Behind these houses runs a circular street, concentric with the Place, with houses of more modest pretensions. From the Place twelve magnificent avenues branch out in different di- rections ; of these the principal are the Avenue des Champs Elysees, already described, the Avenue de la Grande Armee which continues it, the Avenue d'Eylau mentioned in the Second Walk, and the Avenue de V Impdratrice, leading to the Bois de Boulogne (see p. 486). The others bear the names of Avenues du Roi de Rome, de Jena, de I’Alrna, Jo- sephine, etc. In the centre of this magniQcent spot rises the , Arc de Triompiie de l’Etoile. — The idea of this proud monument originated with Napoleon, who decreed its erection in 1806, and the first stone was laid on the 15th of August of that year M. Chalgrin furnished the designs. (1) After the death of Chalgrin in 1811, M. Goust continued his plans, but in 1814 the works were entirely suspended, until, in 1823, after the campaign of the Duke d’Angouleme in Spain, it was determined to finish the arch in honour of his victories, and Messrs. Iluyot and Goust were charged with its completion. (1) On the marriage of Napoleon 1. with Maria Louisa, and her triumphal entry into the capital, there was a model in wood and canvas of this arch erected and brilliantly illuminated. % 192 THIRD WALK. In 1828, the entablature was finished, but the whole Was not completed until July, 1836. The total cost was 10,432,800 francs or £417,812. The monument consists of a vast central arch, 90ft. in height by 45ft. in width, over which rises a bold entablature and an attic. Tliere is also a trans- versal arch, 57ft. high and 25ft. wide ; the total height of the structure is 152ft., its breadth and depth are 137ft. and 68ft. respectively. The fronts of the building are towards the Champs Elysees and Neuilly. Each pier of the principal fronts is orna- mented with a projecting pedestal, supporting groups of figures, in alto-rilievo. The spandrils and frieze are enriched with reliefs, and the attic is divided into compartments with circular shields, each inscrilied with the name of some great victory. The internal sides of all the piers are inscribed with the names of 96 victories ; under the transversal arches with the names of generals. The northern pier of the eastern front bears a group, by Rude, representing the departure of the armv in 1792 the Genius of W^ar summons the nation to armL The dimensions of this and the other groups are in total height 36ft., and each figure 18ft. The next group, by Cortot, represents the triumph of 1810; Victory crowning Napoleon. Fame surmounts the whole, and History records his deeds ; vanquished towns are at his feet. The groups of the western front, both by Etex, represent: 1. the resistance of the French nation to the invading armies in 1814 ; a young man is seen defending his wife, his children, and his father ; a warrior is falling slain from his horse ; and the Genius of the Future encourages them to action, 2. the peace of 1815 ; a warrior is seen sheathing his sword ; another is taming a bull for purposes of agriculture, while a mother and children are seated at their feet, and Minerva shedding over them her protecting influence. (1) The most admired ornaments of this arch are the alti-rilievi of the compartments above the impost-cornice ; they are chiefly valuable as faithful repre- sentations of the uniforms of the time. The southern compartment of the eastern side represents the surrender of Mustapha Pacha at the battle of Aboukir, by M. Seurre, sen. The principal figures of these compartments are about 9ft, high. The northern compartment of the same side is filled with a group of the death of General Marceau, by M. Leraaire. Above the arch and impost-cornice of the northern side of the monument is the battle of Austerlitz, by Jechter. On the western front, the northern alto-rilievo is the taking of Alexandria, by Chaponnicre. The other group is the pass^e of the bridge of Areola, by Feuchcres. On the southern side (1) M. Etex was paid 140,000 fr. for the two groups! ARC DE TRIOMPHE DE L’eTOILE. I93 of the building is a representation of the battle of Jemmapes by Marocchetti. Behind General Diimouriez is a 'portrait of Louis Philippe, then Duo de Chartres. The figures of Fame in the spandrils of the main arch on each side are by M. Pradier. They are 1 8ft. in height. The frieze is occupied on the e istern' and on half of the northern and southern sides, by the departure of the armies ; tlie deputies of the nation, grouped round the altar of the country, distribute flags to the troops. There are portraits of all the great characters of the epoch 1790-2 in- cluded in this composition. The corresponding portions of the frieze on the other sides of the building represent the return of the armies, who offer the fruit of their victories to ret^ener- ated France. This long composition is the work of several artists — Messrs. Brun, Laitie, Jacquot, Gaillouette, Seurre, and Rude. The series of shields, thirty in number, inscribed each with a victory, on the attic above the entablature, begins with Valmy, and ends with Ligny. The spandrils of the transversal arches represent the infantry and cavalry of the French armies by Messrs. Bra and Valois respectively ; and on their interior spandrils are the artillery and the marine, by Messrs. De Bay and Seurre. The groups on the other arches represent the conquests of the armies of the North, East, West, and South • the names of the Generals are placed beneath, nulnherin" alto- gether 384. Winding staircases in the two eastern” piers lead to several halls; the last contains in one of the cross vaults the following inscription • — Ce monument, commence en 18O6, en I’honneur de la Grande Armtie, longfemps inlerrompu, conlinii (5 en 1323 avec une d.5- dieacc nonvelle, a ele acheve en 1836. qui I’a consacre ii la gloire des Armies Franfaises ‘ ’ Before 1852, the blank contained these words- '‘Pirie-^; Louis Philippe I c” ’ From the platform at the top of the arch one of the finest views of Paris and its environs may be en oyed The total number of steps is 27 2. The monument is open till dusk A small fee is given by parties ascending to the top. ‘ From the Arc de I’Etoile, the Avenue de la Grande Arm^e leads to the Neinlly gate. Immediately outside the fortifier lions, on the left hand, is the Porte Maillot, one of the 0 .^" cipal entrances to the Bois de Boulogne (see p. 4 80) and Ti No. 10 , in the Route de la Revolte, opposite, is the CuAi-F.i, OF St. Feriunani), the scene of ’tht melam-hnlv death of the Duke of Orleans, on 13th .July, 1842 . d) The (t) A brief nolice of this sad even! will not be deemed irre levant m ibis place. The Duke left Paris in the forenoon TJ a' light open carnage, with a postilion, intending to take leave of 13 194 THIRD WALK. house in which the Duke expired, with some adjoining property, being purchased by the crown, Messrs. Letranc and Fontaine, archTtects, erected on its site the present chapel, dedicated to St. Ferdinand, which was begun on August 21, 1842, and consecrated on July 1 1 following, in the presence of the royal family, by the Archbishop of Paris, the same who felt in the insurrection of June 1848. The building, 60 feet long by 20 in height, is of stone, surmounted by a cross, and is in the Lombard’ Gothic style, resembling an ancient mausoleum. On the hi‘^h altar is a Descent from the Cross, in marble, by Triquetti. On the left is another altar, dedicated to St. Fer- dinand, and corresponding to it on the right is a marble group representing the Prince on his death-bed, and kneeling at his head is an angel in fervent supplication, as if imploring the divine commiseration on the sufferer. The monogram MO reveals that this beautiful ‘ ‘ spirit” was the work of his deceased sister the Princess Marie, who little thought for whose tomb she was e’xecuting it ! The remainder of the group is by Triquetti, after a drawing of M. Ary Scheffer. Underneath is a bas-relief representing France leaning over a funereal urn, deploring her great loss ; the French flag is at her feet. This monument stands on the spot where the Prince breathed his last. Three circular windows corresponding to the sides of the cross represent respec- tively Faith, Hope, and Charity, in stained glass. The remaining 14 pointed windows represent, in stained glass also, the°patron saints of the different members of the Royal family, viz. •• in front St. Amelia and St. Ferdinand ; St. Louis and St! Philip the Apostle ; in the transept to the right St. Helen and St. Henry ; in that to the left St, Rupert and St. Charles Borroraeo; in the nave to the right St. Francis of Assise, St. Adelaide, and St. Raphael; to the left St. Anthony of Padua, St. Rosalie, and St. Clement of Alexandria. Descending a few the royal family at Neuilly, and then to proceed to the camp at St. Omer. As he approached the Porte Maillot, the horses took fri*ght. The postilion seeming to lose his command over them, the Duke called out, “ Are you master of your horses?” “ Sir, I guide them,” was the reply. After a few minutes the Duke again said, “ I am afraid you cannot hold them.” The answer was, “ I cannot. Sir.” The Duke then endeavoured to get out of the carriage, hut, his feet becoming entangled in his cloak, he was precipitated to the ground, and his head was dread- fully fractured. He was conveyed to the house of M. Lecordier, a grocer, where at lo minutes past 4 o’clock of the same after- noon he breathed his last, undonscious of the grief that sur- rounder him, aud apparently without pain. The royal family, with the exception of the Queen of the Belgians, the Prince de Joinville then at Naples, and the Duchess of Orleans, who was at Plombidres, were witnesses of this heart-rending scene. CEIAPELLE DE ST. FERDINAND. Steps ])ehind the altar of the Virgin, the visitor wiH find hiinself in the sacristy of the chapel. Low oaken presses and a confes sional of the simplest construction, a chair and praver-desk co vered with black, and an ivory crucifix, form its onlv furm- ture. Opposite the door is a picture of the size of life by M G. Jacquand, representing the death scene. In the centre is the Duke stretched on a bed, his head supported by the physicians • his father is kneeling opposite, eyeing him with tlie stunor of grief. The Queen and Princess Clementine are kneeling be side the bed, while the Dukes of Aumale and Montnen- sier. Marshals Soult and Gerard, and the Cure of Neuillv form an affecting group on the left. The other persons present are Generals Atthalin, Gourgaud, de Rumi-nV tlie' Due Pasquier, M. Martin (du Nord), and M Guim/’ Dr Paquet is supporting the head of the patient. Next to him is Dr. Destouches, remarkable for his resemblance to M Thiws In front of the Chapel, and separated from it by kn weir court, are four rooms, where the late royal family used to. meet Of these only one is visible now, the others'bein- inhabited by the priest entrusted with the service of tho Chapel. Here are seen a richly embroidered cushion ex- pressly made for the consecration of the Chapel and neve- used since; a clock m a black marble case surmounted bv an urn marking lo minutes past four, the time of the Duke’s death ; and a second clock surmounted by a bronze figure re- piesenting Trance leaning over a broken column in the attitude- of mourning; it marks lo minutes to 12, the hour at which the Prince fell. On. the column arc the initials F P 0 ami the date, July 13 1842. Here is also a pirogue brought over frwi Brazil by the Due de Joinville, as a present to the Due- d Orleans ; it was bought in by order of his widow at the- sale of the Orleans property, A hemicycle of cypresses, facin- the court is graced with a cedar-tree, brought from Mount I.ebanon by the Duke of Orleans, then Duke of Chartres and transplanted here by his son, the Count of Paris. Admission daily from lo to 4 ; a fee is expected. In the adjoining Avetiue des Terms, at the corner of the rue d Arraaille, we find the Eglise St. Ferdinand. The facade is m the Lombard style, with a square belfry' ending in a spire. The interior is Doric, and consists of a nave and two aisles. Architect M. Lequeux. Further down, a new circular fountain occupies the centre of a square formed on the site of the old Barriere At Nn 157, rue du Faubourg St. Honore, is the Chapelle de Beaujon, — creetedin 1780, by Nicholas B«an- jon, receiver of the finances, who in 1784 founded the j 96 third walk. HoPitAL BfiAUJON, No. 208, nearly opposite, for 24 or- phans of the parish du Route, 12 boys and 12 girls, endowing it with 20 000 livres annually. The Convention converted it into an ’hospital, under the name of llopital du lloule. The council-'^eneral of hospitals restored its former name, but not its primitive destination. The original building, constructed after the desi°-ns of Girardin, is 90 feet in length towards the street by 144 in depth, and has a ground floor, with three storie’s. Strangers may visit it daily from 2 to 4 (see p. 139). At No. 2 1, rue de Berri, is the Ameiucan Chapel, a tasteful Gothic building ; and, returning to the rue du Faubourg St. Honore, a few steps will bring him to the church of St Philippe, built by Ghalgrin in 17 84. The front con- sists of 4 Doric columns crowned by a pediment, adorned with a fl'^ure of Religion in alto-rilievo. In the interior, 104 feet lon° by 7 8 in breadth, 10 Ionic columns separate the nave from the aisles and 0 more enclose the choir, liehind which is the chapel of the Virgin, painted by Jacquand, in com- partments (1). The semi-cupola of the choir is adorned with a fresco by M. Chasseriau, representing the Descent from the Cross The altar is of white marble, with bas-reliefs, by the Abbe Ro<^er in three compartments, representing the Sacrifice of Abraham’ Jesus accepting the instruments of the Passion, and the Entombment. On the sides are Moses, Aaron. St. Philip, and St James. The Martyrdom of St. James, by Degeorge, and Matthew the Evangelist, by Leloir, are in the aisles. At No. 24, rue de Courcelles, is the mansion of Princess Matilda, lately the property of Queen Christina of Spam. Further on, in the semicircular Place Beauveau, is the hotel of that ’name, occupied by the Home-office, and nearly opposite, in the rue du Faubourg St. Honore, 55, is the Palais de l’^lysee Napoleon.— This hotel, constructed in 1718 after the designs of Molet, for the Count d’Evreux, was afterwards nurchased and occupied by Madame de Pompadour, mistress of Louis XV. At her death Louis XV. bought it of the Marquis de Marigny. In 1773, M. Beanjon, the banker, en- larged and embellished it, after whose death the Duchess of (C The subiect« are, beginning from the left t . The Adora- tion of the Virgin: 2. Christ disputing in the Temple ; 3. tlie Holv Fimilv 4. '.he Visit to Eli/.aheth ; 3. the Education of Christ •’ e the Diath of the Virgin ; 7. Mater Dolorosa ; 8. “ Wist’ ve not tlut I must be about my Father’s business^ (Luke ii 49); Egypt; lo. the Virgin the Refu-^e of Sinners. Each of these subjects is surmounted by an angel with some attribute, and the semi-cupola represents Christ crowning tl e Virgin. liLYSte NAPOLEON. J97 Bourbon purchased and occupied it till 1790. In 1792, it was declared national property, and in the following year was used as the governnaent printing-office. In 1 800 it was sold, and con- verted into a place of public entertainment. Murat bought it in 1804, and resided there until his departure for Naples, when it again became the property of the government, and was a favourite residence of Napoleon I. In 1814 and 1815 it was inhabited by the Emperor of Russia, and by the Duke of Wellington. When Napoleon returned from Elba, he occupied it until after the defeat of Waterloo. In 1816, Louis XVIII. gave it to the Duke de Berri, on whose assassination it de- scended to the Duke de Bordeaux, and now again belongs to the State. It was the official residence of the present Emperor, while President of the French Republic. This palace has lately received important additions, and been completely insulated by the opening of a new street on its eastern side, on the site once occupied by Marshal Sebastiani’s palace. The Porte d’Honneur, or entrance-gate facing the street, is flanked by two side-doors, and adorned with eight Ionic columns supporting an arch with the Imperial arms. There are five courts, ot which the principal one, called the Cour d’Honneur, leads to the entrance of the palace, adorned with a portico of four Doric columns, supporting a Corinthian one on the upper story. A broad flight of steps overspread by a verandah, gives access to a vestibule containing a statue of Apollo, and opening into the suite of apartments on the ground floor, commencing with a dining-room 50 feet by 20, orna- mented with Corinthian columns and pilasters richly gilt. The walls of this apartment are painted by Dunouy with landscapes, some of the figures of which are by Veriiet, and were executed for Murat. The views represented are • the Pyramids of Egypt, the passing of the Tiber, the Chateau de Benrad, on the Rhine, near Dusseldorf, once occupied by Murat (the carriage in the foreground contains Murat’s children), and a view of the cha- teau de Neuilly , at that time also Murat’s property ; a female figure in the foreground is said to be a good portrait of Mme. , Murat, the sister of Napoleon. This room gives access to a Ball-room of recent erection, in the new wing of the palace, towards the Avenue de Marigny. It is of Corinthian archi- tecture, with a coved ceiling, the corners of which are adorned i with eagles supporting escutcheons charged with the monogram ' N.E. It has six lofty arched windows looking into the garden, and corresponding to them, on the opposite wall, are as many mirrors of equal size and form, while another colossal one oc- cupies the wall opposite to the entrance. Returning to the Dining-room, a door to the left leads to the State-apartments. THIKD WALK. 198 The Salle de Rece:ption Avas used by Napoleon I. as a council- chamber. Adjoining is the Chambre de Napoleom I. This was his favourite bed-room, where he last slept in lP;aris after the battle of Waterloo. Next comes the Salle des Som'.verains, iormerly the Salon de Travail, where Napoleon I. ssiigned his last abdication. Here Her Majesty Queen Victoria jpartook of a splendid collation on the 20th Aug. 1855. In a iro)om ad- joining is a record of the international festival givcem by the Court of Aldermen in 18 51. (1) From the grand vestibule' the principal staircase leads to the apartments of the upipier story, which, under the able direction of M. Eugene Lacroiix, the ar- chitect of the palace, has become a gem of elog;ance and splendour. In the first room the eminent landscap(e painter, M. Gallier, has added some of his finest pieces cof Italian scenery to the landscapes of Houel, a distinguished jpainter of the last century. The following saloons, progresssively in-* creasing in richness and decoration, are now awaitiing the ar- tistical tapestry executing at the Gobelins, which is tio fill their gorgeous frames. From the central saloon of this story, three , arcades afford a view of the charming scenery of thie garden, which is reflected like a well conceived picture in the large mirrors covering the wall opposite. All the panels ;are richly decorated with arabesques and garlands on a gold gnound, en- compassing figures of women and children, symbolising the four seasons. These subjects, remarkable for theii" graceful attitudes, purity of outline, and suavity of colour aud finish, are due to the gifted pencil of M. Gariot, who has surpassed himself in the conscientious execution of this work . In the next saloon the same system of arabesques has been continued, but softened down, so that they may harmonize with the tapestry which is to occupy the panels. This suite of saloons is terminated by a toilet-room, the walls of which are covered by a continuity of mirrors, on which M. Chaplin has executed various figures of goddesses disguised as shepherdesses, £S aerial as the ground on which they are painted, and the light scroll , work which encircles them. The decorative paintings are by M. Godon, and M. Savreux’s ornamental sculptrre pro- ■ fusely decorates both the exterior and interior of the edifice. The Salon des Quatre Saisons was arranged by Mme. Murat, for the reception of her husband after one of lis cam- . paigns. This was the bed-room of the Empress Maria (G This was the Depot des Cartes Gcographiques of Napileon 1, The otlier rooms were the Petits Appartemenls, once occupied by llic Due de tierri. The Emperor Alexander 1. slept here during the occupation of the Allies, and Ibrahim Pasha inhabitid these apartments in 1846. in>„ iciBJ IE!PliS3CC®:iPiML cClfimiMSSlLo i PALAIS DE L’ELYSEE NAPOLEON. 9 Louisa, and here also was born the sister of the Duke of Bor- deaux. Adjoining is a suite of rooms for the accommodation of a dame d’honneur, &c. These were the apartments inha- bited in 1846 by the Prince de Salerno. The southern front of the palace is composed of a central pavilion with four Ionic columns on the basement story, and as many Corinthian ones on the upper. The garden opens into the Avenue de Ma- rigny. This palace is not visible for the present. At No. 5 in the rue d’Aguesseau, is The Episcopal Church, for the use of the British cmljassy and residents. — Its style is Gothic ; it consists of a nave, 5o feet high, and is lighted by stained windows at each end, and by skylights. The altar is ornamented with a fine painting by Annibal Carracci. This church was built in 1833, at theexpense of Bishop Luscombe, then chaplain of the embassy, after a plan of his own. It will hold a congregation of upwards of 800 persons (see p. 115). At No. 4 i ,in the rue du Faubourg St. Honore, is the splendid hotel of the Baroness Pontalba. Next to this is The British Emrassy, No. 39, formerly the Hotel Borghese, the residence of the Princess Pauline, sister of Bonaparte. It was purchased by the British government soon after the peace in 1814, and with its fine garden forms one of the most noble residences of Paris. The British consular office is here. No. 1 1 rue d’Anjou is the mairie of the 8th arrondissement. At No. 37, we see the hotel lately built by the well known capitalists, Messrs. Pereire. It is one of the most sumptuous among the private edifices of the capital. At No. 1, rue des Champs-Elysees, is the Hotel de la ReyniEre, once the residence of the famous M. Grimod, author of the Almanach des Gourmands. It was long occupied by the Rupian and Ottoman embassies; the Duke of Wellington also resided here. The Cercle Imperial is now in it (seep. 14.) At the western end of the Boulevards stands the church of La Madeleine. — This is, since the beginning of the 13th century, the fourth church erected on this site, called in former times, from its vicinity to a suburban villa of the Bishops of Paris/' la \ illel’Eveque.” The present magnificent structure was commenced in 17 64, by Constant d’lvry, and continued by Couture. The revolution of 17 89 suspended the works until Napoleon I, directed Vignon to complete it for a Ten pie of Glory. In 1815, Louis XVHI. restored it to its original destination, and decreed that it should contain monuments to Louis XVI., Marie Antoinette, Louis XVIL, and Mademoiselle Elipbeth. It was finished under Louis Philippe, by M. Have. This edifice, the total cost of which amounted to 13,079,ooofr. 200 THIRD WALK. stands on an elevated basement 328 feet by 138, and is ap- proached at each end by a flight of 28 steps, extending the whole length of the facade. Its form and propor- tions are Grecian. A colonnade of 52 Corinthian columns, each 49 feet high by 1 6/2 in circumference, surrounds it, 15 on each side, 14 in the southern portico and 8 in the northern. In the walls, there are niches containing statues of saints. (1) The whole entablature and the ceiling of the colonnade are profusely enriched with elaborate sculpture. The pediment of the southern front contains an immense alto-rilievo by Lemaire, 126 feet in length by 24 in height to the angle (2). The northern portico is plain. The bronze doors, designed by Triquetti, and cast by Messrs. Richard, Eck, and Du- rand, are larger than those of the Baptistery of Florence, or the Pantheon at Rome ; they measure 33 feet by lC'/ 2 , and display bas-relief illustrations of the ten commandments (3). Interior . — On entering the vestibule. Faith, Hope, and Cha- rity are visible on the soffit of the arch. On the right is the chapel for marriages, with the marriage of the Virgin, by Pradier. On the left is the baptismal font, with a group by Rude, of Christ and St. John at the waters of the Jordan. The (1) St. Philippe on the right, and St. Louis on the left of the en- trance, both by Nanteuil. In the colonnade on the right; I. the Angel Gabi’iel, by Duret; 2 . St. Bernard, by Husson ; 3 . Ste. Tht5- rfese, by Feuch&re ; 4. St. Hilaire, by Huguenin ; .5. Ste. C6cile, by Dumont; 6 . St. Ir^n^e, by Gourdel ; 7. Ste. Adelaide, by Bosio, nephew; 8. St. Francois de Sales, by Molchenet; 9. Ste. Heifene, by Mercier ; 10. St. Martin de Tours, by Grerenich ; 11. Ste Agathe, by Dantan, jun. ; 12 . St. Gr^goire, by Th4rasse ; 13 . Ste. Agnes, by Dusseigneur ; 14. St. Raphael, by Dantan, sen. Facing the rue Tronchet. 15. St. Luc, by Ramey; 16. St. Jean, by the same; 17, St. Mathieu, by Desprez ; 18. St. Marc, by Lemaire. In the colonnade on the left: 19. Guardian Angel, by Bra; 20 . Ste. Marguerite, by Caunois ; 21 . St. Jean Chrysostdme, by Jec- ther ; 22. Ste. Genevieve, by Debay, sen.; 23. St. Gregoire le Grand, by Maindron ; 24. Ste. Jeanne de Valois, by Caillot; 25. St. Jdrome, by Lanno ; 26. Ste. Christine, by Talcher; 27, St. Ferdinand, by Jalay ; 28. Ste. Elisabeth, by Calhouette; 29. St. Charles Borromee, by Jouffroy ; 30. Ste Anne, by Desbeeufs ; 31. St. Denis, by Debay, jun.; 32. St. Michel, by Raggi. ( 2 ) In the centre is the figure of Christ, with Magdalen at his feet ; to his right are the Angel of Mercy, Innocence, Faith, Hope, and Charity. In the corner an angel greets the resurrec- tion of a blessed spirit. On the left of the Sovereign Judge the Angel of Vengeance repels Hatred, Unchastity, Hypocrisy, and Avarice ; a demon, precipitating into the abyss a damned spirit, terminates the group on this side. (3) Above, in the centre, is Moses commanding obedience to the Tables ; 011 egch side are the Lapidation of the Blasphemer, THE MADELEINE. 201 pulpit and the 1 2 confessionals along the chapels, richly carved in oak and gilt, are decorated in the same taste as tne organ. The church itself consists of a vast nave, laterally interrupted by four piers on each side, fronted with lofty fluted Corinthian columns supporting colossal arches, on which rest three cupolas with skylights, and compartments gorgeously gilt ; the corners supported by figures of the Apostles in alto-rilievo. The walls of the church are incrusled with rich marbles. An Ionic I colonnade, supporting a gallery with a balustrade, runs between ' the piers, and is continued around the choir ; it is interrupted under each arch by the pediment of a chapel with Corinthian columns. Each chapel contains the marble statue of its patron, ( l) A marble balustrade encompassing the interior of the church separates it from these altars. The tympans of the lateral arches contain paintings illustrative of the life of Magdalen (2). The pavement is marble of different colours. On the ceiling of the choir, which is semicircular, there is a splendid composition by Ziegler, representing the establishment and propagation of Chris^- tianity since the death of our Saviour (3). The walls of the choir are ornamented with paintings and arabesques by Raverat, on a ground of gold. In the midst, approached by marble steps, stands the high altar, richly sculptured, by Marocchetti. The principal group represents Magdalen in an attitude of divine rapture, borne to paradise on the wings of angels. On a pe- destal at each of the corners in front there kneels an archangel in prayer. For these figures, 150,000 fr. were paid. Two beautiful children support semicircular lateral stands on each side, and below the table of the altar is a bas-relief representing the feast of Cana, by Moine. Behind the northern portico, and concealed from view, is a peal of fixed bells. Tbe roof is con- structed of iron and copper. In the undercroft is a chapel to St. Francis Xavier, belonging to the fraternity of that name. High mass is celebrated at 1 1 on Sundays and holidays. I and the Prohibition ofldolatry. Next follow, 3d. the Repose of God on the Sabbath ; 4th. Joshua punishing the theft of Achan ; 5th. the Curse of Noah ; cth. Susanna ; 7th. the Death of Abel; 8th. God reproaching Abimelech ; 9th. Nathan announcing to David his Chastisement; loth. Elijah reproaching Jezebel. (1) Ste. Am4lie, by Bra; Jesus Christ, by Daret; Ste. Clotilde, by Barye, on the right: on the left, St. Vincent de Paule, by Raggi ; the Virgin, by Seurre ; St. Augustin, by Etex. ( 2 ) The first to the right on entering represents the Preaching of Christ and Conversion of Magdalen, by Schnetz ; 2 d. the Cru- cifixion, by Bouchot ; 3d. Magdalen in the Desert, by Abel de Pujol. On the left, tst. the Supper of Bethany, with Magdalen at the feet of Christ, by Couder ; 2 d. the Angel announcing the Resurrection, by Coignet ; 3d. the Death of Magdalen, by Signol. (3) Magdalen is wafted before the throne of Chriatj surrounded i 202 THIRD WALK. Behind the church there is a well-supplied irarket, and east of the edifice a flower-market is held on Tuesdays and Fridays. On the opposite side we see the short but elegant Galerie de lo. Madeleine, and the starting-point of the splendid new thoroughfare, called the Boulevard Malesherbes, — inaugurated hy the Emperor on the 13th of August, 1861. It extends from the Place de la Madeleine to the exterior Boulevard de Monceaux, thus opening a direct communication with the 17 th arrondissement. It reaches in a direct line to the Place Lahorde, where two branches meet. Before reaching this point, the visitor will see, in the rue Roquepine, at No. 4, the new Wesleyan Chapel (see p. 115), a Gothic structure in the style of the 15th cen- tury, and at No. 5, the Eglise de la TriniU (French Cal- vinists). The rue Lavoisier, on the opposite side of the boulevard, leads to. the apsis of the ChapelleExpiatoire. — This spot was formerly the burial- ground of the Madeleine, where Louis XVI. and his Queen were obscurely interred in 1793. The ground was bought by M. Descloseaux, and converted into an orchard, in order to pro- tect those precious remains from desecration ; and he is said to hy the Evangelists and Apostles, the Emperor Constantine, and several saints. Next come the Crusades, with Urban 11., Eugenius 111., St. Bernard, Peter the Hermit pressing on the ex- pedition ; then the dukes, counts, and barons of Christendom, and an old man beneath, who devotes his three sons lo the “holy cause.” St. Louis kneels near Magdalen ; then Godefroy de Bouillon; Richard Ceeur de Lion, Robert of Normandy, u Constable de Montmorency, Dandolo, the “ blind old Doge and next is Villehardouin, the historian of the Crusades. The struggles of the Greeks to throw off the Mussulman yoke are depicted by a Grecian warrior prostrate, and a group of his coun- trymen pressing around the standard of the cross. On the Sa- viour’s left are some of the early martyrs. Indistinctly seen is the shadowy form of Ahasuerus, the wandering Jew. Below are the warriors of Clovis, from whose aspect a Druidess flies in dismay. St. Remi baptises Clovis, near whom is Ste. Clotilde, Queen of France. Opposite St. Louis is Charlemagne, on wlioma cardinal confers the insignia of the empire; an envoy of the caliph Haroun-al-Raschid, attended by a guardian of the holy sepul- chre, presents him with “ the keys,” and the robe of the Virgin. Lower down is Pope Alexander 111., who laid the foundation of Notre Dame, giving his benediction to Frederick Barbarossa at Venice. Otho, Joan of Arc, Raphael, Michael Angelo, and Dante, complete this side. In the centre is the convert Henry IV. ; Louis Xlll. presenting his crown to the Virgin ; and near him Richelieu. Lastly, Napoleon I. receives the imperial crown from the hands of Pius VII. ; the Bishop of Genoa and Cardinals Caprara and Braschi unroll the concordat. CHAPELLE EXPIATOIRE. 203 have annually sent the Duchess of Angouleme a bouquet gathered from the graves of her parents. At the Restoration the. Royal ashes were transpoited wilh great pomp to St! Denis ; the earth that had covered the coffins was preserved • the remains of the other victims, including the Swiss Guards’ were placed in two large graves, and the present chapel was f erected by Louis XVIII. It bears the following inscription : Le Roi Louis XVIII. a ele\A ce monument pour conserve!’ les lieux oil les depouilles mortelles du Roi Louis XVI et de la Reine Marie-Antoinette, IransKrees le 21 Janvier MDCCCXV. dans la s(5pulture royale de St. Denis, ont repose pendant XXL ans. II a dte acheve ia deuxidme amide du regne du Roi Charles X ' I’an de grace MDCCCXXVI. ' ’’ This monument now forms the prominent feature of an elegant square laid out as a garden. In tlie outer vestibule of the edifice a flight of steps leads to a raised platform, surrounded by a covered gallery on each side, and by a chapel at each end, containing the remains of the old cemetery. Op- posite stands the larger chapel, of the Doric order, in the form of a cross, surmounted by a dome. Within are two statues, of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette, each supported by an angel; on the pedestal of the former his will is inscribed in letters of gold on a black marble slab ; on that of the latter are extracts of the queen’s last letter to Mme Elisabeth. Around the chapel are niches with magnificent candelabra, and over its vestibule is a bas-relief representing the funeral procession to St. Denis. The corners are adorned with allegorical bas-reliefs. Beneath is a subterranean chapel, where an altar of grey marble is erected over the exact spot where Louis XVI. was buried; and in a coinei, about 5 feet from it, is pointed out the original resting-place of the queen. The vestry attached is for the use , of two clergymen, who perform mass here every day at 9 a.m., and oil Sundays at 9 and lo. Architects: Percier and Fontaine. A small fee is given by visitors to the door-keeper. At No. 122, rue St. Lazare, is the Versailles, St. Germain, Rouen, Havre, and Western railroad terminus. This is a large handsome building, extending to the rue de Stockholm. A spacious Doric vestibule, 144 feet long by 21 in breadth occupies the xvhole breadth of the building. Behind it one of the largest excavations in or about Paris has been effected to obtain additional room for the railway lines. The whole . Iflace de I'Europe has been cut through, an& replaced by an iron bridge of uncommon stiength, widened out at its extre- , mities so as to take in at one end the three Rues de Londres, de Berlin, and de St. Petersbourg ; and at the other the Rues de Constantinople, de Madrid, and de Vienne. This spot. 204 THIRD walk. with the view it atfoids of the terminus, is well worth a visit. New houses are springing up here in every direction. The Rue de la Eienfaisance leads to the church of St. Augustin, — Boulevard Malesherhes. The front, which is a mixed Byzantine, has three entrances surmounted hy a I large circular window crowned with raking cornices forming ] a gahle ; four octagonal towers rise above the transept. The interior consists of a nave and two aisles, decorated with mural paintings still in course of execution hy MM. Signol, Bezard, Baize, and other artists of merit ; and with statues and bas-reliefs hy MM. Jouffroy, Cordier, Perrey, &c. These ! works of art will entail an outlay amounting to 290,000 fr. ; i; a large underground chapel with a low arched ceiling has I already been opened to worship here, and is accessible by a provisional passage. Continuing up the Boulevard Malesherhes, we find to our left the rue de Valois, where a splendid mansion has been erected for the Italian Embassy. It covers a space of 2,000 square metres, and will cost 2,040,000fr. At the extremity of the boulevard, we find the eastern entrance of the Park de Monceaux. — In this park a palace was erected by Carmontel in 1778, for the Duke of Orleans. The Convention intended it for various establishments of public utility ; Na- poleon I. presented it to Cambaceres, who gave it up again to the Crown a few years later. In 1814 Louis XVlIl restored it to the Duke of Orleans, but in 1852 it returned to the State, and is now the property of the city, which opened it to the public Aug. 15th, 18C1. Upwards of 100,000 rare shrubs and flowers gracefully adorn the spacious grass-plats and border the gravel-walks by which this beautiful spot is in- tersected. It is divided by two carriage-roads ; on the out- skirts of the exterior boulevard we see an elegant rotunda flanked hy two entrances. Not far from this, there stands a ihock ruin, consisting of a Corinthian colonnade skirting the . banks of a miniature lake, called the Naumachie. From this the water meanders across the park, forming two pretty islets, ; and further on losing itself in a wild grotto. At one point it is spanned by a stone bridge, and here and there we see small ruins, broken columns, pyramids, &c. Leaving this charming spot by the western entrance, front- ing the Avenue de la Reine llortense, where there is a large boarding school kept by the Dames du Sucre Coeur, we inay turn to the right into the rue de Charties, and thence into the rue de la Croix, where we shall find the new Greek Church, inaugurated on the llth of September, 1861. — This brilliant edifice, constructed at a cost of GREEK CMURCM. 205 1 >200,000 fr., the amount of voluntary contributions, col> lected by M. VassilielT, almoner to the Russian Embassy at Paris, among the richest families of St. Petersburg, is now one of the ornaments of the capital of France. The first stone was laid March 3, 1860, by the Russian Ambassador, Count Kisselcff. The plan of the edifice is square ; it is flanked with octagonal turrets at the angles, each topped with a f conical roof, similar to the larger one, which covers the main body. Each of these cones ends in a piroid spire surinoimted by the Greek double cross with pendant chains. The whole is elegantly sculptured and gilt. The porch is approached by seven steps, and consists of a small cupola resting on pillars. The interior is circular, with semi-circular recesses ; the decorations are gorgeous. The paintings on the walls repre- sent the Adoration of the Shepherds ; the Sermon on the Mount; the Last Supper ; and the entry into Jerusalem. In the central cupola, (ihrist imparting his blessing ; in the pen- dentives, the Four Evangelists. The circular nave is sepa- rated from the choir by the iconostas, a screen on which the painter and decorator appear to have exhausted their talent ; it presents, in compartments, the figures of Christ, the Virgin, and other holy personages. Rehind this is the picture of the Saviour radiant with glory. This church is dedicated to the Trinity and St. Alexander Newsky. Visible to the public on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Sundays from 3 to 7. POTTKTH ITAL'Z. This comprises parts of the 1st, 2d, and 9th arrondisse- ments. The stranger may commence it by the Palais Royal. — On the site of this palace formerly stood, in the time of Charles VI., a hotel situated without the city walls; this was purchased and demolished by Cardinal de Richelieu, who, in 1620-3C, built the Palais Cardinal in its place, after the designs of Lemercier. it had several courts, and contained |a theatre for 3000 spectators, magnificent galleries painted by Philippe de Champagne, Vouet, See., a second theatre for 500 per- sons, and a splendid chapel. Large gardens in the rear co- vered the rues do Valois, do Montpensier, and de Beaujolais. The cardinal contemplated other buildings round the garden, but the splendour of his design excited the jealousy of the king. Shortly before his decease in 1G42, the cardinal presented it to Louis XIII. On the death of Richelieu, the king removed to it, and from that period it assumed the name of Palais Royal. 206 POURTfl walk. After the death of Louis XIII. in 1643, Anne of Aiustria, with the young king, Louis XIV., made it her abode (during the turbulent times of the Fronde. In 1692, it was ceded by Louis XIV. to Philippe of Orleans, his nephew, as part of his apanage on his marriage with Mile, de Blois. The Regent Duke of Orleans, on coming into possession of it, placed in the grand gallery the valuable collection of pictures he had purchased in various parts, and which, celebrated as the Orleans Gallery, was sold during the troubles of the first Revolution, when the greater part passed into England. Here, too, had been placed, by Louis XIV., the well known collection of medals, and en- graved gems, subsequently purchased by the Empress of Russia. The orgies of which this palace was the scene have been suffi- ciently commemorated in the memoirs of the regency ; during the lifetime of the succeeding duke they were discontinued, but were again to a certain extent resumed under his successor, better known as “ Egalite.” In 17 63, the theatre, built by the cardinal, was destroyed by fire ; and, on this occasion, the entire front of the palace with its two wings was rebuilt, as it now stands, after the designs of Moreau. The debts of the duke having become so enormous that he once meditated a declara- tion of insolvency, it was determined, by the advice of the brother of Mme. iie Genlis, to erect buildings with shops and places of amusement, in the garden of the palace, as a means of augrnenting his revenue. These were begun in 17 81, after the designs of the architect Louis ; the houses and arcades, as they now stand, were finished in 1786. The plan succeeded. During the early part of the first Revolution the garden, then replanted, became the place of resort of the most violent politi- cians of the day ; here the tri-coloured cockade was first adopted, and many of the bolder measures of the popular party were decided on. After the execution of the duke in 1793, his palace, then called Palais Egalite, was confiscated, and soon con- verted into sale-rooms, ball-rooms, cafes, etc. In 1795 , a mi- litary commission was established in it, and one of its halls was afterwards fitted up for the Tribunate, with apartments for the president and the two questors. It was then called Palais du Tribunal, but re-assumed its original title under Napoleon, who never lived there, but assigned a ])ortioR of it to his brother Lucian, Prince of Canino, who occupied it some time. ^ In 1814, Louis Philippe, then Duke of Orleans, return- ed to it, and, with the exception of the interval of the Hundred Days, resided in it till 1831, making additions and improve- ments, and fitting up the whole anew. Most of the houses sur- rounding the garden had passed through several hands during the revolution, so that but a small part reverted to him. The PALAIS ROYAL. 207 Palace was taken and devastated by the mob on 24tli February, 1848, and in that and the following year, it became, under the name of Palais National, the place of meeting of some of the republican members of the Constituent Assembly (1). In 1850, 1831, and 1852, it was used for exhibitions. Exterior. — The late Prince Jerome, on having this palace assigned to him as a residence, fitted it up in the most splendid style. It js now inhabited by Prince Napoleon, and not visible to strangers. It consists of a court, entered from the rue St. Honore, by a Doric arcade and gateway. The principal staircase, designed by Desorgues, rises under a lofty dome, and, branching off into two flights, is adorned witJx a beautiful balustrade and railing of chiselled iron, by Corbin. It leads to the principal vestibule, from which the visitor emerges under the archway of the central building. On the northern side is the principal building, and, on the eastern and western, two wings projecting towards the street with pediments sculptured by Pajou, and representing Prudence, Liberality, Justice and Power. The central compartment of th£ northern side consists of a ground floor, first floor, and attic, surmounted by a segmental pediment ; the other sides of the court have only two stories. A regular gradation of the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders is observed througliout. To the left of the outer front is a secondary entrance, leading into a by-court enclosed by the Galerie cle Nemours. From the first court a triple archway leads tlirough the central building to the second court. Here the facade, forming the southern side, presents two projecting masses, with fluted Ionic columns, supporting an entablature with allegorical sculptures, and surmounted by an attic. On the first floor are the state apart- ments, and the eastern and western sides of the court have galleries underneath. The eastern gallery, called the Galerie des Proues, still retains the naval ornaments denoting Richelieu as Grand Admiral. This gallery, the northern Galerie de la Cow, and the Galerie de Chartres to the west, are formed by a Doric colonnade enclosing the court. Parallel and (i) It was a sad spectacle to behold the Avreck of this palace after the 24 lhof Feb., 1848 . Whilst the work of devastation was in progress some well-meaning persons had written the words “ Respectez les Tableaux ” wilh charcoal on the walls ; but un- fortunately the salutary advice was completely disregarded. Of the numerous fine pictures which adorned the walls of the palace scarcely a dozen were saved. The spirit of destruction was carried so far on that memorable day, that on Feb. 14 , iS.'iO, there were tivcnty-fite thousand kilogrammes of broken glass and china, collected from the remnants of the furniture of the Palas Royal, sold hyordcr of the liquidators of the late Civil List. 208 fOURTH WALK. contiguous to the Galerie de la Cour is the Galerie d’OrUanS, 300 feet long by 40 broad, on the site of the Galerie de Bois, demolished in 1830. It is a lofty hall, paved with marble and and roofed with glass, extending between a double range of shops, over which a double terrace, bordered with shrubs vases, serves as a promenade to the inmates of the palace. The Galerie de Chartres communicates with the Peristyle de Char- tres, leading to the Theatre Francais, formerly the private property of the Dukes of Orleans. ( See Theatres.) In the western wing of the principal court was the private library of Louis Philippe. It contained a valuable collection of upwards of 600,000 engravings, classed by Louis Philippe’s own hand, and filled 122 colossal folios, which perished in the flames with the greater part of the library on February 24. At 3, rue de Valois, was the Queen’s private library, which was also completely destroyed on that eventful day. The Garden, forming a rectangle of 7 00 feet by 300, and sur- rounded by the Galeries Beaujolais, Montpensier, Valois, and du Jardin, is planted with rows of lime trees from end to end, and two flower-gardens, separated by a circular basin of watw, with a fine jet d’eau. The garden was thus arranged in 1799 ; it contains bronze copies of the Diane a la Biche of the Louvre, and the Apollo Belvedere ; two modern statues in white marble, one of a young man about to batlie, by d’Espercieux ; the other of a boy struggling with a goat, by Lemoine ; Ulysses on the seashore, by Bra ; and Eurydice stung by the snake, by Nan- teuil, a fine copy in bronze, but more fitted for a gallery than the place it now occupies. Near this statue is a solar cannon, which is fired by the sun when it reaches the meridian, and regulates the clocks of the Palais Royal. Within the garden are 4 kiosks generally occupied by persons who let out jour- nals to read at a sou each ; and round them are to be found at all hours of the day politicians of every caste and rank. Under the lime trees are rows of chairs, occupied, during the summer montlis, by crowds of loungers , and so great is the profit arising from them, and from the privilege of supplying frequenters of the garden with refreshments, that Government derives an annual rent of 38,000 fr., or £1520 from these two items alone. The buildings that surround the garden are all of uniform architecture, and consist of two stories and an attic, resting upon arcades, divided by fluted Composite pilasters, which rise to the cornice above the second story. The shops under the arcades are among the most elegant in Paris, ar- ranged with the greatest taste, and, being chiefly devoted to articles of luxury, produce a most brilliant effect. On the first floors are a great number of restaurants, and here were for- PALAIS ROYAL. 209 merly the gambling-houses which rendered this place so cele- bfated. the stories above are occupied by individuals of va- rious professions. Under the arcades, at the corner of the Thea- tre Francais, is Chevet’s magasin de comestibles, Avell known to epicures. In the Galerie Montpensier is the Cafe Corazza, and in the Galerie Beaujolais are the two restaurants of les Trois Freres Provencaux, Vefour, and the Cafe de la Rotonde all unique in their kind. Under the Peristyle Beaujolais, to the north-east, is the Cafe des Aveugles, a place of amusement worthy of a visit by the curious traveller, as being a favouiite resort of the lower classes. It takes its name from a band of blind musicians, who accompany singers in little vaudevilles. A “sauvage,” too, a celebrated drummer', performs here. In the Peristyle Joinville, at the north-west corner, is the en- trance to the Theatre da Palais Royal, formerly Montansier (see Theatres), not to be confounded with the Theatre Fran- pais, which also communicates, as has been observed, with the Palais Royal. The best time for seeing this splendid bazaar is in the evening, when the garden and arcades are bril- Irantly illuminated and full of people; the shops of the watch- makers and jewellers will then particularly strike the Aositor’s eye. The Palais Royal has been called, not Avithout reason, the Capital of Paris, and it certaiirly is more frequently entered than any other space of equal dimensions in the city. To the stranger it is particularly interesting from its historical associa- tions. As early as Anne of Austria, the troubles of the Fronde may be said to have commenced in it ; there Camille Desmou- lins from one of the straw chairs harangued the populace on the night of tlie famous charge of the Prince de Lambesc ; the club of the Jacobins was formed in it, as also that of the Ther- midorians ; the Dantonists met at the Cafe de Foy, the Giron- dists at the Cafe de Chartres. And still it is the same favourite resort of politicians, idlers, and the little rentiers of the capital. The immense building bordering the eastern side of the Place da Palais Royal (l) is the HoTgL DU Louvm, built by a company on the plan of the colossal hotels for Much the United States are so celebrated It occupies a space of nearly two English acres, between the rues St, Honore, de Rivoli, de Marengo, and the Place du Palais Royal. It has three courts, one of which, the Cour d’Hon- (I) Before 1848 thissquareAvas not one half of its presentsize, and was bordered in front of the Palais Royal by a very hand- some fountain called the Chdteaxh d'Eau^ erected in 1719 by de Cotte. It was here the Garde Municipale made the last des- perale resistance to the people on the 24 th February i 848 ; it was demolished by order of the Provisional Government. 14 210 FOURTH WALK. neur, is roofed with glass. From the court an elegant doubie-branched staircase gives access to an arcaded Corin- thian gallery, 98 feet by 26, the ceiling of which is painted with figures representing the twelve months, by Gosse and Barryas, and the Genii of Arts and Sciences, by Nolau and Rube. This gallery communicates with the dining-room, a vast hall 131 feet by 42, with an altitude of 34 feet. The ceilin'^ is adorned with frescos representing the Four Seasons, and the other decorations, as well as the hangings, curtains, and furniture, are of the most gorgeous description. The ex- hibitors of the Great Universal Exhibition gave a splendid banquet here to Prince Napoleon on the I5th of October 1855. The comforts contrived for the inmates of this establishment are of a novel description. A large clock in the Cow d’Honneur communicates the true time to all the bracket- clocks throughout the house by means of electricity ; travellers’ baggage is conveyed from story to story by machinery ; dishes are slid down hot from the kitchen into trucks whicli, running along a subterranean railway , transport them to a point where, by another contrivance, they are safely hoisted up to the dining- room ; the waiters are summoned by electric liells ; speaking- tubes communicate with the office?, the laundry, etc., and a constant supply of water, both hot and cold, is conveyed by pipes to all the apartments at the command of the visitor. Linen is washed and dried by steam ; baths and smoking-rooms have also been provided. There is a telegraph office here. Proceeding westwards, along the rue St. Honore, the visitor will perceive the new facade of the Theatre Francuis, ad- joining the Palais Royalfl). Here vast demolitions are in progress for the opening of the Rue de ITmperatrice, a new street establishing a direct communication between the just- mentioned theatre and the New Opera (see p. 213). Entering the Rue d’Argenteuil, we find, at No. 18, the house in which Corneille died. It has a bust of the ^t in the court-yard, with a black slab bearing this motto, borrowed from the Cul : Je ne dois qu’5, mot seul toute ma renommee. At the corner of the Rues St. Roch and St. Honore stands the church of St. Roch, — the first stone of which was laid by Louis XlVr'and Anne of Austria, in 1653; the architects were Le- (i) The Theatre Franfais stands on the site of a rampart where the Maid of Orleans was severely wounded from a cross-bow while trying the depth of the ditch with her lance during an assault. Slic however would no't retire, hut com tinued till night to direct the placing of the faggots on which it was to be crossed. ST. ROCH. 211 mercier and De Coste. It is approached by a flight of steps extending the whole breadth of the church, and famous as the theatre of many events during the several French re- volutions, The mob crowded them to see Marie Antoinette led to execution ; Bonaparte cleared them of that same mob with cannon during the Directory; in 1830 a stand was made there against the gendarmerie of Charles X.; and in 1848 the descendants of the votaries of the Goddess of Reason devoutly ascended those steps to deposit in the church a crucifix found in the palace of theTuileries. The front is Doric and Corinthian 84 feet in breadth, and 91 in height. The church is cruciform • its total length is 405 feet, that of the choir 69, and its breadth 42; aisles with chapels run along each side. The interim- is Doric; the piers of the arches are incrusted with marble at the base. Beside the entrance there is an inscription on marble placed there by Louis Philippe, in 1 82 1 , to the memory of Pierre Corneille, who is buried here ; another tablet records the names of benefactors to the church, and of distinguished per- sons buried there, whose tombs were destroyed in 17 93 (i). In the 5th chapel is a marble monument to the Abbe de I’Epee* by Preault, erected at the expense of deaf and dumb persons educated at his institution. A plain sarcophagus supports his bust ; the figures of two children are represented in the act of raising their eyes towards him with an expression of gratitude. The inscription is . — F^Vo admodum mirabili sacerdoh de I’Epee, qiii fecit exemplo Saloatoris mutos loqui Gives Gallia) hoc monumentum dedicarunt an. 1840 . Natus (i) The best works of art in the chapels of this church he- ginnmg from the left on entering, are— 2d. chapel: A marble group of the Baptism of Christ, by Lemoine ; on the walls, pirist calling on John to baptize him, and the Saviour appearin"- to his Disciples. 3d. St. Nicholas saving a ship at sea. 4 th A Descent from tlm Cross in plaster, by Bogino.— Transept : SL Denis preaching, by Vien. — Chapel of St. Vincent tie Paul : paintings representing him assisting the poor, and his apo- theosis; in tlie window, a small specimen of old stained glass, representing tlie Saviour reading to the Virgin and Joseph. Here begins the series of the stations of the ViaCrucis consisting of bas-reliefs in plaster, continued along the church’ -foseph: the birth of Christ, hy Tissier, and the death ot St. Joseph, in fresco, by Brune ; in the next, St. Fran- cis de Sales, preacliing, by Loyer; and tlie same helpin'^ a wayfarer tliroiigli the snow, by Sclieffer ; in the following is St. Charles Borromeo. — Lady Chapel, of an elliptical form, orna- mented with Corintliian pilasters, and surmounted by a dome painted in fresco by Pierre. On tlie altar is a «roup in while marble, liy Anguier, which formerly decorated the altar of the Val de Grace : tlie infant Jesus in the manger, with the Virgin 212 FOURTH Walk. cin. 1712, movtuus cin. 17 89. — Near is a black marble tablet, M^itli the inscription t — -A. I Ahh^ Ab I Ibs soui clS“TyiuBts susdois TBConudissants . 1845. — Opposite is the pulpit, Vvith statues of tlie Evangelists carved in oak; an angel supports the canopy. Following the aisle we enter the chapel of tlie Holy Sacrament, magnificently decorated in representation of the Holy of Holies of the Mosaic tabernacle ; all the ornaments of the Jewish ritual are placed here. In the windows are Denis the Areopagite, and Denis Affre, Aichbishop of Paiis, killed on the barricades in June, 1848. The cupola of St. Roch is painted by Roger, and the Empress has an elegant tribune in this church, which is the richest in Paris, and is celebrated for its music and singing on all great Catholic festivals. Continuing westwards along the rue St. Honore, we find to our right the rue du Marche St. Honore, leading to the M.VRCHE Sr. Honore, opened in 1809, on the site of the Con- vent des Jacobim, celebrated in 17 89. The entrance to the Club des Jacobins was the large arched gate still visible m the rue St. Hyacinthe. The market has now been rebuilt on the plan of the Central Halles (see p . 243). The rue Neuve des Petits Champs will lead, by the rue Me- hul, to the ThddtrB ItdliBn. (See TliBdtVBS.) and Joseph kneeling ; it is a fine piece of sculpture. At the en- trance to this chapel are two paintings Jesus purging the Tern- pie by Tlioinas, and bis recalling the daughter of Jairus to lite, hy Delorme.— Chapel of the Calvary : a Crucifix, hy Anguier, that formerly stood over the altar of the Sorbonne ; close to it, under a vaulted recess, is a Descent from the Cross, and m a similar recess, on the other side, the Virgin and St. John, a group in plaster.— In the ist chapel after that of the Virgin, in the opposite aisle, are Christ preaching, and Mary Magdalen, hy Brisset ; 2 d. the martyrdom of St. Catherine on the wheel, and her Apotheosis, by Brune; 3d. St. Agnes in prayer, and lier inspiration by the Holy Ghost, by Bohn ; 4lh. Ste. Cloulde prayin", andher Apotheosis, by Landelle.— Transept : an altar- piece by Doyen, the Cure of the Mai des Ardents, in i230, through the intercession of Ste. Genevieve. — sth chapel ; St. Peter preaching; Christ delivering the keys to St. Peter, elli. Sorrow for the Departed, and Joy at the announcement of their resurrection in Heaven; 7th. Stephen disputing, andhisLapi- dation, by Roux; also a marble monument to the Duke de Creuui' 8th. the Resurrection of Christ, and the angel an- nouncin'' that event to the three holy women ; and monuments to the infamous Cardinal Dubois, Mignard the painter, Lenotre, the designer of the gardens of Versailles, and the Count de Har- court. The last chapel, which contains monuments to Mauper- luis the Duke de Lesdiguieres, and the Mar6chal d’Asleld, is also’ adorned with two frescos, by Quantin, representing the de- parture and return of the Prodigal Son. FRENCH OPERA HOUSE. 213 Next to this, the Passage Choiseul, one of the handsomest in Paris, will lead the visitor to the Fontaine Louis le Grand, at the corner of rue de la Micho- dih-eaiul rue du Port Mahon. — This pretty fountain, erected in 1712, and rebuilt in 1828, is adorned with a figure striking a dolphin with a trident. Two monolilh basins, in the shape of ancient tazze, receive the water. The capitals, &c., are ornamented with sculptures of fish, shells, aquatic plants’ etc. The following was the inscription : — Regnante Carolo X. Prlstinum fontem angusliore area jam ampliflcata, Communi iitilitati urbisque ornamento. In majus reslituerunt praefectus et ajdiles Anno M.DCCC.XX.VIII. hut the first line of it was effaced in 1830. By the rue du Port Mahon we reach the Boulevard des Capucines and rue de laChaussee d’Antin (1). In this street lived Grimmin 177 8, when betook youngMozartintohis house. Continuing westwards along the boulevard, the visitor will see, on the northern side, the new Grand Hdtel, vying in size and grandeur with the Hdtel du Louvre already men- tioned. The ground it occupies cost 8 millions of francs, and the building and furniture 14 millions more. Adjoining is the new and immense French Opera-house, which is still in course of construc- tion. It occupies an area of 140 metres by 122 , in the centie of a large space enclosed by the Boulevard des’ltaliens, (i) The nomenclature of this street has undergone many changes. It was at first called Chcuiifi dcs PoTchsTO'iis being at that time only a rugged road crossing the Pr^s des Porcherons, an open space, the favourite resort of duellists and debauchees! It was next named Chaussee Gaillon, on account of its proximity to the Porte Gaillon; afterwards rwede I’ Hotel Dieu, from its lead- ingMo a farm belonging to that hospital ; subsequently on the building of the Hotel d’Antin it became the Chaussee d’Antin. In J791 it received the name of rue Mirabeau, in memory of the ce- lebrated revolutionary orator, who resided in it at the time ot his death, at No. 42. In 1793 it was called rue Montblanc, but at the Restoration it resumed its name of C/io«ssee d’Antin. No. 62 stands on the site of a small hotel inhabited by Josephine before her marriage withNapoleon ; General Foy died there. The last house on the right was the hotel of Cardinal Fesch. Neclier also lived in this street. To give an idea of the immense value of ground here we may state that the Hotel Pillet-Will was lately bought by the City for 2 , 100,000 fr., or at the rate of 630 fr. per square metre. In i67 5, the price of ground on that 'spot Svas three sous per square toise, or four square metres, and in 1722 when tile Chauss<5e-d’Antin was transformed from a dirty lane into a street, the square toise cost three livres. In 1 760 , the price varied from eight to ten livres. 214 FOURTH WALK. the Rues Scribe, Auber, Halevy, and Neuve des Mathurins. In its present unfinished state we can only describe its gene- ral plan, which comprises a central body fronting the boule- vards, with a facade of coupled columns surmounted by an attic, and two latei-cil projections with carriage-ways reaching' to the level of the first row of boxes, and protected from the weather by arched porticoes. The back part of the buiidiiw is reserved for the Administration and various offices. The outer vestibule for the public is preceded by an open gallery, which faces the boulevard ; after this comes an inner vestibule, where the tickets are examined and exchanged. To the right’ and left of this there are two long galleries for the public who have not taken tickets beforehand. From the second vestibule the principal staircase gives access to the orchestra, the stalks eVamphithSaire, and the baignoires : (see p. 4 62) it stops at the first floor, that is, at the first row of boxes, and the grand foyer or saloon. To the right and left of the principal staircase there are two others with ban- nisters in the middle, one side being for going up, and the other for coming down. These staircases are continued to the top rows of boxes. The principal foyer, looking on the bou- levard, is 60 metres by 13, and has a small circular boudoir at each end. It communicates with the lobby by six en- trances. The part for the audience is entirely built of stone and iron : it is 32 metres long by 30 in breadth, with five tiers of boxes, and will afford accommodation for 2,500 spec- tators. There is a small salon attached to each box, includ- ing those of the 4th tier. Two avant scenes, or stage-boxes, are reserved for the Emperor and Imperial family. The house will be lighted by a splendid lustre and branch chandeliers. An excellent system of ventilation has been provided in the cupola which crowns the edifice. Below the stage, which is 25 metres long by 38 in breadth, there is a depth of 14 metres, to obtain which, the architect, M. Gamier, was obliged to sink his foundations far below a subterranean sheet of water, an engineering difficulty wliich he has overcome with surprising ability. The advantage thus obtained at immense cost is, that instead of making the lower part of a scene meet a fly from above, wdiieh always produces a disagreeable effect, he can have it drawn up from below all of a piece. The artists entrusted with the interior decoration are M. Cabancl for the paintings of the staircase, and M. Baiulry for those of the foyer. The external sculpture is being executed by MM. Cavelier and Aime Millet. Continuing w'estwards, xvc find, at the corner of the rue des Capucines, the spot where, on the night of the 23d Feb- RESIDENCE OF NAPOLEON.' 215 ruary, 1848, the eventful shot was fired, which led to the overthrow of the monarchy. This site was occupied at the time, and until September, 1853, by the Foreign Office, a building erected by the minister Bertin in the 18 th century (1). It was taken on the 13th Vendemiaire by General Bonaparte, who, after inhabiting it for some years, gave the property to Marshal Berthier, who sold it to the government in 1821. At No. 65 in the rue Caumartin opposite, is the Lvcee Bonaparte, once a convent of Capuchins, designed by Brongniart in 1781. The front is 162 feet long by 42 in height. It consists of a central Doric door-way, flanked by two pavilions at the extremities ; one of which is now The Church of St. Louis d’Antin, a plain Doric building, with a nave and aisle, and a semicircular choir. The ceiling of the choir is painted by Signol. The walls of the nave display the 12 Apostles, painted in wax by Cornu and Bezart. There are also the Agony of Christ, by Goyet ; and Christ at Emmaus, by Dumas. In an urn in the baptismal chapel, is the heart of Count de Choiseul, the Grecian traveller. Further on, is the handsome Pasmrjc du Havre. I The rue Joubert to our right leads to the rue de la Victoire. i Here at No. GO is the site of a house once inhabited by Napo- leon and Josephine (2). Beturning to the Chaussee d’Antin and turning to the right, we perceive the new ficLisE DE LA Trinite, One of the most striking features of which is the elliptical balustraded carriage-way encircling a delightful public garden, 3,000 square metres in surface. The church itself is built in the style of the Renaissance, with three front entrances, surmounted by a rose-window and two trilobate ones. The interior consists of a nave and two aisles, adorned with paintings by MM. Jobbe-Duval, Barrias, fimile Levy, and Delaunay. These paintinp, with the accessory decorations have cost 1 57,000 fr., besides 192,000 fr. devoted to the sculptural subjects, executed by MM. Cavelier, Maillet, (1) The shop-front of Mr. Giroux’s immense premises oc- cupies the precise position of the gate of the old Foreign Office, around which the soldiers stood on tlie night alluded to. The rue St. Arnaud has been run across part of the ground. ( 2 ) We here subjoin a brief notice of the different places at which Napoleon I. resided in Paris from his first arrival up to the i8lh Brumaire, and Ihe establishment of Ihe Consu- lar governmenl. — Ecole Militaire : Bonaparte coming from Ihe military school of Brienne, was admitted here Oct. loth, i 7 S 4 , and occupied a small room on the upper story.— Quai de Conti, No. 5. Here Bonaparte occupied a small garret, 'aTTgiWafds railed the ‘‘ Eagle’s ^esi.”~H6telde Met^.rue du Mail, from May to S'eptember 1792. Bonaparte, then a detain of aVlfflerv, was FOURTH WALK. 216 Crauk, Carpeaux, Guillaume Doublemard, and Dantan. jun. The total cost of this church amounts to 3 888,911 fr. Arcliitect, M Ballu. At No. 30 IS the College Municipal Chaptal see p. loo), and higher up, at No. 7 0, the Prison for Debtors see p. 7 8.) The rue Vintimille leads to the Place of that nime, in the centre of which is a pretty square, covering a space of 778 metres. The rue Percier leads us into the me Fontaine St. Georges, where we find, at No. 30, a profusely sculptured house in the style of the time of Francis I. The qiarter crossed by this street, and the rue Notre Dame deLorette, has received the name of La Nouvelle Athenes. The Place St. Georges, with its fountain, richly sculptured edifices, and gardens, will attract notice. No. 9.7 is the residence of M. 'Ihiers. This f quarter is the favourite abode of artists7aWess'es"a?id femmes I' galantes. Further down is the church of ordered to Paris to answer for some strong political opinions he had expressed while he was in garrison at Xtienee.— Hotel ] des Droits de I’Hnmme, rue dn Mail, October, 1T94. Ihnaparte was then general of artillery; his brother Louis and .iunot accoin- i panied him as aides-de-camp. They lodged togeth’r on the 4th ' story, at a rent of 27 livres in specie per month, fis friendship * for Talma, which continued unabated to his death commenced in this house, to which the great actor resorted to give lessons in declamation to “ La citoyenne Petit,” afterwards.Mme. Talma. —Ruede la Michodiere, No. 19. Being without enployment in very narrow circumstances, and unwilling to go o La Vendee as a general of infantry, Bonaparte occupied a smdl lodging in the upper story of this house.— Hotel Mirabeau, rw. du Dauphin, 17 95 . Bonaparte disgraced occupied himself in visiting the dif- ferent members of the National Convention, to sdicit employ- ment. In this hotel he slept on the eve of the i3th Vend^miaire, of that memorable day on which, having obtained the command of the troops through the favour of Barras, he d-feated “ the , sections,” and opened his way to the appointment of “ General j in Chief of the Army of Italy.” — Hotel de la Colonnide, rue Neuve des Capucines. Here Bonaparte installed himself on the i3th Vend^miaire, and remained during the disarming of “ the ' sections,” and here, on the 9tf March, i796, was celebrated his y ' marriage with Josephine, widow of General Beauhanais, who had V perished on the scaffold.— Hue Chantereine, No. 60 whither Bo- naparte removed on his marriage with Josephine, fhis hotel he left 2 ist March, i79G, to assume the command o the army of Italy, and on Dec. 5 lh, 1797, returned to it, pre-eded by i70 / standards, 55 opieces of cannon, and 6o,ooo,ooofr. rsmittedto the // Stale ; in honour of w'hich the municipality voted tlat the street / should bear the name of the “ rue de la Victoire.’ llereBona- parte received his appointment to the command of the expe- dition to Egypt; and from this hotel emanated thise intrigues which led to the i8th Brumaire and his dictatorshp. NOTRE DAME DE LORETfE. 217 Notre Dasj^^ de Lorette.— This beautiful church was commencM^n'tS^Vaft^^^ th^ designs of M. Leilas. Its ex- ternal dimensions are 204 feet by 96. A square campanile crowns the roof of the choir. The portico is composed of four Corinthian columns, supporting a pediment, in which are sculp- tured in alto-rilievo the Virgin and infant Saviour adored by angels. On the frieze is the inscription ; — beat^ marle vir- fiiNi lauretanae. Over the pediment are the figures of Faith, Hope, and Charity. The principal entrance under the portico is flanked by smaller ones at the extremities of the facade. In the interior two rows of eight Ionic columns, to the right and left, separate the nave from the aisles; the choir terminates in a hemicycle. Two more rows of columns separate the la- teral chapels from the aisles ; the ceilings arc divided into com- partments, richly sculptured and ornamented with rosettes, all highly coloured or profusely gilt. At the entrance ol each aisle is a semicircular chapel surmounted by a cupola ; that on the right being the baptistery, where several frescos, by Blondel, represent the fall and the regeneration of man ; in the cupola are painted Intelligence, Innocence, Wisdom, and the Guardian Angel, with the attributes of Baptism. At the other extremity of this aisle is the chapel of the Holy Communion, painted by Perin. The subject of the paintings is, Christ instituting the Eucharist, variously illustrated. The walls are painted in compartments, expressive of Faith, Hope, Charity, Truth, Hos- pitality, 6cc. The pendentives represent the birth of Christ, his preaching, sufferings, and death. In the other aisle, the first chapel is dedicated to the dead, with paintings, by Blondel, of the Besurrection, the Sepulchre, and various scenes of death at different stages. At the opposite extremity is the chapel of the Virgin, by Perin, in a style similar to that of the Com- munion, representing her as the Queen of the Martyrs, the refuge of sinners, etc. The remaining chapels, three in each aisle, are separated by partitions, with doors to com- municate. Their walls are covered with paintings, representing passages from the lives of the saints to whom they are dedi- cated (1). Over the columns and entablature of the nave are 8 beautiful frescos illustrative of the life of the Virgin, by Dubois, Langlois, Vinchon, Monvoisin, Dejuinnes, Grange, Hesse, and Coutan. The choir is fitted up with stalls ; a gilt balustrade separates . it from the rest of the nave, and its walls are incrusted with rich marbles. The high altar is supported by columns of the Corinthian order, with (i) By Hesse, Coutan, Alfred Johannot, Langlois, Caminade, Decaisnes, Dejuinnes, Deveria, )Schnefz, Etex, Champmartin, Couder, Goyet, Mesdames Varcolier, and Peherain. 218 FOURTH WALK gilt bronze bases and capitals. Over the stalls are jpainted the Presentation in the Temple, by Heim, and Jesus in the Temple, by Drolling. The dome of the choir is adorneed with figures of the four Evangelists, by Delorme ; on the cconcave ceiling Ijehind the high ahar is the Crowning of the Virggm, by Picot, on a ground of gold. The cost of the church waas about 1,800,000 fr. Service is performed here with niuch pomp, and the smging is remarkably good. Descending the rue La ffltte (1) we find at Nos. 2 1 ; and 23 the splendid hotels'^ MessrsMlothschild. Here extensiive de- molitions have been effected, whereby the Rue Lafayettte has been prolonged, to the New Opera (see pp 213 andi 235). Further down there is the rue Rossini, crossing the irue Le Peletier, where the stranger will remark the French Opera House (see Theatres). It was here the atrocious attempH upon the lives of the Emperor and Empress took place (2)), Jan. 14th, 1858. Further on, in the rue Chauchat, is the (1) This street was first called rued’ Artois, in honour of the Comte d’Arlois. It was subsequently called r«e Cerutti, iin me- mory of the Abb6 of that name, the editor of arevolutionarjy paper called the “ Feuille Villageoisc,” and friend of Miraibeaiu and Talleyrand. His house was the first in the street, wheire the Maison Dor6e now stands. The rue Cerutti ended in a spdend d hotel and grounds successively inhabited by M. Thelussom, the rich banker, and Murat. Its site is now occupied by the street and the church of Notre Dame de Lorette. In I8i5 it biecame once more the rue d’ Artois, but received its present naime in 1830 ; the hotel of M. LaftUle, at the corner of the rue die Pro- vence, having been the centre of operations at that period.. (2) As the Imperial carriage, escorted by a detaehnnent of Lancers, was approaching the Oper-a-house from the Rouhevard, three explosive shells were thrown on the pavement jwst before the body of the carriage, and bursting info fragments !«pread destruction around. One ofthe horses of the Imperial cairriage was killed on the spot, the other, being wounded, becarme un- governable, and broke the pole against the door-post of fine ves- tibule. Tbe coacbman and lackeys were all wounded; their Majesties, as is well known, most providentially escaped uinhurt. One hundred and forty-one persons among the by-standeirs, in- cluding several Lancersrwere Wore or less severely wouinded; eight were either killed on the spot or died of their wrounds. The Imperial carriage xvas pierced with 43 holes made Iby the fragments of the first shell only, and the windows of the Ihouses opposite were broken up to the fourth story. Their Majesties in so trying a moment evinced the, greatest presence of min(d, and in company with the Duke of Saxe-Coburg, entered the t.lieatre to allay by their presence the universal alarm which prewailed. Four persons, named Orsini, Fieri, Hudio, andGomez, were sub- sequently tfied for the crime, and the two former execufed. LA BOURSE. 219 ficLiSE EvangilLIQUE de LA REDEMPTION, a Lutheran church ; it has a Doric portal, under a massive arch of ma- sonry. The interior consists of a nave without aisles, ter- minating in a heraicycle, and fitted up with pews and galleries. At the corner of the rues Rossini and Drouot is a spacious building, containing auction-rooms, and at No. 6, rue Drouot, is the Mairie of the 9th arrondissement, established in the Hotel Aguado. Continuing along the rue Grange Bateliere, we find to the left the Passage Verdean, and opposite, the Passage Jouffroy, leading to the Boulevard Montmartre. This, and the Passage des Panoramas, on the opposite side of the Boule- vard, are tlie most brilliant Passages of Paris. Close to the latter stands the pretty Theatre des Varietes. (see Theatres.) The adjoining Boulevard des Italiens, formerly known by the name of Boulevard de Gand (l), is remarkable for its ele- gant shops and cafes. At the corner of the rue Laffitte we see the Maison Doree, occupied by a well-known restaurant. There are other restaurants and coffee-houses of note on this \ Boulevard ; such as Tortoni’s and the Cafe Riche. The two ' Passages de I’ Opera, on the same Boulevard, deserve a visit. In the rue Marivaux is the Opera Comiqne (see Theatres.) The stranger will pass before some fine houses at the top of rue Richelieu, built on part of the site of the Hotel Frascati, a celebrated gaming-house, and then pass, by the rue St. Marc, into the rue Neuve Vivienne. The shops of this quarter display great elegance and taste. Descending the rue Vivienne, we arrive at the Place de la Bourse, on the west side of which is the Theatre du Vaude- ville (see Theatres). Opposite stands The Exchange, or La Bourse. — Meetings of merchants for Uic'TTTrhsaclions of' business 'were held regularly for the first time in 17 24, at the Hotel Mazarin, rue Neuve des Petits Champs, the residence of Law, the financier. During the re- volution of 17 89 they were removed to the Church des Petits I Peres, then to the Palais Royal, and next to a temporary build- ing in the rue Feydeau. The present building was erected in 1808-182G, by Brongniart, on the site of the convent des Filles St. Thomas. The Bourse is a parallelogram of 212 feet by 126, and surrounded by 06 Corinthian columns, support- I ing an entablature and attic, and forming a peristyle, which is I approached by a flight of steps extending the whole length of ' the western front. Over the entrance is inscribed ; — Bourse et Trirunal de Commerce. The roof of this edifice is entirely iron and copper. At the corners of the edifice are four statues, (l) Thus named, because frequented by the legitimists, during Louis XVllI.’s stay at Gand, at the time of the Hundred Days. FOURTH WALK. 220 placed there in 1852, those facing the Vaudeville representing Commerce, by Dumont, and Consular Justice, by Duret ; and those facing the rue Notre Dame des Yictoircs, Industry, by Pra- dier, and Agriculture, by Seurre. The Salle de la Bourse in the centre of the building, on the ground floor, where stock- brokers and merchants meet, is 116 feet in length, by 7 6 in breadth. It is Doric, and surrounded by two tiers of arcades, the basement of which, as well as the sides of tlie hall, are of marble. Below the upper cornice are inscribed in separate medallions the names of the principal mercantile cities of the world. Over the central arch is a clock, and opposite a dial- plate marking tlie motions of a weatlier-vane outside. The hall is lit from the roof, and a deeply-coved ceiling is covered with admirable monochrome drawings, in 1 6 compartments, by Abel de Pujol and Meynier ; the figures are lo feet high. (1) The pavement of this hall, which will contain 2000 persons, is en- tirely of marble. At its eastern end is a circular space, called the parquet, railed round exclusively for the stock-brokers ; another railed space to the left is for their assesscurs, or assist- ants. Behind this is a room where the stock-brokers assemble be- fore business. To the right are the chambers of the committee and syndicate of the agents de change, and of the courtiers de com- merce. On the left a wide staircase leads first to the offices for transfers, then to a spacious gallery, supported by Doric co- lumns, and to the Hall of the Tribunal of Commerce. A I the opposite end is the Court of Bankruptcy ; its ceiling is vaxdted- and painted in grisaille by Abel de Pujol, in allegorical com, partments, representing Trades, Commerce, 6cc. From the gal- lery a corridor extends all round, and communicates witli other public offices ; this gallery commands the best view of the in- terior, and of the decorations of the ceiling. Admittance to the Bourse is free (2), except for the fair sex, [who arc not ab (1) The subjects are : — On the left, Commercial France accept- ing the Tribute of the four parts of the World — Europe — Asia — the personificalion of the town of Nantes — that of Rouen. In front, the city of Paris delivering the keys to the Genius of Com- merce, and inviling Commercial Justice to enter the -walls pre- pared for her — the personification of Die town of Lille — that of Bordeaux. On the right, the Union of Commerce and the Arts giving birth to the prosperity of the State — the personifications of Africa — America — Lyons — Bayonne. Above tlie entrance the City of Paris receiving from the nymph of the Seine and the Genius of the Ourcq the productions of Abundance — personifica- tions of Strasbourg — Marseilles. (2) Before November 22 , 1861, an entrance-fee of one franc was exacted, a regulation which was put in force in i857. The annual snbscription for daily admittance between 12 and 3 wag BIBLlOTHfeQDE IMPERIALE. 221 lowed to enter without a permission from M. le Commissaire de la Bourse, it having been found that the habit of visiting this Temple of Plutus engendered a passion for gambling among them. By way of compensation, many ladies indulge their propensity for money speculations by loitering outside the railing. The business hours are — for money transactions, from 12 10 3; for mercantile purposes, from 3 to 5. The bustle and animation among the speculators is a most curious sight, and the din caused by the bawling of the stockbrokers is bewildering. This splendid edifice cost 8,149,000 fr. At No. 2, Place de la Bourse, there is the Chamber of Commerce, and in the same building the small but well selected Bibliotheque du Commerce, open daily to the public, holidays excepted, from 11 to 4. In the rue de Richelieu is the Place Louvois. — Here the French Opera-house formerly stood ; but after the assassination of the Duke de Berri at the entrance of that theatre, in 1820, it was removed, and an ex- piatory monument was begun on the site under Charles X., but the revolution of 1830 interfered xvith its completion, and in 1835 the space was decorated with a fountain, at a cost of about 100,000 fr. It is now an elegant square co- vering 1776 sq. metres; the fountain, designed by Visconti, con- sists of an ample octagonal basin of stone, out of which rises a Slone pedestal, with 4 genii of galvanized cast-iron, riding on spouting dolphins, supporting a patera. In the centre of this stand four bronze caryatides, representing the Seine, the Loire, the Saone, and the Garonne, supporting another patera sur- mounted i)y an amphora out of which the water flows. The long edifice opposite, in course of reconstruction, is the Bibliotheque Imperiale. — From the introduction of Chris- tianity into France to the time of St. Louis, the few books existing in the kingdom belonged to the numerous convents which had been successively established, and were confined to copies of the Bible, treatises of the fathers, canons, missals, and a few Greek and Latin authors. St. Louis caused copies to be made of all these manuscripts, and had them arranged in a room attached to the Sainte Chapelle. This collection the king bequeathed to several monasteries. From St. Louis to king John, we have no historical notice of any royal library ; and even that possessed by the latter monarch did not exceed eight or ten volumes. Charles V., his successor, who patronized literature, caused many works to be copied, and others to be translated; with these, and some that were presented to him, I50fr., and for beyond that hour 73 fr. The City derived an anuuai profit of 60o,ooofr. from these taxes, but public opinion was so much against them that they were at length relinquished. 222 FOURTH WALK. he formed a library, consisting of 910 volumes. They were deposited in a tower of the Louvre, called la Tour de la Li- brairie, and consisted of iiluminated missals and other religious works, legends of miracles, lives of saints, and treatises upon astrology, geomancy, and palmistry. To afford literar y per- sons an opportunity at all times of consulting this library, a silver lamp was kept constantly burning. This collecliotn was partly dispersed under Charles VI. The remainder disappeared under the regency of the Duke of Bedford, who purchased it for 1200 livres, and sent the greater part to England. Louis XI. collected the books scattered through the various royal palaces, to which he added several other collections; and, printing having been recently invented, he purchased copies of all the books that were published. In 149G, Louis XII. caused the library of the Louvre to be transported to Blois, and also added to the collection the libraries of the Sforza and Visconti from Pavia, Petrarch’s collection, and the cabinet of Gruthuse, a Flemish gentleman. In 1544, Francis I. had the whole removed to Fontainebleau, and the catalogue of that date gives, as the total of the collection, 1890 volumes, amongst which were 900 printed volumes, and 38 or 39 Greek MSS., brought from Naples and deposited at Blois by Lascaris. This monarch added greatly to the royal library, and first began the fonnation of its celebrated cabinet of medals. Henry II. decreed that a bound copy on vellum of every book printed should be deposited in the royal library. In 1527, by the confiscation of the effects of the Connetable de Bourbon, the library was increased; but the Ligueurs carried off some of the most valuable manuscripts. Catherine de Medicis left the royal library a collection of medals and manuscripts which she had brought from Florence. In 1594, Henry IV. had the library transferred from Fontaine- bleau to Paris, and placed in the College de Clermont (now Lycee Louis le Grand), left unoccupied by the Jesuits, recently expelled from France. It was next transferred to the convent of the Cordeliers, and under Louis XIIL, when it consisted of 1C,74 6 volumes, to a spacious house in the rue de la Ilarpe. Louis XIV. increased the treasures of the royal library considerably, and opened it to the public. In 1666, Colbert bought two houses adjoining his residence in the rue Vivienne, to which the books were removed. This extensive collection, daily swelled by presents, purchases, ficc., contained at the death of Louis XIV., in 1715, more than 70,000 volumes. Under the regency of the Duke of Orleans, it was removed to the 4 )resent hotel, formerly occu- pied by Cardinal Mazarin. Upon the suppression of the monasteries in 1789, all the books belonging to them were de- BIBLIOTHtlQUE IMP^RIALE. 223 posited in the library, then called Bibliotheque Nationals, a name it resumed in 1848, and retained until 1852, when it received its present one. An annual grant is made by go- vernment for the purchase of books, engravings, antiquities, etc. The Bibliotheque Imperiale is divided into four depart- ments ; 1 . Printed works, maps, and geographical collections ; 2. Manuscripts, genealogies, autographs, 8cc. ; 3. Medals, an- tique gems, 8cc.; 4. Engravings. All these departments are under the control of a responsible director, and each department is superintended by a conservator and assistant conservator. The length of the building is 540 feet, its breadth 130 ; its total surface, including the courts, is 14,200 square metres. (1) The principal court is partly laid out as a garden. Part of the edifice is still under reconstruction . (2) Library of Printed Works . — The number of volumes con- tained in this section is estimated at 1,800,000, exclusive of 300,000 pamphlets. (1) Here we find the original model in bronzed plaster, of the admirable statue of Voltaire, by Houdou, the copy of which in while marble is at the Theatre Francais. There is also a model of the Egyptian Pyramids, with the snrronnding country. Here likewise are specimens of ancient ornamental bookbinding, and also two models in porcelain, brought from Canton, and presented to Louis XIV., of the celebrated Porcelain Towers of China ; also a piece of sculpture in bronze, executed in 1721, by Titon du Tillet, called the “French Parnassus,” its summits and slopes covered with figures in classic attire, representing the most celebrated writers, each occupying an elevation proportionate to his merit. There are also bnsts of Jean Panl and Jerome Bignon, and of Van Praet, and an Egyptian bust of porphyry. The library also possesses the “Description of the Papyrus of Nas- (1) Cardinal Mazarin having married his niece Hortensia de Mancini, in i66i, to the Duke de la Meilleraie, constituted him his sole heir on condition that he would hear his arms and name. On the death of the cardinal this palace was divided ; that part towards the rue Richelieu came into the possession of his nephew, the Marquis de Mancini, and was called Hotel de Nevers. The other part, facing the rue Neuve des Petits Champs, fell to the share of the Duke de Mazarin (de la Meilleraie), and bore the name of Hotel de Mazarin, till 1719, when the Regent bought and gave it to the India Company. The Exchange was afterwards established there, and then the Treasury. (2) The new galleries are entirely built of stone and iron ; in some of the rooms not accessible to the public there are four tiers of galleries connected together by iron bridges; the floor- ing consists of parallel iron bars with spaces between, in order not to deprive the lower tiers of the necessary day-light. 224 FOURTH Walk. Khein,” puhllshed by H.R.H, the Prince of Wales, and tbe 14 volumes of Prince Louis Lucien Bonaparte on languages. The Collection of Maps and Globes is very curious and coiapdete, containing about 300,000 maps, charts, views, 6cc. ; th<;. topo- graphy of Paris alone occupies 5C large folio volumes. More than 500 folios are filled with civil, military, and mariiK; maps and plans, including some of Japan. Tables are proviJe(d for students and amateurs. The Collection of Manuscripts consists of about n 5,000 volumes, in Greek, Latin, Oriental, French, and other languages, including 30,000 which relate to the history of France. The catalogue of the manuscripts alone fills 24 volumes, besides ample supplements to each. Many of the old bindings are very costly, and most of them enriched with carvings of ivory, and precious stones. The most remarkable room of all is a superb gallery, which existed in the time of Cardinal Mazarin. Its length is 140 feet, audits breadth 22. The ceiling, painted in fresco, by Romanelli, in 1 C5 1 , represents various subjects of fa- bulous history, in compartments. In this gallery are preserved very valuable and curious manuscripts. Among them are: a Latin manuscript of the Vlth century, on papyrus ; the manuscripts of Galileo ; letters from Henry IV. to Gabrielle d’Estrees; the prayer-books of St, Louis and Anne of Bri- tanny, and one which belonged in succession to Charles V., Charles IX., and Henry HI., and bears their signatures, all beautifully written on vellum, and richly illuminated; the manuscript of Telemachus, in Fenelon’s own hand ; autograph memoirs ofLouis XIV., See. The mostancient manuscripts now in this collection are some missals of the fifth century. Among the foreign manuscripts are some Coptic, Persian, In- dian, Arabic, Etliiopian, Chinese, Japanese, Armenian, Siamese, 6cc., remarkable for their beauty. A collection of autogragh letters, of Henry IV., Louis XVL, Turenne, Mine, de Maintenon, Voltaire, Mrne. deSevigne, Racine, Molih-e, Corneille, Boileau, Delille, Bossuet, Mile, de la Valliere, Franklin, Rousseau, Lord Byron, Montesquieu, and the Golden Bull of the Emperor Fre- deric II., with its seal (1220) are arranged under glass frames, At the extremity of the gallery is a fac-simile of a record of the year 781, in Chinese and Syriac, found at Canton in 1628, giving an account of the arrival of Syrian missionaries in China, in the 7 th and 8th centuries. The reading-room of the (1) Owing to the alterations in progress, little of this is now visible. In i 860 , the heart of Voltaire, long deposited at the Chateau de la Villette, near Pont St. Maxence (Oise), was trans- ferred to the Imperial library in the presence of fhe Ministers of the Interior and Public Instruction. BIBLIOTHEQUE IMPERIALE. 0,25 maaiisciipt department isopen to students daily (i). The Cabinet of Medals and Antiques is now transferred to the new buildings, and is provisionally accessible by the first door from the corner of the rue Richelieu. (2) To be ad- mitted the visitor must ring the bell, and on enterincr the vestibule will find to his left the Chamber of the Kiiws of Karnac, a monument transported hither from Thebes “and consisting of a series of Egyptian bas-reliefs. Fronting the cntiauce, he will see the celebrated Zodiac of Denderah and under it the porphyry bath in which Clovis was baptized Ascending the staircase, the walls of which are studded with old Greek and Roman inscriptions, the visitor on rin"in<^ another bell on the lirst floor, is ushered into the Cabinet” comprising two rooms : the one to the right, called Salle de Luynes, contains the magnificent collection presented to the Imperial Library by the Due de Luynes. It consists of a series of Greek and Etruscan vases, adorned with pictures Greek armour and various utensils, bronze statuettes, and a valuable collection of medals and signet-rings the whole valued at 1,400,000 fr. The room to the left, lit by seven windows, contains the old collection, which is considered one of the richest m Europe. In 1789, all the antiques in the treasuries of the Sainte Chapelle and Abbey of SL Denis weie added to this cabinet ; it also includes the superb col- lection of the Comte de Caylus, and 9o antique bronzes and terra-cottas bequeathed by the late Vicomte de Jawze. Among the most remarkable relics here preserved there are two large carved silver discs ; the lesser one, found in the Rhone near Avignon, is improperly called the shield of Scipio ; the larger tound in the Dauphine, is called the shield of Hannibal • there IS also a large oval black marble carved with cuneiform cha- racters, besides a vast number of cameos, seals, intaglios abraxas, talismans, and oriental inscriptions Some of the glass stands contain various curious objects found in the tomb ot Lliilderic, and a large cameo representing the Apotheosis of Augustus ; two Etruscan vases, found at Agylla, and presented y Prince Torlonia to Louis Philippe. Among the modern busts winch adorn this room, the most conspicuous are those of Napoleon III., by Pollet, and of the Abbd Barthelemy bv Houdon. It IS to be hoped that the reconstruction of this edifice will not entail the destruction of the valuable frescoes by Vanloo, Natoire, and Boucher, which adorn the walls of 15 fourth walk. the principal room containing this collection. One of these frescoes represents Louis XV. in the character of Apollo. (1) A catalogue has been published, the Collection of Enqravings, is open to students is situ- ated on the ground floor of the wing opposite the entrauce. About 157 6, under the reign of Henry III., Claude Mangis, Abbot of St. Ambrose and almoner to the Queen, hrst conce ved the idea of forming a cabinet of engravings, lbs coLction with Marie de Medicis putting him frcquen y in communication with the Florentines, he enriched Ins collection with the works of the liest Italian engiaveis. SL Delo.m«, physician to the Queen “vmg .nte ihp rol lection of the abbot, added it to anothei col lection formed by the Abbe de Merolles, niirchased bv Colbert in 1067, were placed in the lue lliche C fhe X’s collection comprised 440 volumes, containmg abok nlooo prints, and to this acquisitions— that of Gaigmeres, in 17 11; of 1731 • of Marshal d’Uxelles, m 17 53 ; of Begon, in 177 0, and several others less considerable. This collection now occupies a splendid gallery, built by Mansard, the exact counteipait (the frescos excepted) of the Gallery «^Manuscnpts^(see p^ 2240 under which it is situated. It has ^ f e en^ iiws are arranged in commodious book-cases, and theie aie six tables with double desks for dents, who are admitted on Mondays, Wednesday^ ^ and Saturdays- on Tuesdays and Iridays ^ li..e the e. open to the public. It is preceded by a ° ooo eiwravings in frames. The collection is composed of 1 .-i 20,000 ZiZinls, contained in upwards of 9,000 volumes or po t- folTos The 15th century is represented by the works of 16 enTavers among which may be remarked an anonvmous piece of the date 1400, as well as the productions of Maso Finimierra, Martin Schoengauer, and Israel Van Mechen. ihc en^i^vers of the 16th century whose works are exhibited h e aS 14 in number, comprising Albert Durer, Marc-A^ny Raimondi of Bologna, &c.; besides a piece curious as bein,^the production of Jean Duvet, the first French engraver, boin ( 1 ) It is worthy of observation that, eolle'^^^ revolutions, this Library, lion of gems, medals, coins, &c., was s 1 «spec - , mi the thieves of Paris were less J^.^victs the numismatic department was entered hj " ” named Fossard and Drouillet. and rdnndeied of ^ va t qi^ of valuable coins and medals. A brought to light again in i8'o7, througli the accidental . a notorious gang of thieves. BiBLiOTHEQUE IMPERIALE. 227 in 1485. Fifty-one engravers, among whom ai'e some of the celebrated painters of Germany and Italy, as well as some French engravers of merit, form the historical series for the 17th century, and their works include some magnificent nlatcs ^ the age of Louis XIV. The collection of the Chevaliel- Hennin, relating to the history of France, was added in 1863 Ihis series comprises about 20,000 pieces, several of the time of Henry IV. The series for the I8th and I9th cen- turies are too numerous and too well known to need de- scription. Persons desirous of examining the volumes should ask in the schools of Italy, for the work^s of MicLT/ngd^ Raphae Titian, Correggio, the Carracci, and Guido -in those of Germany, Albert Durer and Holbein in those of the Netherlands, Rembrandt, Rubens, and Van Dyck ^3n ta of France, Poussin, Le Brun, Le Sueur, and Rigaud. Amongst the foreign engravers, the works of Raimondi, Hollar, Crispin de Pas, Goltzius Bloemart, and Remain de Hogue ; among the French, those of Callot Mellan, Silvestre, Nanteuil, Picart, Le Clerc, Ldelinck, Audran, Le Bas, Wille, Moreau, and Du- plessis Bertaux. In natural history there are many plates of birds and plants beautifully coloured, such as the ^pigeons of Madame Knip, the birds of paradise of Levaillant, the flowers ot Prevost, the hliaceae and roses of Redoute. The portraits to the number of 9o,ooo, are divided in each country iccording to the rank or profession of the individuals, and are classed in chronological or alphabetical order. The series of the costumes of various countries and different ages cannot be viewed with- out interest. The history of France fills 85 portfolios up to 17 S9 and 00 more have been added since that time ; when com- pletely classified, it will form a collection of 150 volumes. The Rearhng-Room, for printed works, which is different from that ot Hie manuscripts, is situated on the first floor of the Sous o1- nliVl ^ generally crowded by the studious ot all classes, among whom will be seen several ladies. Tables occupy the centre. The visitors are obliged to provide tSh d?r^ conversation is permitted, the student, on entering, receives a printed paper, on which (I) The new reading-room, Avhich is now comnleted occn- Court, and forms a large ’square 36 metres ea.di way. Ils roofing is of iron, supported by 16 h? i™e’narl'’' by ju'clies, which divide fherjom liLhf Imi 1 r 'CO" net-work is extremely Srav ' a^d 0 Id '-7" executed in carmine, white, gray, and gold, there are a tables for readers, with hot- cises'^anVrTr "ce lined with boob- cases, and three tiers of galleries run all round. 228 FOURTH WALK, he writes his name and address ; he then applies to the libra* rians in the centre of the gallery for another paper on which he writes his name and address as before, and the title of the book he wants. With this paper he returns to the librarians, 'who refer him to the proper official. On recehing the book, he must get the title written on the first paper by another clerk and not until then can he enjoy his book, on returning which, he must get the first paper signed by the clerk who wrote the title upon it. Literary persons well recommended can have books out of the library ; foreigners can also obtain this favour, but only by an official application from then- ambassador. The gallery is heated in stoves in insulated cellars, and is open fi'om / 0 to ^aily holidays excepted. In an adjoining room, ca led baffe des Globes, are two immense copper globes nearly 12 feet m dia- meter, and executed at Venice, by Pietro Coronelli, order of the Cardinal d’Estrees, who in 1683 presented them to Louis XIV to whom they were dedicated. The works are arranged according to the system of Debure, a celebrated bibliophilist. On the ground floor are modern folio editions, on '^ttum, 8cc., or copies remarkable for the richness of their bidding (1) The reading-room is closed to the public for a fortnight at Faster that being the only vacation allowed during the except common holidays. Doring the summer- time the functionaries get a months holidays by private agreements among themselves. Continuing along the rue de Richelieu, the stranger will perceive the elegant . e . ..... Fontaine Moliere — at the corner of the street of that name, i This fine monument was erected by public subscription to the ■ memory of the immortal Moliere, the greatest comic winter that France ever produced. It consists of a niche with two detached i Corinthian columns on each side, surmounted by a semicirculai pediment, ornamented with sculpture and dramatic attributes. A statue of Moliere, in bronze, is m the niche semicircular pedestal, in a sitting posture, and in the attitude of meditation. On each side of the statue, and iii front ot the columns, are allegorical figures with extended ^mgs repie^ senting, one the humorous, and the other the c laiac of liis plays, and in the act of raising up their eyes towaids him. They kch bear a scroll, on which are inscribed m chronological order all the pieces written by Moliere. The basement is richly Ttie catalogue of the Bibliothfique Impdriale is making vaS progiS The fu-sl volume, relallng to the Hisloey ot France, has bemi finished under the direction of M. Taschereau. PLACE DES VICTOlIlES. 229 sculptured, and at its foot is a semi-octagonal basin to receive the water, which issues from three lions’ heads. The in- scriptions are t ^ ]\folz6T6* iVe a Putzs^ 15 JctnviBv 1622 etmortd Paris le 17 Fevrier 1673, with the year 1844 over the niche. The monument is 50 feet high, by 20 wide and isinthestyle of the time of Louis XIV. Itcost 452,000 fr’(i) Nearly opposite. No. 34, stands the house in which Moliore died, bearing the inscription : Moliere est mart dans celte maison, le 17 fevrier 1673, d I’dge de 51 ans. ter, formed in 1 685, by order of the Duke de La Feuillade and designed by Mansard. The architecture consists of Ionic ni- lasters, upon an arcaded basement. In the centre was a ailt pedestrian statue of Louis XIV., in his coronation robes, crowned by Victory, and treading a Cerberus beneath his feet - at the corners of the pedestal, four bronze figures of enslaved nations represented the power of the monarch. In 1790, these fimres were removed, and are nowin the Louvre, with the bronze bas- reliefs of the pedestal. The statue was destroved nn Ana in FIFTH ITALK. Commencing this walk, which extends over part of the 2 d 9th and loth arrondissements, by the rue Vivienne we find the fine Passages Vivienne and Colbert, which formed nart of fnp VlAfpl Jinrl oraivloivo rxf t /-i n . _ ww J.XV.UVC uca i'ciua uiiamps lO me Place des Victoires, — a circular space, 24 0 feet in diame- 230 FIFTH WALK. Fronting the rue de Catinat is the Banque de France, erected by Mansard, for the Duke dn la Vrilliere, in 1620, and purchased by the Count do Tou- louse, a natural sou of Louis XIV., in 1713. Al the time of the revolution it was occupied by the Due de Pen- thievre and the Princess de Lamballe, son and grand-daughter of the Count de Toulouse. The national printing-office was afterwards established in it, until it was appropriated to its present use in 1812. Its spacious apartments were formerly gorgeously decorated, and the ceiling of the Galerie Doree still displays some beautiful paintings, by Francois Perrier. The most remarkable part of the buildings are the cellars where I all the bullion is kept. They are only accessible by a single h winding staircase, admitting but one person at a time ; and in case of alarm they can be inundated, or filled with me- j phitic vapours, so as to suffocate any one attempting to enter I them. This palace has now been considerably enlarged, on ' the side of the late rue Baillif, now suppressed (see p. 107). In the Place des Petits Peres, we find the Fglise des Petits Peres, or de Notre Dame des Victoires. —This church, erected in 1656, after the designs of P. Lemuet, stands on the site of one dedicated by Louis XIII. to Notre Dame des Victoires, in commemoration of his victories, and the capture of La Rochelle, and served as the chapel to a com- munitv of bare-footed Augustin monks. (1) The form of the edifice“is a Roman cross; its length is 133 feet, its breadth 33, and its height 56. The portal, built in 1739 by Caitaud, is Ionic and Corinthian ; the interior is Ionic. The chief works of art in this church are seven large pictures by Vanloo m the choir, the central one representing Louis XIII . and Richelieu thanking the Virgin for the fall of La Rochelle, and the six remaining ones illustrating the principal passages in the lite of St Au'^ustin, viz., to the spectator s right, his baptism, oi- dination, and death ; and on the opposite side his preachin^g, his disputation with the Donatists, and the removal of his relics. The other remarkable paintings are a Presentation ot the Virgin in the Temple ; the Immaculate Conception, by Lafontaine, an Assumption, by Lavergne, and a Mater Dolo- rosa, by Lafon. In the third chapel after the transept is the monument of the celebrated composer Lully ; under the sollit of the door leading to it are Latin distiches in his honour. In fi) This community was called “ Petits P^res, hccause two of the most zealous for the cstahlishment of hetv order in Pa- ris who were men of small stature, heing introduced into the antechamher of Henry IV., the lung said, “ Qui sont ces petils P^ires-lu’” from which time they retained the name. HOTEL DU TIMBRE. 231 the first chapel to the right there is a colossal statue of St. Peter executed in bronze. All the piers of the nave are covered with votive tablets of white marble, of uniform size. During the revolution of 17 89 this church was used as the Exchange. The Rue Neuve de la Banque, a street opened in 1847, form- ing a communication between the Exchange and the Bank of France, contains, at No. 8, the new Mairie of the 2d arrondisse- ment, erected on the site of the Convent des Petits Peres. Adjoin- ing are tlie new barracks of the Garde de Paris, remarkable for their castellated design. Over the entrances there are four statues, representing Force, Prudence, Vigilance, and Public Order. The ground-floor is loop-holed. Opposite is the Hotel du Timbre or Stamp-Office, erected at a cost of 1,298,000 fr. — In the tympan of the pediment of the arched entrance there is an escutcheon surmounted by the Gallic cock, flanked by the fasces of the Republic, and by two lions cou- chant, by Jacquemard. Below are two medallions by Ou- dine, representing Law and Security, and between them the inscription ; Timbre Imperial. The southern building con- tains the offices of the Direction des Domaines; the northern those of the Direction de I’Enregistrement. In the rue Notre Dame des Victoires, No. 28, is the immense establishment of the Messageries Imperiales, communicating with rue Montmartre, where, at No. 144, we see the Marche St. Joseph, built in 1813 and 1814. AtNo. 17Cisthe Hotel d’Uzes, built by Ledoux, the property of M. Delessert. The entrance is Doric, and adorned with trophies. A sharp conflict occurred on Feb. 24th, 1 848, at the entrance of rue du Faubourg Montmartre, between the people and Garde Municipale. At No. 27, boulevard Poissonniere, is the Bazar de V Industrie, with an arched ceiling, painted in compartments by Fossey, Papin and Guersant, with portraits of Jefferson, Fulton, Lavoisier, Poussin, Vaucanson, &cc. The central com- partment represents France protecting the Arts and Manufac- tures. Near this, at No. 23, is Hotel de Montholon, a building of the Ionic order, now occupied by an upholsterer. At No. 14 is the il/afson du Pont de Fer, witli an iron bridge connecting the back buildings with the front and boulevard. It is composed of shops, warehouses, and mei'chants’ counting-houses. At No. 15, rue du Faubourg Poissonniere, we find the Conservatoire Imperial de Musique (seep. loo). — The entrance is Ionic, and surmounted by statues of the Muses of Tragedy aud Music, and those of Sappho and Orpheus. In the court is a small and very pretty Theatre, denominated Salle des Concerts, sometimes used for theatrical representations. This 232 FIFTH WALK. establishment possesses a valuable Collection of musical in- struments, bought in 1861 from the late M. Clapisson, an eminent composer. Its conservator is now M. Berlioz. Some are interesting. There is a h ^psichord , with two key- boards. bearing date 1612, the work of several artists and different pmods. OiTTITe front is a painting by Teniers, and the inside is from the pencil of Paul Bailie. Also several very valuable spinnets, particularly an Italian one of the time of Louis XIV., with ornaments in engraved amber, and garlands of flowers and Cupids by Poussin. There is another of the time of Francis I., in ebony, richly inlaid with ivory, and beariii" the inscription — FranciscidiPortalopisVeronen. Opus, 1523 r likewise, one of the 16th century, in marquetry, having the corners of the key-board ornamented with carya- tides hi box, carved with exquisite fineness. There are also several harps, one of which, of the time of Louis XVI. , be- lon<^ed to the Princess de Lamballe, and bears her name in the inside ; also, a lyre, painted by Prudhon, which belonged to Garat, and bears his initials ; a portable organ constructed in China, and presented in 1858 to the Prince Imperial ; a spinnet by Hon Ruker, dated 1590, in a beautiful lacquer case; a harpsichord made for Queen Marie-Antoinette, by Pascal Taskiii, in 1790, several theorbos, in ebony and ivory, 8cc. This collection is visible to the Public on Sundays from 1 2 to 4, and on Thursdays with a ticket from the Ministre de la Maison de VEmpereur. In the adjoining rue Ste Cecile is the church of Saint Eugene, designed by M. Boileau. The front is Gothic, occupying a breadth of 88 feet ; the height is 82 feet, and the length 131 feet. The interior consists of a nave separated from the aisles by rows of six slender columns, supporting the groins of the roof, while spacious galleries, accessible-by wind- ing staircases at each end, run along the aisles. All the co- lumns, groinings, and arches, are of iron, painted and gilt in the Byzantine style. The apsis, where the high altar stands, is pierced with three large tri-composed windows, with subjectsexe- cuted in stained glass, representing ; 1 . The Holy Supper ; 2 . The Ascension; 3. Christ in the Garden of Gethsemane. Flantnng the apsis are lateral chapels, facing the aisles, the windows represent, each in six compartments, in that to the right; Passages from the life of St. Eugene ; in that to the left ; Pas- sages from the life of the Virgin, by Ledoux. The subjects of the 14 lateral windows, best viewed from the galleries, com- prise the chief incidents of our Saviour’s lile (1) in stained G) LeH gallery on entering- i. The Holy Family; 2 . Simeon BOULEVARD DE MAGENTA. 233 glass. Those on the ground-floor, by Seguin, form the series of the Via Crucis. The rue du Faubourg Poissonniere meets, close to the in- fantry barracks at No. 82, the new Rue Lafayette, one of the longest thoroughfares of Paris, and now continued to the Rue de la Chausse6 d’Antin. Fol- lowing it to our left, we arrive at the Square Montholon, a new public garden, covering a space of 4,307 square metres, and tastefully arranged with a grotto, a cascade, and gravel-walks between beds of flowers and or- namental shrubs. A few steps further on we find the Place Cadet, where a coffee-house commemorates by its name “ Anx Pore herons ” a favourite place of resort of the lower orders in the last century. At No. 23, rue Lamartine, there is a synagogue of the Por- tuguese rite. The interior is plain. In rue Rochechouart, (1) corner of rue Petrelle, there is a spacious building, called Cite Napoleon, originally built for workmen ; but the regulations of this establishment not being to their taste, it was subsequently let out to different occu- pants of all ranks (2). In the Avenue Trudaine, now one of the finest in Paris, is the new Ecole Commerciale, under the superintendance of the Chamber of Commerce, It is a building of simple but el/';;, at design, fronted by a spacious court (see p. loo). ine rue de Dunkerque, opposite, leads to the Place du Nord, intersected by the new Roulevard de Magenta, which reaches northward to the exterior Roulevard des Poissonniers, and meets the interior Roulevards at the Chateau d’Eau. blessing the infant Jesus ; 3. The Adoration of the Magi ; 4 . An Angel ministering to Jesus ; s. Jesus aiding Joseph in'his craft ; 6. Jesus disputing in theTemple ; 7. St. John the Baptist preach- ing. In the opposite gallery: 8. Christ delivering the Keys to Peter; g. Christ calling Children around him; lo. The Adul- tress; 11 . Christ healing the Blind ; i 2 . Christ conversing with the Woman of Samaria; 13 . Christ preaching on the Mount; and 14. Christ at the Feast of Cana. ( 1 ) Where the barritsrc of this name stood, a murderous combat took place on June 25 , i 848. The insui’gents had erected three formidable barricades, outside the octroi wall, which they had pierced with loop-holes. The National Guards of Rouen, who had come to the succour of Paris, took this stronghold after an obstinate struggle. ( 2 ) Hoiises for workmen are building at La Chapelle, the Batignolles, Faubourg St. Antoine, Grenelle, and near the Avenues Lowendal and S^gur. See also pp. 45n, 28 O, 546, 58T, 234 FIFTH WALK. Turning into the rue St. Vincent de Panic to the left, w( perceive tlie IIopiTAL Lariboisiere, begun under Louis Philippe, and named after Mine. Elisa Roy, Comtesse de Lariboisiere, who at her death left 2 , 900,000 fr. for the erection of this hos- pital, which, however, has cost 10,445,000 fr. The plan of this vast and fine edifice, which covers a space of 5 t ,87 3 metres, is rectangular, A tasteful colonnade fronts a spacious court, enclosed by eight uniform pavilions separated from one ano-i ther by smaller courts and gardens. Each pavilion has two stories besides the ground floor, and fifteen windows in front, , The offices and lodgings of the officials occupy the two first pavilions; the others contain the sick -wards, dispensary, bathing establishment, and laundry. The chapel, which is Doric and Ionic, is at the end of the court, facing the entrance. It contains a splendid monument to the Countess, by Maroc- chetti. A sarcophagus of black marble is surmounted by aj| group, composed of an angel supporting a dying man and ail distressed orphan. The monument is flanked by figures repre- senting Maternal Solicitude, and the Repose of Old Age. An arched portico runs all round the court. It was opened in 1853, and contains 012 beds. Admission on Thursdays and' Sundays from l to 3. Architect, M. Gauthier (see p. 139.) | At the opposite end of the same street stands the church of^ St. Vincent de Paule, which has its front and principaL entrance facing the place Lafayette. This structure, the firststone of which was laid in 1824, was inaugurated on Oct. 27, 1844. Exterior. — A broad flight of steps, flanked by graceful elliptical carriage-ways, gives access to the building, which forms a parallelogram externally 243 feet by 108, and internally 198 feet by 102. Two lofty square towers, with Corinthian pilasters at the angles, rise from each side of a beautiful Ionic portico, crowned with a triangular pdiment, witli double ranges of fluted columns. In the field o: the pe- diment is sculptured the figure of the patron saint, with Cha- rity and Religion by his side, and sisters of Charity kneeling before him, while compassionate females afford nourishment to foundlings. The attic above has statues of the four Evaigelists, by MM. Valois, Foyatier, and Rruau, Statues of St. Paul and St.John the Baptist are seen in the niches of the towers, each of which has a dial-plale, one for the hours, and one fa‘ the day of the monlh. The bronze gates of the principal entrance represent in different compartments Christ and the apistles. Interior. Over the principal entrance, the comice and jambs of which are profusely sculptured and gilt, tie visitor will observe the splendid organ, by M. Cavalliei, placed NORTHERN RAILWAY. 235 there in 1852, and a circular window, representing in stained glass St. Vincent de Paule surrounded by the Sisters of Charity. The body of the church is divided, by four eustyle rows of eleven Ionic columns each, into a nave and four aisles; the si'de aisles are each separated by richly-gilt bronze railings into four lateral chapels; similar railings line the intervals of the columns throughout the church, and divide the nave from the stiaii-circular choir, which is surmounted by a semi-cupola pierced with a skylight, and supported by fourteen Ionic co- lumns. An arch 60 feet in height, richly sculptured on either surface, gives access to it from the nave. The stalls of the choir are richly carved in oak with figures of saints, and the same taste is observable in the decorations of the pulpit and other wooden furniture of the church. Sixteen gilt candelabra of exqaisite workmanship are placed along the stalls, and four colossal ones with foliaged stems stand before the high altar, which consists of an arch and pediment resting upon six clus- tered and richly foliaged columns. The altar-piece is a Crucifix of bronze, and the table of the altar is adorned with a bas-relief of the Last Supper. Behind the choir is the Lady Chapel, with a beautiful image of the Virgin and Saviour on stained glass in the window. The lateral chapels also have stained windows, severally representing, in the aisle to the right, St. Francis de Sales, St. Elizabeth, St. Martin, and the Baptism of Christ; in that to the left, the Saviour, St. Denis, Ste. Clotilde, and St. Charles Borromeo. The chapels are covered with bays of roofing, painted and gilt ; and in keeping with these is the roof of the nave, supported by (deven plain triangular trusses, and resting over the gallery of the nave, fronted by Corinthian columns. The frieze is adorned with portraits of canonized pontiffs; and groups of apostles, prophets, martyrs, fathers of the Church, and holy women, painted by Flandrin. The serni-cupola of the choir, painted by Picot, represents the Saviour, surrounded by Angels, with St. Vincent de Paule at his feet. Those works of art have cost the City 256,300fr. Architects, MM. Lepere and llittorf. L The Place Lafayette, in front of this was the scene of a |jbloody conflict in .Time 1848. Following the immense Rue I iLafayelte (seep. 218) eastwards, we see, facing the Boule- I vardDenain, the new and magnificent front of the Nokthern Railw ay Terminus^ leading to Englan d and %lgiui n. The facmcle, 180 metres in lengtlqls corapoie3~br tw^ lofty corner-pavilions of Ionic design, connected ])y two- storied Doric galleries with the main central pavilion, 38 metres in height, and consisting of a lofty central arch and two small lateral ones, crowned with two raking cornices forming 236 FIFTH WALK, a gable. Doric colonnades connect the piers of the arches. Twenty-three statues adorn this front ; the principal are : Paris, by Cavelier, occupying the topmost point ; then Brus- sels and St. Petersburg, by Jouffroy ; Amsterdam, by Gumery ; Francfort, by Thomas ; London and Vienna, by Jaley ; Berlin, by Peraud, and Cologne, by Moreau. The" other statues, by various eminent artists, represent Amiens, Lille, Beauvais, Cambray, St. Quentin, Boulogne, Compiegne, Rouen, Arras, Laon, Calais, Valenciennes, Dunkirk and Douai. Laterally, Ih^ departure-gallery to the left , and tiie arrival-gallery to the right, present a series of Tuscan pilasters, ending in pavilions similar to the corner ones of the fi’ont. The surface covered by this splendid terminus measures 40,000 square metres ; the arrival and departure sheds in the centre are 70 metres in breadth, and 230 in length. Turning northward into the rue dn Faubourg St. Denis, we see at No. 200 the Maison Imperiale de Sant^, (see p. 142). The pre- sent edifice was built in 1858, to replace one further down, it occupies 12,000 square metres of ground, and contains 300 beds, besides baths, gardens, 8cc. At the junction of the rue du Faubourg St. Denis and the Boulevard de Magenta, we find, at No. 107, the Prison St. Lazare, formerly a convent of the Lazarists, or Priests of the Mission, now a prison for female offenders (see p. 78, &c.) It was once a place of much cele- brity, and in remote times the remains of the kings and queens of France were conveyed to the convent of St. Lazare previous to being transported to St. Denis. To see the interior apply by letter to the Prefect of Police. Returning to the boulevard by the rue du Faubourg St. Denis, w'e find the Porte St. Denis. — This triumphal arch, which stands upon the site of the Porte St. Denis, built under Charles IX., was erected by the City of Paris in 1672, after the designs of Blondel, to celebrate the rapid victories of Louis XIV., It is 72 feet in height; the principal arch is 25 feet wide, and 43 in height, and in the piers are two arches, 5 feet in breadth by lo in height. Over the lateral arches are pyramids in relief rising to the entablature, and sur- mounted by globes bearing fleurs-de-lis and crowns. Their surfaces are sculptured with military trophies, and on those towards the city are colossal allegorical figures of Holland and the Rhine. Those towards the fauboui'g have lions couchant and trophies. Above the arch is a bas-relief ; Louis XIV. on horseback, crossing the Rhine, at Tollhuis ; on the frieze, in bronze letters : Ludovico Magno. The bas-relief of the oppo- iNOTRE DAME DE BONNE NOUVELLE. 237 site side represents the taking of Maestricht. In the spaudrils are figures of Fame. On the north side is the inscription : Quod trajectum ad Mosam XIII. diebus ceplt. Prsefectus et jEdiles ponL cc. anno Domini MDCLXXIII. To the south : Quod diebus vix sexaginta Rhenum^ Wahalim^ Mosam^ Isalam superavit; subegit provincias tres, cepit urbes munitas qua- draginta. Praefectus et ^Ediles poni cc. anno Domini MDCLXXII. The sculptures are by Michel Anguier. This monument, which cost the City of Paris 500,000 fr., and is one of the finest works of the age of Louis XIV., is famous for the sanguinary contests which took place around it in July 1830, and the first conflict which ushered in the insurrection of June 1848. Turning westwards into the boulevard, we find the Bazaar Bonne Nouvelle, a building for exhibitions and various per- formances, and further on, the Gijmnase Dramatique (see Theatres). Crossing the boulevard, we find at the corner of the rue de la Luiie, the church of Notre Dame de Bonne Nouvelle. — On this spot stood the church of St. Barbara, erected in 1551, but destroyed during the siege of Paris in the wars of the League, in 1593 ; it was rebuilt in 1624. The tower of this second church is still standing. The present church, rebuilt in 1825, has a Doric pedimented front, and consists of a nave and two aisles sepa- rated from it by arches resting upon Doric columns. The choir is semicircular ; the works of art in this church are ; 1 . Chapel facing the left aisle ; the Assumption, and Christ blessing little children, by Bourdon. 2d. St. Elizabeth of Hun- gary praying ; 3d. The Virgin crushing the serpent ; her presen- tation in the Temple. 4th. LadyChapel; ten frescos by Hesse, re- presenting the Annunciation, the Visit to St. Elizabeth, king David, St. John, St. Joachim, St. Anne, St. Elizabeth, St. Za- chary, St. John the Baptist, and St. Joseph. 5th. St. Vincent de Paule preaching. 6th. The Apotheosis of St. Peter of Alcan- tara. Over the door of the sacristy is a picture of Queen Henrietta and Anne of Austria receiving the cross from an angel ; and as a counterpart to this, over a similar door in the western aisle, is Queen Henrietta, and St. Francis de Sales, holding Louis XIIL, still in his boyhood, by the hand, and pointing to the church of St. Barbara. The other two children by their side represent Elizabeth and Christine, sisters to Louis XIIL These paintings are interesting as contemporary compositions. In the chapels of the western aisle are Ste, Genevieve, St. Peter in vinculis, St. Nicholas, and St. Louis assisting the wounded. Over the principal entrance is an En- tombment, and, in a recess facing the western aisle, Ste. Ge- 238 SIXTH WALK. nevieve relieving the besieged Parisians, by Schnetz. Around the choir are five paintings ; the Holy FamUy, the Adoration of the Shepherds, the Annunciation, the Adoration o' the Magi, and the Flight to Egypt. The frieze, by Pujol, represents the Lord adored by the tribes of Israel. SIZTH 7/ALZ. This walk, comprising the rest of the 1st and 2d arrondisse- mcnts, may commence with St. Germain l’Auxerrois, parish church of the Palace of the Tuileries. — A church, founded on this spot by Childehert in honour of St. Vincent, was sacked and destroyed by the Nor- mans in 886. In 998, King Robert rebuilt it, dedicated it to St. Germain I’Auxerrois, and added a monastery to it, which was subsequently endowed with a chapter and a school. The community possessed the privilege of independent jurisdiction until 1744, when the chapter was iiniied to that of Notre Dame. This parish, as it included the Louvre and the Tuile- ries, was long considered the royal parish, and the church was frequently the object of the munificence of the ciown. As early as 1356, Etienne Marcel, Prevot des Marchanls, stirred up his formidable insurrection within its precincts It was from its belfry that the fatal signal was given and responded to from the Palais (now de Justice) for the commencement of the massacre on the eve of the Fete of St. Barthelemi, 23d August, 157 2 ; the bells of this church tolled during the whole of that dreadful night. From a house that stood near its cloisters, a shot was fired at the Admiral de Coligny', a short time previous to that memorable tragedy. During tie revolu- tion of 17 89, the edifice escaped with little damage. On the 13th February, 1831, an attempt having been made to cele- brate in it the anniversary of the death of the Duke ce Berri, a tumult arose, and everything within the church was destroyed. (See p, 318) The church was then shut up till 1817, when it was repaired, and again restored to public worship. Exterior. The church is cruciform, with an octagonal termination ; ithas a tower built in 1 649. The princpal front, to the west, consists of a well-sculptured porch, with five rich Gothic arches in front, the three central ones being higher than the lateral ones, and crowned with a foliated parapet; be gabled roof of the nave, flanked by two irregular turrets, risjs behind. This porch was erected in 1431-7, by Jean Gausel. at a cost of 960 livres ; the church itself dates from the regency of the ST. GERMAIN L’aUXEUROIS. 239 Duke of Bedford. The interior of the porch, painted in fresco by Mottez, represents the chief teachers of the Christian religion. In the central ogive, Christ on the Cross, sur- rounded with saints. In that to the left, Christ preaching ; to tlie right, Christ on the Mount of Olives. Below are Mag- dalen and the Virgin. The other ogives contain the four Evan- gelists, the inspiration of the Apostles, and Jesus disputing in the Temple. The key-stones of the ceiling display the Last Supper, and the Adoration of the Shepherds in bas-relief. On the inner surfaces of the pilasters of the porch are figures in fresco of Adam before and after the Fall, Eve, Abel, Judas, Herodias, Balthazar, and Absalom. All these figures, and the surrounding decorations, are in the Byzantine style, being imitations, rather too successful, of the decline of art. Interior. The interior consists of a nave and choir with double aisles. The aisle to the left is said to have been built in 15G4; the gallery of the communion in 1G07, and the high altar in 1G12. Beginning from the right-hand aisle, the works of art contained in this church are as follows ; 1st. Chapel; Altarpiece, by Amaury Duval — Christ crowning tiie Virgin surrounded by angels. Next to it, the Assumption. Between the groins of the vault, eight angels. Windows ; containing fifteen saints on stained glass, and busts in the in- tervals of the tracery. 2d. Right-hand transept : the Descent from the Cross, a fresco by Guichard. Windows • the Assump tion, Christ disputing in the Temple, 6cc. In the centre of the transept there is a holy-water basin in marble, surmounted by an exquisitely-sculptured group of three children supporting a cross, executed by M. Jouffroy from the design of the donor, Mme. de Lamartine. 3d. Choir : Altar-piece, by Truelle : St. Ambrose, St. Justin, and St. Jerome. Opposite ; St. Germain blessing St. Genevieve, by Pajou. Window : Christ between Popes Leo and Gregory. 4th. Christ naming St. Peter his suc- cessor, by Mottez. Window ; St. Peter. 5th. Window ; Christ and his disciples. 6th. Door of the Sacristy, frescos by Mottez ; below, St. Martin sharing his mantle with a poor man ; aljove, Christ, seated beside the Virgin, returns him his mantle ; the Virgin is in the act of rewarding the widow who had given her mite to the poor. Over the door : St. Germain and Ste. Genevieve seated on a throne, receiving from the Curate of the parish and a sister of Charity the church of St. Germain I’Au- xerrois restored to worship. Beneath is the motto, Divino cultui restitutum A. 1). 1837. 7th. painted by Guichard, with passages of St. Landry’s life, encloses the remains of that saint, the founder of the Hotel Dieu, and has two monu- ments in marble of the Chancellor Aligre and his brother. 8th. 940 SIXTH WALK. painted by Guichard, contains an Entombment in bas-relief, and a fine marble statue representing an angel in prayer. 9th. painted by Couder ; the Birth and Death of the Saviour, his Assumption, and the Glory of God. Window; chief pas- sages of his Life. loth. Window: St. Vincent and St. Ger- main. 11th. Scenes from the Life of Ste. Genevieve, by Gi- goux. 13 th. St. Charles Borromeo visits the plague-stricken at Milan; a Last Supper. Window ; St. Charles. 14th. St, Vincent de Paule affording relief to foundlings, by Truelle. 15th. Chapel of St. Louis; an ancient monument of Tristan and Charles de Rostaing with their statues in marble, in the act of prayer; the Assumption of the Virgin, by Degeorges. 16th, Ste.' Clotilde in the window. 17th. a remarkable ancient alto- relievo in oak, representing the Passion in various compart-j ments. Window ; a Mater Dolorosa in stained glass. Those) of the following chapels represent severally St. Mary Mag-f dalen, St. John the Baptist, and St. Michael, between figure^ of angels. The window facing the left aisle represents Pop4 Gregory VII. , Charlemagne, and Pepin. Both the transepts|| have specimens of old stained glass in excellent preservation, j The ground in front of this church has been planted witlrl chesnut trees, while an octagonal Gothic belfry, now possess-|; ing a fine set of chimes, consisting of 40 bells, and playind two different tunes daily, one at 2 p.m., and the other atj 8 p.m , is situated between the church and the j Mairie DU !«>■ Arrondissement. — This Mairie replaces ones located in the rue du Chevalier du Guet, now demolished. (1>. The edifice, designed by M. Hittorff, is built in a mixed style,) so as to form as much as possible a counterpart to the^ church. Thus, it has a porch closely resembling that oi^ the latter, except that the arches are round instead of pointed. It has also a gable flanked with two turrets, and, like that of the church, adorned with a large rose-window. On its site there formerly stood an hotel called the Maison du Doyenne, where Gabrielle d’Estrees, Duchess of Beaufort, and Henry IV. ’s mistress, died, April 9th, 1599. The Fontaine de la Croix du Trahoir, at the corner of the rue de I’Arbre Sec, was erected under Francis L, and re- built by Soufflot in 17 7 5. Between the windows is a nymph, by Jean Goujon. Turning to the left we find (i) This street was so called because it contained the hotel ot the Chevalier du Guet, or cliief of the night palrol, instituted as early as 595, under Clotaire II., and at that time composed of citizens, wlio undertook llie duty by rotation, once in Ihree weeks. The Chevalier du Guet was generally a dislinguished nobleman. Before the house was a large common, adjoining the old fortress of the Grand Chatelet. The rue des Fossds St. HALLE AU BLE 241 The OratoirE.— This spacious churchwas built iorthePrStres de VOratoire, in 1 G2 1 , by Leniercier ; but that community hav- ing been suppressedattherevolutionof 1789, it was used forpub- [ lie meetings of the quarter, until 1802, when it was ceded to the Protestants of the Confession of Geneva. The frontis Doric i and Corinthian ; the interior Corinthian, with an arched I ceiling. Service is performed here every Sunday in French. I The eloquent M. Coquerel is one of the ministers ; the Rev. Mr.” Spurgeon preached here in Feb. I860 to a large audience, i Nearly opposite, at 130, rue St. Ilonore, there is a branch- office of the Messageries Imgerialts, communicating with the rue de Grenelle near the Passage Vero-Dodat, one of the neatest in Paris. The rue Mercier leads to the Halle au BlE, a vast circular building, where the whole- sale dealing in all sorts of grain and flour is carried on. In the beginning of the 13th century the Hotel de Nesle was erected here by King .lean, who in 1232 made a present of it to Louis IX., who in his turn ceded it to his mother. Queen Blanche. In 1327 it became the property of Jean de Luxembourg, king of Bohemia, and was called Hdtel de BoMme. In 1388 it belonged to Louis of Orleans, who, on becoming king as Louis XII., converted it into a convent for the Filles Penitentes. These were dispossessed of it by a Bull from the Pope, to make way for a palace for Catherine de Medicis, named the Hdtel de la Reine. At her death it was sold to Charles de Bourbon, son of the Prince de Conde, and Germain I’Anxerrois was built upon the site entrenched by the Normans when they besieged Paris in 885 . It was Jiere Ad- miral Col igny was murdered on St. Bartholomew’s Day 1572. The Hdtel Montbazon, which stood at the northern corner ’of the rue du Route and rue de Rivoli, then rue de Bdthizy, was in after- limes inhabited by the beautiful Duchess de Montbazon, Avho was loved so tenderly by the Abbe de Rancd, whom she admitted at all times to her apartment by a secret staircase. The abbd haviin' been absent on a journey of some weeks, returning to Paris” hastened at once to the residence of the Duchess. He mounted the staircase, opened with a private key the doors that lead to her apartment, and, rushing into her salon, found— her head placed in a dish on the table, and several surgeons busily en- gaged in embalming her body. The shocking spectacle had such an etfect upon him that he shut himself up for the rest of his days in the convent of La Trappe. The same house was inhabited, in 1792 , by the Marquis de Hurugues, the club- hist and companion of Tlniroigne de M^ricourt. The Hole' de Ponthieu (now demolished) in the rue des Fosses St. Germain was the birth place (in 1740) of Sophie Arnouhl, the witty acl tress; and in 1 747 the painter Vanloo inhabited the same rooms. 16 242 SIXTH WALK. called the H6lel de Soissons, destroyed in 1748. The present ifaiie was built by Le Camus de Mesieres in 17 67. It is 126 feet in diameter, and its remarkable hemispherical roof constructed bv Brunet, and resting on concentric circles of iron, covered with copper, has a round skylight 3 1 feet in diameter. An arcade of twenty-five arches passes round the inner area ; behind this arcade, under the double -vaulted roofs supporting’ spacious galleries overhead, are piled the sacks of Hour ; the centre contains sacks of grain. There are here forty offices of Hour and meal factors. Tlic whole can hold 30,000 sacks, but the average quantity is much less. Two curious double staircases lead to the granaries above, which are worth visiting to obtain a just idea of the vastiicss of the place. The visitor, by placing himself immediately under the centre of the skylight over the middle area, and speaking loudly, will find a remarkable echo in the building. On the southern side of the exterior there is a Doric column erected in 1572, by the famous Jean Bullant, for Ca- therine deMedicis, which is tiieonly relic of the Hotel de Sois- sons. It is 95 feet in heigh I, and was built for astrological purposes; it contains a winding staircase, the lower part of which leads to a small reservoir, belonging to the Fontaine de la Croix duTrahoir; (see p. 240.) the upper part is accessible by the Halle au Ble, but is uninteresting. An ingenious semi- circular sun-dial, by Pingre, a canon of Ste. Genevieve, is placed on its shaft, and from the pedestal a fountain pours forth its waters. Turning by the Rue des Vicillcs Etuves into the Rue St. Honore, where the corner-house to our right, according to the registers of St. Eustache, was Moliere’s birthplace, we see a large portion of the southern side in a state of transforma- tion.'all the streets leading to the Seine having been consider- ably widened. Among the houses that have disappeared to make room for the Rue Tirechappe there was one of liistorical interest : Henry IV. was assassinated in front of it by Ravaillac. The street being exceedingly narrow at that spot, the murderer was enabled to reach the Royal person by mounting on a spur-stone against the wall. The bust of the monarch, and a black marble slab whirh bore tlie following inscription ; Ilenriri Magiii recrcat pricsenlia cives Qiios illi ccterno foedere junxit amor. which adorned the front of the house, are now preserved ui the Municipal Museum (sec p. 273). LES HALLES. 243 No. 3, Rue de la Tonnellerie, is a house erected on the site of one in which Regnard was horn. Continuing our walk along the Rue St. Honore, we arrive at an elegant square, laid out as a public garden, and com- prising a space of 2,058 square metres, being part of .the site of the Marc, he des Innocents, once the cemetery of the church of that name. The accumulation of human remains durino- 8 or 9 centuries in this ground ha I become so serious an evif that in 17 86, they were all transferred to the Catacombs, and the soil being entirely renewed, a market was erected, which’ has now been removed. In the centre of the garden we perceive the ^ Fontaine des Innocents.— This beautiful fountain con- structed by Pierre Lescot in 1551, at the corner of the rue aux Fers, and sculptured by the celebrated Jean Goujon who was shot during the massacre of St. Bartholomew, while work- ing at one of the figures, was removed to its present situation m 17 86. It originally consisted of only three sides ; the fourth or northern side, was added by Pajou at the time of its removal’ Four arches, the piers of which are faced with Corinthian pilasters resting on pedestals, and crowned with a sculptured frieze and attic, surmounted on each side by a pediment sup- port a small dome ; in the midst stands a vase, out of which the water falls successively into six ell ptical basins arranged like stairs, and attached to each of the four sides of the base- ment, which stands like an islet in the centre of a lar^^e cir- cular basin on a level with the ground. The height is 42 feet The spaces between the pilasters are adorned with fmures of dancing nymplis surmounted by the inscription— Fontium N¥.^?piiis.— It IS a valuable monument of the Renaissance des Arts. At the western end of this place stands part of a lonecimens of typography executed here, which, even to a mere observer, is one of the most gratifying sights in Paris. The authors of works of real utility, the printing of which could not remunerate private enterprise, may obtain their being printed here at the expense of government. The receipts of this establishment are about 4,500,000 fr.; the expenses 4,587,000 fr. Visible, on Thursdays at 2 p.m. pre- cisely, with a ticket, for which apply by writing to M. le Directeur de I’Imprimerie Imperiale. At the corner of the rue des Francs-Bourgeois, there is an elegant old turret, near which the jiiurder of the Duke of Orleans, only brother of Charles VI., on Nov. 20, 1407, was perpetrated (1), an event which gave rise to the bloody feud so disastrous to France, and which led to its occupation by the English. At 7, rue de Paradis, or 16, rue des Blancs Manteaux, is a large and well-designed edifice, the central establishment of the Mont de Piete (see p. 128). At No. 12 is the church of Notue Dame des Blancs Manteaux, — once the chapel of a convent of mendicant friars, called the Blancs Manteaux, from their dress, or the Serviteurs de la Vierge Marie, who established themselves in 12 58. In 1297, another mendicant order, the Guillemites, replaced them by order of the Pope ; and, in 1618 , these were united to a Benedictine order, and the monastery and chapel were rebuilt. The Tuscan and Ionian facade of the church of the Baruabites, now removed, has been adapted to this, which was the chapel of the old convent. 'Within, its style is Corinthian. It consists of a nave, with aisles, and a circular choir ; it has an arched ceiling with lateral windows. The frieze is adorned with emblems of (i) The Duhe had been supping with the Queen at the Hotel Barbette, and was going to the Hotel St. Paul, on a pretended suiniuons from the King, brouglit by a person in the conspiracy of the Duke of Burgundy. He was mounted on a mule, fol- lowed by two equerries on one horse, a page, and three foot- men carrying flambeaux. On arriving opposite a house, called L’lmage Notre Dame, he was attacked by is ai'med men, headed by Raoul d’Octonvillc, a Norman gentleman. The equerries’ horse ran away with them, and IheDuke wms set upon bythe band crying : “ A movt!” “ 1 am the Duke of Orleans!” he exclaimed. “ It is you whom we want,” replied the murderers, and at the same moment a Vialtle-axe cut off his bridle-hand. Several blows of swoti’ds and clubs succeeding each other, lie fell to the ground, but defended himself on his knees, parrying for some 275 EIGHTH WALK. the Jewish ritual, and with monograms of various saints. Facing the aisle to the left, is Jesus washing the feet of the Apostles, by Latil. On the wall of the aisle are three paint- ings by Lafon ; viz. the Baptism of Christ, the Marriage of the Virgin, and St. Benedict with St. Scholastica, his sister. There are besides ; the Miracle of the loaves and fishes by Andran (1C83) ; and the Feast of Cana. In the right aisle is the Arch- angel crushing the Demon ; and Christ cuiing a possessed man, by Frosse; an Assumption, by Dejeanne (1740); and an An- nunciation. Facing the aisle is a beautiful Adoration of the Shepherds, by Bralle ; and over the entrance is a large and splendid picture of the death of St. Petronilla, of the school of Guercino, This painting, one of the finest in any of the Pari- sian churches, was given to the church on its restoration to worship ; it came from Versailles. The pulpit, of modern construction, deserves attention on account of its gorgeous decoration in the style of Louis XV., and its inlaid work, re- presenting, in various compartments, different Biblical sub- jects. The canopy is adorned with figures of the Archangel Michael and the four Evangelists. At No. IG, in the rue des Billettes, we find The Lutheran Church {Les Cannes Billettes) — Built in 1745, after the designs of Claude, a Dominican, and belonged to a body of Carmelite friars. In 1790 the convent was sup- pressed, and in 1808 it was bought by the City of Paris, and given to the Lutherans. In the vestry are several good pic- tures, presented by General Rapp, and other Protestants. Ser- vice is performed on Sundays, at 1 2 in French, and at 2 in German. Adjoining the church is a small court, surrounded by a Gothic portico, belonging to the old monastery. The rue Croix de la Bretonnerie leads to the Marche, des Blancs Manteaux, opened, in 1819, on the site of the convent des Filles Ilospitalieres de St. Gervais. It is flanked by a municipal primary school for Jews. At No. 47, rue Vieille du Temple, is time the attacks with his arm. “ Qu’est ceci? D’ou vient ceci?” he exclaimed from time to time. At length, a blow from a club dashed out his lirains. A man, whose face was covered with a scarlet hood, came out of the house, and with a club struck the dead body, saying, “ Eleignez tout; allons-nous-en ; it cst mort.” They then set fire to the house in which they had been concealed, and look to flight. The Duke of Burgundy a few days afterwards fled from Paris, having confessed to the Duke dc Berri that the deed had been done by his oreler, because the Duke of Orleans had placed the Duchess of Burgundy’s picture among those of his mistresses. The Duke of Burgundy was aftcrwaids assassinated at the bridge of Montercau by the son of the Duke of Orleans HOTEL DE CARNAVALET. 273 The Hotel de Hollande (so called from being the Dutch Ambassador’s in the reign of Louis XIV.), built by Cottard, and once inhabited by Beaumarchais. On the walls round the court may be seen four dials and some astronomical diagrams faintly traced, with Latin inscriptions. In the first court, over the gateway, is a bas-relief, the Finding of Romulus and Re- mus ; on the urn of the Tiber is the date 1660. No. 12 in the rue des Francs Bourgeois was the residence of the Dukes de Roquelaure, and No. 15 is an hotel of the time of Henry IV. At the corner of the rue Pavee stands The Hotel de Lamoignon, one of the most elegant of the resi- dences of the old nobility. Its front is adorned with fine Corin- thian pilasters, and in the pediments over the wings are shields with stags’ heads, the horns held by angels ; heads of hounds, &c. A beautiful balcony in the northern wing, and a curious square turret at the corner of the street, should be remarked. In the rue Pavee were the Hdtel de la Home, and Hdtels de Gaucher, de Chdtillon, and d’ Herbouville, or de Savoisi. Here stood also the prison of La Force, formerly the hotel of the Due de La Force, but converted into a prison in 1780, ( see p. 7 5); it was demolished in 1851, and new streets opened on its site. A new quarter has sprung up between the space once occupied by the Marche St. Jean (1) and the rue Culture Ste. Catherine. Hereabout stood the house of Pierre de Craon, razed to the ground in consequence of his attack on the Con-^ netable de Clissonin 1392. In the Rue du Roi de Sicile, No. 32 was for some time inhabited by Gabrielle d’Estrees. At No. 23, in the rue Culture Ste Catherine, is the Hotel de Carnavalet, one of the most beautiful mansions of the 16th century, built in 1544 by Jean Bullant, architect, and decorated with sculpture by Jean Goujon . It was the residence of Madame de Sevigne, and the Countess de Grignan, her daughter. The front is adorned with Ionic pilasters. The sculptured gateway is by Jean Goujon, as well as the winged figmeon tu6 key-stone, the two lions trampling on armour, several medallion trophies, &c. In the court, the centre group IS by the same hand, and consists of Fame attended by two mnged messengers. The other devices are by artists of less note, but are all above mediocrity. This hotel was once distinguised above all others in Paris, as the favourite resort of wit, learn- ing, and refinement. The drawing-rooms of Madame de Se- vigne and her daughter are still shown, with the closet im- mortalised by the Letters there composed, and a portrait, by (0 It was formerly a cemetery, and used as a place of exe- cution. In 1 535, a merchant, named Etienne de la Force, was burnt alive here for heresy. 48 274 EIGHTH WALK. Mignard, of the gifted aathoress. (1) In the garden, there are two sycamore trees planted in her time. This hotel has now been purchased by the City for the purpose of convert- ing it into a Monicipal Museum, where a vast number of valuable paintings and other curiosities, relating to the History of Paris, and now lying almost forgotten in the lumber-rooms of the Hotel de Ville, will find a suitable place. Among them there is a splendid missal, once the property of Jacques Juvenal des Ursins, Prevot des Marchands in 1388 ; it cost the City 35,000 fr. at Prince SoltikofPs sale. The Library of the City (see p. 290) is also to be transferred to this Hotel, when a reading-room will be opened to the public. The rue Ncuve Ste Catherine leads eastwards to the Place Ho vale, once Place des Vosges (2), standing on the site of the famous Palais des Tournelles, so called from its many turrets. It occupied a great extent of ground; and many of the neighbouring streets bear names which mark the site of some of its principal parts. It was in this palace that the masfiuerade took place, which so nearly proved fatal to Charles VI. ; and it was in the great court that the tournament was held, in which Henry II., tilting with the Count de Mont- gommeri, received a wound in the eye, of which he died, (see p. 109 ft.) In consequence of this event, Catherine de Me- dicis caused the palace to be demolished in 1505, and the pre- sent “place” was begun in 1604, under Henry IV. Its surface is 15,350 square yards ; the houses are all of red brick, with stone quoins and high roofs ; a wide but low arcade runs round the square, which is adorned with fountains, planted with trees, and surrounded with railings. An eques- [1] In pulling down a house near this hotel in 1849, an old worm-eaten box was found, containing some manuscripts of the age of Louis XIII., and attributed to Marion Delorme, tlie famous courtesan, under the title of Ma Confession. At the corner of this street Pierre de Craon, Chamberlain to the Duke of Or- leans, afterwards assassinated by the Duke of Burgundy (sec p. 273 n.), waylaid the Conndlabte de Clisson in 1392 . ( 2 ) In the year VIII of tlie Republic, the Consulale issued a decree, by which the department which should be the first to re- lieve the penury of the Treasury by paying its taxes should be honoured by having its name affixed to one of the public squares of the capital. The department of the Vosges having been fore- most in obeying the summons, the Place Iloyale was in conse- quence called Place des Vosges. At the restoration in 1814 it ve- sumed its former name. From that tiiue, the Conseil-Gdneral des Vosges pelitioned the government every year to have its own name restored; this was done immediately in February 1848 ; but the old name has been restored since August, i853. PLACE ROYALE. 275 trian Statue of Louis XIII. , erected here by Richelieu in 1639, was destroyed in 1792, hut its place was supplied, in I 829 ’ hy the present one, in white marble, by Dupaty and Cortot. This was formerly the court end of the town ; it is now chiefly inhabited by persons of limited income. Passing through the central archway on the northern side, we perceive, in the rue de la Chaussee des Minimes, the spa- cious barracks of the Gendarmerie, recently erected ; and, turning to the left into the rue St. Gilles, we find ourselves in the rue Turenne. At the corner of the rue Ste. Claude is, St. Denis du St. Sacrement.— Here there formerly stood the chapel of a convent of nuns, demolished in 1828. The present edifice has a projecting portico, of four Ionic columns, supporting a pediment, with an alto-relievo by Feuchorcs’ representing Faith, Hope, and Charity. The interior consists of a nave and aisles with chapels at each extremity ; the semi- circular ceiling of the nave, sculptured in elegant compart- inents, is supported by a range of eight Ionic columns on either side. The choir, which is semicircular and crowned by a semi-cupola, is painted in fresco, by Abel de Pujol ; the subject in the cupola is the Trinity ; that of the frieze’ St. Denis preaching Christianity to the pagan inhabitants of Gaul. In the adjoining Lady Chapel, at the extremity of the right-hand aisle, is a large fresco by Court, representing the Virgin consoling the afflicted. In the chapel opposite is the Descent from the Cross, in fresco, by Delacroix. The chapels of the left aisle have each a fresco ; that next to the choir, Christ at Emmaus, by Picot ; the one opposite, Christ calling children around him, by Decaisne. On the Boulevard des Filles du Calvaire stands the Cirque Napoleon, a kind of Astley’s (see Theatres.) HIITTH WA.LZ, This walk, comprising the 11th and l 2 th arrondisseraents, may be commenced from the Boulevard du Prince Eugene, inaugurated in Dec., 1862, and extending in a direct line from the Boulevard du Temple to the Place du Trone (see p. 27 8). At the point where it meets the rue St. Sebastien, it crosses the beautiful Boulevard Richard Lenoir, formed over the arched ropf of the Canal St. Martin, and lined with trees. Air shafts, protected by railings encircling ornamental shrubs and flowers. 270 NINTH WaLKi are pierced at intervals through the vault, which mOasureS 1,600 metres (one mile) in length. At the western end we perceive from here the new stone bridge thrown across the Canal where the arched roof ceases. Continuing along the Boulevard du Prince Eugene, wc find in the rue St. Amliroise, St. Ambiioise, chapel of ease to Ste. Marguerite, dating from 1639, when it belonged to a convent of nuns called the Annonciades. This contains some very good pictures. The altar-piece represents St. Ambroise protecting an Arian from persecution, by Vafflard. By a decree of the Civil Power of the 20th Prairial in the year II, this church was devoted to the worship of the Goddess of Reason, and the cellars werejturned into a wine and beer-shop, A revolutionary committee sat in the porter’s lodge, now demolished. Turning into the Avenue Parinentier, we find the Abattoir de Popincourt, or de Menilmontant. It con- sists of 23 piles of building, on a sloping ground, and within a walled encdosure 645 feet by 57 0. To the right and left of the central court, 438 feet in length by 291 in breadth, are four immense slaughter-houses. They are each 141 feet long j by 96 broad, and include respectively a flagged court, on j each side of which are eight slaughter-houses for the use of ; the butchers. Above are spacious attics for drying the skins and preparing the tallow ; and to preserve coolness a ^ considerable projection has been given to the roofs. Behind these slaughter-houses are two ranges of sheds, containing siieep-pens, and at the extremities are eight stables for about 400 oxen ; each of these buildings contains a loft for forage. At the end there is a watering-place, and pens for cattle, besides two detached buildings, each traversed by a broad corridor, which communicates with four melting-houses, below which are cellars, containing coolers. Beyond these, parallel with the outer wall, are two buildings raised on cellars, in which the skins are kept, and near them, in front of the en- trance, is a doable reservoir for water, 228 feet in length, built in solid masonry, and resting on arches which form stands for carts. There is also a triperie, or building for washing and boil- ing tripe and calves’ feet. Cattle and sheep, on entering Paris, are immediately driven to one of the abattoirs, and there kept at the cost of the butcher ; the meat is taken to the shops dur- ing the night before 4 o’clock a.m., and the men are not allowed to appear in the streets of Paris in the clothes they wear at the abattoirs. The slaughterings vary in amount here, but may be estimated at the weekly average of 800 oxen, 300 cows, 600 calves, and 3,000 sheep. The establishment ST. MARGUERITE. 277 is superintended by a resident inspector of police, and a market-inspector; it gives employment and lodging, inde- pendently of the butchers and their servants, to 18 officials with their families. Strangers are readily admitted on appli- cation at the porter’s lodge. A small fee is expected. At the junction of the Avenue Parmentier with the Boule- vard du Prince Eugene, stands the Mairie of the llth arron- dissement, now in course of construction, with a small orna- mental grass plot before it, in front of which stands the Statue of Prince Eugene, of colossal size, hy Dumont, lie is represented standing, with his head bare, and in a general’s uniform. The front of the pedestal bears the inscrip- tion : “All Prince Eugene Napoleon,” with the arras of the City of Paris, and the motto • “ Fluctuat nec mergitur.” On the back of the pedestal the words are engraved which the Prince wrote in 181 i to the Emperor Alexander, declining the overtures of the Allies. The remaining two sides are adorned with eagles hearing laurels, and with the names of the battles at which the Prince was present. The Passage Richard Lenoir, and rue de Charonne lead to the rue St. Bernard, where we see Ste. Marguerite, — originally a chapel, erected in 1625. The interior is cruciform, with aisles. This church is rich in pictures. In the right aisle there is St. Louis Visiting the Sick ; in the Chapel of the Virgin, the Infancy of Jesus, and a Descent from the Cross, by Lesueur ; a Salutation of Mary and Elizabeth, by Suvee (17 81); and two large paintings of St. Vincent de Paule conversing with Anne of Austria, and preaching, by Galloche and Restaut, forming part of a series of pictures relating to that saint. Over the sacristy door is Moses in prayer before Israel ; and, next to it, the Virgin Mary and Apostles invoking the Holy Ghost. Behind the high altar is a fine alto-rilievo of the Descent from the Cross, by Girardon, in white marble. Next, in the left aisle, is the spacious chapel des Ames du Purgatoire, built in 17 65, with a large painting on canvas representing the Delivery of Souls from Purgatory. In the left transept are; St. Vincent de Paule conversing with St. Francis de Sales, hy Restaut ; the same preaching, by Baptiste, and his Apotheosis ; Ste. Magdalen’s Vision of the Cross, by Vafflard. At the entrance of the nave are two plaster groups, one of Ste. Elizabeth giving alms, the other of the death of Ste. Magdalen, by Maindron. Above these are St. Louis in Egypt relieving the plague-stricken crusaders. The pulpit has good bas-reliefs in oak. The rector of this church was the first Catholic priest who broke the vow of celibacy at the revolu- tion of 1789. It is sa.id that the unfortunate Dauphin, son of NINTH WALK. 278 Louis XVI., who was entrusted to the care of a cohhler, named Simon, whose ill treatment he did not long survive, was huried in the cemetery of this churcli. At No. 184, in the rue du Faubourg St. Antoine, is the Mopital St. Antoine, established in 1795 in the buildings of the abbey of St. Antoine des Champs. Strangers are ad- mitted on Thursdays and Sundays from 1 to 3 (see p. 139). Higher up, at the corner of the rue de Picpus, stands the Maison Eugene Napoleon (see p. 122). — We may now enter the adjoining Place du Tuone, a circular space, planted with trees around. The Jacobins used it as a supplementary place of execution ; in August, 17 94, they immolated 59 of their victims here in one day. It is now used for public festivals for this quarter of Paris ; and fire-works, shows, games, 8cc., when given by Govern- ment take place here as well as in the Champs Elysees. A gingerbread fair is annually held here after Easter. (1) Be- yond it, we perceive the two lofty Doric Columns of the Place du Trone, erected in 1788, and finished in 1847. Above the bases are colossal figm'es in bas- relief; those facing the outer boulevard, by Desbeeufs, represent Peace and Victory; those on the other side, by Simart, Industry and Justice. Winding staircases lead to galleries crowning the capitals, on each of which is an acroterium supporting a colossal bronze statue ; one represents St. Louis, by Etex, the other Philip Augustus, by Dumont. A throne was erected here, on which Louis XIV. received the homage of the City, on his triumphal entry, Aug. 2Cth, 16G0, whence its name. The two edifices right and left of the columns were the octroi- buildings of the Barriercs of the old enclosure of Paris, built by the Minister Calonne in 17 86, and pulled down in I860 (2). They are good specimens of what the others were. The road hence to Vincennes is wide, with a fine avenue. Eight avenues, including the Boulevard du Prince Eugene, (1) A triumphal arch is to he erected here to commemorate the Russian and Italian wars. (2) The farmers-geucral, in order to increase the octroi duties, prevailed on the minister Calonne to execute these works, not- withstanding the opposition of tlic inhahi'.aiits of Paris, which gave rise to the following pun : Lc null- murant Paris rend Paris nniruiiirant. The old enclosure measured 29 !4 miles in circumference, willi 56 barriers. In May 1791, the entrance duties were abolished, in consequence of which Hie barriers became useless. Under the Directory, about the year V, a small duty was levied, and the harriers w'crc repaired. The produce of tlicse duties, being given to Jiospitals, it took the name of octroi de bienfaisance, Napoleon L BOULEVARD MaZAS. 279 radiate from liie centre of the Place du Trone, and two more are in contemplation for symmetry’s sake. Of those now existing, not the least important is the Boulevard Mazas, opened in 1853, and extending down to the quays. King Dagobert had a palace in this neighbour- hood, which- was also inhabited in the l7th century by the notorious Marquise de Brinvilliers. Entering the rue de Piepus from this Boulevard, we find, at No. 12, the hospital called il/afson d’£'? 2 g'/i/en, (see p. 123.) and, lower down, at No. 35, an Augustine convent, now occupied by the Dames du Sucre Coeur. Within the walls of this establishment is the small pidvate CimeUire de Piepus, containing the remains of several noble families, such as de Noailles, de Grammont, de Montaigu, Rosamho, Lamoignon, 8cc. ; and Lafayette. In an adjoining spot repose several victims of the reign of terror. Visitors are admitted. At No. 78 is a Jewish hospital, built by Baron James Rollischild, and inaugurated on the 2Cth of May, 1852. Be- sides llie common sick-wards provided for each sex, there are in this hospital several rooms for peculiar complaints, or for patients who can afford to pay. There are baths on the ground-floor, besides a laundry and dispensary. The estab- lishment also has a spacious garden. The ventilation of the wards is excellent. Strangers are admitted on Wednesdays, Thursdays, and Sundays from l to 4. The cost of this building was 400,000 fr. Close to it is a Maison de retraite for aged Israelites. Architect, M . Thierry. A few steps along the outer Boulevards, skirting what for- merly was the village of La, Grange PinU\ wTll bring us to the rue de Reuilly, where at No. 30, we find the church of St. Ei.oi, presenting a gabled front in the Lombard style. It consists of a nave and two aisles with arched ceilings, all elaborately painted in the Byzantine st 3 ?le. The choir is painted in three compartments by Midy and Doerr, represent- ing ; 1 , St. Eloi or Eligius as a smith ; 2 . The same as Bishop of Noyon, preaching ; 3. The same as Minister of King Dago- bert. At tlie extremity of the right aisle is the cliapel of the Virgin, and in the other aisle that of the Abbess St. Aurea re- ceiving the veil from St. Eloi. Crossing the Boulevard Mazas, we see exteiisive barracks, occupying the site of the Royal looking-glass manufactory erected by Colbert. Descending the Boulevard Mazas, the visitor will perceive fmi.-lied tlie odroi-wall, and considerahly increased llie duties. On Ilje river, at the eastern and western extremities of the city, duties are levied by ocfi’oi-boats calted mtachen. NINTH WALK. 280 a row of houses of simple desip, 16 in number, built by the Emperor for the accommodation of workmen at low rents. They comprise 311 lodgings, and 36 shops and back-shops, and will hold about l,200 persons. Judging, however, from the window-curtains of the first and second stories, the in- mates would seem to belong to classes somewhat removed from the level of those foi- whom the houses were intended. Most of the apartments are composed of an ante -room, kit- chen, dining-room, and one or two bed-rooms (1.) The stranger will remark the activity with which building is car- ried on in this quarter. The rue Beauveau leads to the uninteresting Marche Beau- veau, a kind of rag-fair. The Boulevard is crossed by the viaduct of the Vincennes railway, parallel and close to which the new Avenue de Vincennes extends to the new race-course of that place, and to which it is the shortest road. Further down, we find on our right the Prison Mazas (see p- 75, )and nearly opposite, the terminus of the Lyons Railway — fronting the whole length of the rue de Bercy, from the Boulevard Mazas to rue Rambouillet. In the centre of this extent a double flight of stairs gives access to an immense terrace, 12 metres from the level of the street. The whole terrace leading to it from the rue de Lyon, is 570 feet in length by 250 in breadth, and the total surface occu- pied by the terminus is 550,000 square feet. Behind the edifice there is another terrace, and carriage ways lead up to both. A bold arch fronts the new rue de Lyon, which opens into the Place de la Bastille. The rue de Bercy leads to the exterior Boulevard of that name, which reaches to the Seine, skirting the village of Bercy, now annexed to Paris as part of the 12th arrondisse- ment. This place is still the great wine-mart of Paris, but the trade is likely to be shifted elsewhere, when the full effect of the annexation shall begin to be felt. The warehouses for wine extend half a mile along the river. Wine can be left here in bond ; and the quay is at times quite covered with casks. At Bercy is the Pont de Bercy, or de la Gare, formerly a chain bridge, now rebuilt of stone. It cost 7 50,000 fr. Further up the river is the Pont Napoleon, a new viaduct (0 The Municipality intend giving the system of cites ouvrieres anolher fair tiial, notwilhstan ling Us previous bad success, (see p. 233 .) A surface of 20,000 square metres, having a front of 80 metres, is to be enclosed in this faubourg, with houses four stories higli, offering accommodation to 16 rainilics each. A number of rooms for single men, at 10 fr. a month, a bed, a table and two chairs included, are also to be provided. PLACE DE LA BASTILLE. 281 over the Seine for the railway round Paris. There is here a floating octroi-office moored on the river. Immediately within the line of the outer Boidevard stands the great Depot des Fourrages, for the garrison of Paris, a hand- some building, 300 feet long, and 4 stories high, with sheds 500 feet long, and 25 feet high, for straw, hay, &c. The Quai de la Rapte crosses the Place and Boulevard Mazas. Further on is the Boulevard de la Contrescarpe, skirling the fine port or Garc dii Cana'. Sf. Marlin, and ending at the Place de la Bastille. — The Bastille was attacked and cap- tured by the people on the 14th of July, 17 89. In May and June of the following year it was demolished, in pursuance of a decree of the National Assembly, and part of the materials were emiiloyed in the construction of the Pont de la Concorde. Its site now forms the Place de la Bastille, part of the moat having been converted into the port mentioned above. Here it was, at the entrance of the Faubourg St. Antoine, that the insurgents of June 1848 had erected their strongest bar- ricade, which it required all the efforts of artillery to over- throw. It was on this barricade that Monseigneur Denis Affre, archbishop of Paris, met with his death, in attempting to persuade the insurgents to desist from their fratricidal struggle. (1) In the centre of the place, the construction of a fountain was begun, by order of Napoleon, but was afterwards abandoned. (2) On the site of this fountain now stands the (1) On June 25, 1848, the archbishop, justly grieved on accoun of the bloody conflict which had been for the last three days spreading desolation throughout the metropolis, proceeded, with General Cavaignac’s consent, to the Place de la Bastille, and, after obtaining from Gen. Perot an hour’s cessation of hostilities, advanced towards the barricade preceded by a young man car- rying a green branch before him in token of peace. At his approach, the insurgents stopped their fire, and appeared to listen attentively fo the words of the apostle of peace, when, by some unfortunate misunderstanding, the fire recommenced, and the archbishop was struck by a ball. The insurgents instantly carried him to the hospice of the Quinze-Vingts, loudly declar- ing thiit they were innocent of the act. The extraction of the hall was impossible, and the high-minded prelate died on the following day. His last words were : “ May my blood be the last spilt in civil war I” The Constituent Assembly decreed that a monument should he erected to Ids memory in the cathedral of Notre Dame. ( 2 ) According to the design presented by Denon, an arch over the Canal St. Martin was to hear a bronze elephant more than 72 feet high, including the tower on its hack ; the water Avas to issue from the trunk, and a staircase leading to the tower was fo he constructed in one of its legs. A small model of this ele- phant is preserved at ihe Palais des Beaux Arts. 28-2 NIiNTII WALK. Column of July, its pedestal standing immediately on a basement of white marble, supported by blocks of granite. The foundations were laid by Louis Philippe, July 28, 1831 ! On the western side of the pedestal is figured, in hold relief, a lion passant, and undernealh the following inscription : ^ •A la gloire cles Citoyens Fran^ais, qui s’armferent et combat- tirent pour la rteCense des liberies publiques dans les memoi’ables journdes des 27, 28 , 29 Juillet i 830 . On the opposite side is the date of the laws decreeing the mo- nument, and the other two sides hear the dates of tlie 27th, 2 8th, and 29th July. At the corners of the pedestal is the Gallic cock hearing an oaken wreath in its claws. The shaft of tlie pillar is partly fluted, and partly encircled Avith bands liearing lions’ liemls, whose open mouths admit light and air to the staircase within. Thespaces into Avhicli these bands divide the column are filled with the names of :>04 patriots killed din ing the Three Days of 1830. The Corinthian capital, over which is a railed gallery, is 1 ay, feet wide, and ornamented AVith lions’ heads, genii bearing gaiJands, 8cc. Surmounting tlie capital is a gilt globe, and on it stands a colossal figure, gilt also, representing the “Genius ofLibeity,” in its right hand is a torch, in its left a broken chain ; it stands on one foot, Avith Avings expanded, as if in the act of taking flight, llic height of the column, Avhich is of the Composite order, is about 134 feet, the diameter 12 feet; weight of metal em- ployed 103,283 lb.; it cost about 1,224,098 fr. Unlike the column in the Place Vendome, the metallic cylinders of which it is composed are not supported by masonry Avithiii; the staircase, therefore, vibrates perceptibly to every Mast of wind. This monument Avas designed by Alavoine and exe- cuted by M. Due. It was inaugurated Avith great ceremony on July 28, 1840, Avhen the remains of the victims of 1830 were deposited in the vaults underneath. In the marble base- ment is a circular corridor, paved Avith white marble, relieved Avith stai’s and crosses of black marble, and lighted by win- doAA's of stained glass. Descending a few steps, are the sepul- chral Abaults, secured by four cast-iron doors, ornamented Avith rich tracery. Each vault contains a vast sarcophagus 14 yards in length, 1 in width, and 1 deep. Most of the combatants who fell m February 1 81 8 were also transferred here. Around the base of the pedestal is an enclosure flagged Avitli marble, and protected by a massive iron railing. The throne of Louis Philippe Avas burnt here by the mob on the 24th of February 184 8. The vicAV from the top of the column is vei y fine. A -mall gratuity to the kecfiers is expected. The Place de la Bastille presents several points of interest. IlOPITAL STE. EUGENIE. 283 At the entrance of the rue St. Antoine there formerly stood a triumphal arch, demolished in 17 89. The corner-house, No. 1, of the rue du Faubourg St. Antoine, was inhabited by Pepin, who was executed as one of Fieschi’s accomplices in his attempt against the life of Louis Philippe in 1835. The fine boulevard formed over the Canal St. Martin (see p. 27 5) may here be taken in at one view ; the new terminus of the Vincennes railway, an elegant building, stands opposite, and on another side the Boulevard Beaumarchais commences the series of the interior boulevards. Here, too, is the small Tkeut.e ncuumcu'chais (see p. 471), opposite the site of the house where the celebrated dramatist lived. Entering the rue de Charenton, we find at No. 28 the Hospice des Quinze-Vingts. — This hospital for the blind was founded by St. Louis in 12 GO, at the corner of the rue St. Nicaise, and was removed to the Hotel des Mousquetaires Noirs, in 1779, by Cardinal de Rohan. In 17 89 part of its property was confiscated, but was restored in 1814 (seep. 121). in the second court of the house adjoining. No. 2 0, is St. Antoine, the chapel of the Hospice. It was built in 1701, and annexed to the parish of Ste. Marguerite in 1802. It contains St. Louis receiving the Sacrament, byCassies, the Entombment of Christ, by Jollivet, a Descent from the Cross, a Resurrection, in grisaille, and a good altar-y)iece of St. An- thony performing the ceremony of marriage. Higlier up is tlie IlopiTAL Ste. Eugenie, a building formerly connected with the establishment of tlie Enfants Assistes (see p. 119). It was founded in 1600 by the l)Ounty of M. Aligre and his lady, and was afterwards used as a supplementary hospital annexed to the lldtel Dieu, ]}ut is now devoted to the reception of sick cliildren, under the patronage of the Empress (see p. 141). Strangers are admitted on Sundays and Thursdays from 1 2 to 3 . It has another entrance in the rue du Faubourg St. Antoine, at No. 124, opening into a court, at the further end of which is the private chapel of the hospital, a cruciform building, of Doric design, to which, however, the public are not admitted. The Rue de Charenton possesses a melancholy celebrity from the massacre of several hundred protestants of all ages and both sexes. Sept. 28, 1021. They were attacked and mur- dered by a party of foot-men, pages, and porters, while coming from a new protestant church they had had built at Charenton. The perpetrators of this crime went unpunished. The street at that time bore the name of me de la Vlunehellc, 284 TENTH WALK. TEITTH ITALZ. This lies within the tth arrondisscment, the most conspi- cuous object of which is the ^ Hotel de Ville, Place de I’Hotel de Ville.— In the earliest reigns of the third race, the meetings of the corps de ville or municipality were held in a house called la Matson de la Marchandise, situated in the Vallee de la Misere, west of the Grand Chatelet. They subsequently met near the Place St. Michel, in a honse called the Parlouer mix Bourgeois. In 1357 the municipality purchased, for 2880 livres de Paris, the Maison de la Greve. or Matson aux Piliers, which had for- merly belonged to Philip Augustus, and was frequently the abode of royalty. Upon the site of this the Hotel de Ville was erected. The first stone was laid July 15, 1533, by Pierre de Vide, prevot des marchands, but the works were afterwards suspended, until 1549, when Dominic Boccadoro, of Cortona, resumed them after a plan of his own (1). During the war of the Fronde, and still more during the revolution of 17 89, the edifice was much damaged ; it was, however, preserved from further dilapidation in 1801, by being converted into the seat of the prefecture, and was repaired by Molinos. In 1837 it re- ceived immense additions, so as to render it nearly four times larger than it was before. The works were finished in 1841. Exterior .—The Hotel de Ville consisted in 1628 of a beau- tiful large building, in the style of the Renaissance, two stories high, enclosing a single court, and having its western front towards the Place de Greve, with two elevated pavilions at the northern and southern extremities, each flanked by an elegant square overhanging tower. The old buildings occupy the centre of the present edifice, which has cost 15.000,000 fr. Each pavilion has a wide archway ; a range of windows with pediments, between small Corinthian columns, tights the ground floor; above is a long range of plainer windows, and niches filled with statues (2), the whole surmounted by a rich balus- trade. In the centre of the roof rises an elegant companile of recent construction. The clock marks the time of the Observatory, communicated to it by electricity. Over the (U The key-slone of a vault in the left portico of the central court bears an inscripfion staling that Marinus de la Vallee un- dertook the continuation of it in leoe, and finished it in i628. Another inscription over the central gale (inside) shows tiiat the central pavilion and heifry were finished in leos. (2) Those facing the Place de I'Hofel de Ville ave— Southern pev- tlOtEL DE VILEE. 286 eehtral door-way there is a bronze equestrian bas-relief of Henry IV., replacing one destroyed in 1789. The northern and southern facades are flanked by the extreme pavilions of the principal and eastern fronts. The eastern facade has 4 pavi- lions, with a central body adorned with 14 detached Corin- thian columns ; the intermediate pavilions have noble entrances, with Doric vestibules leading into the Courts. — This vast edifice comprises three courts, two late- ral ones, of Corinthian and Composite architecture, and the central and most ancient one, which is approached from the western front by a flight of steps ; ( 1 ) an Ionic arcade runs all around it; under it, to the left on entering, is a fine full-length bronze statue of Louis XIV., by Coysevox, with bas-reliefs re- presenting Charity and Divine Vengeance, and adjoining is a flight of steps descending into the northern court. To the right is a statue of Charlemagne. (2) The lucarnes of this court are very beautiful and light. The western corners of the court are flanked by two engaged circular towers ending in lucarnes similar to the rest. The whole is roofed over with glass, and is sumptuously decorated with stucco and gilding, besides medallions in terra cotta, in the style of Luca della Robbia, representing Art, Glory, Peace, etc. The most remarkable object here is an elliptical double-branched staircase rising to the first story. Originally a mere provisional construction executed for the hall given to Queen Victoria on the 23d of August, 1855, it has now been rebuilt of stone and decorated with the most elaborate sculpture in the style of the Renais- sance. Under the arches supporting the stairs, a fountain vilion: Condorcet, Lafayette, Colbert, Catinat, Moli^re, Boileau, Lavoisier, De La Reynie, and J. A. De Thou. Central part: Fro- chot, S. Bailly, L. Turgot, Abb6 de l’Ep6e, Rollin, Mathieu Mold, J. Aubry, Robert Etienne, F. Miron, Rudd, Lallier, De Yiole, Ju- ■\e.ial des Ursins, Sully, Landry, Aubriot, Boyleaux, Jean Goujon, P. Lescot, Goslin, Philippe Delorme, De La Vacquerie, St. Vincent de Paule, Lesuenr, Lebrun, Mansard, Voyer d’Argenson, and Per- rone. Northern pavilion : A. J. Gros, Bulfon, A. de Harlay, Monge, Monlhyon, Voltaire, D’Alembert, A. Pard, and Papin. The statues on the attics of the other sides represent Justice, Com- merce, the Muses, &c. (i) On the flight of stairs under this door-way, M. de Lamar- tine exposed his life with admirable courage on February 26, 1 848, by declaring to an infuriated mob, that, as long as he lived, the red flag should not he the flag of France. (2 ) Around the frieze of this court were marble tablets, inscribed with the principal events of the life of Louis XIV. from i659 to 1689 , and circular compartments in the spandrils of the arches were charared with the bas-relief portraits of several Prevbts. 286 TENTH WALK. composed of four genii supporting a tazza delivers its water into a spacious basin underneath, enlivened with genii in the act of swimming, 6cc., executed in wliite marble. On State occasions, this basin is bordered with rare exotics, and tlie splendid illumination and profuse decoration of this court render it a delightful appendage of the ball-room (see p. 288). The Salle du Trdne. — The staircase to the right of the en- trance-passage leads to the landing-place on the first story, remarkable for a curiously ribbed vault, a monument of the age of Henry II. From this the Salle des Huissiers opens into the Salle du Trdne, occupying the whole length of the old portion of the building, a most magnificent apartment. It is 94 feet by 3G, with an altitude of 2 5 feet. The walls are adorned with velvet hangings, trimmed with gold. Two vast chimney-pieces, ornamented with recumbent statues of white marble, sculptured under Henry IV. by Biard and Bodin, oc- cupy the extremities. Over one of them are, richly executed, the arms of the City, being gules, a ship argent. The square compartments of the ceiling arc charged with armorial bearings, and over the doors are allegorical paintings of Justice, Pru- dence, Labour, and Concord. Opposite the windows are four paintings by Sechan, representing the personification of Paris in the 5th, i2th, 17th, and 19th centuries. This Salle is used for official banquets, and will conveniently hold 200 guests. (1) Adjoining this are the Salle du Zodiaque, with carvings on the wainscoting, by Jean Goujon, and the Salon du Vote,. with a ceiling painted by Schopin, representing the cities of France accepting the present Empire by 7,500,000 votes. These rooms are not public. A corridor to the right of the staircase leads to the Salle du Conseil, now called Salon Vic- toria, an elegant chamber, 66 feet by 37, with blue and gold hangings, adorned with busts of Queen Victoria and the Prince Consort, presented to the City by those august personages. The 08 councillors meet here. We now conae to the State Apartments. — From the same staircase, a Corinthian gallery, elegantly fitted up, leads to the landing-place of the principal staircase of the Biver front, having three Bights of steps, supported by Ionic columns, and ornamented with bas- reliefs by MM. Debau andBriou. Here is an equestrian statue (1) The most interesting recollections are coimected with this fine monument ot the 16th century. From the central ^Yinclow Louis XVI. harangued the populace with tlie cap of liberly on his head, and General Lafayette presented Louis Philippe to the people in i83o. This is also the room where Robespierre held his council, and where he attempted to destroy himself on the memorable 27th of July, 1794 . HOTEL DE VILLE. 287 of Henry IV., in bronze, a eopy of that on the Pont Neuf, by Lemot (1818). An antechamber with Flemish gilt leather hangings commences the suite ; it is only remarkable for a bronze statue by Bosio of Henry IV. in his youth. Next is the Salle d’ Introduction ; its frieze is painted in araliesques by Court. The Salle de Jen, adorned with blue silk hangings, and a rich ceiling and frieze painted by Lacliaise, leads to the Salon des Arcades, a magnificent saloon, 70 feet by 40, and 22 feet in height, trisected by two rows of three lofty arches eacli, and furnished in a style of the most luxurious splendour. (1) It is of the Corinthian order, with gilt capitals and cornice; the central ceiling ornamented with a large allegorical painting by Picot, representing Paris rewarding the Muses and the attributes of art; in the back- ground is an assembly of the most eminent men of France. This painting is surrounded by ten hexagonal compaiTments charged with allegorical figures representing Theology, Me- dicine, Mechanics, Agriculture, Law, Commerce, Natural Phi- losophy, Chemistry, Justice, and Geometry. In the first sec- tion of this splendid chamber the compartments of the ceiling are charged with the signs of the Zodiac, and allegories of Night and Day, by Schopin. The grounds of the arches of the doors are painted with medallions, severally representing Francis I. and Henry IV. The ceiling of the extreme section, by Vau- chelet, is painted with genii holding scrolls with the names of the most famous artists known ; the two central compartments represent Truth and Genius; the medallions over the doors here contain Louis XIV. and Louis Philippe; the latter however is considerably damaged. The walls are painted in elaborate ara- besques. In the centre is a circular divan, in which is a gill pedestal of bronze, supporting the figures of Agriculture, Com- merce, and the Fine Arts. Gilt vases and chandeliers of ex- quisite workmanship adorn the mantel-pieces. It was here the Provisional Government first installed itself in 1848. Beyond this room is that for refreshments, called the Salon de Cafe, painted by Vauchelet. To it succeeds a spacious dining-room, with an ornamental frieze, containing subjects appertaining to the chase, the fisheries, &c., hy Jadin. It will hold 150 guests. The visitor is now ushered into the suite specially destined for grand occasions, where he will remark a degree of splendour and taste unequalled by any palace in Paris, the Tuileries not exeepted. The centre of tliis suite is occupied by the Grande Galerie des Files, with three (i) During the winter season the Prefect of the Seine gives some Splendid lialls, invitations to which may l)c obtained through the clianncl of the Ambassador, or of persons already presented. 288 TENTH VVALt. spacious rooms al each end, a faint descriptioti of which we will now attempt in their regular order;— i. Salon Napoleon ler. The ceiling and walls of this, ai of all the following rooms, are gorgeously gilt on a white gu’ound ; the order is Ionic, the furniture green damask interspersed with bees. Oyer the mantelpiece is a full-length picture of Napo- leon I. in his coronation robes, by Girard. The central space of the ceiling of this room is painted by M. Ingres, the subject being the Apotheosis of Napoleon ; the compartments represent the cities conquered by him. — 2. First Salon des Arts. Rich Corinthian, with niches, containing mythological statues. In the tympans over the entrances are Painting, Poetry, and Music, frescos, by Landelle.— 3. First Salle des^ Prevdts, to the left ; so called from the busts of the Prevots des Marchands which occupy the spaces between the modillions of the cornice ; the series, which begins yvith Evreux, under St. Louis, in the year 1203, is continued in another room of the same name, and ends with Trudaine, 177 2. The ceiling is by Ricsener , and represents Repose after Anarchy. — 4. Grande Galen e des F4tes. Thisimmense saloon, separated from tl*e first and second Salon des Arts by two trans- verse arcades, the gilt cupolas of which support the orchestras, has a magical effect. The spectator is bewildered by a profuse- ness of decoration of every kind that baffles description. The Corinthian columns, with their gilt bases and capitals, the deli- cate sculpture and gilding of the compartments of the ceiling, the coves, painted by Lehmann, representing, in their penden- tives, man exercising his activity and talent overNature, Science, and Art, illustrated by l8o full-sized figures in 5G groups, in- dependently of the minor subjects over the windows, the rich chandeliers and costly furniture, form a unique ensemble of taste and art. Each of its 26 lustres will hold 105 wax lights. Communicating with this salle by open arches in the coves of the ceiling, there is a gallery, decorated with equal minute- ness, where, on festive nights, the guests may witness the brilliant scene without mixing among the dancers below. In the centre of the left-hand wall, three doors open into — 5 . The Salle des Caryatides, a splendid Corinthian refreshment room, with a gallery above, forming part of the one above mentioned. Fourteen graceful caryatides support the ceiling, painted in perspective, by Cosse ; the tympans over the doors below, painted by Benouville, represent Agriculture, Abun- dance, Astronomy, and the four Seasons. Two Ionic pas- sages, with elegant seats, and running parallel to the Galerie des F4tes, communicate with the staircase, thus procuring a free circulation of air. Here a door in the centre opens upon the I MOTEL DE VILLE. 289 double-branched staircase leading to the court (see p. 283). Let the visitor picture to himself this beautiful hall (for such it must be called,) illumined with floods of light streaming from hundreds of tapers arranged in graceful symmetry around, clustered in cornucopias held by Cupids ; or crowning the lustres depending from the ceiling ; elegant fountains playing under the arch which supports the stairs, and forming minia- ture cascades which, rushing through the artificial channels left between the costly flowers thickly planted around, find their way into the grottos beneath, where lovely genii are seen sporting in the cool waters, or peeping from behind the ever- greens; let him imagine this scene ingeniously diversified in the other gorgeous apartments already desci ibed, the whole enlivened by all the wealth, beauty, and fashion the capital can muster, and he will come to the conviction that the fairy dreams of the Arabian Nights may fall far short of reality. (1) At the furthermost end of the Galerie des Fites is — 6. The second Salon des Arts, being a counterpart of the one already de- scribed at the other extremity. This gives access to — 7. Salon de la Paix similar to the Salon Napoleon, painted by M. Eugene Delacroix. The second Salon des Arts also commu- nicates with — 8. The second Salle des Prevdts, the ceiling of which, painted by Muller, represents the communes of France expressing their gratitude to Louis le Gros for breaking their chains. — From this room, or from its counterpart on the oppo- site side, the visitor descends by the superb double-branched staircase, crowned with the galleries already mentioned, sup- porting its richly sculptured ceiling pierced with skylights (the subjects of which, in stained glass, are allegorical of convi- vial pleasures), into the Doric vestibule communicating with the central court. The architect of these more than regal apart- ments of the Civic Prince of Paris is M. Lesueur. On the ground-floor, below the Galerie des Fites, is a large saloon of the Doric order, called the Salle St. Jean. It is used for civic purposes, public meetings of literary societies, etc. The offices occupy the rest of the building. Underneath are the kitchens, sufficient to provide a banquet for a thousand guests. The Hotel de Ville when completed, will contain upwards of 300 statues, busts, and medallions. (2) Architects: (t) Upwards of 7000 visitors have .sometimes been admitted to tlie City balls; the rooms, forming a circuit of upwards of half a mile, require 9714 tapers, and 2389 gas-burners, for their full complement of illumination. Ihe present King of Italy was en- tertained here in 1855 ; the Grand Duke Constantine and the King of Bavaria, in 1857 . ( 2 ) Tlie offices occupy 171 rooms. The clerks number 418. 19 TENTH WALK. 290 1\1M. Godde and Lesueur. The apartments are visible on Thursdays from 12 to 4, with a ticket to be had on application by letter to M. le Prefet da la Seine. On the fourth story of the north-east side of the Hotel de Ville, is the Bibliotheque de la Vtlle, established since June 18, 1 847 . It occupies three rooms, including the reading-room, and three galleries, the largest of which is 120 feet long. It is rich in scientific and commercial works, in foreign publications, and works on the municipal history of the cities of France. It also possesses, in a separate room, 6000 volumes of official American publications, and 300 manuscript volumes of the registers of the Parlement qf Paris. The total number of vo- lurnes is above 65,000. At the top of the staircase leading to the upper gallery a head of Cybele, found in 1657 near the churph of St. Eustache, and evidently Boman, is worthy of notice. Open daily, from 10 to 3, except on holidays. ; The Place de l’IIotel de Ville, formerly Place de Greve, j, has been the scene of most of the public “ deeds of blood” that | have occurred in the capital. Once the place of execution for criminals, it has also been stained with the blood of the victims of revolution. (1) Facing the Hotel de Ville on this square there are two new buildings, designed by M. Baltard : the northern one containing offices belonging to the Municipality ; the southern one the offices of the Administra- tion de V Assistance Publique. These two edifices are exact counterparts of each other ; they have three stories resting on arcaded basements; all the roofing is of iron. Behind the Hotel de Ville are two vast barracks ; the larger, called Caserne Napoleon, is built for 2,500 men, and is of an irregular pentagonal form ; its architecture is Ionic, and its pediments are charged with eagles and trophies. It occu- pies 8,000 sq. metres, and is connected with the Hotel de Ville by a subterranean passage. The other. Caserne de Lobau, is its counterpart, except in size, and contains 500 cavalry of the Garde de Paris. Behind the former barracks the Mairie of the 4th arrondissement has been erected, opposite which we see the church of St. Gervais, — inaugurated in 1420, and enlarged in 1581. Over the northern aisle of the choir rises a tower about 130 feet high, the lower part of which is of ancient, the upper of modern, construction. The western front of St. Gervais was be- gun in 1 616 by Desbrosses, Louis XIII. laying the first stone. It (I) Among the persons of note executed here there were the Conn^table de St. Pol, the Count de Monfgommeri (see p. 169 n.). Marshal Marillac, Ravaillac, the Mardchale d’Ancre, the Mar- quise de Brinvilliers, Cartouche, and Damiens. On March 17 fh, ST. GERA^AIS* 291 consists of three ranges of coupled columns, successively of the Doric., Ionic, and Corinthian orders, with niches, con- taining the statues of St. Protasius and St. Gcrvais, and crowned with a segmental pediment flanked with the statues of Moses and St. John. The rest of the church is Gothic, and cruci- form, with single aisles. The works of art in this church, be- ginning from the riglit on entering, are : facing the aisle, a copy of Rubens’s Descent from the Cross, which adorns the Cathedral of Antwerp, by Morain ; 1st chapel: Ste.Philomene, by Smith ; three medallions on each side, with passages from her life. Above is a good Crucifixion. 2d. A curious picture, of the 17 th century, of the Deliverance of Souls from Purgatory at tlie intercession of St. Gervais. .3d. The statue of St. Catherine, by Cortot, in marble ; a painting, by Vibert, of the Virgin blessing France, and a St. Nicholas, also repeated in the win- dow, in good old stained glass. 4th. South transept: the Tongues of Fire ; also St. Ambrose refusing entrance to Theodosius, by Couder ; statues of the Virgin, Religion and Faith, by Rude. 5th. A fine Ecce Homo, by Rou- get, and Christ giving St. Peter the Keys, by Jonquieres. The stained glass in the window, representing the apostle Paul before Festus, is by Pinaigrier. (ith. A fine Decapitation of St. John the Baptist, in the style of Guercino. The glass in the window, by Pinaigrier, represents the Judgment of Solomon. 7lh. Ste. Genevieve consoling an afflicted woman, and Jesus with Martha and Mary, by Philippe de Champagne. 8th. A monument to Chancellor Letellier (1685), a sarcophagus of black marble, supported by colossal white marble heads ; at the ends are beautiful full-sized figures of Religion and Fortitude ; the chan- cellor reclines on the sarcophagus, with a genius weeping at his feet. There is also a spirited plaster Descent from the Cross, an Ecce Homo, sculptured by Cortot, and the Good Samaritan, painted by Forestier. 9th. The Lady Chapel behind the apsis of the choir is one of the most beautiful in Paris ; the vaulting ribs of its roof unite in two different points, from the first of which they descend in a clustered pendant, and 1848, a monster manifestation too1< place here in support of the Provisional Government, and on April 4 6th following an attempt to overthrow that Government was foiled by the steady attitude of the National Guard. The new houses facing the Seine occupy the site of many a historical building, among which Ave may mention the Hotel do Sicile or d’Anjou, inhabited in the i4tli century by Louis II., duke of Anjou, and king of Naples, Sicily, and Aragon; Iavo hotels, the pi'operty of Jacques de Bourbon, constable of France, and inhabited, in i39i, by Blanche de Navarre; and a turreted house inhabited by Scarron and Mine, de Maintenon, on the site of the present Cafe de la Tourelle, 292 lENTH WALk. | from the other in an elaborate open-worked crown a | chef-d’oeuvre l)otli in design and workmanship. Around it I is an inscription, partly ancient, thus : parfaite en Van ' U 11 , point e en 1842. The three front windows to the east are filled witli some rieh specimens of stained glass by Pi- naigrier, representing the histories of Ste. Anne and the Virgin. A splendid Gothic altar of modern execution, adorned witli a statue of the Virgin, and four smaller statues of the Evangelists, face the entrance. The decoration of the chapel is the conjoint work of Messrs. Baltard, architect, and Delorme, painter ; 14 oil paintings on the walls are by the latter ; those in the nave of i the chapel represent the epochs of happiness of the Virgin’s life ; the Annunciation, Visitation, Maternity, and Assumption. In the sanctuary of the chapel are the eight Christian virtues. Resig- nation, Fortitude, Repentance, Justice, Charity, Hope, Truth, and Humility. In the following vestibule, Jesus walking on the Waves, by Dubusc. loth chapel; St. Margaret of Scot- land washing the feet of the poor, byGassies; Moses smiting the rock, by Guichard. Adjoining it is the captivity of St. Peter, by Heim. 1 ith. North transept ; the Martyrdom of Ste. Jnliette and her son St. Cyr, by Heim ; also a picture by Albert Durer, of the nine sufferings of Christ, dated 1500 ; it is concealed by curtains, but is readily shown to visitors for a small fee. 12th. Christ at the Feast of Cana, by Jouvenet. Here, upon applica- tion, the visitor is introduced into a private oratory, the wains- coting of which is painted in the richest style by the elder Francks, a Dutch master of the 1 6th century ; the subjects comprise the whole history of our Saviour’s Life, Death, and Resurrection. 14th. A model in wood of the western front of the church, serving as an altar-piece; 15th. the Bap- tism of Christ, and the Fall of Man, by M. Caminade. In the window are St. JohntheBaptistand St. Nicholas in stained glass, bearing date 1 620. Facing the aisle is an exhumation of St. Pet- ronilla, by Guercino. The modern stained glass in the choir has been executed after the designs of Eugene Delacroix. Above the sereen opposite the pulpit, is the Eternal .Father surrounded by angels, by Perugino. Paul Scarron, the husband of Mme. de Maintenon, Philippe de Champagne, and many other distin- guished persons, were buried in this church. Striking into the rue de Jouy, east of this, the visitor will bid adieu to the modern rue de Rivoli to plunge into one of the oldest quarters of Paris. (1) At No. 7, he will find the (l) Most of ihe houses of this locality suffered greatly from the effects of arlillery in the days of June 1848, the insurgents liaving transtormed this quarter into an all but impregnable stronghold l)y the scientitic arrangement of Iheir Ijarricades. ST. PAUL ET ST. LOUIS. 293 H6tel d’Aumont, built by Mansard ; and further on the rue Charlemagne, where, at No. 14, the Passage Charlemagne crosses the court of the Hdtel de Jassaud, or d’Aguesseau, once the site of a palace. An octagonal engaged tower of the time of Francis I. is still to be seen in a corner of the court, which has coupled Ionic pilasters running round, and some ornaments indicating its former state. This passage leads to the rue St. Antoine ; at No. 120, is the Lycee Charlemagne, the building of which belonged'to the college of Jesuits founded in 1582. Adjoining this we see the elegant church of St. Paul et St. Louis, — begun in 1627, on the site of a chapel belonging to the adjoining convent of the Jesuits, founded by Cardinal de Bourbon in 1582. It was finished in 1641, aud Cardinal Richelieu performed the first mass in it in the presence of Louis Xlll. and his court. This magnificentfront is approached by a flight of steps; it is 144 feet high, and 7 2 broad at the base, and has three ranges of Corinthian and Com- posite columns. Interior . — This structure is cruciform, with chapels on each side of the nave, communicating with each other. Over the transepts of the church rises a lofty dome, in the pendentives of which are sculptured figures of the evan- gelists ; and, above, four figures in grisaille of Charlemagne, Clovis, Robert, and St. Louis. A rich cornice and gallery surmount the Corinthian pilasters which stand in front of each pier. Inis church was pillaged of all its riches at the revolution of 1789 ; but a profusion of marble is still to be seen on the high altar, and round the door-ways ; the rails, too, which separate the high altar from the nave, are of black and red marble. The works of art, beginning from the left on entering, are, 1st chapel ; a Holy Family. 2d. St. Louis pray- ing, by Reason. 3d. St. Mary Magdalen, by Lefebvre. 4th. Christ offering his Heart. 5th. Eastern transept: a black marble slab to the memory of Bourdaloue, buried on the spot. Above the arches are two paintings, viz., the Agony in the Garden, by Delacroix, and the Conversion of St. Paul, by Chautard. 6th. A good Mater Dolorosa in marble. There are four frescoes, by Decaisne, on the walls of the choir, representing the four evangelists. On the piers of the arches opening into the choir, on both sides are black marble slabs with inscrip- tions, showing that the hearts of Louis XlII. and XIV. were deposited here, and that Anne of Austria and the Duke Regent of Orleans severally caused these inscriptions to be placed. 7 th chapel (right side) -. the statue of St. Vincent de Panic. 8th. Western transept : Paintings of Moses and the brazen serpent, and Louis XIII. offering St. Louis the dedication oi this ehtfre^ 294 TENTH WALK. 9th. St. Isabelle, sister of St. Louis, offering a church to the Virgin, by Philippe de Champagne. 10 th. St. Jerome, by Le- febvre. 1 Ith. St. Peter administering Baptism, by Latil, and an excellent old Holy Family; and 12th. The Baptism of Christ. Beyond the church is the sacristy, containing some good paintings, portraits of the successive cures of the church ; and further on is the chapel of the catechists, ending in a cir- cular recess, painted on a ground rendered impenetrable to moisture, by Valbrun, representing Christ calling the children unto him. The architect of this magnificent church was Father Derrand, a Jesuit. At No. 143, in the rue St. Antoine, is the Hotel de Sully. — This edifice is remarkable as the work of Ducerceau, and the residence of the celebrated minister whose name it bears. It is in good preservation, and its court, which is large, is richly adorned with sculpture. At No. 212, the boarding-school of M. Favard, is a good specimen of the age of Henry IV. At No. 216 his is La Visitation, a small Calvinist church built by F. Man- sard, in 1632, for the Dames de la Visitation. — The dome rests on four arches, between which are Corinthian pilasters crowned with a cornice. The porch is accessible by steps. The interior is adorned with scroll work, wreaths of flowers, &c., but contains no pictures. Fouquet was buried here in 1680. Service is performed here in French by the pastors of the Oratoire, on Sundays and festivals, at 12 / 2 . The convent, destroyed in the revolution of 17 89, was very extensive. The rue Castex and rue de la Cerisaie lead to the Government Dep6t des Poudres et Salpdtres. Percussion caps are manufactured here for the use of the army. The rue Delorme leads hence to the Gkenier de Reserve, situated on the Boulevard Bourdon. — This immense storehouse was begun by order of Napoleon, in 1807, as a depot for the grain and flour required for four months’ consumption of the city, and completed in 1816. It is 2,160 feet in length by 64 in breadth, and is 32 feet high. Beneath is a range of cellars, under which four water-cuts were constructed for the purpose of turning mills. Every baker in Paris is obliged to keep 20 full-sized sacks of flour constantly deposited here, and may warehouse as much in addition as he pleases, on payment of a moderate charge. The building will contain 80,000 sacks; the cellars are used as a supplementary entrepot for wine. For admission, apply at the bureau, in the Place de FArsenal. On the adjoining Boulevard Bourdon a ham market or fair is ludd every year just before Easter; it lasts three days. 295 THE ARSENAL. In the rue de Sully is The Arsenal. — About 1396, a depot for artillery was built upon this spot, but was destroyed by an explosion in 1563. Charles IX. reconstructed it on a larger scale. Henry IV. in- creased it, and created the office of grand-master of the artillery, in favour of Sully. The valuable library, called Bibliotheque de Paulrmj, originally formed by the Marquis de Paulmy d’Argenson, was deposited here; to this collection were added that of the Duke de la Valliere, and several others, when it took the title of Bibliotheque de I’ Arsenal. During the Restoration it was called Bibliotheque de Monsieur, having been purchased by the Count d’Artois, afterwards Charles X.; but since 1830 it has resumed its appellation de r Arsenal. The entrance is deeorated with a fine haut- relief, representing Victory, by Dantan, senior. This li- brary is rich in history, foreign literature, and poetry, particularly in Italian works; and contains about 300,000 printed volumes, and 6,300 manuscripts, among which are some beautiful missals. The ground floor is fitted up with book-cases in two long galleries. The reading-room and firsts floor, were inhabited by Sully, and are shown to strangers on application from 10 to 3. Most of the ceilings are carved, and Sully’s private apartments are richly gilt and painted. In one of the compartments is the portrait of Catherine de Medicis ; in another, the entrance of Henry IV. into Paris. There are also marble busts of Henry IV. and Sully. The library is public from 10 to 3, except on Sundays and holidays. Facing the Arsenal is a large building, containing bar- racks for the Line ; it occupies the site of the ancient and once magnificent convent of the Celestius, whose church, built by Charles V., contained a greater number of tombs of illustrious personages than any in Paris. It was celebrated for the chapelle d’Orleans, containing splendid mausoleums ap- propriated to the remains of the brother of Charles VI. and the descendants of the house of Orleans-Longueville. Most of the tombs of the chapel were transported by the patriotic archi- tect, M. Lenoir, to the Musee des Monuments Frangais, rue des Petits Augustins, and two remarkable ones are at the Louvre in the Musee de la Scidpture Moderne. The mortal remains of the Duchess of Bedford, daughter of .lean Sans Peur, buried here in 1432, are now at St. Benigne’s, at Dijon. (J) The adjacent Quai Morland formerly gave access by a wooden bridge to a small island called He Louviers containing (i) During the demolition of part of the ancient church in May 1847, several tombs were discovered, one of which was that of a daughter of King John of England, surnamed Lackland, 296 TENTH WALK. wood yards. Here vast store-houses for the city are in course of construction. The lie Louviers communicates with the He St. Louis by the wooden Pont de VEstacade. At No. 6, Quai des Celestins, Count Lavalette has partly restored and partly rebuilt a splendid old hotel, the sculptures of which, though chiefly modern, are conceived in the taste of the time of Francis I., and are worthy of inspection. At the corner of the rue St. Paul, No. 4, are a few re- mains of the Hdtel de Sr. Paul, long a royal residence ; the greater part is of comparatively late date, and is now occupied by a company for distributing through Paris the filtered water of the Seine. In a long spacious room are placed four rows of charcoal filters, receiving the water from the river, which is drawn up by a steam-engine. The clarified water thus obtained is perfectly sweet and wholesome. Strangers are admitted. At the corner of the rue des Lions, in the rue St. Paul, is a small square turret of the age of Henry IV. All the ground between the rue St. Antoine, the moat of the Bastille, the ri- ver, and the rue du Figuier, was formerly occupied by build- ings which Charles V., in 13C0-5, purchased and formed into a palace, the above mentioned H6tel de St. Paul, so called from its proximity to the church. Within the enclosure were several edifices, filenames of which may still be traced in some of the streets built on their site, such as the Hotels de Puteijmuce, de Beautreillis, de Lyons, 8cc. This palace was abandoned by the kings of France for the Palais des Tour- nellcs ; ard, in the 16th century, the buildings were sold. By striking into the rue des Barres, the visitor will see be- fore him, at No. 1, rue du Figuier, the Hotel de Sens, one of the most interesting remains of the middle ages extant in France. — It was erected in the 1 ath cen- tury, and formed part of the Hotel St. Paul ; Tri4aii de Salazar, Archbishop of Sens, repaired it in 1 581, and Cardinal Duprat, Chancellor of France, enlarged it considerably. Va- rious distinguished personages inhabited it at different times ; among others, Louis de Bourbon, Cardinal de Guise, Bcrtrandi, Keeper of the Seals, and Cardinal Duperon. The gateway, is flanked by two overhanging peaked turrets. High up, to the left, the visitor will see an eight-pounder ball lodged in the old grey wall; underneath is “ 28 Juillet, 1830.” The win- dows are curious ; and there is a remarkable turret in the south-western corner of the court. In the rue de iTlotel de Ville, to the left, is another projecting turret, with quaintly- ornamented windows. This hotel, a model of a noble mansion of its epoch, is still in good preservation, PONT NEUF. 297 ELETEHTH ‘WALK. This walk comprises the islands, which lie partly in the 4th, and partly in the 6th arrondissement. The lie de la Cite was, until 1607, divided into three is- lands, the two smaller ones being the Isle aux Treilles, which commenced at the rue du Harlay, a street occupying the exact site of the arm of the Seine which formed the separation ; and the Isle d la Gourdaine, beginning from the present carriage- way. It was on the latter that the Templars were burnt, in 1314. (see p, 253 n.) The present island is connected with the quays on both sides by the Pont Neuf. — This bridge was begun by Ducerceau, under Henry III., who laid the first stone on May 31, 1578, and was finished in 1604, at Henry IV.th’s expense, under the direc- tion of Marchand. It was reconstructed and lowered in 1852. It consists of two parts ; the northern one contains seven cir- cular arches, the southern one only five. Its total length is 1020 feet, and its breadth 78; it has semicircular recesses with stone seats, and forty-two ornamental lamp-posts. On the square area, at the junction of the two parts of the bridge, a bronze statue of Henry IV. was erected by his widow, Marie de Medicis. Her father, Cosmo de Medicis, had sent her a bronze horse for this purpose, and a figure of the king to suit it was cast in France. This statue was destroyed in 1792 ; and on its site Napoleon intended to erect a magni- ficent granite obelisk of the height of 200 feet, when the events of 1814 put an end to the project. In 1818, the present statue, cast by order of Louis XVHI., and paid for by public sub- scription, was inaugurated with much ceremony. The model was by Lemot, and the statue itself, formed out of several others, including those of Napoleon and Desaix, was cast by Piggiani. Underneath the pedestal was placed a magnificent copy of the Henriade of Voltaire. The height of this beau- tiful statue is 14 feet, its weight 30,000 lb., and it cost 337,860 fr. The pedestal, of white marble, is approached by seven steps of the same, running all round, and enclosed by a railing. On the faces are the following inscription : Henrici Magni, palernoin populuni aninio natissimi principis, sacram effigiem, civiles inter lumultus, Gallia iiidignante, dejec- fam, post optaUim Ludovici XVHI. reditiim ex omnibus ordini- buscives aere collate resliluerunt. Necnon et elogium cuin effigie simul abolitum lapidi rursus inscribi curaverunl. I). I), die xxv, mens.: Aus. M.D.CCC.XVIH. 298 ELEVENTH WALK, Errico IV., Galliarum Imperatori Navar. R. Ludovicos XIII. Fi- lius ejus opus inclioatum et intermissum, pro dignitalt 3 pietatis et imperii plenius et amplius absolvit. Emin. D. C. iRichelius commune votum populi promovit. Super illustr. viri De Bullion, BouUIIier P. oerarii F. faciendum curaverunt M.D.C.XXXV. The latter existed on the pedestal of the old statue. The lateral faces have two bronze bas-reliefs ; in one, Henry IV. is seen commanding food to he distributed to the inhabitants of Paris, who, during the siege of the capital, had taten refuge in his camp ; in the other, the king, entering as a conqueror, stops in the Parvis de Notre Dame, and orders the provost of Paris to bear his message of peace to the inhabitants . Behind the statue, a double-branched flight of stairs leads to a floating bathing establishment, and a swimming-school (1). From the ]niddle of this bridge the stranger passes into the Place Daupiiine, formed in 1G08, and named after the Dau- phin, afterwards Louis XIII. It is triangular ; in the centre is a fountain, after the designs of Percier and Fontaine, erected in 1803 , tc the memory of General Desaix, Avho fell at the battle of Marergo. The bust of the hero, crowned with laurel by the allegorical figure of France, is placed on a circular basement. The following inscriptions will be remarked ; Allez (lire au Premier Consul que je meurs avec le regret de n’avoir jas assez fait pour la post6rit6. Landau, Kelil, Weissenbourg, Malte, Cbebreis, Embab^, les Pyramidss.Sediman,Samanhout, Kane, Thebes, Marengo, furent les t^moms de ses talents et de son courage. Les ennemis I’ap- pelaienllc juste; ses soldats, comme ceux de Bayard, sans peur et sans rei»rocbc; il vecut, il mourut pour sa patrie. L. Ch. Ant. Desaix, ii6 a, Ayat, diipartement du Puy-de-D&me, le XVII ••.out MDCCLVIII ; laort h Marengo le XXV prairial an Vlll de la Rfpublique MDCCC. Ce monument lui fut 41ev6 par des amis de sa gloirc et de sa verlu sous le Consulat de Bonaparte, Fan X de la R^publique MDCCCII. This “pace,” formerly the residence of the officers of the Par- lament, was the scene of some festivities under Louis XIV. The Quai de FHorloge, where new buildings for the Prefec- ture of folice are now in progress ( 2 ), leads to the Boulevard du Palais, where we see the imposing front of the Palais de Justice. — This vast edifice is nearly as old as the Palais des Thermes, (see p. 388,) and was used for public (1) On the Pont Neuf there formerly stood the Pompe de \a Sa- maritaini, so called from a bronze bas-relief on it, of Jesus and the womm of Samaria. It was built in i604 to supply water to the Tuihries and the Louvre, and demolished in isis. (2) Tin old hotel was adorned Avilh fresco-portraits of the nrovosfs of the old corporations. These have been removed, and willoe replaced in the new constructions. PALAIS DE JUSTICE. 299 purposes lon§ before tbe invesion of tbeFrsnkSj since in 17 84 a bas-relief, representing Mercury, apparently of the 4th cen- tury, was found during some excavations in a part of the building facing the rue de la Barillerie, now the Boulevard. On the same stone was the figure of a ship, being the well- known symbol of Paris. The kings of France of the first race resided in this palace, and those of the thiid, until about the end of the 14th century ; Bobert, son of Hugh Capet, made considerable additions to it about the year 1000 ; it was en- tirely rebuilt by Philippe le Bel in 1313 ; Louis XL, Charles VIII. , and Louis' XII. , extended it, and Francis I. made it his residence in 1531. One of its principal halls, called Grande Salle du Palais, now replaced by the Salle des Pas Perdus, erected in 1022 by Desbrosses, was destroyed by fire in 1618. There was an immense marble table there, which was used for the royal banquets, and at certain periods of the year, it performed the office of a stage, on which the clerks of the palace called Clercs de la Basoche, diverted the public with satirical performances and farces. In 17 7.0 a fire broke out in the buildings adjoining the Sainte Chapelle, (see p. 304) and completely destroyed them (1). i • / s Exterior. — The front, facing the Boulevard du Palais (2), consists of a central body and two wings enclosing an ample court, separated from the street by an iron railing, lichly wrought and gilt. The central body is decoiated with foui Doric columns, supporting four colossal figures above the en- tablature, which is crowned with an attic surmounted by a lofty quadrangular dome. It receives access from a stately flight of steps, occupying upwards of half the breadth of the court. Fronting the Boulevard, the lateral wings have facades consisting of four Doric columns, resting upon bossaged basements, and extend north and south, also forming the luede la Sainte Chapelle, thus enclosing a second court, which g^i' es access to the splendid edifice of that name, and to the Hotel de la Prefecture de Police, (see p. 303.) To the north the style of the building gradually changes from the Italian to the mixed Gothic of the 14th century, beginning with a body crowned with two segmental pediments, flanked liy small ( 1 ) Nearly the whole of this palace facing the Boule\artl ; ..cl the Quai de I’Horlogc has hecn entirely rebuilt or under- pii lied. The whole sum expended on the Palais de Juslice in the course of i 2 years is 22,000,000 fr. When completed, the buildings, including the Prefecture of Police, will Le more Than a kilometre in circuit. The present architects aie MM. viollel- Leduc and Daiimet. , r ci (2) Opposite the Palace formerly stood the Convent ol bl. Barlhelemy. 300 ELEVENTH WALK. turrets, aud ending with a buttressed wing executed accordins to the original designs, which connects the palace with a large square tower, called La Tottr de ri7or%e. ( 1 ) The design of this wing is continued along the Quai de I’Horloge, and termi- nates at a round tower, called the Tour de Cesar between which and the adjoining Tour Bombee is the entrance'to the ionciergerie (see p. 302.; It was here the guillotine carts used to receive the victims of the Reign of Terror. Further on is a third round tower, crowned with battlements, called the Tour d Argent, connected with the former. This portion also belongs to the Conciergerie. The splendid clock which now adorns the side of the palace facing the Ouai aux Meurs, was replaced there in 1852. ( 2 ) The fi<^ures of Piety and Justice which flank the dial-plate, the caryatides supporting the circular arch, and the angels supporting the coat-of-arms which crowns the pediment, are by Germain Pilon. It IS profusely painted and gilt. In front of the prin- cipal court of the Palace criminals used to undergo the pun- ishmentof the carcan, orpillory, which was abolished in 1848 Intenor.— On entering the vestibule, which is Doric from the principal court, the visitor will, at the further end to his left perceive a door which gives access to the upper portico of the G/iape We (see p. 304.) An elegant passage starts heie at right angles from the vestibule, unfortunately masking the beautiful porportions of that monument. The passa^m gives access to the new buildings facing the Boulevard and rue de la bainte Chapelle, which contains the offices of the Procureur Imperial and other functionaries, and to a staircase descending to the ground-floor under an arch communicating with both the principal and the second court. Opposite the principal entrance in the vestibule a staircase leads to the Cour Imne- riale d Appel, and at the lower end, is the Salle des Pas Perdus.^ This Salle, situated above what were the kitchens in St. Louis s time gives access to the Aile des Tours, opposite the Seme, which contains several offices of the Civil Tribunal and to the Court of Cassation, the libraries, 8cc. It is Doric’ and IS bisected by a line of lofty arcades, with a double- arched ceiling. It is 2 IG feet by 84, and contains a fine mo- nument by Dumont, erected in 1822, under one of the arches, ( 1 ) The bell, called Torsin du Palais, now replaced in Inis tower, repeated the signal from St. Germain I’Auxerrois for the massacre of St. Bartholomew. (2) Charles V. had it constructed in i3f)7, it being the first large clock seen in Paris. He also appointed a clever artisan, Henri de \ 1C, a. German by birth, to regulate it. The decorations were niiistied 111 1G55, and repaired in iGS.i, under Louis XIV PALAIS DE JUSTICE. 30 1 to the memory of Malesherbes. It consists of a basement and two Ionic columns, surmounted by a pediment, with his statue by Bosio, and the inscription ; Strenue semper fidelis regi suo, in solio veritatem, praesidium in carcere attulif. Two statues, France and Fidelity, by Bosio, occupy the lateral plinths. The panel of the basement contains a bas-relief by Cortot : Louis XVI. in conference with the Counsel for his de- fence. This, removed in 1830, was replaced in 1846. Opposite this monument a passage, under a doulile-branched staircase, leads to a glazed court, giving access to the chambers of the Tribunal de Premiere Instance, the series of which is completed in the upper gallery, accessible by the staircase itself. All this part is new, and elegantly conceived ; in the gallery are the busts of Le Camus, Argouges de Fleury, and Augran d’Alleray, civil lieutenants under the old regime ; and those of Presidents Berthereaux, Try, and Moi-eau. Returning to the Salle des Pas Perdus, a passage parallel to it gives access to the Court of Assize by a double-branched staircase ; the ceiling of this Court is painted by Jean and Bon Boullongne, but disfigured by iron bars required lor its support. The Procureur Imperial sits to the right of the judges ; the jury are on the same side along the wall ; the prisoners’ bench is opposite, each prisoner having a gendarme by his side ; the counsel for the defence sit in front of this bench 1 1.) A passage between the branches of the staircase leads to the Cour d’ Appel Correctionnelle ; and opposite the stair- case is a long narrow passage, in the style of the times of Francis I. At the end of this gallery is a statue of St. Louis, standing against the wall of one of the towers, in which the will of Louis XIV., immediately on its being received by the Parliament, was enclosed in a recess, and bricked up, in order that its execution might become impossible. A smaller gallery to the left, at right angles with the former, having over its entrance medallions of Charles V., Justinian, Louis XIII., and Charlemagne, has its panels filled with portraits of the mosteminent French lawyers, and leads to the Chambre des Requites, a large hall, with statues of Tronchet and Portalis, and a painting representing the Roman Ambassadors before the Areopagus of Athens. The Court of Cassation holds its sittings in a spacious room, built by St. Louis, and afterwards used as a throne-room. At a later period the Grande Chambre of the Parlement used (i) Persons desirous of witnessing a trial should go early to find seats, else they will have to wait their turn at the bottom of the staircase. 302 ELEVEOTH WALK. to hold its sittings there. This court is adorned with statues of the Chancellors d’Aguesseau and ITIopital, hy Deseine. The other courts are very ordinary apartments. The chief entrance-court gives access on the right to the CONCiERGERiE, thc most interesting part of the old palace, on account of its many melancholy associations relating to the first French revolution. It was the prison of the royal palace, and its name is derived from the concierge (keeper), who was the chief of a jurisdiction caWed Bailliage du Palais, had the title of bailli, and enjoyed several privileges. It has at present a floating population of about 120 persons (see p. 77). From the entrance the visitor descends into a vesti- bule divided into two aisles hy a row of columns sup- porting pointed arches. This was formerly the Salic des Gardes of Louis IX. • it has now been restored to its original state. The last window to the right, situated between thc first two towers, fronts a dark passage where new parloirs have been constructed on the plan of those of the Prison Mazas (see p. 76). The rest of the prison has been rebuilt on the cellular system, and contains 100 cells ; the court being also divided into compartments like those described at p. 76. The prison of Marie Antoinette, now the sacristy of the chapel, has been preserved. It is a low flat-vaulted chamber with plain groins. It contains three paintings, by Simon, Pajou, and Drolting, representing scenes connected with the latter days of that Queen’s life. In one, the Queen is in the Temple (see p. 253) bidding adieu to Madame Flisabeth and the Duchesse d’Angouleme ; behind them is Simon, thc notorious cobbler, who by his ill-treatment caused the death of Louis XVII. Another painting represents the Queen alone in prison, and in the third she is taking the sacrament (1) previous to her execution. Her crucifix is still shown here. A black marble slab in the wall, flanked by inverted torches, bears a suitable inscription (2). In this same prison Princess Elizabeth, and also Robespierre, were confined. The window looks into the yard of the female prisoners ; it is adorned with plain stained (i) M. dc Lamartine, in bis Histoire des Girondins, says that she refused the sacrament from a priest sworn to the Republic, no other being allowed her; but it was the Abb6 Mangin who administered the sacrament to her, having introduced himself into her prison under the disguise of a gendarme. (a) The following is the inscription above alluded to, said to have been written by Louis XVIII. : — “ D.O.M. Hoc in loco Maria Antonia Josepha Joanna Austriaca, Ludovici Xyi. vidua, conjuge trucidato, liberis ereplis, in carce- rem conjecta, per diesLXXVl. ajrumnis luctu etsqualoreadfecta, CONCIERGERIE. 303 glass, part of which is arranged in a circle of about twelve inches diameter, showing the dimensions of the window at the time Marie Antoinette occupied the cell. The Chapel is simple, and elliptically arched ; above, opposite the altar, is a heavily grated gallery for the women, the men sit- ting below. It was in tliis chamber the Girondins held their last banquet before their execution. Prisoners are taken to a room apart to confer with their counsel. The room in which the present Emperor of the French was confined, after the affair of Boulogne, cannot be visited, as it is occupied by the family of one of the chief functionaries of the prison (1). A dark passage leads to a room on the ground floor of the Tour d’ Argent, where St. Louis is said to have kept his treasure. It is a lofty chamber with a ribbed vault. From one of the windows is seen an arched staircase leading to the Seine, and closed by a heavy gi’ated door. The vaulted passage commu- nicating with it is said to have been formerly used to convey to the Seine the dead bodies of the victims of the celebrated oubliettes of the palace (2). Can he visited on applying for a ticket to the Bureau des Prisons, Cour du Harlay. The new buildings of the Prefecture of Police adjoining the Conciergerie are enough advanced to give an idea of the general plan. The principal entrance, facing the west, consists of a portico of ten columns, flanked by wings looking on both Quays. The colonnade is connected by a central body with the Palais de Justice. That portion of the new buildings which is already finished, contains the prison of the Depdt Judiciaire, formerly called Souricieres, and now constructed on the cellular system like the prison of Mazas (see p. 75). The edifice forms a quadrangle enclosing a vast court glazed over, and divided into separate compartments, each of which is occupied by a single prisoner for one hour. Greco, Impe- ratori, Trabucco, and Scaglioni were confined here in 1864 sed propria virtute innixa ut in solio, ita et in vinculis majorem fortuiia se praelniit. A scefeslissimis denique hominihus capile damnata, morte jam imminenfe, ajternum pietatis, fortitudinis, omniumque virlutum monumenlum hie scripsit, die XVI. Octo- bris, MDCCXCIII. Restitute tiuidem regno, career in sacrarium conversus dicatus est. A.D. MDCCCXVl., Ludovici XYlll. regnan- lis anno XXII. Comite de Gazes a securitate publica Regis minis- tro, pnefecto aedilibusque curantibus. Quisquis hie ades, adora, admirare, precare.” (1) In one of the old rooms there was a ring in the ceiling, from which an iron cage is said to liave hung, containing the remains of Ravaillac. I.ouvel, who stabbed the Due de Rerri, was confined in one of the old cells. (2) This prison has several times been the theatre of dreadful 304 ELEVENTH WALK. previous to tlieir trial for conspiracy against the Emperor’s life. The prison communicates with the Palais de Justice by a subterranean passage, through which the prisoners are con- ducted for trial or examination. In the second court of the Palais de Justice we find the Sainte Ciiapelle, erected in 1245 — 8, by the architect Pierre de Montreuil, for the reception of the relics (including the crown of thorns and a piece of the true cross.' , bought of Baldwin, Emperor of Constantinople, by St. Louis. Exterior . — The front of this splendid building consists of an under-croft porch of three Gothic arches, intersected by buttresses, two of which end laterally in two engaged spired towers, connected on the outside by a gallery and jiarapet crowning the upper portico. Between the towers is a crocheted gable, surmounting a splendid rose-window constructed by Charles VIII. The spires are octagonal, and encircled with a crown of thorns at half their height. The upper windows are surmounted by crocheted canopies, connected by an open-worhed parapet crowning the whole, on which we see eigth statues of angels, cast in lead, by Geoffrey Dechaune. The height of the edifice is 139 feet; its length 118 feet, and breadth 55 feet. The roof is steep and surmounted by a lofty spire, 108 feet in height, richly crocheted and gilt, and adorned at its base with the statues of the 12 apostles, cast in zinc. Itwas erected in 1853, to replace ano- ther loo feet high, burned down in 1030. Interior. — The visitor for the present enters the upper chapel by the winding staircase of one of the towers. It consists of a nave and semi-circular choir, comprising a space of 108 feet by 34 ; the former has four windows on each side, the latter seven all around and lancet-arched They are separated by clusters of three detached columns, with bases and massacres; the most recent was on the 2d and 3d of September, 1792, wlien 239 persons were inhumanly murdered. Those who can obtain access to the Bibliotheque de la Conciergerie hy an in- troduction to the librarian, will there see the book of the ecrow, or register of the prisoners confined in the Conciergerie from the time of its foundation. Itcontains the names of Ravaillac, Char- lotte Corday, Robespierre, the presentEmperor, etc. Here also is the vellum-bound folio which lay open on Maillard’s desk, where the names of the intended victims were inscribed. Its pages are stained with blood, imprinted hy the fingers of the ruffians who, after having despatched one victim, would turn over its leaves to see who was to he murdered nevt. In a drawer are contained the receipts for 24 francs, the fee paid for every murder. Ano- ther drawer contains lettres de cachet. The mask of Cartouche, and a list of his 500 associates, are also preserved here. SAINTE CttAPELLE. 305 Capitals ; the whole is gorgeously piated and gilt in lozeno-es diamonds, &c., with fleurs de lys interspersed. The basement is adorned with elliptical arches from pier to pier ; the quatre- foils of the tracing are filled with old frescoes in wax, revived representing the deaths of various martyrs ; under the third window of the nave two of the arches on each side recede into an ambry adorned in continuity with the rest. Close to that on the right is a small door giving access to a cham- ber, called Oraloire de Louis IX., where that monarch used to retire in order to hear mass from a small window looking' into the nave. At the extremity of the choir is a low vaulted square chapel, the roof of which is supported by seven arches resting on slender columns ; in the front spandrils are two angels. Above it is a Gothic canopy for a statue. A screen of three trifoliate arclus, resting on low columns, with perforated spandrils, and richly gilt, connecls this chapei on either side with the main basement. Two beautiful winding staircases of wood, richly gilt, give access to the roof of the small chapel ; that to the right is an exact copy of the left- hand one, which is of the 13th century, and was preserved from destruction by the care of M. Lenoir. The statues of the Apo.stles, modelled with great precision after some of the original ones which were discovered on the Mont Vale- rien, during the construction of the fort, stand on brackets in front of the piers. All the windows are tilled with beau- tiful stained glass of 1248, which escaped destruction durin*^ the revolutions. ( 1 ) Some portions, which were missing, have been successfully supplied, according to the cartoons designed by Steinheil. That of the great rose-window is splendid ; under it a gallery, fronted with a Gothic balustrade, rests upon pointed arches, the tympans of which are charged with quaint (i) The subjects therein represented in various compartments are, beginning from the left on entering, ist window : the Crea- tion of the World, the Fall, the History of (he Patriarchs- 2d. and 3d. the History of Moses; 4th. Scenes from the Books of Jo- shua, Judges, and Ruth; sth, the Histories of Gideon, Jephlha and Siunson ; 6th. the Prophecies of Isaiah — the Tree of Jesse* comprising the Genealogy of the Kings of Judah ; 7lh. the Histo- nes of John the Evangelist, the Virgin and the Infancy of Jesus • 8th. the Divine Mission of Jesus, his Passion, Resurrection and Ascension ; 9th. the Legend of St. John the Baptist, the Prophecies ofDamel ; loth. the Visions and Prophecies of Ezekiel ; nih. the Legends, Prophecies, and Lamentations of Jeremiah, the Historv of Tobiah ; I 2 th. the History of Judith; i3th. Various othersuh- jects taken from the Old Testament; i4lh. tlie Hisiory of Saul and David ; iSIh.the Histoi-- of St. Louis, and the Tian.«Ia!ion of the Ci'owii of Thorns. 20 306 ELEVENTH WALK, devices of a religious character. The visitor, on descending one of the winding staircases, enters the undercroft chapel, once a parochial church, now completely impaired and opened to view externally by a trench sunk to the old level. Detached columns sl’ooor^ 4e ribs of the vault, and form two very narrow aisles In some of the spandrils has reliefs ol the time are still visible The floor is rich in tombstones. A well-endowed chanter and prelacy was founded here by St. Louis, and became remarkable afterwards for its litigious disposition, so admirably satirized by Boileau in his immortal Lutrin. That poet was him- Slf buried in the lower chapel, where his tonibstone is still to be seen (see p. 358.) The Sainte Cliapelle with its relics cost St Louis a sum equal to 2 , 800,000 fr., and its restoration has cok I 104 718 b-. In 17 89 it was converted into the depot of the ’archives of the Courts of Justice, not, however, untd the internal decorations of both chapels had been destroyed. During the repairs old plans of the buildiii^g as original ly de- kimied were found (1). Architect, M. Boeswilwald. Admittance daily from lo to 4 by a fee or wdh ticket froni le Ministre de la Maison de I’Empenur et des Beaux, Arts. ODDOsite to the Sainte Cliapelle, is the lUtel du Tresoner, aftSs Cour des Comptel a fine building of the time of I ouis XV. now the residence of the Prefect of Police. (2) ' On leavi’iw this court, we find to our left the , „ , Pont au Change.— Upon this spot stood the Grand Pont, a wooden bridge, originally the only the Tie de la Cite and the northern bank of the Seine. In 1141 Louis VII. fixed the residence of money-changers here and hence its name. Several times destroyed W.1S burnt down in 1C21, and ‘ with houses on each side, demolished m 17 88. It >vas le built ill 18 GO of three elliptical arches, and " slabs record its reconstruction under Napoleoii 111. The fine new edifice in front of the Palais de Justice is the TiUBUNAL DE COMMERCE.— Erected On the Site oiice occu- pied by the Career Glaucini under the Roman Empire, and Fater b^ the Church and Convent of St. Bartht emi. The nresen/edifice, which also comprises the Chambei s of the Coiiseils des Prud’homraes (seep. 68), is Cormthiaii, pa‘t^m of the style of the Renaissance, and profusely sculptuied. Tbe intenor is divided into a number of audiei;ce-ha Is, waiting-rooms, offices, &c. The principal audience-hall is u\ In The bureaux of the Cour des Cowptes are now Quai d Orsay. 307 POiNT ST. MICHEL. painted by M. Robert Floury. Two particularly elegant por- tions of the edifice arc worthy of a visit. The first is the double-branched elliptical staircase situated under the cupola which rises from the centre of the liuilding; the surroundin"- architecture is florid Corinthian, and consists of en"a"ecf pilasters alternating with niches, windows, and the principal door of the first storey. Above the entablature there rises an attic, affording light through rectangular windows, flanked with caryatides, and the whole is crowned with the cupola, pierced with eight circular windows. Next to this there is the Cour d'Honneur, a vast court glazed over, and sur- rounded with two tiers of galleries resting on fluted Corinthian columns with pedestals, the upper gallery being fronted with balustrades. Above this there is an attic with windows flanked with caryatides as before. The sculpture is every- Avhere very rich. This court is, in point of fact, the Salle des Pas-Perdus, or waiting-hall of the place (sec p. co). On the ground south of this edifice a monumental caserne has been erected. The whole of this part of old Paris was granted by Dagobert to his goldsmith and minister St. Eloi, and called La Ceinture de St. Eloi. St. Marcel was buried in one of tbe streets which intersected this ground, called the rue de la Calandre. The legends connected with this quarter of Paris are innumerable. The Boulevard is continued to the Left Bank across the Pont St. Michel, so called as early as 1424, from a neighbouring church. Having fallen down in 1616, it was re- built in stone, with houses on the sides. These were taken down inl804.and it has now been rebuilt of 3arches,in ordertobriiw it in a line with the Boulevard. (Seep. 389.) Its present dimen- sions are 55 metres by 30. The cost of re-construction was 1,800,000 fr. It was here the insurgents of .lune 1848 formed their most scientific barricade, demolished by cannon on the 24th. East of this, is the Petit Pont, now reconstructed of one single arch, (l) A bridge, the only communication between the lie de la Cite and the southern bank of the Seine, existed at this spot before the Roman conquest. It was carried away, by inundations or ice, thirteen times between the 13th and 17th centuries, and rebuilt of wood, with houses on it, in 1 659. In 1718 it was burned down, but soon after rebuilt of stone. (I) This bridge was defended Ity a fort called the Petit Chulelet which was destroyed by the inundation of 1296 . It was rebuilt in 1369, by Hugues Aubriot, prevdt of Paris, who also built the Bastille. 11 afterwards became a prison for debtors. This fort 308 eleventh walk. From the rue Neuve Notre Dame, the visitor will cutei’ the Parvis de Notre Dame, a spacious area, which was Ibuilt oil till 1190 , when Maurice de Sully, 68th bishop of Paris, palled down the houses, and formed a suitable approach to the Cathedral. No. 2, place dii Parvis, once a foundling h ear lliey allained s me.lres 20 centimclres. They rcai-hed the second slories of (he houses on (be Quai SI. Hernard. The Bibliolheque lininiriale preserves a volume that lloated into a window of a 2d story 011 that quay. It is entitled, Antiquites, fondations, singularites des villes, chateaux, et royaumes, I6O5. 21 322 TWELFTH WALK: The offices of the Caisse ties Retraites, and of the Dotation tie VArmee, are also lierc, (see p. 63 n.) Next to it are large liarracks for cavalry, formerly the Hotel des Gardes-dii-Corps, built by Napoleon, and beyond these the Palais du Quai d’Orsav. — This magnificent edifice, begun under Napoleon I., continued in 1830, when Charles X. in- tended it for the exliibition of French manufactures, and com- pleted by M. Lecorday, under Louis Philippe, comprises a vast central court, and two lateral ones. Towards the river the front presents aline of 19 windows, separated by engaged Tuscan, Ionic, and Corinthian columns. The lower story is flanked with gardens. The front facing the rue de Lille contains the chief entrances to the Conseil d’Etat and the Goar des Comptes ; and here we see a fine marble statue of Tronchet first president of the Court of Cassation in 1806, by Ferrat. The central court is surrounded by a double series of arcades with Doric and Ionic pilasters ; the lower frieze is inlaid with various-coloured marbles. Of the stair- cases in this building the most remarkable is that entered from a vestibule in the western wing. The ceiling of this staircase is richly decorated, but the walls indifferently ])ainted by M. Chasseriau. Those of the first flight are en (frisaillc, representing Silence, Meditation, and Study. Tlie first landing-place is only remarkable for two old in- scriptions, relating to the first institution of the Cour ties Comptes. The walls of the second flight represent seve- rally Captives taken in war, and Order providing means of defence. The front wall of the second landing-place has alle- gorical figures of Force and Order ; its lateral walls represent Justice and Order repressing abuses, and Commerce pro- moting the intercourse of nations. The walls of the third and last flight represent Peace protecting Agriculture and the Arts. This staircase opens into the galleries of the first story, com- municating with the Hall of Audience for the Court of Ac- counts, which has a most elaborate ceiling of timber- work, and portraits of Baibe-Marbois, Pasquier, L’Hopital, and Nicolai, four uf the most eminent Presidents of the Court. On the wall opposite the windows are two paintings by Alaux, one repre- senting St. Louis with Justice and Wisdom; the other, Napo- leon I. with War and Art. In the ceiling arc three compart- ments, painted by Bezard, with Wealth, Justice, and Labour. There is also a beautiful chimney-piece of white marble, with two caryatides supporting a clock. The ground-floor, facing flic river, is appropriated to the sittings of the Council of Stale, and is visilde to strangers. The visitor is first in- roduced into the Salle ties Pas Perdiis, an elegant square mula'cie iv^ingTO iFiBOBj tmie eoajiHT.) PALAIS DU QUAI D’oRSAY. 323 apartment, in which four rich Doric columns, with spiral t flutes and cablings, sustain a balustrade opening into a ves- ; tibule of the upper story, lit by a skylight. The coves of I this vestibule are painted liy Gendron in twelve compart- ments, the central ones representing Dawn, Morning Noon and Evening, and the others. Childhood, Youth, Manhood’ [ and Old Age. A door to the left opens laterally into the vestiaire, where the Councillors of State put on their uniforms richly embroidered with gold. The first saloon is the balle au Ccmite du Commerce, which contains a fine view of the Port of Marseilles, by Isahey. Next comes the Salle da Comite de Legislation, of the Corinthian order remarkable for an elaborate ceiling, with tie and cross beams supported by gilt caryatides. Two large paintings, opposite the windows, represent, the first, Justinian, and the other Moses, by Marigny. On each side of the entrance are two more, the one, Solon dictating his laws, by Dom Papetv • tbe other Numa and Egeria, by Murat. An antechamher leads hence to the Salle des Seances Admmistrati>^es a saloon of extraordinary splendor, decorated with 20 Corin- thian columns of white marble, formerly intended for the palace of the King of Home on the Trocadero (see p. l9o ) This hall has portraits of Richelieu, Colbert, d’Agues- seau, Suger, Turgot, Cambaceres, Sully, I’Hopital, Portalis and Vauban, by the best living masters. The coved’ ceiling is richly gilt in compartments, and contains five paintings of Commerce, Agriculture, the Charter of 1830 Justice, and Truth, in large medallions. Opposite the centra’l window IS Napoleon I. as a legislator, painted by Flandrin. In the tympaiis of the arches intersecting the coves are 13 medallions, with portraits of Mathieu Dumas, Fourcroy Boulay de la Meiirthe, St. Jean d’Angely, Fermon, Bi°ot de Preameneu, Cuvier, .Taubert, Treiliiard, Dessoles, Merlin Louis, and Moiinier. The Salle du Comite de I’Interieur re’ raarkable for four Corinthian columns of granite, gives acces’s to the Salle du Comite des Gvdces, in which is a paintiii" bv Gassies, representing the arrest of President Brisson in” tlie time of the League. Hence the visitor proceeds through another Salic des Pas Perdus, similar to the former, the coves of which painted by Gendron, represent, in medallions. Law, Equitv’ Vigilance, and Strength. On the lateral walls of the gallery are tvyo frescoes, representing Vintage and Maryest, which are best viewed from the upper story. Next follows the Salle du Contentieux, of Doric architecture, in which are portraits of Count Simeon, and Gen. Allain, by Lemaire, over the doors- also President Mathieu Mole pacifying the Parisian people, and 324 TWELFTH WALK.. President Harlay attacked at Blois, both by Thomas. The third painting, by Delaroche, represents President Diiranti of Toulouse assassinated in a convent where he had fled for safety. The coves of the ceiling at the extremities have been painted by M. Benedict Masson. The subjects aie, at one end, Time between figures of Study and Eloquence, Human Pro°'ress promoted by Navigation, and Genius uncovering the Sphynx. At the other. Truth, .lustice, the Laws, War, and Peace. This suite ends with a Salle cV Attente, adorned with a pictii-e of Justice. This edifice cost 11,340,000 fr. For permission to view the interior apply at the portei s lodge be- tween 9 and 1 1 daily. A fee is expected. Immediately west of this palace, in the rue de Lille, is the Hotel, de la LEgion d’Honneur.— This edifice was built in 17 86, after the designs of Rousseau, for the Prince de Salm, whose name it bore. (1) The entrance presents a triumphal arch flanked by double rows of Ionic columns on either side. The attics of the lateral pavilions are adorned with bas-reliefs. A peristyle, ornamented with Ionic columns and busts extends kong the sides of the court to the principal front, which is decorated with six Corinthian columns. On the front is the inscription — iionneur et patrie. Above are two colossal eagles. In the centre of the front towards the Quai d’Orsay is a circular projection with columns, which sup- ports a balustrade crowned by six statues. The in- terior is rich, and the principal saloon, a rotunda 40 feet in diameter, looks on the river. It is inhabited by the Grand Chancellor of the Order (see page 61). Westward along the Quai d’Orsay, which overlooks one of the finest wharves of the city, stands the Pont de la Concorde.— This bridge was built in 1787-90, by Perronnet, at a cost of 1,200,000 livres. Part of the stone employed was obtained from tlie demolition of the Bastille. It consists of five elliptical arches ; the total length of the bridge is 461 feet, its breadth is 61 feet. The parapet is formed by a balustrade, divided by plinths. One of the piers bears a vertical scale of 29 J4 feet. (2) The Boulevaid St. Germain has been begun here, the corner-house, just finished, being intended for the Cercle Agricole (see p. 14). Opposite is the Palace of the Legislative Body, formerly Palais Bour- bon, Begun ill 17 22, by Girardini, for- Louise Fraiicoise, (1) The Prince de Satin having been beheaded in i792, his hotel was disposed of by lottery, and a hair-dresser won it. In 1803 the hotel was devoted to its present purpo.--e. ( 2 ) Tliis bridge was originally called Pont Louis XM., from the place opposite; in i792 it was named Pont de la Revolution, PALACE OF THE LEGISLATIVE BODY. 325 Duchess-dowager of Bourbon, and continued by Mansard. The Prince cle Conde enlarged it, at a cost of 20 millions of francs, but it was not terminated when the revolution broke out in 17 89. It was one of the first mansions plundered, and re- mained unoccupied till 1795, when the Council of Five Hun- dred held its sittings in the pavilion opposite the bridge, the rest being appropriated as a residence for the president. It was afterwards occupied by the Corps Legislatif. In 1814 the palace was restored to the Prince de Conde, a part only being reserved for the Chamber of Deputies. In 1829 it was purchased for 5,500,000 francs. On the melancholy death of the Duke de Bourbon, in 1830 (1), this palace devolved by will to the Duke d’Aumale ; and that part used by the Duke de Bourbon was leased to the Chamber of Deputies for their president ; but eventually the whole was bought for the Cham- ber, to which the National Assembly succeeded in 1848. Exterior. — An iron railing with two gates gives access to the edifice from the bridge, the facade of which, built in 1804, hyPoyet, consists of 12 Corinthian columns, resting on a broad flight of 29 steps, and supporting a triangular pediment measuring 95 feet at the base by 17 feet altitude. An allego- rical bas-relief by M. Cortot adorns the tympan; it represents France standing on a tribune, holding the Constitution in her right hand. The figure of France is 14 feet high. At her sides are Force and Justice; to the left is a group of figures personi- fying Navigation, the Navy, the Army, Manufactures, Peace, and Eloquence; on the right, are Commerce, Agriculture, the Arts, and the rivers Seine and Marne. On the west of the portico is a bas-relief by Bude, on the east one by Pradier. At the foot of the steps there are colossal statues of Justice and Prudence, 18 feet high; and in front are figures of Sully, Colbert, ITIopital and d’Aguesseau. On the side of the Place Bourbon a lofty gateway, connected by Corinthian porticos with two lateral pavilions, leads into the principal court (2) . The iron railings between the columns were fixed after the then Pont de la Concorde in isoo. At the Restoration it resumed its original name, which Avas again changed in isso. (1) The duke was found, on Aug. 27 , i830, suspended by liis cravat from the bolt of a window of his bed-room, at the Chfiteau de St. Leu, and from his age, 74, and his weak state of health, it was considered improbable that he could have accomplished his own desiruclion. (2) Hero an uncouth temporary building Avns erected by the Provisional Government of 1 848 for the Constituent Assembly. It wiis built in 45 days; over the entrance were figures of Liberly, Equality, and Fraternity. Over the President's chair were the words : Republique Frangaise.^Liberte, Egalite^ Fra-" TWELFTH WALK. 326 attempt of May 15, 1848, by way of precaution against similar couj)S de main. (I) The building has several courts; the principal one is adorned with two white marble statues, by Guayrard. The one to the right represents France holding the national flag, and depositing the ticket of universal suffrage in an urn; that to the left represents Strength spreading abun- dance around her, while her right hand rests on .lustice. Both figures are seated. The buildings contain a post and telegraph- office, those of the questure, and habitations for the officials. Interior. — The visitor is introduced by a side door on the west of the portico, into the Salle des Quatre Colonnes, of Corinthian architecture, with niches and statues, which leads to the Salle de la Paix, ornamented witii a Laocoon, a Vir- ginius, and a statue of Minerva in bronze. The ceiling is painted by M. Horace Vernet. The Hat rectangular soffit in the centre contains in three compartments allegorical figures of Agriculture, Steam-navigation, and Terrestrial Steam-loco- motion. The coves surrounding this central portion, painted in Louis Philippe’s time, represent the balustrades that run along the roof of the Palais Bourbon ; here are seen, crowding to witness the ceremony of opening the Chambers by the King, ambassadors, members of the Cour Boyale, Peers, and the members of the University ; the royal cortege is not visible, but its presence may be guessed from the attitudes of the spectators. The above is painted in four compartments, separated by allegorical figures of Science, Manufactures, the Fine Arts, and Agriculture. From this hall a passage leads to the Salle da Trune, ternite. It was taken down in 1851. Tlie Constituent Assembly of 1848 consisted of 900 members. (i) Under the pretext of “ petitioning” the Constituent Assem- bly (which bad met for the first time on May 4, i848) in favour of Poland, the socialist party got up a procession on the i5tb of the same month, and marched, to the number of about 80 ,ooo, to the Palais Bourbon, headed by banners, and crying, ‘‘Vive la Pologne, Vive la R^publiqiie, Vive Louis Blanc !” The gales were closed, but the portico was soon scaled, and an immense multilude inundated the hall of the National Asseinhly. Notwith- standing their astonishmeni, the representatives remained seated, maintaining a dignified silence, while the president was driven from bis chair, and a multitude of demagogues addressed the Assembly in the midst of an indescribable uproar, summon- ing it to vote the re-constitulion of Poland eilher by negotiation or the force of arms. Blanqui, Barh5s, and Baspail were the only orators listened to. At length, after the uproar had lasted full three hours, Huber mounted on the presi- dent’s table, and declared in a stentorian voice that the Assembly was dissolved, and a provisional government established. Tbe I’ALACE OF THE LEGISLATIAE BODY. 327 ])aintO(l by Delacroix, with figures of tlic Itbiao, llhoiio, Seine, Garonne, Sabne [Arar], and Loire, the Ocean, and the Medi- terranean. The Salle Casimir Pericr is tlie vestibnio of the principal entrance. There are here statues of Pericr, by Duret ; Bailly on his way to execution, and Mirabeau, both by Jaley ; and Foy, by Desprez. Over the entrance and the opposite door are fine bas-reliefs by Triqueti. Ad- joining it is the Salle des Distributions, where the De- ' puties receive the reports of committees, motions of the Chamber, 6cc. The ceiling of this saloon, pierced witli a skylight, is painted in grisaille by Abel de Pujol, and represents in different compartments the Salic Law, the Capitulaires of Charlemagne, the Edict of Nantes, and tlie Charter of 1830, in allegorical figures. We are next con- ducted to the Antechamber of the Library, containiii"- statues of Cicero and Demosthenes, and paintings of Mazeppa'i^ by Horace Vernet, Philip Augustus ordering the completion of the Old Louvre, by Mauzaisse; the Square of St. Mark, bv .Toyant ; and Dagobert, by Gue. We now enter the Salle des Conferences, painted by Heim ; on one side is represented Louis le Gros, attended by his Minister, the Abbe Suger, and the Seigneurs de Garlaude, presiding at an assembly ot bishops, counts, and barons, occupied iu drawing up the'^ or- dinances for the enfranchisement of the Commons in 1136 ; on the other is Louis XII. , presiding at one of the first sit- tings of tlic Cour des Comptes. In the latter the artist has availed himself of a miniature of that time. At the extremities of the salle are medallions, one representing Charlemagne, surrounded by the princes and nobles of France, causing to be read to the people his “Capitulaires,” which served as the basis of French legislation. The other represents the people applauding St. Louis for the public regulations he instituted prcidous to his departure for Afidca. Other medallions in representatives were then driven out of the hall, and insulled witli the most opprobrious cpilhels, while the intruders, seizing pens and paper, began writing lists of the names of those whom llicy deemed worthy of forming a provisional government. But after a wliile piquets of National and Mobile Guards arrived and cleared tlie hall at the point of the bayonet. Another parly of insurgents had meanwhile taken possession of the Motel dc Ville, and decreed a provisional government, composed of Barhes, Ledru-UoUin, Louis Blanc, Alherl, Thore, Btanqui, Gabel, Ra.s- ^ pail, I'locon, Leroux, Caussidicre. But by this time upwards of 100,000 men of National Guards were underarms; the National Assembly was re-instated that very evening in i(s ball, and de- clared ilselt cn permanence. The ringleaders were arrested the same day, and precautions taken against any future attempts. 328 twelfth walk. grisaille contain portraits of Suger, I’Hopital, Sully, Colbert, Montesquieu, 8cc.; the remaining figures are allegorical of Justice, Agriculture, etc. In escutcheons are “ Code Napo- leon” and “Charte de 1830.” This Saloon also contains a tine statue of Henry IV., some flags taken from the Austiians during the Empire, and paintings of the Siege of Calais, by Schctfer ; President Mole, by Vincent, and Philip IV. opening the States General, by Vinchon. There is a beautiful chimney- piece in white marble ornamented with figures of Fame and Ptistory, by Moine. The Legislative Hall, formerly the Chamber of Deputies, (1) is entered by a side door in the above-mentioned passage. It is a semicircular hall, ornamented with 24 columns of single blocks of white marble of the Ionic order, having capitals of gilt bronze. The president’s chair is situated in the centre of the axis of the semicircle, around which rise in gradation 500 (1) It was in this hall the Duchess of Orleans made her ap- pearance with her two sons, the Count of Paris and tlie Duke of Chartres, on Feb. 24, 1848 , having traversed on foot the space ■which separates the Chamber from the Tuileries, while Louis Philippe was hastening from Paris in the direction of St. Cloud. She entered the Chamber at half past i p.m., and took her seat on an arm-chair which had been provided for her, in the small circular space before the tribune, while her sons sat on chaiis on each side of her. M. Dupin addressed the Chamher, announc- ing the abdication of Louis Philippe, and moving that the depu- ties should proclaim the Count of Paris King of the French, under the regency of the Duchess of Orleans. M. Marie. M. La- martine, M. Arago, and other deputies here rose to oppose the motion ; hut M. Sauzet, the president, attempted to slop them by declaring the Count of Paris duly proclaimed. M. de Lamartine however moved that the discussion should be continued without the presence of any members of the royal family- Here a sudden tumult was heard outside ; two persons hastily snatched up the young princes in their arms, and, followed by tbe Duchess, tried to reach first the door to the left, and next the central one ; but the passage was crowded with people from without. The Duchess and her children resumed their seats, while some ot the s'.rangers pen^ti'ated into tho hemicycle, notwithstanding the entreaties of the president to allow the members of the Royal family to leave the place. Again the Duchess attempted to depart by the central door, preceded by the Dukes of Nemours and Montpensicr, and again she was stopped, and obliged to sit down with her sons on the uppermost bench of the right centre. The crowd of intruders increased. MM. Marie and Cr^mieux spoke successiveH, deny- ing the power of the Chamber to change the law of the regency which entrusted that important charge to the Duke of Nemours, and concluded by proposing the nomination of a provisional government. This was strenuously opposed by M. Odilon Barrot, and the Duchess of Orleans herself attempted to spiak, but 329 PALACE OF THE LEGISLATIVE BODY. seats, (0 to the height of the basement which supports the columns. The whole is fitted up in crimson velvet and gold. (2) The stylobate behind the president's chair is ornamented with a fine bas-relief, by Coutant, representing France distributing rewards to the Arts and Manufactures. In the intercolumnia- tions are placed statues of Order and Liberty, by Pradici- ; and above the entablature are statues by Allier, Foyatier, Du- mont, and Despres, of Reason, Justice, Prudence, and Elo- quence. The desk of the president is adorned with a beautiful bas- relief, by Lemot, representing Fame and History, standing before a double plinth adorned with the head of Janus in a medallion. In compliance with the spirit of the decree of January 19lh, 1807, the tribune, suppressed since 1852, from which orators addressed the Chamber, has now been re- placed in front of the President s desk, and galleries for the public have been constructed in addition to those already existing under the Ionic portico. Ample accommodation is provided for the Imperial Family, the Diplomatic Body, and officers of state (3). The semi-cupola of the hall is ornamented with arabesques, by Fragonard. Each deputy has a desk to himself ; the Minister of State, the President of the Council of State, and the Ministers delegated by the Emperor to speak in the name of the Government have their seats facing the Chamber (4). The Library of the Legislative Body consists of about C5,000 volumes. This collection, which, besides comprising was hushed by her friends. A crowd of armed men now rushed in ; M. Ledru-Rollin ascended the tribune, declared that Louis Philippe having abdicated his authority had ceased to be King, and could not transmit the crown without an ap- peal to the people. Great confusion ensued, and lasted about three hours, during which the Duchess succeeded in making her escape. She retired to the Hotel des Invalides, and quitted Paris the next morning. (t) There were 459 Deputies under Louis Philippe; the pre- sent number is 283 since January 1863. ( 2 ) Over the president’s chair there was a large painting, by Court, representing Louis Philippe swearing to the Charter in the Chamber of Deputies on the 9th of August, 1830. (3) For tickets apply to an ambassador, a deputy, or the Quesiure of the Chamber. (4) Under Louis Pbilippe one half of the lower bench of the deputies was reserved for the Ministers. At the opening and close of the Session a throne occupied the place of the chair and tribune. 330 TWELFTH WALK. all the documents relative to the legislature of Fraice, con- tains a series of historical works, some of great rarit\, is cele- brated for possessing the original MSS. of the Noujelle He- lot se, and tlie Confessions, of Rousseau. It is eniiched by tiie complete scries of English Parliamentary Reports, Paipers, 6cc., as a periodical interchange of papers takes place between the Parliaments of France and England. The Lib-ary is a long gallery, with a richly-vaulted ceiling, painted by Dela- croix. For admission, apply to the secretary. Tie palace may be visited daily from 9 to 5, but during the Session from t) to 11 only. A fee is expected. South of the Palais Bourbon is the “ Place” of ;hc same name. In the centre is a marble statue by Feuchcris, repre- senting Law, seated on the chair of Justice, her r "lit hand holding a sceptre with the Eagle, and her left resting on the Code. Oil the pedestal is the following incription Logis lianc cffigicni, fclicilcr iniixa’antc Napoleoiie 111., impa'ii doiniisq. Inipei'aloria) Minisler ponendain curavit, anno MUCCCLV. The other sides of the pedestal are charged with devices in bas-relief, allegorical of Justice and Wisdom, and with the imperial eagle. From .Tune 1848 to December 1851, this spot was occupied by a colossal statue of the Republic in plaster. The Palace of the Pkesidext of the Legislative Body, formerly called the Hotel Lassay, is at No. 12 8, rue de rUniversile. It is in the style of the Renaissance. To view the Gallery of Paintings it contains, apply in writing for tickets. Adjoining this is the Hotel of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the first stone of which was laid in 1845, by M. Guizot, and which has cost 5 millions of francs. The principal front is on the Quai d’Orsay, and consists of two pavilions connected by an intermediate body of the Doric and Ionic orders. Tlie whole facade is profusely sculptured. The western pa- Aulion is connected with a plainer building, wdiich reaches to the rue de I’Universite, containing the offices of the minis- try. An elegant iron railing with two gateways encloses a spacious court with flower-beds in front of the edifice. Proceeding westward, the lisitor will find the Pont des Invalides, a stone bridge with four arches of 100 feet span, replacing a suspension-bridge opened in 1 829. It has cost 800,000 fr. The balustrades are of cast-iron, and the foot of the central pier is decorated with two statues ; that towards the Pont de la Concorde representing Navigation, and that on the contrary side, Peace. Opposite is the new Avenue de la Tour Maubourg. The fine hotel at the corner belongs to M. de Montesquieu. Further on, at No. 63, is the ^rANUFACTURE IMPEUIALE DES TABACS. 331 Manufacture iMPiiiuAi.E ues Taracs— The French go- vernment having the inonopoly of tobacco and snuff for a term of years fixed l)y law, this, the central eslaldishmeut for the preparation of those articles, is organized on an ex- tensive scale, and has besides a branch at Charenton, A court, enclosed by the smithy and warehouses, leads to the rooms where the tobacco is undone by women, who are paid at the rate of 3fr. 6 c. per loo kilos., laid out in heaps, and moistened with salt water, after which it is left to ferment at a temperature of about 160 Fahr. Further on, the leaves so prepared during 24 hours are stripped of their stalks, and the blades separated from their spines. This hard stuff is partly used for soldiers’ tobacco {(abac do cantine), and partly manufactured into paper for cigarettes. A steam- engine by Farcot, of 200 horse power, communicates motion to a variety of machinery above. A long gallery on the second story displays a row of ten chop- ping-machines, fed from behind by men who shovel the pre- pared tobacco-leaves into oscillating funnels, through which they descend to the chopper in a highly compressed state. The produce is tobacco ready for smoking. The next room con- tains 3 2 snuff-mills, fed from above through canvas gullets ; a main horizontal shaft, a foot in diameter, turns as many ec- centrics as there arc mills, communicating by straps with levers that give the perpendicular mill-shafts an alternate cir- cular motion. The produce falls upon a broad canvas strap moving horizontally upon rollers, and is thus carried to four sieves; the snuff is sifted, and falls into troughs below; the coarser snuff is rejected, and transported by the former process to a pit, from whence a bucket-engine carries it to the third story. Here it returns to the mills below by means of a long Archimedes’ screw. In the next room on this story is a machine tor cutting labels ; and on descending, other rooms are seen, where cigars are manufactured by women, Avho arc paid at the rate of 1 fr. 25 c. per 2 50 cigars, or a kilo. Next is the drying-room, where tobacco ready cut is exposed in large troughs to the action of a gentle heat. Two rooms for pig-tail come next, where it is spun like hemp, from the de- licate quill-diamcter patronized by the Parisian habitue of the Closene des Lilas, to the thick rope that forms the solace of the Havre marin. None but the best quality is employed in tbis brancli. The visitor will admire the celerity with which the men in the parcel-room weigh the tobacco, pack and label it. They earn 4 fr. 40 c. per 1600 parcels; 700 parcels weigh 150 kilos, and will fill a cask. The number of persons em- ployed here is 1,900, viz., 1,500 females, and 400 men and TWELFTH WALK. 332 boys. A man will earn from 3 fr. to 4 fr. a-day ; a woman, if clever, may earn 2 fr. 50 c. per day. There are 17 manufac- tories in France all depending from this, the central one. The net annual profit on the tobacco monopoly is about 17 o, 000 , 0 .,ofr. There are about 500 licensed tobacconists in Paris. Admission on Thursdays from 10 to 4. Adjoining is the Pompe d feu du Gros Caillou, established by Messrs. Perrier in 17 86, for supplying houses on the left bank with water. There are also baths on the premises. Opposite the Pont de I’Alma (see p. 188) at the corner of the new Avenue du Champs de Mars, we see the Imperial Stables, a new edifice, comprising four courts and a garden, with a riding-school fronting the principal court. The stables are situated right and left, flanking the riding-school, and may contain 300 horses, forming three categories, viz., post, carriage, and saddle-horses. The stalls are of oak, each being provided with an iron rack and stone manger. One of the secondary courts contains the coach- houses for common. State, and historical carriages, including among the latter those used at the coronations of Napoleon I. and Charles X. In the adjoining court there is the infirmary, and the rest of the buildings comprise 130 apartments, large and small, for the Imperial equerries, grooms, and coachmen. To visit this establishment, apply to M. /e Premier heuyer de S. M. VEmpereur, at the Tuileries. At No. 73 is the Magazine of Military Accoutrements, and at No. 103 the Garde Meuble de la Couronne, where the furniture of the Imperial palaces is kept. It communicates through the court with the Ateliers de Sculpture, where artists commissioned by Government execute their works. Neither of these establishments is visible (1). At No. 160, rue de FUniversite, is the Pharmade Centrale des H6pitaux Militaires . At No. 188, rue St. Dominique, we find a military hospital, founded by the Marechal de Biron in 17 65, and containing 1,050 beds. Opposite stands the Fontaine de Mars, erected in 1813. It has a bas-relief, representing Ilygeia offering drink to an exhausted soldier. Continuing to the left, we reach the church of St. Pierre du Gros Caillou,— in the Tuscan style, (i) The ground on ■which this building stands was once an island called lie des Cygnes ; it formerly bore (he name of He Marquerelle. In the massacre of St. Bartholomew’s day the dead bodies of 1,200 persons, being considered unworthy of Christian burial, were cast into the Seine, hut they collected at the lie Marquerelle, and by putrefaction caused such an infection thqt they had to he interred on the island. CHAMP t)E MARS. 333 firected in 1822 after the designs of M. Godde. The interior is 1 GO feet in length by 7 0 in breadth ; and contains a nave with two aisles, having chapels at each end, and a semicir- cular recess for the high al tar. Thefrieze, painted in fresco by La Riviere, represents Christ delivering the keys of Heaven to St. Peter. Below this are a Holy Family, Christ at Eminaus, by Janet Lange, and an Angel rescuing St. Peter from prison, by Gaillot. There are also ; Christ preaching, Daniel among the Lions, and the Baptism of Christ, by Desgoffe. Opposite is the Hospice Leprince see p. 120). The rue St. Dominique terminates at the Champ de Mars — an immense oblong space between the ficole Militaire and the Seine, of 3084 feet by 2290. It was formerly bordered east and west by ditches formed, in 1790, by the population of Paris, of both sexes and all ranks, for the celebrated Fete de la Federation, which took place on the 14th of July, when an altar, called I’Autel de la Patrie, was erected in the centre, and Louis XVI., seated in a superb am- phitheatre in front of the Ecole Militaire, took his oath to the new constitution. More than GO, 000 persons were constantly at work till the embankments were completed. Here Napoleon held the famous Champ de Mai, before the battle of Waterloo ; and here too, in 1830, Louis Pliilippe dis- tributed their colours to the National Guards. On the night of the 14th June, 1837, during the rejoicings for the mar- riage of the Duke of Orleans, 24 persons were suffo- cated or trodden to death by the pressure of the crowd pass- ing through the gates. On May loth, 1852, Louis Napoleon distributed to the army the Eagles which were to replace the Gallic Cock. This ground, commonly used for reviews and manoeuvres, is now covered with the buildings and park of the Great Exhibition (see page XI.) At the southern extremity of the Champ de Mars is the Fcoi.e Miutaire. — Louis XV., by an edict of 1751, founded this school for the gratuitous education of 500 sons of poor noblemen, preference being given to those who had lost their fathei's in the field. A certain number of boarders were also admissible into the school, on paying 2000 livres. It was commenced in 17 52, after the designs of Gabriel. The prin- cipal entrance is towards the place de Foiitenoy, and opens into two courts, separated from each other by a railing. The first, 420 feet square, is bordered right and left by barracks ; the second, a square of 270 feet, is Hanked by two open Doric galleries ending in the lateral pavilions of the front, which are connected with the central pavilion by interme- diate wings, two stories high, of Doric and Ionic architecture. 334 TWELFTFI WALK. The central pavilion is Corinthian, with a pediment sur- mounted hy a quadrangular dome. A statue of Louis XV., hy Lemoine, which stood in the inner court, was broken to pieces in 17 89. The front toward the Champ de Mars, is composed of a projecting Corinthian colonnade crowned with a sculptured pediment and attic. The main l)uilding is flanked hy two pavilions of Ionic design, and Cavalry and Artillery barracks, surmounted by genii supporting the im- perial escutcheon. In front of the dome is a clock hy Lepaute, ornamented with figures of Time and Astronomy. On the first floor is Ihc Salle duConseil, adorned with military emblems and pictures. The chapel was formerly most magnificent, Imt the valuable paintings which it once possessed were de- stroyed in 17 89. At present it lias been restored to its former use. The Duke de Choiseul ordered Lalande to esta- blish an observatory here in 17 C8. It was suppressed shortly afterwards, re-established in 17 88, and soon after delinitively suppressed. The military school was closed in r’88. During the revolution of 17 89, the Ecole Militaire was transformed into barracks for cavalry ; Napoleon afterwards made it his headquarters. It now forms barracks for about 6,000 men, infantry, cavalry, and artillery, and occupies a space of 1408 feet hy 797. For permission to view the interior, rarely granted, applj^ to M. le Commandant en Chef de la Garde Tmperiale, d I’Ecole Militaire. Additional cavalry bar- racks have been erected opposite, on the Place de Fontenoy. At No. ?,0, in the avenue de Saxe, there is a Convent of Carmelite nuns, with a handsome Gothic chapel ; and further on, in the centre of the circular Place de Bretcuil, is the Artesian Well of Crenelle. — Commenced in 1834, hy M. Mulot, engineer, in the court of the Abattoir, and com- pleted on the -16th of February, 1841, when the water hurst out with inconceivable force, the boring instrument having, after immense difficulties, penetrated to the depth of 1800 feet. The temperature of the water Avas 9,8'’ centigrade, or 89.4 Fahrenheit. The whole depth is lined with galvanized iron, and the water rises to an altitude of 1 19 feel, yielding 170,940 gallons in 94 hours (1), which may he conveyed to the upper- most story of any house in Paris. The pipe is 2 1 inches in diameter at the surface, and 7 at bottom. Since September, 1858 the water has been horizontally conveyed to the centre of the Place de Breteuil, where the present open-worked (i) It used to yield i98,oOo gallons; but since llie Artesian Avell at Passy has been bored (see p. i9i,) it has lost 27,oCo gallons, showing that the supply of both wells is derived from the same subterranean sheet of water. IKSTITUTION IMPERIALE DES JEUNES AVEUGLES. 33,-> lower of bronzed cast-iron, 42 metres in height, and of ele- gant design, encloses the ascension and distrihulion pipes, which are all encased in a main cylinder. A winding stair- case, visible from without, leads to the top, where a small basin receives the waters conveyed by the two 'ascension pipes, whence they descend into the distribution pipe. There is a fourth pipe also contained in the main cylinder, to discharge the water in case of repairs, there being space sufficient for a man to got in between tlie pipes. The structure rests on a circular basement of masonry, 14 metres in diameter, and 2 '/, metres in altitude. A balustrade of cast iron runs all round the base, and three more round the shaft and capital, which IS crowned with a small cupola. The whole produces a very pleasing effect. The weight of the cast-iron employed is 100,000 kilogrammes. Engineer, M. Delaperche. To view the interior, and mount to the top, apply in person to the Bureaux des Eaux, at the Hotel de Ville, for a ticket, and then call at No. 74, Avenue de Breleuil. The exact spot where the well was bored lies within the court of the Abattoir de Grenelle, close by (see p. 27 G). In the rue Duroc, a church is being built, under the name of St. Francois Xavier, and extending from the Avenue de Breteuil to the Boulevard des Invalides, where the chief entrance will be. It is to contain 2 3 chapels, and occupy a space of 100 metres by 35. Architect, M. Baltard. At the opposite corner of the Boulevard des Invalides, No. 50, is the Institution Isiperiaee des .Ieunes Aveugles. — This esta- blishment originated in the benevolent exertions ofM. Valentin Ilauy, who, being himself blind, in 17 84 opened a scboolfor blind children. In 1791 it xvas created a royal institution by Louis XVI. It occupied the buildings of Hie Seminaire St. Firmin, in the rue St. Victor, but was removed in 1 843 to the present splendid building, erected by the architect Philippon, at a cost of 1,850,000 fr., and covering a space of 3,000 square metres. In the centre of the court stands a marble statue of the founder in the attitude of teaching a blind youth, executed by Badion de la Tronchere. In the bas-relief which adorns the pediment over the entrance, by Jouffroy, Religion is represented encouraging Ilauy and a blind female in their efforts to instruct their pupils. The building has distinct apartments for the males and females. The visitor is first conducted to the right wing, occupied by the boys, and witnesses successively their ability in brush-making, joinery, turning, weaving, and basket-making, which is considered the best employment for them, except music, for which they have a peculiar aptitude, and which is here cultivated with the 336 TWELFTH WALK. Utmost care. On ascending the first story, he is introduced to the school and music rooms, and next to the chapel, which occupies the centre; it is ot the Ionic and Corinthian orders combined, and consists of a nave and two aisles, with a gal- lery above, and* a semicircular choir, painted by Lehmann ; the subject’is Christ affording consolation to the blind. On the second floor are the. dormitories, four for boys, and two for girls, besides a supplementary one in case of necessity. Dressing-rooms with tanks for water are contiguous to them. Here also are the rooms of the Soeurs de Ste. Marie, that attend in the infirmaries, w.dch are two in number, one for each sex. A repetition of nearly the same rooms occurs on the side of the girls, arran ed for occupations proper to their sex. The refectories are furnished with long marble tables, besides a long marble washing-basin with spouts, against the wall, and occupy the ground-floor, together with the kitchens, baths. Sec. All the professors are blind, and the establishment reejuires hardly any aid of mechanics from without, nearly every thing being manufactured by the inmates. Water is supplied from the artesian well at Grenelle. The building is heated by means of hot-water pipes, and lit with alcohol mixed with a combustible liquid extracted from wood. A gymnastic apparatus is constructed in the garden, and the in- terior arrangements are admirably adapted for the health and comfort of the pupils. The children, if received gratuitously, must not be under 9 nor above 14 years of age, and are re- quired to produce certificates of their birth, freedom from con- tagious disease and idiotcy, as well as of their parents good conduct and indigence. For boarders no age is fixed. Among the elder pupils there are some excellent pianists and per- formers on the most difficultinstruments. They have a print- ing-office for the publication of books in relief, so that the child, by merely moving its fingers along the lines, can read with tolerable ease. The printers and compositors are all blind. Every pupil besides has books written by himself under dictation, by a process of pricking the paper which produces conventional letters in relief on the paper. This system, also used in print, was invented by M. Louis Braille, a professor of the establishment, born blind, who died in ISf)*?, and whose bust may be seen in the vestibule. Some pupils excel in mathematics, and by the methods described can put on paper very intricate calculations. In the Salle des visitors will find a variety of articles for p.irchasc, made by the inmates, some of them beautifully executed. At present there are about 250 pupils, including 7 5 females. Tne Government has allotted too purses of 800 fr. each for the HOTEL DES INVALIDES. 337 education of as many indigent pupils of either sex, and se- veral benevolent individuals have endowed the establishment in a similar way. On the last Saturday of every month there is an examination of the pupils, at which strangers are admitted with tickets, for which a written application must be made to the director ; and four or five times a year there are public concerts held in the chapel. For admittance, apply to the Director or to the chief-instructor Wednesdays from 2 to 5 (1). At No. 151, rue de Sevres, we find the Hopital de Madame Necker, a building which was a con- vent of Benedictine nuns until 177 5. In 177 9, at the sug- gestion of the wife of the celebrated M. Necker, Louis XVI. as- signed funds to convert it into an hospital. The chapel pos- sesses two tine statues of Aaron and Melchizedek, in marble, purchased for 1,200 fr. from an individual who discovered them when digging the foundations of a house. This hospital is visible on Thursdays and Saturdays from 1 to 3 (see p. 140). Next door to this hospital, at No. 149, is the Hopital des Enfans Malades. — On this spot existed a cha- rity-school, called Maison de I'Enfant Jesus, which was pur- chased, in 1732, by Languet de Gergy, rector of St. Sulpice, and opened for the reception of poor girls and sick women of his parish. It was afterwards converted into a school for the daughters of poor noblemen, and in 1802 was formed into an hospital for sick children. Strangers are admitted on Thurs- days and Sundays, from 1 to 3 (see p. 142.) THIKTEENTH ■WALK. This lies entirely within the 7 th arrondissement. We may commence it with the Place Vauban, a semicircular space, fronted by the ficLiSE DES Invalides. — This majestic Structure was built by the architect Mansard, andflnished in 1706. A square mass, 138 feet in length, forms the body of the church. It is divided into two stories, and in the centre of each front is a projecting mass, with a pediment restingon composite columns. The southern and principal front is composed of two rows of columns, the lower of the Doric order, the upper of the Co- rinthian. Niches on each side contain statues of St. Louis and Charlemagne, and allegorical figures are also (i) The number of blind in all France is slated to be about 39,000, be.sides 75,000 blind of one eye. 22 33« THIRTEENTH WALK. placed in front of the pilasters of the uj^er story. Above this, resting on a cireular stylobate, rises the drum, which is outwardly surrounded by 40 coupled composite columns; and at the points corresponding to the angles of the lower stories are eight projecting buttresses, finished with engaged columns. An attic crowned with a balustrade, and adorned" with arched windows, surmounts the drum, from within which springs the dome; its surface is divided by 12 gilt ribs into as many compartments, each adorned with trophies, arms, and other devices, also gilt. The dome is surmounted by a lantern, with a gilt spire, globe, and cross, making a totalheight of 323 feet. On Mondays and Thursdays from 12 to 3, the public are admitted to visit the Interim'. — The interior is circular, with branches of a Greek cross extending in the direction of the four cardinal points, forming the nave and transepts, between which are four circular chapels, each having three lofty arched entrances, one of whicli faces the centre of the church, now' occupied by a circular parapet surrounding the crypt which con- tains the tomb of Napoleon I. Above this rises the dome, resting on foui- main ai ches, in the pendentives of which are paintings of the four Evangelists, by Delafosse and Lebrun. The attic over the pendentives is adorned with 12 medallions, containing portraits, in basu-elief, by Bosio, Taniiay, Rux- Ihiet, and Cartelier, of Clovis, Dagobert, Pepin -le-Bref, Charle- magne, Louis-le-Debonnaire, Charles-le-Chauve, Philip Augus- tus, St. Louis, Louis XIL, Henry IV., Louis XllL, and Louis XIV. (1) The attic is surmounted with a drum, pierced W'ith 1 2 arched windows, from the entablature of which springs the first cupola, painted by Jouvenet, in 12 compartments, 28 feet in height by 1 1 in breadth at bottom, and 8 at top, re- presenting the Apostles. The cupola ends in a circular cor- nice 54 feet in diameter, through which we see the second cu- pola, painted by Delafosse ; .St. Louis presenting his sw'ord to Jesus surrounded by angels. This picture is 50 feet in dia- meter, and contains upwards of 30 colossal figures. The celling over the high altar is painted by Noel Coypel, and represents the Assumption of Hie Virgin, and the Trinity, sur- rounded by angels. Those l^dng on musical instruments, which adorn the intrados of tl^^indows, are, to the right, by Bon Boullongne ; to the 1»ft, by Louis Boullongne. — Ohapels and Transepts. — Oveimhe entrances to the chapels ( 1 ) At the revolution of liJitfBfe portraits wer.if, tiMnsfoi’inecl into those of Grecian and RoMBj^Blosophers, with Voltaire and Rousseau among them. Cpoit fSK'ing them, Pepin 1 ■ iiref was substituted for Childeberf. ' 'fir TOMB OP NAPOLEON I. 339 are bas-reliefs, representing events in the life of St. Louis. The chapel of St. Augustin, to the right on entering, is painted by Louis Boullongne, with scenes from the life of that saint. The bas-reliefs are by Plamant and Laprerie. In the centre of the chapel stands the tomb of King Joseph of Spain, the eldest brother of Napoleon I., and whose mortal remains were transferred hither in March, 1864. It consists of a sar- cophagus of black marble with white veins, resting on a tasteful but simple basement. In the adjoining transept is a monument to Vauban, consisting of a sarcophagus of black marble, on which the figure of Vauban reclines ; behind it is an obelisk bearing his arms and surrounded by trophies. Two statues, representing Genius and Prudence, by Etex, stand beside the hero. Next follows the chapel of St. Am- brose, painted by Bon Boullongne, in six compartments, repre- senting as many passages in the life of that saint. The cupola represents his apotlieosis. The chapel opposite is enriched with bas-reliefs and sculptures by Le Cointe and Paltier ; its cupola, painted in six compartments by Michel Corneille, represents passages of the life of St. Gregory. Next follows the western transept, with a monument to Turenne, brought here from St. Denis, composed by Lebrun and executed by Tuby. The marshal is represented expiring in the arms of Immortality. At the feet of the hero is the affrighted eagle of the German Empire ; an obelisk rises behind. The last chapel, dedicated to St. Jerome, 1ias paintings by Bon Boullongne, of various incidents in the life of that saint. The sculptures are by Nicolas Coustou. Here we find to the left the tomb of King Jerome, a black marble sarcophagus resting on clawed feet of gilt bronze, and surmounted by a statue of the King, by Guillaume, partially enveloped in an ample cloak, his right hand resting on his marshal's baton. At the corners are two eagles supporting a laurel wreath, all of gilt bronze. Next comes an altar, behind which we see a small sarcophagus containing the heart of the Queen of Westphalia ; and to the right a monument in the same style as that of the King, and covering the mortal remains of the young Prince Jerome. On one of the piers there is a marble monument to Marshal d’Ornano. — The High Altar. — It is ascended by ten steps of white marble ; the altar-table is of black marble, sur- mounted by four spiral columns of the same material, black and white, ^Wortii^^^jpanopy, all profusely gilt. AViuding staircases oW^ther>p^of the high altar descend to the iron railing communicating with the old church, opposite which is the entrance to the crypt containing the Tomb of Napoleon I . — This entrance is flanked by two 340 THIRTEENTH WaLK:» .iSarcophagi resting upon plinths, and surmounted by two Go- / rinthian columns crowned with segmental pediments ; one I is dedicated to Marshal Duroc, the other to Marshal Ber- ! trand, the Emperor’s friends during his adversity, A bronze door gives access to Ihe crypt; over it, on a black marble slab, are the following words, quoted from the Emperor’s will : “Je desire que mes cendres reposent sur les bords de la Seine, au milieu de ce peuple Fran^ais que j’ai lant aim6.” Two colossal bronze caryatides, by Duret, at the entrance, hold the globe, sceptre, and imperial crown. A gloomy gallery, running under the high altar, now leads to the crypt, dimly lighted by funereal lamps of bronze, and adorned with bas- reliefs, designed by Simart, and executed by Lanno, Petit, and Ottin, representing ; 1. The Termination of Civil War ; 2. tlie Concordat ; 3. the Reform of the Administration ; 4. the Council of State ; 5. the Code; 6. the University ; 7. the Court of Accounts ; 8. the Encouragement of Trade and Commerce ; 9. Public Works; 10. the Legion of Honour ; all due to the energy of the late Emperor. The pavement of the crypt is de- corated with a crown of laurels in mosaic, within which, on a black circle, are inscribed the names of tm? following victories: Rivoli, Pyramids, Marengo, Austerlrtz, lena, Friedland, Wag- ram, audMoskowa. Twelve colossal statues, by Pradier, re- presenting as many victories, stand against the pilasters, facing the tomb, which consists of an immense monolith of porphyry, weighing 135,000 lbs., and brought from Lake Onega in Finland at a cost of 140,000fr. Its exquisite polish has been effected by a powerful steam-engine. It covers the sarcophagus, also of a j single block, 1 2 feet long and 6 in breadth, resting upon two j plinths, which stand on a block of green granite, brought from the Vosges. The total height is 1 3 '/^ feet. In tlie gallery which i encircles the crypt is a recess, called the Chapelle Ardente, : containing the sword the Emperor wore at Austerlitz, the in- j signia he used to wear on state occasions, the crowm of gold I voted by the town of Cherbourg, and the colours taken in different battles. At the furthest end of the recess is the statue of the Emperor in his imperial robes, due to the chisel of Simart. This reliquaire is closed with gilt doors. The crypt is only visil)le from the circular parapet above. The marble of this monument has cost 2, 000 , 000 fr., and the whole expense amounts to 9,000,000 fr. (1) I In a vault beneath the pavemeni of the dome are deposited (i) The mortal remains of Napoleon I. were solemnly trans- ferred to tlie sarcopha^'us on the 2d of April, i86i. A medal commeinoialive of the event, and offered hy the living rennanls of the Grande Armee, was enclosed with the coffin. HOTEL DES INVALIDES. 341 the bodies of Marshal Mortier and the other 14 victims of Fieschi’s attempt (see p. 253). The small green esplanade in front of the southern porch was formerly bounded by a fosse, over which a drawbridge served , as an entrance for the king whenever he visited the church. The stranger should now follow the Boidevard, which lead> northward to the Hotel des Invalides. — In I596j under the reign of Henry ly., an asylum for invalids was formed in an old convent in the Faubourg St. Marcel. This institution was removed to Bicetre, hy Louis XHI. In 1670, during the administration of Louvois, Louis XIV., by whose wars the number of invalids was greatly increased, laid the foundations of the present edifice ; the main building, as well as the first church, were finished about 1706, by Bruant. The second church, de- scribed above, was destined for the celebi-ation of festivals and military anniversaries. The whole edifice now covers enclosi ng 15 courts. In 1789 it took the name ot temple de I’Hurfmnite; and during the turbulence of that period was always respected. Under Napoleon it was f - u f il/ars, and the number of its inmates was uightfully increased, in 1815 it resumed its original title. This magnificent institution is under the direction of the Mi- nister of War. The staff of the establishment comprises ; a marshal of France, a general of division, governor ; a ge- neral of brigade, commander ; a colonel, major ; eight cap- tains, adjutants. There is an administrative council com- posed of 13 members, including three senators and the commander. There are also one cure, two chaplains, one chief physician, one chief apothecary and 10 assistants; 26 Sisters of Charity, and 260 servants of all kinds. The Hotel is divided into 14 divisions, each of which has a chief of division, an adjutant and sub-adjutant. The gover- noi has 40,000 fr. per annum; the general-commandant, 15,000 fr.; the intendant, 12,000 fr., and the colonel-major, 7000 fr. All soldiers who are actually disabled by their vvounds, or who have served 30 years, and obtained a pen- I Sion, are entitled to the privileges of this institution. The I whole of the invalids, amounting at the present moment to koarded, lodged, clothed, &c. the table service of the officers is of plate, the gift of Maria Jjouisa. For meals, the inmates of the Hotel are divided into three parties ; the hours of the first are 9 a.m. and 4 p. m.; those of the second lo and 5 , and those of the third, con nstiiig of the employes, half past lo and half past 5 . The fcOldiers have for breakfast, soup, beef, and a dish of vego- THIRTEENTH WALK. 342 tables ; for dinner, meat or eggs, and vegetables ; cheese, on Fridays. At each repast about a quarter of a pound of meat is served to each man, who also receives a litre of wine and 1 '/a pound of white bread daily ; the wine and bread are of the same quality for all ranks of officers and men, but the officers have an extra dish allowed. Each man has his bed, straw and wool mattresses, and bolster, with a press for his clothes. Strangers are strongly recommended to visitthe Invalides at meal-time. In the distribution of meat, wine, and clothing, if any person does not consume his allowance, he may receive an equivalent in money ; and persons deprived of legs are al- lowed money instead of shoes. The pay of the invalids for minor expenses is according to the following scale per month ; — private soldier, 3 fr. ; corporal, 4fr. 20 c. ; lieutenant, without special duties, and sergeant, 5 fr. loc. ; sergeant- major, 0 fr. ; captain, without special duties, 6 fr. ; adjutant, 7 fr. 20 c. ; sous-lieutenant, 10 fr. 50 c. ; acting lieutenant, 12 fr.; captain, I5fr. ; chef-de-bataillon, 21 fr. ; lieutenant- colonel, 24 fr. ; colonel, 30 fr. The hotel will hold 5,000 in- valids. They all wear the same uniform; their only duty, conformably with their own request, is to mount guard in the hotel. The number of officers is about 170. Exterior . — The Hotel has a wide terrace in front, laid out as a garden, and armed with a quantity of large guns taken in battle, some of which are worth inspection. (1) The front of the hotel is 612 feet in length ; it is divided into four stories, and presents three pavilions. The central one is decorated with Ionic pilasters, supporting an arch, on the (l) The following is an exact list of Ihera : — Camion : Aiisirian, one 48-pomider, and one 27; Prussian, eight 24; Dutch, two 24 ; Wirlemherg, one of 12 ; Venetian, one of 32. Long how- itzers . two Russian of 0 . 20 . Mortars: two Algerine of 0.33. There are also disposed on the right and left 20 guns, viz., 16 Algerian 24-pounders; 1 Chinese, 0.4 56 ; 1 Cochin-Chinese, 0 . 180 ; and 2 French, 42. The Ausli'ian 48-pounder was cast at Vienna in 4684. On its chase is an eagle, with oufslrelched wings, pouncing on a dolphin, darling ils Leak into the head and its talons into the sides, and hearing the motto, “ CoiKpier ur die.’’ The 27-pounder was cast in 1580 ; it has also a bird on the chase, with the following motto in German : “ As soon as my song resounds in the air, walls will fall to the earth before me.” The eight Prussian guns were cast at Berlin in 4 70 8, by order of Frederick 1., and were taken at Auslerlilz. Each gun was dedicated to one of the Electors, whose likeness, in relief, is on the chase. The two Dutch 24-pounders were taken in the citadel of Antwerp in 1832. The Venetian 32 -poundershears the arms of the Republic, and the Lion of St. Mark holding the Golden Book. The two Russian howitzers came from Sebastopol. HOTEL DES INVALIDES. 343 tympan of which is a has-relief of Louis XIV. on horseback, sculptured by Coustou, jun., and restored in 1816 by Car- telier. On the pedestal is this inscription ; — Ludovicus Magnus, militibus regali muniflcentia in per- petuum providens, has cedes posuit An. M.DC.LXXV. Statues of Mars and Minerva in bronze, by Coustou, jun., adorn the entrance. The triangular pediments of the extreme pavilions are adorned with military trophies, resting upon attics. Their roofs are crowned by square terraces surrounded with balustrades. The four bronze figures at the corners of these pavilions, representing vanquished nations, by Desjar- dins, formerly adorned the statue of Louis XIV. in the Place des Vicioires ; they are 12 feet high, and were placed here in 1800. The dormar-windows represent military trophies, consisting of a cuirass and helmet. The principal front has two lateral gateways, and a central one leading into the Cour d’Honneur, which is 313 feet long, 192 feet broad, and is entered by a spacious and elegant vestibule. The galleries surrounding the pourt are now receiving fine mural paintings by M. Benedict Masson. They represent the ages of Charle- magne, St. Louis, Louis XIV., and Napoleon I. The central projection of the southern side, bearing in front a statue of Napoleon I., is an Ionic and Corinthian colonnade, with statues of Time and Study in the pediment, and crowned by a campanile. The wings right and left are occupied by the governor and his staff. The western part of the Hotel is now converted into barracks for 2 ,oon infantry. Library. — The library, founded by Napoleon, contains about 30,000 volumes on theology, jurisprudence, belles-lettres, and strategy, and possesses manuscripts of Sully and Colbert, a fine picture of Napoleon 1. ascending Mont St. Bernard, copied from David, another of Napoleon III., by Laugier, and a model of the Hotel itself. Next to the latter are two gilt candlesiicks which belonged to Marshal Turenne, the cannon-ball (weighing 3 lb.) by which he was killed, and a small equestrian stafue of that hero executed in gold and silver. In front of one of the windows is a fine model of theColonne Vendome. The library isopen from 9 to 3, except on Sundays and festivals. Books cannot be consulted without a permission from the bureau, Council-Chamber . — This is in the passage west of the li- brary on the same floor. The SaJ/a d’Altaite contains a nu- merous collection of miniature drawings of all the flags and banners taken in war from the time of Henry IV. to the present, besides the banners of many towns of France. Here also we see a chalk drawing, in medallions, of various subjects re- ating to the captivity of St. Helena, with leaves and other 344 THIRTEENTH WALK. relics of the place fixed on it, an elaborate work by Lieut. Goy ; also the bron/e frame which surmounted the coffin containing the ashes of Napoleon I. when brought over to Paris in 1842. A piece of the wood of the coffin is set in the base of this frame. In the adjoining Sulle des Marechaux are portraits, by Vernier, of Marshals Bessieres, Suchet, Pe- rignon, Augereau, Kellermann, de Broglie, Beurnonville, Due de Bellisle, Lannes, Gouvion St. Cyr, Massena, Clarke, Mon- cey, Lauriston, Ney, Brune, Lefebvre, Davoust, Oudinot, Vidor, Daumesnil, Berthier, and Prince Eugene. On a pe- destal we see a bronze statue of Louis XIV., and in a glass stand the sword and bat of Napoleon I. The Salle du Conseil contains portraits of the Governors of the Hotel des Invalides, viz. Lemacon, Panat, Guibert, Sombreuil, who was guillotined during the revolution of 17 89, Berruyer, Ser- ruricr, Duke, de Goigny, Latour Maubourg, Jourdan, and Le- tellier. There are three marble busts, one of Napoleon by F. Bosio, another of LouisNapoleon by Emile Thomas, and one of King Jerome, executed and presented to the Invalides by Count d’Orsay ; a full-length portrait of Louis XIV. by Rigault, and another of Napoleon by Ingres. Over the door are two me- dallions, by Vernier, with portraits of Mansard, and Bruant, the architects of the Hotel. Dormitories. — These are on the first and second stories, and consist of 12 spacious rooms, called the Salles Vauban, d’Hautpoul, de Luxembourg, de Mars, d’Assas, de Latour d’Auvergne, de Bayard, de Kleber, Moncey, Bertrand, Louvois, and Molitor. They contain each from 50 to 55 beds. The other rooms contain each from 4 to 8 beds. The infirmaries are extensive and well ventilated. Refectories and Kitchens. — In the piles of buildings to the right and left, on entering the Cour d’Honneur, are four grand refectories, or dining-rooms. Each of them is 150 feet in length by 24 in breadth. One is devoted to the officers, and the three others to the sub-officers and privates. They con- tain some indifferent paintings in fresco, representing fortified towns and places in Flanders, Holland, Alsace, Franche Comte, Burgundy, &cc., conquered by Louis XIV. In each are 30 round tables, for messes of 12. There are two kitchens, one for the officers, the other for the privates. The consumption of the hotel is about 3,000 lbs. of meat and 60 bushels of vegetables daily, cooked in different ways. Galeries des Plans Reliefs des Forteresses de France. — This is a collection of upwards of fifty plans in relief of the fortresses of France, which occupies two long galleries on the 4th story, connected by a tran^versfil gallery, west of the Cour d’Honncui-f HOTEL DES INVALIDES. 345 Here may be seen, in the proportion of 1 to 600, the models of Perpignan, Cherbourg, Antibes, Strasburg, Bayonne, Belle Isle, Oleron, St. Martin de Re, Ham, Villefranche in the Pyre- nees, Dunkerque, Mont St. Michel, Besancon, 8cc. Several of them occupy a space of from 220 to 240 square feet ; the houses, rivers, the adjacent country, hills, mountains, etc., are exe- cuted with great precision in wood, plaster, and other materials. There are also models of the battle of Lodi, the last siege of Rome, and that of Sebastopol. Open to visitors from May 15th to June 30th, with ticket, to be obtained by applying in writing to M. le Gouverneur des Jnvalides. Church. — The Eglise ancienne, which is separated from the Dome (see p. 338), by an elegant railing, consists of a long nave, and two lov aisles, supporting a gallery. It is Corinthian, 66 feet in height, and about 210 feet in length. Under the windows banners taken from the enemy are ranged along both sides of the arched nave (1). Most of the piers of the nave bear inscriptions on marble, to the memory of the go- vernors of the hotel, and of the Duke de Coigny, Marshal Jourdan, Marshal St. Arnaud, &c. Two bronze tablets are besides inscribed with other names, amongst which are those of Marshal Mortier, killed in 1 83 5 by Fieschi’s infernal machine. Marshal Damremont, who died before Constantinein 1 837 , Mar- shal Bugeaud, 1849, and Generals Negrier and Duvivier, killed in the insurrection of June, 1848. Governors dying while hold- ing office are alone allowed to be buried under the nave, and to have monuments erected in the church. The pulpit is of white marble with bronze bas-reliefs of scriptural subjects. The dome is described at p. 338. The Hotel des Invalides may be inspected by strangers daily from 11 to half-past 3. There are Invalides ready to act as (i) In the time of Napoleon nearly 5000 flags filled the nave ; but on the evening before the entry of the allied armies into Paris, March 31, 1814, the Duke de Feltre, Minister of War, by order of Joseph Bonaparte, commanded them to be burnt, and the sword of Frederick the Great, which was preserved here, to be broken. The orders to that effect were given thrice before they were obeyed. Ten of the flags were saved by private individuals, and not restored to (he Invalides until i 860 . On the i 2 lh of August 1851, afire broke out here on the occasion of the funeral of Marshal Sehasliani; five out of the 25o flags were consumed, and many damaged. The parasol of command taken in the war with Morocco in i844 was injured; the high altar and a large painting were completely destroyed. The Austrian flags taken at Magenta and Sol ferine have been placed here, toge- ther with two flags taken from the Moors and five flags fronri Mexico. 3i6 THIRTEENTH WALK. guides for a small fee, and a trifle will be expected by those who show the Council-Chamber, Kitchen, and Refectories. In front of this Hotel, and extending to the Seine, lies the Esplanade des Invalides, consisting of six squares, planted with trees in 17 50 and 1818 ; it measures 1440 feet by 7 80, and reaches to the Quai d’Orsay. In the circular space situ- ated at one third of the central avenue, there stood a foun- tain, ornamented with the celebrated bronze lion brought from the Piazza San Marco, at Venice, but restored in 1815. At No. 127, rue de Crenelle, is the Hdtel du Chdtelet, a splendid specimen of the grandeur of the days of Louis XIV. It is inhabited by the Archbishop of Paris. Nearly oppo- site is the Ecok d'Etat Major (see p. 98.) On the site of the ad- joining cavalry barracks stood the Eglise Ste. Valere. The ground afterwards belonged to the Davoust family, and then to Mr. Hope. At No. 77, rue de Varennes, is the Hdlel de Biron, now occupied by the Dames du Sucre Cceur. At No. 69, rue de Babylone is the chape] of the Oriental Society for the union of all the Christians of the East. At No. 49 are infantry barracks famous for the attack they sustained ill the revolution of 1830. Near this, at No. 12, rue Mon- sieur, is the Armenian College; and at No. 27, rue Oudinot, the establishment of the Freres des Ecoles Chretiennes. Passing into the rue de Sevres, we find, at No. 86, the Convent of Socurs de la Congregation de Notre Dame, com- monly called the Convent des Oiseaux, and at No. 95 the CouvENT DES Lazauistes, where the visitor will perceive one of the most tastefully decorated chapels in Paris. It con- sists of a nave and two aisles, separated by Doric columns, with galleries above. Tlie ceiling is elegantly painted and gilt, in compartments, in the Italian style ; the windows display, in stained glass, passages from the life of St. Vin- cent de Paul. A winding staircase to the left, outside the chapel, gives access to the galleries, where, besides the con- fessionals, we see a series of well-executed paintings by Father Francis, one of the brethren. The subjects are — The Presentation, Annunciation, and Visitation; the Adoration of the Magi, Christ disputing in the Temple, and the Sermon on the Mount. Nearly opposite, is the Fontaine Egvptienne. — Constructed in 1806. It consists of the statue of an Egyptian pouring water from two vases into a semicircular basin. Close by is the Hospice des Incup.ables (Fe.mmes), 42, rue do Sevres. — This house, originally called Hdpital des Incurables, was founded in 1634, by Cardinal de la Rochefoucault. A spacious court MISSIONS ETRANGERES. 347 leads to the chapel, the front of which has a gable surmounted by an iron belfry, and is deserving of attention. Two niches with statues of Religion and Faith flank the entrance. The interior is cruciform, without aisles. In tne nave we see some good pictures : an Annunciation, the Virgin and Child, the Visitation, a Holy Family, and an Adoration of the Shepherds, on wood, dated 1404. In the left transept an Ecca Homo, an old painting of the Adoration of the Magi, and a long list of the benefactors to the establishment. The most remarkable pictures in the right transept are two of the Flemish school, one representing the Saviour holding a skein of thread, which his mother is winding into a hall ; while in the other beholds aboard steady, which Joseph is in the act of sawing. In the same transept is also a handsome marble monument to the founder, representing him kneeling on a sarcophagus, and an Angel holding his train. The infirmaries consist of long galleries partitioned into separate rooms, one for each patient, modestly but sufficiently furnished, and which gives them the a))pearancc of streets. Visitors meet with po- lite attention, and are admitted from 12 to 4, ( see p. 121.) The rue de Sevres and rue du Bac meet on the site formerly occupied by the Cemetery of St. Sulpice. In the rue du Bac, at No. 140, is the Hdtel Chatillon, built by a pupil of Man- sard, and now occupied by the Congregation, or convent, des Sceurs de St. Vincent de Paule. North of this stands St. FiUNgois Xavier, or, Fglise des Missions Etran- GERES, second chapel of ease to St. Thomas d’Aquin, I28, rue du Bac. — A missionary seminary was founded at this spot in the 17 th century, by Bernard de Ste. Therese, Bishop of Babylon. The church was begun in 1083, after the designs of Dubuisson. It consists of two parts, one on the ground- floor, and the other above. The lower church is perfectly plain, and service is performed in it only on Sundays. The upper one is Ionic. Over the altar is the Adoration of the Magi, by Couder ; in the left transept, St. Louis washing the feet of the poor, by Bon Boullongne; and opposite, the Apotheosis of St. Francis Xavier ; on the north side of the choir is a good painting, by Luca Giordano, of Christ driving the money-changers from the Temple. In the right transept, used as a chapel of the Virgin, is a Holy Family. The altar is of white marble, and has three fine bas-reliefs of Hope, Faith, and Charity. There is a. Chinese bell here, weighing 700 kilogrammes, taken at Canton in 1853 by Admiral Rigault de Genouilly. It has no clapper, the sound being produced by a wooden hammer. In this seminary young men are instructed in the sciences and languages necessary for missionaries in the 348 THIRTEENTH WALK. East ; among its members was the virtuous Abbe Edgeworth, Avho attended Louis XVI. in his last moments on the scaffold. In the rue de Varennes, at No. f)3, is the H6tel Monaco, formerly belonging to Princess Adelaide, now sold to the Duke de Galliera. It was constructed by Brongniart, and stands in a fine garden, with a long avenue reaching quite to the ruedeBabyloue. Gen. Cavaignac resided in it while he held the office of Chief of the Executive Power in 1848, and M. Baroche, President of the Council of State, in 1853. No. 69, in the rue de Varennes, is the Hdtel d’Orsay, purchased and embellished by Count Duchatel. In the rue de Crenelle, at No. 103, there are still some offices of the Minister of the Interior. At No. 110, is the Hotel of the Minister of Public Instruc- tion, and at No. 116, the Hdtel Forbin Janson, remarkable for its elegant entrance, and now the Mairie of the 7 th arrondissement. Near this, at No. 106, rue de Crenelle, is the ancient convent of Penternont, now used as barracks for cavalry. Only a part of the old buildings still exists. The church, devoted to the Protestant service, fronts the street, and is surmounted by a well-proportioned dome. It is cruci- form, and ornamented with Ionic pilasters. This street con- tains some hotels of the most ancient nobility of France. The streets east and Avest of the rue Bellechasse occupy the ground formerly known under the name of the Pre aux Clercs, celebrated for the endless petty disputes it gave rise to between the University and the Abbey of St. Gerniain-des- Pres. The University claiming jurisdiction over this ground, the students used to repair thither for their diversion, and it consequently soon became a constant scene of debauchery, duelling, and confusion, to the great scandal of the reverend fathers and peaceful bourgeois of St. Germain, who had often to defend the inviolability of their homes with arms in their hands. (1) On the Place Bellechasse, formerly a dependency of the Convent of the Augustins du St. Sepulchre, we see, (i) In 1278, Gerard de Moret, abbot of St. Germain -des-Prt5s, caused some walls to be erected on the road to the Pre aux Clercs, as a protection against the students; but the latter pulled them down, alleging that they encroached upon the road. The abbot, however, caused the alarm -bell to be rung, and the domestics and subjects of the abbey fell upon the stu- dents, the abbot and monks cheering their adherents all the while with cries of fuel Tuel Many students were taken pri- soners, and others either mortally wounded or maimed. The University threatened to close her doors unless immediate satis- faction were granted for this outrage; Avhereupon the abbot, his nj.onks,and llieir proyosf, were condemped to various penalties STfi. CLomDfi, 349 fronted by an elegant square planted with trees, and com- prising 1,738 square metres, the church of Ste. Clotilde, chapel of ease to St. Thomas d’Aquin. This church, commenced in 1 846, after the designsof M. Gau, is con- structed in the pointed style, 96 metres in length by 38 in breadth ; the height of the nave is 26 metres. The front con- sists of three entrances, separated by buttresses and sur- mounted by two galleries and a wheel-window, crowned by a gable between two spired steeples, 69 metres in height. The gable is surmounted by a statue of St. Clotilda ; four statues of saints occupy the niches fronting the buttresses, and twenty- eight more adorn the three entrances, the pointed receding arches of which are profusely sculptured with wreaths of taste- ful design. They are approached % a flight of steps extending along the whole breadth, and give access to a spacious pro- pylaeum. Three has reliefs adorn the ogives of the inner doors, the central one representing the Crucifixion, by Tous- saint, that to the left, the Baptism of Clovis, and that to the right, the Martyrdom of St. Valeria, both by Oudine. The buttresses are pinnacled ; the roof is all iron. Interior. — The church is cruciform, and consists of a nave and two aisles ; there is a chapel on each side on entering, and there are five more around the apsis of the choir. The windows of the chapels are single ; those of the nave and aisles, double ; the transepts receive light from large wheel- windows, below which there is a double window, flanked by single ones. The chief feature of interest is the excellent stained glass in the windows, after the designs of Galiraard, Amaury-Duval, and Jourdy. (i) The baptismal chapel to the left on entering, contains frescoes by Delaborde, repre- senting the Baptism of Christ and that of St, Agnes ; St. Remy, and lastly, St. Francis Xavier baptizing the Indians. The chapel opposite, in the right-hand aisle, has the following (l) The subjects are, left aisle on entering, i. St. John the Baptist. 2 . St. Denis, St. Cecilia. 3. St. Helena, St. Hilarius. 4. St. Prosper, St. Camilla. 5. St. Germain, St. Genevifeve. 6. St. Rodegunda, St. Gregory. — Opposite aisle from the transept : 7. St. Monegnnda, St. M6dard. 8. St. Pulcheria, St. Leo. 9. St. Ursula, St. Donatianus. lo, St. Paul, St. Christina. W. St. Victor, St. Agatha. 1 2 . The Saviour. — Transepts, lateral windows : the Evan- gelists and Twelve Prophets — Front windows, to the left: Christ and (he Virgin ; opposite, Christ and Moses. — Chapels of the choir : 1 . Six. medallions with Passages from tlie Life of St Louis of France. 2 . Nine medallions with Scenes from the Old and New Testament. 3. The Lady Chapel ; the Life of the Virgin in fifteen medallions. 4, The Life of St. Joseph, in nine medallions. 5. six medallions with Passages from the Life of St. Remy. 350 THIRTEENTH WALK. $ubjects by the same artist: Christ declaring himself the Good Shepherd, Jesus and Mary Magdalen, the Holy Women on their way to anoint the body of Christ, the Entombment. Above : Hope and Piety. The piers of the dioir are connected by dwarf walls, enriched towards the aisle; with bas-rclicfs, representing, in the left aisle : 1 . The Marriage of Clovis ; 2 . Clodomir is cured ; 3. The Baptism of Clovis ; 4. Death of Ste. Clotilde. In the right aisle ; l. St. Valeria converted; 2. Condemned to Death ; 3. Her executim ; 4. She is seen carrying her head to St. Martial. Of the ive chapels of the choir, the first in the right aisle, painted in fresco by Pils, represents passages from the life of St. Bemi, viz., his Con- secration, the Baptism of Clovis, St. Beni organizing mis- sions, and his apotheosis. The next, bf Bezard. displays passages in the life of St. Joseph, in six compartments ; tlie third, in 12 compartments, by Lenepveu; lo the left, passages in the life of the Virgin ; to the right, passages from the Life of Jesus ; the 4lh. by Brissot, passages fnm the life of St. Helena; also Christ carrying his cross, fie crucifixion, and figures of Constantine and St. Sylvester The last chapel in the left aisle, painted by Laemlein, has, 1. St. Louis receiving the crown ; 2. Discoursing under his favourite t;ee ; 3. Carrying the crown of thorns, and 4. Tending the sick. The organ-loft is over the entrance. This church which has cost 8,000,000 fr,, was inaugurated in 1857, and has received a set of bells forming a complete octave, so that the peals rung from the belfries of Ste. Clotilde are the mest musical in Paris. At Nos. 82 and 80 is the War-Office, foimerly a convent of the Filles de St. Joseph. The buildings take up a considerable portion of the rue St. Dominique, and extend northward to the rue de fUniversite, where, at No. 71, is the Depot de la Guerre. — This office is subdivided into four sections, viz. ; — 1. That of the map oJ France, with 83 draughtsmen and engravers ; 2 . that of topographical opera- tions ; 3. that of historical labours, comprising the classifica- tion of the Archives, the service of the Library, 8cc., and lastly that of military statistics and reginenlal affairs. The depot contains a valuable library, of upwards of 20,000 volumes, and celebrated for the following measures ; the com- plete correspondence of the Ministers of War, from the reign of Louis XHI. to 1814 ; the autograph letters of Louis XIV. to Philip V., his grandson. King of Spain ; tlie military memoirs relative to the wars of the Spanish succession ; the correspond- ence of Napoleon L, filling 300 drawers; a book bound in green morocco, with the title “ Napoleon Bonaparte,” and containing liis certificates of baptism atd nobility, all the ST. THOMAS D’aQUIN. 351 orders transmitted to him during his military service, &c. ; autograph letters of Conde, Jourdan, Hoche, Massena, Ney’ &c,, and the manuscripts of Vauban, Folard, Guibert, Bourcet’ and other eminent military men. It also possesses a series of exact surveys of the battles of Napoleon, and many important documents, which are being published under the title of Me- morial du Depdt de la Guerre. To visit this library apply to M. le Directeur du Depdt de la Guerre, 82, rue St. Dominique. The rue St. Dominique, which in 1542 bore the name of Chemin des Vaches, and afterwards that of Chemin de la Jus- tice, is celebrated for its noble residences ; for example, the Hotel of the Duchess Doivager of Orleans, No. C 2 , formerly inhabited by the Arch-chancellor of the Empire, Cambaceres, and now occupied by the Ministry of Public Works ; the H6- tel de Grammont, No. 113 ; and the Hdtel de Perigord, No. 115, now the property of Prince Demidoff. POTTRTEEHTH 'WALZ, This comprises the rest of the 7 th, and part of the 6th ar- rondissements. In the Place St. Thomas d’Aquin is the church of St. Thomas d’Aquin,— designed by Pierre Bullet, and built in 1683 for a convent of Jacobins, founded by Cardinal Ri- chelieu. The front, rebuilt in 17 87, by Brother Claude, one of the monks, is decorated with two ranges of Doric and Ionic columns, surmounted by a pediment, containing a bas-relief representing Religion. This church is 132 feet in length, and 72 feet in height. The interior is Corinthian and cruciform, with single aisles, and has the following frescoes by Blondel, viz. — In the cupola over the intersection of the nave and transept • four compartments, containing the four Evan- gelists, Christ holding the Gospel, and the Virgin adored by angels. In the pendentives ; Si. Thomas d’Aquin, St. Fran- cois de Sales, St. Vincent de Paule, and St. Dominic. Left transept, oyer the altar ; the Marriage of the Virgin. Right transept : Simeon blessing Jesus. Over the lateral arches of the transepts: Faith, Hope, Charity, and Divine Justice. On the ceilings of the transepts : medallions with Angels carrying the instruments of the Passion. On the walls of the choir : St. Peter and St. Paul ; its semi-cupola is I’ichly gilt. Flanking the altars of the transepts . medallions with figures of the Vir- ,gin and St. Vincent de Paule. Behind the high altar is a cha- pel to St. Louis, with a picture of that saint; the ceiling, by Lemoine, re])rescnts the Ascension ; the frescoes on the walls 352 POURTEENTH WALK) represent the Bearing of the Ark. Oyer the doots leading to this chapel are pictures of St. Catherine of the Wheel, and St. Louis praying. The other pictures in this church are, in the left aisle ; the Prodigal Son, by Roehn; the Conversion of St. Paul, bv La Hire ; and St. Thomas d’Aquin stilling a storm at sea, by Schelfer. In the right hand aisle ; Magdalen at the Calvary; Paul before Festus, by Vouet, painted in 1639; a Descent from the Cross, by Guillemot, and a Holy Family of the Flemish School . The church is celebrated for its preachers, and fashionable congregations. Adjoining this church, 3, Place St. Thomas d’Aqum, is the MusEe d’Artillerie.— This highly interesting and curious museum, a visit to which should not be omitted, established in the ancient convent of the Feuillans in 1794, was removed to this convent of the Jacobins in 1797, and was originally formed of arms from tbe Garde-Meuble de la Couromie, the Cha- teau de Chantilly, the Chateau de Sedan, the Bastille, and other armories. During the wars of the first Napoleon the museum was greatly increased by spoils from the enemy, but in 1814 was much diminished by the removal of arms claimed by the allies; in 1815, the Prussians alone carrying off 580 chests. (1) In the passage leading to the rooms of the ground- floor there are guns of various calibres, from the roughest con- trivances in the infancy of the invention to the most elegant forms of later days. Among them are several mortars of hammered iron left by the English before Meaux in 1422, Turkish pieces with Arabic inscriptions, four pieces taken from St. Juan d'Ulloa in 1838, Russian guns, taken at Sebas- topol and Bomarsund, some Austrian ones taken at Solferino, a few Chinese guns, and some others made by way of ex- periment. An immense chain is suspended along the walls, 590 feet in length, and weighing 7,896 pounds, called the Chaine du Danube, from having been used by the Turks for a pontoon bridge over that river, at the siege ot Vienna, in 1683. All round the adjoining court Russian cast- iron coast-and-siege ordnance are seen placed upright against the wall. On entering the vestibule on the ground floor, we find field-pieces, howitzers, culverins, and falconets. Two pieces of large calibre, with Arabic inscriptions, flank the inner door. Next is the Salle des Modeles, with models in the proportion of 1 to 6, of cannon, gun-carnages, ammu- nition-waggons, &c. Prussian, Dutch, Norwegian, and other fire-arms are arranged in racks against the walls. Inere aie also here some Russian muskets taken at Bomarsund. Ja- panese and Mongolian armour, arms which belonged to the (1) Tbe visitor can have an excellent catalogue for 1 franc. MUSEE d’ARTILLERIE. 363 Emperor of China, his war-saddle taken at Pekin in 18G0, his military dress, his rich poniard, and other Chinese wea- pons. On ascending the staircase, we see three plaster casts of antique reliefs, found in tlie vicinity of the Rhine, one of which represents a Roman soldier armed at all points. We now enter the Salle des Armures, of Doric design. The ceiling is painted in grisaille, with arms and attributes of war. It is lit by semi-circular windows; the walls are hung with trophies of helmets, coats of mail, shields, 8cc., and de- corated with inscriptions commemorating the Grand Masters of artillery and other high officers of the French army from the remotest periods. Fronting the door there are seven glass stands, containing specimens of Greek, Roman, Celtic and Merovingian weapons, a Roman crown, helmets, iron- pots, etc. The remainder of the central portion of the floor is occupied by figures, chiefly on horse-back, in full armour. Complete coats of armour are also arranged on blocks along the lateral walls, most of them with escutcheons painted on the plinths ; the walls of the extremities are decorated with trophies formed of arms of all kinds of rich and costly execution; the shields especially will attract attention, The helmet marked No. 281, once belonged to Bajazet If., son of the conqueror of Constantinople. There are also other histo- rical relics : against the wall to the right on entering, we find No. 1 35, the armour worn by Henry, Duke of Guise, sur- named Le Balafre, killed at Blois in 1588 the helmet alone weighs 10 lbs.) ; No. 134, belonged to the Duke of May- enne, chief of the League (1611); and No. 1 19, was worn by Frederic V, Elector Palatine and King of Bohemia (1632). No. 165, belonged to tbe Constable Anne de Montmorency ( 1567), and No. 178 to Robert IV de la Marck, Marshal of France (1556). Among the equestrian figures. No. 162 was owned by the Bastard Antoine de Bourgogne, son of Philippe- le-Bon. Here also in a gilt frame, surmounted by an eagle, is the flag of the old Garde Imperialc. In the other galleries, which are numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4, small arms, ancient and modern, are arranged in racks, the most curious and costly objects being in glass presses. Some of the arms taken from the Moors in 1859 by Gen. de Martimprey, as also those taken in the Chinese war of 1860, are placed here. Along the sides, next the windows, are rows of tables, presenting models of cannon, machines, &c. We may notice, in gallery No. 1, the inlaid carbines, cross-bows, and stirrups, such as Nos. 1416, 1606, 1552 and 2380 ; in gallery No. 2, the rich fire-arms of tlie lGlh-18th centuries; No. 3, the Roman sword blades, con- tained in glass stands, and in gallery No. 4, the halberts, fal- 23 354 FOURTEEMH WALK. chions and partizaus, and the weapons of African and other savages. Strangers are admitted on Thursdays from 12 to 4. A military library of 6,000 volumes is attached to this mu- seum, but is not public. Opposite the Place St. Thomas d’Aquin, at 31, rue St. Do- minique, is the noble mansion of the Due de Luynes. At No. 84, rue de Grenelle, are the new premises of the Socieles Impdrialrs d' floHi culture et d' Agriculture {%Qe.Tp. 105). Flower and agricultural shows are held here twice a year. At No. 57 in the rue de Grenelle is the Fontaine de Grenelle, one of the finest in Paris. — Bou- chardon executed the designs, figures, bas-reliefs, and some of the ornaments. It was begun in 17 39, and finished in 1745. The building is of a concave semi-elliptical form, 90 feet in length by 36 in elevation. In the centre is a pavilion, resting on a basement, with plain rustics, supporting two couples of Ionic columns crowned with a pediment. In front is a group in white marble, representing tlie City of Paris sitting on a prow, between the Seine and the Marne. Between the columns is the following inscription, by Cardinal Fleury ; — Dum Ludovicus XV., populi amor et parens optimus, publiciB tranquillitatis assertor, Gallic! imperii linibus innocue propa- gatis ; pace Germanos Russosque inter et Ottomanos feliciter conciliata ; gloriose simul et pacifice regnabat ; fontem bunc ci- vium utilitali, urbisque ornamento, cousecrarunt Preefectus el jEdiles, Anno Domini M.DCC.XXX.IX. The wings have Doric pilasters, between which are four sta- tues and as many bas-reliefs, representing the four seasons, besides two escutcheons containing the arms of the city. Entering the rue de Sevres by the rue de la Chaise, we find the Arbave aux Bois, first chapel of ease to St. Thomas d’Aquin, 16, rue de Sevres. Contiguous was a convent, bought in 1719 by Religieuses de Notre Dame aux Bois. Facing this is the Maison du Novidat des Religieuses Hos- pitalieres de St. Thomas de Villeneuve, 27, rue de Sevres, and further on, in the courtyard of No. 35, we find the Eglise de Jesus, belonging to the Jesuits. Though it con- tains no works of art worth mentioning, the grandeur of its Gothic interior, consisting of a nave and two aisles with clustered columns, is deserving of notice. The Croix-Rouge is a spot where six streets meet, and at No. 39, in the rue des Saints Peres, is the Acadejiie de MiiDECiNE, formerly at No. 12, rue de Poitiers, where the meetings of the royalist members of the Constituent Assembly of 1848 used to be held. Its entrance, erected in 1784, consists of a noble arch supported by two engaged ST. GERMAIN DES PRES. 355 Doric columns on .each side. Above is a statue of Esculapius, and within, there is a statue of Baron Larrey (see p. laa.) This building was formerly annexed to Ihe Hopital de la Charite, 45, rue Jacob. — Founded in 1613, by Marie de Medicis, for the Freres de la Charite, wlio were all surgeons or apothecaries, besides ministering to the spiri- tual wants of tlie sick. The building has a handsome front, \vith a spacious Doric entrance and vestibule (see p. 140). Strangers are admitted on Sundays and Thursdays from l to 4. A portion of this hospital has now been rebuilt in the rue des Saints Pieres. The chapel, the first stone of which was laid in 1613 by Queen Marguerite, the wife of Henry IV., has been demolished, and is to be replaced by another. The name of the above-mentioned street is a corruption of Cinq- Feres, the monks of the Charite who first assumed the duties of the hospital being five. The rue Bonaparte, on the right, leads to Saint Germain des Pres. — This church is a monument of the highest interest to the antiquarian, it having been the abbey- church of one of the largest and most ancient monastic estabUsh- ments of Paris. Childebert I., son of Clovis, on the suggestion of St. Germain, Bishop of Paris, founded a monastery about 551, though the Pragmaticurii, which is still preserved among the Archives of the State, dates from 561. He dedicated the church to the Holy Cross, St. Stephen, and St. Vincent ; the relics of the latter saint were brought by him from Spain, and given to the monastery, together with the treasure which he had taken from Amalaric, at Toledo, and a piece of the true cross. This foundation was endowed with many estates, and among others with the fief of Issy, extending over the whole of the southern bank of the Seine, from the Petit Pont in Paris to the village of Sevres. Throughout this domain the community pos- sessed full jurisdiction, which they retained till 1674 ; and the prison of the Abbaye long remained as a monument of their im- portance. The church, dedicated in 557, was celebrated for its decorations, and was called “ The Golden Basilica.” In 861, the Normans nearly destroyed the monastery, and burnt the church, of which only part of the lower walls of the western tower are supposed to remain. The tomb of Childebert was afterwards carefully restored by the monks. In 990, the Abbot Morardus, 26th in succession, commenced rebuilding the church, which was consecrated by Pope Alexander HI., in 116.3, under the abbot Hugues HI. In 1653-6, the tomb of Childebert was placed in the middle of the church. The chapel of the Virgin was begun about the middle of the 1 3th century, by Pierre de Montreuil, and was one of the most exquisite pieces 356 POURTEENIH WALK. of architecture of the middle ages. In 1369, the abbey was fortified against the English by Charles V.; and, in the time of Henry IV., it still resembled a fortress (1) encom- passed by a moat. To the west, where part of the Faubourg St. Germain now stands, was the Pre aux Clercs (see p. 348). From 1503, the abbots were appointed by the crown ; and among other distinguished men who attained this honour was Casimir, King of Poland, who died in 1672. In 1644, this celebrated community was incorporated with the celebrated Benedictines of St. Maur. Mabillon, Mont- faucon, Achery, Ruinart, &c., were all of this abbey. It was suppressed in 17 89, and the buildings became a salt- petre-manufactory. An explosion taking place in 17 94, the refectory and library were destroyed, and the church much damaged. Under Charles X., the restoration of it was com- menced by M. Godde, and completed in 1836. The square buttressed tower with double-arched mullioned windows, which flanks the entrance, dates from 990, the time of the Abbot Morardus ; it was foraaerly topped with a stone spire, which has been replaced by a wooden one of an octagonal form, with four smaller ones at the corners. There were two turrets besides, flanking the cboir, but which were removedin 1820. The western porch is pointed ; in the ogive is an old bas-relief representing the Last Supper, and over this the figure of Christ. The figures that once adorned the western front may be found in Montfaucon’s Antiquities. Interior. — The interior is cruciform, with a circular choir at the east end; the nave is flanked with plain aisles without chapels, except one in the right hand aisle, but the choir is surrounded by them. All this part is also of the time of the Ahbot Morardus ; the choir is the work of Abbot Hugues HI. All the capitals of the pillars forming the piers will be par- ticularly remarked for the devices of which they are com- posed ; many of those in the nave are restorations of the old ones, now magnificently gilt and decorated ; the ceiling is painted in cobalt, interspersed with stars, and the foliated capitals of the lofty engaged columns which front the piers are also gilt. The whole church is decorated with fresco-paint- ings by the late M. Flandrin, to whose memory a monument has been erected there. Over the arches of the choir we see the twelve Apostles in fresco, and around the apsis are the Angel, Lion, Ox, and Eagle, emblems of the Evangelists ; over the central arch is the Lamb . The wall at the entrance of the choir (i) In May, iss4, one of the loopholed towers of the abliey was discovered at No. i7, rue St. Benoit, transformed into tiie well-hole of a staircase. ST. GERMAIN DES PRES. 337 to the right is painted in three compartments ; the tympan of the upper ogive representing the Abbot Morardus, three of his immediate successors, and King Robert. The lower ogive spaces are adorned with the figures of Fortitude, Justice, Chastity, and Truth ; and the field below represents Christ bearing the Cross. A similar arrangement is in the opposite E wall, where the upper ogive represents St. Droctovseus and St. Germain on one side, and King Childebert and his Queen, Hudrogote, on the other, offering the church to St. Germain. The lower ogives display the figures of the other cardinal virtues. Faith, Hope, Charity, and Humility. The field below re- presents Christ making his entrance into Jerusalem. Figures of archangels adorn the ceiling of the cross, while the frieze of the nave is charged with a series of biblical subjects worthy of the distinguished artist to whom they are due (1). The stalls of the choir are profusely carved. The right hand aisle contains the Martyrdom of St. Vincent, by Cazes (1784), and the afore-mentioned chapel, surmounted by a cu- pola and drum, the ceiling of which is boldly painted with the apotheosis of a saint. Over the confessional is a Mater Dolo- rosa, by Varcollier. The adjoining transept, which is (he chapel of Ste. Marguerite, contains a handsome marble tomb of one of the Castellan family. In the first chapel of the choir there is a painting of the Archangel crushing the Dragon. In the same chapel is a tomb of James Duke of Doug- las, who died in 1C45. His figure in marble is reclining on a sarcophagus. In the 2d chapel, black marble slabs mark the remains of Mabillon, Descartes, and Montfaucon. ( 1 ) The following are the subjects of these fine mural paint- ings, so arranged that above tlie spandrils of each arch there are two compartments, one relating to the Old Testament, the other to a parallel passage of the New. Beginning from the right on entering, the space over the first arch is provisionally closed. Over the second we see the Confusion of Tongues at Babel, and Jesus delivering the Keys to Peter. 3 rd. Jonah delivered from the large fish, and The Resurrection, .ith. The Sacrifice of Isaac, and the Crucifixion. 5th. Joseph sold hy his brolhers and the Kiss of Judas. Turning to the opposite side of the navej" and moving towards the entrance, we see over the first arch next to the transept Melchisedech offering the sacrifice of bread and wine, and blessing Abraham, and the Institution of the Lord’s Supper. 2nd. The Egyptians drowned in the Red Sea, and the Baptism of Christ. 3rd. Balaam’s burnt-offering, and t he Adoration of the Magi. 4th. Adam and Eve terrifi.ed at the Voice of Die Lord, and the Birth of Jesus. 5lh. Moses before the burning bush, and the Annunciation. In the arched compart- ments above these paintings are various personages of llie Old Testament, such as David and the Prophets, Moses, Judith, &c. 358 fourteenth WALK. Here tliere is an excellent picture Ly an unknown mastter, re- presenting the vision of St. Catherine of Siena, in which she saw the Holy Family, and shook the hand of the infant Saviour. The Lady Chapel is circular, and has two uiieiy painted grisailles on canvas, the first attempts of thelate Abel de Pujol ; the Adora- tion of the Magi and the Presentation in the Temple. Next is a Mater Dolorosa, in plaster, with four angels on brackets, kneel- ing. In the chapel of St. Vincent de Paule is the statue of that saint ; in that of St. Paul is a monument to Boileau, whose heart was transferred here in 1819 from his tomb, which exists in the undercroft of the Sainte Chapelle (see p. 306). In the adjoining one is Joseph leading Christ, by Delarue, and a marble monument to another of the Douglas family, Earl of Douglas and Angus, who died in 1011. The following tran- sept contains the tomb of Casimir, King of Poland, who ab- dicated his crown in 1668, and died abbot of the monastery in 1672 ; the king is on his knees, offering up his crown to heaven, and in front of the tomb is a fine bas-relief of one of his battles. Here is also a painting of Simeon kissing the Saviour, probably by a pupil of Rubens. The paint- ings in the left aisle of the nave are ; the Death of Sap- phira, by Leclerc (17 18); St. Germain distributing the presents of Childebert to the poor, by Steuben ; the Entrance of Christ into Jerusalem ; the Baptism of the Eunuch, by Bcrtin (17 18); and the Raising of Lazarus, by Verdier (1677). The pulpit, of white marble, is of elegant design ; it is flanked by two statues in bronze, by Jacquot, one allegorical of the Mosaic law, the other of Christianity. The front is adorned with bas- reliefs in bronze, the central one representing the Sermon on the Mount. For a more complete history of the abbey, see the History of Paris. (1) The church is 200 feet in length, 65 feet in breadth, and r.o feet in height. Turning to the left, on leaving this most interesting ch irch, the rue Bonaparte will lead the visitor to the rue Ste. Mar- guerite, but lately the site of ihe Abbaye (sec p. 7 8), which stood in front of the rue de I’Ecole de Medccine. The rue de I’Echaudee leads to the rue de Seine ; anl the small Passage du Pont Neuf, one of the first established in Pans, to the rue Guenegaud, and the QRoi Conti, now con- siderably widened. The stranger will be reminded by these names that he is on a spot immortalised by Sterne. No. 5 on this quay bears an inscription stating tlia). Na- poleon I., then an officer of artillery, on leaving Frimne, lived in that house on the 5th story. On this quay is tie (0 History of Paris, 3 vols. svo. There is also a history of the abbey by Bouillard, one of the Benedictines of the soe.ety. HOTEL DES MONNAIES. 359 Hotel des Monnaies. — A mint existed in Paris under the second race of kings, in the royal palace of the He de la Cite. It was afterwards established in the rue de la Monnaie, and removed in 177 5 to the present building, erecTed on the site of the Hotel dc Conti, after the designs of Antoine. The principal front is 3C0 feet in length, and 78 high. It has three stories. In tlie centre a projecting mass with five arcades on the ground floor supports six Ionic columns, crowned with an entabla- ture and an attic, ornamented with festoons and six statues, of Law, Prudence, Power, Trade, Abundance, and Peace. The front towards the rue Guenegaud is 34 8 feet in length. Two pavilions rise at its extremities, and a third in the centre surmounted by a square cupola. On the attic stand four statues, representing Fire, Air, Earth, and Water, Avith slabs bearing appropriate distiches. The intermediate buildings have only two stories. The ground plan includes eight courts, of which the central one is the most spacious. It has two pavilions facing each other, each bearing a pediment; the southern one has four Doric pillars, in front of which are busts of Henry II., Louis XIII., Louis XIV., and Louis XV. The central arcade of the principal front leads into a vestibule, adorned with 24 fluted Doric columns. On the right is an Ionic staircase, with a bust of Antoine, the architect. We next enter a magnificent saloon, called the Mxisee Monetaire, adorned with 20 Corinthian columns in stucco, supporting a gallery. On the mantel-piece is a bust of the present Empress. This room contains an immense collection of the coins of Franco and other countries, chro- nologically classified, besides the medals struck on vaidous public occasions, such as marriages, victories, etc. They are contained in 5 rows of stands on each side, besides others in the embrasures of the windows. The stands to the left on entering contain medals only ; those to the right, coins. The seriesof the former commences at the stand in the embrasure of the first window to the left, proceeds regularly to the third, thence to the stand immediately opposite, and ends with that nearest to the entrance. The oldest authentic medal here is one of Charlemagne, an invaluable relic of ex- cellent execution ; the earliest medal of which the original die exists is one of Charles VH. (1461). Medals of Boccaccio, Louis XIL, Henry VHL, Francis L, Loyola, Mary Queen of Scots, Sixtus V., Cardinal Richelieu (a superb medal by Varin, 1630, for which his life was spared). Cardinal Mazarin, &c., will successively meet the visitor’s eye, until, gradually des- cending to the present period, he will find medals commemo- rating all the stirring events of the last few years ; the pro- 360 FOURTEENTH WALK. clcimation of the republic of 1848 ; the days of June, Cavaig- nac’s administration ; the visit of the French National Guards to London in Octoltcr 1 848; the 2d of December 1851, the Proclamation of the Empire ; the visit of the Que^n of Eng- land in August 1855 ; the taking of Bomarsund and of Se- bastopol, the marriage of Prince Napoleon with Princess Clo- tikle, &CC., besides an immense mmd)er of medals with por- traitsof the princes or leading personages of all countries, such as Queen Isabella of Spain, Victor Emmanuel of Italy, Narvaez, Kossuth, etc. Themedals struck in commemoration of the Great Exhibition are all in the stands of the right-hand windows, toge- ther with a collection of French copper money before the re-coin- age ; smaller stands before the piers of the windows contain private medals or counters Cl', and Japanese, East Indian, and Chinese coins ; the oldest of the latter is dated 17 00 years before Christ. We now come to the five rows of stands to the right on entering, which contain the coins. Many of tlie places are now empty, owing to the transfer of upwards of COOO coins to the Imperial Library ; nevertheless, many of them have been replaced by duplicates. The most interest- ing of the English coins is a silver penny of William the Con- queror (106G) ; of the Spanish, one of King Tuica (date C38.) There are, besides the African cowrie, Mexican, Bolivian, Greek, Turkish money, etc. The fifth row from the entrance contains the whole series of French coins, fromthetime of the Gaulsdown to the present time. Four large glass presses flanking the en- trance and the chimney-piece opposite contain an interesting collection of standard weights and measures, implements for engraving, stamping, etc., and chemical substances used for the purposes of fining. In adjoining rooms are several models of the furnaces, instruments, &.C., used in coining and assaying money, and other stands containing a numismatic gallery of the Kings of France, of modern workmanship. The last room of this series is called the Salle Napoleon; here are arranged nearly all the dies of medals struck under the Consulate and the Empire ; hero is also a splendid colossal marble bust of Napoleon I., executed for Fouche by Canova in 1806, a model in bronze of the mask taken from the Emperor’s face at St. Helena 2 0 hours after bis death, and a bust of the present Emperor, by Barre ; a model of the pillar of the Place Vendome in bronze, peculiarly interesting, as display- ing the statue of Napoleon which adorned the column before (1) The coinage of medals and counters is a privilege of the mint of Paris. The net profit under tliis head amounts to ahout 20,000 fr. Upwards of ioo,ooo medals and counters were coined last year, besides 212,000 medals of saints, HOTEL DES MONNAIES. 361 Ihc Restoration, in his imperial robes. It was executed by Brenet, in the proportion of 1 to 24, and cost 6000 fr. A glass case contains a representation in wax of the bas-reliefs with which its shaft is encircled. On a table, under a glass case is a closed casket, containing a collection of all the coins struck with the effigy of Napoleon I. in the kingdom of Italy, given to the Musee by the present Emperor when he was President. Returning to the first hall, a door opposite the entrance to the right leads to the staircase of the Gallery. Here, before as- cending, we may remark the Chinese coins arranged in a glass stand. In the first room above, we find a series of seals of State, from King Dagobert down to the second Republic ; also the seals of the five great vassals or feoffees of the Crown. The gallery of the large saloon contains private dies, among which we find the heads of Madame de Genlis, Lord Byron, and many other distinguished personages ; and in the follow- ing galleries and rooms are the dies of historical medals, with the busts of Diane de Poitiers, Henry IV., Marie Therese of Austria, Louis XIV., etc. In the last room, a glass stand con- tains prize medals, another opposite, Masonic counters, and the presses contain dies of the Restoration, the time of Louis Philippe, and the present reign. One of the presses is partly filled with specimens of mineralogy, and metals in theii re- fined state. A very copious and learned catalogue is published of the whole, with detailed descriptions of the medals, priceonly 3 francs. Medals of which the dies are retained are sold to visitors for the benefit of the establishment at a trifling cost ; but of the coins of which only one specimen e,xists, or of which the dies are lost, casts exactly resembling the originals are exhibited in the cases of the museum, the originalsbeingcarefullypreservedbut not shown to the public. In this Hotel are performed all the ope- rations of coining, besides the assaying and stamping of the gold and silver for jewellers, &c., who are obliged by law to have every article stamped before it can be sold, it is also the seat of the general administration of the coinage of the State. The Laboratory of the Mint is entered from the court to the left. In the first room are two steam-engines of 32 horse- power, by which all the machinery of the establishment is worked. A door to the left leads hence to the furnace-room, with six furnaces containing from 800 to 1200 kilogrammes of silver each. The bars cast here in iron moulds are afterwards taken to iho grand atelier, a lofty hall, where 16 rollers are in constant motion, flattening the bars to the required thick- ness, according to the coin tliey are intended for. After this process, the bars, which have acquired greater length and compactness by successive rolling, are taken to another furnace- 362 FOURTEENTH WALK. room adioining to the first, where they are exposed to a red heat to render them more malleahle. Thence they pass into the hands of the cutters, who are accommodated in a gallery running all round the top of the grand atelier Here round pieces of the required size are cut out of the bars liy machinery, and what remains of the bars is taken back to the melting- furnaces. The pieces are now weighed; if too light, they are sent down to be melted; if too heavy, they are reduced by a sort of plane. This machine is so constructed as to throw aside the piece as soon as it has undergone thepiocess of plan- ing, so that it only requires feeding. When the pieces pro\^ of the standard weight, they are taken to a room communicat- iiw with the gallery, where, after being exposed to a red heat they are cleansed in a mixture of water and sulphuric acid! They are now reduced to the exact diameter required, hv the action of a machine which at the same time gi\es a slight elevation to the rim. The floors of the giand atelier and of the gallery are latticed, so that a piece falling down cannot roll away or stick to the shoes of a person treading upon it. Gold is worked in another room adjoining the engine- room' visitors are not allowed to enter, on account of the small ’particles of gold with which the floor is strewed, and which are carefully swept up; hut the process is the same as that described above. The coining-machines are in a liall op- posite the principal entrance in the first court. TJicre arc deven of these machines, viz. one for gold, 6 for five-franc pieces, 2 for two-franc pieces, and 2 for small com. When they are all worked at once, they produce 1 ,500,000 fr. pp day. They are the invention of M. Thonnelier, and well deserve inspection. Each strikes off 7 o pieces per minute (see p. 1 4) . The museum is open to the public on Tuesdays and r inlays from 12 to 3. To visit the laboratory and ateliers, visible on Tuesdays and Fridays from 12 to 3, apply for a special ticket lo M. le President de la Commission des Monnaies et Medailles, Hdtel des Monnaies. To the west stands The Palais he l’Institut. — This edifice, ongmally built under the provisions of Cardinal Mazarin’s will, for the CoG leqe des Quatre Nations, to which natives of Roussillon, Pignerol, 41sace, and Flanders, were alone adimssihle was commenced in 1661, after the designs of Leyau, and now contains two distinct establishments, the Bihhotheque Mazarine, and the Institat de France. The front foims e concave segment of a circle, terminated at the extremities by projecting pavilions, with open arcades in the basements, il the centre is the front of the church (now the hall where the public meetings are held), composed of four Corinthian co- BIBLIOTHEQUE MAZARIINE. 363 lumns surmounted by a pediment. Above the front rises an attic, surmounted by a dome. The first court is octagonal and has two Corinthian pavilions. The eastern one contains the Bibliotheque Mazarine. — Cardinal Mazarin possessed a library, formed by the celebrated Gabriel Naude, who col- lected the most scarce and curious books in France and foreign countries. It consisted of 40,000 volumes, which, in 1652, were sold by a decree of the Parlement de Paris. To repair this loss, Naude, aided by Lapoterie, bought up for the Cardinal a great number of the works which had fallen into the hands of booksellers and private individuals. This second library Maza- rin bequeathed to his College, together with 2,000,000 livres for the building, and a yearly revenue of 45,000 livres. The library was subsequently ehriched with those of Descordes, and of Naude, the latter of whom died in 1655, and thus the present Bibliotheque Mazarine was formed. -The manuscripts were removed to the royal library, but others have since been bought. The collection now amounts to about 120,000 printed volumes, and 50,000 manuscripts. The library consists of an octagonal ante-room, and a large gallery with two branches turning at right angles, 190 feet by 24. The book-cases are richly carved, and fronted with Corinthian columns support- ing a gallery. The principal room, where students are accom- modated, occupies the site of the celebrated Tour de Nesle. (l) It is adorned with many good marhle and bronze busts, some of which are antique. The visitor will remark those of Mazarin and Racine, and the inkstand of the great Conde. It possesses also a very fine terrestrial globe of copper, executed for the Dauphin by the brothers Bergwin, under the direction of Louis XVI.; the latter is evon said to have worked at it himself. It now bears the impression of a bullet with which it \yas struck from the Louvre, defended by the Swiss guards, during the revolution of 1830. There is also a curious col- lection of models of Pelasgic monuments of ancient Greece, comprising the Cyclopean walls of Mycene, 8cc. Specimens of old printing and binding are also exhibited in a glass stand, executed by the late M. Petit Radel. The library is open to the public daily, except Sundays and festivals, from 10 to 3. The Institut. — The western pavilion in the first court leads to the Grand Hall, for the public sittings of this celebrated body. The hall is fitted up with benches forming a semi- circle, in front of which are the scats and bureaux of the presi- dent, secretaries, &c. It is adorned with marble statues of Bossuet, Descartes, Fenelon, and Sully. The second court (i) In 1842 and i8.'>o, pai ts of the foundations of tbe Tour de Nesle were discovered. 364 FOURTEE^TH WALK. contains the private buildings pertaining to the Institute A door to the left gives access to a double staircase leadinig to the secretaries’ office on the first floor, and to the library and liall for the weekly sittings, on the second. The Bibliotheque de I'fnstitut, to which admission is only obtained through introduction hy a member, contains about 60,000 volimies, including a large number of valuable oriental works, com- plete series of the transactions of nearly all the learned societies of the world, and numerous works on history and archaeology. The library is adorned with the celebrated marble statue of Voltaire, by Pigalle. A vestibule, containing the busts of some of the most distinguished members of the Institute in former days, separates the library from the Salle d-es Seances, which is preceded by a waiting-room, of Ionic design. The president’s chair occupies the centre of the Salle, which is lit by five windows, and adorned with marble statues of Racine, Corneille, Moliere, La Fontaine, Puget, and Poussin, in niches, and busts of Gros, Cuvier, Visconti, and La Place, on brackets. On the walls are the portraits of David, Buffon, Montesquieu, Gretry, Coulomb, d’Alembert, J. Goujon, La- voisier, Lagrange, Audran, Voltaire, Turgot, Fenelon, Boileau, Ph. Delorme, Barthelemy, Rousseau, and Fermat. The frieze below these portraits bears the names of poets and other ce- lebrated men. Continuous tables, with chairs for the mem- bers, occupy the floor on both sides of the president’s chair, opposite which there stands another table for strangers, who have previously inscribed their names at the secretaries’ office, for the purpose of reading extracts from original and unpublished essays on various subjects. Along the walls there are benches for the public, those in the centre being reserved for reporters. For information respecting the Institute, its Academies, and the days of their meetings, see p. 89. On public occasions the members of the Institute wear a costume of black, embroi- dered with olive leaves in green silk. To obtain tickets of admission to the annual meetings apply at the office of the Secretary of the Institute, at least one month beforehand. The tickets are for one person. Opposite is the Pont des Arts. — This bridge, for foot-passengers only, takes its name from the Louvre, ouce called Palais des Arts. It is composed of 8 arches of wrought iron, with a wooden platform. Each of the first 7 arches is 56 feet, the 8th 84, the length of the bridge is 488, and the breadth 30. It was finished, in 1804, at a cost of 900,000 fr. The stranger now enters the Quai Malaqunis, called in 1631 after Queen Marguerite, the first consort of Henry IV., the palace of that princess being then at the corner of the rue de ECOLE DES BEAUX ARTS. 3 05 Seine. Here the visitor will be struck with a large new huildino- of monumental design, containing the exhibition rooms of the'’ Palais and Ecole des Beaux Arts. — This school, rcor^a- nised by an Imperial decree of Nov. 13th, 1863, is now ad- ministered by a Director appointed for five years, and a Su- perior Council of Instruction composed of the Superintendent of Fine Arts, two painters, two sculptors, two architects one engraver, and five other members. Eight professors respec- tively teach the history of art and esthetics, anatomy, per- spective, mathematics, the natural sciences, practical archi- tecture, and archseology. There are three class-rooms for painting, three for sculpture, three for architecture, one for plate-engraving, and one for engraving medals and precious stones, all superintended by eleven professors. Pupils are admitted between the ages of 15 and 25. An annual compe- tition takes place for the Grand Prix de Rome, the successful candidates, who need not be pupils of the school, but must be French subjects, and not older than 25 , being sent to Rome and maintained there at the expense of the Government for four years (engravers only for three). They are bound to stay at Rome two years ; the rest of the time they may employ m travelling for their instruction. Only one prize is awarded for each section ; and an exhibition of the works of the students here, as well as of those sent by the stu- dents at Rome, takes place every year in September. (See page 100.) This establishment was first called Musee des Monuments Frangais, being chiefly composed of monuments of the middle ages, saved by M. Alexandre Lenoir from the fury of the first revolution. Most of these were restored to the chuiches by the Restoration, when the present building was commenced in 1820 by M. Duban, at a cost of 3,515,907fr. It now contains many valuable monuments of ancient and inodern art, and has lately received a considerable collection of plaster casts of statues and bas-reliefs discovered in Greece by M. Charles Lenormant. The new building above alluded to contains, as the inscrip- tion on its front denotes, the exhibition rooms of the Ecole. Externally its design is elegant. Marble slabs in the wall bear tliD words PcniluPB^ Sculpiuvc^ Avcli)t(*cture, The entrance hall is specially set apart for the works sent by the students at Rome. From this, a double-branched staircase, fronted by two marble Corinthian columns, leads to the exhibition room of the prize works executed by the pupils in Paris. It occupies the whole length of the building. Its extremities ate cuived, and the walls are adorned with the names of the great artists of ancient and modern times. The first landing- 366 FOURTEEMII WALK, place ill front of the entrance ushers us into the great hall, a splendid saloon rising to the roof of the edifice, and lighted by a spacious skylight, suppirted by two inclined planes, which are decorated with copies from the Vatican, by Sig- alon and Boucotran, of the twelve large frescoes severally representing the Persian, Gumoan, Erythrceaii, Libyan, and Delphic Sibyls, and the prophets Daniel, Isaiah, Zachariah, Jonah, Joel, Ezekiel, and Jeremiah. Fronting the semicular recess at the further end of the room, a balcony opens into the latter from the landing-place of the lirst floor, whence a good view may he obtained of the whole. In the ruG Bona.p3-rtG wg find tliG principal GiitrancG to the Palais des Beaux Arts, which we will now describe. Courts. — There are two courts in front of the palace, se- parated by a dwarf wall and open iron-work. The first is entered through a gateway adorned with busts of Poussin and Puiet. The court is flanked by two buildings of Ionic design ; the northern one contains the offices of the Director and two amphitheatres for students ; the southern one, which masks part of the ancient buildings of the convent des Petits Au- gustins, displays in its intercolumniations the sculptured or- naments of a door, and other interesting fragments of the Hdtel de la Tremouille, or Maison de la Couronne d'Or, a splendid specimen of the architecture of the 14th century, and purchased in 1363 by the Duke of Orleans, brother to King John. On the same wall there is a copy in mosaic of Baphael’s picture of God blessing the World, executed by MM. Baize. Adjoining the porter’s lodge is the Sixtine Chapel.~-lhe front is formed of the portal of the Chdteau d’Amt, built in 1548 for Diana of Poitiers, by Henry II. It has three ranges of coupled columns of the Do- ric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders, and is adorned with bas-re- liefs and statues, the finest of which is a Cupid in the act of stringing his bow. Over the top arch is this inscription : Braesaeo hsec statuit pergrata Diana mavito Utdiuturna sui sint monumenta viri. The interior consists of a single nave, with an arched roof strengthened with elegant tie-beams and king-posts. The wainscoting which covers the walls at the entrance is the same that adorned the chateau d’Anet. A screen, consisting of an entablature supported by four columns of red marble, and pilasters of the Gorintliian order, separates the entrance from the nave. At the end is a splendid copy of Michael Angelo s Last Judgment, by Sigalon, on canvas, occupying the whole wall. In a side chapel to the left, are casts of the Moses of Michael An- ECOLE DES BEAUX ARTS. 367 gelo, and two tombs, ])y the same, one of which is the Tomb of the Medici ; and also a fiine cast of the bronze gates, by Ghiberti, of the Baptistery at Florence. The nave is now used as a repository for plaster casts. The 1 2 pendentives here are copies from Michael Angelo’s frescos in the Sixtine Chapel at Rome. ^ Returning to the court, the visitor will observe in the centre a Corinthian column of red marble, on the top of which is the figure of an angel in bronze, one of several saved from a group, pillaged by the mob from the tomb of Cardinal Mazarin. Immediately behind it is the beau- tiful front of a chateau erected at Gaillon in 1500 by Cardinal d’Amboise, and transported thence by M. Le- noir. Its western surface is studded with brackets sup- porting antique statues, and medallions. The second coin-t is semi-elliptical, and fronted by the palace, 240 feet in length by 60 in height, consisting of two lateral pavilions connected by a central Corinthian facade, pierced with 1 1 arched win- dows, and surmounted by an attic. The pavilions have plain Corinthian pilasters with square-headed niches. In front, on either side of the entrance, are pedestals with ten marble ’sta- tues, the work of as many French artists studying at Rome. The court is flanked by two arched screens, the one to the left florid Saxon, with three arches ; the opposite one with four; the two central ones supported by a colossal pen- dant keystone, the whole in the style of the time of Francis I. Beyond this, in a garden, is a fountain, surmounted by four figures sculptured by Paolo Poncio. Underneath is an escut- cheon by Jean Goujon, and two seated figures by Germain Pilon. On the waRs of the court, forming the curves, are spe- cimens of old architectural and sculptural fragments, of which the following merit attention a bas-relief of 1440; marble medallions with the heads of Titus, Vespasian, Claudius, and Galba; two antique lions, and a shield of metal walled in, and embossed with mythological subjects. Opposite the en- trance to the palace are two Discoboli, copied in marble from the antique. In the court is a curious monolith basin of the 13th century, brought from the Abbey of St. Denis, 12 feet in diameter, and ornamented with quaint heads of Ceres, Bacchus, Pan, Neptune, Avarice, and various animals. Interior.— \w the spacious Corinthian vestibule are stair- cases right and left leading to the upper stories. Next is a 1 ectangular court, where the visitor will read in gilt letters ; Inceptum a Ludovico XVIIl. Ludovicus Philippus peregit moimmentum anno MDCGCXXXVIll, Underneath are medallions with the portraits of Leo X. and 3g8 fourteenth WALK. Francis I., the restorers of the arts; and facing them are corre- sponding likenesses of Pericles and Augustus , Round the walls are engraved the names of famous artists of all countries, such as Michad Angelo, Inigo Jones, 5cc. On the walls to the right and left are fragments of antique tombs, &c., also a curious bas- relief, representing a sacrifice. There are also statues of Cupid and Psyche, by Cavelier; the Venus Pudica, by Vilain ; and, in the centre. Mars in repose, by Godde. On the opposite j side is the entrance to what is properly the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. The galleries on the ground floor contain ] casts and copies of architecture from the antique, separated | into three divisions; one for Grecian, the second for Roman; and the third for the arts of Europe in general during the middle ages. The amphitheatre for the distribution of prizes, See., on the western side of the inner court, is semi- circular, and, besides richly gilt compartments in the cupola, contains one of the finest productions of modern art, by Dela- roche, representing groups of the most celebrated artists of ] every age and country, assembled and presided by Zeuxis, Phidias, and Apelles, for the purpose of awarding prizes to successful competitors. It contains 7 5 figures, of which 70 are those of artists. One of the female figures, arrayed in a green mantle, is the portrait of the gifted author’s wife. (1) From the ample amphitheatre the visitor is conducted to the Salle Louis XIV, containing the first part of a series of por- traits of the most eminent members of the Academy, amongst whom are Vanloo, Servandoni, Lemoine, 6cc. Here also we see part of a remarkable collection of models of roofing, and also of Egyptian, Grecian, and Roman art, executed in cork or plaster in the proportion of 1 to 100. The rest ol the collection is not visible at present. The two angels on the chimney-piece are by Germain Pilon. A gallery, filled with busts, leads hence to the Salle du Conseil, where the series of portraits is continued; it contains besides 8 chandeliers of wood, carved and gilt, once the property of the old church (now demolished) of Ste. QoROvieve; also two candelabi’a modelled upon originals found at Pompeii, and marble busts of academi- cians. Passing through a corridor, painted with copies of arabesques from the Vatican, we enter the Gallery of Prizes, divided into three parts by two partitions with Doric pilasters, and lit by seven arched windows. The walls are adorned with the pictures that have gained the grand prizes. Here may be (t) He is said to have occupied three years and a half in exe- cuting this work, and to liave received 80 ,ooo fr. for it. It was considerably injured by a fire which broke out in tlic aniphittica- tre in 1 855, but has since been successfully restored. iCOLE DES FONTS Et CHAI?SSi5es. 369 s6en the prize-works of the most eminent artists, such as Fra- gonard, David, Ingres, Heim, Hesse, Pujol, Sec. The collec- tion begins with a painting by Natoire, of the year 1721. The Libravy, a room lit by 11 windows, is not shown to visitors. Admission on application at the porter’s, from 10 to 4. A fee is expected. In the rue des Marais, not far from this palace, No. 21, is the house where Racine died, in 1699, and Adrienne Lecouvreur, in 1730. At No. 24, rue des Saints Peres, is the ficoLE DES PONTS ET CiiAussEES, established in 1747, and enlarged in 17 84. It possesses a rich collection of plans, maps, and models, relative to civil engineering, as also a good library. The present building, consisting of a Doric entrance between two lateral pavilions, dates from 1843 . Stran°-ers are not generally admitted, but a special order may, though with difficulty, be obtained for the purpose, on applying by letter, post-paid, to M. le Secretaire du Conseil General de I’Ecole des Fonts et Chaassees, at the School (see p. 98). The stranger, entering the Quai Voltaire, will find the Pont du Carrousel, or des Saints Peres, a most elegant bridge of three iron arches, of 47 metres span, resting on stone piers. It was built by M. Polonceau, in 1834. The arches consisting of five ribs between each couple of piers, connected with the upper bars by decreasing circular hoops, are formed of hollow pieces containing wood and pitch. It cost l,030,000fr. Its extremities are adorned with four seated statues of stone on pedestals, by Petitot, representing, on the side towards the Tuileries, Industry and Abundance; on the other, the Seine and Paris. At No. 1, rue de Beaune, on this quay, is the hotel in which Voltaire resided for some time previous to his death and where he died. His nephew, M. de Villette, kept his apartment closed afterwards, as did also Mme. de Montmo- rency, the next proprietor of the house, so that it remained unopened for forty-seven years. On this quay are numerous shops of dealers in prints, articles of vertu, and second- hand books. PIPTEEHTH ITALZ. This comprises the 6th and 14th arrondissements. The Marciii5 St. Germain, built in the year 1811, by Blondel on the spot where the Fofre St. Germain used to lie held* is a parallelogram, 276 feet in length, bv 225 in breadth! It contains nearly four hundred stalls. 24 370 FIFTEENTH WALK. Not far from this is the church of . , . » , St. Sulpice, — a splendid structure, designed by Levau, and be^un in 1655, when the first stone was laid by Anne of Aus- tria but not finished until 1742, when funds were raised by the rector, Languet de Gergy, for the purpose, by means of cVlottery.’’ Servandoni finished the magnificent front in 1745; the two steeples were raised by Maclauren, in 17 49 ; the nor- thern one was altered and finished by Chalgrin,in 1777. Exterior The portico is composed of a double range of Doric columns, 40 feet in height, and is approached by a llight of steps which are intersected by the plinths of each couple. It supports a gallery and colonnade of the Ionic order, front- iiw an arched gallery, with columns 38 feet in height; above was a pediment, destroyed by lightning in 1779, and now replaced by a balustrade. Under the portico are three en- trLces with niches between, and seven alti-rihevi above, illustrative of the cardinal virtues. The principal entrance Is tanked with statues of Sts. Peter and Paul, by Emile Thomas. The ceiling is in compartments, exquisitely sculp- tured. The summit of the northern tower is 210 feet high. The towers consist ol four stories each, but are not perfectly svmmetrical. The sonthern one, distinguished by two rows of columns of the Doric and Ionic orders, is ornamented with statues of St. John and St. Joseph; that of the north nresents the Composite and Corinthian orders, with statues of St Peter and St. Paul. It has three bells, of 12 , 500 , 8,500, and 1 800 lbs. respectively. The back of the church is ellip- lical with an overhanging semicircular turret ; slender turrets, “ntwa^vimlins slSrB flank the body ot the cho,^ The plan of the building is cruciform; its total length 432, its breadth 174, and its. height 99 feet. Interior — Aisles surround both nave and choir, and cha- pels correspond to each arcade. The pilasters are Corinthian; the vaulted roof of the choir is elaborately ornamented witli d Marshals. Opposite, and in a row in front of the President’s chair, there are seven (1) The fire fortunately did not extend to the archives, the library, or the Salle du Trone, all of which were in danger. PALACE OF THE LUXEMBOURG. 377 seats for the Minister of State, the President of the Council of State, and the Councillors appointed to support the mea- sures proposed by Government. The sittings of the Senate are not public. We now re-enter the Galerie des Busies at the other end, similar to that already seen, and thence pass to the other ex- tremity of the Salle du Trone. The central compartment of the ceiling on this side, by Brune, represents the completion of the Louvre. The other paintings on this side are: the Return of the Pope to Rome in 1849, by Benouville ; Na- poleon ill. visiting the works of the New Louvre, by Gosse ; the Distribution of the Eagles in the Champ de Mars'in I 852 ’ by Pils ; the Senate proclaiming the Empire, by Couderc. Adjoining the Salle du Trdne there is on tliis side, to the right, the Cabinet de I’Empereur, a room of simple design. The paintings here represent- Napoleon III. returning from St. Cloud, by Couderc, and the Marriage of the present Empress, by Fleury ; Napoleon I. signing the Peace of Cam- poformio, by Brisset; and the 18th Brumaire, by Vinchon. On the mantelpiece is a bust of the present Emperor in porcelain, by Gille. In the adjoining Salle des Cent Gardes there is a marble statue of Jeanne Hachette, by Bonassieux (1). On descending to the ground floor by the Escalicr privd de I' E7nperciir , we find to our right the Chambres de .Marie de Medicis, originally three rooms, the . first of which was used by that princess as a chapel, but has ^ now been partitioned off to make a porter’s lodge. The first room we enter now was the Salle d’aUntte, now containing nothing but the present Emperor’s bust. Adjoining is the Chambre a couch er de Marie de Medicis, a splendid apartment, decorated in the sumptuous style of her time. The arm-chairs^ now. in this chamber were used at the corona- tion of NapotSbn. The panels are all richly gilt and painted in compartments, four by Philippe de Champagne, and four by Nicholas Poussin. The centre of the ceiling represents Marie de Medicis, by Rubens, and eight square comparlments which it contains are by Philippe de Champagne. Those to the right are family-portraits of the house of Medicis; those to the left, of (1) The visitor may here endeavour to obtain access to the ■Lifcrari/, which is not-open to the public. It is a splendid gal- lery exlending Ihe whole length of the garden front, and con- tains 40,000 volumes, including the journals and reports of the House ol Lords. In the centre oftlie gallery is a hemicycle and cupola painted by Delacroix, represenling the Elysium of great men as we find it described by Dante. The poet is conducted by Virgil, who presents him to Homer, Horace, etc. Around the 378 FIFTEENTH WALK, that of Henry IV. There are also four paintings by Rubens in this room. The scroll-work on the walls is exceedingly delicate and beautiful. The furniture of the period has been repaired, and placed here; it is gold and crimson velvet. At the revolution of 17 89 the panelling and paintings were taken down and concealed, but were replaced in 1817. In the case of marriages of senators or their daughters, the parties meet in these rooms to sign the contract. Returning to the vestibule, we now enter the Chapel of the Paface.— A parallelogram 69 feet by 20, of rich Doric design, and receiving light from the court through four windows. The vault is divided into compartments deco- rated and gilt in the richest style. The circular compartments representing the four Evangelists, and the eight medallions representing angels, each holding an instrument of the Passion, are by Vauchelct. Opposite the windows are four large paintings by Gigoux, representing the apostle Philip, St. Louis pardoning traitors, St. Louis in Palestine, and the Marriage of the Virgin ; and behind the high altar is an immense fresco by Abel de Pujol, representing the Throne of God (Rev. iv.). Behind the altar, fronting the back entrance, we see an Adora- tion of the Shepherds, by Simon White, an American artist. In a niche in the wall opposite the altar is an admirable group of an Angel and two children, by Jaley; and the holy water basins are attached to richly sculptured marble pedestals, sur- mounted by angels. Private mass is performed here daily. GaUcriiof Modern Art. — In the buildings on the eastern side oftEe^iidnsT^^ paintings, formed by order of Mai-ie de Medicis, and at first composed of twenty-four large pictures, by Rubens, representing the allegorical history of that queen. It was afterwards increased by several pictures cupola are Alexander, Achilles, Pyrrhus, Hannibal, Caesar, Marcus Aurelius, Socrates, Plato, Orpheus, Hesiod, and Sappho. The five compartments of the ceiling to the left of the cupola, by Riesner, represent the Gospel, Law, History, Philosophy , and Poetry ; those to the right, by Roqneplan, represent Industry, Military Genius, Eloquence, Political Science, and Malheniatics. At the extremilies of the library are statues of Montesquieu, by Nanteuil, and Etienne Pasciuicr, by Foyatier. In circular niches are four allegorical statues by Simart and Desboenfs, repre- senting Music, Philosophy, History, and Sciences ; also busts of Rarb6 Marbois, Fontanes, Cuvier, the Dulies of Albufcra, de la Rochefoucaull, and Richelieu ; Marshals Macdonald, Maison.and Jourdain; Marquis de la Place, Lally Tollendal, and the Chan- cellor d’Ambray. The adjoining reading-room was decorated hy Messrs. Boulanger, Scheffer, and Picot. There are two alle- gorical statues by M. Jouffroy, and one of Gouvion St. Cj r, M. Seurre, GARDEN OF THE LUXEMBOURG. 379 which helongcd to the queen-dowager of Spain, and by others from the king’s cabinet. The gallery was long neglected, and about the year 17 80 the paintings were removed to form the museum of the Louvre. The pictures were brought back when the victories of Napoleon had filled the Louvre with the finest works of art in Europe, but were again removed there m 1815. The pulilic are admitted to the gallery by a glass door within the railing of the garden at the north-eastern end. The first suite consists of a long gallery with a room at each extremity, and contains the choicest works of Eugene Dela- croix, Rosa Bonheur, Couture, C. L. Muller, Cogniet, Court, 5cc. Changes are continually taking place in the arrangement of this gallery, in consequence of the rule which orders the works of each artist, on his decease, to Ge removed to the Louvre. The ceiling of the Long Gallery is painted by Jordaens in i 2 compartments, representing the signs of the zodiac ; the Rising of Aurora, in the centre, is by Callet. The room at the further end is enriched with Duret’s well-known statues of Neapolitan villagers, in bronze. Returning to the Long Gallery, a side door opposite the entrance leads through a covered passage on the terrace to a I’otunda, containing various groups and statues, both marble and bronze, by some of the best modern sculptors. Beyond this there are five rooms, one of which, to the right on entering, exclusively contains paintings by M. Ingres, and his cartoons of the subjects which decorate the windows of the chapels of Dreux and St. Ferdi- nand. In the entrance-room there is a fine marble bust of Father Ventura by Oliva, and in the first room to the left a painting of the Battle of the Alma by Lami. The other pic- tures are described in the Catalogue, sold on the spot. From the last of the suite a fine view is obtained of the grand staircase. The Gallei’y of Paintings is open to the public on Sundays, and on all other days, except Mondays, from 12 to 4. The apartments and chapel are visible daily from lo to 4, but not during the Session of the Senate. Garden. — The garden was first planted by Desbrosses, at the time of the erection of the palace. In 1792, the finest trees were cut down, with the intention of building cafes, ball- rooms, &c., and establishing a fair, but the ground thus cleared remained waste till 1801. Since then great improve- ments have been made in this garden. Its general plan consists of a central part, composed of an octagonal basin surrounded with grass-plots, skirted by flower-beds, and Hanked right and left with elevated baluslraded terraces shaded with fine chestnut groves. Spacious flights of stairs descend from the terraces into the central part, which is decorated with FIFTEENTH WALK. 380 numerous marble statues, chiefly copies from the antique, such as the Diana Venatrix and the AthlHe. Facing the palace is Archidamus, by Lemaire, and around the semi- circular paths, right and left, we see Ilippomenes, by Ottin ; Vulcan, by Bridau (1771) ; the Seasons, Minerva, etc. The chestnut groves above mentioned are skirted with the fol- lowing statues, beginning from the east; — 1 . Bathilde, wife of Clovis II., by Therasse ; 2. Bertrada, wife of Pepin lellref, by Oudine ; 3. Queen Hudrogote, by Elshoect ; 4, Ste. Genevieve, by Mercier; 5. Marie Stuart, by Maindron; 6. Jeanne d’Albret, by Brian; 7. Clemence Tsaure, by Preault; 8. Mile, de Monl- pensier, by Demesmay; 9. Louise de Savoie, by Clesinger; 10. Jeanne d’Arc, by Rude. On the opposite terrace, begin- ning from the south, are the following ; 11. Lame de Noves, by Ottin; 12. Marie de Medicis, by Caillouette; 13. Mar- guerite de Valois, by Lescorne; 14. Valentine de Milan, by Huguenin; 15. Anne de Beaujeu, by Gatteaux ; 16. Blanche de Castille, by Dumont; 17. Anne d’Autriche, by Ramus; 18. Anne de Bretagne, by Debay; 19. Marguerite de Pro- vence, by Husson; 20. Queen Clotilde, by Klagmann. The eastern side of the garden has been encroached upon by the Boulevard de Sebastopol and the rue de Medicis. Its chief ornament now is a fountain built by Catherine de Medicis, after the designs of Desbrosses ; its niche is adorned with a group representing Polyphemus discovering Acis and Galatea. On the side facing the street, there is a bas-relief, by Valois, representing Jupiter and Leda. In the adjoining grass-plot stands a beautiful marble group, by Garrand, of Cain and his family after the death of Ahel. From the central part of the garden a wide avenue extended to the Boulevard du Mont Parnasse ; but a great part of this, as well as a narrow slip on the western side, have now been lopped off to make room for streets ; a measure which caused much discussion in Paris. The western grove of chestnut trees is interspersed with cafes and kiosks, where the daily papers may be read, and further north is a large orangery, surrounded by walks, shrubberies, and flower-beds, bordering on the Petit Luxem- bourg (see p. 373.) In this orangery M. Rivier, the head gardener, gives gratuitous lectures on pruning and grafting. There is also a collection of about 500 different kinds of vine, brought from foreign countries ; likewise a model apiary, lectures being given here annually by M. Hamet on the rearing of bees. Nine gates afford access to this beautiful garden, which has a handsome railing on the side of the rue de Vaugirard. The garden is 919 metres long by 570 in breadth. The area is 340,064 square metres. It is open from daybreak to dusk. CONVENT OP CAIIMELITES. 381 Close by the western gate of the Luxembourg, in the rue de Fleurus, is the small Thedtre da Luxembourg (see p. 471), f The me de Madame leads to the rue de Vaugirard, where j we see to our left, at No. 70, the ’ Convent des Carmelites, now a convent of Dominican friars. M. Lacordaire, the celebrated preacher, belonged to this brotherhood. Part of the ancient house, with the Chapel, is still appropriated to religious purposes; the rest is occupied ’by private tenants. The chapel, dedicated to St. Joseph, is cruci- form and of the Tuscan order, without aisles. The foundation stone was laid in 1 6 1 3 , by Marie de Medicis. The dome, painted by Flamel, represents Elijah in his flaming car ; the altar has Corinthian pillars of black marble. The altar-piece represents the Death of St. Joseph. Under the communion table is an ancient alto-rilievo, in white marble, representing the Last Supper. A bas-relief, in gilt bronze, representing the Circum- cision is under the altar table of the left transept. The chapels are adorned with scroll-work and old paintings, and the first to the left is decorated with a ceiling in fresco, repre- senting St. Camillus. In the following one there are some old paintings, illustrating several legends of saints, revived. It was in this convent the massacres began in Paris, in September, 1792. Hundreds of priests, imprisoned here, were murdered! The heart of Archbishop Affre is also preserved in this convent (see p. 28 1 ). The well-known Eau de Melisse and the Blanc des Carmes are still sold here. At No. 39, rue du Cherche-Midi, we see the Hdtel de Tou- louse, where courts-martial are held. The building opposite is a military prison. Returning to the rue de Vaugirard, the visitor will find, at No. 109, a new Communal School, both for children and adults. The facade is adorned with a fine bas-relief, by Millet, representing Paris affording instruction to childhood. Next door to this, at No. Ill, there is an immense reser- voir, which receives water from the basin of la Villette and the Artesian well of Crenelle, and supplies the faubourg St. Ger- main. It contains 216,000 cubic feet of water. On the Boulevard Montparnasse, to our left, so called from its having been in the olden time a favourite place of resort of the students of the University, who used there 1o indulge in reading verses, spouting Latin, and other academical pastimes, is the Western Railway Terminus, a vast and elegant building, facing the rue de Rennes, which is to be continued to the Seine. The terminus occupies 216,000 square metres. The front consists of two pavilions connected by a portico of 7 382 PIFTEENtri WALK. arches, over which are seen the gables of the arrival and departure sheds. Nearly opposite this. No. 25, was the house of Marshal Turenne. In the rue de Rennes there stands a small Gothic chapel, built of wood rendered incombustible by a chemical process. It is soon to be rebuilt of stone. Striking into the rue Notre Dame des Champs, the visitor will see, at No. 22, the College Stanislas fsee p. 98,) and further on, at No. 51, a splendid Gothic building, still in 'pro- gress, intended for a new hospice. Continuing along the same street, he will reach the Boulevard de Sebastopol, which skirts the garden of the Luxembourg, and will lead him to the Jardin Botanique de I’Ecole de Medecme, now in a piteous state, but which will soon be again stocked with medicinal plants. Open from May 1 to Aug. 31, from o to 10 A.M., and from 3 to 7 p.m., except on Sundays and Fetes. Lower down in the rue d’Enfer, at No. 30, is the Ecole Imperiale des Mines, and Mineralogical Museum, — This magnificent hotel, formerly called Hotel de Venddme, was built in 1707, by a society of Carthusian monks, and afterwards purchased by the Duchess of Vendome. The insti- tution to which it is now appropriated was projected by Car- dinal dc Fleury, and commenced in 17 83, but was not definitively organized until 1816. Part of this vast building has now been reconstructed, to make room for the Boule- vard. Its front is plain, but tasteful ; a spacious court, en- tered by a handsome railing, gives access to it. The professors and directors of the school reside in the house. The entrance room on the first floor contains a large skeleton of the Ichthyo- saurus. To the right we find the staircase, the ceilings of which are adorned with paintings by the late Abel dc Pujol. The first ceiling on the ground floor represents Wlsdolx hold- ing out her torch, while the Sciences are liste 1 1 , ^ to her words. The walls are covered with landscapes ilnistrating various geological formations, by Ilugard. The ..eiling above is divided into three compartments: the 1 st represents France seeking improvement through Geology and Steam ; the 2nd, Glory awarding crowns to the most distinguished men of science of France, from Descartes down to Cuvier; the 3rd, Mineralogy and Chemistry. We now enter 13 large rooms, containing a rnagnificent collection of minerals of all countries, including that of Ilauy, removed hither from the Hotel desMon- naies. Beginning from thefurthest room to the right on entering, the minerals of Fra,jice are arranged according to the depart- ments in alphaljetical order, in presses, while the stands con- EGLlSE DE LA SORBONNE. 383 tain minerals of all countries scientifically classified. In a room adjoining to the first is a collection of the mineral pro- ductions of the French colonies. A scries of ground and po- lished Jaspers and agates are adjusted in the window panes of the 7th room, to show their transparency. A lateral room con- tains some geological specimens ; but the principal geological collection, comprising that of the Paris Basin formed by MM.' Cuvier and Brongniart, occupies six large rooms on the 2d floor, accessible by a staircase in the 4th room to the right, where a complete series of fossil bones, zoophytes, am- monites, &c, will be found. Models in relief of Mount Etna, by M. filie de Beaumont, and of Mount Vesuvius, by M. Du- frenoy, will attract particular attention. There are also four rooms filled with models of the various machines used in mining, smelting furnaces, specimens of limber, optical instruments, a plan in relief of the valley of Cha- mouny, and a model of the galleries of the coal-pits of La Grande Croix, in the department of the Loire. The first floor also contains an assay office, which is not public, and on the ground floor are laboratories, lecture-rooms, the council-cham- ber, and the library, which contains G,000 volumes. About 250,000 specimens are contained in the museum, which is open daily with passport, and to the public on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, from 11 to 3. The library is open daily to students and strangers, on application. Gratuit- ous public lectures are delivered here on geology and minera- logy during five months of the year (see p. 98). In the me Monsieur le Prince, at No. 22, is the house for- merly belonging to Jean Goujon, with his bust flanked by two figures in alto-rilievo, representing Painting and Sculpture. In the rue Racine, is a reservoir supplied with water from the basin de la Villette, for the quartier St. Jacques. The adjoining portion of the Boulevard Saint-Michel, to the right, extends over the classical ground of the old col- leges, such as those of Narbonne and Bayeux, now swept away. To the right is the Lycee St. Louis. — A college was founded on this spot as early as 1280, by Raoul d’Harcourt, canon of Notre Dame, from whom it took the name of College d’Harcourt. The principal mass of the present building was begun in 1814, and the college opened in 1820 ; but the whole front facing the Boulevard has now been rebuilt with a monumental facade (see p. 97). Nearly opposite is the College de la Sobbo.nne — built on the Place of the same name, where a celebrated school was founded by Robert Sor- bon, in 1253, for a society of ecclesiastics, who might devote 384 FIFTEENTH WALK. themselves exclusively to study and gratuitous teaching. The fame of this institution, which became the head of the Uni- versity of Paris, and conferred such renown on the Gallican church, is well known. The College du Plessis became absorbed in it; and in 1629, Cardinal Richelieu, who had graduated there, laid the first stone of the present build- ings, to which considerable additions, comprising a surface of 5,260 metres, are now being made, with a princi- pal front in the rue des Ecoles, the first stone of which was laid on the l4th of August, 1855. The total surface occupied by the Sorbonne is now 12,000 metres. The old buildings enclose a wide quadrangular court. For a list of the lectures delivered here gratuitously, apply at the porter’s lodge (see p. 93). — The library, now called Bibliothc.que de I’Universite de France, consists of 80,000 volumes, and is open daily from 10 to 3, and in the evening from 7 till 10, festivals excepted. Vacation from July 11 to Aug. 25. Ihe Church , begun in 1635, after the designs of Lemercier, was finished in 1659. The front is pedimented, and of the Corinthian and Composite orders. Behind the pediment rises a magnificent dome, on a drmn adorned with clustered Composite pilasters, bearing statues on their entablature. Towards the court is a fine Corinthian portico of bold propor- tions, with six columns in front, and four within, resting on a flight of steps, and supporting a triangular pediment. The in- terior is cruciform, of the Corinthian order, with chapels. The dome is painted in medallions and compartments with angels, emblems of religion, 6cc., and the pendentives with Sts. Ambrose, Gregory, Jerome, and Augustin. The medal- lions are by Philippe de Champagne. An oil painting by M. Hesse, of Robert Sorbon presenting his theological pupils to St. Louis, deserves attention. Above the arches and in the stained glass of some of the windows are the arms of Cardinal de Riche- lieu, and in the right transept is his celebrated tomb, the chef-d’- oeuvre of Girardon, executed in 1694, (1) and one of the finest pieces of sculpture of the 17th century. The statue of the car- dinal, in a reclining posture, is sustained by Religion holding the book which he composed in her defence. Near her are two (i) During the revolution of i 789 , the tomb of Cardinal Riche- lieu, liLe others, was desecrated, and liis head paraded through the streets on a pike. M. Armez, father of the deputy under Louis Philippe, got possession of it, and bequeathed it to his son, ■who, however, has since given it up; and it was restored to the Cardinal’s tomb witli great ceremony December itllt, 1866, in the presence of the French Academy, the Minister of Public Instruction, the Due de Richelieu, and olher distinguished personages. I MOTEL DE CLUNY. 385 genii, who support the arms of the Cardinal. At the opposite extremity is a woman in tears, who represents Science deplor- ing tlie loss of her protector. Tire two figures of Science and Religion are portraits of the Duchesses of Guyon and Fronsac nieces to the'Cardinal. In the chapel to the right of the altar is a monument, to the Due de Richelieu, minister under Louis XVIII., partly executed by the late M. Ramey, but, unfortu- nately, the finishing of this monument fell toless skilfulhands. The Duke is represented in his dying moments, supported by Religion. In the windows of the transept are St. Louis and St. Ursula in stained glass. Few buildings in Pans suffered more by the revolution of 17 89, than this church. It was ^ repaired by Napoleon I. After the Restoration it was used as a lecture-room of the. School of Law; hut, in 1825 it was restored to divine worship. Open daily from 8 to lo a.m. ; at a later hour the interior is shown by the porter for a small fee. Descending the rue de la Sorbonne, the visitor will enter the new Rue des Ecoles. Here stood a temple of Bacchus and subsequenlly the church of St. Benoit, suppressed in 1791. ( 1 ) Opposite the rue de la Sorbonne is the Hotel de Clunv, 14, rue des Mathurins, certainly one of the finest remains of the ancient mansions of Paris of the 16th century. It was begun, on part of the ruins of the Palais des Thermes, by .lean de Bourbon, abbot of Cluny, about *l48o • after his death, his successor, Jacques d’Ambofse, continued it in 1490, and it was finished in 1505. This most inlerestiim mansion was inhabited in 1515, by Mary, sister of Henry VHL of England, and widow of Louis XIL, after the death of her husband. Her bed-chamber is still called Chambre de la Reine Blanche, it being the custom of the Oueons of Fi'ance to wear white mourning. In 15;{6, .lames V. of Scotland celebrated his marriage here with Madeleine, daughter of Francis L In 1565 it served as a refuge to the CaiTlinal de Lorraine, the Duke of Guise his nephew, and the Duke of Au- male; in 1625 the Abbess of Port Roval and her nuns took possession of it; from 1579 lo 1584 it belonged to a troop of comedians ; and the Section of Marat held its sittings in it in 1793. At length, after various vicissitudes, it was pur- chased by M. du Sommerard, a learned and enthusiastic an- tiquarian, who formed here a valuable collection of objects of lart of the middle ages, which his heirs sold to Government in 1843 for 500,000 fr., the hotel included. Since then, it has been formed into a national museum of antiquities. The : (i) The line of the Boulevard de Sehaslopol on this side of flie river, entirely coincide.^ with Ihe otd Bomaii road which led to Orleans, then called Genahum. 23 386 FIFTEEMH WALK. Gothic turrets and richly ornamented windows are the most striking features of this remarkahle building (l). The turret in the court was used as an observatory by Delisle, Lilande, Bochart de Saron, and De Messier. The escutcheon of Jacques d’Amhoise is visible above the gate, and the hotel has been insulated by the demolition of the adjoining houses (2 . Interior. — The entrance to the museums is by the tower ) on the right. The first room contains plaster-casts, rilievos, mosaics, &c. In tlie second room, a colossal white marble chimney-piece, with a basso-rilievo of Christ and the Sama- ritan, and the two canopied stalls, marked 532 and 537, de- serve attention. This and the next two rooms contain re- markable specimens of stained glass, triptychs, car\ ed furni- ture of the 16th and 17th centuries, church ornaments and gar- ments, 8cc. In the 2d and 3rd room glass stands contain Roman and Gallic antiquities found at Beauvais, as also some of those flint hatchets and arrow-heads dug up at St. Acheul, Abbeville, aud considered by many geologists as sufficient evidence of the existence of man many ages before the histo- rical times. Here also we see a stall from the church of An- ' gerolles, elaborately carved, of the 15th century. The stands in the 4th room display various embroidered stuffs of the 15th and 16th centuries. In the 5th room there is some fine Beau- vais tapestry. A passage, in which the visitor will remark some curious carvings and embroidery, and fragments of mural paintings of the 9th century, leads to the A7icienne Salle des Thermes, a lofty hall, built on the foundations of an old one, which threatened ruin. Here are exposed to view ten speci- mens of beautiful Flemish tapestry, seven of which illustrate the history of David and Bathsheha. The various biblical personages represented in them are dressed in the fashion of Louis XII. These valuable relics were once the property of the marquises of Spinola, of Genoa. In the centre of this room is a pedestal with a marble group of tbe three Fates ; also two Neapolitan cars of the l7th century; in the corners there are glass presses filled with ecclesiastical attire of various periods, and behind the pedestal, a stand, with the remains of the crozier and vestments of a bishop of the 12th century, and two others with medals and other small arti- cles. Opposite the entrance an arched doorway opens into a passage leading to a glazed shed, where we find four magni- ficent state carriages of the reign of Louis XIV., adorned witli H) See an essay by M. du Sommerard, on the Hotel de Cluny, in the catalogue, lo he had on Ihe spot. (2) The new street 11ms formed lies on Ihe site of one of old Lutelia. Hotel de cLdny. 387 pTofuse carving and gilding, panels artistically painted, &c. Three of them are provided with springs ; the fourth, perhaps the richest of all, is only hung on straps. There are besides two sedan-chairs, both elegantly painted with flowers. See. • three sledges, one of which all gilt, and representing a di-a<^on • and another, covered with Utrecht velvet, with a pair of enormous jack-boots of the same period ; a small model of a glass-coach, beautifully executed, and in the same style as one of the vehicles already mentioned ; and lastly, a sort of tilbury, besides old harness, 5cc. The walls are inappro- priately hung with valuable Flemish tapestry, which mi<>-ht have found a bettei place. Retracing our steps through the great hall to the first passage, a wooden staircase, bearin" the arras and initials of Henry IV., and transported hither Rom the Palais de Justice, leads to the second story, the entrance- passage of which has a balcony opening into the hall de- scribed above, and contains, besides various weapons, suits of armour and carved chests of curious workmanship. ’ This passage gives access to two different suites; that to the right consists of three rooms, containing valuable Flemish tapestry and old furniture, ancient crockery, terra-cotta enamels, pieces of Luca della Robbia and Bernard de Palissv’ and old glass. Returning to the entrance-passage, the first room of the front suite contains. No. 541, an ancient bed profusely carved, said to have belonged to Francis I., when Duke of Valois. In the stands we see some valuable’ MSS weapons, tools, caskets, and tapestry. In the 2 d room’ named after M. du Sommerard, we find some beautiful ivory triptychs, a chessboard of rock-crystal, etc.. ; also several splendid ebony presses among which is one. No. 594 sent from Spain by Admiral Nelson to a cabinet-maker, named Faivret, at Paris, to be repaired. In the 3 d room, a’serics of minute statues of the Kings of France claim particular atten- tion. The stands contain valuable old jewelry and <^lass medallions, &c. In the 4th room the stranger ’ will see an altar-screen of pure gold, a gift of Henry II., Emperor of Germany, to the cathedral of Rasle. In a corner stands a triptych, brought liither from the church of fiomarsund. The faces of the figures it contains are painted, and appear through apertures cut in thin gilt brass leaves, which cover the rest of the surface. In the centre is a glass stand, containing ostensories embossed dishes, and eight crowns of gold, richly ornamented with sapphires and pearls, found at La Fuente de Guar- mzar, near Toledo, the capital of the Gothic kings of Spain. One bears the name of King Recesvinthus (a.d, 049 672 ). Another bears a striking resemblance to the crown of Queen 388 FIFTEENTH WALK.. Theodelinda. preserved at Monza. The six others, , being smaller, appear to have belonged to the king’s children. The 5 th and last room, contains about 400 specimens of old Rouen pottery of the last century. Returning to the tirst room of this suite, we find, on the right hand, the Chambre de la Reine Blanche, alluded to above, containing valuable pictures and bas-reliefs, among which we may men- tion No. 7 59, by Primaticcio, representing Love and Diane de Poitiers as Venus, and No. 722, Mary Magdalen at Marseilles, painted by king Rene of Provence. Nos, 2824 and 2825 are two Italian spinets of the 16th century. Other old musical instruments are contained in a glass stand. This room leads to the chapel, an extraordinary monument. The ceil- ing is supported in the middle by an octagonal pillar, and is loaded with tracery. The chapel receives light from two single pointed windows flanking a recess, in which are three double windows with tracery. Here are sacred utensils, crosses, &c., a remarkable reading-desk, a baptis- mal fount of the 15th century, and an altar-piece represent- in'^ Abraham and Melchisedek, the mass of St. Gregory, and the Last Supper. From the chapel a winding staircase of singular workmanship descends into an open vestibule, com- municating with the garden and court leading to the Palais des Thermes, once the residence of the Roman governor of Gaul, as well as of the kings of the first and second races. It was in this palace Julian had fixed his re- sidence when he was proclaimed emperor by his troops in 360 . (1) It is mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus, and by Gregory of Tours. A deed of 1138 styles it by the name it Ttill bears (2.) The only perfect part of this palace remaining is a vast hall, with a vaulted ceiling. It was formerly the jrigidarium, or chamber for cold baths. Its (1) From a Roman altar discovererl here, it appeal’s that this palace was built by Constantins, amt not by Julian as had been erroneously supposed. The inscription on the allar was as fol- lows : Hoc quod ereooit atrium virtus Constantii, D. Solis ornav. alt. ft. virtus JuUnni Ctrsaris. ( 2 ) It was bounded towards the east by a Roman road, now the rue St. Jacques, which, at the river side, was guarded by a strong lower. The garden of the palace extended on the west as far”as the Abbey of St. Germain des Pr6s, which was built at the south-west corner of the enclosure, and a straight line, run- ning from the abbey to the river, determined the western boun- dary of the garden, also terminated by a tower. Where the Pantheon now stands, there was an amphitheatre. An aqueduct from Rungis, two leagues beyond Arcueil (see p. 495), has been traced under the Palais des Thermes. It runs from north to south, and is 2 feet wide by 1 */» in depth. PALAIS DES THERMES. 389 dimensions are ; length 65 feet, breadth 45, and altitude 54. In a large rectangular recess to the right on entering is the pis- cina or cistern, 32 feet long hy 18 in breadth; its bottom is about 4 feet lower than the present floor of the frigidarium. In the wall opposite to the piscina are three niches with re- mains of water-pipes, formerly communicating with a sub- terranean conduit, partly discovered in 1857, for carrying off the waste water to the river. The masonry of this hall is com- posed of alternate rows of squared stones and bricks, covered in some places with a coat of stucco four or five inches thick. The thickness of the walls is surprising. From thishall a small room, giving access to the cellars (which cannot be visited without a guide, who receives a small fee), leads to the tepidarium, or chamber for warm baths, now entirely divested of its vaulted roof. Here the niches in which the bathing-tubs were placed, are still visible; at the furthest end, next to a flight of steps leading to the rue de la Harpe is the hypocausHim, a low vaulted chambei- which contained the apparatus for warming water. This interesting monument of antiquity had long been used as a workshop, and, after passing through various hands, was purchased by the municipality of Paris, and an opening made to connect it with the Hotel de Cluny. The still existing hall is now filled with the relics of Roman sculpture dv’g up in Paris. It has been repaired, roofed over in the Roman style, and surrounded Avilh gardens 5,000 square metres in surface, fronting the Boulevards Saint Wichel and Saint Germain fsee p. 393.) The northern garden contains fragments of old sculpture ; such as the Evangelical emblems, the bull, eagle, lion, and angel, which formerly stood on St, Jacques de la Boucherie see p. 262); the portal of the old convent of St. Benoist, which gives access to the garden from the hotel, etc. Here is also the cross taken from the church of St. Vladirnir, at Sebastopol, sent by Marshal Pelissier. The Musee des Thermes et de I’Hdtel de Cluny, is open daily, Mondays excepted, from 11 to k}i p.m.; on Sundays . without, and on other days with tickets, for which apply to I Monsieur le Directeur du Musee des Thermes. I M. Delalain’s premises, opposite, occupy the site of a house formerly inhabited by Marshal de Catinat. Proceeding northward along the Boulevard, we find, oppo- site the Pont St Michel (see p. 307), the beautiful Fontaine St. Michel. — This splendid monument, inau- gurated Aug. 15th, I860, wasdesigned by M. Davioud, archi- lect. Under a niche, in the centre of a rich Corinthian facade, we see a bronze group, by Duret, of the Archangel crushing the Demon. From the rock forming the basement, a sheet of FIFTEENTH WALK. 390 Wcater gushes into five basins of different forms, the lowermost being semicircular, and nearly on a level with the ground. These basins are flanked by two dragons spouting water into the semicircular basin. The four columns which adorn the monu mentare of red Languedoc marble, their bases and capitals of white marble, and the basins and body of the edifice of St. Yllie stone (Dep. of the Jura). The richly sculptured entablature is crowned with four bronze statues of Prudence, Force, Justice, and Tempei-ance, by MM. Barre, Guillaume, Elias Robert and Gumery. Under the segmental pediment, flanked by two eagles executed in lead, is the following inscription : FONTAINE SAINT-MICHEL. Sous I.E REGNE DE NAPOLEON UI, EmPFRECU DES VRANCAIS, CE MONU- MENT A ETE ELEVE PAR LA VILLE DE PARIS, L’AN MDGCCLA. The attic is adorned with the^ monogram of St. Michael en- circled with the collar of the order of that name. The whole monument is 78 feet in height, and 45 in breadth ; the group of the Archangel is leya feet, and the height of the columns 19. The four statues of the alticare 9 feet each. The supply of water is 23 litres (5 gallons) per second (l). In the rue Ilautefeuille, west of the Boulevard de Sebas- topol, Nos. 5, 9, and 21 are remarkable for their old tur- rets. At No. 30 was a convent of Prajmonstratensian monks. In the rue de I’Ecole de Medecine, No. 5, is the Ecole Im- periale Gratuite de Dessin, founded, in 17 67, byM. Bachelier. The court is in the Ionic style, and over the arched gateway are caryatides in bas-relief (see p. 99). At No. 15, is the Musee Dupuytren. — This important pathological collection is due to the public-spirited and celebrated surgeon whose name it bears. Dupuytren left 200,000 fr. for the establishment of a professorship of pathological anatomy. At the suggestion of M. Orfda, dean of the faculty, the council of the university then granted a sum towards founding a museum of morbid anatomy. The refectory of the ancient convent of the Corde- liers was purchased and arranged for the purpose. The front is Gothic, with an engaged octagonal turret flanking the gable. In the vestibule is a bust of Dupuytren, and in the centre of the hall is a marble bust of Pare, by David. Admittance is (i) At the corner of the rue cle ta llarpe, opposite the bridge, there Avas formerly a fountain surmounted hy an ill-formed head, and huilt in commemoration of the treachery of Pd- rinet le Clerc, the son of one of the dchevins de Paris, who opened the gate of St. Germain, afterwards Porte de Buci (whicli stood at the western end of the nie St. Andrd des Arts), to the forces of the Bourguignons in i4i8, in consequence of which the Count of Armagnac was slain, and King Charles YI, unhappily fell into the hands of the aggressors. I ECOLE DE JIEDECINE. 391 obtained, from 12 to 3, by a small fee to the porter. The ' unprofessional visitor must expect to sec many disgusting ob- jects. For further particulars see p. 1 34. To the west in the same street is the Fcole 1)E Meueciise, the seat of the FacuUij of Medicine, in the Academy of Paris. — Medical schools were first established in Paris in 14 69 ; and, in 1472-7, buildings for that purpose were erected in the rue de la Bucherie. In icis, an amphi- theatre for anatomical demonstrations was built ; but, in 177 0, the faculty removed to an edifice in the rue St. Jean de Beau- \ais, formerly occupied by the Faculty of Laiv. The first stoue of the present building, designed by Gondouin, was laid by Louis XV.,. in 17 09, on the site of the ancient Col- lege de Bourgogne ; it was inaugurated in 177 0, and is a speci- men of elegant architecture. The front towards the street is 198 feet in length ; the lateral xviugs are connected by a por- tico formed of a double range of coupled Ionic columns, inter- rupted by an arched entrance leading into a rectangular court, ■ and surmounted by a bas-relief representing Louis XV., accom- panied by Wisdom and Beneficence, granting privileges to the School of Surgery, and the Genius of the Arts presenling to the king a plan of the building. The court is 60 feet by 90, and is adorned with a bronze statue of Bichat, inaugurated in 1858. At the bottom is a portico of six Corinthian columns, surmounted by a pediment. The bas-relief of the tympanum represents Theory and Practice joining hands on an altar. The inner frieze of this portico bears medallions with the portraits in bas-relief of Pitard " de la Peyronnie, Pare, Marechal, and Petit. The semi-circular amphi- theatre, to which this portico leads, will contain 1,400 students. It is lit by a skylight, and contains a painting, by Matout, representing Ambroise Pare practising for the first time the ligature of an artery after amputation. For a list of the lectures delivered here, all of which are gratuitous, see page 132 n. The external portico leads to the grand staircase on the left. Beside it, is a plaster statue of Breschet counting the pulsations of a youth, by David d’Angers. On ascending the staircase, a door to the left leads to the Library, a large room, with a circular skylight, containing 30,000 vo- lumes, and open daily, Sundays and Thursdays excepted, to students from It to 4, and to strangers by permission to 1 e obtained at the Bureau. A door opposite to the staircase leads to the Museum of Comparative Anatomy, highly interest- ing to the professional visitor. The tirstis a rectangular saloon with an arched ceiling, lit by skylights, and occupying the whole length of the attic over the portico. A gallery running 392 FIFTEENTH WALK. round it is ascended by a winding staircase in the centre. The middle of the room is occupied by two rectangular railings, containing skeletons of the larger animals, such as lions, la- mas, &CG. Beginning from the right below, is the anatomy of the nervous system, in a great measure due to the practised hand of M. Denonvilliers. A detailed exposition of the 5th pair of nerves in the human head is truly astonishing for its exe- cution. Next comes the muscular system ofmammifera, the osteology of reptiles and birds ; a valuable series of phrenolo- gical specimens, mostly consisting of the heads of criminals, among which, that of Fieschi, in a case next to the clock, dis- playing the fracture he received from his own infernal ma- chine. The osteology of the liuman skull is ingeniously exposed by a combination of springs lioldmg asunder the sutures, which may be reconjoined at xvill. Dr. Dumoutier’s valuable phreno- logical collection is now arranged here. Next is a scries of angiological specimens, injected. The general classification is according to the system of Mandl. In the gallery above is a series of embryology, &c. The eye, the organs of taste and smell, follow in succession. Here we find, in two gilt frames, the dissection of the acoustic organ of the smaller mam- malia, due to the patience of the donor, Mr. Hyrtl, of Vienna. Next come the digestive organs, exemplified in the.ehdomens of various animals. The specimens of the lym- phatic system are injected xvith mercury. The circulation of the blood is exposed in specimens of various animals, and great attention has been paid to the study of the anatomy of the human body by regions. Among the skeletons of insects, that of the Scarabceus Melolontha, consisting of 77 pieces, is remarkable. A marble statue of Cuvier stands at the end of the room. The greatest praise is due to the late M. Orfila for his exertions in forming and enriching this museum, which is continued in the second room. In the third room, among various specimens of natural history, will be seen, under a glass bell, the model in wax of the dwarf Bebe, 20 inches high, horn in the Vosges, and attached to the service of Stanislas, King of Poland; he died in 17 04, aged nearly 25 yq^rs. Here are also the organs of hearing, as magnified through a micro- scope, and a collection of substances belonging to the ma- teria medica, and mineralogy. In the fourth is a collection of anatomical and surgical instruments, filling 6 presses, among which, in one next to the window, is the case of instruments used for the autopsy of Napoleon, and a cabinet of instruments of natural philosophy. This museum is not open to the public, but students are admitted daily, Sundays and Thursdays excepted, between 1 1 and 4, on applying at the HOPITAL CLINIQUE. 393 Secretary’s office. Casual visitors are only admitted after 4 p. m. A fee is expected. The rest of thebuilding containsrooms for demonstration, a council-chamber, &c. (see p. 131.) The library and museum are closed from Aug. 15 to Nov. 15. Opposite is the llopiTAL Clinique de la Faculte de M^decine, a handsome building, founded on the site of the cloister of the Cordeliers, and containing about 120 beds. The hospital forms a square, with a garden in the centre. The public is admitted on Thursdays and Fridays, from 11 to 12 (seep. 14 1 ). At No. 20, rue de I’Ecole de Medecine, in a back room, Charlotte Corday stabbed Marat, while in a hath, on the 13th July, 1793. Turrets will be observed at the corner of the rue Larrey, and 22, rue de FEcole de Medecine. The latter street leads into the rue de FAncienne Comedie, so called from the Theatre Francais having been formerly located in it. The theatre was about midway, opposite to the Ca/e/Yocope, which was tlie resort of Voltaire and all the literary and dramatic celebrities of that day. At the corner of rue Mignon, the visitor will remark the sculptured front of the ancient College Mignon, afterwards Grand mont, founded in 1343 by Jean Mignon, Archdeacon of Blois. It became national property in 1790, and was occupied by the Archives of the Royal Treasury in 1820. It is now a printing office. The rue de I’Eperon and rue des Grands Augustins lead to the Marche des Augustins, or a la Volaille, Quai des Au- gustins. — This market for poultry, also called La Vallee, was erected in 1810, upon the site of the church of the convent of the Grands Augustins. The length is 190 feet, and the breadth 141. This market has now been transferred to the Halles Centrales ,see p. 243). SIZTEEITTH ITALZ. This lies entirely within the 5th arrondissement. We may commence it with the Boulevard St. Germain, — another of the great thorough- fares cut through some of the woi’st quarters of Paris. It extends from the Quai de la Tournelle to the Boulevard de Sebastopol ileft bank), and is being continued to the Fau- bourg St. Germain. The Quai de la Tournelle owes its name to a large square tower, which was situated near the bridge of that name, and defended the passage of the river by means of a chain drawn 394 SIXTEENTH WALK. across during the night, and fixed on the opposite btnk of the He St. Louis to a similar tower. The Tourndle was reconstructed by Henry II. in 1554. In 1032, St. Vincent de Paule obtained permission from the Kine to have the galley-slaves transported thither from the un- healthy vaults of the Conciergerie. It was used as a prison until 1790, when it was demolished. The Porte St. Bernard, connected with the enclosure built by Philip Augustus, stood in close contact with the Tournelle. It was reconstructed in 1000, and demolished in 1787. The visitor will here remark the vast demolitions occa- sioned by the continuation of the rue des Ecoles, which has absorbed the whole southern side of the rue St. \ictor. Entering the Boulevard, we arrive at the rue du Cardinal lemoine, so called from a college of that name, founded in 1300. Here stood also the Seminaire St. Firmin, once in- habited by Calvin. It was suppressed in 1790, and served as a prison during the reign of terror. A dreadful massacre took place in it in the days of September, when ninety-one priests were murdered. (1) The barracks of fire-men, which we see at No. 24, rue de Poissy, once formed part of the great convent of Bernardins, built in 1244 by Stephen Lexington, Abbot of Clairvaux, to enable his monks to study at the University of Paris. In 1320 the convent was ceded to the Cistertians, in consequence of which Benedict XIL, himself of that order, added a church to that convent (2), on the site of which now stands the Hali.e aux Vealx, on the opposite side of the Boulevard. Cows and calves are sold here on Tuesdays and Fridays ; the stables are underground. On other days it is a great mart for rags and old iron. In the rue de Pontoise, opposite this, we find, at No. 19, the Fourricre, or pound, of the Prefecture of Police, for ve- hicles, horses, and dogs (3.) Further on is a primary school, (1) The following is the copy of a document referring to the above : — “ The treasurer of the commune is to pay to Gilbert Petit 48 livres for the time employed by himself and three com- rades in the despatch of the priests of St. Firmin during two days. — 4lh September, year IV. of Liberty, and ist of Equality, pursuant to the requisition made to us by the section of Sans- culottes who set them to work. — Signed, Nicout, J^rdme Lamark, commissioners.” At the back is the receipt, signed " G. Petit, his Mark, X.” Most of the individuals employed did not know how to write, (2) It was declared national property in 1790 . ( 3 ) Dogs are kept here for a week, and then killed, unless claimed. ST. NICOLAS DU CFIARDONNET. 395 with a haut-relief, representing Paris taking childhood under its protection, and at No. 30 is the Sdminair.c de St. Nicolas du Chard onnet, an estahi'shment connected with - St. Nicolas do Chardonnet — a church built on the site of a chapel erected in 1930 by Guillaume d’ Auvergne ; its re- construction was begun in 165G, and finished in 1709. During the first revolution it was sold as national property ; but the purchaser not having paid the price, it returned to the government, and was afterwards restored to public worship. This church has no principal front, and has a mean-looking entrance, masked by houses, in the rue St. Victor ; the west- ern front consists of two stories, the lower Ionic, bearing a triangular pediment, the upper Composite. The interior is cruciform, with single aisles and a semicircular choir; its pilasters are Corinthian, remarkable for the anomalous absence of caulicles. The vaulting is semicircular, and the windows have circular arches. There is an unusual number of good paintings to be found in this church ; they are as follows: 1st chapel, to the right on enter- ing, the Baptism of Christ, by Corot, and Christ healing the Blind. 2d, Dream of St. Joseph, and the Annunciation. 3d, St. Nicholas receiving extreme unction, and the Mar- tyrdom of St. Theda. 4th, a Descent from the Cross, and a Besurrection, both by Lebours. In the following transept is the Communion chapel ; the altar piece is Christ with the two Disciples at Emmaus, by Saurin ; and on either side, St. Paul preaehing, and St. Justin refusing to sacrifice to the Gods, both by Noel Coypel. Here is also a good old Ecee Homo. 5th, Paul before Festus,and St. Charles Borromeo administering the Eucharist to the plague-stricken al Milan, by Lebrun. 6th, a fine portrait of St. Francis de Sales in a medallion sur- mounting a handsome marble tomb, by Anguier and Girardon, in memory of Jerome Bignon ; it bears the bust of the latter, and is flanked by statues of Justice and Truth. On the basement is St. Jerome striking his breast with a stone. 7th, the Marriage of the Virgin. 8th, the Apotheosis of St. The- resa. 9th, the Apotheosis of Ste. Genevieve, by Maison. loth, f provisionally closed). 11th, St. Louis Gonzaga saying mass, by Rocliat; the Martyrdom of St. Clair. 12th, St. Charles Borromeo praying. The ceiling is by Lebrun, and facing the aisle is the monument to that artist, and another to his mother. The former consists of a pyramid surmounted by his bust, by Coysevox; at the base are two statues, Re- ligion and the Fine Arts deploring his death. The latter, exe- cuted by Tubi and Cottignon, after designs of Lebrun, re- presents the deceased issuing from her tomb at the sound of 396 SIXTEENTH WALK. the last trumpet; the angel is particularly admired. 13th, The adoration of the Virgin and c hild, by Bouterweck. I4th* St. Bernard performing mass, by Lesueur. 1 5th, the palsieci man healed, by Sacquespee (167 5). 1 6th, Western transept ; Christ raising the daughter of Jairus, hy Vignaud. 17th, the Good Samaritan. 18th, the Deliverance from Purgatory and a Mater Dolorosa. 19th, St. Catherine of the wheel, by Mar- quel ; and the Baptism of Christ. Facing the right aisle" is the Agony of Christ, hy Destouches; and facing the left aisle, the Martyrdom of St. Sebastian, by Dupuy. The organ is hand- some, adorned with statues and caryatides, and tlie choir is richly decorated with marble. The remains of the poet San- teuil were removed to this church in 1818. (1) Crossing the Boulevard by the rue des Bernardins, we shall find on the Quay, to our right, at No. 55, the H6tel de Nesmond, a building of the time of Henry IV., and close to it, at 47, the Pharmacie Centrale, formerly the Cou- vent des Miramiones, where the drugs and chemical pre- parations for the hospitals of Paris are kept and distributed,. Here are also large ponds for experiments on the breeding of leeches. Returning to the Boulevard, we find to our left the Marche des Car.mes, or de la Place Maubjrt, built in 1818, upon the site of the convent des Carmes. The Place Mauhert, opposite this market, was one of the great strongholds of the insurgents of June. The adjoining rue des Carmes contained several old col- leges, viz., those of St. Jean de Beauvais, de Presle (2), des Lombards, and de Lizievx. Here we see the Gothic chapel of the College de Dormans-Beauvais, the fii>t stone of which was laid by Charles V. ; it has now been repaired, and forms part of a new Dominican convent. Entering the rue Galande, we find to our right the rue de FHotel Colbert. No. 20 is erroneously believed to have be- longed to that statesman. The court contains some bas-reliefs of the time and style of Jean Goujon. At No. 13, in the adjoining rue de la Bucherie, is a small building with a dome, formerly the School of Medicine. The rue du Fouarre was once the most important street of this quarter, known by the name of the “ Quartier Latin.” It contained several schools, where public disputations were held, and is supposed to have derived its name from straw (1) III! died at Dijon, in 1697, from having drunk a glass of wine into which the Due de Bourbon, had, by way of a joke, emptied the contenis of his snulf-box. ( 2 ) Peter Ramus was assassinated there during the St. Bar- th 6l6mi. ST. SEVERliV. 397 spread on the gi'ound for the scholars to seat themselves on; The works of Dante, Petrarch, and Rabelais contain frequent allusions to this street. In 1368 the statutes of the College de Justice ordained that any scholar of 6 years’ standing, who should have proved unable to sustain an argumentation in this street, should be excluded from the college. In the same year gates were placed at the extremities of this street. The rue St Scverin leads to the church of St. Severin. — From an early period there existed here an oratory and cells, where St. Severin, Bishop of Agaune, who died in .530, conferred the monastic habit upon St. Cloud. In the ninth century the Normans destroyed the monastery. The present edifice dates from 1210. Its style is pointed , and its pinnacled front, adorned with various tracery, deserves attention. The tympanum of the porch bears a modern bas- relief by Ramus, representing the Virgin and Saviour between two angels in the act of adoration. Over the second entrance, facing the rue St. Severin there is a fine bas-relief by Maillet, representing St. Martin sharing his cloak with a mendicant. The interior consists of a nave and choir, with double aisles. A singular column with spiral cablings at the crown of the apsis is worthy of notice. The mouldings, of the date 1347 , as well as the key-stones of the vaults, and the capitals are quaintly enriched. Some fine stained glass remains in the choir, and in the sacristy. The works of art in this church are as follows, beginning from the aisle to the right; — 1st chapel, for bap- tisms, St. John the Baptist preaching, and the Saviour baptised, frescoes, by Flandrin, jun. , 2d; Scenes from the life of the Virgin, by Signol ; 3d, the Marriage of the Virgin and the Flight into Egypt, by the same ; 4th, in the ogives, the Calling of Andrew and Peter, and the Martyrdom of St. Andrew ; be- low, Peter preaching, and the Imprisonment of the Apostles at Jerusalem. Fronting the arch, St. John the Baptist preach- ing, all frescoes, by Schnetz. 5th, Sts. Peter and Paul in the Mamertine prison ; the Conversion of Paul ; Peter denying Christ ; Peter receiving the keys of paradise ; all frescoes by Biennourry ; oth, in the ogives, .Tesus and Mary Magdalene (St. John .XX. 17), and the Penitent Magdalene. Below, Jesus at Cana, and Jesus rebuking Martha, frescoes by Murat. 7th, in the ogives, the Calling of James and John, St. John writing the Apocalypse under the inspiration of Heaven ; below, his Martyrdom in a cauldron of boiling oil, according to a re- ceived legend; the Last Supper, all frescoes by Flandrin. 8th, Ste. Genevieve distributing food to the Parisians ; the same saint taking the veil, and St. Germain visiting the wounded on the field of battle, by Hesse. 9th and lOth, a double'' 398 SIXTEENTH WALK.. chapel : St. Severin visiting Clodovech on his sick-bed ; St. Severin receiving St. Cloud in his retreat, and giving him the monastic habit ; both frescoes by Cornu, lith, the Lady Cha- pel ; it contains a beautiful marble statue of the Virgin and Child, by Bridan, and a painting of the same, by Belief 12 th. The Sermon on the Mount ; below, the Virgin and Child, by Von Iloltorp. 14th, to the left, Belzunce, Bishop of Mar- seilles, making a vow for the cessation of the pestilence which raged in that city in 17 20 ; and, to the right, St. Je- rome taking the Sacrament, both frescoes by Gerome. I5th, St. Louis carrying the Crown of Thorns in procession, and his Death, by Leloir. loth, the Life and Death of St. Charles Borromeo,in four compartments, by Jobbe-Duval. 18th, Life of St. Francis of Assisi, 4 frescoes, by Stenhcil. The other chapels are provisionally closed. Proceeding up the rue St. Jacques, we arrive at the College Imperial de France, founded in 1529, by Fran- cis I., at the solicitation of Parvi, his preacher, and the cele- brated Budajus, Professorships have since been founded in it by most of the subsequent sovereigns, and, previous to the middle of the ICth century, 400 or 500 students regularly attended the lectures of this college. The wars and contagious disorders that afflicted Paris at the close of that century drove away the scholars and professors; but Henry IV. formed the project of erecting a new college, and had those of Treguier, Leon, and Cambrai, pulled down to make room for it. This intention, frustrated by his death, was partially carried into execution by Louis XIII. ; it was again suspended till 1774, when the college was entirely rebuilt by Chalgrin. The buildings, of simple but elegant design, enclose three courts, the principal of which, facing -the rue des ficoles, is entered by a rusticated arch surmounted by a sculptured pediment and flanked with railings. (1) The left wing contains laboratories for chemistry, and lecture-rooms. The right wing gives access through a ves- tibule decorated with busts of Bemusat, Vauquelin, Ampm-e, Sacy, Daunou, Portal, Andrieux, and Jouffroy, to the second court, separated from the third by a portico of coupled Doric columns. The latter court opens by a railing into the rue St. .Jacques, over the entrance of which are two busts, representing Science and Literature, their different branches being inscribed in wreaths below. There are eight lecture-rooms ; that for physics has two oil-paintings, the first, by Lethiers, re- ( 1 ) The insurgents of June, 1848 , had erected formidable bar- ricades on the Place Cambrai. M. Bixio, tlie representative, was here shot through the body while attempting to scale one of them at the head of a company of the line. COLLEGE DE FRANCE. 399 presents Francis I. signing the order for the establish- ment of the college; the other, by Thevenin, represents Henry IV. endowing the professorships. In the oriental lec- ture-room is a valuable painting, by Camus, of the Death of .lacques Delille. In the upper stories are cabinets of minera- logy and natural philosophy, and a library. A prospectus of the numerous lectures delivered here may be had at the col- lege (see p. 95). The visitor should ask to see the aqua- riums established by M. Goste for his experiments in pisci- culture. They are situated in a wooden building in the garden, and consist of large stone reservoirs divided into compart- ments, where the young fish are confined according to their ages. For hatching the spawn, there is a series of small troughs, notmorethan 12 inches long, by 4 in breadth, soar- ranged that the water of the first descends into the second, and so on, running continuously over the spawn, which is laid on grates made of glass tubes fitting into the troughs. The spawn, being fecundated in October or November, is hatched in February. The young fish remain about six weeks with- out taking solid food, after which they are fed with meat, liver, heart, etc. Trout and salmon are the only fish reared here. Hybrids of these two kinds have been successfully ob- tained. (1) A few faggots with oysters attached to them will give an idea of the method adopted by M. Coste along the coasts of France for establishing new oyster beds. Nearly opposite the College de France, a little to the east, stood La Tour Bichat, or de St. Jean de Latran, which, with the adjoining ground, called Cour de la Vac/ierie, belonged to the Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem, afterwards Knights of Malta, first established in Paris in 1171. This place enjoyed the privilege of sanctuary. (2) Behind the College de France stood the College Duplessis — founded by Geoffroy Duplessis, se- cretary of Philippe le Long, in 1322, under the pontificate of John XXII. Cardinal Richelieu took this college under his special protection, on account of the name it bore, and re- built it. In 1808, it was occupied by the Fcole Normale (1) The fecundated spawn of salmon and trout has been sent from this establishment as far as AVarsaw and Naples to be hatched there. The fish in the lakes of the Bois de Boulogne and in the ponds of St. Cloud, A’illencuve I’Etang, etc. were all hatched in Paris at the College de France, wliich is in constant correspondence with the great piscicultural establish- ment at Huningen. (2) The demolitions brought a large number of parchments to light, most of them of the 13 th and t ilh centuries. These were carefully collected and deposited at the Hotel de Ville, 400 SIXTEENTH WALK. (see p. 4^?3), and in 1848 by the Ecole d’ Administration, which was soon after suppressed. The building has recently been demolished in order to make room for the erection of an elegant edifice which will gradually replace the dingy-looking Lvcee Louis le Grand. — The largest and most important Imperial lyccum of Paris. It was formerly the College de Clermont, founded in 15G0. by Guillaume Duprat, bishop of Clermont. The first stone of the chapel was laid by Henry III., in 1582. The Jesuits bought it in 1563, but being expelled fromFrance in 1594, were obliged to abandon it, and though recalled in 1604, were not allowed to reopen it till 1618, when they rebuilt it, after the designs of Augustin Guillain, and named it after Louis XIV. The Jesuits being driven a second time from France in 17 63, the members of the College de Lisieux removed into this building. In 1792 this college, organised under a new form, received the name of College de I’Egalite; in 1800, that of Prytanee Fran^ais ; in 1804, that of Lycee Imperial; in 1814, it resumed its former name of College Louis le Grand. In 184.8 it was called Lycee Des- cartes. It contains a large library (see p. 97). The stranger may now turn into the rue Soufflot, when he will see before him the stately pile of I The Pantheon, which, by a decree of Dec. 6th, 1851, has ^ resumed its former name of church of Ste. Genevieve. (1) Clovis, at the solicitation of his queen and Ste. Genevieve, built a church to the apostles Peter and Paul near his palace. To the church a religious community was afterwards attached, and the house became a celebrated abbey. Ste. Genevieve was buried, in 512, in this church, which was thenceforward dedi- cated to her, and she became the patron saint of Paris. The church having fallen into ruins, Louis XV. was induced by Mme. de Pompadour to erect one near it upon a magnifi- cent scale, after the designs of Soufflot, and, on the 6th of Sept., 1764_, laid the first stone. The cost of the building was defey^ by a lottery. At the corners, in front of the railing which surrounds the whole edifice, are two magnificent candelabra of cast iron. The portico, to which a flight O'f 1 1 , steps, occupying the whole breadth of the front, gives access,. 1 presents a front of 6 fl uted Cor inlblan columns, 60 feet in height by 6 in diameter, whTcKTtogether wTllri 6 internal o>nes, support a triangular pediment, 129 feet in breadth, by 2 2 in height. The pediment contains a large composition in relief, by David, representing France, surrounded by, and dispensing honours to, some of the great men that have illustrated her. (1) The chapter of this church consists of a dean and six cl iap- lains. 0 ' THE PANTHEON. 401 On her right hand are Fenelon, Maleslierhes, Miraheau, Vol- taire, Rousseau, Lafayette, Carnot, Monge, Manuel, and David, the painter. On her left are figures representing soldiers of the republican or imperial armies, with Napoleon in front. At the feet of France are seated History and Liberty, inscribing the names of great men, and weaving crowns to reward them. In the extreme corners of the pediment are figures of youths studying to emulate the virtues of their predecessors. The figure of France is 1 5 feet in height. On the frieze beneath it is the inscription, in gold letters — AUX GRANDS HOMMES LA PATRIE RECONNAISSANTE. Under the peristyle there are bas-reliefs, representing Genius, Science, Art, Legislation, and Patriotism : also two marble groups, one representing St. Remi baptizing Clovis, the other Ste. Genevieve disarming the anger of Attila, by Maindron. Tlie plan of the edifice approximates to a Greek cross, 302 feet in length by 255 transverse ; each limb of the cross terminates m a pediment. The two lateral fronts have also secondary entrances with bronze gates approached by steps. A low Corinthian gallery, behind the church, harmonizes badly with the unquestionable grandeur of the general de.sign. From the centre of the cross springs a lofty circular drum, surrounded by a peristyle of 32 Corinthian columns resting on a stylobate. Above rises a majestic dome, terminating in a lantern, surrounded by a gallery and balus- trade. The height from the pavement to the top of the dome, is 208 feet, and the number of steps up to the gallery is 47 5.' The number of columns in the interior is 130; in and about the entire edifice, 258. The breadth of each limb is 105 feet. The construction of three independent stone cupolas one within the other, is a curious feature of this edifice. A Corinthian colonnade, supporting a gallery, runs all along tlie walls of the interior. The vaulted ceilings are richly sculptured, and are 8o feet from the pavement. The dome, 66 feet in diameter at the gallery, rests upon solid piles of masonry. On these piers are bronze tablets, now concealed behind the new wains- coting, engraved with the names of those who fell in the revolution of 1830, in gold letters. The painting of the dome is by Gros, who received 100,000 francs for its execu- tion, and was created aharon by Charles X. It is a fine compo- sition, extending over a superficies of 3,7 21 square feet. (1) During therevolutionof 17 89 the walls wereornamented with bas-reliefs relating to philosophical subjects; in 182 6, these (l) Upon the lower part are four groups, connected by figures of angels andotlier emblems, each of which represents amonarch 2G 402 SIXTEENTH WALK, were replaced by attributes of Catholic worship. Eight of the frescoes of Michael Angelo and Raphael in the Vatican at Rome, by M. Baize, adorn the nave and transepts. The pavement of the church is stone and marl)lc ; under the dome it is entirely of marble, v.dth a fine circular mosaic, the exact Span (33 feet) of the upper dome. Ther e are three alta rs in the choir ancl tran septs , all richly gilt and sculptui-ed, with cano- ^le^upportedT^ Corinthian columns ; tlie left altar has a marble statue of the Virgin, by Demesmay ; oaken stalls for the officiating clergy are placed on either side of the choir. In the niche behind the high altar are painted the Saviour, and Sts. Peter, Paul, Germain, and Genevieve. At each corner of the transept, are gilt wreaths with the initials N. Underneath the church there is an immense series of vaults ; some of the stones of which are 50 feet in length, the whole undercroft being constructed without any cement whatever. In the vaults under the western nave, monuments and funeral urns are arranged like the Roman tombs at Pompeii. In the centre are two concentric circular passages, where a loud echo repeats the smallest sound. Within these vaults are ce- notaphs to the memory of Voltaire an d Rousseau, (1) witli a fine marble statue of the former liy flcuiddnrSmong the nota- bilities buried here are the illustrious mathematician, Lagra nge ; Bougainville, the circumnavigator; the Dutch admirm^ De" of France, who, by the lustre of his reign or the influence of his age, formed an epoch in the history of the country. Clovis, Charlemagne, St. Louis, and Louis XVllL, are the monarchs so designated ; they render homage to Ste. Genevieve, who descends towards them on clouds. In the heavenly regions are seen Louis XVL, Marie Antoinette, Louis XVIL, and Madame Elizabeth. A glory at the loftiest point indicates the presence of the Deity. The pendentives are covered with paintings hy G6i’ard, repre- senting Glory embi’acing Napoleon, Fi’ance, Justice, andDealh. (i) On the tomb of Voltaire are the following inscriptions: “ Au.x manes de Voltaire. L’Assemhlde Nalionale a d(?crete,le 3o juin, 1791, qual avail mcrite les honneurs dus aux grands hoinmes.” “ Poete, historien, philosophe, il agrandit I’esprit humain ; il lui apprit qu’il devait etre lihre.” — “ 11 defendit Calas, Sirven, de la Barre, et Monthailly.” — “11 comhattit les athecs ct les fa- natiques, inspira la tolerance, et reclama les droits de ITioinme centre la servitude de la feodalite.” On the tomh of Rousseau is the following : “ lei repose ITioinme de la nalure ct de la vdrite.” On the opposile side a hand, holding a torch, is represente I issuing from the tomh, meaning that Rousseau casts light around him even after death. The remains of these celebrated writers were secretly removed from the Pantheon duringthe Restoration ; their tombs arc shown at. present, hut the clergy have caused them to he separated from the others hy partitions. ^COLE DE DROIT. 403 . Winter; Soufflot, the architect of the church; Marshal Lannes, Duke de Montebello, &c. Mirahea u was interred^here. with great pomp, in 1791. The c3eEraledraponie6ses oF’^^dltai and Rousseau took place the same year. Marat was buried here; but his remains, as well as those of"*MlFaheau, were afterwards depantheonized by order of the National Conven- tion. (1) In one of the recesses is a model of the building in plaster, in the proportion of 1 to 24, with sections, which will give the visitor a clear idea of the general construction. This building has cost 3 0 m illions of francs since its foundation. The visitor is stroii^ recommen'cTed not only to visit the vaults, but also to ascend the dome; which, being the most elevated building in the capital, affords a magnificent view. Strangers are readily admitted, but a small gratuity is expected. (2) Facing this noble monument is the Ecole de Droit, erected by Soufflot in 177 1 . The entrance is ornamented witli four Ionic columns, crowned by a pedi- ment, and the interior of the building possesses some commo- dious lecture-rooms. The first establishment of regular schools of law in France dates from 1384, and the re-organization of the Faculty of Paris took place in 17 62, by order of Louis XV. For a list of the lectures delivered here, see page 94; the hours, &c., may be learnt at the establishment. Here is also a public library of 8,000 volumes, open daily from 10 to 3. The Maine and Justice de Paix of the 5th arrondissement op- posite,is constructed after the same design, and forms, with the Ecolede Droit, a circular arc in front of the Pantheon. In one of its rooms is abust of M. Simonin, clockmaker, who bequeathed 315,000 francs to found 33 beds at the Ilopital des Incurables, and in the^ great hall there is another of the late Madame Rendu, or Soeur Rosalie, distinguished for her charity. The northern side of the Place is occupied by two new build- ings. The first and western one is the handsome front of the College Ste. Barbe, (see p. 97,) which stretches to the rue de Reims behind, of which it occupies a whole side. This college, founded in 1730, by Jean Hubert, was on the point of being dissolved in 1798 for want of funds, when some of its former pupils joined in partnership to support it. Their efforts suc- ceeded ; and having annexed to it the buildings of the College (1) The body of Marat, after being laken from the Pantheon, was thrown info a common sewer in Ihe rue Montmartre, close to where llie Passage du Saumon now stands. (2) The Place Camhrai, the Place du Pantheon, the rue Soufflot, and the rue St. .Jacques were the most formidable strongholds of the insurgents of June 1848 on this side of the river. The Pan- theon was filled with insurgents, and w'as their head-quarters here. 404 SIXTEENTH WALK. des Chollets, founded m 12 83, and part of the ecclesiastical College de Montaigu, founded in 1314, the new buildings were commenced in 1841. The edifice east of it is the Bihliotiieque Ste. Genevieve, presenting a front of 19 arched windows, erected on the site of the remaining buildings of the College de Montaigu. — When Cardinal de la Rochefoucauld established in the Abbey of Ste. Geneviwe, 1024, the regular canons of St. Vincent de Senlis, the community had no library. Shortly after the Fathers Fronteau and Lallemant formed a col- lection of about 10,000 volumes, which was afterwards aug- mented by Father Dumoulinet, who purchased several collec- tions, including that of the learned Fierese. In 1710, Letellier, archbishop of Reims, bequeathed his valuable collection to the abbey. The walls of the new edifice, opened in February, 1851, are e.v ter nail y covered with the names of celebrated writers of all nations and periods. The monogram SG. is engraved on discs along the walls, and inside the building. The entrance is by a vestibule, the ceiling of which rests upon iron arches supported by Doric pilasters, and adorned with busts ofSt. Ber- nard, Montaigne, Pascal, Moliere, La Fontaine, Bossuet, Massil- lon, Voltaire, Buffon, Laplace, Cuvier, Mirabeau, J. J. Rousseau, Montesquieu, Fenelon, Racine, Corneille, Poussin, Descartes, and LTIopital. Tlie ground-floor to the left of the vesti- bule is divided into 7 long galleries fitted up with book- cases; that on the opposite side contains, besides two ante- chambers, four large rooms, one of which, fitted up with transverse bookcases, contains, besides some printed works, upwards of c,500 MSS. In the first ante-room we see the model of a vessel sent to India under Admiral Letellier in 17 67 ; a bust of Cardinal de la Rochefoucault, the founder of the library, and a map of the moon, two metres in diameter, designed by Lahire in 1686, with his own hand. In the following room there is a series of portraits in pastel of the Kings of France, a bronze bust of the father of Philippe Ega- lito, and a large table in Florentine mosaic. After the reading- room of the manuscript department, we enter a parallel suite, in which we see a model of the city of Rome, beautifully e.ve- cuttd, and of very large dimensions ; a collection of Indian arms brought over by the vessel above mentioned ; then the mask of Henry IV., taken in plaster in 1790, when the royal tombs at St. Denis were broken open by the mob. Only four of these casts were taken, as the bodyafterwards became undistinguishable ; but the visitor will remark that death had produced but little change in the general features of that good monarch. Ne.xt follows, in a glass case, the skull of Car- touche. The other objects of interest in this room are a ge- ST. ETIENNE DU MONT. 405 nealogical tree illustrating the descent of Jesus from David, and a planetary clock, which belonged to the Cardinal de Lorraine. Tlic following anteroom contains a stuffed croco- dile, and a few snakes and tortoises, brought over by Admiral Letellier’s vessel. Returning to the grand vestibule, we as- cend the double-branched staircase, furnished with stuffed seats for the convenience of students who may wish to ex- change a few words with a friend. Opposite the landing- place we see a copy, by Baize, of the School of Athens, the original of which, painted by Raphael, exists in the Vatican at Rome. Flanking it are two medallions in fresco repre- senting Poetry and Theology, and opposite these, two others, with Philosophy and Justice, all by Baize. The ceiling of the staircase is painted in ultra-marine and interspersed with stars. The public reading-hall for printed works is entered here by two side doors, between which, facing the chief librarian’s desk, we perceive a beautiful specimen of Gobelins tapestry, representing “Study surprised by Night,” executed after a painting by Raize, slightly re-touched by M. Ingres. It is an allusion to the evening sittings, an advantage almost exclusively belonging to this library. The visitor will be struck with admiration at the happy effect of the application of iron to architectural purposes in this vast saloon, which occupies the whole extent of the edifice. It is bisected lengthwise by a line of stone pedestals sustaining a series of graceful iron columns, on the slender forms of which rest light perforated arches of the same metal, supporting the double-arched roof of the edifice. Bookcases are fitted up be- tween the pedestals, and others lino the walls all round up to the window sills. Winding staircases in the corners com- municate with the rooms below. The hall is 300 feet long by GO in breadth ; its height to the roof is 30 feet. Four long tables for students occupy nearly the whole length of the two aisles; and in the evening, when lighted up with gas, the appearance is strikingly beautiful. At that time there gene- rally is such a number of students, that many are obliged to vyait in the vestibule until a chair is left vacant, a numbered ticket being given them in the order of their arrival. Ladies are not admitted in the evening. This library possesses 210,000 printed volumes, and the catalogue fills 32 folios. The reading-rooms are open daily from lo to 3, and from 6 to loin the evening, except on Sundays and holidays. The building has cost 1,77 5,000 fr. Immediately behind the Pantheon is the church of St. Rtienne du Mont — originally a chapel for the vassals of the abbey of Ste. Genevieve. The abbot was so jealous of SIXTEENTH WALK. 406 the interference of the Bishop of Paris, that the entrance to this church still continued to be through that of Ste. Gene- vieve, and remained so till the 17 th century. The date of the building is said to be 1121. It was enlarged in 1222, and the curious square tower and circular turret are pro- bably of that date; these have been repaired by M. Godde. The church was much enlarged in 1491, and the choir increased in length in 1 5 1 7 . In 1 537 , both choir and nave were nearly rebuilt, and, in 1 GO 5, some adjoining c/rarmers, iiow used for the catechumens’ rooms, were added. The first stone of the portal was laid in lolo by Queen Marguerite de Valois, and a tablet over the church-door remained till the revolution of 17 89, bearing an inscription to that effect. In 1024 the upper story of the tower was built; the church was finally de- dicated, and a new high altar raised, in 1C2G. The oldest portions of the existing edifice are the lower stories of the tower and the northern aisle of the choir, which are not later than 1491. The other parts are nearly all of the date 1537, except the western front, which is a most singular mixture of the Italian and Gothic. Four engaged composite columns, having their flutes intersected by carved bossages, support a rich triangular pediment adorned with modillions. The second story bears a circular interrupted pediment; and, lastly, the attic is gabled, and graced with a round window, and an el- liptical one above it, with tracery. The steeple tower is square, and flanked at one of its angles by a lofty slender circular tur- ret. Tlie lateral and posterior parts of the cburch present a curious medley of flying buttresses, gurgoyles, turrets, and spires, some of them of no mean workmanship. The ciuirch is cruciform. The eastern end is octagonal, and an aisle, with chapels in each arcade, goes round the whole. The principal architectural peculiarity of the interior is the great height of the aisle, which is on a level with the imposts sup- porting the vaulting-ribs of the nave and choir. Lofty at- tached columns with Doric capitals front the piers of the nave and choir, and in the tympans of the lateral arches, over the circular ones springing from the central columns, there are small clerestory windows. Those of the aisles are lofty, some being filled with good stained glass, said to be by Pinaigrier. The tracery of the windows of the left aisle of the choir is peculiarly good. From the middle of each column, all round the church, excepting at the transepts, segmental arches are thrown from one to the other, supporting a very narrow gal- lery and balustrade, which encircles the columns on the side of the aisles. The arches of the choir are pointed. The choir is separated from the nave by a magnificent and elaborate ST. ETIENNE DU MONT. 407 screen, consisting of a low elliptical arch, formerly divided hy mullions and tracery; two spiral staircases, of exquisite beauty and lightness, wind round the pillars at the entrance^ and two linely-wrought door-ways, crowned with figures, separate the aisles. The parapets of the staircases are particularly remark • able for their rich perforated tracery. The vaulting of the cross is ornamented with a pendant key-stone 1 2 feet deep, most elaborately sculptured. The works of art in this church are as follows ; — 1st cha[»elto the right on entering: Flanking the altar, a Holy Family, and a Flight into Egypt, both in bas-relief ; a marble statue of St. John the Baptist, and two frescoes ; the Baptism of Christ, and St. John the Baptist preaching. 2d, Christ disputing in the Temple; the Pesti- lence of Paris, after Boullanger. 3rd, the Martyrdom of St. John ; here marble slabs display a list of the celebrated per- sonages buried in the parish, such as Lemaistre de Sacy, Racine, &c. 4th, a curious composition in stained glass in the window (t), and Paul and Silas before the Magistrates ol Philippi, by Delaval 6th, an Adoration of the Shepherds, hy Do Santerre ; St. Peter, hy Jouvenet ; a remarkable Entombment of Christ in stone, surrounded by the Virgin and six other statues of the size of life. 6th, an Adoration ; Christ descending to hell. In this and some of the following chapels will be remarked the sacred subjects on glass in the windows, with quaint mottos in old French verse. 7th, St. Charles Borromeo, by Varin (1627), St. Louis praying. 8th, St. Bernard praying, and the Jews collecting manna, by Subeyras. In the wall, between this chapel and the 9th, there is St Stephen preaching, by Abel de Pujol. 9th and 10th. Under a vaulted ceiling connecting these two chapels is a tomb, supposed, from an inscription near it, to he the original depository of the body of Ste. Genevieve, but which from its mouldings must be of the 13th century. The walls are hung with a vast number of votive images, &c. The second of these chapels has beautiful decorations, and a Go- thic altar, gilt and painted in the most gorgeous Byzantine style, and adorned with the statues of Ste. Genevieve, St. Ger- main, and Ste. Clotilda, besides nine statues of saints in alto-ri- lievo around the altar-table. Near this chapel, in the aisle, are two fine pictures, by Largillicre and Detroy (1696); one re- presents the Genius of France with the Parlement interceding with Ste. Genevieve for the cessation of a famine which then (I) The snhject of this quaint composition is ; “Many are called, but few are chosen.” To the rigid a few chosen approach the Lord’s Supper; to the left, all follow worldly pursuits; one buys a house, another a bulloch, and a third marries. SIXTEENTH WALK 408 raged ; the other represents the Prevot des Marchands and the city officers in full costume, with a great number of spectators, among whom are Largilliere himself and the poet Santeuil, praying to Ste. Genevieve. They are said to he both votive pictures, ofTered by the City of Paris, llth, an Epitaph on Racine, written Jiy Roileau, and another on Pascal; Sta- tues of Charity, by Laitie, and of Hope, hy Rrime. 12 th (provisionally closed), nth, a< rucifixion, with Louis XIIL and St. Louis introduced at the foot of the cross; a Holy Family by Coypcl. 14th, a curious picture of the Virgin and I hild, of the 1 7th century. 15th. St. Augustine crowned with thorns ; 16th, a series of curious frescoes, in 12 com- partments, lately discovered and restored. They are appa- rently of the 16th century, and illustrate a lesend of the martyrdom of a Roman legion converted to Christianity ; 17th, the Lapidation of St. Stephen ; 18th, a crucifixion, by Porhus ; a Nativity, hy I.cnain; 19th, the Death of St. I.ouis ; 20 th, “ Give to ' aesar what is 'hTsar’s ;” 21st, the Adoration of the Magi : St. .lohn the Evangelist. The pulpit, hy Lesloccard, after designs executed hy Lahire, is supported by a figure of Samson, and ornamented with beautifully- carved statuettes. On the 3d of January, the festival of Ste. Genevieve, and 8 following days, pilgrimages are made to this church, and it is celebrated in Paris for the ceremonies that take place in it. (1) Pascal, Tournefort the botanist, Lesueurthe painter, P. Perrault, Lemaitre, Racine, Rollin, and the Abbe de Sacy, were interred here. This church, from the rich effect produced hy its singular architecture, its pictures, and its other ornaments, is one of the most interesting of the capital, and is now being enlarged and repaired at a cost of 2,000,000 francs. The interior is a favourite subject with French artists. The Lycee Napoleon is established in part of the church and other buildings of the abbey of Ste. Genevieve, founded in the year 508 by Clovis and his queen Clotilde. The former was buried here in 511. Up to the time of the revolution of 1789 the tomb of this king existed in the church of St. Gene- vieve, hut was evidently of more recent construction. This tomb was transported in 1816 to the abbey of St. Denis. The first church of Ste. Genevieve was burnt hy the Danes n 857. Under the reign of Louis VII. the abbey was re-or- ( 1 ) It xvason the occasion of this festival, on the 3d of January 18.57. that Mm’- Denis Sibour, Archbishop of Paris, was assassi- nated, opposite to the principal entrance, hy a priest named Ver- ger, in the presence of an immense crowd. Although great efforts Avnre made at the ti-ial to prove the insanity of the culprit. Verger was condemned and executed on the 3oth of the same month. COLLEGE DES ECOSSAIS. 409 ganized; (1) in 1177, the abbey was repaired and enlarged and a school established in it. The church occupied the site of the rue Clovis. Little remains now of the old abbey except the western wing and a tower enclosed by the modern building of the lyceum. The former is of the 14th century, the upper part of the tower is of the 15 th, and the side towards the rue Clovis (so called because the lower portion of the tower is said to have been built in his reign) was erected as late as 1825. The apartments still existing contain several objects of curio- sity, such as a series of portraits of the sovereigns of France, from Philippe le Hardi to Louis XV., and also one of Mary Queen of Scots. This lyceum, which is receiving considerable additions, was called College de Henri IV. in 1814, but has now resumed the name it received in 1 802 . The sons of Louis Philippe were educated at this college (see p.97). In the first court is a bust of Casimir Delavigne. At the opposite end of the rue Clovis, No. 33, rue des Fosses St Victor, now a boarding-school conducted by M. Chevalier, was formerly the College des Ecossais. — This seminary, first situated in rue des Amandiers, was established in the present building in 1665. It was originally founded by David, bishop of Moray in Scotland, in 1325 ; and again by James Beatoun, or de Be- thune, Archbishop of Glasgow, in 1603. A marble slab, on the chapel door, records these facts, in a Latin inscription, surmounted by the armorial bearings of the two founders. The college was rebuilt by Bobert Barclay in 1 665. This and the two other British colleges were suppressed at the revolution of 17 89, and their property sequestrated. The government of Na- poleon embodied all the British colleges of Paris in one esta- blishment, under the authority of the Minister of the Interior, and gave them the Irish college, rue des Irlandais. Over the door was inscribed, Chef-Uexi des Colleges Britanniques. Upon the Bestoration, the former president of the colleges, and the other English Catholic clergy, claimed their property. That of the Irish college was restored without difficulty, but that of the Scotch and English was left in the hands of an ad- (1) The cause whicli led to this measure was a quarrel about a carpet Avliich tlie canons had caused to he spread before tlie door of the abbey for the convenience of Pope Eugene 111., who had come to Paris in 1145, having been driven away from Rome. The familiars of the Pope claimed the cairpet as their own, on the ground that the Pope had sat upon it. The servants of the abbey woidd not allowthe claim ; high words ensued, followed by blows, and (lie car|iet was torn to pieces in (he fray. In consequence of this scandalous occui'rence, a new abbot was named, and 12 new canons transferred to this abbey from that of St. Victor. 410 SIXTEENTH WALK. ministrator appointed by government, and still remains under Uie control of the Minister of Public Instruction for the purpose of defraying the expenses of clerical education of young men chosen by the Catliolic iushops of Scotland and England. The present administrator is M. I’abbe Caire. Its cliapel, which was erected in 1672, and dedicated to St. Andrew, was repaired by M. Delavigne, the predecessor of M. Chevalier. It is on the first floor, and in the Ionic style ; part of the nave has been separated from the rest of the chapel by a partition, thus form- ing a vestibule. Here the visitor will see the monument of the unfortunate .lames II., erected to his memory by his faithful friend and the constant companion of his exile, James Duke of Perth, governor of his son, called James III., the Pretender. This monument, consisting of a black marble sarcophagus rest- ing on a basement, and surmounted by a pyramid of white marble, xx^as executed by Louis Gamier, in i703, and bears a long Latin inscription. On the top of the monument was formerly an urn of bronze gilt, containing the brain of the King, who died at St. Germain en Laye, Sept. 16, 1701. When the Irish college xvas made the chef-lieu of the British colleges, this monument was transported there, xvhere it re- mained some years; but is iioxv restored to its original place. Under the aieh adjoining it is a slab, over the heart of the Queen, another over the entrails of Louisa Maria, second daughter of the king; and on one side, another over the heart of Mary Gordon, of Huntly, Duchess of Perth. In the second portion of the chapel is the altar of oak, of Corinthian archi- tecture, and richly carved. The altar-piece represents the martyrdom of St. Andrew. The monogram SA is frequently repeated among the sculpture of the chapel. In the study of the director of the Institution is a full-length portrait of the Pretender, in armour. Monumental tablets and inscriptions exist liei'c in memory of James Drummond, Duke of Perth, who died in 1720, and of the next Duke of the same name, xvho died in 17 26; of John Caryl, Baron Dunford; Frances .Tennings, Duchess of Tyrconnel; Sir Patricl; Monteith, of Salmonet; Sir Marian O’Conoly; Dr. Andrew Hay; Dr. Lewis Innes, confessor to James II.; and Dr. Robert Barclay. The valuable manuscripts of James II. , xvhich, as mentioned in the inscription on his monument, xvere preserved here, disappeared during the revolution of 1789, but the Library still exists. Returning by the rue Clovis, a few steps to the right in the rue Descartes lead us to the UcOLE PoLYTECiiNiQiiE, I’ue Dcscaites, established in 1795 in the buildings of the College de Navarre, founded in 1304 by Philippe le Bel and Joan of Navarre. A fine hall and chapel MANUFACTURE UES GOBELINS. 411 of tlie 14th century belonging to the old college still remain. The front entrance facing the rue Descartes is ornamented with bas-reliefs representing implements and machines of v/ar and peace, with five medallions on the attic, of Legrand, Laplace, Monge, Bertholet, and Fourcroy, (see p. 98.) The building with its enlargements has cost 2,000,000 fr. On the small square in front of this edifice is the new Fontaine Ste. Genevieve, replacing one erected in 162.4. In the rue de I’Fcole Polytechnique, opposite, at No. 6, there stood the chapel of the College des Grassins, founded in 1569 by Pierre Grassin d’Ablon, for poor scholars in divinity. In the rue de la Montagne Ste. Genevieve, at No. 37, was the College de la Marche. Nearly opposite to it are the remains of the College or Semmaire des Trente-Trois, so called from the number of scholars it contained, 33 having been the age of our Saviour. SSTEITTESITTH IT'ALZ. This comprises another portion of the 5th arrondissemenL We may commence it with the Manufacture Ijiperiale des Gobelins (Tapestry and Car- pet Manufactory), rue MoufTetard. — From the 14th century dyers of wool have been established in the Faubourg St. Marcel, upon theBievre, the water of thatstreambeing favourable to the process of dyeing. One of them, Jean Gobelin, who lived in 1450, acquired considerable property in the neighbourhood. His descendants continued his trade with success, and, having be- come extremely rich, discontinued business, and eventually filled various offices in the state. To them succeeded Messrs. Ganaye, who, not confining themselves to dyeing wool, worked tapestry for hangings, a manufacture until that period confined to Flanders. About 1655 they were succeeded by a Dutch- man named Gluck, bringing with him a workman named .lean Uansen, who excelled in the art . The establishment prospering, Louis XIV., at the suggestion of Colbert, determined to erect it into a royal manufactory. The houses and gardens of the es- tablishment were purchased in 1662. Skilful artists were at- tached to the manufactory, and, in 1667, the celebrated Le- brun was appointed director. (1) Here is also the celebrated carpet-manufactory, wbich was made a royal establishment in 1604, by Marie de Medicis, in favour of Pierre Dupont, who invented the process for finishing the carpets, and Avho was placed at its head with the title of director. The workshops, (i) Lebrun painted his famous battles of Alexander the Great as patterns for this manufactory. 412 SEVENTEENTH WALK. originally placed in the Louvre, were transferred, in 1615 , to a soap-manufactory at Chaillot, and the establishment hence derived the name of La Savonnerie. In 1826 it was annexed to the Gobelinti. The visitor will pass through five rooms filled with specimens of rich tapestry and carpets of the reigns of Francis I., Louis XIV., and Louis XV., besides se- veral modern specimens, mostly e.xecuted at this establish- ment. Among these he will see copies of the Emperor and Empress’s full-length portraits by Winterhalter, both executed in about 4 years ; No. 95, the Transtigurat'on, by Raphael (6 years), Juno, Ceres, and Venus, by the same master (4 ye^), the portrait of Louis XVL, by Callet (l year), &c^^xt follow the work-rooms for tapestry and carpets, six in number, containing 25 looms. the work is called the haute-lisse, from the warp being placed vertical, in contra- distinction to the basse-lisse, done at Beauvais, where the i warp is horizontal. In the tapestry-work, which is called I tissu, the workman stands at the back of the canvas on which he is employed, with the model behind him, to which he oc- casionally refers, in order to adjust the colour of his woollen I or silken thread to that part of the picture he is copying. The object of the process being to present as smooth and delicate a I surface as possible, all cuttings and fastenings are performed at the back. Hence the necessity of his working on the wrong side^ The carpet-work is called velours; here the workman stantls on the right side, Avith the model over his head, at a proper distance from his eyes. As a woolly surface is required, the workman, in weaving, cuts on the right side of the piece. The carpels manufactured here are considered far superior to the Persian for the evenness of their surface, the fineness and the strength of their texture. The colours and designs are per- fect. Some of the carpets take as long as 5 to 10 years to be made, and cost from 60,000 to 150,000 fr., and even at these high prices the workmen are very inadequately paid. None are sold. The largest carpet ever made is probably that ma- nufactured at La Savonnerie, for the gallery of the Louvre ; it consists of 72 pieces, forming altogether a length of more than 1300 feet. In one of the rooms will be seen several presses, filled with specimens of colours for dyeing, and also of wool ready dyed. About 120 workmen are employed in the establishment; they earn from 1500 to 3,000 fr. a-ycar, and receive pensions of from 600 to looo fr. when disabled by age or infirmity. The productions of this manufactory, which belongs ^to government, are chiefly destined for the palaces of the fetate. Connected with the manufactory is an fc- tablishmeixt for dyeing wool, directed by able chemists,, CHURCFI OF ST. MEDARD. 413 where an infinite variety of shades, many unknown in the trade, are produced. There is also a school of design ; and an annual course of lectures on chemistry, as applicable to dyeing, is given here from October to January. The closeness with which the painter’s art can be here imitated will excite the visitor’s astonishment. A catalogue may be had at the lodge for 1 franc. Admission, on Wednesdays and Saturdays, from 2 to 4 in summer, and from 1 to 3 in winter, with Passport or tickets, to be obtained from the Director. Continuing northwards along the rue Mouffetard, the rues Valence and Pascal would lead us to the IlopiUU Lourcine (see p. 140) ; but as strangers are not admitted there, and it is otherwise uninteresting (1), the visitor had better turn to the right, and visit the church of St. Medard. — This was, as early as the 12th century, the parish church of the village of St. Medard, dependent on the abbey of Ste. Genevieve. The front consists of a gable with buttresses; the nave and aisles are of the end of the 1 5th century; the choir and its arcades are of 1561 and 1586. The square tower, supporting a spire, is probably as old as the nave. In 1685 and 17 84 the deformities of its choir and chapels were added. Most of the key-stones bear bas-reliefs, and the groinings, with their ribs and pendant bosses, are exceedingly graceful. In many of the windows valuable specimens of old stained glass will be remarked. In the first chapel in the right hand aisle, on the panel of the altar, a valuable old painting on wood will attract attention : it represents the Descent from the Cross. The 2d is the Chapel of St. Fiacre, painted in fresco by Leuillier ; to the left, St. Fiacre is represented preaching, and opposite, affording relief to the poor on a winter’s day. The figures of Charity and Humility are on each side of the window. Next is a plaster Descent from the Cross, not with- out merit, and in the Chapel of the Crucifixion a Dead Christ, and several small paintings of some value, among which may be mentioned the Virgin and Saviour, St. Francis de Sales, and St. Vincent de Paule. A very good Annunciation is in the following one. The 7th chapel, behind the choir, is dedi- cated to tiie Virgin, and is remarkable for the Marriage of the Virgin, by Caminade, and the ceremony of the Rosieres, insti- tuted by St. Medard, by Dupre. Tliere are also two plaster statues ; the one is St. Joseph, by Jacquot, the other St. Phi- (i) This hospit.ll was inaugurated in 1 836 , as an addition to the Hopital du Midi. Tlie buildings wliich it occupies were for- merly the convent of the Cordelieres, founded by Marguerite de Provence, sister lo St.Loiii.s, about i 2 s 4 . In 1590, the troops of Henry IV. pillaged the building and destroyed a large part of it. 414 SEVENTEEKTII WALK, lomene, by Dubois. The 8th chapel has a fine picture of Ste. Genevieve, by Watteau. In the 9th is a picture of the Flemish school, representing the Virgin learning to read under the tui- tion of St. Anne, her mother. In the loth is some old stained glass representing Ste. Anne, the Virgin, and tlie Saviour. In the 1 1th, we see St. Vincent de Paule an- nouncing the gospel to the poor, by Fuller. In the 12th, a new painting by Boulanger, St. Denis causing an idol to fall by miracle, and in the 13th, the Baptism of Christ. There are two organs; the larger is over the entrance; the other in the right aisle. Over the canopied seat in the nave are the four evangelists, painted on can- vass. — Some curious historical events are connected with this church. In 1501, an attack was made on it by some Cal- vinists, after hearing a sermon in a neighbouring house. Se- veral of the congregation in the church were killed, and much damage done. In 17 27, the Abbe Paris was buried in the cemetery, and in 1730 the Convulsionists commenced their exhibitions here (1). The advocate Patru, the French Quinti- lian, and Nicole, tlie moralist, were buried here. The rue Mouffetard here crosses the small stream of the Bievre (see p. 20). Its muddy and unwholesome waters are of great value to the numerous tanners and dyers, established along its course from time immemorial. At the corner of the rue de I’Arbalete, the visitor would find to his right the poor and dingy-Iooking Mauciie des Patiuarciies. Turning into the same street to the left, we see at No. 9 the Botanical Garden of the ficoLE de Piiarmacie. — Thc establishment itself is at No. 21, and occupies the site of an ancient convent, called Ilopital de Lourcine. The first botanical garden in France was formed in thc grounds of this convent in 1 580, on the model of that of Padua. There is a cabinet of speci- mens of all kinds of drugs, with a select mineralogical collection, well worthy of inspection ; also a small but select library, open daily to the public from 10 to 3. Underneath is the hall (i) The Convulsionists were a set of fanatics of the Jansenist party, who, after the death of the Abhii Paris, celebrated for his resistance to the Bull Unigenitus, and for his charity, used to frequent his tomb, where they feigned convulsions which were attributed to miraculous agency. This superstition spread with such rapidity, that tlie Government was at length, in 1732, obliged to interfere, and order the cemetery to be closed. This measure called forth the following epigram, which was found inscribed on the gate. De par le roi, defense ii Dicii De faire miracle en ce lieu. OBSERVATOIRE. 4 1 5 Of meeting, containing some interesting portraits of French phy sicians. It is visible every day except Sunday ( see p. 135 ). Continuing in the same direction, we find at No. 15 rue des Capucins, the ’ IIopiTAL DU Midi. — This building was erected by the Ca- puchin friars, and occupied as a monastery till 17 84 ; it was then converted into an hospital for nurses and new-born infants affected with syphilitic complaints. In 1792 adults of both sexes were admitted, but subsequently the sexes were sepa- rated, and females were sent to another hospital, the Lourciue (see p. 140). To visit the hospital, apply to the Director. In the street opposite, the visitor will find the Maison d’Accouciiement, 5, rue du Port Royal (see p. 135.) In the rue du Faubourg St. Jacques, at No. 47, is the Hopital Cochin, founded by M. Cochin, the benevolent rector of St. Jacques du Haut Pas, in 17 80. It was intended for his own parishioners ; but patients, of the same classes as those of the Hotel Dieu, are now received from all parts of the capital (seep. 140.) The building is Doric, and consists of a main body with three pavilions. At No. 57 in the rue du Faubourg St. Jacques is the convent of the Dames de St. Joseph, and at No. 71, a convent of Capuchins. The rue Mechain leads to the rue do la Saute, where, at No. 29, we find a convent of the Dames August ines du Sucre Coeur , erected at a cost of two millions of francs. Besides a boarding-school for young ladies, this convent also has accom- modation for female invalids, who are attended here qs in a Maison de Sante. Nearly opposite, a new prison has been built to replace the Madelonnettes (see p. 77). This edifice covers a space of 25,000 square metres, and is partly arranged, like the Prison Mazas (see p. 75), on the cellular system for prisoners under trial, and partly on the old system for persons condemned to imprisonment for a term not ex- ceeding one year. It is calculated to contain 500 prisoners of each category, and has cost 6,000,000 fr. Returning to the rue du Faubourg St. Jacques, the rue Cassini, to our right, brings us to the Observatoire, adjoining the rue d’Enfer. — Upon the esta- blishment of the Academy of Sciences in the reign of Louis XIV., Claude Perrault was charged by Colbert to prepare a design for this edifice, which Avas begun in 1667, and finished in 1672. When the building was already far advanced, John Dominic Cassini, the astronomer, whom Colbert had sent for from Bologna, came to Paris. He found the structure so ill adapted to its purpose, that, at his suggestion, several altera- 416 SEVENTEENTH WALK, lions were made, which, however, did not render it suitable | for taking accurate observations. The principal pile forms a \ parallelogram of 90 feet by 82, to which have been added on { the south two lateral octagonal towers. In the north front j is a projection of 24 feet, from which the building is en- j tered.* The platform on the top is 85 feet from the ground. The whole building is of stone, neither wood nor iron having been used. The principal part of this edifice being found useless, a low building has been erected on the ] east, in which nearly all the observations are made. This | is so placed that two sides are parallel, and two perpen- | dicular, to a meridian line traced on the floor of a room on j the second story, from which French astronomers count j their longitude ; its direction is marked by an obelisk at Mont- | martre, distant nearly three English miles and a half from the | Observatory. On this line, between Dunkirk and Barcelona, | the observations were made for determining the length of the | arc of the terrestrial meridian between the equator and pole, < now fixed at 5,130,740 toises. (1) The line of the southern j front is taken as the latitude of Paris. This observatory is the | centre from whence have diverged tlie several trigonometrical calculations for forming the map of France, known as, In Carte de Cassini, or de I’Observatoire, in 182 slieets. Underneath the building are some subterranean chambers, now no longer used, which were originally constructed for making astrono- mical observations, by means of openings through the roof of tlie edifice, for experiments on gravitation, &c. On the first floor is a telescope 22 feet in length, and 22 inches in diameter, not n6w used ; there is also an achromatic telescope of large dimensions. Ilere also we see a marble statue of Cassini, who died in 17 12, aged 87, and another very fine one of Laplace, the celebrated astronomer, by Garraud. The collection of modern telescopes and astronomical instruments of all kinds attached to this institution is exceedingly good. On tlie second floor is a spacious room, containing globes, various magnetic instruments, the meridian line upon the floor, a mural quadrant, &c. On the floor of another room is a map of the world, engraved by Chazelles and Sedileau, and on the roof there is an anemometer, which indicates the flirection of the wind, on a dial-plate in one of the rooms. Tlliere arc also two ram-gauges, for ascertaining the quantity of rain which falls at Paris during the year. The eastern tower is co- vered with an immense rotatory cupola of copper, by means of which the observer may point the great equatorial it con- (i) The ten-millionth part of this length has been adcpled for the metre, or standard linear measure in France. HOSPICE DES ENFANS ASSISTj5s. 417 tains to any part of the heavens under shelter. Smaller ones of similar construction cover two little turrets on the roof, and a telescope of the largest dimensions has now been set up in the western tower. The number of steps leading to the roof is 1 02 . A well-selected library of 45,ooo volumes, for the use of the professors and observers, is attached to the establishment. The building on the east is entered from the first floor of the principal structure, and contains various instruments. The roof of this small building, and of the cupola of the upper platform, opens in various parts, by means of simplemechanical arrangements. The Bureau des Longitudes holds its sittings here (see p. 91.) The Observatory is sur- rounded by a terrace, according to the original plan of Perrault and the outer court enclosed by railings and pavilions. In one of the wings added to the main building is an amphitheatre for 800 persons, where the celebrated Arago used to give his popular lectures on astronomy every year. This establish- ment is visible upon application in writing for a ticket to M . le Directeur de I’Observatoire. A wide avenue leads straight from the Observatoire to the garden of the Luxembourg. Next door to the Observatory, there is a reservoir for water, deserving of a visit from the antiquarian. The stranger on descending a few steps will see four vaulted chambers with reservoirs receiving water from Arcueil. Part of the vaulting is of Roman construction ; the more modern parts and the chief conduit date from Marie de Medicis, who laid the first stone with great ceremony in 1624. The largest chamber of this reservoir has 78 arches; it is 31 metres by 30, and contains 1395 cubic metres of water (307,034 gallons). In the entrance court may be seen some fragments of water-pipes of Roman construction. A small fee is expected by the person who shows this place. Turning to the left into the rue d’Enfer, we see at No. 74, the Hospice des Enfans AssistEs, or Orphan and Found- ling Asylum, founded by St. Vincent de Paule in 1638. In 1667, on a decree of the Parlement, the managers erected the Hospice des Orphelins in the Faubourg St. An- toine, and placed the Enfants Trouves at the corner of the Parvis Notie Dame. At the revolution of 1789, the latterwere removed to their present house, formerly the Convent of the Pretres de I’Oratoire. At the same time the ancient abbey of Port Royal, now a lying-in hospital, was appropriated to the same purposes see p. 1 19). The buildings are plain, but airy and comfortable. There is a statue of St. Vincent de Paule, by Stouf, in the court. A little beyond is the 27 418 SEVENTEENTH WALK. INFIRMERIE DE Marie TiiErEse, 116, Tuc d’Eiifer, for an account of which, see page 122. Returning northwards, we perceive, facing the Boulevard Montparnasse, and close to the gardens of the Close.ric des Lilas (see p. 48 1), the statue of the unfortunate MarshalNey, erected on the spot where he was shot, and inaugurated with great so- lemnity on the 7 th of December, 1853, the anniversary of his execution, in the presence of Prince Napoleon and the high func- tionaries k State. It stands on a pedestal of white marble, richly sculptured by Gisors. On the faces of tire pedestals are engraven the names of the battles at wliich the hero distin- guished himself. The artist, M. Rude, has represented the illustrious marshal in an attitude of command, animating his followers to advance ; but the open mouth, which in this case completely distorts the features, is an unfortunate circumstance. Striking into the rue du Val de Grace, further on. No. 05, rue d’Enfer, next to the corner to our left, is the Convent des Dames Carmelites, where Mdlle. de la Valliere, the beautiful mistress of Louis XIV., tookthe veil in 167 5, as Sceur Louise de la Misericorde,mi was soon joined by Madame deMontespan. In the chajiel is seen a fine marble monument of Cardinal Berulle, founder of the convent. He is represented kneeling on a pedestal adorned with bas-reliefs. In a recess to the left there is another valuable bas-relief in marble, by Barrois, re- presenting a Descent from the Cross. The best paintings are ; a Virgin and Child, St. Joseph and Jesus, Christ bearing the Lamb, by Guet, and an Annunciation, by Mueller. This chapel, said to have been founded by Roliert, the son of Hugh Capet, has now been decorated in the Byzantine style. At the opposite end of the rue du Val de Grace stands the HopitalMiutairedu Val de Grace, 277, rue St. Jacques. This hospital, established by Napoleon I. in the buildings of a convent of Benedictine nuns, is one of the most important in Paris. Attached to it is a military school of medicine and sur- gery. A quadrangular court is entered by a railing facing the street ; the sides are adorned with ten triangular pediments sup- ported by columns of irregular Doric design. To the left is the bronze statue of Baron Larrey, the celebrated surgeon,, on a pedestal of white marble, adorned with four bas-reliefs of the same metal, representing the battles of la Beresina, the Pyra- mids, Austerlitz, and Sommo Sierra, where Larrey distinguished himself. The statue, which is ‘J feet high, represents Larrey resting against a howitzer, on which are placed some of his works. In his right hand he holds Napoleon’s will opened at the words ; “ I leave 100,000 fr. to the Surgeon-in-chief Larrey, the most virtuous man I know.” This monument is by David ClaURCH btJ VAL DE GRACE. 419 d^Angers. In the second court there is a fine statue of Ihe celebrated surgeon Broussais, who is interred here. The chief object of historical interest here is The Church of Val de Grace, in front of the principal court, and founded by Anne of Austria, the consort of Louis XIII. Having been married 22 years without issue, she made a vow that she would build a church at Val de Grace if her desire to give an heir to the throne should be realised. At length, on Sept. 6, 1638, she gave birth to a prince, afterwarde Louis XIV. After the death of Louis XIII. the queen prepared to fulfil her vow. In 1024 she laid the first stone of the con- vent, contributing one-half of the expense, and caused the Benedictine nuns of Val Profond, near Bievre le Chatel, three leagues from Paris, to be transferred hither. On April l ,’ 1 045 Louis XIV. laid the first stone of the church with great pomp’ The architects were successively the elder Mansard, who fur- nished the designs, Leniercier, Le Muet and Le’duc. Ma- demoiselle de la Valliere retired to this convent, previous to her taking the vows, this convent being then the fashionable retreat for members of the nobility of France. During the re- volution of 17 89 the church was converted into a depot for the materiel of military hospitals, and thus escaped the fury of the populace. In 1826, it was repaired, and restored to divine worship. It is an edifice of magnificent design, with a dome resting on a lofty drum, strengthened around by buttresses, adorned with Composite pilasters, and pierced with sixteen windows ; four campaniles, or small bell-turrets, stand out from the gallery on which the dome rests. The front is ornamented with a portico of Co- rinthian columns supporting a pediment ; above is a range of Composite engaged columns bearing a second pediment The en^trance is approached by a flight of large and wide steps. The plan of the church is that of a Latin cross ; in the nave the public used to attend service, and in the other parts were chapels for the nuns of the convent and for the ladies of the Court. The intersection of the cross is circular, four lofty arches open into the transepts. The nave is flanked by chapels communicating with each other, now devoid of altars, excep- one in the apsis, where the altjir-piece is an Ascension. Tim decorations of this, as well as the other parts of the church, are Corinthian ; the sculptures are by Anguier. In the spandrils of the arches of the nave are large figures in alto-rilievo, re- piesenting the Christian Virtues, and the vaulting of the ceiling presents rich compartments, filled with figures of saints and scroll work. The pendentiyes of the lower dome contain circular compartments, in which are fine alti-rilievi of the four evan* 420 seventeenth WALki gelists. The vault of the dome is admirably painted on stone by Mignard, and has been reputed as one of the finest frescoes in France. Around the frieze below the gallery is the follow- ing inscription ; A. MDCL. Anna Austrice D. G. Franco- rum lieqina liegnique rectrix, cui subjecit Deus omnes hostes utconderet Dornum in nomine suo. The high altar is sur- mounted by a magnificent canopy, supported by six fluted spiral columns of grey marble, with bases, capitals, and foliage of bronze gilt. Four angels placed on the entablature of the columns hold censers, and from palm-branches are suspended other angels, with scrolls bearing inscriptions. The whole is terminated by a globe and cross. In front of the altar, and in the intersection of the cross, the letters A. L. (Anne- Louis) are inlaid in the pavement, which here, as well as throughout the whole of the edifice, is formed of rich marbles. The chapels for the nuns are separated from the rest of the building by iron gratings, and in that behind the altar, which is a beautiful piece of architecture, a crimson curtain screened the superiors of the convent from the view of the congregation. In one of these chapels, formerly the oratory of Anne d’Autriche, whose bust is seen on the ceiling held by an Angel, are frescoes representing views from Spain. In the northern chapel of the cross is the entrance to a vault where the remains of the abbesses were deposited, on marble shelves. Here also is shown a cabinet, where the hearts of the Bourbon family were preserved encased in silver, a custom originating from the foundress having bequeathed her heart to this church. The remains of Queen Henrietta, wife of Charles 1. of England, were placed here. During the revolution all these silver hearts were carried off, except one, discovered afterwards, and now visible to strangers ; the prince or princess to whom it belonged is unknown. The heart of Baron Larrey is also pre- served here in a casket. Adjoining this chapel there is a small door, which conceals the confess. onal used by Mile, de la Vallicre ; it consists of a grated window, through which she spoke to the priest, and is accessible from a passage be- hind, from which the building she occupied at that time may be seen. The nuns were buried underneath the nave, in a vault, the entrance of which is near the western door. The church is open every day,' between 12 and 2, and the vaults, 8cc., are shown by amilitary attendant. Further northward, at No. 2 54, is the Institution Imperiale des Sourds Meets. — For this insti- tution France is indebted to the celebrated Abbe de Ffipee, who, without patronage, and with a fortune not exceeding £500 a- year, undertook to maintain and bring up at his own expense INSTITUTION IMPERIALE DES SOURDS-MUETS. 421 more than 40 deaf and dumb pupils, whom he instructed to read and write, to comprehend all the difficulties of grammar and to reduce the most abstract metaphysical ideas to writing’ The Abbe de I’EptHi was first brought into notice by the Em peror Joseph II. on his visitto the French capital in 1777 His sister. Queen Marie Antoinette, soon after visited the school and the institution was ordered to be transferred by Govern- ment to a convent of Celestins, which had been suppressed This, however, was not carried into effect till 1785. The Abbd de I’Epee, dying in 1790, was succeeded by the Abbe Sicard who improved the system of instruction. During the revolu’ tion of 17 89 this institution was transferred to the buildings of the Seminaire de St. Magloire, rue St. Jacques, where it still continues. In the first court there is a tree planted in 1C06 under Henry IV. The number of gratuitous pupils is 80 • be- sides 10 admitted to half-pensions, and to to three-quarter pen- sions. At present there are 1 20 male and 7 5 female pupils The number of boarders is unlimited. To be admitted gratuitoiislv ^ into the institution, the child must be full 7 years old, and not I exceed 15, and must present a certificate .com the authorities ' of his or her parish, of age, baptism, vaccination, being reallv deaf and dumb, and without the means of paying for educa- tion. The boys and girls are in separate schools, where they remain six years, and are taught reading, writing, arithmetic drawing, engraving, or some trade. The tei-ms for boarders are 1,000 fr. a-year, besides 300 fr. paid on entering. From 90,000 fr. to 100,000 fr. are annually devoted by government to the support of this institution, the Salle des Exercices is Doric, and adorned with the busts of the Abbes de I’Epee and t5icard, and that of the Emperor, with a fine picture of de Ffinee by the donor, M. Camus. It represents the Abbe de I’Epee em- bracing the young Count de Toulouse, at the moment when the latter, who was deaf and dumb and had been educated out of cha- rity by the Abbe, recognizes the house of his relative, who had iwilfully abandoned him. The refectories, dormitories, &c. Are large and airy, and arranged as in the institution des Jeu- Ines Aveiigles (see p. 335). A garden is annexed to the esta- blishment. The chapel is Doric; behind the altar is a re- markable oil-painting by Vernet, of Christ healing a deaf shepherd, and to the left is a picture of good execution by Peyson, a deaf and dumb artist, representing the Abbe de I’Enee on his deathbed. The figure seated next to the death-bed is the Abbe Sicard, and the young man in front represents one Antoine Dubois, who died in 1850, aged 93, having lived continually here, in virtue of the will of the Abbedel’Epee whose pupil he was. The trades taught here are shoemaking, tailoring, turn- 422 SEVENTEENTH WAtK. ing, joinery, and lithography. But the visitor wnl he more particularly interested by the method by which the pupils are taugtit not only to speak, but also to understand what is said. The professor takes one pupil at a time, while the others attend to what he does. He first pronounces each vowel, clearly expressing by the motion of his mouth tlie me- chanism by which it is produced. The pupil endeavours to imitate him, and at length pronounces it. He is then shown the letter to which it corresponds. Occasionally the professor puts his fingers into the pupil’s mouth, to shape it into tlie proper form for pronunciation. In a higher class, the pro- fessor speaks slowly, so that the pupil may catch the form of his mouth at each syllable. Thus a question, at the choice of the visitor, is asked, understood, and answered in words, which arc generally much better articulated than might he expected. Admission on Saturdays, from 2 to 4, with tickets. (1). Close to this establishment is the church of St. Jacques du Haut-Pas, 252, rue St-Jacques. — On this site a chapel, dependent on the hospital du Haut Pas, existed in the 14th century. The present structure was begun in 1630, the fiESt stone being laid by Gaston of Orleans, brother of Louis XIII. When the choir was built, the wmrks were sus- pended, but were resumed in 1 67 5, by the munificence of Anne de Bourbon, Duchesse de Longueville, and terminated in 1684. The architecture of this church is Doric ; the plan slightly cruci- form ; the choir ends in a semicircle, and a single aisle surrounds both nave and choir. The right aisle alone is flanked by cha- pels ; the opposite one of the nave has none. The 1st chapel in the former contains the font. In the 2d is a Holy Family, by Delanoe, and a good Virgin and Child on wood, of the 15th century. Close to it, in the aisle, there is an Annuncia- tion. In the transept is a fine Entombment, by Degeorges ; and against the piers of the entrance to the choir are two plaster statues, one of St. Philip, by Grienewald, the other St. James, by Foyatier. In the choir, over the sacristy door, is the Presentation of the Virgin in the Temple. Next follow, 1st chapel, St. John the Baptist, by Vetter. 2d, the Saviour blessing the world. 3d, St. Philip preaching to the Phry- gians, by Jacquard, and the same appearing to Theodos;ius, by Coutan. 4th, St. Philip presenting Nathaniel to Jesus, Iby Hol- feld, and the Miracle of the loaves and fishes, by Champanartin. The 5th is the Lady Chapel, of elliptical form, with a line statue of the Virgin and Child ; a Visitation and an Aiinun- (i) There are'2i,576 deaf and dumb in all France, of whom 12,32b are males, and 9,231 females. ECOLE NOIliMALE. 423 ciafion, botli by Bouterweck, and four small paintings by Barret; St. Joseph with Jesus in his arms, St. Louis, St. James, and St. Catherine. 6th, Jesus Christ appearing to St. James, by Goyet, and his Calling of St. James and Judas, by Lestang. 7 th, the Lapidation of St. James, and St. James as Bisliop of Jerusalem, by Jonquieres. 8th, St. Magloire, by Goyet, and a shrine containing his relics. 9th, Jesus healing the step-mother of St. Peter, by Calvaert ; Religion, Hope, Faith, and Charity, in four tableaux, by Lesueur, a St. Peter, by Kestout (1728), and a Sifiite Parvulos, by Gerard, loth, Ste. Genevieve by Carbillet. A good Crucifixion and the altar-piece, by Maillot ; the Vision of St. Jacques on being precipitated from a tower, will be seen in the left transept. In the five windows of the apsis are the figures of saints in modern stained glass. Cassini, the astronomer, was buried here, and the learned La Hire; Cochin, rector of the parish, and founder of the hospital, 8cc. At No. 1 93, is the Convent of the Dames de St. Michel. The church lias a Doric facade of some merit. On the same side of the street were the convents of the Ursulines and the Feuillan- tines; and between the latter and the Convent of the Val de Grace was a house of English Benedictines, where part of the remains of James II . were buried, he having bequeathed his head, heart, and intestines to the British Colleges. Retracing our steps, the rue des Ursulines will lead us to the rue d’Ulm. At No. 4 5 is the Ecole Normale. — This extensive building, finished in 1847, is entered by a spacious court fronted by a projecting pavilion, through which the visitor passes by a Doric vesti- bule into a large inner court. The architecture is in the style of the last century. Over the principal entrance are statues representing Science and Literature; and the brackets on the walls of the inner court support the busts of the eminent men formed by the Ecole Normale since its institutionin 1795. The number of pupils is about 80. Spacious corridors lead to the lecture-rooms, cabinets of botany, zoology, fossils and mineralogy, natural philosophy, and laboratory of chemistry. The library, on the first floor, is aspacious saloon, containing 20,000 volumes. The Sa'lle de Reception is somewhat smaller, and contains the portraits, in medallions, of Lagrange, Laplace, Haiiy, Daubenton, Monge, Berthollet, Bernardin de St. Pierre, Suard, Garat, and Laharpe, who were the first professors of this celebrated school at the time of its opening, July 17, 1795. The chapel is on the ground floor to the west; it contains a fine Saviour by Lavergne. The dormitories occupy the second story ; the refectories, two in number, are 424 SEVENTEENTH WALK. on the ground floor to the north ; under-ground are the kit- chens, cellars, &c It has cost 2 millions of francs, (see p. 96). Strangers are not generally admitted. In the rue de la Vieille Estrapade, at No. 16, the visitor will find the entrance to a reservoir receiving water from the artesian well of Crenelle for the use of the Faubourg St. Mar- ceau. It has two receptacles, each 98 feet by ao, and 15 feet deep, in all 147,000 cubic feet of water. A third reservoir is constructed under it, to receive the water from Arcueil. That from Crenelle is at 61 degrees Fahrenheit when itarrives here. Turning to the right we shall find, at No. 5, rue des Irlandais, the College des Irlandais, a commodious building, fonuing three sides of a spacious quadrangle planted with trees. On the ground-floor of the right wing is the chapel, built by Bellanger, in 17 80. It has a marble statue of the Virgin on the altar, and right and left paintings of St. Patrick, and St. Bridget. In a vault beneath repose the ashes of several dis- tinguished Irish; above the chapel there is the library. It is said that James II. bequeathed his intestines to this college, but no monument remains to indicate the spot where they were deposited. This institution is under the superintendence of the Minister of the Interior, and conducted by an administrator, four professors of morals and of dogmatic tbeology, of philoso- phy, of classics, and about 100 Irish students, of whom about 2 5 priests graduate annually. A great number of bursarships belong to this college, of which Dr. Lynch is the director. Turning to the left into the rue des Postes, we see at No. 30 the Seminaire DU St. Esprit. — This building was erected in 17 69, for a seminary, which was suppressed in 1792, and restored in 1815. It has a fine bas-relief above tbe pediment of the church, representing a missionary preaching, (see p. il3.) It contains some tolerable pictures. Next door to this was the College des Anglais, a seminary established by letters patent granted by Louis XIV., in 1684, which authorised Catholics, who could not be educated for the priesthood in England, to live in an ecclesiastical community. The house, suppressed in 17 92, is now let for secular purposes. At No. 42, further down, is the elegant building of the College Rollin (see p. 100). HALLE AUX VINS. 425 BIG-HTEEHTH 7TALK. This walk comprises the remainder of the 5th arrondisse- menl. Commencing it from the rue St. Victor, the first object of interest we meet with is the Halle aux Yens. — ThePariswine-market,establishedin 1 656, beyond the Porte St. Bernard, had long been found insufficient for the commerce of the capital, when Napoleon ordered the construction of one much more extensive upon the site of the celebrated Abbey of St. Victor. The first stone was laid on August 15, 1813. The works, carried on at first with great activity, were relaxed during 1815 and two following years, but have since been finished. The ground on which the Halle aux Vius is constructed measures 441,7 00 metres (109 English acres', and it consists of 5 streets, 2 large yards, 63 fountains, and 444 cellars and warehouses, capable of con- taining 4 50,000 casks of wine. 80,000 of brandy, and 3,000 of olive oil. It is inclosed by a wall on three sides, and towards the quay is fenced by an iron railing nearly 800 metres in length. The streets are called after the different wine coun- tries, viz.; — rue de Champagne, rue de Bourgogne, rue de Bordeaux, rue de Languedoc, and rue de la Cote-d’Or. On the side next the quay are offices for those who superintend the entrance and departure of wines, and a great number of mer- chants’ counting-houses. In the back-ground is a warehouse appropriated to spirits, and constructed without either wood or iron. In the halle there is also a bureau de depotage, con- taining gauges of the casks of the different parts of France ; and purchasers of casks may have them measured here. Wines entering this depot do not pay the octroi duty until they are sold out of it; but, so long as they remain in bond, the owners pay warehouse-rent. See. The number of casks that enter in one day is frequently 1,500. The halle is open from 6 to 6 in summer ; and from 7 to 5 in winter. A quantity of inferior wines is always on the wharf opposite. On the Place St. Victor, Nos. 24 and 26, with their elabo- rate sculpture and historical medallions, will attract attention. At the corner of the rues St. Victor and Cuvier, is the Fontaine Cuvier, or du Jardin des Plantes. — This fountain replaces one built in 17 61, after the designs of Bernini, against one of the boundary towers of the enclosure of the Abbey St. Victor of the 15th century, which remained entire (the only relic of the old Abbey) till lately. The present fountain was planned by M. A. Vigoureux, the architect, and is dedicated to the illustrious savant whose name is thus inscribed over the /i 2 6 EIGHTEENTH WALK. entablature — “A Georges Cuvier.'” The ornaments of tliis monument are very elaborate. It is composed of a lofty half- . circular pedestal, supporting two Ionic columns, between whicli a female figure seated on a lion represents the genius of Natural History, with an owl at her side; abo^e is an eagle with a lamb in its talons. In her left band sbe holds a tablet, on which are inscribed the words “ Rerum cognoscere causas,” and at her feet are a number of marine and land animals. The volutes of the capitals of the columns are made up of spiral shells, cleverly arranged ; the entablature and spanclrils of the arch are sculptured in the same taste. The band of the pe- destal is sculptured with heads of men and of animals. Water issues from the mouths of three lizards placed around the pedestal, and falls into a semicircular iron basin. MM. Feu- cheres and Pomaratau were the sculptors. Opposite to this there is one of the entrances to the Janlin (les Plantes (see next page), and at No. 1, rue Lacepede, the Hopital de la PitiE.— Founded in 1612 ; its chapel is dedicated to Notre Dame d.e la Pitie. From its foundation until 1809 it was used as an asylum for orphan children (see p. 1 . 29 ). Strangers are admitted from 10 to 12 on applying to the Director. The chapel contains five pictures by Lecerf. The rues Lacepede and de la Clef lead to Ste. Pelagie, the prison for political offenders (see p. 78), which is entered by theme du Puits de I’Hermite. The rue dii Pont-aux-Biches, in a line with the rue de la Clef, skirts the new Halle aux Cuiks, occupying a space of 30,000 sq. metres. In the Place Scipion, hard by, we see tlie Boulangeuie GenEkale, or Maison Scipion. — Under the reign of Henry HI., a rich Italian, named Scipion Sardini, built an hotel on this spot, which was purchased in 1622, to form an asylum for aged and infirm men. In 1636, it was given to the Hopital de la Salpetricre for its slaughter-house, bake-house^ &c. It now forms a general bake-house for all the hospitals and hospices. All the work generally done by hand is done here by steam, and by the same agency corn is ground here by 12 mills. The best hour for visiting this establishment is between 12 and 1, when every department is in full activity. At No. 17, in the rue du Fer a Moulin, east of this, is the Amphitheatre of Anatomy, an establishment of anatomical schools, built on the site of the ancient cemetery of Clamart, which has long ceased to be a place of burial (see p. 134). It consists of a large square garden enclosed by an open gal- lery, a building with lecture rooms opposite, and four vast dissecting halls forming the other two sides of the quadrangle. JARDIN DBS PLANTES. 427 Each of these halls has 24 stone tables along the walls, co- vered witli zinc. Four pupils dissect at each table, so that 90 bodies may he under dissection at once. Upwards of 4,000 bodies are dissected annually. The ventilation is excellent. Adjoining the garden, to the right, we pass into the old CiMETiERE DE Ste. Catiierune. — It has been closed since 1815, and the only interesting monument it contained was that erected to General Pichegru, who was interred here in 1804 , and who, as the reader will recollect, was implicated in a conspiracy against Napoleon. The body has been now removed to Arbois (.lura) by the relatives. This cemetery wdl soon be entirely broken up, as the new Boulevard de St. Marcel, which is to extend from the old Barriore d’Enfcr to the Boulevard de ITIopital, is to pass through the ground. At the end of this street, facing the rue Geoffroy St. Hilaire, there is a fountain commemorating the revolution of 1830. It bears no inscription, but is still flanked by two trees of li- berty dating from 1848. A little higher up, we find to our left the principal entrance to the Mu.secm d'Histoire Natu- relle, or, as it is more popularly called, the Jardin des Plantes. — At the solicitation of Herouard and Gu^Td^a^ Brosse, liiiTphysicians, Louis XIII. founded the Jardin des Plantes, in 1 63 5 . Several distinguished men, among whom may be reckoned the names of Duvernoy, Tournefort, Vaillant, Bernard de Jussieu, and Cysternay du Fay, contributed greatly to the prosperity of the establishment, previously to the appointment of Buffon, in 1739, to the functions of superin- tendent. That celebrated naturalist devoted himself perse- veringly to the interest of the garden ; and before his death, in 17 88, the names of Daubenton, Anthony de Jussieu, Winslow, A. Petit, Faujas de St. Fond, Van Spaendonck, Desfontaines, Fourcroy, and Portal, shed lustre on the establishment. At the revolution of 17 89, the universities, the faculties of medi- cine, law, 6cc., being suppressed, it was doubtful whether this Garden would not be involved in the general proscription ; but, as it was considered national property, it was respected. During the Reign of Terror, and up to the Consulate, the insti- tution was much neglected, and had deteriorated from want of funds. But on Bonaparte’s arriving at the head of affairs a nexv impulse was given, and the only subsequent check which it received was in 1814 and 1815, when it was apprehended that the foreign troops who occupied Paris would destroy the garden; by a special convention it was however protected from all injury. The magnificent cabinet of the Stadtholder was claimed, but it was afterwards agreed that an equivalent •hould be furnished from the duplicates of the museum. Se- 4 28 EIGHTEENTH WALK. veral valuable gems were returned to the Pope, and many objects of natural history and books belonging to emigrants restored. Since that time, however, the support of this mu- seum has been munificently provided for by the State. It is under the control of the Minister of the Interior, who every five years appoints a director and deputy-director out of a list of three names presented to him by the professors of the establishment. Its income and expenditure are managed by an accountant-general, and it is annually subjected to an inspec- tion by a commission appointed by the Minister conjointly with the professors. It consists of, 1st, a botanical garden, with spacious hot-houses and green-houses ; 2 d, several gal- Im-ies of zoology, botany, and mineralogy; 3d, a menagerie of living animals; 4th, a library of natural history ; and 5th, an amphitheatre, with laboratories, &c., for public lectures on every branch of natural history. The lectures, which are all public and gratuitous, commence in April and last till the end of Autumn. The days and hours of admission are to be learnt from the notices posted on the doors of the amphitheatre, or at the bureau of the establishment, where information upon all points is readily given. The whole establishment has cost upwards of 4,000,000 fr. (see page 95). (1) Garden . — On entering the garden from the rue Geoffrey St. Hilaire, the first building facing that street is the gallery of zoo- logy; the edifice to the right contains the library, and the mine- ralogical and botanical collections; to the left are spacious hot- houses, the menagerie, and the gallery of comparative anatomy. The intermediate space is flanked by two parallel avenues of lime and chesnut-trees. Bordering on the rue Buffon is a nur- sery of forest-trees, surrounded by an iron railing, and con- tiguous to it, two beds appropriated to such foreign perennial plants as bear exposure to the winter of this climate. Near these is a cafe, for the accommodation of visitors; the acacia in front of it is the oldest in France, being the first brought over to^ Europe in 1635, by Vespasien Robin, gardener to Louis XIII. Between the avenues are large enclosures, forming the “ Botanical Garden ” and part of the “ School of Botany.” It covers a surface of 267,620 square metres, and is carefully arranged ; the visitor may at once know the nature of the various plants by the colours of the tickets ; the red denote medicinal, the green alimentary plants ; the blue those used in the arts, the yellow ornamental, and the black poi- (i) The annual expenses of (Ids establishment amount to 582,380 fr., viz., salaries, 308,380 fr. ; travelling expenses, 25,000 fr. ; stock, 249, ooo fr. JAUDIN DES PLANTES. 429 sonous plants. It is open from 3 to 5 every day. To the west a sunk enclosure presents in summer a splendid display of flowering shrubs. Between the conservatories is a path leading to two mounds. One, called the labyrinth, from its intricate paths, is of a conical shape. On the ascent is a cedar of Le- banon, the first seen in France, which Collinson, an English phy- sician, presented to the garden in 1734; it was planted here, the year following, by the elder Jussieu, and now measures 1 1 feet English in circumference at 6 feet from the ground. At the top of the hill the visitor will find a pavilion, entirely of cast bronze, with seats, from which a view extends over the garden, the greater part of Paris, and the distant land- scape in the directions of Montmartre, Vincennes, and Sceaux. One of the pillars has a sun-dial, in reference to which the cornice bears the inscription ; Horas non numero nisi serenas. On the eastern slope is a small inclosure, in the centre of which a granite column, resting on a base of different minerals, marks the grave of Daubcnton. The western hill is a nursery of fir- trees, nearly all the known species being planted on its slope. At the foot of it is a spacious enclosure, containing during fine weather, some of the most beautiful trees of New Holland, the Cape of Good Hope, and the Coast of Barbary, which are then removed from the green-houses. Opposite this stands the am- phitheatre, holding 1,200 persons ; the various courses of lec- * tures given here are annually attended by about 1,800 stu- dents ; a practical chemical laboratory is attached to it. At the door of the amphitheatre stand in summer two Sicilian palms, 25 feet in height, presented to Louis XIV. The buildings adjoining contain the residences of the administra- tors and professors ; to the left a gate opens here into the rue Cuvier, and to the right a path' leads to the Conser- vatories, built many years ago by M. R. de Fleury, on an improved plan. They are of iron, and one of them is entirely devoted to aquatic plants. The Garden of Plants produces from 9 to 10,000 small bags of seed, and 7 to 8,000 young trees yearly, which are distributed to profes- sional persons for the purpose of propcigation. The total num- ber of species of plants cultivated in the botanical department of this establishment is upwards of 12,000. To view the Con- servatories apply in writing to M. Decaisne, at the establish- ment, who will send tickets. The garden is open daily till nightfall. Near the amphitheatre is the entrance to the Menagerie. — When Louis XIV. fixed his residence at Ver- sailles, the Academy of Sciences prevailed on him to form a menagerie in the park. This menagerie increased under Louis XV. and XVI., but in 17 89 the animals being neglected. 430 EIGHTEENTH WALK. several of them perished for want of food. Those which re- mained were removed to the Museum in 1794, and placed in temporary buildings, and the plan of a menagerie was laid out; it was only, however, by degrees that the necessary ground was obtained. It is divided into numerous compart- ments containing huts and sheds for the animals, enclosed with iron railings and wire-net,’ with paths between, and has lately been undergoing e.vtensive improvements. An artificial rivulet, headed by a small rustic cascade, intersects the whole length of the ground, and here a beaver from Canada has built himself a mansion. Skirting an enclosure containing some fine Egyptian goats, close to the Museum of Comparative Anatomy (see below), we find to our right a community of black swans and poultry from China, India, and other parts ; and a few steps further to our left, a quadrangle devoted to reptiles and warmed by steam. The creatures are confined in glass cages, with blankets to keep them warm, and are visible from the wired windows outside ; a small fee will admit the visitor to the interior. Here we see five alligators, which but two years ago were not more than 1 8 inches in length, and have now grown to three feet and upwards. There are also about a dozen other alligators of different species from Australia and Louisiana, all of considerable size. They have a tank of water in their cage, but growing as they do, their present tenement will soon be insufficient, and a large building will have to be provided for them. Adjoining we “ find a young crocodile, four feet long, and in the next cage a few European serpents which are not venomous ; then an ant- eater, a cameleon and various other lizards. The last cages contain two boa-constrictors and a Python. Continuing along the same path, we see various small aviaries with singing-birds from all the quarters of the globe ; also parrots, cockatooes, quails, woodcocks, nightingales, &c. On the other side of the walk there are enclosures with Mexican and other poultry, owls from South America, porcupines, and hedgehogs. Adjoining this walk there is a nursery containing upwards of 500 kinds of pear-trees all outside the railing which encloses the real Menagerie. From the outer gate to which this path leads, we turn into another to our ri,ght, skirted with enclosures for Llamas and deer of various de- scriptions, besides cages occupied by badgers, wolves, boxes and jackals, in one of the transversal paths, which leads to a laboratory of comparative physiology, containing about a dozen cages with dogs, wolves, and jackals, and the crosses between these species, highly interesting in a physiological point of view, J) 0 th as proofs of their strong affinity, and of JARDIN BBS PLAKTES. 431 the fact that their ferocity declines at evei’y successive cross with the dog. This laboratory, which is not accessible to the public, is situated behind a rectangular building divided into 21 cages, containing several bears and hyenas, a wolf, an ocelot, a panther, a jaguar, a Royal tiger, and a lion. The enclosure flanking this building is tenanted by four drome- daries ; that opposite to the dens, by deer, chamois, and lamas ; and that beyond, which skirts the western railing, contains various sheep and deer. The adjoining path to the left of this leads to a semi-circular pavilion, containing a co- lony of monkeys and apes, that afford unceasing amusement to the public by their gambols, caresses, and occasional fighting. The interior may be seen for a small fee by ringing a bell at the right-hand door. Continuing along the path to our left, we arrive at a large aviary for birds of prey. Here we see, in various compartments, vultures from Mexico, Senegal, and India, in close friendship with some French and Swiss ravens. The Caracara of Brazil, several hawks and eagles complete the collection. Other cages contain small singing-birds from different countries. An enclosure close by is inhabited by pheasants, and that opposite contains a few gazelles, oxen, and cows of the Hungarian breeds, remarkable for their large horns ; and further on, we see specimens of the yak, or Thibet ox, with long white silky hair and bushy tails, also the zebu or Indian ox, remarkable for its hunch. The next enclosure is tenanted by hemiones, and this brings us to a polygonal pavilion for the larger animals, viz,, a male and female hippopotamus, the aurochs or European bison, a giraffe, two young elephants, and a larger one from Ceylon. To view the internal arrangements of this building, a ticket should be procured from the Director, but sometimes a fee will do. In the enclosure opposite, there are two very young elephants, that are great favourites with the public. West of this there are three sunken enclosures for bears, two of which are white, the third brown, and the fourth black. The adjoining enclosures contain deer and goats ; further on, there is another for various poultry, swans, storks, and peacocks; the pond in the centre is the favourite abode of a seal caught in the British Channel, and which does not seem the worse for living in fresh water. The total number of mammalia kept here is about 4 50 ; that of the birds 400. — Open daily from 1 1 to C in summer and 1 1 to 3 in winter. The zoologist is here enabled with great advantage to study the instinct and habits of animals, the influence of confine- ment, Sec.; and the dead animals which the collection furnishes eiii’ich the museum with valuable acquisitions. 432 EIGHTEENTH WALK. Cabinet of Comparative Anatomy. — For this collection, the richest in existence, the museum is indebted to the exertions of Baron Cuvier, by whom it was arranged, and under whose direction most of the objects were prepared. It is contained in a building near the Amphitheatre, and is fronted with two glazed sheds, one coutaining the body, the other the ske- leton of a whale. Other whales are exhibited in the court, one of which {Physeter macrocephalus) is 56 feet long. The skeleton in the centre is that of a common whale, beside which there are models, executed in plaster, of the head of the rorqual, or whale of the Cape, and of the body of a Southern whale. The 1st room on the ground floor to the right is de- voted to skeletons of various marine animals, with a male morse, brought by Capt. Parry from the polar regions. In the next room are skeletons of the human species from all quarters of the globe, including mummies, dwarfs, and especially that of the dwarf Bebe (see p. 392), and that of Soliman El Hhaleby, a learned Syrian, who assas- sinated Gen. Kleber in Egypt; also a series of skulls, in which the varying conformation of the head from the lower animals up to man is clearly traced, some of them found in Egyptian and Etruscan tombs. There is also a skull, fixed on the figure of an idol, adored by the Papaos tribes. A suite of twelve small rooms or cabinets upstairs contains dissections of birds, fishes, and reptiles, besides specimens of the human body. In the first room is a collection of skulls of different animals, in- cluding those of the gorilla and chimpanzee ; in the 2d we per- ceive monstrous formations of various species. The 3d con- tains complete skeletons of mammalia, including those of the gorilla and other species of monkeys. A glass case con- tains the complete anatomy of the ostrich. The 4th con- tains skeletons of birds ; the 5th and 6th those of crocodiles, fishes, tortoises, and reptiles. Over the cases are skeletons of the boa constrictor, a shark, and a sword-fish; and jaws of several species of sharks, the ray, &c., and on the tables the dried larynx and hyoid bones of birds and quadrupeds. In the 7th are the viscera of the chicken, executed in wax. In the 8th is a cast of the human body without the skin, the muscles painted to imitate nature, and another of a chimpanzee, pre- pared in a like manner. The cases on one side exliibit small figures in wax of human arms and legs. On the other side are limbs of quadrupeds ; in the remaining cases dissected muscles of several animals kept in alcohol. In the 9th, in a large glass case, is a model in wax presenting to view the vis- cera of a child ; and on the table opposite we see various heads, also in wax, displaying the lymphatic and nervous JARDIN DBS PLANTES. 433 systems. The loth contains the organs of circulation, and those of the different secretions ; aseriesof hearts of mammalia, reptiles, and fishes ; also some injected preparations and very delicate foetal ones of viviparous and oviparous animals; in the 11th preparations of different orders of mollusks, articulated ani- mals, and zoophytes, and preparations of shell fish in wax. The 12th room contains Dr. Gall’s valuable collection of skulls and casts of distinguished and notorious characters. Here commences a new and interesting collection, called the Cabinet of Anthropology —U occupies a suite of ten rooms being the whole of the remaining first floor of the buildin<^" and is remarkable not only for the casts and specimens it con- tains, but for a considerable collection of portraits executed in water-colours for the scientific purpose of exhibiting the peculiarities of the features of each race. It comprises Arabs Mongolians, Chinese, Hottentots, 8cc., in most cases with the names of the individuals, their age, and the specification of the rank they hold as specimens of their race. These portraits are framed, and adorn tlm walls of all the rooms. In the cen- tre of the first room we see a perfect human skeleton in a glass case, and in the presses around busts of remarkable specimens of the races of Algeria, besides heads and skulls. The centre of the second room is occupied by a glass case containino- the whole vascular system of an Ethiopian subject, displayed ”with the most elaborate nicety, two bronze busts of Ethiopians copies from nature, and exquisitely executed by M. Cordier in 1848, will attract peculiar attention ; in the presses there are skeletons of negroes, a mummy, complete casts of Ethio- pians, Red Indians, &c. In the 3d room we find a collection of skeletons and portraits of various races, and a fossil skeleton of a Gallic woman. This series is continued in the 4 th room which also contains two mummies and a series of heads all casts from the living subject. The 5th contains the detailed anatomy of the Ethiopian and Caucasian races, and some pho- tographs, completing the series of subjects in water-colours These are continued in the cth and following rooms. In the 7 th there is a group representing the last Mohicans, a man and a woman. In the 8th there are Peruvian mummies, in a sitting, or rather a crouching posture, besides Mongolian busts and heads. In the 9lh, the scries is continued ; it also con- tains an Esc[uimaux canoe ; and here we would recommend those endowed with the bump of amativeness not to dwell too long on the charms of a Boshman lady, which grace the glass-case in the centre. There are also here two bronze busts of a Chinese man and woman, by Cordier. The loth room contains skulls, and various casts taken during Prince 28 434 EIGHTEENTH WALK. Napoleon’s expedition to Lapland and Greenland. A long passage, hung with specimens of bones, leads us l)ack to the Cabinet of Comparative Anatomy ; and, travers- ing the suite already seen, we reach the staiicase in the 12th room, on descending which we see the fossil re- mains of the plesiosauri, found at Lyme Regis and at Glaston- bury, and other extinct species. There are many skeletons of : caniois, antelopes, mules, tapirs, giraffes, rhinoceroses, hippo- potami, elephants, &c. Tlie number of specimens in this section exceeds 15,000. A valuable addition to this museum has recently been made by M. Bocourt, who had been sent on a scientihc mission to Siam. The fauna of that country having hitherto been almost entirely neglected, M. Bocourt has been enabled to add 15 new species of various genera to the science of natural history. A catalogue may be had on the spot. Gallery of Zoology —Tins, building, which once bore the name of Cabinet of Natural History, is 390 feet in length, and skirts the rue St. Victor. It has two stories, besides the gi’ound- floor, and is of plain architecture. Considerable additions are daily made to this matchless gallery. The zoological col- lections are classed according to the system of Baron Cuvier. Ascending to the first story, we find in the first loom a beau- tiful statue by Duparty, representing Vivying Nature. The presses along the walls contain (juadrupeds of the dog, goat, and lama species. The second room is devoted to zoophytes, sponges, nautili, and shells ; the third comprises a large col- lection of apes, including a gorilla in a large glass case in the centre ; the fourth, Crustacea, comprchi-nding brachyurcs. anomures, macroures, stomapodes, amphipodes, and xypno- siires. The fifth room contains a very complete collection of upwards of 2,000 reptiles, comprising more than 500 species divided into four orders, viz., chelonians or tortoises, sau- rians or lizards, ojihidians or serpents, and batrachians oi frogs, toads, &c. Most of the smaller reptiles, and some of the larger species, arc preserved in spirits. The sixth and seventh rooms are filled with a complete collection of fislies, aquatic birds and snakes ; some stulTed, others preserved m spirits ; the largest specimens arc suspended from the ceiling. The seventh room moreover contains a marble statue of Buffon, by Pajou. Returning to the sixth, a staircase to the right leads to the ground floor, xvhere there is a gallery coii- taming zoophytes and other specimens preserved in spirits ; besides a room with mammalia of the largest class, such as elephants, hippopotami, &c. We may now ascend the same staircase to the second floor, where we find ourselves in the JARDIN DBS PLANTES. 435 midst of a largo arched gallery, filled with the conipletest col- lection of birds in Europe, comprising upwards of 10 000 specimens helonging to 2,500 different genera. Over the glass cases are busts of Lacepede, Adanson, Dauhenton and other celebrated naturalists ; in tlie centre is the marble bust of Guy de la Brosse, the founder of the Museum ; and not far from this a fine clock by Robin, marking both mean and solar time. In another room to the left we find camels, buffaloes and other large mammalia. The tallest of the three giraffes that are here had lived 17 %, years in the Menagerie; it died in 1849. At the other end of the gallery there are two more rooms, containing seals, apes, armadilloes, bears, ferrets, por- cupines, musk-rats, foxes, jackals, wolves, and hyenas'- the glass cases in the centre and those of the gallery contain a complete collection of polypterous and apterous insects be- sides nests of termites, hornols, and wasps ; specimens of the devastations effected in wood by different species of worms and a numei-ous collection of shells, mollusks, zoophytes' echini, 8cc. The whole number of mammalia is calculatetl at 2 , 000 , comprising nearly 500 species ; the collection of fishes consists of about 5,000 specimens, comprising neaidy 2,500 species; of the tubipores, madrepores, millepores co- rallines, and sponges, the variety is very complete. 'The total number of specimens is estimated at upwards of 200 , 000 , so systematically and progressively arranged that beginning with the lowest manifestations of animal oro-anisation (as in the sponge and other zoophytes), we can follow the chain of nature link by link, till it arrives at its highest per- fection in man. Mineralogtcal and Geological Museum . — The splendid col- lection of minerals and geological specimens is arranged in a building erected for this purpose in the south-eastern corner of the garden. It consists of two stories, and is 54o feet lon»- by 40 wide, and 30 high. It is divided into three comparl- ments by two Doric pavilions, surmounted by pediments sculp- tured with appropriate emblems, by Lescorne. In the centre are two statues, representing Geology and Mathematics. The entrance nearest to the zoological gallery leads to an anteroom giving access to an amphitheatre for lectures in front, to the library on the right, and to the mineralogical collection on the left. This is contained in a long room, lighted from above, with 30 columns, which, though Doric, have their friezes adorned with Corinthian leaves. It has elevated gal- leries on either side, under which are laboratories and rooms for the professors and attendants. In the centre of the hall is a marble statue of the illustrious Cuvier, in the costume cf 436 EIGHTEENTH WAtK* Councillor of the University, by David d’Angers, Witli tlie proudest of all inscriptions, the names of his immortal works. Opposite we see that of Haiiy, in a sitting posture, also in marble, by Brion. Between these statues will be seen some valuable marble tables of Florentine Mosaic. The walls at both ends of this room are adorned with paintings by Be- mond, representing, at the entrance, the cascade of the Staub- bach (Berne), tlie alluvial soil of the valley of the Aar, near Meyringen (Berne), and the Hecla and Geysers, as seen in Iceland by Prince Napoleon in 1856 ; and at the opposite extremity, the eruption of Stromboli, the glaciers of Rosen- laui (Berne), the eruption of Vesuvius in 1822, and the ba- saltic lava of the cascade of Quereil (Puy-de-D6me). Here the visitor will also perceive, on a stand, a large lump of me- teoric iron, weighing 1304 lb., found in the department of the Var. Horizontal glass cases in the centre contain minerals and earths scientifically classed, and in drawers are similar sup- plemental specimens. In front of the galleries on the ground- floor are ranged vertical glass cases, containing minerals classed according to their chemical composition ; the specimens used to illustrate the lectures of the professors are placed in horizontal ones ; underneath are drawers with supplemental specimens. In front of the bases of the pillars are vertical cases, with the minerals, &c., used in arts and manufactures. The galleries contain, at the end nearest the entrance, all the known rocks and earths arranged geologically ; at the other, the fossils found in the various geological formations. There are many specimens here, brought over by Prince Napoleon from his late Arctic expedition (1). The mineralogical collection is di- vided into four classes; 1, simple substances; 2, alkaline salts ; 3, alkaline and other earths ; 4, metals. Of the first, the most interesting are the native sulphur and a series of diamonds and other gems, rough and cut, solid and liquid bi- tumen and yellow amber. Of the latter, several pieces con- tain insects enveloped by the amber when in its liquid state, without injuring their form. Several of the gems, par- ticularly the yellow, red, and white topazes, are remarkably beautiful. The second class of minerals, namely, that of alka- line salts, comprises fine specimens of rock-salt, the phosphate, fluate, nitrate, and arseniate of lime, the borate of soda, and the alkaline fluate of alumina. The third class comprises, among other specimens, those of Icelandic calcareous spar, metastaltic crystals from Derbyshire, hyaline quartz, the dark- green and red agates, jasper, chalcedony, felspar, tourmaline, (i) Too much prai.se cannot be yiven to the Professors, under whose superintendence this division of the museum is placed^ JARDIN DBS PLANTES. ' 437j lapis lazuli, some large slabs of mica, &c. In the class of metallic substances we find specimens of gold and silver from Peru, Mexico, California, and Australia, among which should he noticed a piece of massive gold from Peru, weighing 16'A ounces ; a fine specimen of native silver from Mexico, and the different combinations of silver with sulphur and anti- mony, and the carbonic and muriatic acids. Next come specimens of platina, ores of quicksilver ; lead in every com- bination of colour ; the different varieties of copper, and a large collection of aeroliths, chiefly collected in France ; then the oxides and other natural combinations of ar- senic, manganese, antimony, uranium, molybdenum, tita- nium, tunpsteii, tellarium, chromium, &c. The part most interesting to the geologist is the complete series of strata, from the primary rocks to the latest alluvial deposits ; the impressions of birds’ claws, worms, and reptiles, numerous fossil remains, pudding-stones and agglomerations of bones belonging to drift deposits, 6cc. The specimens of the ter- tiary formations are very fine, and attest the zeal of the great Cuvier, to whom the whole of this part of the museum may be said to owe its existence. Among various objects belonging to this collection are a superb vase of the brecciated porphyry of the Vosges, two large groups of crystals of colourless quartz ; several cups of agate, chalcedony, lapis lazuli, &c. The im- portance of this division of the institution was greatly ing creased in 1825 by a donation from Charles X. of a finemine- ralogical collection purchased by the civil list for 300,000 fr. ; and continual additions by gift or purchase are being made to it. The directors of the museum have exchanged models ac- curately coloured, of the more important or rarer fossils, with foreign institutions for other specimens. The number of mi- • nei-alogical and geological specimens exceeds 60,000. Botanical Gallery . — From the mineralogical museum we enter an anteroom, containing a fine marble statue of Jussieu, by Heral. The walls around display a number of gigantic trunks of palm-trees and other monocotyledons. The gal- lery adjoining contains, in glass presses lining the walls, a very extensive collection of woods of all kinds, with speci- mens of the epidermis, the hark, the roots, 8cc., of many of the larger kinds of trees and plants. A numerous and very valuable series of fruits, 8cc., preserved in spirits of wine, con- stitutes one of the subdivisions, and also two cabinets of the fungus family in wax, presented to the museum by the Em- peror of Austria and by Charles X. The latter, executed by De Pinson, is valued at 20,000 fr. A collection of foreign fruits, in wax and plaster, is also entitled to attention. The 438 EIGHTEENTH WALK. collection of drugs of the Garden of Plants, with considerable additions, is kept in this room, and a very interesting collec- tion of fossil plants and dendrites from the various coal forma- tions has been arranged by M. Ad. Brongniart. The total num- ber of dried plants exceeds 350,000 ; and of woods, fruits, and grains, more than 4,500. At the end is a large round table, 2 metres 20 centimetres, or nearly 7 feet in diameter, the top of which, made of tlie wood of the Baobab, is all of one piece. The veins of the wood show that the trunk from which it was cut must have been at least double, or 14 feet in diameter ! In the rooms up-stairs, not open to the public, is a general herbal, consisting of about 50,000 species. It was founded by Vaillant, and gradually augmented by Com- merson, Dambey, Mace, Poiteau, Lcschenault, &c. There are also separate herl)als of New Holland, Cayenne, the An- tilles, the Cape, India, Egy[)t, &c., herbals which served as models for printed works, such as that of Michaux ; that of the Plants of France, by M. de Candolle; that of M. de Humboldt, of Bernard, Antoine and Adrien de .Tussieu, of Tournefort (this last arranged and ticketed by his own hand', and that of Gundelsheimer. There is also a laboratory here ; but this and the herbals are only open to students. The Ca!)inet of Comparative Anatomy, and the Zoological, Mineralogical, and Botanical galleries arc open to the public on Sundays, from 1 to 5 ; on Tuesdays, and Thursdays from 2 to 5 ; and to persons with tickets, to be obtained on the spot from the office of the Administration, also on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, from 11 to 2 . Library. — 'Hie library, which lies contiguous to a house once inhaliited byBulfon, is composed of works on natural his- ,tory. Opposite the entrance is a bust of Fourcroy. Most of its printed works are to be met with in every public library, but the manuscripts, accompanied with original designs, and the magnificent collection of paintings of fruit and flowers upon vellum, form an unrivalled collection. It was com- menced in 1635, and now fills 90 portfolios, with upwards of 6,000 drawings, estimated at two millions of francs. The library contains 30,000 volumes and 15,000 pamphlets. — Open daily to the public, Sundays excepted, from 10 to 3. Vacations from September 1 to October 1 , and for a for tnight after Easter. It is almost needless to add that the Musee dTIistoire Natu- relle stands at the head of all institutions of the kind not only in France but in Europe. Its most valuable part is perhaips the Cabinet of Comparative Anatomy, arranged by Cuvier; but the Cabinet of Natmal History, if not so precious, is more •exten- PONT d’AUSTEULIIT. 439 sive. Many Avceks would be requisite to inspect this immense museum in detail, and much scientific knowledge to duly appreciate its contents. As naturalists, the professors of this institution are highly distinguished, and worthy to teach in the schools founded by the illustrious Bufl'on and Cuvier. (1) The central gate of the Jardin des Plantes, towards the river, opens upon the Peace Walhuhekt, (2) forming a semicircle at the entrance of the Jardin des Plantes. The visitor will remark the fine extent of quays and the Pont d’Aesterlitz. — This was at first an iron-bridge, the second constructed in Paris, begun in 1801, and finished in 1 807 , by Bcaupre 6c Lamande, at a cost of 3,000,000 fr. It re- ceived its name in commemoration of the victory gained by the French, Dec. 2, 1805, over the lUissians and Austrians. On the second occupation by the allied araiies, the name was changed to Pont du Roi, and afterwards to Pont du Jardin des Plantes, but it resumed its original name in 1830. In 1834 it was discovered to be in a very dangerous state, and its recon- struction of stone was accomplished in the short space of six inonths, at a cost of 1 , 000,000 fr. It now consists of five arches, with massive cast-iron railings along the foot-paths. At its opposite end is the Boulevard Mazas (see p. 27 9). A fruit-market, called the Mail, is held on the wharf of the Quai St. Bernard. The quantity of fruit brought hither by water for sale is immense. A few steps eastward, beyond the Boulevard de I’Hopital, is the rue de la Gare, where we see the terminus of the Bordeaux, Orleans and Gorbeil Railways,— a low plain building, with a court 435 feet long by 81 in breadth. The prin- cipal entrance is by a projecting body, crowned with an attic, (i) There was, Before the revolution of 1848 , some intention of Boring an artesian well in the Jardin des Plantes, to the depth of ahout 3,000 feet, that at Crenelle being i, 700 . According to the calculations of MM, Ai-ago and Walferdin, founded on ex- periments made at the latter place, it was estimated that the temperature of water from such a depth would range from sn to 104 Palirenheit, with which the hot-houses of the Jardin des Plantes and Menagerie, and even the wards and liaths of the neiglihouring hospitals, might he warmed and supplied. (arrhts name is owing to the following circumstance At the Baltic of Austcrlilz, orders had Been given not to retard the evolutions of the troops By carrying otf the wounded. During the action, General Walhuherl had hqlh his legs shot away ; and on some soldiers hastening to his assistance, he drove them off w'ith his sabre, exclaiming: “^No attention to the wounded! March on:” 440 EIGHTEENTH WALK. having three circular arches in front, 9 feet wide by 18 in height, the only portion of the edifice Avhich has any preten- sion to architectural ornament. The administration occupies a building fronting the Boulevard de I’llopital. Continuing along this Boulevard, wc arrive at an open space to our left planted with trees, in front of which is the Hospice de la Vieillesse (female), or la SalpEtriere. — Tlie civil war under Louis XIV. had drawn an immense nmnher of poor to Paris, and in 1056 the establishment of a general hospital for them was ordained. Extensive buildings, occupied as a saltpetre-manufactory, were granted, and M. Bruant charged to make the necessary alterations. This Hospital, con- sisting of no less than 45 different buildings, which occupy a space of 32,542 sejuare metres, is 1080 feet in length. The superficies of the pavement in it are 30,500 metres ; of its roofs, 63,130, audit has 4,682 windows. One of the oldest parts of the hospital is a wing constructed by Cardinal Maza- rin, at an expense of 300,000 livres. A Doric gateway leads to a court, which serves as a promenade. The principal front to the northwest is above 600 feet in length, and has four pro- jecting pavilions. In the centre is a vestibule fronted by three arches, leading to the church, the dome of which covers a circular space of 90 feet in diameter. The nave and tran- septs intersect each other in a large octagonal space, into which four large chapels, Jilso octagonal, open. The high altar is in the centre. There are two gateways, one of which, belonging to the wing built by Cardinal Mazarin, is named after him, and hears in the tympanum his arms supported by two figures in bas-relief. In 1662, from 9,ooo to 10,000 paupers were admitted here. The hospital receives, 1st, the reposantes, women who have been in its service thirty years, and who are upwards of sixty years of age. 2d, indigent old women of upwards of seventy, affected with incurable maladies. 3d, Insane and epileptic females. The number of beds is 5,204, and not fewer than 484 persons are employed in the hospital in different capacities. It is always full. The lunatics, of whom about three-fifths are dangerously mad, are kept in separate infirmaries, and treated with the greatest care. Sewing is the chief employment: 48,000 military sacks can he completed here in one month. The harmless are allowed to amuse themselves in the occupations they fancy, especially in gardening, the salutary effect of which is con- ducive to their recovery. There is a small market within the walls of this establishment, under the control of the administration. The linen of all the hospitals is washed here, comprising about 3,600,000 articles a year (see p. 142). 441 MARCHE ADX CHEVAUX. Strangers are admitted. An attendant (usually a female) accompanies them round ; a small gratuity is expected. Crossing the Boulevard, we find, nearly opposite to this hospice, the new Church of St. Marcel, decorated in the Byzantine style, but other- wise uninteresting. Returning a few steps, the visitor may enter the Marche aux Chevaux. — The horse-market was originally established on the Boulevard des Capucines, in 1604, by Hen- ry IV., and transferred hither in 1642. In 1818 it was planted, and the ground, comprising 17,000 square metres, formed into avenuesfor exercising horses. In themiddleare two marble fountains with lamp-posts ; the avenues are skirted by stalls, and on one side is an essai, or artificial hill, with a steep as- cent and descent, for trying the strength, 8cc. , of draught-horses previous to purchase, which is done by tackling them to a cart with the wheels clogged. The market is held on Wednesdays and Saturdays, from 12 till 4 in winter, and from 3 to 7 in summer. Few horses but those for ordinary purposes are sold here. The number generally on sale varies from 600 to 800. Mules and asses are also sold here. The police regula- tions tend to diminish roguery here if possible. On the same spot is held the Marche aux Chiens, or dog- market, every Sunday from twelve till two. At the opposite extremity of this market we find the rue du Marche auxChevaux. Here, to our left, we see, at No. 15, the beer-brewery ofM. Dumesnil, whose cellars form part of the ancient quarries from which Paris was built, and are a con- tinuation of tbe Catacombs. A solid winding staircase of 10 feet diameter and 84 steps leads down to them; the roof of the cellar, which is flat, is supported by piers in masonry 6 feet high ; the ensemble forms a vast subterranean labyrinth. To visit them application must be made at the counting-house. Ladies are advised not to try the experiment. 442 KINETEEMU WALK. ITIITSTSZITTH WALZ. Having thus far completed the description of Paris as il was ])efore its extension to the fortifications on the 1st of January, 1 860, lliis and the foUovving walk will comprise a shortnotice of the communes annexed to the capital from that date. The stranger tlierefore is here supposed to start from the Pont de Bercy (seep. 280\ following the exterior Boulevards on the left or southern bank of the Seine, in a westwardly direction, exchanging his walk for a drive, as inclination or weariness may dictate. Although no “ cloud-capt towers and gorgeous palaces” will meet the eye, yet the amateur pedestrian or artist will, in this excursion, derive no small enjoyment both from the contrast wiiich these districts present to tlie centi'e of the capital, and from the curious medley which will meet his eye of hovels and cheeiTul habitations, ever and anon en- livened by some new view' of old Paris, unrecorded by the photographer, or else by patches of green, clusters of trees, or some extensive factory bursting suddenly into view, not to mention many a Flemish tableau with which the markets or places of popular amusement afforded by the exterior Boulevards abound (see p. 48c). The portion of the 13th arrondissement which lies to the left of the Boulevard de la Gare, was the commune of IvRY, comprising the subdivisions of Lx Gaue, near the river, and Austehlitz, w'est of the latter. It contains the Hospice des Incurables (hommes) (see p. 121 and many ma- nufactories interesting to the commercial visitor, the principal being india-rubber, iron works, chemical preparations, &c. At No. 40, in the rue dn Chevalcret, is the Maison St. Casimir. — This small cliaritable foundation for the education of the children of Polish exiles, established in 1840, and mainly supported by the efforts of tlie patriotic Princess Czartoryska, is under the direetion of six Polish sis- ters of charity, driven by persecution from their native soil. Here, with that persevering patriotism which distinguishes their unfortunate nation, they have created a little Poland arownd them; 4 0 children learn their national language here, and receive instruction at their hands. The neatness and order that pervade this establishment, the iiiry and tidy dormitories, the simple refectory and school-room, the small but cheerful garden with its homely chapel, will interest and please the visitor, notw ith- standing the melancholy recollections with which they are as- LA MMSON BLANCHE, 443 sociated. The gifts of private charity which tliis community receives are applied to the relief of Polish widows or orphans. Continuing along tlie exterior Boulevard, wo arrive at a point where the rue Moufl'etard and the Boulevard de ITlopital meet. Mere we see, close to the corner of the latter, the Abattoiu de ViLLEJuir, a counterpart of that described at page 2 7G, hut much smaller. To the left, on the exterior Boulevard, is the Maiiue I)U Treizieme Arrondissement, only remarkable for being established in one of the octroi buildings of the old harriers (see p. 27 8n.) Most of the others were of a similar design. Here commenced the suburb of La Maison Blanche, which possesses a melancholy in- terest from the murder of General Brea in .lime, 1848. This crime was committed at No. CG, rue de la Maison Blanche, where a church, in the Gothic style, has now been erected. The altar stands on the very spot where the General fell, and the church is dedicated to St. John the Baptist, the patron saint of the unfortunate victim. (1) The recess of the choir, painted in fresco, represents the Trinity. The Boulevard des Gobelins skirts the old commune of La GlaciiHie, a section of Gentilly. Its only object of interest was the Ferme Ste. Anne, a model farm attached to the lunatic asylum of Bicetre (sec p. 49G), for the benefit of its patients, hut now sold to the State for military purposes. The 14th ar- roudissement begins here, comprising the old commune of (i) On June 21, i 848 , Gen. Brda, who commanded the troops on tl)e side of the rue Mouffetard, had succeeded in taking all Hie barricades of that street, except tliat of tlie Harrifere de Fon- tainebleau, whicli was Ihe most formidable. Gen. Brea, to put a stop to bloodshed, advanced in company with another olTicer, Capt. Mangin, in order to parley witli Ihe insurgents and induce them to surrender. They invited him to alight and come amongst them, that they might hear him belter. Suspecting no treachery, the general did so; but no sooner had he and his companion crossed the barricade, than they were seized hy the ruftians, dragged to the above-mentioned house, and summoned, on pain of death, to order the force under Ids command to lay down their arms. On his refusal, he was given an hour’s time to accept cither infamy or death. The hour passed, and found the nohle victims ready to sacri- fice their lives for tlieir personal lionour and the welfare of their country. Two hours after their death, the barrier and the scene of this horrid crime were occupied by tlie troops. Gen. Brea was liorn in 1790; he had served in the campaigns of hiilabria, Spain, Belgium, Saxony, and Russia, and had been wounded at the battle of Leipzig. His murderers were tried by coiirt-martial, convicted, and executed. 444 NINETEENTH WALK. Montrouge, well-known for its guingudtes (sec p. 482), but possessing also other points of interest. At the extremity of the rue du Faubourg St. Jacques was the Barricre d’Arcueil, where the guillotine used to he erected, before 1852, for the execution of capital olfenders. This is now erected, when occasion requires, before the Prison de la Roquette (see p. 458). Close to this spot there is also one of the entrances to the Catacombs. — These immense receptacles for the bones of the dead were devoted to that purpose in 17 84, when the Council of State issued a decree for clearing the cemetery of the Innocents, and for removing its contents, as well as those of otlier ceme- teries, into the quarries that had existed from a remote period beneath the southern part of Paris, and by which several streets are undermined. (1) Some sinkings of the ground having oc- curred, a committee was formed to direct such works as might be required to a^ ert the danger which threatened the streets and houses. On the suggestion of M. Lenoir, lieutenant-general of the police, a part of the quarries under the Plaiue de Mont Souris Avas allotted for this purpose ; a house, known by the name of la Tombe Issoire, or Isauard, (from a famous robber who once infested that neighbourhood,) on the old road to Orleans, was purchased, with a piece of ground adjoining; a shaft was sunk, the cavities propped up, and various portions walled off for receiving the dead. The ceremony of con- secrating the Catacombs was performed on the 7th of April, 17 86, and that same evening the removal from the cemeteries began. This work was always performed at night; the bones were brought in funeral cars, covered with a pall, followed by priests, chanting the service of the dead, and when they reached the Catacombs were shot down the shaft. The tomb-stones, monuments, &c., not claimed by the families of the deceased, were removed and arranged in a field belonging to the Tombe Issoire; some of them were very curious, and among them was the leaden coffin of Mme. de Pompadour. They were all destroyed however during the revolution of 17 89, anid a guin- (i) A map of the catacombs and quarries under Paris has been drawn up by the orders of the municipal aiufhorities. These excavations, which pass under the principal str&ets in the fauhour^.’s St. Germain, Sf. Jacques, and St. Marcel, are three millions of square metres in extent, or about pne-tynl h of the tot_al superficies of Paris. The Observatory, the LTixemTBouVg, the ; Pahiheoh, and blher important buildings are comidetedy under- 1 mined by tliem. The quantity of stone which they have fur- I nished for building has been estimated at 11,000,000 cubic metres. There are 932 quarries within the departnuent of the Seine, producing annually materials worth 10,000,00'0 fr., find employing 4,000 workmen. TthE catacombs. 445 guette erected on the spot. The Catacomhs served also as convenient receptacles for those who perished in popular com- motions or massacres. The bones, when first brought, were heaped up without any kind of order, except that those from each cemetery were kept separate. In 1810, a regular system of arranging the bones was commenced under the direction of M. Hericartde Thury. Openings were made in many places to admit air, channels formed to carry off the water, steps were constructed from the lower to the upper excavations, pillars erected to support the dangerous parts of the vault, and the skulls and bones built up along the walls.— For many years, owing to the dangerous state of the roofs, visitors weie refused admittance to the catacombs ; and even now, not - withstanding the progress made in the process of consolida- tion, all is not visible. Upwards of 60 staircases descend into the Catacombs from different points; but the principal en- trahceTf’at'tTl^rtild Barriere d’Enfer, in the garden of the wes- tern octroi building. The staircase leading thence down to the Catacombs consists of 90 steps; at the bottom of which a series of galleries conducts to that called Povt Mahon, from an old soldier, who worked here and amused his leisure hours, for 5 years, in carving out of the stone a plan of Port Mahon, where he had been long a prisoner. At a short distance from this spot are some enormous fragments of stone nicely balanced on a base hardly exceeding a point, and in this equilibrium they have remained for more than two centuries. (1) About 200 yards further on is the vestibule of the Catacombs. It is of an octagonal form. On the sides of the door are two stone benches, and two pillars of the Tuscan order. Over the door is the following inscription —Has ultra metas requiescunt heatam spem spectantes. The vestibule opens into a long gallery lined with bones from the floor to the roof. The arm, leg, and thigh bones are in front, closely and regularly piled together, and their uniformity is relieved by three rows of skulls at equal distances. Behind these are thrown the smaller bones. This gallery conducts to several rooms, resembling chapels, lined with bones variously arranged ; and in the cen- tre, or niches of the walls, are vases and altars, some of which (i) Similar rocking-stones, or Logan-stones, as they are termed, are frequently met with in Great Britain ; those of Twydneck in Wales, and of St. Agnes’s Island (Scilly group), are celebrated. Oliver Cromwell caused one at Sithney to he thrown from its support, as being a heathen monument. In i824,. a Lieut. Goldsmith, R.N., in a frolic, threw down a very remarkable one at Castle Treryn, in Cornwall; but subsequently, asliamed of what he had done, laiplaced itby the aid of powerful machinery; and it still exists, as nicely balanced as before. 44 0 NJNETEENTIl WAEK. are formed of bones, and others are ornamented with skulls of different sizes. These chapels contain numerons inscriptions- one is called the Tombeau dc la devolution, another tlie Tom- beau des Victirnes, and enclose the bodies of tliose who i)e- rished either in the early period of the revolution of 1789, or in the massacres of the 2 d and .Jd Septcml)er. On a large stone piilar is the inscription Memento, quia pid vis es; and on another are sentences taken from the work of Thomas a Kempis, “ The Imitation of Ghiist, Here is a fountain also, in which some gold fish were put, and in which they lived but did not spawn. The spring was discovered by the workmen ; the basin was made for their use, and a subterranean aqueduct carries off the water. M. Hericart de Thury named it la Source d’Ou- but it is now called Fontaine de la Samar itaine, from an inscription containing the words of Christ to the Samaritan woman. A faint cadaverous smell is perceived, but not to a disagreeable or dangerous degree. The various galleries, form- ing a most intricate labyrinth, have now been so altered as generally to correspond exactly with most of the principal streets on the surface. Two cabinets have been formed in the Catacombs by M. Hericart dc Thurv. One is a mincralo- gical collection of specimens of all tlie strata of the quar- ries ; and the other is a pathological assemblage of diseased bones, scientifically arranged. There is likewise a table, on which are exposed the skulls most remarkable either for their formation or the marks of disease which they bear. It is cal- culated that this vast charnel-house contains the remains of at least 3,000,000 of liumai^beiiigs (1). It is visible twice a month to persons provided with tickets obtainable by writing to Monsieur le Frefet de la Seine, d V H6tel de Ville. Near the rue d’Enfer is the Sceaux Railway terminus (see p. 547), and, a short way up the Route d’Orleans, the Hos- jnce de la UochefoncanU (see p. 119). Continuing along the exterior Boulevard, we reach the CiMETiERE DU IMont-Parnasse. — This cemetery, opened in 1824, is situated in the Plaine de Mont Rouge, now enclosed Within Paris. Its extent was formerly about 30 acres, but it at present contains upwards of 148, skirting the Boulevard de Montrouge. The old enclosure is a parallelogram, skiited by lateral avenues, and two principal ones crossing each other at a rotunda in tiie centre. Several tributary walks lun parallel respectively to these. The fii'st monument to the right on entering is graced with a beautiful sitting statue of a (t) A map of Ibe CalacoinbSjContainingmany iiilcre.stiugdefails, has been published by M. E. de Eourcy, Ingenieur des Mines. ^GLISE DE ST. LAMBERT. 447 young lady;, by M. Varnier. Among tiie monumenls occupy- ing the ciccumference of the rotunda, the following are entitled to notice ; Deseine, a celebrated statuary, who executed the monument of Cardinal De Belloy in the Cathedral of Notre Dame (see p. 310.); Orhla, the distinguished chemist; De Villas, the founder of the hospice (see p. 381) ; Dr. Boyer, the painter Guillemot, the Duchess de Gesvres, the last of the family of Duguesclin. In the central avenue running from east to west, we see the bust of Ottavi, a relation of Napoleon I., and an eminent orator. In the western avenue is the tomb of Bear-Admiral Count d’Urville, a celebrated navigator, wlio in 1842, with his wife and son, fell a victim to the catastrophe on the Versailles railroad. (Seep. 490.) In the southern avenue will be observed the tombs of the Duchess of Vallombrosa, and of De Guignes, author of the Chinese dictionary compiled by order of Napoleon I. The ave- nue to the east contains the tomb of Boulay do la Meurthe, one of the Council of 500, highly esteemed by Napoleon, and in the secondary path right opposite, to our left, is the monu- ment of the Grecian traveller De Pouquevillc. In this cemetery are also the burial-grounds of the hospitals. In the south-western compartment was the grave of Pepin, exe- cuted with Fieschi and Morey in 1835 for a conspiracy against the life of Louis Philippe ; his accomplices also were buried here, as well as Alibaud, executed for a similar attempt in 1836, but their graves are no longer distinguishable. The burial place of common criminals is in a separate ground adjoining. The Versailles railway crosses the Boulevard a few steps higher up. The two heavy bossaged buildings close by were the octroi offices of the old Ihirrirre du itlaino. Continuing along the Boulevard, a sharp turn brings us in sight of another couple of these strange edilices, with uncouth bossages quite out of keeping with their insignificant size. To our right, at the corner of the rue dcs Fourneaux, is the Abattoir des Fourneaux, consisting of five buildings, ar- ranged in the same way as those already seen, but solely re- served for the slaughter of pigs. The 15th arrondissement commences here with the commune of VAur.mAUi) — a large manufacturing quarter. If the visitor have a predilection for architecture, he may strike into the Grande Rue, the first to his left, which willleadhimto the new Uglisf. de St. Lambert, an edifice in the Saxon style, built at a cost of 500,000 fr. It is a Latin cross, approached by steps flanked with a foiled parapet on each side. The porch is situated under a sipiare tower in front, surmounted with a pyramidal steeple. The interior consists of a nave and two 448 TWENTIETH WALK. aisles, with arched ceilings ; a mullioned triforium gallery runs all round ; the clerestory windows are small and without tracery. The two lateral chapels alone, flanking the en- trance, are decorated in the Byzantine style ; that to the left is painted in coinpartments by Ronjat, with an Annunciation and Prayers for the Dead, besides angels in the ceiling. The rest of the church is bare, the only canvass pictures here are, in the right transept, a Resurrection and a St. Nicholas ; in the left transept, an Annunciation. Returning to the exterior Boulevard, we arrive at Grenelle — A commune contiguous to the Seine, where it possesses a qare, or port for boats, with a bridge at one end, communicating with Auteuil (see p. 189.) Not far from this bridge is the important manufactory of Javel, for soap and chemical preparations, established in i77 6. TWEITTIETH WALK. All that there is remarkable in the icth and part of the 17 th arrondissements, having already been mentioned elsewhere (see pp, 189, t9i)), this walk, comprising the northern com- munes annexed to Paris, may commence with the latter part of the 17th aiTondissement, containing Batignolles, an independent town under the old system. At No. 4 8, on the Boulevard des Batignolles, there is a Chapel for the Calvinist persuasion. By the rue Puteaux, we enter' the rue des Dames, which leads to the Mairie of the 17th ar- rondissement, a handsome building, flanked by two neat com- munal schools for boys and girls. The architect is M. Lequeux. Continuing eastwards, the 18th arrondissement comprises Mont.martre — deriving its name from Mons Alar/is, because a temple of Mars existed on the hill in the time of the Romans. It is remarkable for its numerous windmills and c/uincjiieUcs, and for its fine views of Paris and the surrounding country. The church, formerly belonging to the abbey of Montmartre, was founded by Louis VI. in 1 100. It is still a place of pil- grimage, especially in September. The quarries of Mont- martre are famous for their gypsum or plaster of Paris. In consequence of their insecure state, they have been strengthened with masonry. The geological structure of this hill is highly interesting. Near its summit 300 feet above the river, there is a reservoir supplied from the Seine by a steam-engine at St. Ouen. Adjoining the exterior Boulevard is the Cuietiere de Montmartre. — This spot having formerly Cl.METIERE DE MONTMARTRE. 44 9 been a gypsum quarry, the consequent irregularity of the ground gives it a broken and picturesque appearance. It was the first cemetery established after the suppression of burial places in the city, and was originally named Champ du Repos. The path to the right, on entering, leads to some elegant tombs of Polish exiles ; in the principal avenue fronting the entrance, there is a lofty stone cross, behind which rises an eminence, wliere there is little to attract the eye, Here an avenue branches off to the left, meeting another further on at right angles. Here we see, towering above the surrounding tombs, a tasteful Gothic chapel belonging to the Lavalee family ; but the most prominent object to our right is a stone obelisk, surmounted by a cross, erected to the memory of a Duchess de Montmorency. Near it is the tomb of Prince Ernest of Saxe- Cobourg, who died at Paris in 1832. Along the same avenue, the following monuments deserve attention : Godard-Desma- rests, Cave-Lemaitre, Baronne de Plaisance, the Duchesse d’Abrantes, and those of the two celebrated performers, Nour- rit, long the chief ornament of the Grand Opera, and Mile. Jenny Colon, a sprightly actress and singer. Descending a flight of stairs at the end of this avenue, and ascending those opposite, we find a beautiful bronze monument to Mieceslaus Kamienski, a Polish volunteer in the French army, who fell at Magenta (June 4, 1859.) He is represented in a reclining posture, after receiving his deatli wound. The statue is by Franceschi, and cast in bronze by Eck and Durand ; it is the finest monument in the cemetery. Further on is a tasteful chapel, decorated in the Byzantine style, to the memory of the Countess Potoeka. Next to this is the monument of Mar- shal Lannes, Due de Montebello. Returning hence, we find to our right the entrance to the Jewish cemetery, containing some handsome monuments, including that of the celebrated com- poser Halevy. Electricbells communicate through subterranean tubes from the most distant parts of the cemetery with the central office, so that the keepers may be summoned at a mo- ment's notice. The English visitor will often meet with mo- numental inscriptions to the memory of his countrymen. The 19lh arrondissement, des Ihitfes C/ianino)il, comprises La Chapclle St. Denis, a place where a pig-maiket is held every Thursday, and cows and calves are sold on other days. Here, on arriving at the spot where the llopilal Lariboisiere stands (see p. 2341, the rue de la Gharbonniere to the left leads to the rue d'Alger, where we see the new church of St. Bernard, a splendid Gothic structure, designed by M, Magne. An elaborate projecting porch, with crocheted pin- nacles, rises in front of a gabled facade flanked with octagonal 29 450 TWENTIETH WALK, turrets, behind whicli is seen a noble spire, encircled ai half its altitude by the Grown of Thorns. Flying buttresses, fronted with pinnacles, complete the design on the sides. The bas-reliefs over the doors of the transepts, byPerrey, represent tlie Resurrection and the Crowning of the Virgin. The organ, by Cavaille-Coll, is composed of 1,484 pipes. Returning to the exterior Boulevard by the rue Jessaint and the Grande Rue, we find, in tlie same arrondissement, L.x ViLLETTE, divided by the Canal de I’Ourcq into two parts, the western one of which is called La Grande and the eastern La Petite Vilkdtc. We may follow the rue de Flandre until we reach the rue de Bordeaux to our right, which leads to the Place de PPfilisc. Fronting this, there is the Eglise de St. Jacques et St. Christophe, with a Corinthian facade. The interior is Doric ; the choir is semicircular ; its cupola is painted in fresco, l)y Bremond, with the seven Car- dinal Virtues ; on the lateral walls are the martyrdoms of the two patron saints, and several biblical subjects by the same artist on the frieze round the nave, and in the aisles. On either side of this church are two neat buildings for Ecoles Pi'imaires. There is also an Infant-school close by. Froiu the Place de Ffiglise a Venetian bridge crosses the canal. The visitor should pause aw'hile at the top to enjoy the view of the vast number of barges which fill the Bassin de la Villette to the south, and the arm of the canal to tlie north, which, with a stone bridge somewhat higher up, is tolerably picturesque. The two large buildings before him towards the port, connected by an iron bridge on the third story, are an Entrepot des The buildings consist of seven stories each, and each story contains a fast hall, filled with every species of grain. Ti'ap-doors communicate witli the canal below; the goods are raised by tlie aid of a steam-engine of 12-horse power. Proceeding further up the canal, we arrive at the new Abattoiks of Paris, lying between the two canals de rOureq and de St. Denis, the rue de Flandre, the Strasburg railway, and the fortifications. The whole space thus en- closed measures about 27 hectares (C7 acres), not quite one- half of which, however, is as yet covered with buildings. The principal entrance is in the rue de Flandre, by an elegant railing, 180 metres in length, and having eleven gates. Of the 04 pavilions required, only 24 are finished and in active operation, having lately replaced the Abattoirs Montmartre and du Roule, which were much nearer the centre of Paris. Of t es;' 24, eight are reserved for stables where the cattle awaiting its doom is kept ; the other sixteen are divided into 172 echaiidcirs, or large rooms, in which slaughtering is PARC DE CHAUMONT. 451 performed. The eleauliness which prevails throughout is ad- mirable. Every echaudoir is pro\ided with a cock for water ; the stone floor is scrupulously scoured every time an animal has been killed, and the foul water runs off into sewers mea- suring a total length of not less than eight kilometres, and in- tersecting the ground in every direction. The ventilation in the echaadoirs leaves nothing to be desired. At the entrance to each there is a strong ring immoveably fixed in the ground. Through this ring the rope is made to pass, which has been previously secured to the horns of the ox to be slaughtered. The rope is now drawn tight by means of a pulley, and when the victim’s head has been thus forced down as much as possible, it receives the death-blow with a heavy club (see p. 27 6). On the opposite side of the Canal de TOureq, there is the large new Cattle-jiarkei’, intended to replace those of Sceaux and Poissy. Here the ground is covered witli enormous sheds resting on cast-iron columns, in the taste of the Halles Centrales. Between this cattle-market and the Abattoirs, slaughter- houses for pork butchers are in course of construction. All these different establishments, perhaps unique in Europe both for their size and excellent internal arrangements, are linked together by the Ghemin de Per de Geinture, from which branches have been laid down to each. Continuing along the rue de Marseille, and turning into the rue de Meaux to our right, we find the rue de Puebla, a fine broad street, just completed, and skirting the beautiful Parc de Cuaumont, extending over the hilly ground called Les Buttes Chaumont, which have given their name to the 19th arrondissement (1). The new park, now com- pletely railed in, is bordered on the east by the rues de Belle- ville and de la Villette, and on the south by a new boulevard which now connects the latter street with the rue de Puebla which, as stated, completes the enclosure. The whole ground, which comprises 25 hectares, may be taken in at one glance from the elegant balustrade skirting a portion of the new boulevard, and affording a splendid view of the whole country around. To our right we see in a deep ravine the railway round Paris jiassing through the park, where it dis- appears into the tunnel. Before us we perceive the leading feature of the park ; a craggy island cut out of the natural rock and surrounded by a fine sheet of water. The height of this solitary rock is upwards of GO feet: it ends in a peak crowned with a belvidere of tasteful architecture commanding (i) Tills ^Yas Rut a few years ago the receptacle for all the nigid-soil of Paris, wliicli was here traiisfornied into (he manure called poudreile. This nuisance was done away with in i850. 452 TWENTIETH WALK. an excellent view of a large portion of the metropolis, and called the Temple of the Sibyl. This island is accessible on one side by a stone bridge, and on another by a suspension- bridge supported by rustic piers. Though rising abruptly from the water to a considerable height as we have said, the peak is not by far the highest point within the park, it being commanded by two hills to our left, while other smaller ones dot the ground here and there. In the valley there is a de- lightful grotto, the interior of whicli sparkles with stalac- tites and stalagmites. Further on to our left, there is a carriage-road spanned by a hue wrought-iron bridge giving access to the higher portions of the ground, which, we need not add, is intersected in every direction by gravelled paths, and planted with valuable trees and shrubs. This de- lightful park was originally stone quarries, and affords a surprising instance of the skill and taste which has converted a barren wilderness into an oasis of verdure. Strangers should not omit to visit it : the best way of getting there is to take a carriage by the hour. By the rue de Puebla we enter Belleville, celebrated for its guinguettes. It has a new reservoir containing 40,000 cubic metres of water, and a fine square, tastefully laid out as a garden, and surrounded by a double row of lime-trees. In the rue de Paris we find the new Gothic church of St. Jean Baptiste — consecrated in 1 859. This edifice, remarkable for its elegant design, has three entrances in front, separated by buttresses, and surmounted by an elegant gal- lery fronted with slender columns, above which rise two square lowers with lancet-shaped windows and tall stone when M. Mary, a civil engineer, constructed a subterranean tunnel, ten kilometres in length, llirongh which the offensive matter, ainounling to 8,ooO hogsheads per day, is now conveyed to the forest of Bondy by means of forcing-pumps worked by a steam-engine. The cost of this contrivance is ios,ooofr. per annum Just outside the present park there is a mound called Montfiucon, whicli in former days was a place of execution, studded with gibbets; the bodies of the criminals were left to decay in a charnel house underneath. Not many years ago, there were slaughter-houses here for horses : these have now been transferred to a village called Les Verlus, where about 20,000 horses arc killed per annum. In the case of those that are unfit for food, the skin is taken off, and all the rest is put into iron cylinders where it is exposed to the temperature of steam until all the gelatinous matter is extracted. The I'efuse is used for manure. Sound horse-flesh is now allowed to be sold for meat in certain butcher’s shops, on condition of its being labelled as such. It costs about lo sous a lb. ' ■ -—..>1 .,,11 ^ > VJT ?*! iipppSl « IJI | Mi ■ ll : .'-" ■. ;i-.- ■ ■^MA, ^sT' ■'.'as rT*T i(w^. '»?i 'e'iW»UM’-J' -:. .* • '■> ■ . • . ?f*'*-t.'. ■ .. ■;■-.■ '• ■ •/• . J, , .-'.rf « < >JE^O ->-?+ l! / !: 'v\ ' '■ ^ j‘ ; / ' j’ \ fv.*S! 0 ^ Ji I / '*'v Jr* J N. Vv>r'».v.«C>\ > !, X. - ’■..••I',.,.- '.:' ¥f-l ;.Oo«Vy^,’ ' XV '•''' 4 -7 %«&> '■ ■ • 4r^ >\y- ^ ^:^""'-Jt>‘';t .:. , tfipitCAv i( ■ • *^ j ’’v n ' " V* wiA v,^.sV^riSicir7/ . • c . , -‘ , ■ ::^.r: jt •. .* , .« - .. V ^ <*, - =''#v,«s-A 7 - 'v - ■ '■ •*"• YjfX'rSMM'.t SSI' 'fo CEMETERY OF PERE LA CHAISE. 453 spires. The entrances have retiring arches resting on engaged columns, and their tyinpans are adorned with quaint bas- reliefs by Perrey, executed in the style of the 13th century, with the figures as large as the houses and taller than the trees. In the way of imitation, we have seldom seen any- thing more ingeniously conceived. The central bas-relief il- lustrates, in compartments, the life and death of St. John the Baptist. That to the left represents God commanding Isaiah to prophecy the advent of Christianity, and as the prophet objects that his mouth is too impure for so holy a duty, an angel is sent to purify it by fire. The bas-relief to the right I represents St. John the Baptist’s descent to the limbus of hell, where he delivers mankind from the power of the Evil one by announcing the coming of Christ. Over the entrances of the transepts the bas-reliefs represent the Besurrection, and the Consecration of the Church, by Cardinal Morlot. The interior is cruciform, with a nave, two aisles, and side chapels ; the ; design is well-conceived, but the church is otherwise bare. Architects, MM. Lassus and Truchy. Returning to the Boulevard ExtO'ieur by the rue de Paris, and continuing eastward, we find in the same arrondissement Menilmoxtant, where a reservoir containing 135,000 cubic metres of water has now been constructed, and Charonne, in which the chief point of interest is the Cemetery of Pere La Chaise, Boulevard de Fontarabie. — This tract of ground, on the slope of a hill, situated to the north-east of Paris, bore the name of Chamv I’Evdaue in the eluTiesl ages Ofthe monarchy, and belonged to the Bishop of Paris. In the 14th century, a wealthy grocer, named Regnault, erected upon the ground a magnificent house, which the people called la FoUe Regnault. After the death of Regnault, this mansion was bought by a female devotee, and presented to the community of the Jesuits in the rue St. Antoine. Louis XIV. authorised the Jesuits to call it Mont Louis, and, being much attached to Pere La Chaise, his confessor, appointed him superior thereof in 17 05, wTfen Mont Louis" Became the focus of Jesuitical power in France. On the suppression of the order, Mont Louis was sold to pay its creditors, and was ulti- mately purchased for 1 00,000 fr. by M. Frochot, prefect of the Seine, to be converted into a cemetery under the direction of Brongniai t. It then contained 42 acres. Winding paths were forrned, a wide road was opened to where the mansion of Pere La Chaise formerly stood, and cypresses and willows were mingled with the shrubs and fruit-trees. The ground was con- secrated i n 1 8 04 ; and on May 2 1st, of that year, the first grave was made. iTs present extent is 212 acres, The beautiful 4b4 TWENTIETH WALK. situation of this spot, surrounded by A'aHeys and slojx-s, and commanding an extensiA^e vievA' over a picturesque and glowing landscape, makes it, particularly in summer, a favourite resort , of strangers as Avell as of Parisians (1.) The number and ^ costliness of its monuments, and the celebrated names it con- ; tains, Avill save it from tbe fate Avith Avhich the other ceme- I teries of Paris are menaced, in consequence of the extension of the capital to the fortifications, and although common in- terments may be discontinued here, Pere La Chaise Avill still remain the burial place of the celebrated men of Paris, and of those who possess family vaults here. Some of the monu- ments, of large dimensions and elegant architecture, re- present temples, sepulchral chapels, mausoleums, pyra- mids, and obelisks ; others cippi, altars, urns, &c. ; most of them are enclosed with iron railings, and adorned with flowers and shrubs ; and retired seats are provided for the convenience and accommodation of kindred and friends. A suhterranean canal, Avhich conveyed Avater to the Maison de Mont Louis, still exists, and partly furnishes a supply to keep the plants and herbage in verdure. The gateway is placed in a semicircular recess, and is adorned with funereal ornaments, and scriptural quotations in Latin. (2). The divi- sions on the right and left of the avenue opposite the en- trance present nothing Avorth noticing, but a grass-plot at its extremity, encompassed by a gravel Avalk, is replete Avith objects of interest. To the left we see the monument of the celebrated architect Visconti, a Avhite marble sarcophagus, (1) In 1814, Avhile tlie Allies Avere approaching Paris, forini- (lahle halteries AVcrc established in the cemetery of Pure La Chaise, which commamls the plain extending to Vincennes. The walls Avere pierced Avilh loop-holes. The pupils of the school of Alfort occupied it on the 30th of March, and successfully re- sisted tAvo attaclis of Russian troops detached hy General Bar- clay de Tolly. On the third attach, hoAA’ever, the Russians made themselves masters of the cemetery, and their possession of the batteries hastened the surrender of the village of Charonne. Paris having capitulated the same evening, the Russians bivou- acked in the cemetery, and cutdown many of the treesfor fuel. In tst.'i, while the forces of the allies surrounded Paris a second time, interments Avere temporarily suspended here. ( 2 ) The stranger will do Avell to compare tbe following de- scription of tbe monuments with the annexed pdan; the arrows marked in the paths Avill point out the direction he ought to follOAV in order to find the most interesting monuments as they occur in the description; he might otherwise lose much time in fruitless search. Most of the tombs marked in the plan are remarkable for their costliness, design, or execution ; others have merely been put dow'n as convenient landmarks. 455 CEMETERY OF PERE LA CHAISE. with his statue in a reclining posture; in liis hand he holds the plan of the New Louvre, his princii)al work. The whole is surrounded with monumental parapets. Next to this is the tomb of the Scidptor Dantan, remarkdhlc for its tasteful sculp- ture ; then follow the Tohih's of Poinsot, the great mathemati- cian, and of Alfred de Musset, the poet ; in obedience to his wish, expressed iFone orinsTugitive pieces, a weeping willow, brought from La Plata, has been planted in his enclosure. In the path opposite to these, an iron railing marks the grave of the illustrious Arago. The first avenue to the right con- tains some handsome monuments, and leads to the Bureaux cles Benseignements and de Surveillance et des Inscriptions, and to the Jewish cemetery, separated from the Christian por- i lion by a wall, and containing the tomb of Mile. Rach el, the J celebrated actress, close to tbc entrance. Returning' lienee to ( the Christian cemetery, and turning into the road to the right, a path contiguous to the Dupuis and Echard vault leads to the most interesting monumentin the cemetery, the tomb of Abelard 'f andllcloisa, wdio died in 1142 and 1164 respectively. It con- sists of a rectangular chapel of the Saxon style of the thirteenth ) century, formed by M. Lenoir out of the ruins of the cele- i brated abbey of the Paraclete, founded by Abelard, and of which Ileloisa was the first abbess. It is 14 feet in length by 1 1 in breadth ; and its height is 24. An open- worked crocketed pinnacle 6 feet in elevation rose out of the crucifoi’in roof, and four smaller ones, exquisitely sculptured, stood between the gables, but owing to their ruinous state tliese have now been removed. Fourteen columns, six feet in height, with rich foli- aged capitals, support trifoliate arches with open spandrils sur- mounted by cornices wrought in flowers. The gables of the four fi’onts arc pierced with trifoliate windows, and decorated with sculptured figures, roses, and medallions of Abelard and Heloisa. In this chapel is the tomb built for Abelard, by Peter the Vene- rable, at the priory of St. Marcel. He is represented, in a re- cumbent posture ; by his side is the statue of Ileloisa. The bas- reliefs round this sarcophagus represent the fathers of the church . At the fool on one side of the tomb are inscriptions relating to the two lovers ; and at the corners are four others stating the origin of the monument, its removal, and its erection in the Musee des Monuments Francais, whence it was transported to Pere La C.baisc. Returning to the broad avenue, tlie visitor will soon arrive, at the Bond Point, in the middle of which stands a beautiful momimcnt erected by public subscription to the memory of Casimir Pericr, Prime Minister in 1832, consisting of an excellent statue of that statesman placed on a lofty and richly 456 TWENTIETH WALK; decorated pedestal and basement. The first path to the right leads to a part of the cemetery in which among others is the tomb of the brave but ill-fated Labedoyere. Returning to the Rond Point, the principal road winding round the foot of the hill should be followed. Behind the tomb of Andrieux stands that of Laromiguiore, the illustrious professor of philosophy. Next follows that of Marshal Kellermaim, Due de Valmy, and towering above us, on the brow of the hill, xve perceive the costly monument of Countess Demidoff, resting on a vast basement of sculptured masonry, which is here accessible by a double-branched flight of stairs. The monument itself consists of l o Doric columns of white marble, supporting an entablature, under which is a sarcophagus sur- mounted by a cushion, bearing the arms and coronet of the deceased. Continuing along the road, we find the tombs of Mademoiselle Duchesnois, the tragic actress ; of General Gouvion St. Cyr, with his statue, by David d’Angers, and that of General Macdonald ; those of Count Lava- lette, with a bas-relief representing his flight from prison ; and of the celebrated surgeon, Dupuytren. A path to the right leads to a mound commanding a delightful view over Vincennes ; the best monuments here are those of Count de ^ny, Cliarbonnef, i^d Salli^ny. Here also lies Scribe, the distinguished dramatic author. Returning to the principal avenue, the tomb that will first meet the eye is the sepul- chral column of Viscount deMartignac, celebrated for his noble and touching defence, in 1830 , of Prince Polignac, formerly his political enemy ; and in the adjoining path to the left the visitor will find himself among many of the great names of France ; — Marshal Suchet, in beautiful white marble, ricbly oinamented with bas-reliefs of fine execution by David d’An- gers ; Marshal Lefebvre, a sarcophagus of white marble, with his bust ; Marshal Massena, Prince d’Essling, a pyramid of white marble, 21 feet in height, with his portrait in bas- relief ; the Duke Deeres, a monument of large dimensions, on which two bas-reliefs represent naval actions with the Eng- lish ; and not far from these, behind the tomb of Bourke, the modest tomb of the novelist, Madame Cottin, consisting of a small pyramid ot white marble, and of David d’Angers, the eminent sculptor, often noticed here ; a simple sarcophagus on a plain basement. Next to it are tbe graves of Hue, the faithful attendant of Louis XVI., and of the Abbe Sicard, di- rector of the Deaf and Dumb Institution. Returning to the former path, we see tlie tombs of Mai shal Davoust, Prince d’Eckmuhl, a sarcophagus ol granite ; Beaumarchais, the dramatist ; and ojiposite, Wins or, the originator of public gas-lightiiig : Baroq CEMETERY OF PilRE LA CHAISE. 457 Larrey, the surgeon of Napoleon L, and the splendid monument in white marble of Gen. Gobert, due to the chisel of David d’An- gers: the equestrian statue of the general rests on a basement adorned with four spirited bas-reliefs representing passages of his military career. A few steps further on is an iron railing, enclosing the remains of the unfortunate Marshal Ney ; no monument nor inscription marks thr place,' TJutnffiF^’trund is laid out as a small garden. Following the path to the right, we find the tomb of Benjamin Constant, and facing it, that of General Foy, a superb monument erected by national sub- scription, consisting of a sepulchre surmounted by a temple, in which is seen a marble statue, by David, of the general in I a Roman costume, in the act of speaking. Beranger, the poet, who died July 17th, 1857, lies also here in the same tomb with Manuel the orator ; further on. Admiral Bruat, killed on his return from the Crimea ; Glory contemplating his trophies, by Maindron. Next is Geoffroy St. Hilaire, the na- tural philosopher. At the corner of a side-path, we find the monument of Pradier, the great sculptor, and, on turning to the right, those of Leon Faucher, a member of the National As- semblies of 1848 and 1849, and afterwards aMinishir; La- p lace, the great astronomer; a tomb of white marble, from M^clT rises an obelisk surmounted by an urn, ornamented with a star encircled by palm branches, and inscriptions al- luding to his works. Molicre, a sarcophagus of stone, sup- ported by four columns and surmounted by a vase ; and, within the same railing. La Fontaine , a cenotaph, crowned by a fox in black marble, and ornaniented with two bas-reliefs in . bronze, one representing the fable of the ivolf and the stork, 1 and the other the wolf and the lamb; next, Moratin, the ! Spanish dramatist ; Gay-Lussac, the great chemist ; the Mar- quis de Clermont-Gallerande, who, on the memorable loth of August, placed himself between Louis XVL and the mob, to defend his sovereign ; Madame de Genlis, (a sarcophagus with her bust in a medallion,) and Junot, Due d’Abrantes. Returning hence, we shall reach one of the main avenues which lead to the brow of the hill, and in front of which we perceive the superb monument of M. Aguado, the great finan- cier, consisting of a basement surmounledTjy a richly-sculp- tured sarcophagus in white marble, executed by Ramus; at the sides are two line statues, representing Benevolence and the Fine Arts; two beautiful angels support his escutcheon. The main avenue, right and left, is studded with monuments of great taste and excellent execution. Turning eastwards, a ])ath to our left leads to an avenue parallel to the former. Here we may sec the tomb of the celebrated Volney (a quad- 458 TWENTIETH WALK. rangular pyramid), and numerous English names, such as Admiral Sydney Smith, Lnscombe, tkc. That of the Prince of Masserano is the last worthy of attention on this side. Pro- ceeding westwards, we find a square enclosure reserved for Mussnimans, with a small mosque in the Moorish style, de- signed by Vely Pasha, the Turkish ambassador. The Queen and elder Prince of Oude are interred here. Next follows, to our left, a handsome mausoleum erected to the memory of Mad. de Diaz Santos, daughter of the Duchess de Duras, and a very lofty pyramid, erected to the memory of M. Beaujour, one of the most conspicuous objects in the cemeteiy. Descend- ing hence to the left, will be found the monuments of Honore de Balzac, the celebrated novelist, and Casimir Delavigne, the illustrious poet. In the adjoining compartment a modest black cross marks the grave of Judith Frere, the lady whom Be- langer immortalized in his songs under the name of Lisette. Further down, near the chapel, is the tomb of De Seze, an advocate, the intrepid defender of Louis XVI. (l) The chapel of the cemetery is a plain Doric building, about 56 feetby28 in length and breadth, and 56 feetin height. In front of it is an open grass plot, from whence the eye ranges over Paris. Eastward of the chapel there is a spot devoted to theatrical, musical and poetical celebrities, such as Talma, Gretry, Boieldieu, Delisle, Bellini, Bubini, &c. (2) On leaving this cemetery, a few steps along the rue de la Roquettc before us, the upper end of which is filled with shops of dealers in tombs and funeral garlands, bring us to the Dilpot f/e.9 Condanmes and Die late prison for juvenile of- fenders (see pp. 7 9, 80.) In front of these prisons the guil- lotine (3) is erected whenever an execution takes place. ' (1) Since the opening of this cemetery notlessthan 5 millions sterling have been expenclerl in monuments. The nuffllieFGf tombs is upwards of i 6 ,ooo. _ (2) Omnibuses leaveThe Pla^ du Palais Royal and the Made- leine for the Place de la Bastille where a correspondance for Pi;re La Chaise may be had every quarter of an hour (see p. 7 j. ( 3 ) In 17 90 Dr. Guillotin moved that persons condemned to death should he beheaded; and he hinted it might be done by a machine ; but if was M. Antoine Louis, Secretary to the Aca- demy of Surgery, who, on the 7 th of March, 1792, in a report to the National Assembly, brielly described a machine of the Kind, which he said was used in England ! He was so far riglit, that about 200 years ago a contrivance of thi! kind was in use at Halifax. The guillotine was first used on the 27 th of May, 1792. Executions in France take place at a very early hour in the morning, so as to avoid as much as possible the assembling of a crowd to witness these horrible exhibitions. 459 TEIEATRES. Between this spot and the Place du Trone the exterior Bou- levard presents nothing of interest. Of the portion beyond suf- ficient has been said elsewhere (scepp. 279, 280). PART HI. PLAGES OF PUBLIC AMUSEMENT. THEATRES. The drama in France and England took its rise from the mysteries, or sacred dramas, represented by the pilgrims re- turned from the Holy Land. In Paris a company was formed in the reign of Charles VI., under the name of Confreres de la Passion, xvho for a long period performed with applause, al- though with sacred subjects they associated indecent gestures and allusions. The interest excited by the novelty of their representations having subsided, they united with a new troop called Enfants sans souci, who acted farces enlivened with songs. About the year 1 570, several Italian companies came to Paris, but their representations exciting the jealousy of the Confreres de la Passion, whose privileges were always re- spected by the Parlement, their continuance was not of long duration. Shortly afterwards the French stage began to ac- quire a degree of consequence which i t had never before attained , and several dramatic writers, among them Hardy, appeared about the time of Henry IV. Cardinal Richelieu had two theatres in his palace, in which tragediesand melodramas com- posed by himself, with the assistance of Corneille, Rolrou, Colletet, and others, were performed. Aboutthe year 1650, a number of young men, at Ibehead of wdiomwasMoliere, formed a company and erected a theatre, which they called “ le Theatre lUustre.'’ In 1658, they performed in the Salle dcs Gardes at the Louvre before Louis XIV., who, being satisfied with their performance, assigned them a gallery in the Hotel du Petit Bourbon as a theatre. In 1660, they removed to the Theatre du Palais Royal, built by Cardinal Richelieu, and as- sumed the title of “ la Troupe Royale.” (1) Under the reigns of Louis XV. and XVL, the number of theatres in Paris greatly increased. The privileges of the French comedians and of (i) For much interesting information upon the early dramatic history of France, see History of Paris, 3 vols. svo. 4 CO PIACES OF PUBLIC AMUSEMENT. the Opera (1) being abolished during the first revolution, a great number of smaller ones sprang up, and the consequence was that they were all reduced to the utmost distress. To re- medy this state of things, Napoleon in 1807 suppressed all the theatres in Paris, except nine, on a compensation being made to the others. After the Restoration, several new ones were opened, and the drama was encouraged by the government, which annually allotted a sum out of the civil list for the support of the various theatres. This assistance was continued after the revolution of 1830, and during the reign of King Louis Philippe the number of theatres was slightly increased The French tragic school has declined since the death of Mile. Rachel in 18 58, and it is only hy comedy the national theatre now sustains its pre-eminence (2.) Since the 1st of July, 1804, all privileges of theatres have been suppressed, and any person may open a theatre on making a declaration to that effect to the Minister of the Fine Arts, the Prefect of Police, and the Prefect of the department. Some theatres receive a subvention from the State ; the French Opera receives 820,000 fr. in consideration of the per- (1) The invention of the Opera is altrihuted to two Florentines, Ottavio Rinucci, a poet, and Giacomo Corsi, a musician, about Ihe commencement of the leth century, when a grand lyric spectacle entitled thedwoMrs of Apollo and Circe was first played Willi success at the court of the Grand Duke of Tuscany. It was introduced into France hy Cardinal Mazarin, and in 1669 letters patent were granted to the abbi 5 Perrin to establish academies of music in France. The opening of the Academie in Paris took place in May 1 67 1 , with an Opera called Pomona, the Avords hy the ahb (5 Perrin, the music by Gambert, an organist. The first mu- sicians and singers of the grand Opera Avere taken from the cathedrals, principally from Languedoc. In i7 62 the privi- lege Avas transferred to Lully, under Avliose direction, and the poetical co-operation of Quinault, it acquired the vogue Avhich it has maintained up to the present day. (2) From a statistical report by M. Rondot, it appears that the number of thcati’es in the 86 departments is 36 i ; 36 belonging to the small department of the Seine. Forty itinerant companies do duty for no less than 280 theatres, 45 only being provided wdh stationary troupes. Three departments of the soutli have no theatre Avhatever, viz. Loz^re, Basses-Alpes, and Ardfeche. T he number of actors and actresses in France is variously estimated at from 3,000 to 8,000. Under Louis XllI, there "was only one theatre in the capital, for M. Rondot does not reckon as such the hoollis of Gros-Reni 5 and Gauticr-Garguille ; under Louis XIV. they increased to five; there were six under Louis XV., ahd un- der his itl-fated successor ten were in full play. In 1791, all mo- nopolies having been abolished, 51 sprung up all at once; but in J8O6, Ave find them decreased to 34 . Paris enjoyed lotheatres THEATnES. 4C1 fection which it is expected to attain ; the Theatre Francais 240.000 fr. as an encouragement for classical comedy; the Opera Comique the same to encourage the lighter styles of na- tional music; the Theatre Lyrique, 100,000 fr. ; the Odeon, 100.000 fr, ; the Conservatoire and its branch establishments in the departments, 222,000 fr. A sum of 137,000 fr. is moreover allotted for encouragement to authors and artists. All places of public amusement pay lo per cent, of their receipts for the maintenance of hospitals and charitable institu- tions. The produce of this tax is about a million of francs. (1) The rights of French dramatic authors arc well secured. They receive during life, for a piece of 3 or 5 acts, one- 18 th, and for a piece of 1 act, one-30th of the gross receipts ; and the same benefit devolves to their heirs for a period of 30 years. (2) Two prizes of 5,000 fr. and two of 3,000 fr. are also annually awarded by Government to the four best pieces represented during the year. The French stage, though now bereft of the talent of Scribe, who died in 1801, still possesses St. Georges, Victor Hugo, Ponsard, and Dumas. With these may be asso- ciated the eminent name of the late lamented Meyerbeer (his greatest works having been composed for Paris), and many others, all of great merit. Till the reign of Louis XIV. female characters were per- formed by men in women’s attire (3) ; and till a much later from 1810 lo 1814, 16 in i83i, and upwards of 4o since i864. Tlie niunber of pleasure-seeliers in Paris at all places of public amusement is estimated at 60 ,ooo daily. From i807 to i8ii the receipts of the metropolitan theatres averaged live millions of francs; and in 1866 they rose lo 19 , 168 , -415 francs. The lowest salary at a Paris theatre is 23 fr. per month. ( 1 ) The sums paid by the theatres of Paris last year, were as follows: — Grand Opera, 99,023 fr.; Theatre Francais, 58,126 francs; Opera Comique, 109 , 064 fr.; Italiens, 43,950 fr.; Od6on, 32,115 fr.; Theatre Lyrique, 49,904 fr.; Gymnase, 74,640 fr.; Vaudeville, 6i,465 fr.; Varietes, 51,710 fr.; Palais Royal, 5i,85i francs; Caitd, 5.3,585 fr.; Ambigu Comique, 52,610 fr.; Porte Saint Martin, 78,777 fr.; and Cirque, 68,969 fr. (2) The number of new pieces brought out at the different theatres of P.aris averages about 250 a-year. The amount of authors’ receipts was i,872,800 fr. in i866. (3) Mme. Favart, an eminent actress of the last century, was the first to infringe the absurd custom of playing .Achilles in a court dress with a helmet over his wig, and Clytemnestra in a hoop. She appeared for the first time in Bastien et Bastienne, a play of her own composition, in the real costume of a peasant, without curls and with wooden shoes. She was generally cri- ticized for it, but the Abbe Voisenon took her part, saying: Messieurs, ces sabots donneront des souliers aux comediens. All the rehearsals now take place en costume. 4 62 PLACES OF PUBLIC AMUSEMENT. period all cliaraclers were played in the dress of the court of “ le grand monarque.” Talma first gave that correctness of taste to the French stage for which it is now so celebrated ; and ever since his day there are to he found, and especially now, at the great theatres of Paris, accurate and animated tableaux vivants of the times and costumes, &c., relating to the pieces. The theatres of Paris are well regulated, policemen and guards are stationed at all the doors, and preserve order in the interior. The visitors who await the opening of the doors are arranged in files of two or three abreast, called a queue ; and although the crowd consists of several hundred, buf little inconvenience is felt, and every person is admitted in his turn. Such, indeed, is the ardour for theatrical amuse- ments exhibited by the population of Paris, that a crowd, or queue as it is commonly called, may alwa}"s be found at the door of any popular theatre a long while before the time of admission. Persons who proceed to theatres in hired cabriolets, or fiacres, are required to pay the fare beforehand, to avoid delay at the door. No person is permitted to call his carriage until he is actually waiting for it at the door; and should the owner not step into it at the moment, it is ordered off by the police, to make way for another. The pit of French theatres is generally appropriated to men alone, but some of the minor ones admit women. The best place for gentlemen is the orchestre, or row of stalls immediately be- hind the musicians, and next to this is, in general, the more fashionable balcon, on the side of the first row of boxes, which last arc for the most part small, holding from 4 to 6 persons. The best places when with ladies, and when a box is not taken, are the stalks de balcon. In many of the theatres a small gallery extends round the front of each tier ; these are called the galeries, and though good places, and cheaper than the boxes, are not so comfortable. The galleries above, called amphitheatre, or paradis, are frequented by the lower orders, and are the cheapest places of the house. The French names of places for which the visitor should ask are the following ; loges means boxes ; baignoires, boxes on the pit tier ; de face, front ; de c6te, side ; parterre, pit. On taking places before- hand, for the advantage of choosing and securing them, about one-fourth more is paid than at the doors ; an injudicious mea- sure, since it hinders many people from following that course. There are men who, notwithstanding the prohibition of the police, purchase tickets wholesale from the directors of the the- atres, or else, on a new piece anxiously expected coming out, forestall the public by buying up at the door nearly all the tickets for the best places, and then sell them outside to the THEATRES. 403 public; in the fomier case, at lower prices than are paid at the doors; in the latter, at any price they choose to ask. We would recommend the visitor to go to all the theatres, as he will nowhere in so short a time obtain a better know- ledge of the manners and character of tlie French people. The AcadEmie Ihperiaee de Musique, or French Opera- House, is a temporary building, erected in the space of a year, by M. Debret, architect, to replace, as speedily as possible, the opera-house then in the rue de Richelieu, at the door of which the Duke de Berri was assassinated, in 1820 — the Goviynment having ordered its demolition in consequence (seep. 221). It conununicates with three streets — the rue Lepelletier for carriages, rue Rossini for fiacres, and rue Drouot for per- sons on foot. Two passages, skirted with shops, also form a communication with the Boulevard Italien. The front con- sists of a series of arcades on the ground floor, forming a double vestibule. At each end a wing projects, and between these wings, from the top of the arcades, is a light awning supported by cast-iron pillars, beneath which carriages set down. On the first floor is a range of nine arcades, combining the Ionic and Doric orders, which form the windows of the saloon. The elevation of the front is 64 feet. The second or interior vesti- bule is ornamented with Doric columns, and on each side of it is a staircase leading to the first row of boxes and the saloon. From the lobby two other staircases lead to the pit, the bai- gnoires, and the orchestra. Between the latter and the lobbies of the stage boxes are two staircases leading to the top of the building, and so numerous are the outlets, that the house may be cleared in fifteen minutes. The interior will accommodate 1,800 persons; its dimensions are 66 feet from side to side, with a stage 42 feet in breadth by 82 in depth. The space for machinery underneath the latter is 32 feet deep; the wall be- tween the house and the stage rises aboA'e the roof, and in case of fire the communication between the two can be entirely cut off by a curtain of wire-gauze, while ventilators carry the flames in any given direction. Reservoirs of water are placed under the roof. The saloon or foxjer is 180 feet in length, ex- tending throughout the breadth of the building, and is one of the finest in Paris. Here is a bronze statue of Mercury invent- ing the lyre, cast from a model bj" Duret (1). This theatre receives a subvention of loo,ooofr. from the Civil List in addition to that of the State. The singers are pupils of the (i) Tlie original of this slaliie, executed in marble by that scnl|iloi', had been bought by the civil list in 1 830, and placed in tlie Palais Royal, where it was destroyed by the mob on the 24th of February, 1 848. 464 PLACES OF PUBLIC AMUSEMENT. Conservatoire, and tlie corps de ballet consists of the most distinguished dancers of the day. Great attention is paid to costume and general effect ; crinoline is forbidden on the stage. The scenic department especially has long been re- nowned as almost unrivalled at any other theatre in Europe, and the coup-d’oeil here presented by the stage in some of the more gorgeous operas and ballets is unequalled for taste and magnificence ( l ) . A new system of stage lightin", invented by Professor Lissajous, has lately been adopted bero. Tbe float is placed 2^ feet below the boards, and the emanations of the burners are carried off through two pipes reaching to the top of the roof. The luminous rays col- lected b}'- a double reflector are transmitted to the stage through a sloping aperture, covered with a plate of dull glass, so that all danger of the actresses’ dresses catching fire is obviated, and the light is not injurious to the eyes. Performances on Mon- days, Wednesdays, and Fridays, and sometimes on Sundays. Prices of Admission.— Premieres Loges de face, 12 fr. Stalles d’Ampliilheatre, 12 fr. Stalles d’Orchestre, 10 fr. Premieres loges de cot6, 8 fr. Deuxiemes loges de colth 7 fr. Troisi&mes loges de face,6fr. Troisiemes loges de cote et quafrienies deface, 4 fr. Parterre, 5 fr.— Performances begin belween 7 and 8. Italian Opera, rue Marsollier. — This company occupied the Salle Favart, now the Opera Comique, boulevard des Italiens, until its destruction by fire in 1838. The performances were subsequently transferred to tbe Salle Ventadoui-, then to the (i) By a decree of the 29lh of June, is,";/!, the Acadiiinie de Musique was declared to be an inslitiilion belonging to the State, and the performers were accordingly obliged to consent to a stoppage of 5 per cent, on their salaries in favour of a superannuation fund, as is the case with other Government functionaries. To this fund were added: the produce of all fines for breach of discipline, &c.; the amount of all judicial condemnations given in favour of the theatre ; the produce of two representations to be given annually at the Opera; an annual grant of 20,000 fr. from the Civil List; and donations and legacies bequeathed to the fund. The singers, dancers, and personnel of the ballets had a right to their pension after 20 years’ service; ’the chief of the orchestra, ballet-innsler, chefs du chant, and chief machinist, after 20 years and at so years of age ; professors, accompanists, musicians, choristers, and machinists, after 25 years and so years of age; and all others after 50 years and so years of age. Ttiis system has, however, been abolished by a decree of March, is66 : the Grand Opera has again become a private speculation, and the pensions are only maintained for those performers who belonged to the establishment under the former arrangement. THEATRES. 465 Odeon, and have noW again been removed to the former theatre. The present building was erected on the site of the hotel oc- cupied by the Minister of Finance, after the designs of Messrs. Huve and de Guerchy ; it is 1 54 feet in length by 1 1 0 in breadth . The principal front, which is Doric and Ionic, is divided into two stories, crowned by an attic. Above the entablature, and in front of the attic, are eight statues of the Muses, Urania being omitted. Blank arcades, continued along the sides and back of the building, support the upper story with its balustraded windows. The interior of the theatre, which is semicirculai-, contains four tiers, of which the two first are double, having open boxes in front, and partitioned ones behind. The balcons and orchestra are divided into ranges of stalls, each forming an arm-chair. The ceiling, painted by Ferri, in lozenge-shaped compartments, represents a cupola, through which a blue sky appears. The figures which support it are by Klagmann. In the foyer, or lobby, there is a fine bust of Lablache, the celebrated buffo, by Etex. This theatre holds 2000 persons. The performances, which are of the highest merit, take place on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, and sometimes on Mondays or Sundays. The season lasts only seven months, generally from the 1st of October to the 30th of April. Admission . — Premieres loges, 1 5 fr. Fauteuils d’orchestre, et de Balcon, i 2 fr. Secondes de face, i2fr. Secondes de c6t6, 9 fr. Troisi^mes, 7 fr. Parterre, lo fr. — Performances begin at 8. Theatre de l’Opera Comique, Place des Italiens. — The front is adorned with a portico of six Ionic columns, and the edifice, almost entirely of stone and iron, is fire-proof. The interior is elliptical, with three tiers of boxes. Around the pit are baignoires, some arranged as boxes, the others as stalls. Above is a first and second gallery, the former with two rows of stalls. The house is built for 1800 spectators. The seats of the pit are so placed that the spectator’s eye is on a level with the stage. To every second box is attached a small saloon, afford- ing an agreeable retreat between the acts from the heat of the theatre. A bell from each enables the visitors to smnmon at- tendants with ices and refreshments, without the trouble of leaving the box. The decorations are white and gold, with ornaments in relief, in copper, richly gilt. The ceiling is of good execution, containing the portraits of Boieldieu, Gretry, and other composers, in various medallions. A large foyer, of Corinthian architecture, decorated in the same style as the house, and furnished with divans, is on the first floor behind the boxes. Here are the busts of Gretry, Berton, Sedaine, Marmontel, Nicolo, Boieldieu, Herold, Marsollier, Dalayrac, Monsigny, St. Just, Mehul, Favart, Etienne, and Madame de 30 466 PLACES OF PUBLIC AMUSEMENT. Girardin. The light agreeable character of the music, which for- merly distinguished the Opera Comiqiie, has given placeof late years to a more elaborate style, more scientific perhaps, but less popular ; Auber aud Halevy, however, preserve the ancient character of this school. In the cellars there is a ventilating apparatus for a supply of fresh air, cooled by ice, the vitiated atmosphere finding egress through the ceiling. Stage lighting, however, still remains in this, as well as in the other theatres below, in its primitive state ; the obnoxious board i which conceals the foot-lights from the spectator, as well as the feet of the actors, being still retained, instead of the much more rational system followed in England since the very be- ginning of this century, by which the foot-hghts are screened by semi-cylindrical shades, through the interstices of which the stage may be seen without hindrance. The streets around are flagged with bitumen to deaden the noise of carriages. Admission.— Vremihres Loges avec Salon, Avant-scenes du rez- de-chaussee, 8 fr. Fauteiiils de Balcon, Premieres loges sans salon, 7 fr. Fauteuils d’Orchestre, Baignoires, 6 fr. Deuxifjmes Joges, 5 fr. Stalles d’orchestre, 4 fr. Deuxi^me Galerie, 3 fr. Parterre, 2 fr. so c,— Performances begin at about 7 . Theatre FRANgAis, or Comedie Frangaise, Rue Richelieu, at the Palais Royal, was begun by the Duke of Orleans, in 1787, after the designs of Louis. It is 1 CC feet in length by 105 in breadth, and its total height, to the summit of the terrace, is 100 feet. The principal front, towards the rue Richelieu, presents a Doric peristyle ; facing the rue de Monlpensier, and partly attached to the Palais Royal, a range of arcades, resting on pilasters, and continued round the corner, forms a covered gallery. On both fronts is a range of Corinthian pilasters, vyith an entablature piei’ced by small windows. From the ves- tibule an elegant staircase leads up to the foyer, which has re- cently been enlarged by the whole width of the new portico towards the rue St. Honore. The new foyer is a splendid saloon, decorated along the sides with sixteen fluted pilasters supporting the salient arches of the vaulted ceiling. At one end of the room is a monumental marble chimney-piece sur- mounted by the Emperor’s bust. Opposite, on a pedestal of blue-tinted marble, is Houdon’s famous statue of Voltaire, which used to stand in the middle of the old vestibule towards the rue Richelieu. The foyer, and an adjoining gallery, con- tain nmnerous busts of distinguished French dramatists, among which are one ot Diderot, by Lescorne, and another of Mile. Mars, by David d’Angers. There is also here a portrait of Mile. Rachel, painted by Gerome. An interesting collection of various objects connected with Moliere and other celebrities of the THEATRES. 467 French drama exists here. The interior form of the house is elliptical; and the total number of places is 1300. The per- formances at this theatre, which is the standard one of the whole country, used to be limited to the highest style of tragedy and regular comedy. Some relaxation of this rule has, however, taken place by the admission of the productions of MM. Victor Hugo, Dumas, Scribe, &c., which, with all their merits, certainly do not reach the elevation of style heretofore deemed essential to the highest order of the drama. Admission. — Avant^scfenes du Rez-de-Chauss 6 e, 9 fr. Loges du Rez-de-Chaussde, Loges du premier rang, 7 fr. Loges du deuxifeme rang, Fauteuils de Balcon, 6 fr. Loges du deuxi 6 me rang d<§couvertes, Fauteuils d’Orchestre, 5 fr. Parterre, 2 fr. soc. — Begins between 7 and 8 . Theatre Imperial de l’Odeon. — This theatre was built in 1779. It was burnt down in 1799, and rebuilt in 1807. The interior was a second time destroyed by fire in 1818, but repaired in 1820. The exterior is 168 feet in length i \‘x in breadth, and 64 in height. The principal front is ornamented : with a portico of eight Doric columns, ascended by steps. The vestibule is small ; two handsome stone staircases lead from it to the interior, which holds 1,700 persons. The decorations are tastefully executed, giving the theatre a light and elegant appearance, and the saloon is handsome. Upon the last re- storation of this theatre every possible precaution was adopted in case of fire to prevent the flames extending from one part of the building to another. The performances here consist of tragedies, comedies, and other dramatic pieces. The director of the company has the theatre rent-free from Government. Admission . — Avant-scenes des Premieres, 8 fr. Premi^ires avec Salon, 6 fr. Premieres ferraees deface, 5 fr. Fauteuils d’Orchestre, Fauteuils de balcon, 5 fr. Baignoires, Premieres de balcon, 3 fr. Deuxifeme Galerie de face, 2 fr. so c. Parterre, 2 fr.— Per- formances begin at from 7 to half-past. ThEatre du Gymxase, Boulevard Bonne Nouvelle, was erected in 1820, and presents to the boulevard a front of six I Ionic engaged columns, surmounted by as many Corinthian, with pedestals united by a balustrade. The vestibule is small ; the house, which will contain 1,200 spectators, is well suited both for hearing and seeing. The performances are limited to vaudevilles and comedies; most of the dramatic productions of Scribe were written for this theatre. The company is good. Admission . — Loges d’Entresol et Premieres Loges, 8 fr. Fauteuils de Balcon, Fauteuils d’Orchestre, 7 fr. Baignoires, 5 fr. Parterre, 2 fr. sOc. — Performances begin at from 6.30 to 7.30. Theatre du Palais Royal, formerly known as the Thedtre Moniamier, at the north-western corner of the Palais- 468 PLACES OF PUBLIC AMUSEMENT. Royal, was opened in 1831. It is neatly decorated within, but is of very small dimensions ; the number of places is only 1000. Vaudevilles and farces are performed here by an excel- lent company, and it is a most successful theatre. Admission. — Premieres de face, Loges de Balcon, Fauteiiilsde premiere Galerie, de Balcon, d’Orchestre, 5 fr. Secondes de face, 4 fr. Parterre, 2 fr. — Performances begin at from 7 to half-past. ThEatre DU Vaudeville, Place de la Bourse, formerly the Opera-Comique, was opened in 1827. It presents a narrow front, ornamented with columns of the Ionic and Corinthian orders, pilasters, and niches, in which statues are placed. The interior is of a circular form, and holds 1,300 persons. The decorations of the house are not devoid of taste, and its size, which rendered it unlit for an opera, is suited to the present description of performances. The company is excellent. Admission. — Avant-scSnes des Premieres, Premieres de face. Baignoires a salon, 6 fr. Fauteuils d’Orchestre, Fauteuils de la Premiere Galerie, 5 fr. Baignoires de face, sfr. Parterre, 2 fr. — Performances begin at from half-past 6 to half-past 7. ThEatre des Vari^tEs, Boulevard Montmartre. — This theatre, built by M. Cellerier, was opened in 1807. Its front, though small, is pure in style and decorated with two ranges of columns, Doric and Ionic, surmounted by a pediment. On the ground-floor is a vestibule, from which flights of stairs lead to the first tier of boxes and to the saloon, over the vestibule. The house can accommodate l,3oo persons. Vaudevilles and farces are performed here. The company is good. Admission. — Avant-sefenes des Premieres, 8 fr. Baignoires, 6 fr. Loges du premier rang, Fauteuils de Balcon et d’Orcheslre, 5 fr. Deuxi^mes loges de face, 4 fr. Deuxi^mes loges interm^- diaires, 3 fr. Parterre, 2 fr. 50e. — Performances begin at from half-past 6 to half past 7. ThEatre de la Porte St. Martin, Boulevard St. Martin. — The opera-house having been burnt in 17 81, this edifice, used for a time in its stead, was planned and built in 7 5 days. It is constructed of wood and plaster, and, though large and con- venient within, is externally devoid of merit. It has no vesti- bule, and the saloon is very small, but the salle holds 1,800 persons. Dramas and vaudevilles are performed here, and occasionally pieces of a higher standard. Admission. — Baignoires, Fauteuils de Balcon, Premieres de face, 7 fr. Fauteuils d’Orchestre, 6 fr. Stalles d’Orchestre, 4 fr. 50 c. Deuxl6uies loges, sfr. Parterre, 2 fr. — Begins at about 6 to 7. ThEatre de l’Ambigu-Gomique, Boulevard St. Martin. — The Ambigu Coraique on the Boulevard du Temple having been THEATRES. 469 destroyed by fire, this house was erected by Stouff and Le- cointre, and opened in 1828 . The front is ornamented at each story with columns supporting a cornice and entablature, and the upper story, instead of windows, contains niches with allegorical statues. The peristyle is surmounted by a terrace. The theatre contains 1,900 places. Melodramas and vaude- villes are performed here. Admission. — Avant-scfenes, Premieres de face a Salon, 6 fr. Fauteuils des premieres, premier rang, Fauteuils d’Orchestre, 5 fr. Loges d^couvertes des premiei’es, 5 fr. Stalles d’Orches- tre, Fauteuils de pourtour, 3 fr. Deuxi^mes loges de face, 2 fr. 50C. Parterre, i fr. so c. — Begins at from 6 to 7. Theatre Imperial du Chatelet, on the western side of the Place of that name. It was transferred hither in 1862 from the Boulevard du Temple, where it was called Theatre du Cirque, having been founded by Astley in 17 80 for equestrian performances. The present building is chiefly remarkable for an experiment on the value of which opinions differ for the present, viz., the substitution of a glass ceiling for the lustre, which used to blind the eyes of those who occupied the upper tiers. An improved system of ventilation has removed the inconvenience complained of at the outset, of the great heat darted down on the pit from the 1,600 gas- burners situated between the glass ceiling and the roof, but some still complain of the glare from the former,, In other respects the house is infinitely more commodious than the old theatres ; the seats are more convenient, and the speedy egress of the public has been amply provided for. There are three tiers of arches, the upper ones spanning two of the lower, which produces a pleasing effect. There is a spacious projecting gallery in front of the first tier of arches, which is divided into boxes ; the other arches have only galleries behind, the lower tier with five, the upper with six rows of stalls. Above rises the amphitheatre, the cheapest place in the house, xvith seven rows of seats. The house will accommodate 3,500 spectators in all. The Imperial box is in front of the stage. There are no stage-boxes, their place being sup- plied by a ventilating apparatus concealed from view. The stage is vast, and well adapted for military and fairy pieces, which form the staple of this theatre. There are two foyers, extending along the whole front of the edi- fice ; that on the first floor is extremely elegant, and set apart for the better classes ; the other on the fourth story, is reserved for the spectators of the amphitheatre, and provided with the refreshments best suited to their tastes. The public of one foyer have no communica- 470 PLACES OF PUBLIC AMUSEMENT. tion with that of the other ; but a ticket is given to those who wish to pass from the better foyer to the upper one, and then return. Admission . — Loges de Balcon, 6 fr. Fauteuils de Balcon et d’Orchestre, 5 fr. Stalles d’Orchestre et Baignoires, 4 fr. Pour- tour, Stalles de Galerie. 3 fr. Parterre, 2 fr. Theatre Lybique, Place du Chatelet. This theatre, which stands opposite to the other, is but a miniature copy of it, and needs therefore no particular description. It will contain 1,750 spectators, and is exclusively devoted to operettas. The architect of both these theatres is M. Davioud. Admission. — Avant-sefenes, Baignoires d’Avant-sefenes, 8 fr. Fauteuils d’Orchestre, 7 fr. Loges a Salon, Fauteuils de Balcon, 8 fr. Loges du 2 me 6 tage £i Salon de face, 6 fr. Fauteuils du 2me Balcon, 3 fr. Parterre, 2 fr. 5 o c.— -Begins at about 7. Theatre de la Gaite, Square des Arts et Metiers. This theatre, transferred hither from the Boulevard du Temple, is not perceptibly larger than the Theatre Lyrique, and like it, holds 1,800 persons. All the improvements introduced into the two preceding ones have been adopted here, except in the lighting apparatus, which is constructed on a different prin- ciple. The lustre indeed is suppressed, but instead of the glass ceiling, the latter is pierced with a circular aperture, closed by what might be called a glass basket, which de- scends to about two feet below the upper curve of the ceiling. From this, light is distributed in all directions ; and in addition there are twelve reflectors in the coves of the ceiling, whence the light from the basket is radiated so as not to leave a corner of the house unilluminated. This system is generally approved of. The foyer is one of the most splendid in Paris. Vaudevilles and melodramas. Admission . — Avant-scfenes, Loges de face, 6 fr. Fauteuils d’Or- chestre, Fauteuils de Galerie, 5 fr. Baignoires, 2 me Galerie, 4 fr. Stalles de Balcon, 3 fr. Parterre, t fr. 50 c.— Begins at about 7. Theatre des Folies Dramatiques, 40, Rue de Bondy. — This theatre, formerly on the Boulevard du Temple, is, with the exception of a few ornaments added to the facade, scarcely distinguishable from the surrounding houses. Constructed within an ample court-yard, its plan (a horse- shoe ending in a rectangle) does not please the eye, and the foyer is of very modest pretensions ; but the stage is spacious, the seats and boxes comfortable, and music is heard to advantage. It is lighted with a lustre, and will hold 1,200 spectators. Vaude- villes and farces are performed here. Admission . — Avant-Sc^nes des Preniiferes, 4 fr. Loges d’Avant- scenes, 3 fr. Loges de la Premii're Galerie, 2 fr. 5 o c. Fah- teuils d'Orchestre, 2 fr. Parterre, 1 fr. — Begins at 7 . THEATRES. 471 Bouffes Parisiens, Passage ChoiseuL— Vaudevilles, comic operas, 8cc., are performed here with great ability. Admission. — Avant-scenes de la Premiere Galerie, et Pre- mieres Loges, 6fr. Orchestre, 5 fr, Balcon, 3 fr. Deuxienies Loges, 3 fr. Deuxi^rnes de face, 3 fr.— Begins at from 7 to 8. Theatre Dejazet, 41, Boulevard du Temple. — A pretty theatre for pantomimes, grotesque ballets, and farces. Named after the celebrated actress Mile. Dejazet, who, though at an advanced age, still performs here with great success. Adwiwsio?!.— Avant-scenes, 5 fr. Loges, Fanteuils d’Orchestre, 3 fr. 50 c. Slalles, 2 fr. 5oc. Parterre, 1 fr. Begins at about 7. Theatre Beaumarchais, Boulevard Beaumarchais. — It con- tains 1,2 50 places. Melodramas, vaudevilles, &c. Admmwn.— Avant-scenes, 3 fr. 50C. Fauteiiils d’Orchestre, 2 fr. 50 c. Orcliestre, 1 fr. 75 c. Parterre, 75 c. Begins at about 7 . Folies Marigny, Avenue Gabriel, Champs Elysees. Vaude- villes. Admission from 2 fr. to 5 fr. Delassements Comiques, Boulevard du Prince Eugene, 23. — Similar to the former. Grand Theatre Parjsien, Rue de Lyon. — Vaudevilles and dramas. Admission from 50 c. to 2 fr. Theatre du Luxembourg, rue de Fleurus. — Melodramas, and vaudevilles. Admission from 50 c. to 2 fr. 50 e. Folies St. Germain, Boulevard St. Germain. — Vaude- villes, 5cc, Admission, from 4 fr. to 1 fr. Fantaisies Parisiennes, Boulevard des Italiens, 26. — Musical farces. Admission, from 2 to 5 fr. Theatre des Nouveautes, 60,Ruedu Faubourg St. Martin. — Farces and vaudevilles. Admission, from 50 c. to 4 fr. Theatre des Menus Plaisirs, 14, Boulevard de Stras- bourg. Similar to the former. Petit Theatre, Place de la Bastille. — Two performances a day, at half-past 5 and half-past 8 p.m. Farces. Admission, from 2 5 c. to 1 fr. 50 c. Theatre St. Marcel, rue Pascal, in the F.iub. St. Marceau. — For vaudevilles and melodramas. Admission, 8 to 50 sous. Theatre Lafayette, Rue Lafayette. — Similar to theabove. Admission. — i fr. to 1 fr. Theatre St. Pierre, Rue et Passage St. Pierre Popin- court, 5. — A small and inconvenient theatre for vaudevilles, &c. Admission, from 50 c. to 2 fr. Ecole Lyrique, Rue de la Tour d'Auvergne. — For be- ginners in the dramatic art. Admission, from 50 c. to 2 fr. Soirees Mysterieuses, by Cieverman, 8, Boulevard des 472 PLACES OF PUBLIC AMUSEMENT. Italiens. Legerdemain, tricks with cards, &c. Open only part of the year. Admission, 1 fr. 50 c., 3 fr. and 4 fr. Tii^atke Seraphin, 12, Boulevard Montmartre. — This is a kind of puppet-show, with mechanical figures, called} Ombres Chinoises, phantasmagoric tableaux, 5cc., and is the delight of children and nursery-maids. Admission . — 15 SOUS to i fr. 50 c. — Performances at 2 and 8. Cirque de l’Impi^ratrice, Champs Elysees, au Rond Point. Equestrian performances were first introduced at Paris by Messrs. Astley, of London, in the time of the Directory, and their company was succeeded by that of Franconi, in the time of Napoleon. The present building devoted to these performances is a spacious polygonal edifice of sixteen sides, with an elegant pedimented porch to the east, surmounted with a bronze figure of a horse. The interior is in the Moorish style, the roof sup- ported by light iron columns. It will hold 4,000 persons, and is only open in summer. Admission 1 fr. 50 c. and 2 fr. 50 c.; performances commence at 8. In winter the same company performs at the Cirque Napoleon, Boulevard des Filles du Calvaire. — 0,000 places. Admission, Ifr. and 2fr. Conmience at 8 . Cirque du Prince Imperial. Great American Circus . — Well worthy of a visit. Begins at 8 o’clock. — In the rue dc Malte, Boulevard des Amandiers. 4,000 places. Admission 4 fr. to 50 c. The Hippodrome, near the Rond Point de I’A venue de St. Cloud (Arc de I’Etoile), is a wooden circular enclosure for equestrian exhibitions, gymnastics, and military shows. The arena is uncovered ; performances on Sundays, Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays. Admission, Ifr. and 2 fr. There are also a number of small theatres belonging to the arrondissements comprised between the 13th and 20th. The pieces performed are melodramas, vaudevilles, petty comedies, and even tragedies. The Thedtres Montmartre,. Passy, Batignolles, Belleville, La Villette, and Mont Parnasse give representations daily ; the Theatre de Grenelle, two or three times a-week. The admission varies from 40 c. to 2 fr. EXHIBITIONS. Exhibition of French Colonial Produce. — This exhi- bition, organized by the Ministers of Algeria and Marine, is visible daily, Mondays and Thursdays excepted, from 12 to 4 p.m. , at the Palais de I’lndustrie (central entrance facing the Seine). It contains specimens of Algerian wool, cloth and silks, wheat, dried fruits, and furniture made of Algerian olive CONCERTS. and other kinds of ornamental wood ; also produce from Gua- deloupe, Martinique, Senegal, Gaboon, 8cc,, such as seeds, fruits stuffs and trinkets made by savages, palm-oil and soap, spices, medicinal plants, furs, &c. The manuscripts m Arabic, and books printed by the missionary society m various languages of Africa, will attract peculiar attention. Panorama.— Near the Palais de I’Industrie, views of the Battle of Solferino (see p. 185). Other sights spring up every month, but they are too mutable to find a place here ; they may moreover be ascertained by a glance at the bills stuck up about town, or reference to the daily newspapers (see PeTiodical Exhibitions, p. 104). CONCERTS. The concert season in Paris may be said to last all the year round, for though the highest class of these entertainments is limited to winter and spring, concerts of a more miscellaneous description continue to be given during the whole of the sum- mer and autumn, though not regularly. Those w iicli take place annually in the winter season are justly celebrated thioughout Europe for their excellence. In the first rank ot these stand the series (six in number) given by the “ Societe des Concerts at the Conservatoire de Musique, 2, rue Bergere, which take place once a-fortnight. These concerts are chiefly devoted to instrumental music, though choruses and other vocal pieces are likewise given. The selections are principally confined to the works of the most celebrated classic composers, Gluck, Handel, Mozart, Haydn, and latterly Beethoven, Weber 8cc and the orchestra of the society being as a body the finest and best-disciplined instrumentalists in any European capital, their chefs-d’oeuvre are executed with a perfection and smoothness which no connoisseur can listen to without delight. The per- formances generally occupy about two hours and a half quality , not quantity, being alone considered in the progra^e— an example worthy imitation at most other concerts both m Pan* and elsewhere. Numerous miscellaneous concerts take place during the season, at which nearly all the leading mu^cians from every country may be heard in succession, the suffrages of the Parisian musical public being considered m indis- pensable passport to enter the temple of Fame. They take place morning or evening; the principal sa/le,s for hese entertainments are at Herz’s, rue de la Victoire Pleyelp rue Rochechoiiart ; Sax’s, rue St. Georges; Erards, rue du Mail ; the Athenee, 17, rue Scribe, having more the appear- ance of a theatre than of a concert-room, it will hold about 800 persons. PLAGES OF PUBLIC AMUSEMEM, The Ovplu'onistes are a musical society, known in Endand from a vipt they paid to London some lime since ^iTev occasionally give grand vocal and instrumental concerts rather of the stentorian kind, the number of performerron sucu occasions amounting to 6,000 or more. The Palais de 1 Industry (see p. \ 83) is generally chosen for these perform- ances Of the permanent concerts, the most in vogue is M Bessehevre s Concert des Champs Blysecs, which is held in the summer season in the flower-garden situated between the Shis 1 admission to Cafes Concerts or Ciiantants, are establishments of recent date, where the pleasures of the palate are enhanced by those of the ear. They are the favourite evening lounge of the Parisian bourgeois, who does not object to hearing favourite songs and other music, while regaling himself. The artists are, as may be guessed, of third-rate quality. There is no admission or ticket required, hut the visitor is expected to partake of some lefreshnient The Cafes Chantants mostly resorted to in winter aie to be found on the Boulevard du Temple and in the neighbourhood ol the Luxembourg. But the monster esta- b ishments of the kind are the Eldorado, 4, Boulevard de btrasbourg, easily distinguishable by its elegant facade adorned wi 1 w 1 e LoiTiithian columns ; and the A Icazar, with a Moorish front, 6, rue du Faubourg Poissonniere. The former comprises a large coffee-room with refreshments at the ordinary puces; but another entrance leads to a regular theatre, of a circular form, with a stage and orchestra. The pit, and a spacious gallery running all round and supported by Ionic columns, are laid out with tables for refreshments at higher amid volumes of smoke from the fragrant wee , e blouse and frock-coat are conspicuous, interspersed here and there with a muslin cap and merino gown, listening le cornic songs, or snatches from favourite operas, retailed to the audience by the performers. The ceiling is lofty, rest- ing on Lormthian columns, and numerous lustres give addi- tional brilliancy to the scene. The Alcazar is a place of the same description, and equally elegant; only the hall is ob- long and decorated in the Moorish style. The Batuclan, Boulevard du Prince Eugene, also devoted to the same diver- sions, IS remarkable for a very pretty facade in the Chinese style, and the interior is very richly clecoralediii the sametaste. Hee cafes concerts attract the public in the Champs Elysees m summer They are the Alcazar and CaU des Ambassa- deurs on the northern side of the Avenue des Champs Elysees, and the Pavilion de I’Horloge on the opposite side. The BALLS, PUBLIC GARDENS. 475 visilors are accoinmodated in the open air, and the singers under elegant kiosks, gaily painted and adorned with flowers. balls, public gardens, &c. Dancing being the favourite amusement with the Parisians both in winter and summer, there is no quarter of the capital in which ball-rooms suited to all classes are not to be found ; and they are all numerously attended. Winter-Balls. — This class is so intimately connected with the diversions of the carnival, that we should find it difficult to do honour to our subject without giving a faint idea of that important season of Parisian pastime. The Carnival (1) takes place during the five or six weeks which precede Ash Wednesday, and is the favourite season of masked and fancy balls both in private society and at the various places of public amusement; masks appear in the streets only on the Bimanche, the Lundi, and the Mardi Gras, and Mi-Careme. On these days, crowds of persons in fancy dresses, many of them masked, and exhibiting all sorts of antics, appear in the streets, principally on the northern Boulevards, and immense crowds in carriages, on horseback, or on foot, assemble to witness the gaieties of the scene. The Carnival was prohibited in 1790, and not resumed till Bona- parte was elected first consul. Its restoration caused great joy to the Parisians, and for some years nothing could exceed the beauty and richness of the costumes displayed on these annual festivals; at present, however, the zeal for them has considerably subsided. The procession of the Bceuf Gras for ages past has been celebrated at Paris on the Dimanche and Mardi Gras, (0 The origin of tlie Carnival is traceable to the East. Egypt had the festivals of the Ox Apis, whicli has given the idea of the masquerade of the Bceuf Gras ; the Saturnalia and Lupercales of Ancient Rome were the continuation of that system. St. Cyprian, St. Clement of Alexandria, and St. Chrysostom, in vain condemned this rude gaiety ; it introduced itself even into the bosom of llie church ; and licentiousness at last went so far that Pope Inno- cent III. issued decrees to reform its excesses. In the middle ages the Carnival commenced on the tsth December, and corn- ju'ised the fetes of Christmas, of the New Year, and of the Epi- phany. The Renaissance gave another character to these fetes, and the Carnival became an opportunity for intrigue. With Louis XIV. the Carnival assumed a more solemn tone, and was little more than a pretext for flattering the Great King. The Regent, on the contrary, patronized the masked balls of the Opera and of the Palais Royal, and the bourgeoisie mixed with princes of the blood and the nobility. From that moment dates the reputation of the balls of the Opera. The Revolution inter- rupted these assemblages, which only recommenced in i805. 476 PLACES OF PUBLIC AMUSEMENT. when the prize ox, in a large car, preceded by music and accompanied by a numerous train of butchers fantastically dressed and on horseback, is led through the streets. The ox is covered with embroidered trappings, and his bead adorned with laurel; formerly he carried on his back a child, called Roi des Bouchers, decorated with a blue scarf, and holding in one hand a sceptre and in the other a sword. At present the child and his suite of young women follow the Boeuf Gras in a triumphal car, but without sceptre or sword. In 1849 this custom was discontinued but revived in 1851. (l) After parading the streets, the masks repair to the various balls which abound, and which we shall now describe. The Public Masked Balls take place throughout the Carnival, at almost all the theatres, &c. The most amusing and compa- ratively select are at the Opera-house, where they begin at midnight, and continue till daybreak. No stranger who visits Paris at this season of the year should omit a visit to one of the Bals masQues at this theatre, for it is difficult to imagine a scene more curious and fantastic than that presented in the Salle of the Grand Opera at a Carnival Ball. On these nights the pit is boarded oyer and joins the stage ; the vast area of the whole theatre forming a ball-room of magnificent proportions, which, brilliantly lighted, and crowded with thousands of gay maskers attired in every variety of colour and costume, forms a sight not easily forgotten. The orchestra is first-rate, and is commanded by the celebrated Strauss, Chef d'Orchestrc to the Emperor. The amphitheatres and boxes, unless hired to some party, are left open to the public. Gentlemen may go to these balls in plain clothes, but ladies are only admitted in masks or in costumes. The ticket costs 10 fr. To witness this scene in perfection the visitor should wait until 1 2 or 1 o’clock, when the company is completely assembled and the vo- taries of the dance are in full activity. On entering the vast sa//e at such a moment the effect is scarcely imaginable, the gor- geousness of the iinmense theatre, the glitter of the lights, the nrilliancy and variety of the costumes, the enlivening strains of the music, the mirth of the crowd, and, above all, the untiring velocity with which the dancers whirl themselves through the mazes of the waltz, polka, andmazourka, present an appearance of bewildering gaiety not to be described. On closer examina- tion it will be of course discovered that the strict etiquette which presides over the aristocratic salons of the Faubourg St. Germain is ocicasionally lost sight of in the exhilaration of the moment, and that “ chilling reserve” is by no means the pre- dominating characteristic of the fair who resort to this (t) The weigh lof the ox averages from so-o to 9 oo kilogrammes. BALLS, PUBLIC GARDENS. 477 pleasantest of pandemoniums. It will be easily conceived that if a visitor should take the ladies of his family to witness this extraordinary display, he must take them to a box as mere spectators, for to mingle with any of these too vivacious groups would he something worse than indiscretion. After the hour of supper (refreshment and suppers being obtainable), when the champagne begins to exhibit its exciting effects, the scene na- turally becomes still more warm and lively; but, though noisy ' and boisterous, the immense throng is generally remarkable for its good humour, a quality frequently put to the test by the nature of the jests which are freely exchanged under the repub- lican liberty of the mask. On some occasions of special en- thusiasm the elevated crowd load the leader of the orchestra, who is a great popular favourite, with the most frantic plau- dits, and in more than one instance have insisted on carrying him in triumph round the theatre, a ceremony performed in grand procession by all the votaries of Terpsichore accom- panied with uproarious acclamations only to be conceived by those within hearing of the tempest. It is scarcely necessary to add that at these balls the roue may find an endless va- riety of pleasant adventures. (1) (i) The first ball to which the public were admitted, without distinction, on payment of money, was given at the Opera Jan. 2, 1716 , on a license granted by the Regent Duke of Orleans. The price of the ticket was five livres. In I7i7, the exclusive privilege of giving them was granted to the Opera ; notwithstand- ing which balls were given at other theatres during the ten years for which the privilege was granted. It was at the Opfira Comi- que of that day that the idea of boarding over the pit to a level with the stage, for the purpose of dancing, was first effected by Father Sebastian, a Carmelite friar and mechanical genius, at the suggestion of the Chevalier de Bouillon. In i7 46, balls had so much increased in public favour, that the Director of the Opera petitioned for a restriction of their number, and about that time several persons were proceeded against for giving balls with saleable tickets in private houses, some not of the best re- putation. Towards the end of the last century the balls were organised at the Opera nearly on the same plan as at the present day, but with much less splendour ; and it is mentioned by a contemporary as a matter of astonishment, that “ 22 lustres, with 12 bougies each, 32 branches with 2 each, lo girandoles, with five each, with flambeaux, lampions, and pots-i-feu to light the approaches, were seen, with sixty musicians, half at each end of the theatre.” Each masked ball at the Grand Op6ra now occasions an expenditure of about i4o,ooo fr. for 980 per- sons employed, i,850 wax-tapers, 210 oil-lamp5, 2,600 gas- burners, and other requisites The public averages 5,000 persons, spending in the aggregate about 65 , 000 tr. in masks, dresses, bouquets, &c., exclusive of what is spent at the restaurants. 478 PLACES OF PUBLIC AMUSEMENT. Masked balls are also given at some of the minor theatres but do not differ materially from the one just described, save in the vastness and magnificence of the scene. ’ Besides the masked balls, the Carnival and winter season are ^nerally enlivened by other public balls, got up by subscrip- tion, or under the patronage of various societies of artists. The other ball-rooms of Paris are much inferior, but may be interesting to an observer on account of the insight they afford into the character of the Parisian population. The price of admission is the only available standard by which to judge of the refinement of the company that resorts to them, and even that test is hardly to l>e depended on. Generally, however, it may be stated that the blouse is banished, so that the majority may fairly l>e considered to consistof clerks, shopmen, and workmen of tlie better class. The softer sex, who are admitted free, at most of the winter and summer balls are generally represented by ladies whose pretensions to coyness are not conspicuous, and the grisettes, so truly and amusingly painted in Paul de Rock’s novels, usually muster in great force, under the pro- tection of those to whom they have pledged their ephemeral constancy . Among the ball-rooms of this description the following may be noted as taking the lead ; Salle Valentino, 251, rue St. Honore. — This is one of the most celebrated ball-rooms of Paris, and certainly the most diverting. It is divided into two compartments, the first of which is about 90 feet long by 3G broad, and the second 9o feet by «4. The architecture is a medley of the Moorish and Greek ; the columns are gaily painted, and the recess, which nins all round with seats ior the dancers, is backed by mirrors, which by tbeir reflection add greatly to the brilliancy of the scene. There are a billiard-table, a tir aupistolet, or shooting gallery, a dynamometer for amateurs of muscular strength, and tables where trifles may be raffled for. When full, the ball- room presents a scene of extraordinary animation, and here may be seen rare specimens of Parisian dancing. Whenever the policemen’s backs are turned, the cancan reigns in all its glory, to degenerate into a sober quadrille figure as soon as danger is apprehended. As for the waltz and polka, the stranger may expect to see every variety of embrace, not ex- cepting the Cornish, nay, the ursine hug. The ladies’ toilettes are far from rec/icrc/ie'es; and as for the gentlemen, they ate not admitted en blouse. Admission 2 fr. to 3 fr. Salon du W auxhall, 18, rue de la Douane. — It consists of a large room, with a gallery for refreshments over the entrance, opposite to which is the orchestra. The company partakes of the character of the manufactming arrondisscments near whicli BALLS, PUBLIC GARDENS. 479 it lies; in other respects this place does not differ from the former one ; the cancan now and then will peep through the quadrille. Smoking is allowed. Admission 2 fr. The Casino, 1 6, rue Cadet, is composed of two ball-rooms at right angles to each other, with galleries all round, where smoking is allowed. There are besides billiard-rooms, and a tir au pistolet. The rules of court-etiquette are as much ignored here as in the former places, and the only improvement the visitor will remark is, that ladies smoke here with as much aplomb as gentlemen. Admission from l to 3 fr. The Pre aux Clercs, 85, rue du Bac, and the Tivoli d'Hiver, 35, rue de Crenelle, are places of the same description. Summer Balls and Gardens. — In summer dancing takes place within, or in the vicinity of, the capital, in gardens espe- cially laid out for the purpose. They are only open two or three nights in the week. We shall commence with the Jardin Ma6^7/e, Avenue Montaigne, 93, which is that most attended. A large circular space, with a pavilion for the or- chestra in the centre, is reserved for the dancers, and lighted by a profusion of gas-lights suspended from artificial palm trees, while small shady circular bowers placed around afford the dancers the means of repose, after the fatigues of the polka or the waltz, apart from the intrusive eye of idle curiosity. A snug corner is laid out with tables for refreshments; here the sober Parisian may enjoy his bottle of beer and his cigar, or the votary of Terpsichore treat his partner to a refreshing lemonade, and recruit for subsequent exercise in the mazy waltz. An immense covered saloon and rooms adjoining afford the visitor a secure asylum from the malicious influence of bad weather upon the sports of the evening. The company at this elegant garden, we should state, generally comes under the description of “the gayest of the gay,” and the licence of the dance is frequently carried beyond the limits of propriety. Jardin des Fleurs, near the Avenue des Champs filysees, and Arc del’Etoile. A profusion of flowers of every kind, dis- posed along the walks, in the recesses, under the groi^es, everywhere greet the «ye of the visitor, while innumerable lights twinkle among the grass, or shoot their slender flames from under the vases and tazze filled with plants. A cafe and restaurant afford every desirable refreshment ; there are besides, for amateurs, a tir, or shooting-gallery, a jeu de bagues, Chinese billiai'ds, 6cc. Admission 2 to 5 fr. Chateau Rouge, or Nouveau Tivoli, 2, rue Neuve Clignan- court, outside the Barriere Rodiechouart, is likewise very iBuoh frequented, nothing having been neglected to win the good graces of the public, and render it the favourite among all rival 480 PLAGES OP PtlBLlC AMUSEMENT. establishments of the kind (1). The visitor on entering finds a large space handsomely adorned with statues bearing innumer- able lights, where groups are assembled enjoying the cool of the evening, and the enlivening strains emanating from an adjoin- ing pavilion- Small circular tents and bowers around invite the guest to taste of the good things of the buffet. Another large space adjoining is devoted to dancing, whence a flight ■ of steps descends into a third plot,' containing a.jeu de bagues, ' various contrivances of billiard-tables, swings, &c., besides a tir au pistolet et a la carabine, for the more bellicose of the visitors. Fire-works are also among the attractions of this gar- den, all parts of which communicate together by different walks, jl over one of which a bridge is thrown, called the Pontdes Soupirs, as unlike the “Bridge of Sighs” celebrated by the pen of Byron as possible, though the name unluckily recalls the Venetian strain of the greatest of modern poets, and by contrast throws an air of ridiculous cockneyism (if such a word may be applied to Pari- sian taste) over this part of the grounds. The name has, how- ever, probably been adopted in allusion to the tender wailings of love-stricken swains, who may select this spot to give vent to their emotions. A spacious building contains rooms for refreshments, and is surmounted by a terrace, from which a general view may be taken of the lively scene below. The tasteful arrangement of the illumination, contrasting with the verdure of the trees and the gay animation of the crowds here assembled, produces a very striking effect. We may note that greenness is here, as indeed in all the public gardens, to be specially guarded against, for, though verdancy is a very desi- rable attribute of the trees, any display of that quality on the part of a visitor may lead to serious inconvenience, and hence we must warn the youthful English visitor against the too seductive graces of the Lorette, who frequently displays no mean tact in playing off her fascinations. We cannot avoid mentioning one of the most amusing, though far from select, places of public resort. It is the Closerie des Lilas, Carrefour de FObservatoire, nearly opposite the southern gate of the Garden of the Luxem bourg. The ground is bordered by rows of leafy summer-houses, admirably fitted for a quiet Ute-d-Ute. A large parterre, filled with flowers, and enlivened by a jet d’eau, lies in front of a spacious dancing-hall of Moorish design, tastefully painted, and open on all sides, thus giving the advantage of airness, while (i) This place is not devoid of historical recollections. The pa- vilion was built by Henry IV. for Gabrielle d’Estr6es ; and in 1 8 1 5 llflje Due de Raguse established his head-quarters here. The pr-eliminaries of the treaty of Paris were also signed on this spot. BALLS, PUBLIC GARDENS. 481 at the same lime any ill-natured interference on the part of the weather is effectually prevenled. Adjoining it are five billiard- tables, the never-failing Ur, and other pastimes. The company chiefly consists of students and etudiantes, a title familiarly given to those members of the softer sex who worship Minerva under the garb of her youthful followers of the Quartier Latin. The facilities now afforded by railways enable the Parisians to attend also the balls given in the vicinity of the metropolis. Of these, among the most conspicuous is perhaps that of Asnieres . — This charming village, on the hanks of the Seine, comprising a chateau built by Louis XV., which has. with its park, fallen into private hands, is one of the spots most frequented in summer by the pleasure-hunting Parisians of either sex. The chateau consists of two wings, with a grace- ful central pavilion ; the design is simple but elegant, the windows lofty, and the sculpture in the taste prevalent under that reign. The park is of considerable extent, prettily laid out, with gravel walks alternately winding through clusters of fine trees and spacious grass plots, and ultimately penetrating into a shady grove, affording that wicked demon. Opportunity, ample space for laying his wily snares. Here, as in all other places of the kind described above, are the never failing diver- sions of the swing, the jeu de bagues, Chinese billiard-tables, etc., while the Mazurka and Redowa enliven the open spaces, and graceful kiosks and temples afford refreshment and repose. The illumination is, as usual, tastefully arranged, and contri- butes greatly to the enchantment of the scene. Other balls and f4te$, of a description similar to the above, and easy of aceess by railway, are given at Enghien, Sceaux, St. Cloud, Rambouillet, and Montmorency. These rural f4tes are exceedingly pretty, and the stranger will find them very well worth the trouble of the excursion. The days vary, but are easily learned from the bills posted up in different parts of the town. As a general observation, we may remark that the character of the French population is nowhere seen to more advantage than at places of this description. -They cannot, however, properly be recommended ' as fitting places for an English lady to visit, unless well attended and incognito. Rastkingues. — This is a popular and rather contemptuous name given to the lower sort of balls which take place in the gardens or eating-houses on the exterior boulevards ; but since the extension of Paris to the fortifications, their chief attraction for the lower classes, the cheapness of wine, has disappeared, and they have consequently lost in importance. Nevertheless, 31 482 PLACES OF PUBLIC AMUSEMENT. the lover of living pictures in the Flemish style should not omit a stroll on a Sunday evening to these places, where he will witness more than one characteristic scene. Crowds of workmen with their wives or sweethearts fill the principal streets, lined with ginger-bread stalls, and ambulant cooks, selling pancakes, fried potatoes, or similar delicacies, while a fiddle or street-organ will at intervals break through the universal din of talk and laughter that fills the air. The gay lights at the entmnce to the bastringues and guinguettes, or eating-houses, enliven the scene. As one of the better kinds of these places we may mention the Jardin de Paris, at Montrouge. These esta- blishments were originally very inferior and cheap, but some of them are now patronised hy a better class. The houses which sell only wine and liquors are denominated guinches. PUBLIC FESTIVALS. Public annual festivals have existed in Paris under all go- vernments ; but the period varied according to the different dynastic or republican events intended to be celebrated. The period now fixed upon is the 15th of August, the fete-day of Napoleon I. The Place de la Concorde, so admirably fitted for such a purpose, and the Place du Trone, form the nucleus of such festivals. The obelisk is generally used to great advantage for the purposes of decoration, with that peculiar taste and elegance for which the French nation is justly celebrated. In the Champs de Mars there are rope-dancers, buffoons, orchestras for dancers, mdts de co- cagne, and stages for dramatic representations. In the evening the avenues and walks are illuminated, as well as the garden of the Tuileries, and fireworks take place generally upon a very magniticent scale. This species of exhibition being a great fa- vourite with the French, the art of preparing them has been carried to a high degree of perfection. These f(des draw numbers of strangers to the capital, not only from the pro- vinces, but from England, and other neighbouring countries, and certainly no foreigner, who would see Paris and its vast population in perfection, can ever witness either under a more agreeable aspect than on the occasion of a general fSte. On these days Paris may literally be said to “don her best” and the immense multitudes which crowd every place devoted to the amusement of the public are not more remarkable for their numbers, than for the gaiety and good humour they almost invariably display. Provisions and wine were formerly dis- tributed, but the confusion and drunkenness that ensued in- duced the authorities to decide that the distribution should in future be made privately, to poor families, by the mayors, REVIEWS, HORSE RACES. 483 aided by the members oi the Bureaux de Bienfaisance. (i) REVIEWS. From the military character of the French nation, and the great number of troops forming the garrison of Paris, reviews frequently take place; they are generally in the Court of the Tuileries, or in the Champ do Mars. SPORTS. Horse-Races. — The sports of the turf have within a lew years become much more general among tlie Parisian gentry than formerly, and great attention is now devoted to the im- provement of the breed of horses. Races or steeplechases take place annually from Maich to July, and in September and October at Longchamps (see p. 488), Vincennes, Chantilly, La Marche, Versailles, and Foniainebleau. Some of the prizes at these six places are awarded by the French Jockey Club, also called the SocAete d’ Encouragement pour V Amelioration des Chevaux en France, consisting of about 300 members (see p. 14). At the summer meeting of Longchamps, which takes place between the English Epsom and Ascot meetings, many of the races are open to horses from all countries. Here the Grand Prix de Paris, a kind of international “Derby” founded in 1863 for three-year-olds, is run for. The stakes consist of 100,000 fr., half of which contributed by the City, and the remainder by the five great railway companies ; to which are added a work of art of suitable value, given by the Emperor, and the entries of 1 ,000 fr. each. The time and amount of prizes are announced before- hand in the journals, and full original reports of the races given in Galignani’s Messenger. The Jockey Club keeps a stud-book, and publishes a racing calendar. (2) Its annual revenue from subscriptions is about 305,000 fr. The princi- pal racing establishments are at Chantilly, and a large por- tion of the population of that town consists of English trainers, jockeys, and grooms employed there and residing with their families. Jeux de Paume (Tennis-Courts). — There used to be several buildings appropriated to this exercise ; the only one now (1) Some oftlie most costly fetes given in Paris were : the co- ronation of the Emperor, i, 745,040 fr.; the marriage of Marie Louise, 2,670,932 fr.; the birtli of the King of home, ooo,ooo fr. ; the baptism of the UuKe of Bordeaux, o68,ooo fr. ; the fete of the Trocadero, soo,ooofr.; the coronation of Charles X., i,i04,097 francs; the marriage of the Duke of Orleans, 2 , 800 ,ooo fr. (2) The sums granted in France for encouraging the im- provement of the breed of horses amount to 4i8,ooo fr. a-year. The .lockey club, whicli is now entrusted wilh the sole direction 484 PLACES OF PUBLIC AMUSEMENT. ill existence is the new building on the north-western terrace of the garden of the Tuileries (see p. 152.) JouTES suR lEau. — The watermen of the Seine fonnerly amused the people with rowing and sailing matches. To these were added mythological representations, with naval com- bats, &c. Aquatic sports are still given at most of the fetes of villages on the banks of the Seine. Societies of regattas exist at Paris, Asnieres, and Argenteuil. Mats de Cocagne. — This exercise is a favourite amusement at public ftHes. It consists of a greased mast, go feet in height, from which prizes, such as watches, silver forks and spoons, sil- ver cups, &c., are suspended, which fall to the lot of those who succeed in reaching them. Skating.— The best places for this exercise are the lakes of the Bois de Boulogne, the basins of the Tuileries, &c. Between the Jardin d’Acclimitation (see p. 493) and the Porte de Madrid of the Parc de Boulogne there is a basin rented by a skating-club. Rifle-matches. — They take place annually under the name of Tir National, at Vincennes (see p. 583.) Bow and cross- bow practice also form part of the sport. These matches generally take place in August. Subscribers pay from 4 to 20 fr. for every series of five shots, according to the arms used. Cricket. — This game is played on the pelouse or bowling- green of Madrid (see p. 493). Apply at No. 3, rue d’Agues- seau, to the Secretary of the Paris Cricket Club . PROMENADES. Of all the promenades within Paris, the Champs Elys^es is the largest. of the Government races, grants prizes for those established in tlie departments, to encourage the breed of thorough-bred stock in France. The Prefects of departments enjoy the “ Presidence d’honneur” at Government races, and the superior functionaries of the Haras act at them as the Government commissioners. Three commissioners are appointed in each locality by the Mi- nister, to receive the entries, prepare the ground, and superin- tend the races ; they decide all questions without appeal, ex- cept only in case of objections to the identity or qualification of a horse. Such objection may be referred to a Central Commission of seven members, silting at Paris. Persons guilty of fraud may be excluded from the races for a given time. Except in case of an express condition to the contrary, tlie only horses allowed to run for the Government stakes are those foaled and bred in France, up to the age of two years, and whose descent is traced in the English or French stud books. For racing pur- poses France is divided into three great zones : Ihe North, South, and West ; and certain events in each are exclusively resei'ved PROMENADES. 485 The Garden of the Tuileries, a delightful walk, see p. 150. The Garden of the Palais Royal is generally frequented by the inhabitants of the centre of the town (see p. 208). The Garden of the Luxembourg, which has recently under- gone very great embellishments, and received many new sta - for horses bred in that particular division. The races run at Paris and Chantilly are however open to all, but with advan- tages of weight in some instances, for horses from the South and West. Races take place in France in about 40 localities, the principal of which are: Angers, in June; Rouen, Nancy, and Amiens, in July ; Caen, Le Pin and Monlins, in August ; and Marseilles, in November. The steeple-chases in the neighbour- hood of Paris take place at Vincennes, La Marche, and Maisons- Laffilte. The slakes granted by Government are divided into two categories, known as Pvix classes au reglemerit, and Prixnon classes, and the Minister decides every year on the division and conditions of the stakes which are non-classes. The first cate- gory of stakes is divided into four classes, namely: ist class, the Great Imperial stakes for horses that have won those stakes before ; 2 d class, the Imperial stakes for horses that have never won the ist class stakes ; 3d class, the principal stakes for horses that have never won a first or second class stake ; 4 th class. Special Stakes for horses of all sorts that have never won a lirsi, second, or third class Stake ; the value of the plalesgiven varies from 2,000 fr. to (>,ooofr.; (here are besides others of larger amount, the principal being the Pria: de I' [mperatrice oi' i5,ooo fr., and the Prix de I'Empereur of 10,000 fr. run for at the Paris spring meeting; the Prix de Diane or French Oaks of io,ooo fr., and the Prix du Jockey Club or French Derby, of 20,ooo fr. at the Chantilly spring meeting ; the Grand Prix de Paris of 100,000 fr., and the Prix de I'Empereur of 10,000 fr. at the Paris summer meeting; the Pria; de I’Empereur of 10,000 fr. at the Chantilly autumn meeting ; and the Grand Prixde I’Empereur o( 20,000 h\ at the Paris spring meeting. In every case the amount of the entries, varying from 50 fr. to i,0oo fr., is added. In 1864 tlie total amount of money to be contended for at Paris and Chan- tilly was 452,000 fr., divided as follows: Paris spring meeting, six days’ racing, 30 prizes, 134,000 fr.; Paris summer meeting, two days, 10 prizes, 145,000 fr.; Paris autumn meeting, three days, 13 prizes, 75,000 fr.; Chantilly spring meeting, three days, 15 prizes, 65 , 000 fr. ; Chantilly autumn meeting, 10 prizes, 32,500 fr. The Government also grants, under certain specified conditions, and in localities where it may appear useful, primes de dressage for carriage and riding horses. The number of race- horses now under training in France is four hundred. There are i»4 jockeys and 58 trainers of race-horses now in France, the greater part of both being English. In 1810 France had 2,498,338 horses, in 1812, 2,244,691; in 1823, 2,423,712 ; in 1 840, 2,8 18,495 ; and in 1838, 3,i52,ioo. From a report drawn up by Gen. Fleury, Director of the Imperial Rrceding-studs, it appears that in 1861, no less than 809,800 fr. was given as prizes 48 6 PLACES OF PUBLIC AMUSEMENT. tues by eminent sculptors, is the principal promenade on the southern bank of the Seine (see p. 37 'J). For The Garden of Plants, with its menagerie, collections, etc., see p. 427. The Boulevards, interior and exterior, are resorted to by Parisians of all ranks, and form by day or night amusing and healthy walks. The Boulevard des Italiens is tlie most fashion- able (see pp. 13, 36). The Parc de Monceaux is described atp. 204. The Parc de Vincennes has now become one of the finest spots on the outskirts of Paris isee p. 584). The Parc DEsBrn ES Giiau.mont deserves a visit (see p. 451.) Bois or Parc de Boulogne. — This wood, outside the for- tifications, and comprising a surface of 87 3 hectares, bears the name of a neighbouring village. Before 1789 its trees were dying from age. The revolutionary axe in part cleared it ; whatever was then spared was felled in 1814, to make pali- sades against the approach of the allied armies. In July, 1815, after the capitulation, the English under Wellington encamped here. It has since grown again into a thick and beautiful wood. The Bois ce Boulogne, now the property of the citj'- of Paris, has been long known as a place for duelling and suicides. It is distinguished for the annual promenade de Longchamp, and is now, like Hyde Park in London, the most fashionable place of resort for i drive or a walk, where the most splendid equipages and fined horses of the capital are displayed ( see p. 186). The annexed map will be found A'ery useful in di- recting the visitor lo the most interesting spots. The best way of visiting this delightful wood, in order fully to enjoy its varied scenery, so admirably turned to account by the engineers MM Vare, Alphand, and Rarillet Deschamps, entrusted with the improvements Avhich have been going on here since l8 52 -'is to enter it by the Avenue de I’lmpi- ratrice, 3900 feei long and 300 wide, which, commencing from the Rond ’oint of the Triumphal Arch of TEtoile (see p. 191), cxt'nds to the Porte Dauphine, the nearest city gate on that sde. Continuing along the road exactly op- posite to this Aveiue, a few slight turns to the left will bring the visitor at once to the borders of the new lakes, the great for flat races. Heds are now suppressed for the six Imperial Stakes, and ihe dftances^ have been increased from 4,ooo to 4,800 metre?. In <864, in and about Paris, 4-42 races Avere contested, the status amoiuiting to i, 537, 770 fr., divided among 5i winners. The lofsci cfutei'«d for I8G4 were iQO, comjjrising 70 English, 39 Frn?eb, o German u American, and 4 Italian horses. PLAN OF THE BOIS DE BOULOGNE AND ITS DEPENDENCIES. Sure sues Piiteaux ToiircU n^c/uunfii podTOTUe CIC '^^netnctiJr V,1U I. RothsoKild r' *«ims SlADisn Iftarcadere Artesien Staliaa Jrrtft Thierry friret BOIS DE BOULOGNE. 487 atlraction of the day. The first of these lakes, which are fed by the Artesian well of Passy (see p. 190), is 3600 feet in length lind 750 broad, and encompasses two islands, connected by a rustic wooden bridge, and occupying together an extent of 2400 !feet. Here art and taste have conspired to charm the eye with jlho most picturesque scenery. At the southern extremity, iopposite the islands, two charming cascades (1), one of which (is now popularly called La Source, pour their waters, bound- ling from rock to rock, or gushing from crevices skilfully ar ranged, into the lake beneath. Winding paths, emerging from the cool fir-groves scattered around, intersect the rich turf which clothes the banks down to the water’s edge. On the western side of the smaller island we see a pretty aviary, and from the balcony of an elegant kiosk, called the Exhlrc, situated on a promontory which terminates the smaller island, an enchanting view is obtained on a fine summer’s day of the gay scene around. The rich equipages enlivening the carriage-road that winds around the lake — the crowds of persons of all ranks enjoying the cool shade on the iron benches provided for their convenience, or sauntering along the gravel-walks — children frolicking about in the height of merriment and glee, and the boats plying to and fro with their white canvass awnings shining in the sun (2), form a maze of bustle and animation most pleasing to the eye. It is the evening especially, a little after sunset, the visitor should prefer to take his stand on this balcony, and see the gay barks, with their coloured lanterns, gliding along and crossing each other in every direction, for- cibly recalling to mind the Queen of the Adriatic, with her innumerable gondolas flitting about the point of Quintavalle, under the terrace of the Giardino Francese. On the larger island a Swiss cottage, the Chalet des hies, near the bridge, affords refreshment to the weary ; in summer, theatrical trifles are performed here. At the opposite end of this island we may, reposing at our ease in a pretty trellised summer-house, gaze on the “wide expanse” of water before us. (0 The lakes are also fed hy the reservoirs of Chaillot through an iron pipe, 16 inches in diameter, passing under the Porte de la Muetle, a villa (see p. i9i) lying within the fortifications. (2) Tne charge is one franc for one person; for large parties, it is less in proportion. There are three landing places along the hanks of the lake, hut only one on the larger island, opposite the Swiss cottage. To cross over to the islands, the charge is only !>o centimes, return included. The visitor, wishing to he landed on the opposite or western hank on leaving the islands, should hail IliC boat at the landing-place on that side, and llien repair to the Chalet and wait for it, hut he must then arm himself with patience. ^88 PLACES OF PUBLIC AMUSEMENT. Leaving the islands for terra firma, snug little Swiss cot- tages may be seen peering here and there from behind the trees, well provided with beer and common wine for the thirsty. The carriage-road above-mentioned, which forms a circuit of not less than five miles, brings us to the second lake, separated from the former by a neck of land, called CdTvefouT dss Ccisccides, where iron chairs may be hired at a charge of 3 or 4 sous. This second lake is much smaller, and less attractive than the other, but likewise fur- nished with boats for the accommodation of the tourist. At its further end a hill, or mound, called the Butte Morte- mart, and also Mont St. Bernard, graced with a cedar at its top, (1) commands a good view of both the lakes. We must not omit to mention, that the dendrologist will tind ample scope for observation in this park, where some of the rarest trees have been planted of late, including fourteen or fifteen kinds of oak (the cork-tree among the number), as perhaps, of the pine, the beech, the plantain, 6cc., while the islands are adorned with various plants of the warmer climates, requiring considerable nursing, such as the yucca, the musa, begoma, aloes, rhopis, 6cc. Mexico has furnished the Taxodiuinsempervirens, Van Diemen’s Land the Euca- lyptus and Banksia, Jamaica the sugar-cane, China the Dieht- tron, and Algiers the banana. From the Mont St. Ber- ncucl several walks or avenues branch out in as many direc- tions. On taking the third to the right (if facing the lakes) the visitor will reach a pond, called the Mare d’Auteuil, a pleasant spot, where vegetation has attained a more venerable age witness the huge weeping willow that dips its branches in the water beneath ; nor would the visitor think himself here so close to Paris, were it not for the fortifications that mar the illusion. From this spot a few steps to the right will take him to Auteuil (see p. 1 89), by the gate of that name where he may either return to Paris through the village, or take his ticket for the Porte Maillot or Rue St. Lazare at the railway station close at hand to the left. But if it be not his intention to leave the Park so soon, the Boulogne road (see Map) will take him to the pretty village of that name, and, continuing his walk, he will soon arrive at the vast race-course called the Hippodrome de Longchamps, granted by the City to the Societe d^ Encouragement or .Tockey-Club (see p. 483). Tt contains C2 hectares (153 acres) being 1,500 metres in length • (0, This cedar was brought from Neuilly early in i 855 , while in lull blossom. It weighed upvmrds of is tons, including the mass of earth which clung to its roots. BOIS DE BOULOGNE. 489 by 300 in breadth, and was inaugurated on the 26th of April, 1857. There are four stands (or tribunes, as they are called in France), two on each side of the Emperor’s pavilion, which stands alone, and is splendidly fitted up, containing a saloon and sitting-room, opening on a platform from which a double staircase descends to the race- course. The platform is pro- tected by an awning resting on six cast-iron pillars, the whole surmounted by a gabled roof in the style of an ornamental Swiss cottage. A square terrace for the Emperor’s suite rises behind, with a square tower containing the staircase. The pavilion, like the other stands, has an entrance on the side towards the Seine, but the Emperor generally prefers ascending the double staircase in front. The two stands flanking this pavilion, from which they are separated by pas- sages, are called les gruncles tribunes, and are each 35 meties in°length ; they contain ten rows of seats, six of which are protected by a vast awning supported by cast-iron pillars, and divided, in thewestern stand, into seven compartments, which are reserved for the Minister of Agriculture, Commerce, and Public Works, the Prefect of the Seine, the Prefect of Police, the Municipal Council, the members of the Cercle Imperial, and other great cercles of Paris (see p. 14), and lastly to sub- scribers and persons provided with tickets giving admission to the weighing place. The compartment nearest the Em- peror’s pavilion is reserved for the members of the Adminis- tration des Haras. The eastern stand has fewer divisions, and is set apart for the members of the Jockey Club, who have specially arranged a compartment for ladies. The roofs ^ of these two stands are surmounted by terraces accommodating about 400 persons each. The extreme lateral stands con- tain eight rows of covered seats each, but have neither unco- vered ones nor terraces above. All these stands are entered from an enclosure on the side facing the Seine ; the middle ones are flanked by square towers containing stairs leading to the terraces and galleries which give access to the seats in front. The galleries on the first floor are also accessible by central flights of stairs descending to the enclosure; The ground-floors contain a weighing-room, a saloon for ladies, another for the members of tlie Jockey Club, a third for refreshments, a guard-room, etc. The buildings are con- ceived in a style of elegant rural architecture. The lacegiound is infinitely superior to that of the Champ de Mars, and much larger than the adjoining Ancien Sport. It is so arranged that it can be turned into two courses, one of about 1,900 meties, and the other of about 3,000. The stands are situated so as to avoid the glare of the sun, and being near the first turning, 490 PLACES OF PUBLIC AMUSEMENT. they allow of a straight run home of between 800 and 900 meties. In fiont, as at Chantilly, a wide sloping space is railed in, forming an enclosure which is the favourite resort of spoi ting chaiacteis. The course commands splendid views of the Hois de Boulogne, M. de Rothschild’s villa, the hills of St. Cloud, Meudon, and Bellevue, MontValerien, the Seine, 6cc. Ready access to the course is provided for carriages and horse- men ; and spectators can reach the ground by the right bank railway to Suresnes, the railway to Auteuil, the tramway and omnibuses to Boulogne, the (minibuses to Neuilly, and lastly by steam-boats running froW the Pont de la Con- corde. (1) Close to the race-course, and commanding an excellent view of it at its western extremity, we see, on an elevated base- ment, the Moulin de la Galette, a remnant of the old Abbey of Longchamps, dating from the 13th century. This relic, a picturesque round tower crowned with a peaked roof, has a most romantic appearance. Its basement, the old walls of which I'est upon mossy rocks mantled with ivy, is encircled by a moat crossed by a bridge of unhewn stone whence a flight of rugged stairs ascends to the top, which overlooks the whole race-course aiid scenery around. The moat is fed by the water of the adjoining ponds ; and the sails of the mill, when driven by the wind, work a lifting pump by ma- chinery within, by means of which the water is drawn up from the moat and conveyed back to the Cascade (see below), whence it originally came. Another tower, on the opposite side of the road, also forming part of the abbey in former days, adds to the romance of the scenery. A rustic habita- tion used as a guard-house is close by, while others of the same description raise their thatched roofs above the clumps of trees with which the grounds are artistically interspersed, so as successively to reveal to the eye, now the Mont Valdrien,’ and now St. Cloud, Meudon, Suresiie, or Boulogne. Four poplars, marking the tomb of a Russian colonel, who died here in 1814, have been religiously respected, and stand alone as before. A road, more than 7 miles in length, and 22 yaicls bi’()ad, follows the banks of the Seine, connecting Neuilly with St. Cloud. The suspension bridge of Suresne, with (1) The City has granted tlie ground to llie Jochey Club for 50 years from 1857, and for tlie same period the management ol the Government Autumn Races, which u.sed to lake place in tlie Champ de Mars. In return the Societe d' Encouragement has engaged to employ the whole of Ihe nett receipts from the letting ot places, &c., at races, in giving new stakes, or in(rca.sing those now existing • and has accepted of a certain tariff for places. BOIS DE BOULOGNE. 491 the wooded islands of Puleaux, connected with the park by rustic bridges over the narrow arm of the Seine that separates them from the right hank, contribute to enliven the scene. Returning by the Suresne road to a spot where five roads meet, the eye is at once attracted l)y the picturesque Cascade de Longchamps, now one of the favourite places of resort for visitors to the Park. An artificial mound, 180 feet in breadth and 42 feet high, raises its craggy front above a basin bordered with rocks; a vast sheet of water issuing fiom a cavern pierced through the body of the mound, falls into the basin from a height of 27 feet, while laterally two minor cascades are seen picturesquely threading their way through various crevices. An intricate rocky passage winds its way under the cascade, leading the visitor through many mock- iierils, charmingly imagined, to the top of the same wateifall, where he may enjoy a view of the pretty lake by which it is fed, and which also displays a picturesque island m the centre. ( 1 ) Having explored the wonders of the cascade, and perchance taken some refreshment at the cotfee-house close by, we may strike into the Alice de Longchamps, and on reaching the point where it crosses the Alice de la Reine Marguerite (see Plan), follow a carriage-way to the right, which leads to the Croix Catelan, a venerable but mutilated relic, which has outlived all the political disturbances and revolutions of FrMce since the 14th century. It is a pyramid erected by Philippe le Bel, to conimcniorate the murder of a celebrated troubadour named Ariiauld de Catelan, whom he had invited to Paris from the court of Beatrix of Savoy. (2) The upper part of (1) The snrpiiis water from the large lake is received heie through a small rivulet crossingihe Mare aux Biches, ar\d collected ill a vast basin, 7 ,ooo square metres in surface, ifthich will hold 10,000 cubic metres of water. When in full play the cascade emits 12,000 cubic metres per hour. The rock -work consists ot o 000 cubic metres of stone, brought from the forest of Fontaine- bleau, and re-arranged as nearly as possible in the order in \\ hieh it stood there. The water, when it has reached the lower basin, is conveyed in a meandering rivulet to the ponds formed in the nciuhbourliood of the new race-course. ( 2 ) Tlie king had sent an escort of men-at-arms to conduct the troubadour safe tlirough the Rois de tioulogne, then intested with robbers. The bard having, in an unguarded moment, boasted before these men of the ricii treasures of wbich he was flic beaier of to the king, they resofved to murder him, and executed their bloody purpose at ibis spot. To their morliilcaliou, the rich sures they expected to find turned out to be nothing nioie than a few bottles of valuable essences of Provence manufacture. They returned to the royal palace, and gave out that they had waited in vain for Catelan, w'lio had not arrived. Seareli was made 4 J 2 PLACES OF PUBLIC AMUSEMENT. the monument is broken off ; but the arms of Provence and of Catelan are still distinguishable on the pedestal. Adjoining this is the Pre Catela7i, where balls and theatri- cal representations used to be given, but which is now much shorn of its greatness. Nevertheless the walks are preserved concerts and other performances are sometimes given and a bowl of good milk may be had at the Swiss dairy. ’ On leaving this spot, and proceeding eastwards,^ the stran°-er will soon reach the lakes again, and may, if so disposed continue his walk along the banks, until he reaches the Parc aux Batons (see Map), an enclosed ground where abun- dance of deer may be seen sporting about on the lawn. Here he load leads to the Porte de la Muette, entering which and following the fortifications, we soon arrive at the great’ nur- sery for plants (see p. 190) of the City of Paris, and its ice- liouses ( 1 ) . This spot was selected because, in boring the Ar- tesian well close by (see p 190), a stratum of rock 52 feet thick had been found, together with a bed of sand whicli ab- sorbs moisture. These ice-houses are 230 feet long, 98 in breadth, and 52 feet deep. They are divided into 10 compart- ments, each large enough to contain 1,000,000 kilogrammes ot ice, of which however only one half is available, there being a waste of 50 per cent. Should the visitor prefer entering the Parc de Boulogne by the 1 orte Maillot (see p. 193), or by the Porte de Neuilly fui- tJier on, he will find the choicest wood-scenery that can well be met with 111 the neighbourhood of a great capital, and may give himself up to quiet meditation ; or, if he be otherwise disposed, e may enjoy a delightful ride either in a carriage or on oiseback. A more Arcadian style of locomotion, in the shape of a donkey, is often preferred by the rising generation, to be had on hire, at 1 fr. per hour, at the Porte Maillot. To enjoy the Park de Boulogne on this side, a slight know- ledge of Its general topography will be of advantage. From the Porte Maillot a long avenue, called Avenue de Lonqchamps two miles in length, extends as far as Longchamps (see p. 186), meeting the Allee de la Heine Marguerite, of more than equal length, about half way. The latter, extending from murderers would most prolmbly have escaped discovery had it not been for one of them who had to perfume his hair with one of those essences, which was so rare that he could not have procured it in Paris. “wakened, the guilty parties were apprehended, confessed their crime, and were condemned to the .stake. .ni I out at the rate of 2 fr. per iOO Kilos. The consumption per-annum is 12,000,000 lbs. JARDIX D’aCCLIMATATION. 493 Neullly to Boulogne, skirls the pretty village of St. James, a cluster of villas near the former gate. The Imperial breeding stud is kept here, in buildings which are now receiving con- siderable additions. Close to this was Madrid, a villa built by Francis I., after the model of that where he was kept in captivity by Charles V. It was demo- lished under Louis XVI., and its place is now occupied by a restaurant. Close to this is Bagatelle, a beautiful villa, adjoining the Parc de Bou- logne, and erected by Belanger, in consequence of a wager between the Count d’ Artois and the Prince of Wales that the house could not be built in 60 days ; it was finished in 58. It is now the property of the Marquis of Hertford, who purchased it for 3 13,000 fr. ; it is fitted up in a style of great elegance. Jardin d’Acclimatation. — If, instead of turning to the left at the end of the Avenue de ITmperatrice in order to reach the Lakes, we turn to the right, we soon find ourselves before the entrance to the delightful garden belonging to the Societe Imperiale d’Acclimatation (see p. 106), now one of the chief attractions of Paris. It lies close to the Porte des Sablons, being that which immediately follows the Porte-Maillot. The grounds comprise an area of 33 acres, beautifully laid out in walks encircling tbe pens or enclosures where the quadru- peds are kept, and which are arranged on the same plan as those of the Garden of Plants, with picturesque little pavilions or cots, containing the stables. Unlike the Garden of Plants, however, this establishment only harbours such animals of foreign origin as are fit to be domesticated ; so that the visitor would in vain seek for the lion, tiger, or hyena, which are hei'e replaced by the hemione, tapir, Chinese pig, zebu, yak, kangaroo, lama, alpaga, and vicunna, besides various kinds of sheep, goats, stags, antelopes, gazelles. See. The grounds are intersected by a streamlet, dotted with islands, and spanned by rustic bridges. Here various aquatic plants are grown, while other rare specimens of the vegetable kingdom abound on the surrounding grass-plots, such as the Spanish and Cali- fornian firs, the Japanese Spirea Argcatca and Dcutzia Scabra ; the Chinese plum-tree and Weigelia Rosea, the North-American Virgilia Lutca, the Persian Syringa Laciniata, and the Greek fir (Abies Regina Amalia), which grows to a height of 60 feet, with a diameter of three feet at the base. Nor should we for- get the hot-house, 300 feet long, and 9o in breadth, with its romantic rivulet and grotto, surrounded with palm-trees and other choice plants from tropical climes ; the Abyssinian Musa with its gigantic blades, the Australian Dicksonia Antartica with its outspreading fernlike leaves springing from a heavy 494 PLACES OE PUBLIC AMUSEMENT. trunk ; the fan-shaped Latania liorbonica, and many others which it would take too long to mention. Proceeding along the enclosures which skirt the rivulets, swarming with various kinds of fish from the piscicultural establishment of Iluningen, besides ostriches, ducks, geese, and swans from Algeria, Canada, Patagonia, Egypt, and other parts of the world, pre- senting a scene of agreeable animation, we find to our right the Aquarium., which, by the efforts of Mr. Alford Lloyd, the contractor, and Mr. Wilson, the manager, has become the chief attraction of the place. Of the fourteen compartments which compose it, the first four are devoted to fresh-water fish, such as trout, salmon, eels, carp, 6cc. The habits of these fumy occupants may here be accurately watched, whether to admire their almost transparent bodies, or to folloAV their motions cither upwards to dart at some fly, or down- wards, to rest themselves on the sand. The three next com- partments are chielly tenanted by various kinds of actiniae, or sea-anemones, some of extraordinary beauty, attached here and there to the rocks with which the compartments are lined. Among these strange creatures there are also some echinodermata, such as sea-licdgehogs, star-fish, 5cc., quite as sluggish as the anemones. The remaining compartments are oc- cupied by zoophytes, Crustacea, mollusks, cephalopodes, 8cc. Not far from this, there is an elevated artificial rock for the ga- zelles, pierced with a grotto, from the crevices of which a good view may be obtained of the surrounding scenery. The^ ob- long building at the opposite end of the stream contains stables with ten stalls for different quadrupeds of the larger sort, including the celebrated aurochs or bison of Lithuania, and a room for refreshments. On the opposite side of the stream there is a semicircular amphitheatre, with 28 wired enclo- sures for poultry ; and further on, opposite to a fine statue ofDauhenton, the great naturalist, a vast aviary, consisting of 10 wired cages, each provided with a little fountain and shrubs, and tenanted by peacocks, pheasants, doves, the Chinese Tragopan, the Columba cristata of Java, 8cc., 8cc. The visitor should stay until after sunset, when the keepers are busied in coaxing the birds into their respective roosting- places. The number of eggs laid hereby the fowls is immense, and the sale of them produced in 18 03 the sum of lo,ooo IT. The sale of animals produced 105,000 fr. The last object of importance on this side is a kokh, or silkworm nursery, where experiments have been made for the acclimatization of the Chinese and Japanese silkworms, hardier races than the com- mon one. The garden and hot-houses are visible daily at the charge of 1 fr. Carriages entering the grounds pay 3 fr. • ALFOKT. -5 05 PART IV. ENVIRONS OF PARIS. [For a list of conveyances, see Pages before Title J ALFORT. — This village, two leagues from Paris, near the confluence of the Seine and the Marne, is celebrated for a vete- rinary school founded hy Bourgelat, in 17 G4. This establish- ment possesses a library of domestic zoology, a cabinet of comparative anatomy, and another of pathology. There are also a botanical garden, hospitals for sick animals, a laboratory', a pharmacy, ground for the cultivation of grasses, a school of practical agriculture, a flock of sheep for experiment, a herd of swine, a set of bee-hives, and an amphitheatre, where lectures are delivered upon veterinary medicine and rural economy. Pupils from the north of France are admitted at Alfort upon the presentation of the Minister of Commerce and Agriculture, either as boarders, at 3 GO fr. a-year, or as gra- tuitous pupils. The establishment is endowed with sixty demi-bourses for as many pupils nominated by the Prefect of the Seine, and approved by the Minister. The Minister of War also has 40 pupils in the school destined for veterinary service in the cavalry. They are received from the age of 17 to 23, and the duration of their studies is four years. They must ail understand arithmetic, grammar, and smith’s work. The number of pupils is limited to 300. Animals that require treatment are admitted at a charge of 50 sous a-day for a horse, and 12 sous for a dog. If their owners are poor, the only charge made is for their keep. In case of murrain among cattle, pupils or professors are sent to treat them (1). ARGUEIL. -This village, on the Paris and Sceaux Railway, has a remarkable church of the 13th century. Its name is derived from the arches of the aqueduct constructed by the Ro- mans (seep. 27). The country round is picturesque. ARGENTEUIL. — A large village, 2!4 leagues north of Paris, on the Seine. There was a priory here, founded in G5G, to which Eloisa retired in 1120, till the Paraclete was prepared (i) The annual cost to Government of this and the vetei’inary schools of Lyons and Toulouse, comprising altogether eoo stu- dents, is 492,000 fr. Tlie average number of horses bept in themisi35o. The expenses amount to 1 , 921,900 fr. In the sheep farms at llambouillet, Perpignan, and Lahayevaux, there are 1,500 animals, the beep of which amounts to 1 1 c,ooo fr. a~year. ENVIRONS OF PARIS. 496 for her by Abelard. A tunic, said to be that of our Sanour, woven by the Virgin Mary, is preserved here. Gregory of Tours states that it was brought to France in the reign of Charlemagne, and deposited in the convent of Argenteuil, where his sister and daughter were nuns. If this be the genuine one, those at Moscow and Rome must be counterfeits, for the legends say that the Virgin made her Son only one tunic which increased in size as he grew. At present there are considerable iron works here. A branch of the St. Germain Railway connects this place with Colombes and Asnieres. ARNOUVILLE. — Four leagues north of Paris. Louis XVIII. passed three days in the chateau of this place previous to enter- ing Paris, in 1815; and here he drew up his Charter. ASNIERES — is a pretty village on the St. Germain railway. Its summer balls are much frequented (see p. 481). AUTEUIL— (See p. 189.) BAGNEUX — a village on the Paris and Sceaux railroad, with a church of the 12th century. BELLEVILLE.— (Seep. 452.) BEAUVAIS — a town of 13,000 inhabitants, in the depart- ment of the Oise, 72 kilometres from Paris, on the Northern railway. It was the capital of the Bdlovaci, who surren- dered to Csesar without striking a blow, b.c. 57. It was ravaged by the Normans in 850, and besieged by the British in 1443. Its chief attraction at present is the celebrated Im- perial tapestry manufactory, to view wbich tickets may be obtained by writing to M. le Gdieral Bolin, aux Tuilenes ; it also possesses a remarkably fine cathedral. BELLEVUE — a village two leagues west of Paris, delight- fully situated on the hill leading to Meudon from Sevres. From the terrace an enchanting and extensive view is obtained of Paris and the windings of the Seine. Close to the Chartres railway, which passes through it, is a triangular Gothic cha- pel, dedicated to Notre Dame des Flammes, in commemora- tion of the dreadful railway accident which took place there on May 8, 1842, when 208 persons perished, most of them by the ignition of the carriages in which they were locked up. BERCY. — (See p. 280). A new village of this name has now sprung up outside the fortifications, for the sake of ware- housing wines without paying the octroi. BIGETRE. — This is a celebrated hospital, situated in the small commune of Gmlilly, outside the fortifications, and close to the fort of Bicetre, John, bishop of Winchester, built here, in 1204, a chateau, which was named Chdteau de Wincestre, from whence came Bicestre, Bic4tre. The Duke de Berry gave it, in 1416, to the chapter of Notre Dame, of BICETRE. 497 whom Louis XIII. bought it in 1C32, and erected on its site an hospital for military invalids, which took the title of Com- manderie de St. Louis. Louis XIV. having built the Invalides, this house was annexed to the general hospital de la Salpe- tricre. Bicetre is situated on lofty ground, and the air is bet- ter than in most hospitals of Paris. It is supplied with water by machinery from two wells, sunk to 172 feet, in 1775. Bicetre is used as an asylum for indigent old men, and male lunatics, and may receive 2000 patients. It presents a square of 900 ft. on each side, and contains 3 courts. The indigent and in- firm old men occupy the greater part of the building. They have no private rooms, but there are large rooms with work- shops and dormitories, as also several gardens and court-yards for exercise. They are obliged to work three hours a-day at their respective trades or other occupations, and receive in re- turn a share of the profits ; the rest goes towards defraying the expenses of the establishment. The daily allowance to the indigent is a portion of soup, a pound and a quarter of bread, four ounces of meat for dinner, vegetables or cheese at night, and a quarter of a pint of wine. The average daily cost of each individual is 90 c., and the total annual expense about 900,000 francs. The class of persons called reposans are such servants of the hospital as are unable to work. The number of patients is about 900, who have the same allowance as paupers, except bread, of which they receive a larger quantity. The insane, tvhen not dangerous, are treated most leniently ; and, those who are capable of it, work on a model farm and bleaching- ground, where hogs of superior kinds are reared. There are various sorts of schools in the establishment for lunatics of all ages. Concerts arc occasionally given, at which both the per- formers and the audience are lunatics ; they are found to act very beneficially on the mind (1). Until 1835 avast prison was situated within the walls of the hospital, but is now re- placed by the prison in the rue de la Roquette (see page 458). Doctors of Bicetre : for the old and infirm, Leger ; for lunatics, Voisin, Delasiauve, and Marce. Surgeon, M. Broca. Upwards of 2 , 000,000 fr. have been expended on this establishment ( 2 ). (1) Owing to the progress made in Ihe medical sciences, the number of patients annually discharged at present is seven times greater than it used to he so years ago. The total number of lunatics in all France is about 50,ooO. (2) A vast hospital for lunatics is being built by the Depart- ment on the ground of the Ferme St. Anne, in the i41h Arron- dissement, beyond the exterior Boulevards, and but lately con- nected with Bicetre. 22 498 ENVIRONS OF PARIS. Near this is the Park of Monlsouris, covering 16 acres, and "i laid out like that of Vincennes ’• BOURG-LA-REINE — 2 leagues south of Paris. There is a ' house here, with a park, built by Henry IV. for Gabrielle d’Es- | trees. Here Louis XV. received the infanta of Spain, in 17 22, and Condorcet, persecuted by the Convention, committed suicide by poison, in 1794. The cattle-market, called Marche de Sceaiix, for the butchers of Paris,, is held every Monday. The I Paris and Sceaux railroad has a station here. I BUG — a village 4M. leagues south-west of Paris, is remark- | able for the aqueduct of 19 arches erected by Louis XIV. | which conveys water to Versailles (half a league distant). | Near this place is the source of the Bievre, which falls into the Seine near the Garden of Plants. CHANTILLY — a town 10 leagues north of Paris, was once celebrated as the residence of the illustrious house of Conde. The estate of Chantilly having lapsed to the crown in 1484, Charles VIH. gave it to Guillaume de Montmorency, his nephew, one of whose descendants having forfeited his head and his estates in 1632, Louis XIII. presented Chantilly to the Princess de Conde, sister of the duke alluded to. It was finally pre- sented, in 1661, by Louis XIV., to the Great Conde. (1) His descendants continued here till the revolution of 17 89, when that part of the princely mansion called Le Grand Chateau, was demolished, and the works of art, except such as had been removed and secreted, were destroyed, together with the gar- den, On the Restoration, in 1814, the Petit Chateau was restored to the house of Conde, and many improvements were made by the last of that name, who frequently resided here, and made it his hunting-seat. On his melancholy death in 1830 (see p. 32 .’tn), Chantilly descended to the Duke d’Aumale, 4th son of Louis Philippe, who frequently visited it, with other mem- bers of the royal family. In consequenc(! of the decree of .Ian. 22d, 1852, forcing the Orleans family to dispose of all their (i) The great Cond<5 here spent his latter years, after retiring from military life, in the society of Racine, Boileau, Bossiiet, and other literary men of his age. Condd took great pride in this beautiful retreat, and pleasure in emhellishing it; and 'when Louis XIV., who had a claim on it, indicated a desire to obtain possession, he said, “ Vons fites le mattre ; mais j’ai une grace ' demandcr h Votre Majesty, e’est de me laisser a Chantilly commevotre concierge;” and the King had the moderation not to interfere. Conde was honoured by a visit frosn tire King in i6"i. It was on this occasion Vatel, the celebrated cook, ran himself through with his sword in despair, because the fish did not arrive in lime for dinner. CHANTILLY. 499 property in France, it has now changed hands, and has been bought by two of the partners of the house of Coutts and Go. The chateau, whicli is situated in the midst of a lake, is one of the finest monuments of the style of the Renaissance in ex- istence. In the state-rooms and gallery are the battles of the Grand Condc, painted l)y Van der Meulen. There are also, be- sides the state rooms, a chapel, and a Chinese cabinet. It is surrounded by vast grounds, laid out in the English and French style, with gardens, lawns, parterres, islands, grottos, and pic- turesque walks. The stables of Cliantilly, considered the finest in Europe, are at some little distance from the Chateau, and form even a more magnificent pile of buildings than the pa- lace. They are cfipable of holding 180 horses, and connected with them are other buildings for the accommodation of hounds, carriages, 6cc. The exterior and interior are tastefully deco- rated with pieces of sculpture representing sporting subjects, and the lawn in front is magnificent. Admission to the Chateau, stables, and grounds is obtained without difficulty. The forest of Chantilly, adjoining the park, contains 7,000 acres. In the midst of it is a circular area called the Table Ronde, from which 12 roads branch in ditferent directions, and this is the ordinary rendezvous of sporting parties. Here also the festival of St. Hubert, the patron of sportsmen, used to be celebrated. The pretty lakes of Commelle, at about an hour’s walk across the forest, are fed by a little river called La Theve, anti skirted by the village of Commelle and the Gliateau de la Loge, which is said to have been built by Blanche de Gastifle', mother of St. Louis. Races, fashionably attended, take place at Chantilly in May and October. At the May meetings the Derby is run for, and in the October the St Leger. The Go- vernment gives stakes amounting to several hundred pounds, and the Jockey Club and the authorities of the Department also give prizes to be contended for. Several racing studs are kept at Chantilly, on account of the facilities for train- ing. Duke de Morny had a large establishment of the kind near the railway station, The number of race-horses at Ghan- :illy is now about 200. There was also a hunting society lere, which has been broken up. The Prince de Sagan, grandson to the Due de Talleyrand, however, has bought up ;he establishment, and intends keeping it on until the expira- :ion of the lease. The indemnities to the proprietors over whose lands sporting is carried on, amount to about 50,000fr. A very neat English Protestant church, St. Peter’s, has now been erected licre by voluntary subscription. The Rev. J. R. Free- ling,M.A., hasbeenlicensed by the Bishop of London toheChap- Lain. The Northern railway takes visitoi’s direct to Chantilly. 500 ENVIRONS OF PARIS. CIIARENTON — was celebi ated under Henry IV., Louis XIII., and XIV., for the controversies which took place there on doc- trinal points between the Catholics and the Protestants. At present its only claim to notice is the great hospital for lunatics of both sexes, founded in 1644 by the minister Deblanc. In 1797, it was converted, under the name of Mahon Nationals de Charenton pour le traitement des alienes, into an asylum for 400 lunatics whose cases were not hopeless ; others are now received whose insanity is considered incurable. The mode of treatment by giving employment and amusement to the patient, with the apparent absence of restraint, has been found very successful. The dormitories are spacious, well-lighted, airy, &c. ; and the passages are warmed by iron pipes under the floor. The asylum is under the authority of the Minister i of the Interior, and the superintendence of a special committee, i Persons are received here as boarders, and gratuitously on an ^ order from the minister, who has a certain number of bourses :l at his disposal, to be applied for a limited time in favour of v persons having claims on the government. There are three || classes of boarders ; the first, those who pay 1,425 fr., and upwards ; the second, 1,125 fr.; and the third, 828 fr., in- cluding washing. Certificates, signed by medical men not more than a fortnight before admission, are to be presented on, the part of lunatics previous to their being allowed to enter, | and certain formalities have to be complied with. Admission is granted at all times to friends of patients ; but the public arej only admitted from noon to 4 o’clock, on Thursdays and Sun- days. No one is allowed to enter the wards, but strangers are shown the courts and gardens. Lunatics, whether cured or not, are restored to their families on permission of the authority which ordered their admission. (1) Physicians, Dr. Rousselin, Dr. Calmed. Chief Surgeon ; Dr. Deguise junior. A stone bridge over the Marne connects Charenton with Alfort. CHARTRES — the capital of the department of Eure-et-Loir, a town of 18,000 inhabitants, celebrated for its splendid cathedral, and easily accessible from Paris by the Western railroad. It was once the capital of the fertile Beauce, and is situated on a slope, at the bottom of which runs the Eure, washing the only remaining portion of the old forti- fications and two of the city gates, the rest of the ram- parts being now levelled into walks. Chartres is one of the largest corn markets in France, its Cathedral is one of (i) The share supported by the department of the Seine in th cost of all the lunatic asylums was last year 795,000 fr. Ther are 57 public, and 42 private lunatic asylum in France. CHARTRES oOl the most magnificeat in Europe, conspicuously situated the hill on which the city stands. Henry IV. was crowned in the choir of this church, Feb. 27 th, 1594. Its most striking and interesting features, after its vast dimensions and elegant pro- portions, are its two rich and singular lateral portals, its painted glass, scarcely equalled in France, and its three rose windows. This edifice was commenced by Bishop Fulbert, in 1029, but was not dedicated till 12 GO. The western front was com- pleted in 1145, with the exception of the elegant crocheted northern spire, raised in 1514, partly at the charge of Louis I XII., by J. Texier; it is 370 feet high, and the upper part of : beautifully light and delicately executed work. The exterior r of this beautiful edifice is adorned with 1800 historical sta- I tries, and 2000 more are disseminated round the choir and the rest of the interior. The western front and portal, elaborately ornamented with statuary in the Byzantine style, illustrative of the New Testament, is inferior alto- gether in design and execution to the two entrances on the northern and southern sides, consisting of triple projecting ; Gothic porticos resting on piers of clustered pillars. The statues which line the sides and vaults are of a superior style i of art, and of the 14th century. The interior is of such con- sistent proportions in all its parts, that its vast dimensions do not strike the spectator at first sight, but its length is 422 feet, i and the height to the apex of its roof 112 feet. The style j throughout the nave and choir is the vigorous early Gothic. In ^ the centre of the nave a maze or labyrinth, of intricate circles, is marked out on the pavement in coloured stone ; to follow it through its windings (1,320 feet long), saying prayers at cer= i tain stations, was probably at one time a penitential exercise. The church possesses a perfect treasure of painted glass, more . than 130 windows being completely filled, and few being quite destitute of this splendid ornament. They date, for the most I part, from the 13th century. Some of the glass is half an inch . thick. The three rose windows at the end of the nave and Iran - septs are remarkable for their size, 30 or 40 feet in diameter, and their complicated tracery, which however is somewhat heavy. The subjects are generally sacred, but the lower compartments contain representations of various trades — shoemakers, basket- makers, 8cc. , showing that their guilds or corporations were the 1 donors. The choir has double aisles, and ends in ahemicycle ; towards the east ; in the inside 8 marble bas reliefs, of scrip- tural subjects, mediocre in design and execution, are inserted, and behind the high altar is a huge piece of marble sculpture, , in the taste of the time of Louis XIII., out of character with the building, The outside of the screen, which separates the 602 ElXVIROXS OF PARIS. choir from its aisles, is ornamented with a series of remarkable Gothic sculptures, representing the life of Christ or the Virgin Mary, in 4 5 compartments, surrounded wdth the most elaborate tracery and tabernacle work. They were begun in 1614, and continued down to the middle of the 1 7lh century, and are in- teresting as some of the final efforts of Gothic art. The execu- tion has been compared to ‘ ‘ point lace in stone, and some of the sculptured threads are not thicker than the blade of a pen- knife.” After exploring this noble edifice, tbe traveller may inspect the churches of St. Pierre and St. Andre, which, though not comparable, are still worth a passing visit ; St. Andre, i {“ to what vile uses may we come at last! ”) divested of its ^ sacred character, is now a magazine for forage. Chartres j abounds with antiquities of the Gallo-Roman period and tbe Middle Ages. It has a public library, comprising 30,000 volumes, besides 900 MSS. CHATENAY — a mile and a-half south ofSceaux, is celebrated . as being the birth-place of Voltaire, in 1094. CHOISY-LE-ROI. — This large village, 2‘A leagues from Paris, is so called from a chateau, a favourite residence of Louis XV. It is celebrated for its glass and morocco manufa Tories. Close 10 the railroad station the Seine is crossed by a bridge. COLOMBES — a neat little village on the St. Germain I'ailroad. COMPIEGNE. — Thistown,w'ith9,000inbabitauts, 19 leagues north-east of Paris, near the confluence of the Oise and the Aisne, possesses a palace agreeably situated between the town and the forest. Compiegne has many interesting his- torical associations. Its origin dates from the fourth century. In 602 Clotaire I. died of a malady contracted there; councils were held at Compiegne in 823 and 833, by the latter of which Louis leDebonnaire wms dethroned. Another council, held here in 871, excommunicated Carloman ; here also Louis le Begue was crowned in 877, and buried in 879. In 977 1 Louis V. died here. In 12 60 St. Louis founded its palace; in | 1364 Charles V. held the town against the King of Navarre ; in 1430 the Maid of Orleans was made prisoner hei-e by the English; in 1639 Francis I. here received an embassy from Charles V.; in 1624, Cardinal Richelieu signed a treaty of peace wdth the Dutch in the palace, where, i46 years later, Louis XVI. first met Marie Antoinette, and Napoleon in 1810, received the Archduchess Maria Louisa. In 1814, Louis XVIII. here received the visit of Alexander of Russia and Bernadotte of Sweden. Lastly, in 1833, the marriage of Princess Louisa, daughter of Louis Philippe, with King Leo- pold of Belgium, was celebrated in the chapel of the palace. The Palace. — It is situated on the Place du Chdteau, a ajUtfriti igl T p«\ir.»\. r:iii', asir.' iMiEi'ifJXiDi'i T P/A-fT./Ai CiP', OiJ' 'COmiP'I!ESl51Eo A „ ! COMPIEGNE. 503 spacious square, suiTOuncled with alleys of lime-trees, and was built by Louis XV. and Louis XVI. The entrance is tlu’ougb a Doric portico connectin'? two lateral wings which, with the main hotly, enclose the Cour d’Honneur. The Grand Vestibule, a ions Doric gallery, adorned with marble busts of Roman Emperors, leads by the Escalier d’Honneur, a fine double- branched ’staircase, flanked with marble statues of Fllopital and d'Aguesseau, to the Salle des Gardes , a long Doric hall, adorned with splendid panoplies and pieces of armour of beau- tiful workmanship. The Salon des Hioissiers, to the left, contaiirs a hunting scene under Louis XV., painted by Audiy, and two other pictures of hounds, by Desportes. The follow- ing Salle d Manger de I’Empereur, an Ionic hall, opening into the garden, and painted in grisaille by Sauvage, opens to the right into a suite of apartments formerly inhabited by Madame Adelaide, sister to Louis Philippe, and now reserved for the use of Princess Mathilde. The King of Prussia occu- pied them in October, 1861. The suite consists of a Salon d’Attente, painted in grisaille by Sauvage, and adorned with a splendid rural scene, executed in Gobelins tapestry , a Salon de Reception, with busts of Napoleon I. and III., and the Empress Eugenie, and three mythological subjects in Gobelins tapestry, and lastly a Chambre a Voucher, with full-length pictures of the Emperor and Empress, and beautiful arabesques painted in the panels. All these rooms are filled with Beau- vais furniture. Returning to the dining room, a door oppo- site leads to the Salon des Aide s-de- Camp, containing large maps, painted on canvas, of the forests ot Compiegne, Fon- tainebleau, St. Germain, and Marly. Next follows the Sadon de Famille, where the Imperial family meet in the evening, the Salon du Conseil, a splendid room, with a Gobelins car- pet and Beauvais furniture. The walls are adorned with three fine pieces of Gobelins tapestry, representing sacrifices to Pallas, Flora, and Ceres, from originals painted in 17 87 , by Suvee. The Emperor’s bedroom, with a splendid gilt bedstead and canopy, is such as it was in the time of Napoleon I. ; the lurniture is red damask, and the ceiling painted in compartments, by Girodet, who has also painted those of the Library, a spa- cious room, with carved and gilt bookcases. The central comnartment here represents Mercury, Pallas, and Apollo. We next enter the Sa/oti dc MvsKjua of the Empress, with four pieces executed in Gobelins tapestry, representing Chinese and other oriental subjects. Next follows the Empress s lied- chamber, a most gorgeous apartment. The ceiling and panels, painted by Girodet, represent the Evening Star, and the Sea- sons. Over the richly gilt bedstead hovers the Imperial 504 E^VJKOiXS OF PAllIS. eagle; the furniture is also gilt and covered with red damask. Adjoining is a bath and cabinet de toilette, also beautifully furnished. The bed chamber leads to the Salon de Reception of the Empress ; the ceiling and panels over the doors are painted by Girodet. All these rooms were inhabited by the Queen. The following room is the Salon des Fleurs, which is now the bed-chamber reserved for the Prince Imperial. Adjoining is his reception room, whicli was arranged in 1811 for the King of Rome. The coves of the ceiling, by Girodet represent Departure, War, Victory, and the Return. Descend- ing a staircase we find the Salle du Spectacle, with three tiers of galleries, and capable of containing 800 persons. It is richly painted and gilt. The front seats are for the Em- peror and Empress ; those behind are for the Princes, and the members of the court occupy the adjoining side galleries. The suite behind the Empress’s rooms comprises a private dining room, and the Galerie de Don Quichotte, with 3 1 paintings by Coypel, father and son, rep resenting the most striking scenes of Cervantes’ masterpiece. From this we enter the Salon d’Attente of the Grande Galerie des Batailles, with a painting of “Stags at Rest,” by Martinus. HhQ Galerie Itself IS a gorgeous saloon, built by Napoleon I., the vaulted ceiling, supported by 20 Corinthian columns, il- lustrates in 12 allegorical compartments, by Girodet, the vic- tories of Wagram, Austerlitz, etc. It is lOO feet by 40, and 30 feet in height, and is lighted by 13 large lustres. A full- length statue of Napoleon I., and another of Madame Letitia seated, occupy the extremities. The following room contains a hunting piece, and a beautiful “Dream of Napoleon I.” To the right of this is the Galerie Neuve, built in 1838 . It is a,dorned with a series of eight paintings by Natoire, com- pleting the series of scenes from Don Quixote above described. Returning to thO preceding room, a door opposite opens into the Anti-Chapelle, adorned with fine Gobelins tapestry, re- presenting High Mass, Leo X., and the Defeat of Maxentius, copied from the Vatican at Rome. The present chapel, ad- joining, is of the Doric and Ionic orders ; the window re- presents, in stained glass, the Creator, Faith, and Hope. This palace is visible every day from lo to 4, when the Emperor is absent. A spacious terrace behind the palace, adorned with sphynxes, statues of Ulysses, Mutius Scmvola, and good cojiies from the antique, in white marble, slopes down into the Garden, which is laid out in the English style, and contains several good statues, both bronze and marble. A portion of the forest is seen from the terrace, qnd an arbour of iron COMPIEGNE. 505 fi'ame-work, 4 800 feet long and 14 feet in breadth, leads from the palace to the forest. There is also a canal of about the same length. To the left the terrace ends in a fmeavenue of lime trees, planted on part of the old ramparts of Compiegne dating from 1199. The forest of Compiegne contains 36,590 acres, 338 roads, forming a length of 2 20 leagues; 21 ponds, 318 bridges, and 11 fountains. Its value is 49,000,000 fr. All the finger-posts pointing to the town are painted red. Tlie Town of Compiegne is irregularly built, but it pos- sesses, besides the palace, three remarkable edifices. The Hdtel de Ville is a Gothic structure of the end of the 14th cen- tury ; its central tower, with the lateral turrets and the pro- fuse sculpture of its front deserve particular attention. This building is not unworthy of a visit. In the Council Chamber is Papety’s well-known picture, Un Reve de Bonheur, besides full length pictures of the Emperor and Empress, and a fine forest scene by Veilquez. The public library, composed of 12,000 volumes, is in one of the contiguous rooms. On the second story is a museum, founded by M. Vivenel. Here the visitor will be astonished to find, within a small compass, treasures which are often wanting in larger collections. Be- sides a numerous series of Etruscan vases, Roman lamps, medals, etc. ; there are St. Veronica and St. Francis de Paula, by Anuibal Caracci ; two boys, by Murillo ; dogs, by Jadin ; Charity, by Landelle ; three paintings, by Boucher ; two beautiful pastel landscapes, by Chamorin, and other valuable pictures and designs ;■ also an altar-screen of alabaster, of the 15th century, with the Passion carved in haut-relief in 14 compartments, once belonging to St. Germain FAux- errois ; the bedstead and arm-chair of Henry II. ; a spur of Joan of Arc, Egyptian antiquities, 6cc. There is also a small collection of minerals and plaster casts here. The Eglise St. Jacques, independently of its re- markable tower and pure pointed style throughout, con- tains two remarkable paintings in the transepts ; one is Queen Anne of Austria, consort of Louis XIII., renewing the vow she had made to the Virgin ; the other, Christ at Emmaus, but with the curious circumstance of the presence of Anne of Austria, her children and her courtiers on the picture. There is also a copy, by Piiilippe de Champagne, of Titian’s Entomb- ment of Jesus. Tliis church has a nave and two aisles. The front of the church of St. Antoine, with its buttressed towers, canopied and spired, is a gem of the florid Gothic. The interior is slightly cruciform, and consists of a nave and two aisles. There is some fine old stained glass representing sacred sub- jects, dating from 1540, in two of the chapels ; the Lady 506 ENVIRONS OF PARIS. Chapel has three stained -windows of modern execution. The only paintings worth mentioning are ; an Assumption, by Manchard ; a Flight to Egypt, by Mattez; and an old paint- ing of two Benedictine nuns in prayer. A military camp is sometimes formed at Compiogne in autumn. A branch of the Northern Railroad leads to this town. Those who have taken the precaution of starting by an early train, may enjoy a delightful drive to Pienrfonds — for which place vehicles start from the Hotel de la Cloche, Place de ITlotel de Ville, at a charge of 2 fr. a-head ; cabriolets or Amdneuines may also be had at various prices, return included. The whole excursion takes about four hours, and is well worth the trouble. Pierrefonds, 12 kilometres from Compiegne, is situated on the southern border of the forest of Compiegne, and is remarkable for the ruins of a fine old castle of the. 14th century, situated on the crest of a steep rock overlooking the village. An older one existed in the 1 ith century, not far from this spot, where the Fcrme du Itoclicr now stands. The Pairic of Pierrefonds was one of the oldest of the kingdom, until it became a royal domain. The present castle was built by Louis d’Orleans, Count of Valois, brother to Charles VI., the same who was assassinated by the emis- saries of the Due de Bourgogne in 1407 (see p. 271 /;.) The latter immediately afterwards sent the Count de St. Pol to besiege Pierrefonds, who got possession of k by capitulation. In 1413 he was himself compelled by Charles VI. to give it up to Ihe son of Louis d’Orleans, but before yielding to the royal mandate he set it on lire, and a large portion of it was thus destroyed. In 1589 the castle was occupied by a bold robber chief, named Rieux, who laid the surrounding country under contribution, and in 1591 sustained two sieges by the forces of Henry IV., under the Duke of Epernon and the Mare- chal de Biron. He was at length caught by stratagem, and hanged at Compiegne in 1593. His feudal lord, St. Chamant, sustained a third siege after his death, and obtained an honourable capitulation. The castle sustained a fourth siege in iGlfi, when Villeneuve, a second Rieux, capitulated after a determined resistance. Cardinal Richelieu afterwards caused the castle to be partly demolished. In 1798 the ruins were sold for 8,000 fr. as national property; in 1812 Napoleon 1. bought them for 5,000 fr., and they have belonged to the Crown ever since. Louis Philippe visited them in 1832, and the present Emperor has done much to render them accessible and beautify Ihe surrounding ground. A portion of the castle is likely to be soon restored . It contains a rich gallery of ancient armour, visible on Thursdays and Sundays from 12 to 4, riERUEFONDS. 507 The village below is acquiring some importance from the sulphurous spring discovered there in 1840. A bathing estab- lishment, provided with every comfort, has been erected, and several pretty houses have sprung up around it. But Pierrefonds is not the only attraction of these parts. Following the road to Atticinj, at about two kilometres from Pierrefonds, we arriA e at a spot where every stroke of the pickaxe reveals the existence of some habitation of the Gallo- Pioman period, and roofs of houses may be seen peering out of the soil. Here Roman wells are found, and innumerable relics of the Roman dominion in these regions, such as sculp- ture, pottery, weapons, etc. Passing through the hamlets of Palesne and Morienval, which latter stands on the site of a Roman villa, and of one built by Dagobert, while its Byzan- tine church might adorn a town, we arrive at Orrouij, where a guide may be had to show the Roman ruins of Champlieu — (Campi locus.) Following some intricate paths up a hill, the visitor will suddenly come upon a wall which forms part of the most complete amphitheatre now in existence; nothing indeed is wanting but the actors and the public of those times. It has long been known in the neigh- bourhood as the Fer-d-Cheval, a name which denotes its form. In the middle ages it w^as called Les Tournelles. Here Roman coins of Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Constantine, have been found,' and the children of the vicinity will some- times offer some for sale to the tourists. M. Marchal (de Luneville) has published some of tlie architectural I’emains, busts, and other pieces of sculpture which still exist here. This spot was evidently one of those permanent Roman camps which not unfrequeutly became towns in course of time. We here find evidence of this in the existence of a temple to Apollo, situated in the vicinity of the theatre. Part of the stairs of the peristyle are still visible, with the well sculptured shafts of columns, the capitals and entablatures of which are strewn on the ground. COURBEVOIE — a village lying beyond Neuilly, and only remarkable for the statue of Napoleon I., which stood on the Colonne Vendome, and has now been erected here on a granite pedestal, facing the Arc de Triomphe de I’Etoile, which is visible from this spot. CORBEIL — 8 leagues south of Paris, on the Seine ; a town of 4,000 inhabitants, with extensive flour-mills and an immense corn-warehouse, having 805 windows. H carries on a con- siderable trade in corn and flour. The church of St. Spire, re- built in 1437, contains thetombof Jacques deBourgoin, founder of the college of Gorbeil (1 061), The small church of St, Jean 508 ENVIRONS OF PARIS. cn rule was built by the Templars in the 13th century. A branch of the Lyons railway terminates here. ENGIIIEN-LES-BAINS.— This village, half an hour from Pa- ris, is situat(!d on the lake of St. Gratien, between Montmorency and the wood of St. Gratien. The sulphurous spring was dis- covered in 17fiC. The waters contain lime, carbon, magnesia, soda, and sulphuretted hydrogen gas ; their usual temperature is 59 degrees of Fahrenheit, but they may be heated much higher without losing their properties ; they are efficacious in scrofula and other diseases of the skin, inlestinal chronic affeclions, and nervous, and rheumatic disorders. Furnished houses and apart- ments for the accommodation of visitors are very numerous. Horses and asses are ready saddled for rides to the delightful villages in the vicinity. Balls, similar to those described at pp. 479-481, take place here in summer, and attract the Parisians in very great numbers, particularly since the exist- ence of the northern railroad, which has a station .at Enghien. ERMENONVILLE — 10 leagues north-east of Paris, is remark- able for its chateau, in a dependency of which Jean- Jacques Rousseau died. M. de Girardin, having learnt that the small- ness of Rousseau’s income had compelled him to quit Paris, in- vited him to lirmenoiiville, where he arrived on the 20th May, 177 8, but died on the 2d July following, and was buried in an island in the great park, called lie des Peupliers, where a mo- nument was erected to his memory. The park and grounds adjoining the chateau are laid out with great taste. F^ONTAINEBLEAU. — This handsome town of 9700 inhabi- tants, at 59 knohielres S.E. of Paris, is the seat of a sub-pre- fecture, and has two hospitals, a Hotel de Ville, a new and handsome Palais de Justice, a Protestant college, a church (St. Louis), newly rebuilt in a very tasteful style, a theatre, public baths, and a porcelain manufactory. It may be reached in less than two hours by the Lyons railroad, which has a splendid viaduct of thirty arches at the Fontaiirebleau station. In the middle of the Place Centralc, to the left of the Grande Rue, there stands a bronze statue of General Da- mesme, who fell in the insurrection of June, 1848. But the chief attractions of Fontainebleau are its palace, which stands unrivalled for magnificence, and the picturesque forest on which it borders. The garden and park are public ; the palace is visible every day from 12 till 3. To visit the scenery of the forest completely, vehicles are always in readiness, butthe price must be bargained for beforehand. A Sunday pleasure train runs during the summer at reduced fares. History. — The forest of Fontainebleau was originally called the F^rdt de Bierre, from the name of a Danish warrior, Bierra, FONTAINEBLEAU. 509 surnanied C6te de Fer, who in 845 encamped his army here after having committed frighlfnl ravages. Its present name I seems to have been derived from a spring of water, where the town now exists, which was found so delicious by thirsty huntsmen as to obtain for it the appellation of Fontaine. Belle Fan. The epoch of the foundation of a royal residence here, is uncertain. Some attribute it to King Robert the Devout in the eleventh century, but it is at least of the twelfth, several acts having been promulgated here by Louis VII. f Philippe Auguste also resided at Fontainebleau. Philippe le Bel was horn and died at Fontainebleau, and his tomb is in the small church of the adjoining hamlet of Avon. Louis IX., who called Fontainebleau his chers deserts, frequently hunted in the forest, founded an hospital, and erected the Chapelle de la Sainte Trinitehere. It was not however till the 16th cen- tury that the pr esent chateau was commenced by Francis L, and became the favourite residence of that monarch andTfniTrm mediate successors. In it have taken place many of the most remarkable events of French history. Here, in 1539, Francis received and feted Charles V. of Germany on his visit to France. In 1602 the Marechal de Biron was arrested here, by order of Henry IV., on a charge of high treason, and afterwards he- headkl in the Bastille. In 1650 the Marquis de Monaldeschi, the secretary and favourite of Queen Christine, was assassinated f here by her orders, In 1 685, Louis_ ^. signed the revocation of the Edict of Nante s, and in thoTc^wing year the great Conde died here, as did also in 17 65 the Dauphin, only son of Louis XV., father of Louis XVI., Louis XVIII., and Charles X. The court having been transfeived by Louis XIV. to Versailles, Fontainebleau became neglected, and aTThe revolution it was stripped of all its valuable furniture and decorations, and fell I into thorough decay. Unde r- Napoleon , however, it was par- I tially restored, and became once more the theatre of events, i In 1808, Charles IV., king of Spain, dethroned by Bonaparte, I was detained a prisoner here during 24 days. In 1 809 the ^ c divorce bet ween t he Ei nperor and Jo sephine was pronouiiced I here, and three yeaFsTater Pope Pius VII. became an unwil- ling inmate of the palace for 18 months. Here Napoleon him- self, in 1814, signed his abdication, and took leave of the imperial eagles. Nothing remarkable took place here during the Restoration, Louis XVHI. and his family having made few improvements in Fontainebleau. But in 1831, Louis Philippe commenced its complete restoration, and the works proceeded with great activity, and at consideralile cost ; all the first artists of France were employed in decorating it ; the most scrupulous attention was paid to the restoration of everything to its ori- ■)10 ENVIRONS OF PARIS. ginal style, the furniture carefully selected, and the effect of the palace rendered the most splendid that can be conceived. The latest events that have taken place at Fontainebleau are the marriage of the Duke of Orleans, the reception of Queen Maria Christina of Spain, Lecointe's attempt to assassinate Louis Philippe in the forest, and the visits of the Grand Duke Constantine of Russia, and the King of Bavaria, in May, 1 857. The Palace. — The vast Cour des Adieux, formerly Coio’ da Cheval Blanc, from an equestrian statue in plaster once placed here, is separated from the adjoining Place de Solferino (lately Place de Ferrare) by an elegant railing, over the cen- tral gate of which we see two gilt eagles, the same which adorned it under Napoleon 1. The palace has four courts ; viz. the Cour de la Fontaine, the fountain in which is surmounted by a fine statue of Ulysses, by Petitot ; the Cour Ovale, or du Donjon, formerly containing the keep of the cha- teau ; the Cour des Princes , so called from its apartments having been assigned to the Prince de Conde and the Due de Bourbon ; and that des Cuisines, or de Henri IV., who added consi- derably to the works of his predecessors, and took much plea- sure in adorning the chateau. The Cour des Adieux was de- signed by the architect Serlio and was once divided into four separate portions, for jousts and tournaments. The frontage of the chateau is composed of five pavilions, bearing the names of, 1, the Pavilion des Ainndniers, or de PHor- loge ; 2, i\\o Pavilion des Ordres ; 3, the middle pavilion, called des Peintures, adorned with a bust of Francis I., placed there by order of Louis Philippe ; 4, the Gros Pavilion ; 5, the Pavilion des Arrnes or des Poeles, so named from German stoves erected there in the time of Francis I. In the centre is a double flight of steps known as the Escalier du fer d cheval (so called from being in the form of a horse-shoe), constructed by Lemercierin the time of Louis XIIL, and a few feet in advance of the bottom of these steps is the spot on which the Emperor Napoleon bade adieu to his soldiers on the 20th of April, 1814 ; and where, eleven months after, he reviewed the troops he was about to lead to Paris. The other two sides of the court are formed by an old wing of the time of Francis L, and a new one, of a different design, erected by Louis XV. on the site of the splendid Galcrie d’Uhjsse, thus destroying some of the best frescoes of Primaticcio. InPrior . — The order in which the visitor is led through the different apartments is seldom the same, but whether he enter them from the llorsc-shoe staircase, or from a door be- low, he will arrive at a vestibule, with six doors, beautifully- carved, respectively giving access — 1 , to the upper galleiT of FONTAINEBLEAU. 511 the Chapelle de la Trinite ; 2 , the staircase descending into it; 3, the Galerie des Fresques, ov des Assiettes; 4, the rooms formerly occupied by the Duchess of Orleans; 5, to the Horse- shoe staircase, and C, to the Galerie de Francois I. The Cha ■ pellede la Trinite was constructed by Francis I., on the site of one erected by St. Louis ; a fragment of the latter, a Doric arch at the bottom of the nave, still remains. The chapel is 130 feet by 20, exclusive of the side chapels. The arched ceiling, painted by Frerainet, and restored by M. Lejeune, re- presents Noah entering the Ark with his children, the Fall of the Angels, the Adoration of God, the Announcement of the Messiah by the Angel Gabriel, and the Holy Fathers receiv- ing this announcement. The altar, of the time of Louis XHL, is by Bordoni ; the altar-piece, the Descent from the Cross, was painted by Jean Dubois ; the four bronze angels, and the statues of Charlemagne and St. Louis, are by Germain Pilon. The marriages of Louis XV. and of the late Duke of Orleans, j as also the baptism of the present Emperor, were celebrated here. — The Galerie des Fresques is remarkable for its panels, I with paintings of Fame, Victory, Juno, Ceres, Flora, etc., by ’ Ambroise Dubois, restored by Alaux. The wainscoting below is decorated with 128 beautiful plates of Sevres porcelain, re- presenting the principal residences of the French monarchs, and objects relating to the history of Fontainebleau. Re- turning to the vestibule, we enter the Galerie de Frangois 1., a magniFicent hall, go metres in length, overlooking the Cour de la Fontaine, with a ceiling divided into massive compart- ments beautifully gilt, and a maze of scroll-work, caryatides, and arabesques in haut-relief on the walls, encompassing fres- coes by Rosso and Primaticcio, some of wliich have been re stored by M. Couderc, who has added other subjects of his own. On the panels of the wainscoting are various devices, the letter “F,” and the Salamander, the emblem chosen by Francis I. At the further end of this gallery there is a marble bust of Francis L, and to the left of this a door gives access to a winding staircase, called Escalier St. Louis, beautifully designed and carved. We must now return to the vestibule, in order to view the Appartanenls des Rrin.es Meres, so called from having been formerly assigned to the Queens Dowager. They were inha- ; bited by Pius VII. in 1812, and afterwards by the Duchess of Orleans. They are all remarkable for splendid spec imens of_ Go belins tapest ry. The two first rooms of this suite are now filled with the presents brought lo the Emperor by the Siamese Embassy, which arrived in Paris in the summer of 1861. In the first, a press contains several well-wrought bowls and ENVIRONS OF PARIS. 512 other metal utensils, girdles, and weapons set with jewels, etc. Near this press we see a palanquin with spangled cur- tains, and a beautiful throne or state-chair on poles, to be car- ried like a palanquin. To this belongs a rich portable' canopy or parasol, set, like the chair, with precious stones. In the second room, which was the Pope's Salon de Reception, there are a saddle and bridle, also studded witli jewels, and various fancy spears and other weapons of beautiful workmanship, and lastly, several banners of a very unusual form, being composed of pieces of stutf arranged in circles one above the other, and all richly embroidered. Next follows the Chainbre d coucher d’Anne d’Autriche, which was used as an oratory by Pins VII. Where the bed now is, stood the altar It was here Napoleon I. attempted to wring from him his consent to the Concordat, by which he renounced temporal power. Charles V. of Germany slept in it in 1 539, while on a visit to Francis I. The ceiling of this chamber is gorgeously carved and gilt. Over the doors are portraits of Anne and Maria Theresa of Austria. The next rooms are a Cabinet de Toilette, with a portrait of Pius VII., v/ho used this room for a study ; then another toilet-room, and after this, his bed- room. In the next room is a press, beautifully carved by Jean Goujon. The last, the Anti-chambre, is filled with portraits of Charles VI., Louis IX., Henry IV., and Louis XIV., by Iloro- nois ; and other paintings by Poussin, Mignard, Breughel, &c. This suite is now reserved for royal visitors. Returning once more to the first vestibule, the landing place of a private staircase leads to the private apartments of Napo- leon L, which were also inhabited by Louis Philippe, and are now reserved for the present Emperor. Like tlie prece- ding ones, they are all rich in_Gab clins tapestry . In ther Anti- chambre is a fine portraitoTM^ame deMontespan ; thepaint-^ ings over the doors are by Boucher. The Cabinet da Secre - taire and the Salle dcs bains, a small room completely co- I vered with mirrors adorned with arabesques, brought hither ! from Versailles, lead to the Cabinet Particulier, where the Emperor signed his abdication, April 5th, 1814. Here is the little table on which it was written, small pieces havingbeen chipped off by the curious. The Cabinet de travail contains the Empe- ror’s writing desk ; the ceiling, by Regnault, represents Law and Force. The Chanibre d coucher contains the same furniture used by the Emperor; the paintings are by Sauvage. Next comes the Salle du Conseil ; its splendid ceiling and the panels of the walls are painted by Boucher. The Salle du TrCme comes next, richly decorated, with a portrait of Louis; XHI. by Philippe de Champagne. Opposite stands the throne, with I FONTAINEBLEAU. 513 I a canopy and curtains of red velvet embroidered with gold bees. From the richly-gilt ceiling hangs a magnificent lustre of rock- crystttl, valued at 100,000 francs. This room was begun by Charles fX., and decorated by Louis Xlll. and Louis XIV. The throne and draperies were added by Napoleon. Adjoining this is the Boudoir de I’ Iniperatrice, formerly occupied by Marie Antoinette, with a ceiling painted by Barthelemy, representing Aurora. The window-fastenings, beautifully adorned with wreaths of wrought iron, were made by Louis XVI., who is known to have been an adept in the mechanical arts. In the [ centre of the flooring is the cypher of the unfortunate Marie Antoinette. Next is the Empress’s Bedchamber ; the curtains \ and furniture were a present of the City of Lyons to Queen Marie Antoinette; the ceiling is beautifully carved and gilt. It has been successively occupied-by-Ma de Loui se, and Marie Amelie, late Queen of the French. The following room is th^ de Reception de V [inperatrice, with a fine table of Sevres porcelain, with the four Seasons, painted by Georget. The panels are by Sauvage, and the ceiling by Barthelemy and Vincent. From the Salon des Dames d’ Honneur, seven steps lead up to the Galerie de Diane, nearly i^metrcs '32S in length, of Doric architecture ; it was partially repau^d by Napoleon, and completed by Louis XVIII. The ceiling is painted by Blondel and Abel de Pujol with scenes from the mythology of Diana and Apollo. In the panels are 26 paint- ings of historical interest, by Granet, Boisselier, Chauvin, Remond, Bouton, etc. A recess at the further end, called the Salon de Diane, contains a beautiful vase of Sevres por- celain, with bas-reliefs, illustrative of the Arts and Sciences. This room has now become the Library of the Palace; the old one, situated in what was once calle the Chape le Haute, being now under repair 1). Near one of the windows of the gallery we see the coat of mail woim by the unfortunate Mo- naldeschi when killed by order of Queen Christina of Sweden, on the loth of November, 1667. In the centre of the gallery there is a picture of Henry IV. on horseback, by Mauzaisse, and opposite, a bust of Napoleon III., by Barre. The Em- peror has another library to himself, which is not visible. On leaving this gallery, the visitor passes to the landing place of the Escalier de V Imperatrice, with paintings relating to the chase ; the larger one, representing Louis XV. and his (i) It is a fine specimen of the talent of Serlio, its architect, who planned it ty order of Francis I. In i807 it became a li- brary ; its music gallery was built by Henry II., whose cypher, interlaced with that of Diane de Poitiers, is still to be seen on the ceiling. 33 ENVIRONS OF PARIS. 514 suite a hunting, is by Parrocel, the other by Oudry and Des- portes. This staircase leads to the Appartemen^s Particu- liers, consisting of seven rooms on the ground-floor, which are inhabited by the Prince Imperial and his attendants. The furniture is simple, but elegant. Returning to the landing- place, we enter the AppaYtements de Reception, the first of which is the Antichambre de la Reine, ornamented with ta- pestries, the subjects taken from Don Quixote; next is the Salo7i des Tapisseries, remarkable for its ceiling and hangings of old Flanders tapestry. The ceiling of this room is executed in gilt compartments of inlaid work. The Salon de Fran- gois I. succeeds, with its fine old chimney-piece, and its new \ Gobelins taji^U’y, representing events in French historyT'Sfei’ designs bfRouget. Over the chimney-piece is a medallion, ' representing Mars a id Venus, painted by Priraaticcio. Here also we see a small mirror, presented to Louis XIII. by the Re- ])ublic of Venice. The Salon de Louis XIII. looks upon the Four Ovale. This apartment contains the portrait of Louis XilL, wlio was horn in it; it is also adorned with paint- ings hy Ambroise Dubois on the ceiling and panels, with sub- jects borrowed from the Greek romance of Theagenes and Ciiariclea. The oldest part of the chateau is the Salon St. Louis, once inhabited by bim, but much altered, indeed nearly recon- structed at different epochs, between the reigns of Francis I. and Louis Philippe. It contains a high-relief in white marble of Henry IV. on horseback, by Jacquet, an artist contemporary with that great King, whose adventurous life is depicted around the chamber; the splendid ceiling was ordered by Louis Philippe. Passing through the old Salle des Officiers \ de Service, where there are portraits of Henry IV. and Louis / . XVff. in Gobelins tapestry, wc arrive at the Salle des Gardes, j c'onstrilc'ced imcler Louis XIII. It contains cyphers, in panels, of the kings and queens of France, from IV-ancis I. down- wards, and a fine white marble mantel-piece, flanked by two statues of Strength and Peace, by Francarville, and on it a Inist of Henry IV. Next is the Petit Salon Louis XV., with a Diane Chasseresse, by Primaticcio, but this is not shown to strangers. Returning by the Salle des Gardes, and ])iissing through a small pavilion, we arrive at the Escalier dllonneur. This- staircase is rcmarkalile for its elegant scroll- work caryatides, and wreaths in stucco. Its fi-escos, by Rosso, have been rcstoi'ed by Abel de Pujol. This leads to I the most inqiosing room of the whole chateau; it is the Ga- lerie de Henri II., or Salle de Bal, constructed by that king ^ to please his mistress, Diana of Poitiers. The soffits of the j arclies, as well as the spandrels of its ten windows, were FOiNTAUVEBLEAU . 5 1 5 painted l)y Priinaticcio and Niccolo, and restored by Alaux. The subjects relate to Ceres, Vulcan, Apollo, Phileiiion and Baucis, &c. It is 90 feet by 30, and titted up with the most luxurious splendour ; the civil marriage of the Duke of Or- leans was celebrated here in 1837. The highly ornamented chimney-piece was the work of the sculptor llondelet. A side passage, communicating with this ball-room near the principal entrance, gives access to the Appartements de Madame de Maintenon, now appropriated to the Princess Ma- thilde. They consist of four rooms, in one of which Louis XIV. accepted the offer of the Spanish crown for his grandson from the Spanish Deputies in 1700, an event which led to the War of the Succession. Here also he signed thej:pypcation of the Edict of Nantes . The furniture is of the time.^^ ‘ Grossing the Salle de Henri II. , a staircase descends to the ground-floor. The first place of note is the Chapelle de St. Saturnin, originally built by Louis VII. , and consecrated by Thomas a Becket, in 1109, during his absence from England on account of bis contest with Henry II. It was restored and ornamented by Francis I. again by Louis XHL, and finally by Louis Philippe, whose talented daughter, the late Princess Mary, designed the subjects for the stained glass. It is further remarkable as containin'^ ^ the altar at which Pope Pius VII. performed mass in the cha- teau during the eighteen months of his detention, 1812-14. | The vast saloon next this chapel is the Galerie des Colonnes, corresponding in dimensions with the Galerie de Henri II’. above. It served as the waiting-room on levee days; at other times as the private royal dining-room. Here the Duchess of Orleans was married in 1837, according to the rites of the Pro- testant church. The Duchess of Kent dined here with Louis Philippe in 1842. The doors are richly decorated. Here we leave the palace by the Porte Doree, facing the Avenue Maintenon and leading to the Cour Ovale; it was built by Francis I. in 1528, and adorned with 8 frescos by Niccolo, designed by Priinaticcio, restored by Picot in 1835 , viz. Her- cules and Omphale, a Titan and Aurora, the Argonauts, Paris wounded, Diana and Endymion, and the Titans cast down from Heaven. By this passage Charles V. made his entry into the chateau in 1539; and through it fled the Duchess d’Etainpes, on the death of Francis L, to avoid the vengeful wrath of Diana of Poitiers. The visitor should here ask to see the Vestibule de St. Louis, which is preceded hy an antechamber adorned with old wood-cai'vings taken from the Galerie de Henri II., This apartment, in the oldest part of the cliateau, w.as restored and decorated by Louis Philippe. It contains statues of 516 ENVIRONS OF PARIS. St. Louis, Philip Augustus, Francis I., and Henry IV., all of whom built or adorned portions of the chateau. The groined vault is painted and gilt, with lleurs de lys on a blue ground. Here the visitor will recognize the Escalicr St. Louis, men- tioned above (see p= 511 = ) The Porte Doree is one of the entrances to the Cour Ovale, measuring 77 metres by 38; it has a colonnade all round, closing witli a remnant of a pavilion and turret, said to have been inhabited by St. Louis. This court communicates with the Cour de Henri IV. by the Porte Dauphine, a gate of curious design, flanked with busts, and surmounted by a square gilt cupola, adorned Muth figures of Fame. Under this cupola Louis XIII. was christened. Some of the parts of this palace here described can only be visited with a ticket, to be obtained from M. le Grand Mare- chat da Palais, aux Tuilcries- These are ; the Galerie do Diane, the Ai>partemonts de Madame de Maintenon, and the Emperor’s apartments. The PcUts Appartenients, comprising the room where Monaldeschi was killed, being now under repair^ are not visible even with a ticket (1), no more than the Salle du Sprctade, in the Aile Neuve. The stage is small, and the house has two galleries, the lower o e reserved for the court, the upper for visitors ; the pit is for the officers of the household. The Salon de I’Empernir is octagonal, andquilted throughout ; the two adjoining rooms are reserved for the Emperor’s suite. A fee is given to the guide. The Park and Gardens. — The Jardin Anglais, or, as it is more rightly termed, Pittorcsque, extends along the front of the chateau, from the Aile Neuve, or de Louis XV., which forms one of the sides of the Cour du Cheval Blanc. From the varieties of surface presented by the ground, the sinuosities of the river, and other advantages, the hand of art, even while hiding itself, has contrived to make a wild little paradise of this beautiful spot. The Parterre, laid out by Le Notre, is in the old-fashioned style of gardening, and has a square piece of water. Another garden, the Jardin particulier, faces the im- perial apartments. L’Etang, or great jond, facing the Cour fC The Princess Clementine, now Duchess of Saxc Coburg- Gotha, had an apartment here, of great beauty, formerly occu- pied by the Empress Maria Louisa. Napoleon I. himself also oc- cupied an apartment here, and had a private staircase leading to a library above. These were the apartments of Louis Philippe’s sister, Madame Adelaide. Among the reserved apartments were those de I' Aile Neuve, formerly occupied by Napoleon’s sister, the Princess Borghese, and afteVwards by the Duchess de Nemours. Underneath is a suite of seven moms, once occupied by Madame Letitia, mother of Napoleon. FONTAINEBLEAU. 517 lie la Fontaine, is a fine piece of water, of a triangular shape, , about 1000 feet long on two of its sides, and 700 feet on the other ; it is entirely lined with sandstone, and contains a vast number of enormous carps, many of them of great age. A diversion peculiar to the place consists in throwing very hard rolls (sold by poor women on the spot) into the pond, and watching the eager and unsuccessful attacks of the carp upon them. In the middle is a han dsome octagonal pavilion, vul- , garly called the Cabinet du Roi, originally construcTed there ! by Francis I. ThrparkTeastof the garden, is large and beau- tiful ; it is traversed in its whole extent by a magnificent canal, 4000 feet long and 130 broad, which is fed by springs and the waste water from the basins in the garden. North of this, and skirting the Park, we find the Treille du Roi, a fine row of vines covering a wall nearly a mile long, and bearing grapes of a superior quality, called chasselas de Fontainebleau, though most of those sold under that name are grown at Thomery, on the banks of the Seine, four miles east of Fontainebleau ; the better sorts were intro- duced here by Francis I. This village is worthy of a visit, both for the vineyards in the season, and its curious old church built in 854. The only buildings in the park are the house of the chief gardener, and the stables, formerly the He- ronnieres, from the falcons kept there for flyingat the heron, &;c. The Forest of Fontainebleau is sixty -three miles in cir- { cuit, and contains 42,000 acres. Perhaps no forest presents | such a variety of picturesque views ; rocks, ravines, valleys, j plains,— all are found here ; the woods abound in every variety ' of tree ; the meadows, lawns, and cliffs, present every species of plant and flower. The finest point of view in the whole forest is from the Fort de rEmpereur, a belvedere, about a . mile from the town, Trom which an extent of nearly forty ) miles is discovered in almost every direction. By the aid of > good telescopes, always to be found on the spot in fair weather, the P antheon of Paris indistinctly visible from it. } After this, the best views are to be had from the sites called ' platieres, to be met with at intervals; but the localities best worth a visit are perhaps the following, in the order usually taken by the guides; — 1, Mont Ussy, and the Ntd de I’Aigle; 2, the valley of La Solle, and Rocher des Deux Sceurs, hard by which is the curious Rock of St. Germain, where the stones are nearly all crystallized ; 3, la Gorge et Vallon d Apre- mont, containing some of the most picturesque scenei’y in the forest, some very fine old trees, and the Caverne des Brigands, dug out about a century ago by a robber named Thissier and bis band, who were the terror of the environs ; 4, the Hermi-’ a 18 FnWlKONS OF PARIS. tage of Francharcl, about 4 miles west of Fontaiiiel.Ieau juried midst rocks and sands, in a spot havmg the aspect of a cesert althougli once the site of a famous and flourishing monisterv founded ])v Pliihppc Auguste. Here is the celebrated droning rock, la Roche qui pleure, which tlie Aulgar once tloueht yielded water of sovereign virtue in the cure of diseases Pil- grimages were made to it, and no doubt the “ holy friar« ” gave no discoui'agement to the faith in tlie remedial powers" if the ‘ ‘ tears ” of the “ Weeping Rock.” Its superstitious assochtions have long since vanished ; the monastery was suppressed hv Louis XIV., on account of the monks having from timetV time been murdered by hands of robbers, and the place is now resorted to annually by the inhabitants of Fontaineblea;i and surrounding country, for the very secular purpose of liolding a fair on Whit-Tuesday. 5 . La Croix du Grand Vmeur marked liy an obelisk at the point where four roads meet receives its name from the legend of the spectral black hunts- man, Avho was supposed to haunt the forest ; it is said he appeared to Henri IV. shortly before his assassination. There are also the splendid Promenade de la Reine, the Rocher clAvon, near the route de Fontainebleau, the Gorge anx Loups, the Long Rocher, overlooking the village of Montisnv and the Mare anx Evees, a picturesque spot on the Mclun road. Those whose time is extremely limited, may still ?njoy a charming two hours’ walk or drive, by following what IS called the Promenade an Chemin de Fer, extending from the Baiiiere de Melun to the railway station, and comprisine the Mont Calvaire (which offers a beautiful view of Fontaine- bleau and the forest), the Rocher des Marsouins, the Rocher an ruitsdes Ecureuih, the Roche de Leviathan and du Liable the Grotte de Georgine, and part of the Promenade de id Reine; all which points offer the most striking viexvs ima- ginable. It formerly abounded in stags, deer, &c., but these were almost exterminated at the revolution of 1830 ; never- theless it still is a favourite rendezvous for hunting. ’ In the spring and autumn it is much frequented by artists, as it abounds m beautiful landscape studies. No forest in France possesses finer trees, or a greater variety of indigenous plants. It IS so intersected with roads radiating in all directions, that a guide or a map is indispensable; the best are those of M. Denecourt, a pul)lic-spirited gentleman, who has caused blue arrows to be painted upon conspicuous trees in the most fre- quented places, in order to guide the tourist on his way (1). Races take place at Fontainebleau during the stay of the Couit at the palace, a circumstance which renders them par- ticularly brilliant and animated. The course is picturesquely 519 MALMAISON. situated in the Vallee de la Solle, a vast arnydiilheali'e sur- rounded by the Rocher St. Germain and the Uiickly-wooded heights of Cassepol, Chauvet, and La Solle. GAILLARDON— a small town on the Chartres railway line. It possesses a curious church, a medley of various styles, but containing a beautiful choir ; its most inteiesting lelic is the fantastically shaped ruin of a tower, called L’Fpunle de UaiHardon, built in the 1 1th century by GcoffVoy, Vicomte de Chateaudun, and dismantled by Dunois when he recovered it from the English under Talbot in 1442. jSSY — This village, situated beyond Vaugirard, possesses two important eharitable establishments well worth visit- ing : the Hospice des Menages (seep. 118) and the //osp fee Devillas (see p. 119), The former occupies a new and ele- gant building, furnished and provided with comforts in a style perhaps too splendid for the purpose. It will accommo- date 1 ,7 40 persons. The Hospice Devillas adjoining cad re- ceive 80 persons, and is more comfortable. MAINTENON — a small town near the Chartres railway line, remarkable for an old and picturesque castle, the seat of the Due de Noailles, who has lately done much to beautify it. It was bought in 1074 by Madame de Maintenon, and was often visited by Louis XIV., who built the left wing, the opposite one being constructed by Madame de Maintenon. Ra- cine, at her request, wrote his two tragedies of Esther and Athalie here, and one of the avenues of the. park still bears his name. Charles X. passed the night after his abdication here, on his way from Rambouillet (see p. 52 5) to the coast. The park, laid out bt Jean Cottcreau and Le Notre, is magni- ficent. It contains “the ruins of an aqueduct commenced by Louis XIV., in order to carry the w^aters of the Eure to the gardens of Versailles, but never completed. MAISONS-LAFFITTE — 4 leagues from Paris, on the Rouen railroad, situated on the Seine, with picturesque views. Before the revolution of 17 89, the chateau, a chef d’muvre of Mansard, belonged to the Comte d’ Artois. Napoleon gave it to the Duke de Montebello. It afteiAvards belonged to M. Laffitte, and now toM. Thomas. Voltaire wrote his “ Zaire” here, and was nearlv carried off by the small-pox. MALMAISON— 3 leagues west of Paris, near tlie Pans and St. Germain railroad, w^as the favourite residence of Napoleon and the Empress Josephine. The latter died here on the_29th May 1814, and was buried in the small and ancient church of , (l) Fo^lainehloau possesses a vatuatde liiiul ol sand tor making glass. An English company lias the c.xtinsive privilege of digging and sliqiping il off to England. 520 ENVIRONS OF PARIS. Rueil (see p. 529). The chateau was bought several years ago by Queen Christina of Spain, from whom it was purchased in 1861 by Napoleon III. A small pavilion to the left, almost surrounded by lime trees, was the private cabinet of the Em- peror, \vhere he meditated and planned some of his greatest campaigns. It contains two paintings by Gariot, representing the signing of the Concordat, and the burning of the bridge of Chatou by order of Napoleon I. MARLY— 4 leagues west of Paris, was celebrated for its cha- teau and gardens, erected by Louis XIV., and destroyed during the revolution of 1 7 89. The small village on the banks of the Seine, called Poil dc Muvly, was celebrated for a curious en- gine, invented by a carpenter, by which water was raised by means of two rows of pipes, up to the brow of the hill over- looking the place, to the aqueduct at the top, 300 feet above the Seine. A model of this engine may be seen at the Conserva- toire des Arts et Metiers. This engine was taken down in 1857, and a new one, constructed on the same plan consider- ably improved by the engineer, M. Dufrayer, has now been built on the same spot. It consists of six pair of powerful undershot wheels, each of 200 horse-power, and working four pumps. The aggregate quantity of water supplied is 25,000 cubic metres per day, raised to a height of 166 metres. The aqueduct, 70 feet high, carries the water raised by the engine to Versailles and other places. The view from the aqueduct IS very fine. The pavilion on the brow of the hill, called Maisons, was built for the celebrated Mme. Dubarry. MEUDON — 2 leagues south-west of Paris, is remarkable for the chateau and park, situated on an eminence overlooking the village, and commanding an extensive and beautiful pros- pect. There were formerly two chateaux here ; one of vvhich stood in advance of the present one on the great terrace. Louis XIV. purchased this villa of the widow of the Marquis de Louvois. During the revolution of 17 89, it was used for artillery experiments. In 1795, one of the chateaux being nearly destroyed by a fire, Bonaparte ordered it to he taken down, the gardens to he replanted, and the smaller one to be repaired. In 1814, Louis XVIII. annexed Meudon to the domains of the crown ; it was afterwards used by the Due de Bordeaux, and in 1831 was furnished throughout for the Duke of Orleans, and is now thesummer residence of Prince Napoleon and his family. The approach is through a wide avenue, at the end of which is a magnificent terrace 4 50 yards m length, and 180 in breadth, erected in 1660, by Henri de Guise. The palace consists of a central pedimented pile with two wings of the same height, flanked with pavilions. The MEUDON. 521 keystones of the windows and portals bear sculptured masks, bouquets, &c. A Doric vestibule, adorned with statues, the most conspicuous of which is tJlysses, by Debarre, sen., gives access to a staircase, the walls of which are decorated with various pictures, among which are Hercules taking Cer- berus from Hell, by Lenoir; and Meicury lulling Argus to Sleep, by Regnier. The apartments of the Empress Josephine, afterwards inhabited by the late King and Queen, contain several beautiful paintings. The furniture of one of the rooms is covered with Beauvais tapestry, representing various fables of La Fontaine. In the gallery which terminates this suite is a collection of gouaches by Joubert, illustrating the Creation and Fall of Man ; there is besides a copy in bronze of the Boy with the Butterfly, by Chodet ; the bust of the present Emperor, by Barre ; and that of the Empress, by M. de Nieuwekerke. The apartments formerly occupied by Napoleon L, and after- wards by the Duke of Orleans, are entered by the same gal- lery, and contain many superb paintings, among which the Death of Lesueur, by Yignard. In the Salon de Famillc the doors are painted by Boucher ; there are also two paintings by Coypel, representing subjects taken from the tragedies of Corneille. In the Sa'le d manger, now a billiard-room, is a splendid marble statue by Ruxtheil, representing Pan- dora. The furniture is very handsome ; Lyons silk and Gobe- lins tapestry form th e principal decoration. From the windows oTTM” cMteau, or thelerrace, splendid views of Paris are to be enjoyed ; the finest is that of the valley of the Seine, with Paris in the distance. The gardens yvere laid out by Le Notre. The wood of Meudon is extensive, and much frequented in the summer by the Parisians. Meudon was renoyvned for the stud formed here by the Duke of Gramraont, under the reign of Charles X. It was afterwards the property of Louis Philippe, but yvas sold in 1848. At present anew one has been formed. The studhouses, paddocks, 6cc., lie at the upper end of the village. Horses bred here used to be sent to Chantilly to be trained. On the terrace above-mentioned, to the left on en- tering, there are four immense stones (besides smaller ones) discovered in the avenue in 1847, bearing undoubted marks of Druidical origin. On one of them the outline of a horse’s head is roughly sculptured, and still discernible. They have now been grouped in an upward position, somewhat in the form of a rude pyramid. Rabelais yvas the rector of the village of Meudon. Since the death of Prince Jerome, the palace has been closed to the public. — The Versailles railroad (left bank) passes just at the extremity of the avenue, which is close to the Bellevue station. 522 ENVIRONS OF PARIS MONT VALERIEN (also called Mont Calvaire). — This hill, a conical isolated mount, about two leagues from Paris, is 558 French feet above the Seine. It derives its latter name from a clurpel consecrated there in 1C33. But many centuries before it was a favourite place of worship, successively fre- quented by the Druids and other pagan priests, and the first Christians of Franco, From that time it was respected as a place of religious devotion ; several hermits inhabited its ca- verns, and pilgrimages used to be made to it. At the revolution of 17 89 the custom ceased; hut at the Restoration pilgrimages again came into vogue, and a fraternity of Trappists settled there. At the revolution of 1830, the hill and its dependencies were finally withdrawn from the influence of the church, and the summit is now crowned by one of the strongest forts connected with the defences of Paris, which cost 4,500,000 fr. In a cemetery on the eastern side, Mme. de Genlis was buried. MONTMARTRE— (See p. 448.) M ONTMORE NCY — a small town, 4 leagues north of Paris, on tile Northern Railroad, delightfully situated on a hill, op- posite Engbien (see p. 507), and commanding a fine view of the picturesque valley of Montmorency. The house called the Hermitage was inhabited by J.-J. Rousseau from 17 56 to 17 58. Here he composed his Nouvelle IleMse. His furniture is still shown here. This house afterwards became the pro- perty of the composer Gretry, who died there in 1813; l)ut has since been much altered and spoiled. The church is a beautiful building of the 15th century. The forest of Montmo- rency is extensive and highly picturesque. Horses and asses are to he hired in the market-place, at moderate prices, and halls, much frequented by the Parisians, are given herein sum- mer on Sundays. The country round is celebrated for its cherries. MORTEFONTAINE — 9 leagues north-east of Paris, derives its name from M. Le Pelletier de Mortefontaine, who built a chateau there in 1770. It subsequently became the property and favourite residence of Joseph Bonaparte, and afterwards belonged to the Prince de Conde. Mortefontaine abounds with rocks, trees, and water, grouped in most picturesque s;tylc, and, with its well-ornamented gardens, is worthy of a visit. NANTERRE. — A village, on the St. Germain railway, 2 leagues west of Paris, was the birth-place of Ste. -Genevieve, patron saint of Paris, in the 5th century. A pilgrimage in ho- nour of that saint is held here every year, and the fete de la Rosiere, at which the most virtuous young woman of the vil- lage is crowned by the mayor with a wreath of roses, is an- nually celebrated on the 15th of May. Nanterre contaims an abattoir for hogs, and is celebrated for its sausages and cakes. NEUILLY. 523 NEUILLY. — This village, delightfully situated at half a league from the Arc de I’Etoile, has acquired celebrity on account of its bridge, its elegant villas, and the interesting views which it commands. In ICOG there was merely a ferry at this place, but Henry IV., with his queen, having been pre- cipitated into the water by their horses taking fright, a wooden bridge was constructed, which, however, did pot last many years. The present one, built by Perronnet, is 7 50 feet long, and is composed of 5 arches, each 120 feet in span, and 30 in height. The chief ornament of Neuilly, up to the revolu- tion of February, 1848, was the favourite summer residence of Louis Philippe. It contained a valuable library and a choice collection of pictures, as also many interesting memo- rials of the early life and strange vicissitudes of that monarch’s eventful career. The Queen’s dressing-cabinet was highly in- teresting, its only ornaments being the various prizes gained by the princes her children, from their first entrance into their colleges; these were all neatly framed, and, encircled with branches of laurel, formed the sole decorations of the walls. In the park there was a monument, marking the spot where, in July, 1830, a cannon-ball, fired from the Bois de Boulogne, fell at the feet of Louis Philippe, then Duke of Orleans ; and on the same spot the crown of France was offered to him a few days subsequently, by a deputation. Near the spot where the palace stood there is a small circular building, in which the tomh of Diana of Poitiers formerly was, now removed to Dreux. The garden of the Comte de Paris, and an arbour are still vi ■ sible in the rue de Villiers ; it may be visited for a small fee on applying to the concierge, who also possesses a collection of articles once belonging to various members of the Royal family. On the 25th February, 1848, the moh broke into the palace, and committed acts of wanton devastation, (l) In virtue of the decrees of Jan. 22d, 1852, the grounds of Neuilly have been sold in lots, and they are now laid out in beautiful walks and avenues, skirted by charming villas. (1) The horrors of that niglit are hardly to he crediled. Tlic marauders penetrated into the cellars, containing immense quanlilies of wine, and Ihispart of the edifice became the scene of frightful and fatal orgies ; for, the madness of intoxication being added to popular fury, a great number were drowned in a well in the cellars. The building was afterwards set fire to, and a great part of it destroyed, but by the exertions of some pupils of the Polytechnic School, aided by the well-disposed persons of the vicinity, the rigid wing, which used to be the resi- dence of Madame Adelaide, was saved and still exists. In the ge- neral intoxication that prevailed, several of the mob, unable in their drunkenness to escape, perished miserably, suffocated by 524 ENVIRONS OF PARIS. PASSY — (Seep. 189.) POISSY — at one of the extremities of the forest of St. Ger- main, on the Seine, six leagues west of the capital, is a very ancient town, where the kings of France had a palace at a re- mote period. St. Louis, who was born at Poissy, inhabited the chateau, built the bridge, and established the cattle-market, still held there for the supply of Paris, every Thursday. Once a-year, on the Thursday but one before Shrove Tuesday, a grand meeting or fair takes place for the show of cattle and sheep, at which medals of encouragement and other prizes are given. (1) Philip le Hardi, son of Louis, erected at Poissy, in 1304, a handsome church in honour of his father, and in one of its chapels the font in which St. Louis is said to have been baptized is preserved. Poissy is famous for the confer- ences held between the Catholic and Protestant doctors in 1 561 . In this town is a Maison Centrale de Detetition, for persons condemned to confinement for any term of years. M. Meisson- nier, the celebrated painter, has a splendid villa here. PONT DE ST. MAUR — a village near Vincennes, so called from a bridge over the Marne which existed here in the 12th century. There is a curious tunnel here, 1,800 feet in length by 30 width and height, cut through the rock for shortening the navigation of the Marne. PRE ST. GERVAIS — outside the fortifications, near Belle- ville, owes its name to a meadow (pre), and a chapel dedicated to St. Gervais. This spot is covered with small country- houses and guinguettes, and its situation and the proximity of the wood of Romainville is an inducement for the admirers of rural scenery to frequent it. RAINCY — 4 leagues from Paris, near Livry, is a chateau which formerly belonged to the Sanguins of Livry, but was ceded in 1 7 50 to the Duke of Orleans. In 1 7 89 it was purchased by M. Ouvrard, the banker, and afterwards fell into the hands the heat and smoke, thus completing the horrible catastrophe in the cellars ; the number of these wretched victims has never been ascertained. Very few of the pictures or other articles of value were rescued. On the grounds stood a beautiful little pa- vilion, used by the young princes and their guests as a smoking- room, the walls of which were deeorated with yjipes of every description, some of them most curious and valuable. These were all carried off and the pavilion burnt to the ground. (i) In 1866 upwards of 3,ooo sheep, pigs, and oxen were brought to the cattle-show, besides a number of capons, fowls, and turkeys, Tbe total sum of the prizes, varying from soo to 3,000 fr., amounted to 48,650 fr. Three prizes of honour were given, consisting of silver cups of the value of 3,ooo fr., i,50o fr., and 800 fr,, besides gold apd silver medals. RAMBOUILLET. 525 of Napoleon; it returned to the Orleans family on the Restora- tion, but was included in 1852 in the decrees relating to the property of the Orleans family, and has now been sold in lots. The grounds were laid out in the English style, and the chateau was much improved by Louis Philippe. The chateau de Mont- fermeil, of the time of Louis XIIL, was annexed to Rainey. RAMBOUILLET is a small town in the department of the Seine et Oise, 1 1 leagues south-west of Paris, on the Chartres railway. The town itself has nothing particular to recommend it, except two houses of Doric design in a hy-streei, to the left on proceeding up the rue Imperiale, which were the wings of a palace built for the King of Rome. There is also the Mairie, a building of good though modest design, built by Napoleon I. in 1809, and situated on the Place d’Armes. The Gothic church, which forms another side of this square, is remarkable for its evident antiquity, being of the style prevalent in the eleventh century. It contains a picture by Vanloo, the Vision of St. Hubert. In an adjoining by-street is a large building 240 yards in length, now used for barracks. But its chief attraction lies in the chateau and park, formerly belonging to the Counts of Toulouse, and situated opposite to the Mairie. It is a large structure of brick, flanked with three towers with peaked roofs, and a larger one of stone, crowned with battlements, evidently of an earlier date than the rest. Francis I. died here, and the chamber is still shown where he was wont to hold his levees. Adjoining are rooms once inhabited by Diane de Poitiers. The Duke de Guise visited the chateau several times ; Cathe- rine de Medicis and Charles IX. took refuge in it during the battle of Dreux. It was also inhabited by Rabelais, Talle- raand des Reaux, and Voiture. Madame de Maintenon lived here with Louis XIV., who held his court in this chateau for several years. It was neglected by Louis XV., but Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette often chose it for their residence. Napoleon slept here for the last time previous to his taking refuge at Rochefort. Charles X. visited it frequently for hunting ; it was here he signed his abdication, Aug. 2d, 1830. It was then invaded by the Parisians, and the people leturned to the capital in the carriages of the court. During the revo- lution of 1848 the palace was let to a speculator for public balls, but since 1832 it has returned to the Civil List, and been considerably improved. There is a ferruginous spring in the vicinity. The Palace — is composed of two wings, at right angles to each other, and having at each corner an engaged circular turret surmounted by a spire, besides a massive round tower 526 ENVIRONS OF PARIS. crowned with battlements, a remnant of the ancient fortified castle which stood here in the 14th century. A balcony runs all round the first story on the garden side. On entering the palace from the court, we are ushered into the Salon de Re- ception, a fine room, overlooking a flower garden which bor- ders on a sheet of water branching out into the park in three directions. From this spot we see the Pavilion des Roches, a small summer-house on an islet of that name, where a grotto exists called la Marmitede RaMais, because frequented by that great satirist. It was a favourite retreat of Napoleon I., and has been thoroughly repaired. The next room to the left is that in which Charles X. signed his abdication in 1 8.30 ; adjoining is his bed-room. These three rooms are bare of furniture. Returning to the Salon, a door opposite leads by a few steps to the dining-room, entirely wainscoted with finely carved oak. Here a door gives access to a small chapel situated in one of the turrets ; although in a dilapidated con- dition, its walls still display the emblems of Louis XVI. Next follows the Salle de Billard, now bereft of its billiard-table. On the wall facing the windows we see a large map of the Arrondissement of Rambouillet, in the proportion of i to 7200 ; it was partly executed by Louis XVI. Next follows a Salon, the only apartment possessing some elegant Beauvais furniture ; then a Salon d' A llenle, and two other rooms, one formerly the library, and the other the study, of Napoleon I. It was in this room the annexation of Holland to France was decreed in 1810. All these rooms are remarkable for the lieaiitiful oak carving which covers the walls, and would alone warr.Hiit a visit to this palace. Most of the cast-iron plates of the fire places display the arms of the Counts of Toulouse — three fleurs de lys separated by a bar. We next come to the Salle de Rain, a room painted with arabesques and views of Rome, the Tuileries, etc., in medallions. Among them there is one representing the palace, mentioned above, l)uilt for the King of Rome. The unsuccessful attempts of the Bourbons to efface the emblejns of the Napoleonic dynasty are here exemplified by the fleurs de lys added to the Imperial crown painted on the panels. Adjoining this is Napoleon the First’s bedroom. Marie Louise slept here for the last time on the night previous to her departure for Vienna in 1814. In the next room there is a fine screen of Gobelins tapestry of Louis XVL’s time. Proceeding to the upper story, we enter three apartments, once inhabited by Queen Ilortense ; the furniture here, dating from the empire, is of beautiful ash- wood. A winding staircase now leads to the uppermost story, where we find the room in which Francis I. died : it is situ- RAMBOUILLET. 527 ated in the larf;c round tower. The low ceiling, and the di- lapidated condition in which it is, give it more the appearance of a garret than a regal apartment. From its window we perceive the flat surface of a grove or quinconce of 67 0 lime- trees cropped in the old French fashion ; it is a remarkable specimen of that style. Descending to another part of the second story, we enter a suite once inhabited by theDuchesse de Berri, and another occupied by the Duchesse d Angouleme, who slept here for the last time on the 29th of July, 1830. Adjoining is the Galerie, now bare, but once filled with the collection of pictures belonging to the Due de Penthievre, the brother of Louis Philippe’s greatgrandmother. Descending to the ground-floor, we pass through a series of rooms contain- ing the kitchens, the Salle des Gardes, etc., and a small room entirely covered with Dutch tiles of Louis XIV. s time, willi views of Dutch scenery in blue on a white ground. Some of those which cover the floor date as, far back as Francis the First’s time. Returning, we enter the Salle de Mars, a large hall, with its walls entirely incrusted with grey and red marble ; it was the great dining-hall of the court. The walls are here upwards of seven feet in thickness. The total number of apartments in the palace is 71, with 09 chimney pieces, most of which are remarkable for their costly marble and fine sculpture. The Park and Gardens. — Of the 35,000 acres whicli compose the park and adjoining forest, upwards of 30 are covered by the canals, ponds, and rivulets which intersect it in every direction, and are stocked with the finest carp. It possesses splendid avenues, one of which is remarkable for a curious kind of tree, the ta.vodiwn (or cypress) of Louisiana. Some of its seeds having been brought over in Louis XIII.’s time, and carelessly thrown on a heap of rubbish, germinated, and at letigth attracted the attention of the gardeners by the curious shape of the leaves. They were then taken care of, and have now risen to an enormous size, averaging 120 feet. The gardens adjoining the palace were laid out l)y Lenotre. On leaving the chateau, a road leads to the Laiterie de la Reine, a Doric pavilion built by Marie Antoi- nette, and situated about half a mile from the palace. It contains two rooms, the first of which is circular, sur- mounted by a cupola ; around the walls are slabs of white marble resting upon elegant consoles, where basins of fresh milk were placed for the Queen and her suite. In the middle of this room is a magnificent round table of while marble, with a mosaic of coloured marble in the centre. The adjoining room is rectangular, the back ground being 528 ENVinONS OF PAtUS. occupied by an artificial grotto, with rocks forming a rustic liasin, in the centre of which is a beautiful marble statue of Venus entering the bath, executed by Beauvallet in 1 8 1 1 . There is a reservoir for water on the roof of the building, which it takes two men to fill, when occasion requires, by the aid of pumps. The water is then let into the grotto, and falls over the shoulders of the Venus, while at the same time four jets d’eau issue from the pavement. The floors of both these rooms are of polished marble, white and red, and the general effect is beautiful. The bas-reliefs which formerly adorned the walls of the Latter ie are now at La Malmaison (see p. 5l!i). The domestic that shows this will also conduct the visitor to a pa- vilion close byj called the Pavilion desQuatre Saisojis, from four excellent grisailles by Sauvage, representing the sea- sons, and which adorn the walls of the principal chamber, which is circular. Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette used to breakfast here in the summer season. Napoleon I. also used to visit this place very frequently. The stranger should next visit Le^ Coquillages, a small rustic lodge a short way off in the park. The roof is thatched and the outer walls, of rough stone, contrast strangely with the tasteful little circular parlour contained within, adorned with eight Ionic pilasters, niches, garlands, an ornamented cupola and a fire-place — all formed of different s' ells, large and small, and bits of broken bottles, very ingeniously arranged so as to produce a most pleasing effect. Adjoining is a small room, or rather closet, where Napoleon I. used to partake of a frugal breakfast, cooked in a little kitchen a few steps off. Close to this spot, under some trees, is a large stone on which he was often seen to spread out his plans and maps when projecting a campaign. The forest adjoining contains upwards of 30,000 acres, and measures 50 leagues in perimeter. The Farm. — A few minutes’ walk along the road to the right of the Laiterie leads to the Emperor’s farm, graced with the following motto over the gate from Virgil's Eclogues: “Curat oves, ovumque inagisiros.” The land pertaining to this farm is about 400 hectares. Op- posite are the Bergeries, founded in 17 85 by Louis XVI. on the recommendation of M. d’Angevilliers. Several new build- ings have since been added to them, and they now contain about 700 merino sheep, remarkable for their fleeces. Each full grown animal yields from 3 to 5 kilogrammes of wool. Skirting the same road by which we came is the Emperor’s Faisanderie, where pheasants and hares are reared for the Imperial chase. The ground is about 12 hectares in extent, and is worthy ofa visit. There are about 1,300 pheasants here. ST. CLOUD. 529 The last railway station before arriving at Rambouillet is Lartoire, where there are the Elands dt St. Hubert. Here Madame Dubarry had a small chateau called St. Hubert-le- Roi, and adorned with sculpture by Pigalle. It was utterly destroyed during the revolution, and only its foundations now exist. To visit the Palace of Rambouillet and its dependencies, apply to M. le Ministre de la Maison de I'Empereur. ROMAINVILLE — a village, two miles from Paris, affords ione of the finest views in the environs. The wood is not exten- sive, but its proximity to the capital makes it much frequented . RUEIL. — This town is situated at the distance of three leagues and a half from Paris, and about half a mile from the St. Germain railroad. It possesses a church, remarkable both for its Saxon architecture and the monuments it contains. The steeple and transepts were reconstructed in 1857, but the rest of the church dates from 1603. The interior consists of a nave and two aisles ; in the choir, fronting the nave, stands a monu- ment to Count Tascher de la Pagerie, consisting of a sarco- phagus of white marble ; but the chief objects of interest are the monuments to the Empress Josephineand Queen Hortense, occu- pying the lateral chapels of the choir. The first, in the right - hand aisle, executed m white marble by Cartellier, consists of an arch surmounted by raking cornices, and supported by four Ionic columns resting on a basement ; the Empress is re- presented kneeling on a cushion in the act of prayer. The base- ment bears the initials J.B., and the inscription ; A Josephine, Eugene et Hortense, 1825. In the opposite aisle stands a nearly similar monument to Queen Hortense, erected by the present Emperor, instead of another which he had caused to be executed during his exile. The Queen is kneeling in sor- rowful meditation ; above is the Angel of Resignation, by Bane. The basement bears the inscription : A la Heine Hortense, son fUs Napoleon III. From this chapel a flight of 22 steps descends into a vault underneath, where the mortal remains of the Queen are preserved in a sarcophagus, pro- fusely sculptured and gilt. It is surmounted by the arms of Holland, and an inscription records the dates of the Queen s birth and death. On the intrados of the arch above we see the monogram “ E. H.” (Eugenie Hortense.) The carved wood-work of the organ was brought hither from Florence, by order of the Emperor. It is the work of Baccio d’Agnolo, a contemporary of Michael Angelo. Funeral services are annually celebrated here to the memory of these princesses. SAINT CLOUD. — This small town, situated on the Seine, 2 leagues west ^f Paris, was so called from St. Clodoald, grand- son of Clovispwho, having escaped when his brothers were .34 530 ENVIRONS OF PARIS. | murdered by their uncle Clotaire, concealed himself here in a | wood, and lived as a hermit. Being canonized after his death, the former name of the place, Novigentum, was altered to its present appellation. It was burnt by the English in 1358, and again by the party of the Armagnacs in 1411. It was at St. Cloud that Henry III. was assassinated by Jacques Clement, in 1589; Henrietta,, the consort of Charles I., of England, died herein 1G70; and here the coup d’etat of the 18th Brumaire (10th November, 1799), which placed Bonaparte at the head of the government of France, was effected, in 1815 the ca-, pitulation of Paris was signed at this palace; and liere also, in 1830, Charles X. signed the famous decrees which caused the revolution of July, and received the first tidings of it. The town lies on the slope of a hill, and is, in summer, owing to the railroad and steamers (see page 3), a place of daily increasing resort. There are several fine villas erected on its outskirts, and it is one of the healthiest places in the neighbourhood of Paris. The Palace, which is now the usual summer residence of the present Emperor, was originally built in 1572, by Jerome de Gondy, a rich financier. After his death, it was possessed consecutively by four bishops of Paris, of the same family, and was renowned for the extent and beauty of its gardens. Louis XIV. purchased the chateau in 1058, and pre- sented it to his brother, the Duke of Orleans, who spared no expense in improving and adorning it. The repairs and additions were executed under the direction of Lepaute, Girard, and Mansard. Le Notre was charged to lay out the park, which is considered to be his chef-d’oeuvre. This magnificent seat of the Dukes of Orleans continued in their family till 17 82, when it was purchased by Louis XVI. for Marie Antoinette, who took great delight in St. Cloud, added several buildings, and often visited it, accompanied by the king. Napoleon always had a marked predilection for the chateau of St. Cloud, as being the theatre of his first elevation. It was in the Salle de I’Orangerie, now demolished, that the events of the 18th Brumaire took place, and in this palace he transacted the affairs of the empire more frequently than at Paris. It consists of a court with three piles of buildings, and other wings irregularly connected with them. At the entrance of the court are two statues representing Commerce and Agricullui’e. The terrace commands a beautiful view. The princip.al front is 140 feet in length by 70 in height, and is nicely sculp- tured. The columns of the central compartment are Corin- thian. Annexed to the palace arc large barracks, staldcs, &c. Sixty horses arc always kept here for the use of the court. ST. CLOUD. 531 The saddle-horses are English, and those for carriages Chiefly Norman. Interior. — On entering the Grand Vestibule, from the Cour d’Honneur, the visitor will perceive, right and left, two re- cumbent marble statues, Venus and Psyche, sleeping, by Huguenin ; and, in front, Sappho, by Pradier, the last statue he executed before his death. He will then as- rcend the Escalier d’Hdnneur, a magnificent marble staircase fwith Ionic pilasters, adorned with a large picture, by Muller, * representing the reception of Queen Victoria at St. Cloud, by ( 'the Emperor in 1835. This painting is seen to the best ad- ' vantage from the top of the staircase; the most conspicuous ■ figures are those of the Emperor and Empress, the Queen, Prince Albert, and Lord Clarendon. The ceiling of the upper vestibule, painted by Claude Audran, represents Hisloiy writing the Life of Philip of Orleans. (1) It opens upon a road, over which is a bridge, called the Pont du Trocadero. A door to the right opens into the Salon de Mars, com- municating with the Grands Appartements, and adorned with eight Ionic pilasters, and four monolith columns; the walls are sculptured with trophies, and the ceiling, by Mi- gnard, represents, in various compartments, Olympus, Mars, and Venus, the forges of Vulcan, Jealousy and Discord. Over the chimney-piece is the equestrian portrait of Napoleon L, by Gros, executed in the year XL In the centre of the room is a splendid divan, encircling a rich flowered chandelier, and supported by three genii of gilt bronze, with eagles. All the furniture is in red damask and Beauvais tapestry. Next comes the Galerie d’ Apollon, a vast saloon ( 2 ) . The ceiling, in Mignard’s ])est style, repi esents subjects of the mythology of Apollo ; his birth, that of Diana; Apollo, as God of Light, as chief of the Muses, the seasons, &c. The walls, profusely gilt, are covered with a great number of excellent pictures, comprising numerous Canalettis, and paintings by Mignard, Van Dels, Van Spaen- donk, &c., with several by modern French artists. Here is also an extensiv^e collection of cabinets in tortoiseshell and in buhl, with fine specimens of Sevres porcelain, and several small pieces of statuary. At the further end of this gallery there | is a marljlg^statuepf the Em press Josephine. Adjoining this j is the Salon Se Diane, richly painted byTHignard, with subjects relating to Diana. It contains several fine pictures, including (1) It was in this A'estibule Henry III. was assassinated, August 2, 1589, by tlie fanatical Dominican monk, Clement. (2) Here Pius Alt. baptized Prince Napoleon, eldest son of Prince .terome, in 1805, and tbe civil marriage of Napoleon wilb Marie Louise was also celebrated bore in i8io. 532 ENVIRONS OF PARIS. portraits of Henry IV., by Franquc ; Louis XIII., and Louis XIV, by Badin; the Regent Duke of Orleans, by Balthazar; and Louis Philippe Egalite, by Boulanger. Next is the Chapelle_ of Ionic and Doric design. The coves of the ceiling are painted in grisaille by Sauvage, in 12 compartments. The altar piece, a bas-relief in white marble, by Lesueur, repre- sents the Presentation in the Temple. Four balconies open into it from the Galerie d’Apollon. Returning to the Salon de Mars, a door to the left opens into a suite of rooms occupying, the whole range of the principal front, and beginning with the Salon de Venus. The ceiling, by Lemoine, represents Juno borrowing Venus’s girdle ; the walls are hung with beautiful* specimens of Gobeli^tapestix. (1) Opposite the windows we| see two costly tables oTFiorence mosaic, with marble busts of| Madame Letitia, and the father of Napoleon L Next is the Sa-|i Ion de Famille, or de Minerve ; the ceiling, by Antoine Coypel,| represents the Triumph of Truth; on the walls is continued the series of tapestry above alluded to. (2) Here are also busts of Napoleon I. and Prince Eugene Beauharnais. In an adjoining room to the right of this is the Library, a lofty hall with a skylight, and two tiers of galleries ; it contains 12,000 volumes. Returning to the Salon de Famille, the visitor is led to the Salon de Mercure, formerly the council-chamber under Napoleon, and now the billiard-room, with a bust of the first Napoleon on the mantelpiece. The billiard- table is richly inlaid with gilt arabesques and mother-of-pearl; the ceiling is by Allaux, and represents Mercury and Pandora; the walls are hung with tapestry like the former ones. (3) Valuable furniture in Beauvais tapestry adorns all these apart- ments. The Salon de I’Aurore, with a ceiling representina Au- rora, by Loir, and the walls adorned with sculptured tro- phies, closes this suite, communicating with the Esca- Her de V Imperatrice, a staircase with a beautifully-wrought iron balustrade. The doors to the left give access to the Era- (-1) Four of these are copies of the paintings executed by Ruben! for Marie de M6dicis, and represent: her Birth; Henry IV. re- ceiving her portrait; her Marriage ■with him at Florence, and he portrait as Bellona. The fifth represents the Duke of Anjou de- clared King of Spain (Philippe V.) (2) The subjects are : the Marriage of Henry IV. ■with Marie d( MMicis at Lyons, two months after the preceding one ; the Birtl of Louis Xlll. at Fontainebleau ; Marie de M6dicis invested bj Henry IV. with the government of the kingdom, and her recon- ciliation with her son. (3) Tlie' subjects are; the Triumph of Truth ; the Flight of Ma-i rie de M^dicis from Blois; her Journey to Ponts-de-Ce ; the Con- clusion of Peace; the Destiny of Marie de M^dicis. 533 ^ ST. CLOUD. I peror and Empress’s private apartments ; they were formerly inhabited by the Duchesse de Berri, and subsequently by the buchesse d’Orleans. Queen Victoria occupied them in August, 1855. The first room of this suite is the dining-room, with elegantly sculptured sideboards, one of which figured in the Great Exhibition of 1 855. Next follows the Salon do VcrncI, decorated with eight paintings by Joseph Vernet. Here we see the Empress's bath chair, a present from Queen Victoria, adorned with two pictures representing Summer and Winter. In one of the corners there is a beautiful table executed in Roman mosaic, representing various sub ects. This table was intended by Pius VII. as a present to Napoleon I., but was subsequently presented by Leo XII. to Charles X. We now enter the Empress’s bed-room, with the furniture and hangings of beautiful Lyons manufacture. Adjoining is the Salle de Bain, in gold and white ; the bath is concealed under a sofa. Next follows the Empress s reading-room, a beautiful apart- ment, profusely decorated with carvings in lime-wood and maple ; the ceiling, by Gallois, is adorned with Cupids and genii. From the windows of this and the adjoining rooms, which overlook the Parc reserve, we may perceive an avenue which occupies the site of the celebrated Salle de I’Oraiifierie. The Salon conies next ; it has beautiful Beauvais furniture, and is decorated in gold and white, xvith medallions on the walls. The following rooms xvere occupied by Prince Albert. The first is the Emperor’s bed-room, with hangings and fur- niture of Lyons manufacture, and with the portraits of Hen- rietta of England and Anne of Austria. Next follows the » Emperor’s study, adorned with full-length portraits of Marie Antoinette and her three children, the Princesse de Lamballe ! and Marie Leezinska, executed in Gobelins tapestry. TheJ paintings over the door are by Boucher. The Emperor’s table is inlaid with bronze, and covered with red morocco. This suite was formerly inhabited by Marie Antoinette, and successively by Josephine, Marie Louise, and Louis Phi- lippe. (1) It communicates with the first vestibule men- tioned at p. 531). In the vestibule below is a fine marble statue of Minerva, by Wasse. The ground floor was occupied by Madame Adelaide, ' (0 He passed a few moments here in his flight from Paris, on ^February 24 lh, 1 8 48. These rooms contain several good paint- ings, sucli as the Arrest of Sir Thomas More, by Miss Collins; the Interior of a Chapel in the Eglise des Feuillanis of Paris, now destroyed, by Daguerre, and a view of the Park of the Chateau d’En, with Queen Victoria and Prince Albertenjoying a walk. The Lord Mayor of Lontlon was enter I allied here in 1851. 534 EiVVmONS OF PARIS. sister of Louis Philippe, (l) and the second by the Duke and Duchess of Nemours. The Parc Reserve begins at the chateau, and extends to the summit of the hill. U contains flower-gardens and plantations of trees, and is ornamented with pieces of water, and statues, by the most celebrated artists of the age of Louis XIV. The Emperor has stocked it with deer imported from England. The Grand Parc extends from the Seine and the road from Sevres to St. Cloud, to the back of the hill, and is about four leagues iii circumference. The entrance is near the bridge; a wide avenue of chestnut-trees runs parallel to the river. To the right are plantations of chestnuts and limes, in the midst of which is the grand cascade. Beyond, separated from the park by a fosse lined with masonry, and extending as far as Sevres, / are some tine avenues of elms. The entrance from Sevres is \ between two Doric pavilions at the foot of the bridge. The I park is beautifully diversified, presenting varieties of wood, \ Avater, level sward, and picturesque acclivities. Several points on the higher parts of the grounds command admirable glimpses of the surrounding scenery. ( 2 ) The cascade of St. Cloud, the joint work of Lepautre and Mansard, is divided into la Haute Cascade and la Basse Cascade ; at the summit of the first is a group, by Adam, representing the Seine and Marne, each reposing on the urn from which water issues. Upon an ele- vated flight of steps are placed urns and tablets, from which water falls into basins situated one under the other, the last sup- plying by means of an aqueduct the lower cascade, which is separated from the upper by the Allee du Tillet. The Basse Cascade nearly resembles a horse-shoe in form, and is remark- able for the abundance and rapid descent of its waters, which fall in sheets from one basin to another into a canal 201 feet in length, by 93 in its greatest breadth, along which are 1 2 jets d’eau. The architecture of the cascade is ornamented with rock and shell-work, dolphins, and other appropriate emblems, and nothing can be more beautiful than its effect when in full pb^y* The grand jet d’eau, known by the name of the Jet (ieant, is to the left of the cascades, in front of a fine alley; it rises with immense force to the height of 140 feet from the centre of a basin, and throws up nOOO gallons per minute. By its side is a small stone fountain of remarkable elegance. The waters generally play every second Sunday in summer. (3) (It Now inhabited by the Prince Imperial. (2) We advise the visitor who comes from Paris to SI. Cloud I'.y railway (rive droitc), to take his scat on thc/e/c side, of^tlic inu’rjuijje, by Avhichbe Avill occasionally obfaiirio^ly prospects. ^I^riiC (.lay is atiuouiicecl Defoieliaiid in GaUgnani's Messenger. ST. CLOUD. 635 3ne of the finest spots in the park is that on which is built ;he Lantern of Demosthenes, erroneously known by the name 3 f Lantern of Diogenes. Count de Choiseul-Goullier, during tiis residence in Greece, had casts taken of the pretty monu- ment at Athens bearing the former name, and covered with aasso-relievos executed by Lysicrates. From these casts Na- poleon I. caused the monument now in the park to be con- structed . It is a tall square tower, crowned with a cupola, sup- i))orted by six Corinthian columns. From the summit a splendid h'iew is obtained of Paris and its environs. The chateau is V isible (when the Emperor does not inhabit it, which he only docs in summer) every day from 12 to 3, with a ticket to be ()i)lained by writing to M. le General Rol in, aux TuiUries. A stone bridge of fourteen arches connects St. Cloud with the opposite bank, and the town of Boulogne, a place of above 7,000 inhabitants, which gives its name to the well-known wood ( see p. 48G). One of the arches is of cast-iron, and the footpaths rest on cast iron arches and consoles. The Fkte of St. Cloud begins every year on the 7th of Sep- tember, and lasts three weeks. It is the most celebrated in the vicinity of Paris, and attracts immense crowds, particularly on Sundays. It is held in the park, and is well worth visiting. If the visitor be provided with a special ticket, he may claim the services of an attendant to accompany him through the Parc Reserve, when, after about an hour's walk, he will arrive at the pretty Chateau of Villeneuve VEtang, now belonging to the present Emperor, and formerly to the Duchessc d’Angouleme. It deri^TS some interest from a weeping-willow, reared from a cutting of that Nvhich overhangs Napoleon’s tomb at St. Helena, having been planted here in 185.3. It is 30 feet high, and 90 feet in cir- [cumference round the branches. The cutting was brought to France by the Prince de Joinville in 184 0, w'hen the remains of the Em])cror arrived in France. There is also a large ice-house here, besides a valuable In-ceding-stud. To visit Yilleneiive I’Etang, apply in writing to M. le Minislre de la Maison de VEnipereur. The village of the same name is hard by. Proceeding outside the park along the high road, on the plateau wdiich overlooks St. Cloud, the stranger may (!ti ter ;thc pretty park of Montretout, studded with villas. Further I on, a road to the right leads to I Fouilleuse, a farm belonging to the Emperor, containing about 2 30 acres, with various paddocks, in tlie English style. Small as it is, it has already cost u|)wnrds of a ‘million of francs. The grounds to the right of the road form part of the domain of the Crown. 536 ENVIRONS OF PARIS. Returning to the high road, we soon arrive at Garc/its, a small commune, remarkablefor the extensive buildings of tin /fospme de la Reconnaissance, founded by M. Brezin, for the ceception of disabled workmen belonging to certain trades iseep, 123 ). Opposite this an avenue leads to La Marche, a ^illage ce- lebrated for its race-course (see p. 4 83), and continuing along the avenue we arrive at Ville d’Avraj/, whence we may return by the Versailles railway (right bank) to Park. ST. CYR— a village six leagues south-w'est of Paris, is cele- brated for the Maison de St. Cyr, founded by Louis XIV. in 1686, at the solicitation of Mme. de Maintenon, for the edu- cation of 250 young noble ladies. On the death of the king, Mme. de Maintenon retired to it, and died there in 17 9 . The plans were furnished by J. H. Mansard. In 1793, tkis insti- tution was converted into a military hospital, and ,n 1806, Napoleon ordered the military school of Fonlainebbau to be transferred to St. Cyr, where it has since remained, under the title of Ecole speciale militaire de St. Cijr. The nmiher of pupils is upwards of 300, who are admitted from th) ages of 17 to 20, after a severe examination. Pupils pay 1,500 fr. annually, besides an allowance for wardrobe and equipments. They stay two years, and leave with the rank of sub-lieu- tenants of infantry, cavalry, marines, or the sta;T. The uniform is distinguished from that of the infantry ly a sky- blue collar. ST. DENIS — a town five miles north of Paris, on the Nor- thern railway-line, and containing about 9000 inhabitants. (1) History. — This town owes its celebrity to its ancient Bene- dictine Abbey, and to the circumstance of the kings of France having chosen the ahbey-church for their place of burial. A chapel was founded here in honour of St. Denis about 250, in which Dagobert, son of Chiipcric, was buried in 580, heing’the lirst prince known to have been interred within its w^alls. Da- gobert I. founded the abbey of St. Denis in 613 ; and Pepin, father of Charlemagne, commenced a new churdi, which was finished by his son, and consecrated in 775. Of this edifice nothing now remains except the foundations of the crypt. Sugcr, abbot of the monastery during the reign of Louis VII., demolished the church, and built a more majestic one in 1144, of which the porch and two towers remain ; the rest of the building was reconstructed by St. Louis and his successor, be- tween 1250 and 1281. In 1373, Charles V. built the first {!) Tj'ains start from and to Paris every liour. Omnibuses, for which no extra charge is made, convey visitors to and from Hie Abbey. In the days of February, 1 8 is, a mob attarked the rail- road station, set fire to it, and tore up the rails for several miles-- ST. DENIS. 537 chapel on the right of the entrance, and now forming part of the Ch.anir d'Hiver (see p. 540), as a place of sepulture for himself and his family. The kings and princes of France were interred in this Abbey until 1789; the church and vault of the Bourbons were chosen by Napoleon I. as a place of sepulture for the princes of his own dynasty, and by a decree of Jan. 18 59, it has again become the burial- place of the Emperors of the French. The onflamme, in an- cient times the sacred banner of France, was kept at this abbey; and no church in the kingdom was so rich in relics and sacred ornaments. All these were dispersed at the revolution of 17 89, when one of the most remarkable acts of desecration took place ever recorded in history. On the motion of Barrere, the National Convention, on the 31st of July, 1793, decreed that the tombs of the ci-dcvunt kings at the Church of St. Denis, and elsewhere, should be demolished, and on the l‘2th of October the work of destruction commenced. The first tomb opened was that of Turenne, whose body was found in such perfect preservation that it was e.xhibited for the space of eight months in the sacristy. At the suggestion of Prof. Des- fontaines, this tomb was afterwards removed to the Jardin des Plantes, and thence to the l^hisde des Monuments Francuis (see p. 365.) On the 23rd of November, 17 99, it was, by order of the Consuls, removed to the Invalides, then called the T(‘7)iple da Mars. The first body extracted from the vault of the Bourbons was that of Henry IV. It was exhibited for two days, during which casts were taken of the face (see p. 404.) On the same day (the 14th of October) the remains of Louis XIII. and Louis XIV., of Marie de Medicis, Anne of Austria, Marie Thercse, and Louis the Dauphin, son of Louis XIV., were disinterred. The body of Louis XIII. was in good pre- servation ; that of Louis XIV. was of the deepest black, and that of the Dauphin was in a state of liquid putrefaction. In the coffins of Charles V. and his queen, Jeanne de Bourbon, several articles of value were found in perfect preservation ; crowns of gilt silver, a silver hand of justice, a sceptre, five feet long, of the same metal, bracelets, rings, and a distalf of gilt wood. The coffins of Charles VI. and Isabella of Bavaria, his consort, contained nothing but dry bones. In that of Henry II. two hearts were found, but no inscriptions whereby to identify them. The body of Louis X., le Hutin, lay in a stone cofiin lined with lead ; beside it lay a brass crown co- vered with rust, and part of a sceptre. The tomb of Dagobert was ojiened by toi'chlight. The bodies of this king and his queen Nanthilde lay together, enveloped in silk, in a wooden box lined with lead, and divided into two parts, with the in- 538 ENVIUONS OF PAUIS. sci'iptioiis — “Hie jacct corpus Dagoberii “ Hie jacet corpus Nanthildis.” Tlic king s head was severed from the body ; the head of the queen was missing. All the Lodies were conveyed to the Cimetiere de Valois, opposite the northern porch, and thrown into two trenches dug for the purpose, and the lead of the coffins was used up for bullets. It was also seriously proposed to demolish the whole abbey, and this idea was very near being adopted. The lead, however, was torn from the roof for bullets, and the structure left exposed to all the inclemency of the weather until 1797, when it was again proposed to pull it down and form a market-place on its site. It was saved at the intercession of M. Petit-Radel, architect of the public edifices, but it is only since the Consulate that the work of restoration has been in progress with little interrup- tion. Many of the monuments had fortunately been saved by being sent to the Musee cles Monuments Hrangais. Exterior. — The facade of this church, although at present mutilated by the demolition of one of its towers, effected se- veral years ago on account of its unsound state, is extremely imposing. The southern tower, which still remains, is square, and flanked at its corners with four turrets, crowned witli a Gothic balustrade running all round its steep quadrangular roof. The tower has two rows of Saxon windows, the upper consisting of three, the lower of two. Its total height is 190 feet (1). A crocketed gable and rose window are seen be- hind the battlements which crown the main body of the church, which is divided into three compartments by four turreted buttresses. The upper frieze of the northern com- partment is decorated with the figures of four kings of France, viz., Clodoveus, Dagobert, Pepin, and Charlemagne. Below this there are two obtusely-pointed windows resting on a second frieze enriched with sculpture, in nine compartments ; three windows more, one only of which is open, follow just above the northern entrance, formed by a series of retiring jiointcd arches resting on slender clustered pillars. Curious devices in haut-relief, representing the lahours peculiar to each month, adorn the jambs of this entrance. The bas-relief in the tympan is a rude illustration of the surrender of Calais to the English in 1347, under Edward 111. In the upper frieze of the southern division of the front, the series of kings is con- tinued with Hugh Capet, Robert, Louis le Gros, and l.ouis VII. ; the remaining design is symmetrical with that already de- scribed. The dev ices on the janihs of the southern portal rc- (I) It may be ascended fora small fee. l’’rom the top a splendid panorama, measuring upwards of 2oo kilomelre.s in circuit, will be enjoyed. ST. DEMS. 639 present the signs of the zodiac, and the bas-relief of the tympan represents the Martyrdom of St. Denis. The central division of the facade is pierced with a large rose window which now forms the dial plate of a clock. Below this there is a row of three windows, the central one only being open, the tym- pans of the others being filled with Latin inscriptions. That to the right, in Gothic characters, runs thus ; — Ad docin EcclesiiT! qua) fovU ct cxtiilil illiuii, Suggerus studuil ad docus Ecrlcsi.T. Deque tuo libi iiarlicii>ans Jlartyr Dionysi Ora lit exores fore participeni paradisi. Annus millenus centemis quadragenus Annus erat Verbi quando sacrala fuit. (t) The opposite one, in modern characters, is as follows ; — Aidein ulii dena cinis Kcgum per saicula quicrat, Teinpeslate furcns diruit una dies. Sod duin Napolco rcparat res ordine cunctas, Reddit tcnipla Deo, Regilms ct tuniulo. Hursus pcndct opus, uain concidit ipse ruina. At qui pcrfiecrct coepla, Pliilippus erat. (2) The central portal below bas four retiring arches, with figures of saints in haut-relief, and resting on sculptured clus- tered columns. In the tympan above wo see the Last .Tudg- ment, Christ about to judge, and the Virgin interceding for sinners. The Saviour is represented in the act of pronouncing the words — “ Venite Benedict i Patris met,’’ and “ Discedite a me Maledicti.” The gales arcadorned with tracery and medal- lions in cast iron, containing the following has-rcliefs. Left side ; 1st, the Kiss of Judas; 2, Christ before Pilate; 3, Christ bear- ing his cross; 4, the Crucifixion. Right side; 5, the Entomb- ment; 0, the Resurrection; 7, Christ and the two disciples at Ihnmaus; 8, the Ascension. Interior. — This magnificent and costly edifice is cruci- form, and consists of a nave and two aisles, with lateral chapels. Its total length is 3,66 feet, breadth 121 feet, and height of vaulting 86 feet. Both the nave and choir, witli the tran- septs, have a light triforium and clerestory windows ; the groinings spring from clustered capitals. In the aisle to the right on entering we find, after the door leading to the tower, the Chceur d Hiver, consisting of five chapels thrown into one, thus forming a kind of church by itself, lit by (1) “ 111 lioiiour of (be Cliurcli \ilikh fnslorcd th of August, and lasts three days. The second, which ilso lasts three days, begins on the first Sunday after the loth of August, and is held near the Chateau des Loges, X house dependent upon theMaison Imperiale de St. Denis. (1) rhis fair, from its being held in the very midst of the foi'est, las a pleasing and very picturesque appearance, particularly it night, and is the most agreeable of any of the fetes in the leighbourhood of Paris. About a league from St. Germain, at Chambourcy, an es- ate belonging to the Due do Grammont, there is a mausoleum jontaining the remains of the Countess of Blessington and the ionite d’Orsay. The view from this spot is very fine. The elevated position of St. Germain I’enders it salubrious, (I) It is situaled at the end of an avenue to the right of the Railway lerminus, and was formerly a convent of Augustin friars, ounded by Anne ot Austria. Thei‘e still exists a small pavilion at he end of the garden, where that queen occasionally passed a ew hours in solitude. Madame Dubarry was exiled there during he last illness of Louis XV. 35 54 6 EiWlUOXS OF PARIS. and il is a favourite resort of the Parisians. In winter, how- i ever, the air is keen. Since the suppression of the almos- ^ pheric railway, which has been found too costly, and liable j to frequeiil repairs, the old station of Pccq, a village on llie i banks of the Seine below St. Germain, has been restored. i The station before that, counting from Paris, is that of Vdainet, wliere the visitor may alight to visit the pretty Parc dll Viisiatt — where a village of charming villas has j sprung up into existence through the instrumentality of a pri-|i vate company, which has done everything to render tlnb grounds attractive. Three artificial lakes, connected l)j| streamlets spanned by rustic bridges, enliven the prospect,^ while periodical concerts arc given on the Pdousc dcs Cas- cades, where picturesque cascades issue from an artificial ruin This park, which is equally accessible by the stations of Cha tou, Le Pecq, and Vesinet, is well worthy of a visit. ' A few minutes’ walk from the last-named station will brins the visitor to a wide avenue, leading to the Aside da Vcsiiiet, an establishment for the reception of sicl workwomen. It stands in the centre of a large piece of groum given by the Emperor, and laid out as a garden. The building enclose three courts, the middle one open in front with a hasii and jet of water in the centre, the other two being skirte( on three sides with buildings, and on the fourth with a co vered gallery for exercise in bad weather. The buildings en closing the two lateral courts are connected at the further cm of the central court, or coar d'hoanear, by the principal edi flee, consisting of a ground floor and first story. The prin cipal entrance, situated in a central pavilion, gives access first, to covered galleries right and left, and then to a vestibul in front, which leads to two refectories right and left, receiv ing light from eight windows each, and, with the vestibule occupying the whole ground floor. The second story contain the chapel, situated in the centre, and flanked by two pro mmoirs, or large rooms for exercise in winter ; these occupy with the chapel, the whole extent of the principal buildinji and have an open balcony in front. The chapel, in the By zantine style, is separated from the prommoirs by large oake folding doors ; the altar is of carved oak. The lateral build ings contain rooms with four or five beds each ; many of th rooms are also provided with cradles. These and the bed steads are of iron ; all the rest of the furniture is of oa throughout. There are besides toilet rooms, with rows ( Jiasins along the wall, bathing rooms, and every other im^ ginable comfort. The sick wards are still more comfortabl furnished, and heated and ventilated according to Dr. Va SCEAUX, ' 547 flecke’s system. Tlie number of beds for adults is 300. The inmates are all convalescents sent hither from other hospitals, and are kept here three weeks, except- in cases of relapse. Up to Jan. 1 st, 1 8 C5, the number of patients received amounted to 4,500. Those that work are remunerated. The esta- blishment covers 100 acres, and has cost 2 , 500,000 fr. ; it is under the control of the Minister of the Interior. Physician, Dr. Guionnis. Architect, M. Laval. Visible from 12 to 4 on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Fridays, and Saturdays. ST. LEU TAVERNEY — on the Northern Railroad, celebrated for its chateau and park, which before the revolution of 17 89 ibelonged to the Due d’Orkbans, and was the favourite residence of Mme. de Genlis. Napoleon I. gave it to Queen Ilortense, and after the Restoration it became the property of the Due de ^Bourbon, who ended his days here in a mysterious manner (see p. 325 n.) The present Emperor has caused the church to be embellished, and erected a monument in it to Queen Ilor- Icnse, to whose memory, as well as that of Louis Napoleon, late King of Holland, an annual service is performed. ST. OUEN — a league and a half north of Paris, on the left of the road to St. Denis, is known for its chateau, where Louis XVIH. stopped on his return to Paris in 1814, and where he promised a charter to the nation. The chateau, built in IGfiO, was bought by Louis XVIII., who, after embellishing and furnishing it, pi-esented it to Madame du Cayla. This spot possesses a number of subterranean storehouses for corn, where it is kept undamaged for several years ; also an ice-house, supplying Paris with about 6 , 000,000 kilos, a-ycar, and an Iron bridge of novel and graceful design, built in 1857 . (1) SCEAUX — is a large village, 2 leagues south of Paris, with 1800 inhabitants. Colbert erected here a magnificent chateau, with a park laid out by Le Notre. In 1700 this estate was purchased by the Duke du Maine, son of Louis XIV. and Madame de Montespan, after whose death it passed to the Duke de Penthievre. At the revolution of 17 89 the chateau and park were sold, and the former demolished, but the majmr of Sceaux and some other persons bought the menagerie, which they converted into a place of amusement. Every Sunday, from the 1st of May to the 1st of Noveinbei’, there is a hal <^hamp4tre given in it, wliich is much frequented by the Pa- risians. The church of St. John the Baptist is an old l)ultressed and pinnacled building, without preten ions to architectural ^eauty ; it contains however some tolerable paintings, a line |ias-rclicf in white marble on the panel of the altar in the left (i) Ice-houses at Gentilly and LaViltelte also supply Paris, iaeh furnishing about 3,000,000 kilos. EiNVlRONS OF PARIS. 548 aisle, ami a white marble group of the Baptism of Christ on the high altar, by Tuby. On a grass plot adjoining the church, the place where Florian, the elegant writer, lies buried, is marked by a granite pillar bearing his bust. The Mairie is an elegant little building opposite to the church, and between the Menagerie and the railway-station, which, with the rail- way, is now the most interesting object of the place. This railway was expressly constructed to try M. Arnoux’s system of locomotives and carriages ; the former, having small oblique wheels pressing against the rails, besides the usual vertical ones, effectually provide against the train’s running off the rails. The carriages are hinged together, and so constructed, that both the fore and hind wheels may turn freely under them. The railway is constructed with a gauge of 6 feet (Mr. Brunel’si: gauge being 7, and the narrowest admitted hitherto 3 / 2 ), andp the sharpest curves have been purposely introduced to givep the system a fair trial. The train describes at each terminus}| a curve of 82 feet radius; the smallest radius on the line is 981; feet, and the largest 279 feet, results hitherto deemed im-l possible. The total length of the railway is 6 miles and a half,| which are performed in 25 minutes, and might be in 10. The weekly cattle-market, called Marche de Sceaux, is held on the road at Bourg la Heine. SEVBES — two leagues west of Paris, is situated on the high roa3~Ieacirng to Versailles, and is one of the most ancient vil- lages in the environs of the metropolis, being known to have existed in 500. It is celebrated for its magnificent Imperial manufactory of porcelain, which is now being rebuilt in the Park of St. Cloud. It was formed in the Chateau de Vin- cennes, in 1738, but in 1750, the farmers-general purchased the manufactory and transferred it to Sevres. Louis XV., al I the solicitation of Madame de Pompadour, bought it of them ir 1 17 59, and since then it has formed part of the domains of tin State. This establishment consists of three distinct parts ; the show rooms or magasins, the museum, and the laboratories 01 ateliers. On the stairs leading to the former we perceiv( various cartoons of subjects executed here in stained glass AVe next enter G rooms, containing admirable specimens of th( perfection to which the art of working porcelain has beei carried here. The visitor will perceive, besides table am ( tea-services, of from 5,000 to 15,000 fr. value, splendh i trophies, vases, tables, cabinets, of all sizes, execute! ; with the most scrupulous nicety, and of the most tasteful de i signs. But what will most particularly call liis attention i j the profusion of paintings upon porcelain, copied from tlr / best masters with a nicety of execution and truth of colon SEVKES. 549 rarely attained on canvas. Here he will see, in sizes ranging between VA and 3 feet in breadth, copies of the celebrated frescos by Raphael and Michel Angelo in the Vatican, such as the School of Athens, the Deliverance of St. Peter, 5cc. ; portraits by Titian and Guido; landscapes by Poussin, &c. The prices of these range between 25,000 fr. and 40,000 fr. MM. Schild, Langlois, and Joseph Richard, are .nniong the most esteemed of the artists in this branch, MM. Roussel. Bulot, Cabot, and Palandrc, are the best for flowers. — The spe- cimens of stained glass are very beautiful. The Museum is on the second floor, and consists of 12 rooms aad a long gnller}^ containing a complete collection of foreiga china, and the materials used in its fabrication; a collection of the china, earthenware, and pottery of France, and the earths of which they are composed ; Avith a collection of models of all the orna- mental A'ases, services, figures, statues, &c., that have been made in the manufactory since its first establishment. Louis XVI. enriched this museum A\dth a fine collection of Greek vases. The models and specimens, Avhich comprehend every kind of earthenware, from the coarsest pottery to the finest porcelain, forming a complete illustration of the history of the art, are arranged on shelves in the following order ; — 1. Etruscan vases, antique pottery, Grecian, Roman, and Gallic. 2. Foreign earthenware, delf-ware, and stone-ware, Avith some delf-Avare of the 15th century, the first that w^as glazed, being the original specimens of Bernard Palissy, the inventor of common glazing. 3. French earthenware, delf-Avare, and stone-ware, dating from 1740. 4. An interesting representation of the manufacture of porcelain from the clay in its rude state to the finishing. 5 . Porcelain of China, Japan, and India. 6. Porcelain of the dif- ferent manufactories of France, arranged in chronological order, AAuth a progressive table of the qualities and prices to the present day. 7. Porcelain of Prussia, Brunswick, Venice, Lombardy, and other parts of Italy. 8. Porcelain of Eng- land, the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, Saxony, Austria, and Bavaria. 9. Specimens relating to the colouring of porcelain, glass, and emdhenAvare^and of the defects to Avhich it is liable. Among tlie objects Avhich will claim more particular attention, in the 4th room to the left on entering, is an old mosaic of coloured earthenware, encrusted in the floor, re- presenting the British arms under different dynasties ; also, in ' the Gth room, a stove in fayence, in the shape of a model of the fortress of the Bastille, presented to the Convention by M. Ollivicr, AAdio fashioned it ; a stove in fayence of Louis XlV.'s time, brought over here from Versailles ; models of Assyrian atiliquities executed by Ml’. Hartley, Avho obtained a gold CX^v.. ENVIRONS OF PARIS. 550 medal for them at the Exhibition of 1855 ; old bricks of the 10th century ; enamelled metal of the 1 4th century ; and in the 8th and last room on this side, specimens of imitations of pearls and precious stones, according to methods invented by the late talented M. Ebelinen. The ateliers of the establishment are on the ground floor. Visitors are first shown a room with whiiling tables, at which the throwers and turners sit, gradually creating those beautiful forms for which Sevres porcelain is so esteemed. The finishing is given by cutting out the profile of the vc.-scl in a piece of tin jilate, which is afterwards applied to it vertically while the wheel turns. The clay is prepared and ground at a water mill about five minutes walk from the manufactory, and brought here ready for use. The process of casting is re- sorted io when very thin porcelain is desired. For this pur- pose the clay, blended with water, is poured into a mould ; clear water is then made to rush into it from belov/ by means of a pipe connected with a small reservoir of water ; the clay is by this means deposited on the mould, the superfluous matter is poured out, and when dry, the article easily separates from the mould. The next process is putting on the handles, if any be required. The article is then taken to a room where women are employed in picking out any slight flaw they may dis cover, after which it goes into the hands of the painter. The painters’ room will contain about 20 persons ; the colours em- ployed are all mineral, and are generally differcnl from what they are after baking. Gold is applied in a semi-fluid state, being first dissolved in aqua regia. The article, thus pre- pared, is taken to the bakehouse, which is in one of the courts. It is necessarily baked twice, once to harden it, and a second time for glazing ; but paintings and delicate articles must be baked a third time to obtain the full cfTcct. Plates, cups, 6cc. are yflaced bj'^ twos, threes, fours, etc., into round earthen pans with lids, called caseites, but so that they may not he in contact with one another. These caseites are then placed in the first furnace, which is heated either xvith wood or coal ; the fire is underneath, separated from ihe casetfeshj a vaulteel ceiling, through the apertures of which the hot air peneitrates int(» the compartment above. The second furnaces are smaller, with doors of earthenware, which are regularly built in at each baking, a jirojecting tube being alone left so as to be easily opened to watch the operation. To see whether the gl azing proceeds in a satisfactory manner, bits of porcelain are placed within, so as to be readied at times by an iron hook,, and drawn m t through the tube, when the state in which they are shows the progress that has been made. The glazing substance SUllESNE. fs obtained fi;oin fej dspa th, nicely ground. Paintings are placed fvertically in furnaces made foftbe purpose. The furnaces oc- [cupy several rooms in different wings of the building. The por- celain originally manufactured at Shu-es, called porcelmne iendre, was a composition of glass and earths, susceptible of com- bining ]>y fusion. It was abandoned on account of its effects bn the health of the workmen, but successful attempts have fjecn made to revive the art. That generally manufactured, palled porcelaine dure, is formed of kaolin, from Limoges, alkali, j ka^, and^i^pclre, to which, when in a state of fusion, " clay j [s^ded. iTrccpiires great heat to be hardened, and wood alone ' is used. The biscuit de Sevres is this substance not enamelled. The workmanship of the manufactory of Shu-es is much more \ highly finished than that of any other manufactory in France, notwithstanding the same substance is used; and the white \ porcelain is higher in price than that of any other manufactory, on account of the exquisite and difficult shapes of the articles. The painters are of the first merit, and the number of work- men eSF^s 180. There Is a library attached to the esta- blishment, containing numerous valuable works with plates, Irclating to travels, descriptions, etc., for the use of the artists attached to the establishment, but it is not public. The Sevres manufactory, far from covering its expenses, is maintained by the government. It is devoted in part to experiments in the art, for the benefit of private manufacturers, to whom every in- foi'mation is liberally granted . Sh res was represen ted in 1802 at the great London' International Exhibition. Show-rooms open daily, Sundays and holidays excepted, from 10 to 4, without a ticket, but visitors must accept the services of a guide, who expects a fee. On Thursdays the Museum is j)ublic, on other days a ticket is required from M. I’Adminis- •radeur de la Manufacture de Sevres. To visit the ateliers , a permission is rarel y gra nted. The buildings of this manu- Eactnry it was converted inlo a manu- factory of arms, Avliich attained the highest celebrity, and sup- plied the French army annually with 5o,ooo muskets. In t8i.‘) it was stripped and devastated by the Prussians. 556 EiWlHONS OF PARIS. is broken at intervals by 1 5 peristyles of coupled Ionic co- lumns, surmounted by allegorical figures in stone. The best view of this front is from the great terrace, and the whole pa- lace may be advantageously seen from the heights of Satory. Interior, and Historical Museum. —Before noticing the internal arrangements of the palace, the reader should be in- foi-med that the gallery is open to the public every day except Mondays, from 1 1 to 4 in winter, and to 5 in summer. At the entrance of the palace, near the chapel, is an office Avhere authorized guides, very useful to strangers, may be hired at the rate of a franc an hour ( see Preface, p. viii.). The historical collections comprised in the palace may be divided into seven sections;—!. Historical Pictures; 2. Portraits; ;!. Busts and Statues ; 4. Coins ; .5. Views of Royal Residences’ &c.; 6. Marine Gallery; 7. Tombs. The historical pictures re- present the great battles, military and naval, which have illustrated the arms of France from the earliest periods ; — the most remarkable historical events in the national annals ; the age of Louis XIV.; the reigns of Louis XV. and Louis XVI.’; the brilliant epoch of 1792 ; the victories of the first Republic ; the campaigns of Napoleon; the chief events of the Empire’; the reign of Louis XVIIL; the reign of Charles X.; the revolution of 1830, and the reign of Louis Philippe. The portraits, busts, statues, and coins comprise the Kings fi-om Phara- mond to the late monarch— Grand Admirals, Constables, Mar- shals, and celebrated warriors of France, with a large col- lection of persons of note of all ages and countries. The views of royal residences have a particular value, as representing edifices, many of which no longer exist, and as illustrating the costumes, 5cc., of past times. Northern HVni/.— This wing partly occupies the site of the Fontaine de Tethys, immortalized by La Fontaine, and was first inhabited by the Duke de Bcrri, grandson of Louis XIV., the Prince de Conti, elected King of Poland in 1 697 , the Duke du Maine, son of Louis XIV., the beautiful Marquise de Thianges, sister of Madame de Montespan, Marshal Villars, and the Duke de St. Simon, author of the Memoirs. In after times the ground-floor was partly occupied by the Prince de Conde, who commanded the army of emigrants during the re- volution of 1789 ; and the first floor (1) by the Dukes of An- gouleme and Berri, sons of Charles X. The visitor, on entering the Vestibule de la Chapelle, obtains a commodious view of (0 It was in the room of this story, arljoinina the vestibule of file chapel, that the Cardinal de Rolian was arrested for tlie affair of the famous necklace ttiat had so fatal an influence oq the destinies of Marie .Antoinette and her court, VEUSAILLES. 'obi The Chapel. — The interior of this edifice was restored under Louis Philippe to its original splendour, (i) It consists of a nave and aisles supporting side galleries fronted with elegant Corinthian columns. The dimensions are 114 feet from the entrance to the altar, GO feet in breadth, and 8G feet in height. The square compartments of the ceiling of the galleries are painted with sacred subjects. The balustrades are of marble and gilt bronze. The arched ceiling springing from a rich architrave and cornice, above the lofty columns, glows from the pencil of A. Coypel, Lafosse, and Jouvenet ; the figures over the organ and galleries are by the Boullongnes and Coypel. The pavement is composed of rare marbles wrought in mosaic. In the aisles there are seven altars, ornamented with costly marbles, gilding, pictures, and bronze bas-reliefs, the latter peculiarly worthy of inspection. They stand in the following order; 1 , Martyrdom of Ste. Adelaide, by Adam; 2, Ste. Anne teaching the Virgin ; 3, St. Charles Borromeo imploring Heaven to arrest the plague at Milan, by Bouchardon; 4. the Chapelle du Dauphin, opposite to which is a Last Supper, by Paul Veronese ; 5, Martyrdom of St. Peter; 6, St. Louis succouring the plague-stricken, by Poiriet ; 7, Mar- tyrdom of Ste. Victoire. The Chapel of the Virgin, painted by BouUongne jun., deserves notice. The high altar is exceed- ingly grand, and the organ is one of the finest in France. In 1798 this Chapel remained almost uninjured. Service is chaunted here every Sunday morning. The Historical Museum is entered from the ground floor vestibule of the Chapel, by a door to the right, on the side fronting the gardens. The walls are adorned with an allego- rical alto-relievo representing Louis XIV. crossing the Bhine at Tolhuis in 1672. A suite of apartments, eleven in number, contains a series of pictures illustrating some of the principal events of the history of France up to the I’evolution of 17 89. At the end of this suite the visitor on application is introduced to The Salle de I’Opera.—Ai the opposite extremity of tlie northern wing, and approached by a staircase lately constructed, is the theatre. Its length is 144 feet, divided into equal parts by the curtain; its breadth CO feet, and its height 50 ; 14 Ionic columns, fluted and gilt, separate the upper boxes, fronted with balustrades, &c., richly gilt. The otlier decorations are in crimson and gold, with a profusion of mirrors and chan- deliers. The ceiling is by Durameau. The central box is taste- fully decorated, and was that occupied by Louis XV. The (i) Many remarkable religious ceremonies took place before its altar, one of the most interesting was the marriage of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette, in nc9. ENVIRONS OF PATUSi lateral boxes were reserved for the Ambassadors, and the nit for the Staff. Behind the entrance to the royal box is the Foyer duRoi, Avhere the Court retired for refreshment between the acts. It is of Ionic architecture, lit by four windows ; above the doors and chimney piece are fine alti-rilievi, and the de- corations are in keeping with those of the Salle. The Foyer des Ambassadeurs is below, (l) Whenever a grand opera was performed here, the expense is said to have been upwards of 100,000 fr. A small fee is expected by the conductor. On leaving this place the visitor will enter a gallery, 300 feet in length, situated behind the historical museum, aiid con- taining the busts, statues, and monumental effigies ofthekin^s, queens, and illustrious personages of France up to the reign'^of Louis XV. In the middle of this gallery is the entrance to the Salle des Croisades, a series of five splendid rooms in the Gothic style, forming a gallery of pictures relating to those interesting periods. The ceilings and walls are covered with armorial bearings of French knights who fought in the Holy Land ; the 3d room, bisected by a series of three arches, contains colossal pictures of battles fought during the crusades! The first picture to the left on entering is executed in Beauvais' tapestry, from the original painting of Horace Vernet. Under the arches are three monumental tombs; those in plaster bear the recumbent figures of Parisot de la Vallette and Pierre d’Au- busson, Grand Masters of the Order of St. John of Jeru- salem ; the central one is a cast from the original marble statue of Villiers de ITslc Adam in the attitude of prayer, the piers of the arches and the intervals of the wall between the pictures are filled with escutcheons bearing the respective names and dates. Facing the central window stands a large mortar formerly used for medical purposes by the Knights Hospi- tallers of St. John of Rhodes, and in the wall opposite are the ce - dar gates of the Hospital of the order of St. John of Jerusalem, in (I) Of the grand fetes given here, the first was in honour of the marriage of Louis XVI.; the next for tiie birth of his son; the third, the ill-judged banquet of the Gardes du Corps, in 1789 ; the fourth, on the grand inauguration of tlie Historical Museum, ivthMay, is37; tlie fifth on the occasion of the Na- tional Exhibition in isii, and the last, on the 25lh August, 1 855, when Her Majesty Queen Victoria partook of a splendid supper here, on the occasion of the grand ball given in tliis pa- lace in lionour of her visit to the Emperor. On this occasion the pit was boarded over, and 4oo guests sat down to table. The royal party, including the Queen and Prinec Albert, tlie Emperor and Empress, the Princess Royal and Prince of Wales, Prince Napoleon, Princess Matilda, and tlie Prince of Rai^aria, supped in Hie Imperial box. Tlie Salle was lit by 42 lustres and chandeliers. VERSAILLES. 659 the island of Rhodes, given to the Prince de Joinville by Sultan Mahmoud in 183C. The shields above these gates are finely carved. Between the two entrances to the Salle des Croisades stands a splendid monument in plaster of Ferdinand of Arra- gon and Elizabeth of Castillo, transported here from the Louvre. On issuing from the statue-gallery, a winding staircase by the side of the Chapel leads to the vestibule of the first floor. Here is another gallery of statues, 8cc., of personages illustrious in the earlier ages of the monarchy. In the central recess overlooking the Escalier de Constantine is a beautiful statue of the late Duke of Orleans, executed by Pradier, in white marble. The pedestal is octagonal ; four of its sides are graced with statues of genii in niches, of extraordinary beauty ; on two more are bas-reliefs illustrating scenes of the African campaign conducted by the Prince ; the statue itself repre- sents him in an easy sitting posture; the drapery is grace- ful (1.) Against the wall we see a statue of Marshal Bugeaud, near which doors open into a series of seven rooms, contain- ing splendid paintings of peculiar interest. In the first of these rooms we see, among others, two full- length portraits of Marshals Bosquet and Canrobert. In the second there are ; 1 . a large painting representing the Con- gress of Paris in 1860, and remarkable for the portraits it con- tains of the statesmen who took part in it ; 2 . the Battle of the Alma, by Bivoulon; 3. the storming of theMamelon Vert, by Protais; 4. the triumphal entry into Paris of the troops returned from Italy in 1859. In the third to the right are ; Horace Vernet’s celebrated picture of the surprise of Abdel- Kader’s Smala, a full-length portrait of that distinguished Arab, and a painting of the siege of Rome in 1849. Next follows to the left the Salle de Constantine, containing large pictures of the taking of that place, and other scenes of the Al- gerian war, besides others of the taking of Antwerp, Ancona, and St. Juan d’UUoa, all by Horace "Vernct. The fifth is a large saloon, the coves of which bear reference to the war of Morocco. It contains full-lengtlr portraits of Marshal de St. Arnaud and Marshal MacMahon, Duke of Magenta ; the storm- ing of Sebastopol, by De Vaux ; the battles of Magenta and Solferino, and busts of Marshals Niel and Bosquet, by Count de Nieuwerkerkc. The storming of the Malakoff tower is also here. In the sixth and seventh rooms we find subjects taken from thelirsl revolution, including tlie ISthBrumaire by Bou- chot, and from the history of France in the IGth century. (i) In 1848 the Provisional Government, fearing an aifnek on the palace, caused this statue to he concealed in a store-room, hut it now occupies its former position. 5 GO ENVIRONS or PARIS. The visitor now returns to the statue-gallery, and, turn- ing to his right, will perceive, amongst others, the admirable statue of Joan of Arc, executed by the late talented Princess Marie of France, Duchess of W urtemlierg. Ascending the staircase at the end leading to the attic story, he will find a room to the right containing portraits of celebrated literati, men of science, and artists. On the landing-place stands a bust of Froissart, the chronicler. Adjoining are seven rooms on the gar- den side, and three more, including a long gallery looking into the northern court, containing a collection of historical portraits, from the earliest times to those of Louis XVI and Marie Antoi- nette, Louis XVIII., and Charles X., many of which are ori- ginal ; between the embrasures of the windows are glass stands \yith coins, medals. Sec. Returning to the first story, the vi- sitor will examine a suite of 10 rooms, on the garden side, in which the series of historical paintings is continued from 1795 to the revolution of 1830. It ends in the elegant Corinthian vestibule, already mentioned, with statues of France and Peace in niches, and affording a more distinct view of the upper part of the chapel and the royal pew, adorned with two admirable bas-reliefs, viz., the Circumcision by Poiriet, and Christ with the Doctors, by Coustou. This vestibule opens into The Grands Appartements, which occupy the whole of the first floor of the central projecting building facing the garden ; the suite on the north belonged to the Ring, that on the south was the Queen’s. The former present a striking contrast to the other suites of the palace ; they are large and lofty, en- crusted with marbles, and loaded with a profusion of massive gilded ornaments ; the ceilings are richly painted, and the ge- neral effect is gorgeous. The Queen’s apartments are in wdilte and gold, with ceilings less richly painted, and from their southern aspect have a light and cheerful appearance. All these rooms, contain a most interesting series of pictures and portraits illustrative of the life and domestic relations of Louis XIV. The Salon d’Hercule, which precedes the suite, once descended to the ground-floor, and was the chapel where Bossuet and Massillon preached. The splendid ceiling, 04 feet by 54, repre- senting the apotheosis of Hercules, was executed by Lemoyne in 17 29. Here are also the equestrian porti'ait of Louis XIV. and the Passage of the Rhine. Next follows the Salle de l’Abo 7 i- dance, with a ceiling painted by Houasse, and representing Abundance. This opens to the left into two rooms which con- tain some excellent aquarelles of military subjects, and give access to the Salle des Etats-Generaux. Its walls are covered with paintings byBlondel, representing the sittings of the States General on various occasions, the Ills de justice, &c., thus VERSAILLES. 5ei forming a complete history of the origin and gradual progress of Constitutional government in France. Returning to theSu//e dc V Abondance, the next are the Salons de Venus, and de- Diane, which derive their names from the subjects on the ceilings, the first by Ilouassc, and the latter by Blanchard. Ill the former is a 1 eautiful group of tlie three Graces in white marble, by Pradier ; and in the latter there arc portraits of Marie Therese of Austria and Louis XIV. The Salon de Mars was used as a liall-room by Louis XIV.; its ceiling is by Audran, Jouvenet, and Ilouasse. Here a picture representing the interview of Louis XIV. and Philip IV. of Spain is worthy of attention. Beyond is the Salon de Merc lire, once the state bed-room, and remarkable for its ! ceiling, by Jean Baptiste Champagne, and various subjects from the reign of Louis XIV. Next is the Salon d’ Apollon, ;or Throne Room, (1) with a ceiling painted by Lafosse. The [series of paintings above mentioned is continued here. The \Salon de la Guerre, consecrated to the military glory of Louis XIV., contains a ceiling by Lebrun, representing France chastising Germany, Spain, and Holland. It leads into the Grande Galerie des Glaces (or de Louis XIV.), one of the liiiest rooms in the world, extending with the Salon de la Guerre and the Salon de la Paix, at the opposite extre- mity, along the whole of the central facade, and measuring 2.39 feet in length, 35 feet in width, and 43 feet in height. It is lighted by 17 large arched windows, which correspond with arches on the opposite wall, filled with mirrors ; sixty Corin- thian pilasters of red marble, with bases and capitals of gilt bronze, fill up the intervals between the windows and between the arches ; each of the entrances is adorned with columns of the same order. The vaulted ceiling was painted along its whole length by Lebrun, and is divided into nine large and eighteen smaller compartments, in which are allegorically re- presented the principal events in the history of Louis XIV., from the peace of the Pyrenees in 1659 to that of Nimeguen in (i) Here Louis XIV. received ambassadors, accepted the apo- logy of the Doge of Genoa, and in i7i5 held his last public au- dience. It was used for similar purposes by Louis XV. and Louis ;XVI. Splendid fetes were held here, of which those on the marriage of the Duke de Bourgogne in i697, on the arrival of tMarie Antoinette, and on the occasion of Her Majesty Queen Vic- itoria’s visit, Aug. 25, 1 85 5, were themostbrilliant. On this occasion the Galen'e des Glaces lit with 3000 waxcandles and 42 chande- liers. The private apartments were thrown open to the guests, and file st.airs, vestibules, and sitting-rooms, decked with the rarest llowcrs. Queen Victoria opened tlic ball with the Emperor in a ([uadrille, and waltzed with him in the course of Hie evening. 36 562 ENVIRONS OF PARIS. 167 8. 10 niches on either side are marble statues of Venus, ^ Minerva, Adonis, and Mercury. At a short distance, througii ! one of the doors to the left, is the entrance to the | Private Apartments. — Tlie first of these is the Cabinet da Roi, or Salon da Conseil, containing part of the original fur- niture of the time of Louis XfV., among which will he noted.; the council table and arm-chair of the King. At one end is a f celebrated clock, which displays a figure of that Monarch, and ^ plays a chime when the hour strikes, (i) From this room ad-{ inittance is obtained, on application, to a suite of rooms, called s Les Petits Appartements reserves , which occupy the northern I side of the Coar de Marbre, to which none were admitted but those who had the grande entree. The first was the billiard-' room of Louis XIV., and was afterwards the bed-chamber of his successors ; it was in this room the death of Louis XV. , so graphically described in Madame Campan’s Memoirs, took place. At present- it contains a small equestrian statue of Louis XV. Beyond is the Salle des Pendales, so called from a magnificent clock, which shows the day of the month, the phases of the moon, the revolution of the earth, and the motion of the planets. Near this is a fine marble table, on which is engraved a plan of the forest of St. Germain. On the floor is a meridian line traced by the hands of Louis XVI. '2) Next comes the Cabinet des Chasses, from whence a window on a balcony looks into the Coar des Cerfs, where the RoyarFaimly f placed themselves aftSr' grand hunting parties to see the game counted in the court. A grated door to the left of this window admitted Madame du Barri secretly to Louis XV. ’s chamber ; (1) In this room Louis XIV. used to transact business with his minislers Colbert, Louvois, and Torcy; here he took leave of Marshal Villars, when the fate of the monarchy depended on the campaign whicli ended with the victory of Denain ; here he re- ceived Lord Bolingbrole ; here he introduced to the grandees of Spain his grandson, Uie Due d’ Anjou, as their Ling, and de- clared that “thenceforth there were no Pyrenees.” Louis XV. lie'-e signed the decree for expelling the Jesuits, in 1762, and the treaty that terminated tlie seven years’ war, in 1763; here, al.so, that easy monarch suffered Mine, dn Barry to sit on the arm 6f his chair in the presence of the Council, and to fling into the fire a packet of uno])ened dispatches. On the 23d June, nsg, in the recess of the window nearest the Royal bedchamber, Louis XVI. received from the Marquis de Dreu.x-^BiAzii the bold reply oi Mirabeau, that “the deputies were assembled by the will of the people, and would not leave their place of meeting except by the force of his master’s bayonets.’’ ( 2 ) The conductor will sometimes take the visitor to the Cabinet ds Travail da Louis XVt., instead of following the order of the pre- sent desciiplion. VEUSAILLES. 563 Ber apartment was over this room, and was approached by a Imall staircase, the access to which is by a richly gilded door. Rtthe bottom of this staij'casc, leading into the Cour de Mar- vre, an attempt was made to assassinate Louis XV. by Damiens In 17 57. (1) The Cabinet des Classes contains the portraits of Ihe principal architects, painters, &c., who have contributed |o tbe building and ornamenting of the palace. Adjoining is W\Q Sat on du Dejeuner de Louis XIV., also looking on the Cour jdes Cerfs. Here an elegant cupboard will be remarked, with a miniature representing a huntingparty ; and adorned around Iwith medallions, in Sevres porcelain, of family portraits of the time. (2) From this room tbe landing placeof a staircase, which leads to one of the vestibules and to the Galerie des Marechaux (see below) opens into what formerly was a billiard-room, and which was also used by Mignard for a study or atelier. This leads to the Salle d manger de Louis XIV., afterwards the Cabinet de Louis XVI., where the latter traced out the route of the unfortunate Lapeyrouse. (3) Immediately adjoining this room is Louis^IV.’s Confessional, and the chair once oc cupied by Pe re Ta Chaise, or KreTstellier whilst gaining that intruence over Hie royal mind which' ended in the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. The suite terminates here at the ex- tremity of the Cour de Marbre. It contains numerous portraits and pictures relating to the personages and times by which they have been rendered remarkable. Returning to the Salle des Pen- dules, we pass to the Cabinet de Travail de Louis XVI. , with an equestrian portrait of Louis XIV. ; next is the Cabinet de la Vais - selle d’or, or des Porcelaines, with a portrait of Madame de Main- tenon, and the infant Marie Adelaide of Savoy at her knees ; the Cabinet des Medailles, with a miniature painting of fine execu- (1) On the same floor with the apartment of Madame du Barry are several small chambers, where Louis XV. and his successor used to seclude themselves ; adjoining was a worlisliop, where Louis XVI. had his turning-lathe eslahlished, and another in which his forge still exists. Above was a belvedere, overlooking the palace and neighbourhood, where the latter monarch uas accustomed to sit with a telescope, and amuse himself in watcli- ing what passed in the town anrl palace gardens. (2) This was the private apartment of Madame de Maintenon, in which Louis XIV. passed most of his evenings in flie latter part of his life; it was the saloon of King Louis Philippe during his visits to Versailles. (3) Here Louis XIV. generally dined with Madame de Maintenon and his family. Tire great monarch never touched tea, chocolate, coffee, or any liqueur; he disliked game, but was fond ot pastry ; he had only two meals a day, and drank no oilier \Miie Ilian Champagne, always iecd. In this room Louis XIV. himself waited on Molif’re, to teach his courtiers to respect genius. 564 ENVIRONS OP PARIS. | tion representing the Coronation of Louis XV., the BihliotheqmA where the historians of France are now collected, and in' which, in a cupboard near the northern door, the famous Lime Rouge was found; and the Salle d manger de Louis XF,, with paintings of the taking of Cambrai, Naarden, and Reinberg. Returning to the Salon da Conseil, the visitorentcrs the Cham- bre d coucher de Louis XIV., which occupies the centre of the front towards the Gourde Marbre, and is the gem of the palace. The decorations of this splendid room, of the Composite order, are exceedingly magnificent, and the furniture has been care- fully restored to the slate in which it was at the decease of the “Grand Monarch.” The ceiling, by Paul Veronese, re- presents Jupiter punishing Crime ; it was placed here by Na- poleon I., who brought it from the hall of the Council of Ten, at Venice. Beside the bed are two Holy Families of the Ita- lian and Flemish schools ; and other paintings represent Louis XIII. and other personages of the Royal Family. The bed, enclosed by a splendidly gilt balustrade, is that on which the great King died; it was made by Simon Delobel, his valet, who worked at it for twelve years, and the coverlet and hang- ings are partly the work of the young ladies of St. Cyr. ( l ) We next come to the OEil de B oeuf, a beautifully decorated room, the grand antechainberoT the King, so called from an oval win- dow aF the extremity, and celebrated in the annals of’Ter- sSilles for Tlie'lh’trigues of courtiers, who waited here the “lever” of the monarch. Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette dined here in public on Sundays. In this room there is a bronze model of the equestrian statue of Louis XIV. which stands in the court ; also a large painting of Louis XIV. and his family, represented as the Gods of Olympus, by Nocret. A door on the left leads to the Salle des Gardes du Corps du Roi, and the Salle des Valets de pied du Roi, containing some good paintings of the Flemish school. A small door in the south-west corner of the OEil de Band communicates with the Queen’s private apartments and TTetl- room. These are shown with the former, and go by the name of Petits Ajopartements de Marie Antoinette. They contain, besides other rooms of ordinary use, her library, with her bust, and her boudoir with a bust of Joseph 11.(2) A fee is given to the attendants who show these rooms and the Petits Ap- (\) Since the death of Louis XIV. no monarch has slept n this room ; but from tlie balcony Louis XVL, altended by the Queen and his children, addressed the infuriated mob who came to tear him from his palace on the olh October, 1789. (9': These rooms vvere placed at Queen Victoria’s disposal during her visits to the palace. I VERSAILLES.’ 665 partements. Bcturning to the OEil de Bceuf and the Galerie §es Glaces, we find at the opposite end of the latter, the ' Salon de la Paix, formerly the Queen’s card-room, a splen- (3 id room, which was the scene of many curious and pi- quant anecdotes. The ceiling, hy Lebrun, represents France dispensing universal peace and abundance. From this dpcns the Chambrc d coucher de Marie Antoinette, oc- cupied successively by Maria Theresa, Queen of Louis XIV., ^aria Leezinska, Queen of Louis XV., and Marie Antoinette (1.) The medallions of the ceiling are by Boucher ; those above the doors by Natoire and Delroy. Three large painting will be remarked ; the Marriage of Louis XIV. with Maria Theresa (loco), by Lebrun ; the Birth of the Due de Bourgogne ' 1 C 82 ), hyBigaud, and the marriage of the latter with Marie Adelaide, hy Dieu. The series is continued in the following rooms. The Salon de la Reine was used for the Queen’s evening parties, which were at their highest splendour under Maria Theresa, Queen of Louis XIV. The ceiling, representing Mercury, is hy Michael Corneille. In the Salon du Gravid Convert de la Reine, Louis XIV., during the life-time of his consort, frequently dined. Maria Leezinska always dined here in public, and also Marie Antoinette while Dauphiness. The present ceiling is remark- able for a fine painting by Paul Veronese, St. Mark crowning the Theological FM’f ites, brought hy Napoleon from Venice. The ceiling of the following Salle des Valets de pied de la Reine, is painted by Coypel, with Jupiter in his car, and was the scene of the slaughter of the Queen’s guards. Here is a marble statue of Louis "XV. in his youth, by Cortot; a full-length portrait of Marie Adelaide of Savoy, and marble busts of Louis XVI., Louis XV., Marie Antoinette, Marie Leezinska, Louis the Dauphin, Marie Adelaide, and Madame Elisabeth, The Queen’s state apartments terminate here at the Esca- lier de Marbre, which is one of the finest in Frande for the richness and variety of its marbles. Immediately leading from them is the Grande Salle des Gardes, now called the Salle du Sacre, from its containing David’s famons picture of the Coronation of Napoleon. (2) Opposite is his Distribution (i) Here the Duchess of Bourgoime gave birth to Louis XV., and Marie Antoinette to the Duchess d’Angouleme; here, too, tlic un- fortunate Queen was awakened from her bed on the fata! niglitof ‘tlie 5tli and 6th of October, 1789, and forced to escape by the. small *door to the left, leading by a passage to the OEil de Boeuf, from (the mob which had burst into the palace. i (2) The artist received 100,000 fr. for this fine painting, and 75,000 fr. for the “ Distribution of the Eagles to the Legions.” A second picture of the Coronation, also by David, was lately sold in Paris for less than 3000 fr. 506 ENVIRONS OF PARIS. of the Eagles to the Legions, and facing the windows, the 1 Battle of Aboukir, by Gros. Here also are paintings of Napo- 1 leon, as General and as Emperor. Tlie ceiling, by Callet, '! is allegorical of the 18th Brumaire. Two smalf rooms com- j pleting the remainder of this wing formed the Chapel of the Chateau of Louis XIII. ; they were inhabited by Louis de Bour-'t bon, Count de Clermont, under Louis XV., and now contaiiC pictures illustrative of the campaigns of 1793 and the two suc^ j ceeding years. Next follows a saloon, formerly called the! Salle des Cent Suisses, and now Salle de 17 92. This isl one of the most interesting apartments of the palace, containJ ; ing portraits of all the great military characters of the revoJ • lution of 17 89, and many in duplicate, representing them asj ; in 1792, and as they became under the empire. Napoleon isJ seen as lieutenant-colonel, in 1792, and as Emperor, in 1806;— Marshal Lannes as sub-lieutenant, in 1792, and Duke de Mon- tebello, in 1804; — Marshal Soult as sergeant, in 1792 , and Duke de Dalmatie, in 1804;— Murat as sub-lieutenant, in 1792, and King of Naples, in 1808;— Marshal Bernadotte, the late IHng of Sweden, as lieutenant, in 1792, and Prince of Pon- tecorvo, in 1804; — Louis Philippe, as lieutenant-general, in 1792, and King in 1830. There arc also valuable portraits of Lafayette, Dumouriez, Kellermann, and most of the marshals of Napoleon. A few stairs in a corner of this room, to the left on entering, lead to a scries of 8 rooms, called from their contents the Galerie des Gouaches et Aquarelles des Campaynes rfe 1796 d 1814. In this division of the palace are the old apartments of Cardinal Fleiiry, minister to Louis XV. The upper stor}^ of the centre, like the corresponding one in each of the wings, was occupied in the palmy days of Versailles by the nobles officially attached to the court. The apartments contained in it are now appropriated to the general service of the palace, and to part of the museum of portraits. From the Salle de 1792 the visitor reaches the Escalier des Princes, adoi'ned with coupled Composite pilasters, a highly sculptured ceiling, numerous bas-reliefs, and marble statues of Louis XIV., Louis Philippe, and Napoleon I. It opens into the Southern Wing. — This part of the Palace, being appropriated to the children and immediate family of the monarch, was called Aile des Princes. (1) On descending the Escalier des Princes, the visitor finds avcstibule on the first story adorned (l) The internal arran^fcmcnls of this wing liaving been en- tirelj' changed, it will he sufficient hfielly to enumerate the Princes Avho inhabited it. Tlie southern end of llie first floor was appropriated to the grandchildren of Louis XIV., with F(?pe^ VERSAILLES. ^^7 witli the busts of Mansard, Le Notre, Malesherbcs, etc., which gives access to the Galerie de V Empire, a suite of 14 rooms, including a vesti- bule about half-way, called Salle Napoleon, which contains a series of busts and statues of the Bonaparte family. The other rooms all contain upwards of 300 pictures of the martial ex- ploits of the eventful times of Napoleon I., from 179G to 1810. The last room is adorned in the centre with a triumphal co- lumn entirely of Sevres porcelain, surmounted by a figure of Victory, and adorned with paintings representing scenes of the first Empire, and five beautiful vases of Sevres porcelain Avith bas-reliefs, illustrative of several scenes of the Empire. Around are paintings representing the Battle of Marengo, the Passage of the Great St. Bernard, etc. Behind this suite runs a gal- lery, 327 feet long, filled with busts and statues of celebrated generals between' 1790 and 1815. At the entrance of this gallery, adjoining the Escalier des Princes, is a beautiful colossal marlde statue of Gen. Hoche, by Milhomme. Close to this statue, a staircase descends to the Galerie des Marines, consisting of five rooms, and another collection of portraits in four rooms. The same staircase leads down to the Galerie des Tombeaux, a collection of plaster models taken from the monuments of celebrated personages. Here a few steps conduct the visitor down to six vaulted rooms, below the level of the Cour de Marhre, in which the above series is continued, and fine models are seen of Louis XVI. , Louis XVI II., Charles X . , etc. The visitor may now return by the same way to tlie Escalier des Princes, and, re-ascending it, enter the Grande Galerie des Batailles, which includes the greater part of the attic, and constitutes an immense gallery, 393 feet in length, 42 in breadth, and the same in height. Coupled columns at each extremity and in the centre, sup- porting intermediate arches, relieve the monotony of so great a length ; the roof, vaulted like the Galerie des Glaces, is lighted by sky-lights, and richly ornamented with gilded Ion as their preceptor ; the Duke of Orleans, brother of Louis Xl\ ., and the Duke de Chartres, afterwards Regent, occupied the re- mainder. At a later period it was inhabited hy the Count d Artois, aftenvards Charles X..1he Duke de Penthi(>\re, and other Princes of the blood royal. At the northern extremity of the xvmg were llie apartmentsof the Duke of Orleans, Philippe Egalit(5,and under them, Avhere tlie arcade now leads intothe garden, was a small the- atre, in which Lulli and Quinault often charmed the ears of the court. On the ground-floor, the Princess de Lamhalle, the Dau- phin, son of Louis XVI, , his sister, the Duchess d’Angouleme, and the Count de Provence, afterwards Louis XYIII., were suc- cessively lodged. 568 ENVIRONS OF PARIS. compartments. On the walls are pictures of lar^e dimen sions, representing great military triumphs, commencing with the battle of Tolbiac, won by Clovis in 490 painted by Ary Scheffer, and ending with that of Wagram 9tli July ’'y Among the paintings liere, the Battle of Imntenoy, by the same, particularly attracted Oneen Victoria s attention during her visit. The effect of this nai- lery IS exceedingly imposing. The works of Gerard Eu- gene Delacroix, and Couder cannot fail to attract attention. Around are busts of eminent generals on pedestals • and in the embrasures of the windows are the names of the Princes admirals, marshals of France, &c., who have died in battle’ inscribed on black marble. Next to this is the Salle de 1 83o’ devoted to pictures recording the principal events of that revolution, viz. : Louis Philippe on the Place de Greve- Declaration of the Deputies, the King’s oath to the Charter’ and the Distribution of Standards to the National Guards ft) The ceiling IS painted by Picot, with a group of Justice liuth, and Fortitude. Behind these rooms runs a gallery 327 teet long, filled with statues and busts of celebrated per- sonages from 1500 to 1792, called the Gale vie de Louis XIV. By a staircase at the beginning of this gallery, the visi tor ascends to the Athque du Midi, previous to which, he will remark paintings opposite the landing-place, representing the Death of Louis XIIL byDecaisne, and Leo XII. carried in procession, by Horace Vernet. The attic itself consists of five rooms filled with Jnstorical portraits, the greater part of which relate to personages anterior to the first revolution, and are of the time. portraits of Presidents Jackson and Polk of Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, Washington, and George HI ’ and, in the last room, portraits of Queen Victoria, Prince Albert’ f nlf of Kent, and the Duke of York; and also 0 Pitt and Fox, Locke and Newton. Nextfollows a room partly bisected by a central partition, and now called the S«/on des por trail s de la Famlle Imperiale. Here maybe seen the portraits of the present Emperor when a child and a youth • of Prince Murat, Josephine, Joseph, etc. In a smaller room are those of Louis XVIII. , Charles X., and the Duke clAiigouleme. In a small cabinet annexed is a series of ful -length miniature portraits, and an interview of Louis XVIII. and the Duchess of Bcrri, liy Lccomte. Next comes the interior of the turret, already mentioned, overlooking the Cour de Marbre, containing a bust of Louis XIIL, and leading to tlie Escaher de Marbre, above alluded to, which we descend along its whole length. In a niche on a laiiding- (I) These were removed in is i 8, but have been since replaced. VERSAILLES. 569 place of this most splendid staircase is a statue of Henry IV. in his youth, by Bosio, a copy of those seen in the Louvre and Hotel de Villc (see p. 1C9, 287.) The vestibule below con- tains busts of Boileau,Santcuil, Claude Perrault, Lebrun, Man- sart, Colbert, Racine, Rotrou, and other eminent men. To our left is a second vestibule, containing busts and statues of Voltaire, Montaigne, Molicre, Malherbe, etc. Next follows the suite of the Amiraux et Marechaux de France, consisting of 14 rooms, besides two more, devoted to portraits of Guerriers Celebres, all on the centre ground-lloor. Here we find the portraits of the Grand Admirals, Constables, and Marshals of France. (1) One of these rooms in the middle is called the Galerie do Louis XI [L, behind which were the bathing-rooms of Marie Antoi- nette, now changed into the Galerie des Rois de France, containing the portraits of the 71 Kings of France, from Pharaniond down to Louis Phi- lippe. Next follow four rooms with views of royal residences, then a vestibule, with statues of Bossuet, d’Aguesseau, ITlo- pital, and Fenelon, and, lastly, three rooms containing bird’s- eye views of the Siege of La Rochelle, Nimes, etc. Returning hence to the Galerie de Louis XIII. , we pass through the remaining six rooms of the Salles des Marechaux. In the last room but one we see full-length portraits of Marshal St. Arnaud, Admiral Bruat, Marshals Vaillant, Mapian, and Baraguay d Hillicrs. The last room contains portraits of cele- brated warriors, such as Dunois, Bayard, etc. From this we reach the elegant Escalier des Ambassadeurs, near the vestibule of the Chapel ; this was built by Louis Philippe. Four small courts, two on either side, are com- prised within the buildings of this central pile; adjoining that (1) These apartments, on the south side of the palace towards tlic ^'arden, were occupied liy the Grand Daupliin, son of Louis XIY., until his death, in 1 7 1 1 ; afterwards, hy the Duke de Rerri, grandson of tliat monarch ; hy Louis the Daupliin, son ot Louis XV., and father of Louis XVI. ; hy Louis XYl. and Marie Antoinette; and Louis XVUI. The centre of the western front was a vestibule in the time of Louis XIV., by which egress was afforded to the gardens ; it was afterwards conveited into apart- ments hy Louis XV., and now forms the beautiful gallery of Louis Xlll. The aparlments on the northern side were those of the amiable Count and Countess do Toulouse under Louis XIV., and afterwards of the t’rincesscs, daughters ot Louis XV. Ihe last rooms of this suite, near the vestibule ot lire chapel, were suc- cessively tenanted by Madame do Montespan, under Louis Xl\., and Madame de Pompadour, under his successor. The rooms on this floor had been spoiled by alterations made under Louis XV. ; Lo\iis Philippe restored them to their original state. 570 EiWIllONS OF PAIUS. to the north was a magnificent vestibule and staircase of marble leading to the state apartments, in the time of Louis XlV. This was taken down by his successor, hut the corresponding iisca- lier de Marhre, on the southern side, with its vestibule, was suiTered to remain. ’ The Gardens and Park. — The former no longer contain the trees planted by Louis XIV.; they were destroyed in 177 5 , by order of Louis XVI. , and the garden was replanted. The stranger is astonished not less by the variety and effect of the jdantations and water than by the immense number and beauty of the statues, groups, and vases.— The Terrasse du Chateau has four fine bronze statues, after the antique, by the Kellers, namely Silenus, Antinous, Apollo, and Bacchus. At the angles are two beautiful vases in white marble, ornamented with bas- leliefs. The Pai tevfe d hau contains two oblong basins, upon the borders of which repose twenty-four magnificent groups, in bronze, viz., eight nymphs, eight groups of children, and the four principal rivers of France with their tributaries, namely, the Garonne and Dordogne, the Seine and Marne, the Rhone and Saone, and the Loire and Loiret. The groups of children were cast by Aubry and Roger, and the other figures by the Kellers. From the centre of each basin rise jets d’eau, in the shape of a basket. At the ends of the terrace, opposite the palace, are two fountains, adorned with groups of animals in bronze, cast by Keller.— The Porlerre du extends in front of the southern wing of the palace, and contains two circular basins of white niarlde, surroundecl by grass-plots. This ter- race is separated from the Parterre d’Eau by a parapet level with the latter, upon which are placed twelve vases in bronze, cast by DuA al. In the centre is a flight of white marble steps, ornamented on each side by a sjibinx in white marble, sur- mounted by a child in bronze. — The side nearest the palace displays a bronze statue of Napoleon. — Here a court below the level of the terrace, called La Petite Orangerie, is adorned with the fine bronze equestrian statue of the lamented Duke of Orleans, which stood in the centre of the court ol the Louvre, and was taken down by order of the Provisional Government. To the right of this is the Orangerie, situated below the Par- terre du Midi, bounded on each side by afliahtof to3 steps, leading to an iron gate on the road to Brest. The piers of these gates are crowned by grou|)s in stone, and the green- houses, of Tuscan architecture, constructed by Mansard, extend on three sides. Here the orange and pomegranate-trees, &c., are preserved during winter, and in summer are removed to the walks of the Orangery, and other parts of the garden. (. 1 ) (t) One of the orange-trees possesses an historical character. U VERSAILLES. 57 1 In the midst of the principal green-house, opposite the en- trance, is a colossal statue of Louis XIV., by Desjardins. The ground in front of the Orangery is divided into flower-beds, with a basin and fountain in the centre, — The Parterre clu Nord, approached by a flight of steps in white marble, is in front of the northern wing of the palace, and is separated from the Parterre d’Eau by a wall crowned with 14 bronze vases, cast by Duval. At the angles near the steps are two fine vases of Egyptian marble, by Rousseau, and on the sides of the steps two statues copied from the antique, the one the Arrotino, cast by Eognini, the other, Venus, by Coysevox. This terrace is laid out in flower-beds, and ornamented with the two basins des Couronnes and that de la Pyramide. The former derive their name from two groups of tritons and Syrens supporting crowns of laurel, from the midst of which issue columns of water. The bassin de la Pyramide consists of four round basins rising one above another in a pyramidal form. The figures are in lead ; those of the first two basins are by Lehongre, and those of the third by Girardon. Along the shrubbery which bounds this parterre on the north are eight statues in white marble. Below the bassin de la Pyra- mide are the Baths of Diana, a small square basin, of which one side is ornamented w'ith bas-reliefs in lead, by Girardon, representing, in the centre, the nymphs of Diana at the bath, and at each extremity a river. — the Allee d’Eau, in front of the baths of Diana, leads to the two basins du Dragon, and de Neptune, between two long and narrow grass-plots, in each of which are seven groups of children in bronze, in the midst of white marble basins separated by yewMrees. Each group forms a sort of tripod supporting a second basin of Languedoc marble, from the centre of which the water rises and overflows into the basin below. On the sides of the avenue lie the groves called Bosquet de I’Arc de Triomphe and des Trois Couronnes, which possessed many works of art, but retain little of their ancient magnificence. At the extremity of the avenue is a semicircle formed by a thick hedge, in front of which are eight groups similar to those in the avenue, forming a total numher of 22. — The Bassin du Dragon derives its name from the dra- gon or serpent Python, surrounded by four dolphins and a similar numher of swans. The only part that now remains is was contemporary with Francois 1., and formed part of tlie con- fiscated property of the Conmitable de hourbon, wlience it is called le Grand Bourbon. It was produced from seeds sown in 1421, by Leonora of Castille, wife of Charles 111., King of Navarre, and after flourishing for 437 years, does not seem to have approached the end of its long career. Its branches are now encircled by iron rings to support their weight, 572 EiWlUONS OF PAKiS. S the grand jef d’eau, that issues from the dragon’s mouth. I The Bassin de Neptune is the most splendid of all the foim- i tains at Versailles. Upon the upper border stand 22 large I vases in lead, ornamented with has-reliefs. Against the side I are three immense groups in lead. That in the centre by I Adam senior, represents Neptune and Amphitrite seated ’in a i vast shell, and accompanied by nymphs, tritons, and sea- • monsters. The group on the east is Proteus, by Bouchardon • ^ and that 011 the west. Ocean resting upon a sea-unicorn by ' Lemome. At the angles two colossal dragons bearing Cupids by Bouchardon, stand upon pedestals. From these five groups issues a deluge of water, augmented by /efs d’eau rising trom different parts of the basin, and from the vases. From the Bassin de Neptune we return to the Parterre d’Eau by the avenue des Trots Fon taines and des Ifs, which are in the same line. The former is without ornament; the latter contains 14 white marble vases and 5 statues.— The Parterre de Latone ties between the Parterre d’/sauandthe Alice du Tapis Vert. On the right and left are declivities which form a bending road* skirted by yew-trees and hounded by a tliick hedge, along which are ranged statues and groups in marble. Between the two (declivities just described, is a magnificent flight of steps leading from the Parterre d’Eau to that de Latone, at the top of which are two vases of white marble exhibiting the sun, the emblem of Louis XIV. These steps lead to a semicircular terrace in advance of the Bassin de Latone, and descend, by two smaller flights, to a lower terrace on which this elegant basin is si- tuated. These steps are ornamented with 12 beautiful vases enriched with has-reliefs. The Bassin de Latone presents five circular basins which rise one above another in the form of a pyramid, surmounted by a group of Latona with Apollo and Uiana, by Marsy. The goddess implores the vengeance of Ju- piter against the peasants of Libya, who refused her water and the peasants, already metamorphosed, some half, and others entirely, into frogs or tortoises, are placed on the edae of the different tablets, and throw forth water upon Latona in every direction, thus forming liquid arches of the most beauti- ful ettect. The tablets are of red marble, the group of white marble, and the frogs and tortoises of lead. On- each side of the pyramid, a column of water rises 30 feet and falls into the basin. Beyond are two flower-gardens, each with a fountain adorned with figures to correspond with that of Latona.— the Alice du Tapis Vert derives its name from a lawn which extends die whole length from the Parterre de Latone to the Bassin d’Apollon. It is ornamented with I2 statues and 12 beautiful vases in white marble.— The Bassin d’Apollon, which, VEUSAILLES. 573 except that of Neptune, is the largest in the park, is situated at the extremity of the Alice du Tapis Vert. The God of Day is seen issuing from the waters in a chariot drawn by four horses, and surrounded by tritons, dolphins, and sea-monsters. Beyond is the grand canal, extending as far as St. Cyr (see p. 53G), 18G feet wide by 4,G74 in length, with two cross branches measuring together 3,000 feet in length. (1) We now return towards the palace, taking the avenues on the right, and come to the Bassins de V River et de I’Automne. That of Winter represents Saturn surrounded by children, who play among fish, crabs, and shells. This group is by Girardon, That of Autumn, by Marsy, represents Bacchus reclining upon grapes, and surrounded by infant satyrs. — The Jardin du Boi, ilcar the Bassin d’Hiver, on the right, is laid out with much taste and judgment. — In front of the entrance lies the Bassin du Miroir; two columns of water rise from the midst. The Bosquet de la Rcine is a delightful enclosed grove, which can only be entered with a cicerone of the park, and contains a great number of foreign trees and plants. In the centre is a superb granite vase and four antique vessels in bronze. — The Bosquet de la Salle de Bal, situated near the foregoing, is thus called from balls formerly given there by the court in summer. —The Quinconce du Midi, near the Salle de Bal, to the north- west, is ornamented with eight termini, of which four stand round a grass-plot in the centre, and the other four beneath the chesnut trees. — The Bosquet de la Colonnade, at a short distance from the Quinconce, is an enclosed grove, containing a magnificent rotunda, composed of 32 marble columns and pilasters of the Ionic order, united by arches supporting a cornice with white marble vases. Under each arcade are marble basins with fountains, and in the middle is a fine group of the Rape of Proserpine, by Girardon.— 5assm du Prin- temps et de I’Ete. We now cross the Alice du Tapis Vert, and direct our course through the avenues on the side opposite. The fountains of Spring and Summer are situated in the first long avenue parallel to the Tapis Vert. Spring is represented by Flora ; before her is a basket of flowers, and around are children who hold garlands and wreaths. Summer appears under the figure of Ceres, having a sickle in her hand, reclining among wheat sheaves, and encircled by children. — The Bosquet des Ddmes derives its name from two small rotundas crowned with domes, which were demolished in 1820. In the centre is an octagonal basin surrounded by a balustrade in marble. In the top of the balustrade is a small channel, in which water ( 1 ) Promenades in Loals may be enjoyed on this canal in sum- mer, at 10 sous an hour per person, or 3fr. for a parly. 74 ENVIKONS OP PARIS. Hows and escapes from distance to distance from shells, hi the centre an immense column of water rises to the height of 70 feet. Above and around is a terrace, Ijounded nv a second balustrade of marble, of which the plinth and pilasters are covered witli 44 l),as-reliefs of ancient and modern arms used by the difierent nations of Europe, executed by Girardon Ma- zaJine and Guerin. ^ In this enclosure are eight statues of white marble.— /iassm d Encelade. A triangular space opposite the Bosquet des Domes contains this fountain, which is circular and surrounded by trees. The centre is occupied by a mass of rocks, Jieneath which Enceladus the Giant is struggling for lil)erty and still endeavouring to hurl rocks at heaven. The no-ure’ from whose mouth a column of water rises to the height of oo feet, was executed by Marsy. Water also issues from his hand and from parts of the rocks. — The Qumconce du Nord cor- lesponds with that of the south, and is adorned with a largo vase and eight termini in white marble.— Bosquet des Bains d Apollon. Upon leaving the Quinconce by the principal ave- nue to the east, we see on the left an iron gate which leads to an agreeable enclosed grove, in the midst of which is an enor- mous rock, of the most picturesque form. Here a grotto leads to the palace of Tethys, whose nymphs are serving Apollo at tiie moment when he comes to rejjose in the arms of the goddess Two are preparing to bathe his feet, a third is poui-ing water into a basin ; and three others stand behind, one of whom braids ms hair, and two others hold vessels with perfumes. Apollo and the first three nymphs are chefs-d’oeuvre of Girardon • the three others are by Regnaudin. On the right and left of ’this magnificent group are two others, tlie former by Guerin the latter by Marsy, representing the horses of the Sun watered by tritons. These three groups in white marble form the most perfect ensenMe of sculpture at Versail les. Sheet s and torrents of water, which escape from different parts of the rock and lorm a lake at its foot, add to the effect of the scene. This fountain is said to have cost 1,500,000 fr.— In descending this part of the garden, towards the west, we find the Bond Vert a circular bowling-green, surrounded by a hedge, in wliieh are four verdant niches, with statues after the antique. — The Bassmdes hnfants, placed at the fourth angle of the Rond \ert, IS decorated with a group of six children, in lead play- ing in a small island, in the centre. Two others are swimming m the water, while from the midst of the island a column of water rises 48 feet.— Continuing from east to west, we enter the Sal e ae lEtotle, so called from its three avenues, crossing each other -teini/e VObelisque. The avenue that traversed the etoile leads to this fountain. The water issues from reeds VEIISAILLES. 575 roimd a column of wafer in the centre, and falls into an upper basin, from which it descends into another by a number of steps forming as many cascades. The fountains are distin- guished by the names of the Grandes and the Petites Eaux. The latter play every other Sunday in summer, but tlie former only on great occasions, always announced in Galignani’s Mes- senger and in the French journals. The Grandes Eaux present one of the finest sights imagin- able, and cost from 8 to 10,000 fr. every time they play. ( 1 ) As they do not all play at once, the visitor can follow them from basin to basin up to that of Neptune, which is always the last. On these occasions, the crowd attracted to Versailles is very great ; but ample means of communication are afforded by the two railroads, and first-class places (diligences) may be secured lieforehand both for going and returning. Visitors should not remain late, on account of the crowds at the railroads. Le Grand Trianon is a villa, at the extremity of the Park of Versailles, built by Louis XIV. for Mme. de Maintenon, after the designs of J. H. Mansard. It is in the Italian style, consisting of one story, and two wings, united by a long gal- lery pierced by seven arcades, and fronted with magnificent coupled Ionic columns and pilasters in Languedoc marble. Tiie wings are ornamented in a similar manner. It is sepa- rated from the avenue leading to it by a fosse in masonry. The visitor is first introduced lo the peristyle, adorned with coupled Ionic columns, which connects the two wings, and looks both into the garden and court ( 2 .) This leads to a circular Corin- thian hall, called the Antichambre des Grands Appnrtements, adjoining which is the billiard-room, with portraits of Louis XV. and'Marie Leczinskaof Poland in their youth, by Vanloo. Next is the Salon de Reception, containing several paintings and portraits by Vanloo andCoypel; then we enter the Salon Particulier and the Salle de Malachite, with a circular basin of malachite of extraordinary size, resting on a tripod of or-nioulu, presented to Napoleon by the Emperor Alexander, on the occa- sion of the treaty of Tilsit. It likewise contains portraits of Louis XIV. and Louis XV., by Vanloo ; of the Dauphin, by Natoire, and Louis XVI. , by Callet. The Galerie da Palais, formerly the dining room of Louis Philippe, is entered next, consisting of a gallery ICO feet in length, and full of remark- able paintings by Roger, Thomas, Bidault, Johannot, Boucher, (0 300,000 fr. were voted in is.'io for rcpairin" the reservoirs and basins, wiiicii are now restored to all their former beanij'. ( 2 ) The visitor must not expect to he led tlirongh tlie aparl- nients exaclly in the same order as they are described liero, since lids depends upon tlio eaprire of the man who shows tliem. 57 6 ENVIRONS OF PARIS. &c. The centre is occupied by curious and costly taldes in mosaic, with bronze statues, etc. In the Salon de Musique is some rich and curious porcelain, besides paintings of mytholo- gical subjects by Bon Boullongne, Coypcl, Lafosse, etc. Next follows the chapel, constructed by Louis Philippe. The wainscoting is of oak; there are a few good paintings, and an admirable Assumption copied from Prudlion, in ena mel, adorns the window. The late Marie d’OiTeans, Duchess of Wurtemberg, was married in this chapel. The library, adorned with paintings by Boucher and Robert, and the apartments formerly reserved for the use of the Dukes of Oi'leans and Nemours, and before them by Napoleon I., (ij lead the visitor back to the billiard-room and peristyle already mentioned. Here begin the apartments which were occupied by the King and Queen. The Salon de la Heine contains two portraits more of Louis XV. and Marie Leezinska. The Ca- binet de la Heine leads to the Royal bed-room, most richly fur- nished and gilt. The bed is the same that was used by the Empress Josephine. The hangings and curtains of the alcove are of crimson velvet, and a gorgeous balustrade separates it from the chamber. Next comes the Salon des Glaces, an elegant apartment lit by four windows, and adorned with a profusion of mirrors ; it contains two excellent busts of the Emperor and Kmpress. This suite is closed by the Cabinet de Travail du Hoi, and his private library, with some minor apartments in which four cradles, made for different heirs to the French throne, have been recently placed. The decora- tions of these apartments are richer than those of the first suite, which are white and gold. The rooms formerly inhabited by Madame Adelaide are no longer shown, being completely unfurnished. The garden of the Grand Trianon is laid out in a style similar to that of Versailles, and contains several fine fountains, the chief of which is the cascade, in Carrara marble. There are many excellent pieces of sculpture in va- rious parts, and among them two portraits of Louis XV. and Maria Leezinska, in allegorical groups, by Coustou. The grounds in the rear are laid out in groves cut into labyrinths. The Grand Trianon was always a favourite residence of I.ouis XIV., Louis XV., and Louis XVI.; Napoleon also frequently resided in it, and made a direct road from thence to St. Cloud. The servants who show these apartments communicate many interesting historical details, partly from their own experience, and partly derived from local tradition. Visible clailj', Mon- (i) Two of these rooms, including a sjdendid bed-cliambcr, were intended for Her Majesty Queen Victoria, on the occasion ol her expected vi.sit in Louis Pliilipps’s time. i I VERSAILLES. 57 7 days excepted, from 11 to 5 in summer, and 11 to 4 in winter, i On leaving this, the visitor will find, in an avenue to the ri"ht, a building where the State Carriages are kept. These fere visible for a small fee. On entering we sec seven Carriages, arranged in two rows of three each, with one, The most splendid of all, between. It was built in 1825 !for the coronation of Charles X., and has been re-gilt [and newly decorated since 1853 for the use of the pre- (sent Emperor. It is lined inside with crimson velvet embroi- dered in gold ; the exterior displays a profusion of tasteful carving and richness of decoration not to be surpassed. The Turthemost of the right-hand row was used for the baptism of the King of Rome, that of the Due de Bordeaux, the marriage of the present Empress, and the baptism of the Prince Imperial on the 14th of June, 1856. The carriage next to it was used by Napoleon I. when elected First Consul; the remaining four all belonged to Napoleon I. To the right on entering is the sedan-chair of Marie Antoinette ; to the left, that of Maria Lec- zinska. The presses against the lateral walls contain sets of harness of the time of Napoleon I . There are also four sledges which belonged to Louis XIV. A curious little Turkish car will be seen here, constructed for the Sultan Abdul-Medjid when a child. M. Thouvenel, during his embassy at Con- stantinople, sent it over for the Prince Imperial. It was drawn by goats, but the prince, who possessed a pair of ponies, soon got tired of it, and it has now been deposited here. The’ visitor, continuing along same avenue, will reach the Petit Trianon, situated at one extremity of the garden of the Grand Trianon. It forms a pavilion 72 feet square, and consists of a ground floor and two stories. The first floor consists of an antechamber, a dining-room (in which are the Seasons, by Dejuinne) , a billiard-room, drawing-room (with a bust of Louis XVI.; the subjects over the doors by Watteau), a boudoir, a bed-room hung with blue silk, where may be remarked two ostrich’s eggs adorned with miniatures by Bou- cher and, lastly, the cabinet de toilette, containing a time- piece of Louis XV. The Duchess of Orleans had the use of this villa (1 .) The garden is laid out a VAnglaise ; it has a fine piece of wafer, on the banks of which is a Swiss village, erected by Marie Antoinette. In another part of the garden is a small theatre, formerly used by ibe court, and which should be par- ticularly asked for by the visitor, since it is well worth see- ing, and often omitted to be shown. fl) This mansion was built for Madame du Barry by Louis XV who inhabited it when attacked by the contagious disease of 37 57 8 ENVIRONS OF PARIS. The gardens of the Petit Trianon are visible daily, till dusk. To visit the palace, apply by letter to M. I’Adjudant General du Palais des Tuileries. TheTowN OF Versailles is bisected by the Avenue de Paris which divides it into theQiiartier of Notre Dame, to the north, and of St. Louis to the south. On proceeding down the rue Iloche the visitor will re.nark the Doric facade of the Pro- testant church, where service is performed by a clergyman of the Church of England, on Sundays at half-past one. Farther on is the Place Hoche, in which stands a fine bronze statue of General Hoche, a native of the town, who distinguished himself in the troubles of La Vendee. The Church of Notre Dame, built by Mansard in 1684, fronts the rue Hoche. Its facade is Doric and Ionic. The interior is Doric, and cruci- form, with aisles, and lateral chapels, in one of which is a monament of St. Remy baptizing King Clovis. In a chapel in the opposite aisle is a fine marble monument to the Comte de Vergennes, a distinguished diplomatist under Louis XVI. In tile rue Duplesssis, parallel to the rue Hoche, at the corner of the Boulevard de la Reine, is the railway station of the Right Bank (Rive Droite). Opposite stands the hospital, in which the Chapel of St. Paul deserves attention. The Lycee Imperial stands in the Route de St Cloud. It was erected in 17 66 by Maria Leezinska ; ithas a good Ca- binet of Natural History, and about 500 pupils. On this side is also a villa formerly belonging to Madame Elizabeth, sister of Louis XVI., and a small theatre adjoining the palace. Nearly opposite to the theatre. No. 14, is a house with an inscription stating that it once was the abode of Labruyere, and that he died there in 1696. In the Quartier St. Louis, the Route de Sceaux is crossed by the Avenue de la Mairie, where the railway station of the left bank [Rive Gauche) is situated . Distinct from this is the Western railway station, which stands opposite the rue Horace Vernet ; and outside the adjoining barrier, is the Bois de la Fontaine des Nouettes, with shady walks. The Bois de Satory, outside the Barriere St. Martin, is also a charming public walk. This wood skirts the elevated plateau called the Plaine de Satory, where races take place in June. At the intersection of the rue Royale and rue d’Anjou is a monument to the Abbe de I’fipee, the benefactor of the deaf and dumb. The rue d’Anjou leads to the Cathedral of wliic.li he dioil. Louis XVI. presented it fo the queen, under ' whos:; dii'e.f.liou llio "arden.s were laid out. Queen Victoria vi.siled j t)olh lii'! Triauous on liie 2tst of Au;!:., I855, and partook of a splendid lunch at the Sw'ss village or llameiu. VERSAILLES. 579 St. Louis, built by the last of the Mansards in 1743, of Doric and Corinthian architecture. The interior is cruciform, with a nave, and aisles surrounding both nave and choir. In the third chapel to the right on entering there is a splendid marble group, by Pradier, representing Religion supporting the Due de Berry in his last moments, when struck by the hand of the assassin Louvel. The pedestal is charged with bas-reliefs, and the motto “ Grace pour Phoinme,” the last words the Duke had spoken. This monument was erected to his memory by the town of Versailles, his birth-place. In the transept and chapels there are an Adoration of the Shepherds, by Restout ; a St. John the Baptist, by Latreille ; St. Louis, by Lemoine ; the Virgin in the Temple, by Ver- mont ; Christ walking on the waves, by Fauchet ; St. Vincent dePaule, by Heim; and the conversion of Clovis, by Delaval. Some of the confessionals are beautifully carved. The rue de rOrangerie leads to the Grand Commun, already men- tioned (see p. 555), near which is the Public Library, in the building formerly called the Hdtel des Affaires Etrangeres. It contains nearly 60,000 volumes, and is open daily from 1 1 to 4, except Sundays. To the library is attached a small museum. In the rue du Jeu de Paume, is the famous Tennis-court celebrated for the oath taken by the National Assembly, which was the signal of the first revolution. It is much frequented by amateurs, and is worthy of a visit, especially by good judges of the game. South of the town and the palace is a large sheet of water, called Piece des Suisses, from its having been formed by the Swiss guards of Louis XIV. It is 2,100 feet in length by 7 20 in breadth. To the east of this is the potager, or fruit and kitchen garden, of the palace, 28 acres in extent, and formed into divisions by terraces and walls. Contiguous to the potager is the beautiful and picturesque Eng- lish garden of the Hotel de Tellier, formed by the Count de Provence, afterwards Louis XVIII., but now belonging to a private individual. A considerable number of foreigners, in- cluding many English families, have chosen Versailles’ for their residence. The air is salubrious, but colder than that of Paris. The streets are wide and clean, and in the sum- mer nothing can be more delightful than its numerous walks. It possesses a synagogue, a few manufactories, and has three annual fairs. Not far from Versailles, at about an hour’s drive along the Route de Chevreuse, are the remains of tllf Once celebrated Abbey of Porl-lloijal d< s Champs ( 1 ). ( 1 ) This abbey of RenediclUie nuns first acquired some renown from a reform of the rules of the house, in consequence of some 580 ENVIRONS OF PARIS. Part of the buildings are still inhabited. The country around is extremely picturesque. The Emperor has a domain near Versailles, called La Menagerie, which has now been specially devoted to the rearing of the best French breeds of saddle and carriage horses. It is under the direction of General Fleury. VINCENNES — A commune of some extent situated to the east of Paris, a mile and a half from the Place du Trone, celebrated for its chateau and forest, which have existed from a very early date. It may be most conveniently reached by the new railway. Place de Bastille ; or by the omnibus which starts from the square of the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers (Seep. 256.) In 1137 Louis le Jeune built a residence here, and more than a century later St. Louis frequently visited it, and administered justice under an oak in the forest. To com- memorate the spot where this tree stood, a stone pyramid has been erected in the centre of a circular rendez-vous de chasse. In 1183 Philip Augustus enclosed the forest with a wall, and enlarged the royal residence, where Louis le Hutin and Charles le Bel are said to have subsequently ended their days. Phi- lippede Valois having in 1333, demolished the ancientbuilding, laid the foundations of the present chateau. Its form is that of a parallelogram of 1 ,200 feet in length, and 672 in breadth, and, independent of the Donjon, which is an interior fort or prison, was flanked with nine square towers, which all existed, though in a dilapidated condition, until 1818, when, having become the chief arsenal of Paris, it was considered necessary to demolish them all, except one. The large rec- angular tower of the entrance, called Tour Principale, and 115 feet high, now repaired, and the Donjon still remain intact. The whole fortress was enclosed by high loop-holed walls of prodigious strength (which have now given place to bomb-proof casemated barracks), and surrounded by a ditch 40 feet deep and 8o in breadth. To the right stands the celebrated Donjon . — ’This very remarkable structure forms a square with four towers at its angles. There are four lofty stories alleged miraculous interference. In 1626 the number of its in- mates increased so considerably that a part of them had to be transferred to Paris, where a second convent of Port Royal was established near the Rue St. Jacques (see p. 135.) Celebrated literary characters, and even artists, soon resorted to the abbey , to pass their lives there in retirement ; among them were Le- maistre de Sacy, Nicole, Pascal, and Ph. de Champagne. The Jesuits, viewing the educational tendencies of the convent with distrust, obtained a decree for its suppression in 1709, but the nuns had to be forced out by the military. VINCENNES. 581 ibove the ground-floor, each composed of one spacious apart- ment in the centre 30 feet square, and four smaller rooms in ithe corner towers. All have vaulted roofs ; that of the larger apartment produces a striking effect by the Gothic arch- work being supported by a column in the centre. The walls of this building are 17 feet in thickness and from the total absence of wood in its construction it is quite incombustible. The visitor will observe the immense thickness and solidity of the double doors sheathed with iron and fastened with strong bolts and locks, also the extreme narrowness of the winding stairs, which scarcely allow a person to pass another; 242 steps lead to the platform, commanding a magnificent view of the forest and adjacent villages. In 1420 Henry V. of England, being proclaimed king of France, took up his resi- dence and died here, after a brief reign of two years. This fortress passed from the French to the English and vice versd several times. In 1431 Henry VI. of England, being crowned king of France, resided in the Donjon, but in the following year Jacques de Chabannes drove out the English, who re- took it in 1434, and retained it until the Duke of Bourbon obtained possession of it by the treachery of some of the Scottish Guards. Up to the time of Louis XI. the Donjon was a royal residence ; under his reign it became a state prison, and has continued so. State prisoners whose otfences did not call for peculiar severity were confined in the towers at each angle, but the heart sickens at the tortures here inflicted on the unfortunate beings in the vaults below. The room where tor- tures were applied, called the Salle de la Question, is on the ground-floor, but in total darkness. Here is still seen a hole cut in the stone wall, just large enough to receive the form of a man, which was the bed of the victim ; strong bolts in the wall that still remain, with heavy iron chains, secured him to the spot, and kept his limbs motionless during the application of the Question.” Many pages might be filled with the names of the prisoners sent here by letlres de cachet. (1) (i) The following is a list of the principal prisoners confined here, in chronological order: — 1315, Enguerrand de Marigny, Supermtehdent of Finances under Louis X.— 1 574, Henry IV., then King of Navarre, and the Due d’Alen^on. — I6i7, the Prince of CondcL-_j62 6, Marshal d’Ornano, the natural son of Henry IV.; Marie Louigg ^e Gonzague, daughter of the Duke de Nevers. — 1643, the Due de Beaufort. — 4650, the Princes of Conde and Conti, and (he Due de Longueville.— 1652, Cardinal de Betz. — 1C6ij Njcpiiis Fouquet. — 1717, the Marquises de Chatillon, dePo- lignac, de Clermont. — 1748, Prince Edward, the eldest son of the Pretender, previous to his being expelled from the kingdom for plotting against the English Government.— 1777, the Comte de 582 ENVIRONS OF PARIS. La Sainte Chapelle or church of the fort, a fine specimen of the ifith century, and one of the latest of the pointed style in France, stands opposite. It has a square buttressed tower to the north, with an octangular turret at one of its corners, reaching to the bottom, and crowned with a spire surmounted by a crescent, the emblem of Diane de Poitiers, the mistress of Henry II. This emblem wasforraerly repeated on all the spires and pinnacles, instead of the cross. The front, which has now been completely repaired, consists of a gable decorated with splendid tracery, and flanked with two crocheted spires. The interior strongly reminds one of the style of the Sainte Cha- pelle, and consists of a single nave. It is remarkable for its stained glass windows, executed by Jean Cousin, in which, as well as on the ceiling, the device of Henry II., the letter II, and the crescent are interlaced. The infatuated monarch also had Diane’s portrait painted in oneof the windows, perfectly naked, in the midst of celestial beings; it is said to be a faithful like- ness. It is on the window to the left, and the figure may be easily distinguished at the bottom of the tableau, by the blue ribbons in her hair. The altar-table, of white marble, is Gothic, and was a gift of Louis XVIII. Under it there is a fine model of the Cathedral ol Basle. This church contains a monument to the unfortunate Duke d'Enghien, who was shot here March 20th, 1804. The Prince was led down to the ditch at the south-east angle of the fortress, where, his grave being already dug, he was executed. (1) His remains are contained in a bronze sarcophagus ; above is a statue of the duke supported by Religion ; below is France in tears for her loss, and a figure of Vengeance invoking divine justice. On the right and left sides of the court are two large buildings, commenced by order of Marie de Medicis, and finished in the early part of the reign of Louis XIV., which were splendidly fitted up for the residence of the royal family. A drawbridge across the ditch, at the back of the Pavilion duRoi, gave access to beautiful and extensive gar- dens ornamented with statues and fountains. Here Louis XIV. took up his residence previous to the construction of Ver- sailles, and here in these gardens, whilst listening in private to the conversation of some ladies in an alcove, he discovered the secret of the tender passion of Mile, de la Valliere for him. Mirabeau. — 1 804, the Due d’Enghien.— i8i i , the Bishops of Gand, Tournay, and Troyes.— i S30, the ex-minislers de Polignac, de Peyronnel, de Chantelauze, and Guernon-Ranville.- 1 848 , the conspirators of May, and many of the insurgents of June. ( 1 ) His body was disinterred in i8i6, and placed under the magnificent monument, alluded to, executed by Desen ne. VINCENNES. 583 The Pavilion du Roi is now converted into barracks. In the vestibule the visitor will see the statue of Marshal Daumesnil, by fimile Thomas. Bcliir.d tlie chapel are the workshops of the arsenal, and to the left is the Armoury , — containing a vast store of arms, all arranged with great symmetry, and exhibiting many fanciful de- vices. The staircase is flanked by columns, with theii' pe- Tlestalsand capitals complete, all formed with musket-barrels, pistols, bayonets, etc., very ingeniously combined for the pur- pose. Fronting the staircase is a sort of sun, composed in a similar manner ; above this are seen the initials L.N., and tl;e Eagle. The armoury consists of a long gallery, filled with modern weapons of every kind arranged in racks ; from the ceiling hang imitations of lustres, all obtained as before from combinations of swords, jnstols, etc. This gallery contains upwards of 1 55,000 muskets, and an immense store of swoi ds, pistols, pikes, etc. ; and at the furthest end is a trophy formecl of the colours of the Garde Mobile of 1 848, with an inscription recording their bravery in the insurrection of June. In the centre of the trophy is the bust of Napoleon III., and in another room there is the bust of the first Emperor The new fort has barracks for 2 regiments of artillery and stabling for 1250 horses. In each corner of the fort at the eastern extremity is a powder magazine. An immense park of artillery' is kept in constant readiness. The garrison of Vin- cennes is composed of two regiments of artillery, 1 regiment of infantry, i battalion of ritkmen (Chasseurs de Vincennes), ,and some companies of sappers and miners. The guns taken from the Austrians in 1859 are preserved here. The Chateau is visible everyday but the armoury on Saturdays only, both from 1 2 to 4 , and with tickets to be obtained by writing to M. le Minisfre de la Guerre. On leaving the Chateau, the visitor soon arrives at the Polyyonc, a vast space where mounds of earth are erected as targets for artillery practice. This is the spot set apart for the Ecole de tir, where officers from all the regiments are sent to be instructed in the use of the improved fire-arms. From June to September the artillery practise firing at the butt .'{ times a-week, generally the Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday. These exercises commence at 6 o’clock, and continue till 9, and attract many visitors from Paris. East of the Polygone, the stranger will perceive the Tir National Franeais which takes place annually in the nionlli <)f August. It is a vast shooting-gallery, with 58 targets in the rear, visible through wooden partitions pierced with square openings. This institution, now declared permanent 584 ENVIRONS OF PARIS. by the Minister of War, is under the control of a committee. I At the last T ir (shooting match) competitors attended from all ; parts of Europe, the French, Swiss, and Belgians predomi- ! Dating, though laurels were reaped also by English competi- i tors. Every amateur pays from 5 to 2*0 francs for every : series of five shots, according to the prize for which he com- i petes. The net produce is divided into prizes of from 40 to i 6,000 fr., awarded to the most successful shots, with every ! kind of weapon, including the bow and cross-bow. The dis- : tances vary from 100 to 300 metres. Further on, on the same side, is the Imperial Model Farm, — intended, as its name denotes, for improve- i ments in farming, respecting which, persons interested in the ^ subject may here glean much valuable information. A visit to the Imperial dairy should not be neglected, for although no attempt is made in luxury or magnificence, as isthecasewith some “ show dairies'’ in England, yet the cleanliness ahd i excellent arrangements observed here are the more remarkable, as they can be carried into practical effect by any farmer with j little or no expense. Butter and milk may be had here on j the spot for a trifle ; 120 cows are kept here. M. Guerin 4 Meneville has a piece of ground allotted to him iiere for ex- i periments in the rearing of Japanese and other new and hardy i breeds of silkworms. Further on, there is the Bedoubt de la Faisanderie, where a normal gymnastic school for the army is established under the direction of a commandant and three professors. This institution receives a contingent of about 150 sub-officers, corporals and soldiers who are changed every six months, at the end of which period a public examination takes place, and prizes are awarded to those who most distinguish them- selves ; the pupils then return to their respective regiments and act as instructors to their comrades. A certain proportion of officers are also added to the above number. To the left of the Polygone, a new race-course has been cleared by a society, on the same plan as that of the Bois de Boulogne. It is 3,500 meti’es in circumference. The stands erected on the western side, consist of two wings of 100 metres each, with the Imperial pavilion between. They can accommodate 3,500 spectators. Adjoining is the Parc de lincennes. — This, but lately neglected wood, has now undergone such extensive improvements as to render it a most beautiful place of resort and recreation to the inhabi- tants of the eastern quarters of Paris. In 1102 the forest of Vincennes was surrounded with ditches. Louis VII. caused it to be enclosed with walls on the Paris side, and built a small VINCENNES. 585 t ower at its entrance called La tourelle de St. Mande, from the village of that name. In 1183 Philip Augustus continued the wall, and stocked the forest with deer sent to him by Henry II. of England. At a later period St. Louis built the walls along the Marne. In 1 731 Louis XV. caused the old and decayed trees to be cut down, and the wood to be replanted, for the I benefit of the Parisians, and a pyramid, now removed, was erected to commemorate the event. Some fine oaks, several centuries old, still remain, the descendants of those under which King Louis delivered justice. In that part of the Park called Les Minimes, a convent was erected by Louis VII., of which now no vestige remains. The Park is intersected by several fine carriage roads, and a number of shady and intricate gravel walks. Here one often meets with a quiet knc', of ladies and their daughters plying the needle in the balmy sum- mer air, or a gay pic-nic party ensconced in some sequestered spot under the trees. Following, and occasionally crossing a rivulet spanned by rustic bridges, we arrive at the vast artifi- cial Lac des Minimes, due to the present Emperor’s munifi- cence. It covers a surface of 8o,o0o square metres, and has a large island in the centre, accessible by boats. This lake is fed by a sities of turbines at St. Maur, which, by the fall of the Marne, daily raise a mass of 5,000 cubic metres of water to a height of 44 metres. The Park has now been increased by a large extent of ground, making its present area 876 hec- tares, 370 of which are forest ground; 375, meadows and grass-plots, 55 planted with ornamental shrubs, 20 of water, and 56 of roads and paths. A new lake has been formed in the plains of Charenton ; on the Montreuil and St. Mande side, the Park is skirted with pretty villas and Swiss chalets. Before leaving this spot, either by returning to Vincennes or by taking a ticket at the railway station of St. Mande, the visitor may strike into the Route de St? Mande and visit the Asile Imperial des Invalides Civils, commonly called the Asile de Vincennes, opened in i857 for the recep- tion of sick workmen. The buildings, occupying a space of 42 acres, comprise a large entrance-court laid out as a garden, called the Cour d’Honneur, and eight inner courts. They are approached through a wide avenue commencing from the Route de St. Mande, and branching out in a semi-circle on nearing the Cour d’Honneur. The extreme wings flanking the court have porticos, and contain infirmaries and offices. A c’rcular fountain occupies the centre of the court. The front con§i§ts of a central pavilion of the Doric order surmounted by a hipped roof, and flanked by two wings, composed as fol- lows ; On the ground floor, two refectories, right and left, with 586 ENVIRONS OF PARIS. a chapel between ; on the upper stoiy two promenoirs, or vast halls for taking exercise in bad weather, and a handsome li- brary-room of the Corinthian order between. The rest of the buildings comprise infirmaries with three beds each store- roorns, a laundry, baths, kitchens, and workshops for lock- smiths, joiners, turners, tailors and shoemakers. The establish- ment will accommodate 600 patients ; none but convalescent patients are admitted ; the internal organization is the same as that of the Asile du Vesinet, described at p. 64 6 Work- men who have been temporarily disabled in the arsenals of the btate, or m the execution of public works, are admitted here free of expense ; others may be admitted on payment of tw .' francs a-day, or, if unable to pay that sum, for less on producing a certificate of indigence. Mutual Benefit Societies and private establishments employing a large number of work- men may obtain the right of sending patients there on pay- ment of a moderate annual subscription. If the convalescent workman is strong enough, he is admitted to one of the workshops, where he is paid in proportion to what he does, and he may leave off as soon as he pleases, lie may also keep the gardens in order, which is considered a pastime and therelore not remunerated. This hospital has received as many as 400 convalescent workmen in the course of a month. The donations it has received from private persons since its inauguration amount at present to 55,381 fr., exclusive of 16 houses for workmen and their families, built by the Emperor on the Boulevard Mazas (see p. 28o), and now presented to the establishment by his Majesty. The establishment keeps cows, poultry, and pigs, all fed upon the produce of the grounds annexed to the asylum. Visible on Mondays, Thurs- days and Sundays, from 12 to 4. Between this and Vincennes, on the road facing the Porte de la Tourelle, stands the new Military Hospital, inaugurated on the 1st June, 1858. It occupies a vast rectangle of 60,000 square metres, 4,350 of which are occupied by the buildings, which enclose it on three sides; the fourth is formed by a glazed gallery, affording a view of the wood of Vincennes, and intended as a place of exercise for the conva- lescents. The court is laid out as a garden, and the building, which contains 600 beds, is ventilated on a new principle. Nearly opposite to the hospital there is a small new chapel, elected in 1858, with an inscription to the following effect: T1i 6 Enij)r, rue de Morny. FRENCH, GERMAN, LATIN, and GREEK taught on best prin- ciples by Prof. Benner, B.A., Phonologist of European and Oriental Languages. Autlior of Treatise on French Genders and H.— FRENCH, ENGLISH, and PIANO Lessons by Miles. B. Parisians: ist floor, 203, rue St. Honors. FRENCH.— F. Albites, 4, rue St. Lazare. Mr. Beljame, B.A., LL.B.,Uni- , versity of Paris, late of the Royal High Scliool of Edinburgh, now Professor in the Imperial College of St. Louis, Vice-Prin- cipal of the Paris International College, and official Interpreter to the Imperial Court, 224, rue de Rivoli, same house as Messrs, Galignani and Co.’s Library. This old-established master is re- commended to persons desirous of ac- quiring fluency in S])eaiiingand purity of accent. By his long experience in this special branch of tuition, and his thorough knowledge of the English H language. Prof. B. is enabled to impart A his instructions with great success, a and rapidly to advance beginners of a; all ages in conversation. | His French Conversation Grammar and other practical works for the use of English students, which will be found well a lapted to their purpose, areto be had of Messrs Galignaniand Co., and of every bookseller in the West End of Paris. Mlle.BiNARD,32,Fbg.St.Honov6 Lessons of French and Literature. De La Mouiniere, 39, Avenue de la Grande Armee. M"' Daaias, 23, r. Luxembourg. GERMAN. — Lennheih, M.A., 7 9, Boulevard Courcelles. At home on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays from i to 2. ITALIAN. — F. Albites, 4, rue St. Lazare. Mazzuoli, 7, Avenue de SI. Ouen. PAINTING AND DRAWING. Dagnan, 35, rue St. Georges. — Landscape in oil and pencil. Gariot, 6, rue Oudinot. — Landscape, and Portrait. Nuimo, 9, rue de Verneuil. — Miniature. PROFESSORS OF MUSIC. MM.andMlle.BiNFiELD, Piano,j Harp, Singing, 93, rue dii Faub,; SI. Honord, and 47, Grande Ruc,j Passy-Paris, DIRECTORY. 591 BeLin (Miss), 2i5, rue Neuve St. Augustin. — Piano. MUSIC and SIXGING.— Miss Rowland, 22, rue des Acacias, aux Ternes. Recommended Dy Messrs. Galignani. dancing-master. Lenfant, 10, rue de Hanovre. JEWELLERS, GOLDSMITHS, Bablin, 166, Galerie Valois, Palais Royal, d la Boule d'Or. A constant display of the richest jewellery in the newest and best taste. —A great choice ot diamonds and all other stones for mounting according to order, for which they have first-rate workmen in their emi)loy— Stones cut —Precious stones bought or exchanged —English spoken. Morel & Co., 62, r. Richelieu. This old estahiished and highlr re- spectable house has been long known for the taste and elegance of its work- manship, as well as for its rich assort- ment of diamonds and jewels. — Dia- mondsand precious stones purchased. WATCH & CLOCK-MAKERS. WURTEL, 38, Galerie Vivienne. Gold and Silver Watches and Mu- sical Boxes from his own manufactory at Geneva; Fancy and Bronze Clocks, Picture Clocks with cliimesand music. Time-pieces with large dials for halls and offices, travelling clocks and ala- rums, of all sorts —English spoken. of the different degrees to which it may be made to magnify. M. Chcval- lier has been distinguished by several medals and prizes for various inven- tions and improvements with which he has enriched science. His establish- ment founded by his family in 17 . 10 , oeen conducted personallv since 17%.— M. Chevallierhas no other ddpot either in Pans or the Departments. A clerk who speaks English 'is at- tached to the establishment SPECTACLES AND OPERA glasses. M. Henri, OcuHst and Optician, 188, rue de Rivoli, facing’jthe Tuileries, and corner of the Pas- sage Delorme, No. 2. thorough know- ledge of the eye and great practical experience in the inaniifaclure of glasses IS the only Oculist Optician who received Honourable Mention at ia®, Universal Exhibition, looi, lor ills valuable improvements. STATIONERY. A. MARION AND CO. SUPERIOR FANCY WRITING paper. 14 and 16, Cit (5 Berg 6 re, rue dii Faubourg Montmartre, Paris. 23 and 25 , Soho-square, London. FASniON.ABLE LETTER PAPER AND ENVELOPES. OPTICIAN. Engineer Che valuer, ma- thematical-instrument- maker and optician to the late King, 15, Place du Pont Neuf, facing the statue of Henry IV. Engineer Dccray - CllEVALLlER, only successor, ’ M. Chevallier, member of sex'eral li- terary audscieutilicsocieties in France and foreign countries, and author of the Co.NSERVATEUR DE LA VuE, and Other xyorks, makes with the utmost preci- sion every species of optical, mathe- matical, mineralogical, and other in- struments. With him originated the iinprovcd glisacs for the assistance of thcsight, particularly the opera-glasses called .luMBUEs, to which has been added the application ce.ntrees, in con- scTiicnce of the adaptation of a simple piece of mechanism, which admirablv Ills them lo tlio precise distance of the two eyes from each other. !M. Clicval- lier ha.s latelyexeciited, from thepians ofProfessor -4. Fisher.of iMoscow.a new microscope, w hich its inventor calls tlie Pancrahc Mioroscoce, on account Photographic paper (prepared and not prepared) ; also paper Albumenizecl by Machinery, on a new system patented in France. PURVEYOR. CuviLLiER, 16 , rue de la Paix, General Provision Warehouse. (Agents to Messrs. Domecn of Xer6s de la Frontera.and to Uie D, uro Com- pany, I'ortugal.) Wines, Guincss’s Stout, A\es, Teas Groceries, Pickles, Sauces, and Sun- dries from all parts of (he World. Or- ders taken in town ; exportation. CAMBRIC HANDKERCHIEFS L. Chapron, I t,rue dela Paix, d la Sublime Porte, The only House for the exclusivcsalc of Cambric Handkerchiefs, from 13 sous lo 1,000 francs, plain and em- liroidercd, with Cvpliers, Crowns, Armorial Bearings, etc., in ibe first style. Wholesale and Helail.— N.l>. No.variation from price asked. 592 DIRECTORY. DRESSES, MANTLES, AND READY-MADE ARTICLES. Maisoii Ernest Carpentier, (Successor to Mine. Foucqueleau) ■i3, rue Louis-le-Grand, Paris. I adics will alw ays find at the above eslahlishmcnt fashionable toilettes of the highest novelties, and in the best taste. Mine- Foncqnctcau has long been renowned amongst the most fashionable and elegant French and foreign ladies, and a continuance of the patronage and success received hy her will be fully deserved by the above house. CEINTURE REGENTE ot‘Mmes. de Vertus, Sceurs, 3i, rue de la Chaus^e d’Antin. This admirable girdle has been for a long period the delight of families and the happiness of fashionable ladles. Its immense advantages, in a Hygienic point of view, and its ex- treme beauty of form, have caused many corset manufacturers to imitate its various excellent qualities, but without success; this, however, has not prevented their olTering to ladies as the true “ C.eintnre Regente, ’ bre- veted, a counterfeit imitation . There is, however, an infallible means of obtaining the genuine article, which is, never to purchase a “ Ceinture Regente ” unless it has the signature and address, “ Mines, do Vertus, Soeurs,” written in ink on the inside. EAU DE COLOGNE. Jean-Marie Farina, 2 it, rue St.Honor6. PERFUMER. Guerlain, 15 , rue de laPaix, and in Eondon at Melnotte’s, 23, Old Bond-street. DR. CURTIS’S MEDICAL WORK “MANHOOD;” An Essay on the Cure of Premature Decline in Man ; the Treatment of Nervous Debility, Impotence, Sterility, &c. ; the Cure of Infection without Mercury, and its prevention by the Author’s Prescription of his infallible Lotion. REVIEWS OF THE WORK. “Manhood. — This istnily a valuable work, and should be in the hands of young and old.’’ — Sunday Times, 23rd March, 18 58. ‘•'We feel no hesitation in saying that there is no meniher of society by w’nom the book will not be found useful, whether such person hold the relation of a PARENT, PRECEPTOR, or CLERGYMAN.”-Sun, Evening Paper. “Dr. Curtis has conferred a great boon by publishing this little work, in wliich is described the source of those diseases Avlue.h produce decline in youth, or more frequently premature old age.” — Daily Telegraph, March 27th, 1856. Also, by the same Author, THE IIEDICAE GUIDE TO H4DRIAGE. A Treatise on its Physical and Personal Obligations. With rules for removing certain impediments which destroy the happiness of Wedded life, founded on the result of 30 years’ successful practice. — By J. L. Curtis, M.D., 15, Albemarle-street, Piccadilly, London — Sold in Paris, Price Ifr. 50C. ; postpaid, Ifr. 75c. By F. Braciiet, 8, rue de I’Abbaye, or sent (post-paid), in sealed envelopes, by the Author, to any part of England for 20 postage stamps, or for 5 francs to any part of the world. N.B. — Consultations from to to 3 daily 15, ALBEMARLE-STREET, PICCADILLY, LOUDON. The letter n, refers to the Abattoirs, 39, 27 6, 335, 443, 447, 450 Abbey of Port Royal. . 135 des Champs . 580 Abelard and Heloise, mo- I nument to . . .455 ? — House of. . . .321 [Academic des Beaux-Arts, 91 — Agricole, Commerciale, I 06 — ^Francaise ... 90 — des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres . . . .90 — de Medecine. , 142, 354 — de Paris. . . .93 — des Sciences . . .91 — des Sciences Morales et ! Politiques. . . .91 Administration of Paris, note in the Page indicated. Antiques, Cabinet of, 161, 225 Apartments . . il, 88 Aquarium .... ’494 Aqueducts, 27, 495, 498, 519, 520 Arago, monument to, . 455 Arc de Triomphe de la Place du Carrousel . 154 — de I’Btoile . . 35 , 191 — de St. Denis . . .236 — de St. Martin. . ^ 249 Archbishop’s Palace, 317, 346 Archives de I’Empire . 265 Arcueil 495 Area, cultivation, &c., of Department of Seine, 26 «. Argenteuil . „ , „„ — Relic at, . [ — del’Assistance publique, 1 1 8 Argot .4.. Armenian Persuasion. — College . . . . Army, dotation of . . i Arnouville . . . . Arrest for debt. Arrival at Paris, direc- tions upon Arrondissements of Paris, Arsenal . . . . Artesian Well of Cre- nelle . j — du Mont de Piete — of the Police. ; — of the Post Office Adult Schools . Advocates . Agents de Change. Affre, Archb., where killed 281 Alfort 495 Alfred de Musset, tomb . 455 Algerian Produce, Exhib. 472 Alice des Veuves. . .185 Ambassadors, and Consuls , 8 6 — Residences of . . .587 Amphitheatre, Roman . 507 Amusements, public. .459 Anatomy, Amphitheatre of. . . . 134, 426 1 — Cabinets of, 390, 391, 432 Ancient Colleges, 383, 393, 394,396,399,400,404,409 411, 424 —Measures and Weights, 17 n. Anne of Austria, vow of, 419 Atumaii'g des Longitudes, 92 Antiquarians, Streets inte- resting to, 265, 390, 393, 394, 396, 411 334 — of Jardin de? Plantes, 439 n. — ofPassy. li .190 Artists, Committee of . 105 Asile de la Provxaence . 123 — Lambrechts « . .123 — Ste-Anne. » . .123 — de Ste-Perimi , . 118,189 — du Vesinet . . . 546 — de Vincennes. . .585 Asnieres . . . 481, 496 Assembly, National. 325 n. Assize, court of. . .66 Association de Travail pour les Pauvres . .126 Association pour les Or- phelins . . . ,124 INDEX 121, 335 124, 420 594 Asylums, see Asiles Asylum, Blind . — ^Deaf and Dumb, — ^Lunatic, 141,440, 496, 500 — ^Orphan. . 119,121,417 Ateliers de Sculpture . 332 Athenee des Arts, 5cc. . 105 Athenes, la Nouvelle. . 216 Auctioneers, Appraisers, 68 Auction-rooms . . .219 Austerlitz . Bellevue 496 Bercy 280 Berri, Due de, where as- sassinated. . . .221 Bibliotheque des Archives 268 Auteuil. Avoues. Basatelle Bagnes, or hulks, 74 n., 79 Bagneux Bains — de I’Arsenal — de I’Artillerie. . .354 — des Arts et Metiers. . 259, — du Commerce. . .221 — Conservat. deMusique .100 . 442 — duCorps Legislatif. 327 329 189,496 — de I’Ecole de Droit. . 403 . 67 — de I’ficole de Medecine, 391 — del’ficole des Mines. . 383 — de rficole Polytech. 98 104 — de Ste. Genevieve. . 404 — Imperiale . . 35, 221 — del’Institut . . . 364 — des Invalides. . .343 — du Jardin des Plantes, 438 — de Louis Philippe. . 208j — du Louvre . . .175 — du Luxembourg . 37 7 n. ^Mazarine. . . . 363 — Military . . 350, 354 — duMinist(>redelaGuerre 350 —duMinisterede la Marine 59 107, 230 . 129 20 — of Ministries . — de rObservatoire — Polonaise 496 37, 248, 319 — d’Enghien (Sulphureous) 508 Bakehouse for Hospitals, 142 — for garrison of Paris . .188 Ball, first one in Paris . 477 n. Balls and Public Gardens, viii, 47 5 to 481 Bank of France. Banks, Savings . Bmkec^, list of. l^^ieae of Paris Banquet of 1848 Barometrical Scales, Eng- lish and French . Barracks, 35, 231, 233, 252, — de la Beine . 279, 290, 322, 333, 341, — de la Sorbonne 346, 348, 3tf4 Barriers . .278,444,447 Barriere du Trone . .27 8 Bassin de la Villette. . 27 Bastringues. . . .482 Baths, see Bains . .37 Batignolles, town-house, 448 Bills of Exchange Bazars . . 37, 231, 237 Bird-market Beaujon, Chapelle . .195 Births, deaths, and marri- — Hbpital . . 139, 196 Beaumarchais’ residence . 283 Beauvais . . . .496 Beer 42 n. Belleville .... 452 — de St. Sulpice — de Versailles. — dc la Ville. . Bicetre, Hospice — Nouveau. Bievre, the de 26, ages, laws on, 81, 82, 8^ — in Paris . . . .41 — in France . . 4 1 » Bituminous pavement. . 3 1 B1 essinglon , Countess, tomb 5 4 1 INDEX. Hind, Hospital. .121,283 ^chool . . . .335 Boarding-houses. . vii, 11 Boarding-schools. . .101 BceufGras . . . .47 5 Boileau’s burial-place 306, 358 pois de Boulogne, 193, 486 ^—de Vincennes . . .585 Bornes-fontaines. . .28 Botanical Gallery. . . 437 —Garden, 379, 382, 414, 428 BoulangerieGenerale, 142, 426 Boulevards . . 13, 36, 486 — exterior. . 442,448 Boulevard Malesherhes . 202 — de Magenta . . .233 — de Strasbourg . .250 — de Sebastopol . .261 — du Prince Eugene . 275 — Richard Lenoir . .275 — de St. Germain . . 393 loulogne, Bois de . .486 lourhon, death of Duke 325 547 3ourg-la-Reine . . .498 Jourguignons and Arma- gnacs . . . 390n. lourse, la . . . 107, 219 Irea, Gen., murder of Iread, how sold. . Irewery, extraordinary, Iridge, see Pont ♦-Venetian Irinvilliers, Marquise de, Iritish Embassy +-Charitable Fund . ♦-Currency in francs --Residents , laws affecting !uc . . . . (udget buildings, Public. . —Private, remarkable . „ . Jureau d’admission dans les hopifiiux. . 136, 308 ♦-de Bienfaisance . .127 -des Longitudes. . 91, 417 ♦-des Ouvriers . . .72 595 — des Poids et Mesures, 73 — de Siirete . , .71 Butchers . . . 39 n. Butte de Chaumont 449, 451 Cabinets, see Museums, Louvre. Cabriolets . . . . 5 n. Cafes, 13, 209, 219, 393 — Concerts . . . .474 Caisse d’Amortissement, — DepotsetConsignations, 108 — ^Diocesaine — d’fipargne. — pour la Vieillesse Calvin, residence of Calvinist worship Camp, military . Canals. Canal St. Martin Carnival Carpet Manufactory Carriages, 8 cc. . — of State . — number of public Carrousel, Place du Cartouche, skull of . Casernes, see Barracks . 35 Catacombs . . .441 444 Catelan, troubadour, death of . . . .491 n. Catfle Markets, Sec. ion., 46, 394, 451, 498, 524, 548 Cavaignac, Gen., house of 348 Cave Generale of Hospitals, 14 2 Ceinture de St. Eloi . .307 Cemeteries . . . .38 Cemetery de St. Catherine, 42 7 — de Montmartre . 38, 448 — du Montparnasse, 38, 44 6 — du Pere La Chaise, 38, 453 — de Piepus. . . . 279 Cent Gardes . . .63 Centigrade scale turned into Fahrenheit . .21 Cercles or Clubs. . .14 Chamber of Commerce . 106 INDEX. 596 Chamber of Deputies .325 — of Notaries . • .263 — of Peers . . • .374 Chambre des Reqiietes . 301 — grande, du Parlement . 301 Champ de Mars. . .333 Champlieu . . • .507 Champs Elysees, 182, 185,484 Chantilly . . . .498 — Races . . • .499 Chapelle, la, St. Denis . 449 — de Beaujon . . .195 — Expiatoire . . .202 — de Marie de Medicis . 377 — Malesherbes . . .115 — Marbceuf . 115, 191 — Notre Dame desFlammes 496 — Sainte .... 304 — St. Martin . . . 252 — de la Trinite . . .215 — St. Ferdinand . .193 — of the Luxembourg •. 378 Charcoal . . • .29 Charenton, Hospital of . 500 Charges d’ Affaires . .587 Charitable Fund, British . 125 — Institutions . . .117 —Societies . . .124 Charlemagne’sprayer-book 1 69 Charonne . . . .453 Chartres . . • .500 Chateau de la Muette . 190 Chatelet, grand. . .262 —Petit . . . 307n. Chatenay . . • .502 Children, number sent to Foundling Hospital, 1 19 n. Chois y-le-Roi . . .502 Churches, Greek . .116 — Protestant, 113, 191,199, 219, 241, 272, 294, 348 — ^Romish, see Eglise .33,111 Circulating libraries . 14, 176 Cites Ouvricres . 233, 280 Clamart, Amphitheatre of Anatomy . -134,426 Clergy of France . lien. Clisson, Connetable, street where he was waylaid, 273 Clubs 14 Club, French Jockey, 14, 483 Coaches, Public . . 2,4 Coffee-houses . . *1^4 Coin, French . . .14: — Amount of in F’ranee, 15 n. : — Comparative table of . 16 Coligny,Adm., death of, 24 In. Collection of Engravings . 226 — of Manuscripts . .224 — of Musical Instruments 232 — Standish . . . .170 Colleges Municipaux, loo, 215 — old remains of, 383, 393', 394, 396, 399, 400, 404, 409, 411,424 { College des Anglais . .424 — de Ste. Barbe . 97,403 — Chaptal . . . 100,21' — Duplessis . . .39 — des Ecossais . . .40 — de France . . 95, 39 — des Irlandais . 97, 42 — de Montaigu . . .40 — des Quatre Nations, 34, 36 — Rolliii . . . 100, 42 — de la Sorbonne . 93, 38 — Stanislas — Turgot .... Colombes . . . ^ Column of Halle au Ble . 24 — of July . . . .28 — of the Place du Chatelet 2C — of Place Vendome 35, 17 Comite Central des Artistes 10 Commerce on the Seine . — Tribunal de . . 66, 3C — Chamber of . . .11 Commercial Establishm. 1( Commissaires de Police . — Priseurs .... Commissionaires CommunalAdministration INDEX. iompiegne . . . .502 ^environs of . . .506 pomptoir d’Escompte . 109 i— de Garantie . . .110 "oncerts . . . .47 3 Conchology, Museum of, .38 2 ]Ionciergerie, la. . 77, 302 loncorde, Place de la. . 17 8 historical events . 181 Confreres de la Passion 2 61,459 uonnaissance des Temps, 92 Llonseil Prud’hommes, 68, 252 — de Salubrite . . .70 — de I’lnstruction Publ. 92 conservatoire de Musique et Declamation . loo, 231 —des Arts et Metiers, 95, 256 consuls. . . . 86, 587 Jonvents . . . .112 —remains of 295, 350, 394 Jonvent of Celestins. . 295 ^-of Bernardins. . .394 4-0 f Capuchins . .415 4-of Carmelites . 381, 418 ^of Dames de St. Joseph, 415 1 -of Dames de St. Michel, 423 -of Dames du Sacre Cceur . . 112 , 346, 415 -of Dames de St. Thomas 1 1 2 -of English nuns . .112 -of Feuillantines . .423 -des Feuillants . 150, 175 -of Franciscan nuns . 275 -des Lazaristes. . .346 -desMiramiones . .396 4-des Oiseaux . . .34 6 ■of Pentemont. . .348 ■of Sceursde la Congre- gation de Notre Dame, 346 fof Soeurs de St. Vincent de Paule . . 112, 347 -of the Temple. , .253 -of Ursulines . . .423 wiveyaiieeg from London 2 mvulsionists i , .414 tpyright . , . .86 597 Corbeil go7 Corday, Charlotte, where she stabbed Marat. . 393 Corneille, where he died, 21 o 69 59 69 58 481 65 306, 322 . 249 399 507 182 65 . 66 . 34, 65 63, 381 34, 65 . 107 . 126 . no . no . 484 . 354 . 183 21, 252 Customs, administration of 71 Damesme, monument to, 508 Dancing, public. . .47 5 Deaf andDumb, 124, 125, 420 Council of Department — of Ministers . — of Prefecture . — of State . Country Balls . Cour Irnperiale . — des Comptes, 65, — des Miracles . — de la Vacherie Courhevoie Cours la Reine. Court, high, of Justice — of Assize. — of Cassation — ^Martial. . Courts, Tribunals. Courtiers . Creches Credit Foncier . — Mobilier . Cricket Club Croix-Rouge Crystal Palace . Custom-house . Deaths 83 Debt, Arrest for. . .85 — Public . . , .62 Debtors, Prison for . 78, 216 Decimal System. . .17 Degrees, Academical. . 93 Denis, St., legend of. 247 n. Department, Prefecture of, 69 Departmental Administr. 69 Depot de la Guerre . .350 — des Condamnes . .79 — des Fourrages. . .281 — desPoudresetSalpetres, 294 — de la Pref. de Police . 303 598 IWDEX 298 — Desaix, Monument to. Diary of Places that ought to he seen . . . iii Diligences .... 2 Dining, choice of Dishes, vi Direction des Contribu- tions Directes, . .70 — of the Customs . .71 — des Droits d’Octroi . 7 1 - — de rEiiregistremeiit et desDomaines. . 70, 231 1 — of indirect taxes — des Nour rices. — de la Poste aux Chevaiix , Directions to the Travel- ler leaving England . — on his arrival and be- fore leaving Paris. Directory, Paris. Dishes, French, list of. Docks Napoleon Dog-market. Domicile . Drama in France Dramatic Authors’ remu- neration, by theatres, 461 Drawings, Cabinets of .170 Drives, viii., 506, 517, 580 Dubarry, Mme., villa. 520 529 Dupuytren Museum, 134, 390 Duties, British . . .21 French .... 23 ficoled’Accouchement,135, 4 1 5 — d’ Administration . .400 — d’Adultes . . .101 — des Arts et Manufactures 100 — des Beaux Arts . 99, — Centrale .... — Chaptal .... — de la Chambre du Com- merce .... — des Chartes . . 99, 265 — de Dessin . . 99, 390 — de Droit . . 94, 403 — d’fiquitation . . .103 — d’Etat Major . . ,98 — de Langues Orientales, 99 —do Medecine . . 130, 39P — Militaire . . 35, 333 —des Mines . . 98,382 — de Musique et de Decla- mation . . . loo, 23 — de Natation . . 38,319 — Normale . . 9 6,42 — Number of Pupils in Ecoles for all France, 97 n — de Pharmacie .129,414 — Poly technique, 34, 98, 410 — Ponts et Chaussees, 98, 369 — Pratique d’Anatomie .132! — Primaires Superieures 1 0 — Speciales de Dessin . 99 — ^Super reure du Commerce loO' — Turgot . . . 100, 25l — Veterinaires, Bergeries, 13| Edifices, Public. . . 3^ — Private .... 3 Eglisedel’Abbaye aux Bois 35 — St. Ambroise. 27 — St. Antoine . 28 — de I’Assomption . 17 — St. Augustin 20 — St. Benoit 3E — St. Bernard . . 4^ —des Blancs Mauteaux . 2: — des Carmes Billeltes . 27 — Ste. Clotilde . . 3^ 365 100 100 100 — St. Denis du St. Sacrem. — Ste. Elisabeth. — St.Eloi .... — St. Etienne duMont, 33, 4( — St. Eustache . . 33, 2 — St. Eugene . — St. Ferdinand . — St. Francois d’ Assise . — St. Francois Xavier. . — Ste. Genevieve — St. Germain FAuxer- rois. . . . 33, — St. Germain desP res, 33, — St. Gervais . 33, — des Invalides . 337, INDEX. TO9 Eglise de Jesus . . . 354 — Palace of . . .144 ■St. Jacquesdu HautPas. 42 2 — Stables of . .157 33 * St. Jacq. et Christophe . 450 — attemptsonlife, 1S5«. 2 ’l 8 n, — St. Jean Baptiste — St. Jean de Latran — St. Julien le Pauvre — St. Lambert . — St. Laurent . — St. Leu and St. Gillcs — St. Louis d’Aiitin. — St. Louis en File . — de la Madeleine — Ste. Marguenfe^ — St. Medard . •St. Merri. 452 Empress, the present 399 — Household of — Chapel built by . Empire, Constitution of Enclos de la Trinite . Enfans Sans-Souci . . 215 Enghien-les-Bains . 319 English Ambassy 33, 199 — Consul . 33, 277 — Divine Service . 413 — Free Schools . 308 447 250 247 33, 263 — and Fr. Measures, etc. — des Missions Etrangeres, 347 — Medical Society . — St. Nicolas Champs, 33, 260 — Money into French ■St. Nicolas Char donnet, 395 — Nuns, Convent of, 4 1 8 , 56 61 586 56 261 459 507 199 199 116 115 17 143 16 423 —Notre Dame . . 33 , 309 Engravings, Collection etf, 226 -Notre 'Dame de Bonne Entrepot des Bles . . 450 Nouvelle. — Notre Dame Lorette, 33, — de rOratoire. — St. Paul et St. Louis, 33, — Pentemont — Petits Peres . — St. Philippe . — SL Pierre de Chaiilot, 237 217 241 293 348 230 196 — des Chargements . — des Douanes . — des Glaces . , — des Sels . Environs of Paris — Conveyances to, see before Title. . 252 . 252 . 248 . 252 . 495 pages . 190 Equestrian Performances, 47 2 — .St. Pierre, GrosCailloii, 332 Ermenonville . . .508 — St. Boch. . . 33, 210 Establishments, Charitable 117 (Smoking 106 111 14 —de la Redemption. . 219 —Commercial — St. Severin . . 33, 397 — Religious. — de la Sorbonne . .383 Estaminets — St. Sulpice . . 33, 370 rooms) .... —St. Thomas d’Aquin . 351 fitablissement en faveur de la Trinite . . .215 des Blesses Indigens — du Val de Grace, 33, 419 — des Filatures . Ste. Valere . . .34 6 EtangsdeSt. Hubert — St. Vincent de Paule, 234 Exchange . — de la Visitation . . 294 — Bills of . Electors . . . .71 Excursions . Elepbantof Bastille, 281 n. Executions. Elysee Napoleon, Palace, 196 Exhibitions, &c Kiuba§§y, British , . 199 Exhibition, annual, offing Emperor, the preseift . 56 Arts . . 104, 14 18^3 — Household of. . .61 — Great Universal . xi, 183 142 . 126 . 529 107, 219 . 86 . viii 458 xi, 104, 472 INDEX. 600 — Horticultural. . 104,99 — of National Industry 183 n. .—of French colonial Produce . . .472 Expenses of City of Paris, 42 — of Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish Worship, 1 1 G n. — of Funerals . . . 38n, Expiatory Chapel. . .202 Exports from Paris . 44 n. Faculties . . . 93, 130 Fahrenheit, scale turned to Centigrade 8c Reaumur, 21 Faisanderie, fort . .584 — Emperor’s . . .528 Farm, Emperor’s, 528,535,584 Festivals, Public . .482 — of Environs . . x Fieschi, Infernal Machine, 253 — head of, Avhere preserved 392 Fire-arms . . . .87 Firemen C4 Fishing. . . . .87 Flower-markets, 202, 252, 373 Flowers, sold in Paris, 37 n. —Exhibition of. . 104, 105 Fontainebleau . . .508 — best mode of visiting . ix — Palace of. . . .510 — Park of . . . .516 — Forest of. . . .517 Force, Prison de la. 75, 273 Foreign Office . . 215, 330 — Ministers, residences of, 587 Fortifications of Paris. . 35 Fouilleuse . . . .535 Foundling Hospital . .119 Fountains . . . .28 — des Capucins. . .178 — Chateau d’Eau, 209 n., 252 — de la Croix du Trahoir, 240 . . . . 425 . 298 ne . . . 346 enevieve. .411 — de Crenelle St. Germain 354 — des Innocens. . . 243 — de Louis le Grand. . 213 — du Marche St. Martin, 256 — de Mars .... 332 — St. Michel . . .389 — de Moliere. . . .228 — de laNaiade . . .265 — Notre Dame . . .318 — de la Place du ChMelet, 263 — la Place de la Concorde , 181 — de la Place St. Michel, 389 — de la Place St. Sulpice, 37 2 — Geotfroy St. Hilaire . 427 — deRichelieu, or Louvois 221 — de la Rue Garanciere . 373 — du Rond Point, Ch. El. 185 Fourneaux, or kitchens . 1 24 Fourrages, Depot des .281 Fourriere, or pound. . 394 France, Rudget of . .62 — Debt of . . . .62 — Fortresses of, plans . 344 — Government of . .56 — Imports and Exports, 44 n. — Institut de . . 89, 363 — Kings, names of . .55 — Laws affecting Rritish . 8 1 — Mode of travelling in . 2 — Posting in ... 2 Freemasons. . . .106 French and E nglish money 16 Fregate Ecole . . .321 Fi-CTes des E coles Chre- tiennes . . 113, 34 6 Fulbert, house of . .321 Funerals, expenses of. 38 n. Furnished Apartments, 11 , 88 Gabrielled’Estrees,houseof 240 480n., 498 Galignani’sMessenger . 17 6 — Library and Reading- Rooms . . .14, 176 Gaillardon . . . .519 Galleries, see Museums —Private . . . 103 INDEX. 601 Gambling-houses, cautions, vii Garches . . . .536 Garde de Paris . . .64 — Royale, in 1 8 3 0 . 176 n. — Imperiale . . .63 — Nationale . . 63, 87 — Cent .... 63 Garde-Meuble de la Cou- ronne . .181, 332 Gardens, Public, 95, 150, 208, 379, 389, 475, 485 Gare,la . . . .442 — de I’Arsenal . . .27 — du Canal St. Martin . 281 Gas 31 Gaul, conquest by Caesar, 46 Gendarmerie. ... 64 General Post-Office. . 7, 246 Gentilly . . 496, 547 n. Geology, Gallery of. .435 George IV. ’s monument to James II .... 544 Gingerbread-fair . .278 Glaciere, la . . . 443 Glass, Plate, Manufactory, 248 Gobelins, Manufacture des 411 Gospel first preached at Paris .... 47 Goujon, Jean, house of .383 Government, Civil, Milita- ry, and Judicial . . 56 Grande Pinte . 279 Greek Church . . 1 16, 204 Grenelle . 448 Grenier de Reserve . . 294 — aSel. . 252 Guards, National 63, 87 Guinches, Guinguettes. . 482 Gymnastics, School . . 103 Hackney Coaches 4 Halles Centrales. . 243 Halle au Ble. . 241 — aux Cuirs. . 426 — aux Draps . , 243 — aux Veaux . . , 394 —aux Vins , » . 425 Ham-fair . . . .294 Heloise and Abelard, 321, 455 Henry IV., where stabbed 242 — Statues of . . 169, 286 — mask of ... 404 Hippodromes 190,472,488,584 Historical Notice of Paris, 46 Horticultural Exhibit. 104 105 Horses, Duty on . .24 — Market for . . .441 —Races . 483, 488, 499 — Studsof 483, 499, 521,581 Hospices . . . .118 — Ste Anne. . . .123 — Devillas . . . 119, 519 — des Enfants Assistes, 119 417 — desOrphelins. . .121 — d’Enghien. . , 123, 279 — Eugene Napoleon . . 123 — des Incurables, H. 121, 276 — des Incurables, F. 121, 34 6 — Leprince . .119, 333 — Marie-ThCTese. . .122 — des Menages . 118, 519 —St. Michel . . .122 — de Ste Perine . .118,190 ” — desQuinze-Vingts, 121, 283 — de la Reconnaissance 123,536 — de la Rochefoucauld . 119 — de la Salpetriere (Vieil- lesse) . 36, 123, 141, 440 — des Invalides Civils . 583 Hospitals . . . 117, 136 — Bureau for admission, 136 — Financial and Statisti- cal condition . . 136 n. —Military 142, 332, 418, 586 — St. Antoine . . 139, 278 — Beaujon. . . 139, 196 — de Bicetre . . 36, 496 — de Charenton. . .500 — de la Charite . 139, 355 — Clinique . .141, 393 —Cochin. . . 140, 415 — des EnfansMalades, 141, 337 — English . , . .123 602 INDEX. — Ste-Eugenie . . 141, 283 — Hotel-Dicu. . 138, 308 —Jewish . . , 142, 279 — Lariboisih-e . , 139, 234 — Eourcine . . 140, 413 —St. Louis . 36, 140, 251 — de Madame Necker, 1 3 9 , 337 — de la Maternite. . .135 — St. Mery. . , .142 — duMidi . . . 140, 415 — delaPitie. . . 139, 426 — du Val de Grace 35,141, 418 Hotel des Affaires fitran- geres . 34, 59, 215, 373 176 393 — des Archives . — de Mad. Adelaide — Aguado . — d’Aumont — Beauveau — de Biron. — Borghfee. — of BritishEmbassy — de Garnavalet. — du Chatelet . — de Chatillon . — de Cluny. — de Colbert — Demidoff. — Dieu. — des Finances . — Forbin Janson — de Gaucher . — de Gramraont. — Grand . — d’Herbouville. — de Hollaude . — de la Houze . — d es Invalided . — de~3assaud *. — Lambert. — de Lamoignon — Lavallette — de la Legion d’l — du Louvre — de~Euyne's — de la Marine . 34, 330 265 . 348 , 219 . 293 . 196 . 346 . 199 34, 199 . 273 . 346 — du Marechal d’Ancre — Meunce . . .12 — Mignon . . ; ; duMinistere del a Guerre 3 50 — de rinslruct. Publ. . 343 Ministw’e de I’lnterieur, 196 des Travaux Publ. 351 — des Monnaies. . 34 , 359 — Monaco . . . .’343 — Montbazon . . 241 n. — deMontholon. —of Prince Napoleon — de Nesle. — de Nesmond . of Duchess dowager of Orleans .... — d’Orsay .... — Pereire .... — Pth’igord .... — Pontalba. — Ponthieu . — desPostes. — la Prefecture de Police 34,306 231 187 241 396 . 351 . 348 . 199 . 351 . 199 241 n. 246 273, 347 — dePraslin. 321 385 — du President du Corps 396 Legislatif 330 351 — of Princess Mathilde . 196 36, 308 — of Queen Christina. 196 34, 178 — de Rambouillet . 155 n 348 — de la Reyniere. 199 273 — de Rothschild . 178, 218 351 — de St. Aignan. 265 213 — de St. Paul . . 296 273 — de Savoisi 273 273 — of Duchess of Savoy . 373 273 — de Sens . . . . 296 35, 341 — de Soissons . 242 293 — de Soubise . 265 319 — Sully . . . . 294 273 — Talleyrand . 178 296 — deM.Tbiers 216 icur. 324 — du I'imbre 231 209 — de Toulouse . 2 30.381 354 — de la Tremouille . 36‘6 181 — du Tresorier . 306 INDEX. 6D3 . 231 Jai'din d’Acclimatation 49.3 . 382 — des Plantes . 34, 95, 427 34, 284 Jeux de Paume . 483, 579 . 382 Jewish Persuasion , .116 11, 588 Joan of Arc, anecdote of 210 . 87 — where made prisoner . 502 . cl Jockey-club, French. 14, 483 9 44 484 67 71 65 34, 298 Hotel d’Uzes — de Vendome , — de Ville . — of Turenne . Hotels, furnished — Laws on . . • Household, Imperial. Houses, curious, 216, 242, 351 Journals, Ppstajjje for 37 3, 425 Journeymen of Paris — ofMme. Alboni . .187 Joules sur I’eau. —of Clement Marot . . 373 Juges de Paix , — and streets . . .30 Jurors . Huissiers .... 68 Justice, Courts of. Hydraulic Machines, 28 w. , 1 88, —Palais de Kingof Rome, palaces 189,525 492, 547 Kings of France, list of . 55 29, 297 Knights Hospitallers. . 399 332 jj. Lafayette, burial-place of, 279 29, 318 Lamartine, courage of 285 n. . 295 Laiterie de la Reine . 527 . 318 Lartoire .... 529 56 n. Law, Faculty of . .94 . 269 — School of . . .403 . 116 Laws affecting British Re- . 102 sidents. . . 81 to 89 119n. Lazarists, . 7 8, 236, 346 . . 89 158 Lectures, Public . 95,96, 87 99, 105 , 132, 138, to 141 11 260, 391 , 398, 428 89 Ledru-Rollin, escape of, 257 n. 104 Legends . .247n.371n. 104 Legion-d’Honneur . 61,324 Institutions and Pensions. 101 Legislative Body . . 57 —Charitable, 35, 1 17, 123, — Palace of . . . 325 546, 585 Lettei-s, and Letter-boxes, 8 — Religious. . . .111 Libraries, Public . .104 — Scientific and literary, 89 — Circulating . . .14 Interpreters. . . .12 Library, Galignani’s . 14,176 Invalides, Hotel des, 35, 341 Lighting of Paris . .31n. Issy . . . . 519 Literary Institutions. . 89 Ivry 442 — Societies. . . .104 James II., burial place Lodgings in Paris . 11, 88 of . 410, 423, 424, 544 Lodgings for Workmen, 44 n. Jardin Botanique de I’E- 233, 280 cole de Medecine . .382 London, conveyancesfrom 2 520 Ice-houses . He de la Cite — des Cygnes — St. Louis. — Louviers. — aux Vaches Imperial Prince Imprimerie Imperiale Independents, French. Infant schools . Infanticides Infernal Machine ofFieschi 253 Lease, form of a. — of Cadoudal . Innkeepers, Laws on. Inns, French. Institut de France . — d’Afrique. -Historique. 604 INDEX. Longcharaps . . 186, 490 Longevity in Paris . . 4t Longitudes, Bureau des, 91 Louis, St., Heart of . 306 n. Louis XIII., Statue of . 274 Louis XIV., Statue of . 229 Louis XVI., Marie Antoi- ^ nette, place of execution 18 2 Louis XVII, supposed bu- rial places of . 278, 316 Louis Philippe . 145 n. 182 — Library . . . .208 Louvre, Palace of the old 158 — attack of, in July, 159 n. — Galleries of the . .161 — New . . . .155 Luggage, Passengers’ . 2, 21 Lunatic Hospitals 141, 496,500 Lutheran Churches , 113, 272 Luxembourg, Palace of the 374 — Centrale d’Education correctionnelle . 80, 458 — de la Couronne d’Or, 366 — des Diaconesses . .126 — Doree . . . .219 — d’Enghien. . .123, 279 — Eugene Napoleon. . 122 — de Francois I. . .186 — de Clement Marot . . 373 — du Noviciat des Reli- gieuses Hospitalieres . 354 — deRetraite Israelite . 279 — Gallery of the. . .378 — Garden of the. . .379 — Library of the . 377 n. — le Petit . . . .373 — Pepiniere du . . .380 Luxor, Obelisk of . .179 Lycee Bonaparte . 97,215 — Charlemagne. . 97, 293 — St. Louis. . . 97, 383 — Louis le Grand . 97, 400 — Napoleon. . . 97, 408 Lyceums . . . . 90 Madrid . . . .493 Magazine of Military Ac- coutrements . . .332 — du Mobilier de la Cou- ronne . . . 181 , 332 Mahometan Cemetery . 458 Mail, Fruit Market . . 439 Maintenon . . . .519 Mairies, 71, 240,254,373,403 443 Maison d’Accouchement . 135 , 415 • — d’Arret militaire . .381 >r— d’Arret de la Garde Nat. 1 89 — Imp. de Sante. 142, 236 — de St. Denis . . .102 — Scipion . . . .426 — St. Casimir . 126 , 442 — du Pont de Fer . .231 — pour Enfants Delaisses, 126 Maisons-Laffitte. . .519 Malesherbes, monument to 3 0 1 Malmaison . . . .519 Manufacture des Glaces, 248 — des Gobelins . . 44, 411 — de Porcelaine . . 44, 548 — Imp. des Tahacs . 44, 331 Manufactures of Paris. . 44 Marat, where stabbed. . 393 ■ — where buried . . .403 Marche, La, races . 483, 536 Marche des Augustins. . 393 — Beauveau . . . .280 — des Blancs-Manteaux . 27 2 — des Carmes . . .396 — du Chateau d’Eau. . 252 — aux Chevaux . . .441 — aux Chiens. . . .441 — aux Fleurs, 202, 252, 372 —aux Fruits (the Maille), 439 — St. Germain . . .369 — des Herboristes. . .24 5 — St. Honore . . .212 — des Innocents. . . 243 ' — St. Jean . . . .273 — St. Joseph . . .231 — de la Madeleine , .202 — St. Martin . „ .255 INDEX 606 Marche aux Oiseaux . . 256 — des Patriarches . .414 — au Pain . . . .245 — des Prouvaires . .242 — du Temple . . .253 — du Vieux Linge 253, 280 —a la Volaille . . 243 n. Marie Antoinette’s prison 302 Markets .... 37 Marly 320 Marriages, Laws on . . 8 2 Mary Queen of Scots . 409 Masked Balls . . .476 Mass, high, to attend . v Massacre of St. Barthe- lemy, 50, 159, 238, 241 n. Mats de Cocagne . .484 Measures and Weights . 17 — French and English compared . . 17 to 20 Medals, 62, 64 n., 73 n., 225, 359 — Council of . . .59 — of Charles X., prison in which confined 373 n. 582 n. Minister of Finances . . 59 — for Foreign Affairs, 59, 330 — of the Imperial Household and Fine Arts . . 59 — of the Interior 60, 196, 348 — of Justice and Public Worship ... 60 — Marine and Colonies 59, 181 — Public Instruction 60, 348 — Agriculture , Commerce , and Public Works, 60, 351 — of State .... 59 —of War . . .59, 350 Mint 359 Mints in France . 15 n. Miracles . . 247 n. 37 1 n. Models, Cabinets of, 258, 363, 368 Medecine, ficole Pratique de 132 Medical Institutions . . 130 — Concours . . .133 — School of Paris . .130 — Societies . . .143 — Statistical Returns . 1 3 4 n. Menageries. . 429, 493 Menilmontant . . .453 Meridian Line, French .416 Messageries Imperiales, 2, 231 Metrical System . .17 Mettray, colony of . . 81 Meudon . . . .520 Meurice’s Hotel . 12,176 Midwifery, School for . 135 Military Establishment . 63 — Camp . . . 506 — Hospitals, 141, 332, 418, 586 — Prisons . . . 7 8, 381 — Schools . . 98, 536, 584 Miliemlogy, Cabinets of . 257 382, 435 Ministers, Foreign . .587 Moliere, where born. . 242 Moliere, house he died in . 229 Monceaux, Parc de . . 204 Money, English, value of 16 MontdePiete . 128, 271 Mont Valerien . . . 522 Montfaucon, Poudrette de45 In. Montbazon, Duchess, 241 n. Monthyon Prizes . . 90 Montmartre . . .448 — Cemetery of . . . 448 Montmorency . .522 Montrouge .... 444 Monument to Mgr. Affre. 315 — to Bichat . . .391 — to Cuvier . . .425 — to Cardinal de Belloy . 316 — to Corneille . . .210 — to Damesme . . . 508 — to Desaix . . .298 — to Abbe de I’Epee, 212, 578 — to Duke d’Enghien . 582 — to Count d’Harcourt .316 — to General Hoche . .578 60C — to Queen Hortense — to James II. . 410, 544 — toEmpr. Josephine 191, 529 — toLarrey. . . .418 — to Malesherbes , .301 — to Marshal Ney . .418 — to Molih’e. . . .228 — to Duke of Orleans 559, 570 — to Cardinal Richelieu 384 Morgue, la . . . .73 Mortefontaine . , .522 Mosque .... 458 Muette, La . . . .190 Musee des Antiques, 161 , 505 — Americain. . . .174 — d’Artillerie . . .352 — des Arts et Metiers . 256 — Assyrien . . .173 — Gampana . . .162 — de la Colonnade . .170 — Colonial . . ,472 — des Dessins . . .171 — Dupuytren . . 134, 390 — figyptien. . . 167, 174 — Ethnographique . .173 -»*-Gallo-Romain . 163, 544 — Grec et Remain . .168 • -d’Histoire naturelle, 95 , 430 — de I’Holel de Cluny. . 38 5 — du Luxembourg . .378 — de la Marine . . .172 — deTEcole de Medecine, 391 — de FEcole des Mines . 38 2 — de Mineralogie . 382, 435 — Monetaire . . .359 — des Monuments Francais 365 — Municipal . , " .273 — Napoleon III. 162, 166, 17o — de la Renaissance. . 174 — Sauvageot . . .171 — de Sculpture Moderne, 17 4 — de Sculpture Ancienne, 161 — Sommerard . . .38 5 — des Souverains . .169 — Slandish . . . .170 — des Tableaux. . .165 Museums . . . .103 —of Anatomy . .310,391 —of Antiquity, 103, 1 ( 1 , 167, 168, 225, 385, 505. — of ancient armour. . 506 —of Art, 103, 165, 3:8, 385 386, 505 — Natural History, 9 f., 103, 434 — of Phrenology. . .433 Musical Societies. , .105 —Instruments, collection 232 Nanterre . . . .522 Napoleon’s residences 215, 358 — Statue . . . ,343 —Tomb . . . .339 National Assembly, attack upon . . . 326 n. National Guard, 63, 87, 189 Naturalization, law on . 84 Navy . . .59, 62, 181 News Rooms. . . 14, 176 Neuilly. . . . .523 Ney, Marshal . .418,4 57 Notaries . . . 67, 263 Notre Dame, Cathedral of, 309 — Sacking of. . . 315 7 ^. Notre Dame de Lorette . 2 1 6 Nouvelle Athcnes . .216 NurseryGrounds, 191 , 380,429 Nurses, Office for . .127 Obelisk from Luxor. . 179 Observatory. . 34, 92, 415 Octroi Duties . . .42 Officiers de Sante . . 134 Omnibuses . . 6 , 187 n. Opera, invention of . 460 n. — house, new . . .213 Oratory, remarkable . 292 Orleans, Duke, brother of Charles VI., murder of, 271 — Duke of, son of Louis Philippe, statue of, 160 JI. 570 —death of. . . 193 ?i. — Duchess of, at the Cliam- ber of Deputies . 328 n. INDEX. . 529 INDEX. 607 Orphan asylum 119, 121,417 — Commercial Establishm . 106 Orphelinat du Prince Im- — Consumption of. . .45 perial . . . .122 —Description of, by Walks, 144 Orpheoiiistes . . . 474 — Directory. . . .587 Orsay, Comte d’, tomb of, 545 — ^Distance of, from towns Ouvroirs Packets, steam Pagan Worship at Paris, Paintings, Galleries of . Palaces Palais Archiepiscopal 317 346 — des Beaux Arts — Bourbon. of Europe and France. — Division of, new . . 4 — Electors . . . .71 — ^Environs of . . .495 — Expense of the popula- tion of . . . . 45 n. . 36 5 — Expenditure of . . 42 n. 33, 324 — Exports of . . . 44 n. — Cardinal . . 205, 269 — Fortifications of . .35 — du Corps Legislatif . 324 — History of. . 46, 317 n. — Elysee Napoleon . 33, 196 — Houses of . . .30 — dc r Industrie . . 183 — Islandsof. 26, 295, 297,31 8, — de I’Institut . . . 362 332 n. — de Justice . . 32, 298 — Manufactures of . .44 — dc la Legion d’Honneur, 324 — Military Government of ■ — du Vieux Louvre . 32, 158 — du Nouveau Louvre . 155 — du Luxemb ourg . 32, 37 4 — Physical Statistics of — dTTMlnT^e' la Marine, 181 — Police of. Modern embellishments 54n. Octroi Duties . .42 24 71 — ’Pompeien — du President du Corps legislatif — du quai d’Orsay . — Iloyal .... — du Senat — des Thermes . .32, ' — des Tournelles — des Tuileries . .32, Pantheon . Paris, arrival at — Academy of . . . — Arrondissements of — Area of . — Civil Administration . — Basin, its geology — Charitable institutions, 187 — Population of. . .40 —Prisons of . . 74 to 81 330 — Public Institutions of, 89 322 — Quarries of . 205 ■ — Revenues of . 374 — Rivers of. 388 — Routes to 274 — Situation of . 144 — Social Statistics 444 n. . 42 117 to 123 — Churches of . . 33, ill *-=CirGiimfercnco of . .25 — Climate of. — Commerce of. 33, 400 — Societies, divers, in, 104 to 106, 116, 123 to 127, 142, — Streets of. . . .30 — Taxes of. . . .42 — Treasury of the City of, 70 — Views, finest, of, 17 7, 193 262, 282, 312n., 403 Park ofMonceaux — of Boulogne . — of Vesinet — of Chaumont . 25 Parlements, ancient 43 Parvis Notre Dame INDEX. 608 . 213 37, 229 37, 176 37 37, Passage Ghoiseul. — Colbert . — de Lorme — du Havre — Jouffroy. — de la Madeleine — de rOpera — des Panoramas — du Pont-Neuf. — des Princes . — du Saumon . — Verdeau , — Vero-Dodat . — Vivienne. Passports . Passy . — Artesian well of Patents. Pauperism. . . Paving materials, price of 31 n. Pawnbrokers . . 128, 271 215 219 202 219 219 358 . 37 37, 247 37, 219 37, 241 37, 229 Place des Arts et Metiers. — de la Bastille , — de la Bourse . — du Carrousel . .36, — de la Concorde, or 374 114, 348 . 101 . 283 447 Peers, Chamber of Pentemont, le . Pensions or schools Pepin, house of . — Grave of Pere La Chaise, Cemetery, 4 53 — Amount expended in, 4 58 n. Periodical Exhibitions . 104 Perth, Duke of. Monument 410 Pharmacie Centrale, 142, 396 — Militaire . . . .3,^2 — Ecolede . . 135, 414 Physical Statistics . .24 Physicians, number of, 134 n. —list of . . . .589 Pichegru, monument of . 427 Picpus, Cemetery of. ,279 Pierrefouds. . . , 506 Pig-market . . .449 Places, public squares . 30 — that ought to be seen . iii — of Historical Note. . 55 — Memorable for Scenes of Popular Disturbance, Louis XV history of — du Chatelet — Dauphine. — de Greve. — Lafayette. — Louvois . — Mauhert . — Napoleon III. — de Notre Dame ' — du Palais Bourbon — du Palais Royal — Royale . — du Trone. — Valhuhert — Vauban . — Vendome — des Victoires — des Vosges Poissy 36, 178 181 262 I 298 290 235 221 396 155 I 308 ■ 330 . 209 36, 274 278, 482 . 439 . 337 36, 176 36, 229 . 274 524 55 -of Public Amusement’ 459 Police, Administrationofthe 71 — Commissaires de . . 73 — Prefecture de. . 71, 299 — Office for carriages . 5 Polytechnic School, . 98, 410 Pompe a feu de Chaillot, 28 n., 188 — du Gros Caillou, 28 n., 332 PontdeEAlma . 187, 332 — de I’Archeveche . .318 ■ — d’Arcole . . . .321 — des Arts .... 364 — d’Austerlitz. . . ,439 — de Bercy, or de la Gare, 280 — du Canal St. Martin, . 27 6 — Carrousel, or Sts. Ph-es, 369 — au Change . , .306 — Concorde, or Louis XVI 324 — de Constantine . .319 — au Double. . . .309 — del’Estacade. . .296 INDEX. 609 out des Invalides . 186, 330 -de lena . . . 188 -de Solferino . . 153 -Louis Philippe . 318 ^Marie . 320 -St. Michel . 307 »-St. Louis . 318 —Napoleon . 280 -Neuf. . . 297 —Notre Dame . . 321 —Petit . 307 —Royal . . 321 — de la Tournelle . 319 '^ont-de-St.-Maur. . 524 ’ope Pius VII. , where de- tained by Napoleon . 509 ’opulation of Paris . 40 i— of France . 4 1 n. ’orcelain Manufactory . 548 ’ort d’Armes. . . 87 ’orts or Wharfs. . 29 ?orte St. Denis . . 236 — St. Bernard . . 394 — Maillot . . .193 St. Martin. . . 249 ’ost Office . . 7, 246 —Statistics of . .ion. Post-Horses, Office for, . 7 1 posting in France 2 [*oudrettedeMontfaiicon 4 5 1 n. Pre aux Clercs . 348, 356 ^-Catelan . . . .492 r-St. Gei'vais . . .524 Iprefecluro of Department, 69 4— Conseil de . . .69 —of Police, . 34, 71, 303 Premonstratensiaii Monks, 390 President of I.egisl. Body, 58 —Palace of. . . .330 Priests and Prelates . lion. PrinceNapoleon’s household 6 1 — Palace . . . .187 — of Wales, wager with Count d’Arlois . . 493 4— Imperial . . . .5 on Prin . Mat ilda’s household . 6 1 Prin. Clotilda’s household 61 Printing Office, Imp. 34, 269 Prisons 74 Prison de PAbbayc, . .78 — de la Conciergerie, 77, 302 — des Condamnes. . 79, 4 58 — for Debtors . . 78, 210 — de la Force . .7 5, 273 — delaNouvelleForce, 7 5, 280 — pour Jeunes Detenus, 80, 4 58 — de St. Lazare. . 73, 230 — des Madelonnettes. 77,415 — of Marie Antoinette . 302 — de Ste. Pelagic. . 78, 4 20 — Mazas . . . 75, 28o —Military. .78, 381, 439 — de la Prefecture . 77, 303 Prisoners at Vincennes 581 n. Private Museums. . .103 — Edifices . . . .31 — Libraries. . . .104 Professors, list of . 590 — agreges . . . .95 Promenades. . . .484 — of Longchamps . .180 Protestant Churches, 113 to 115, 191, 199, 219, 241, 272, 294, 348 — Schools . . . .115 Prud’hommes, Council, 68, 252 Public Amusements . .459 — Buildings. . . .34 — Coaches . . . . 2, 4 — Debt 62 — Festivals. . . .482 — Gardens . . .485,486 — Institutions ... 89 — Instruction . . 60, 92 — Libraries. . . .104 — Museums, see Musees . 103 — Promenades . . .484 — Schools, of Medicine . 130 — Works, Administration, 60 Publications of Academic, 90 7i. Quarries under Paris, 444 n. Quarlers of Paris . . 4 GIO INDEX. Quartier Latin . . 396 Quays, 29, 307, 358 369,439 Rabelais’ grotto. . 526 Races . 483, 488 499, 584 Railroads . 2 — Corbeil . 3, 439 — St. Germain . 2, 203 — Lyons . 3, 280 — Northern. 3, 235 — Orleans . 3, 439 — Rouen . 2, 203 — Sceaux . 3, 547 — Strasburg. 3, 250 — Versailles. 3, 203 — Vincennes 3, 283 — Western . 3, 381 — all round Paris 3, 451 Ranee, Abbe de 24 In. Rainey. . 524 Rambouillet. . 525 — Palace of . 525 — Park of . . 527 — Imperial farm . 528 Ravaillae, remains o 303n. Reading-Rooms . 14, 176 Regattas . 484 Regnard, where born . 243 Religious Institutions. . Ill — Armenian, Greek . . 116 — Jewish . . 116 — Protestant . 113 — Romish . . Ill Reservoirs, 28, 242, 381, 383 417, 424 — remarkable . . 417 Restaurateurs . 12 Reviews, Military . . 483 Rewards to Exhibitors, 183 n. Richelieu, head of 384 n. Riding Schools. 103, 157 Rifle-Matches 484, 583 Rivers of Paris. . 26 Rocking stones . . 445 RomainvilJe. . 529 Romish Clergy, cost of, 1 16 n. — how composed. , 1 16 n. Rossini, house of ,189 Rothschild’s hotels . .218 Rousseau, burial-placeof, 402 w. — place where he died . 508 Rou tes from coast t o Paris , 2 Rue du Banquet. . .191 — des Carmes . . .396 — des Ecoles . . .385 — duFouarre . . . 396 — du Rempart . . 2 1 on. — de Rivoli. . . .17 5 Rueil . ... 529 §t^Cloud . . . .529 —Fete of . . . . 535 — Park of . . . . 534 St. Gyr. . . . .536 St. Denis . . . ; 536 — Maison de. . 102, 543 St. Germain en Laye . 543 St. .Tames .... 493 St. Leu Tavernay . .547 St. Mande . . . .585 St. Ouen .... 547 Ste. Chapelle . . . 304 Salaries of Prelates . 1 1 6 n. Salle du Senat . . .376 — des Etats. . . . 166 Salles d’Asile . . .102 Salpetriere, Hospice . 36, 123 141, 440 Salt, Entrepot for . Sapeurs Pompiers Sauvageot, Collection Savings’ Bank . Savonnerie, la . Scarron, house of Sceaux. . 252 . 64 . 171 . 129 . 412 291 n. . 547 Schools , see Ecoles, Lycees , 9 5 Schools, Special . .97 — British free. . . .115 — of Rue Vaugirard . . 381 Sciences, Faculty of. .93 Scientific Institutions. . 89 — Societies . . 104, 143 Sculpture, Ateliers de .332 — American , , .173 irsDEX. 611 Sculpture, Ancient . .161 ■ — Assyrian. . . .17 4 — Egyptian. . . .174 Secours aux Noyes, &c. 73 — a Domicile. . . .127 Seine, the River. . . 26 Seminaire des Irlandais, 424 — des Missions Etrangores 1 1 2 —Petit 112 — du St. Esprit. .113, 424 — de St. Firmin. . . 394 — de St. Nicolas du Char- donnet . . .112, 395 — de St. Sulpice. .112,373 Senate. ... 56 —Palace of. . . . 374 Sentimental Journey, site of one of the scenes in, 358 Sergents de Ville . . 64 Servants. . . . 12 , 88 Sevres 548 Sewers, System of . . 40 Shooting .... 87 Sihour, Archbishop . 4 08 n. Sisters of Charity, R.C. . 112 — Protestant. . . .126 Skating 484 Slaughter-Houses, seeAfcol- toirs 39 Smoking-rooms . . . 1 4 Social Statistics. . .40 Socicte du Prince Imper. 1 22 Societies, Agricultural . 106 — Benevolent, 82, 123 to 127 — Medical . . . .142 — for Races. . . 14,483 — Religious. . . .116 — Scientific, Literary, 104, 143 Sceurs de la Charite . .112 Soirees, Diplomatic, &c. vii Sorbonne, the . 34, 93, 383 Souricieres . . . 303 Sports . . . . ; 483 Squares, see Places. Stables, Emperor’s, .157, 332 Staffs, Military „ 63 Stamp Office . . 71, 231 State, Council of. . .58 — Carriages . . .577 Statistics of Paris, Social, 40 — Physical . . . .24 Statue of Henry lY. 286, 297 ' — of Louis XHI. . . 274 — of Louis XIV. . 229, 285 — of Dukeof Orleans, 160n. 570 — of Marshal Ney . .4 18 Steam packets from England 2 Steeple-chases . . .483 Streets, length of . .30n. Streets and houses . .30 — Interesting to Antiqua- rians, 265, 27 3, 388, 390 393, 423 Students, Medical. . 130 — Internes . 133 n. — number of 95 — cost of education . , 131 Subsistances militaires. . 188 Sun-dial, curious, 242 , 273, ,371 Suresne. 551 Surgeons, list of , 589 Suspension-bridges . 280, 319 Swimming Schools . 38, 319 Swiss Cottage . 203 — Church . , 115 Synagogue . 116, 233, 255 Talleyrand, residence of, 178 Tapestry Manufactory. . 411 Taxes of Paris . . .42 — indirect for all France, 43 n. Teachers, list of. . 590 Telegraphs . . 11 Templars, order of . 253 /1. Temple, Couvent du . 254 — Palais du. . 253 Tennis Courts, 152, 483, 579 Theatres . 459 — Description of, 4 63 to 472 — Receipts of. . 461 n. — Statistics of . 460 n. — Sum levied on Receipts of, for the Hospitals. 401 lADEX 612 Theatres of annexed Com- munes . . . .472 Tlieology, Faculty of. . 94 Thermos, Palais des. . 388 Thermometric Scales. . 21 Thiers, residence of M. . 216 Tickets, how to obtain . iv Tir National . . .583 Tobacco, Manufactory . 331 — Sale of . . . 44, 46 Tomb of King of Poland, 358 — of King John’s daughter 295n. — of Cardinal Richelieu . 384 — of Countess of Blessing- ton and Count d’Orsay. 545 — of James II. . . 410, 544 — ofJamesDukeofDouglas 357 — of Lafayette . . .279 .. r-of Napoleon . . . 339 —of Rousseau . . 402 n. — of Voltaire. . . 402 n. Tour de St. Jeande Latran 399 — St. JacquesBoucherie33, 262 — de Nesle, site of . .363 Tournelle, la. . . . 393 Trademarks . .87 Tradesmen, list of . .590 — Licenses of . . . 44 n. Traiteurs . . . .12 Treasury, Imperial . .178 — of the City of Paris. . 7 0 Trianon, Grand. , ,575 — Petit 577 Tribunals , . 34, 65 to 67 Tribunal des Conflits . 373 Triumphal Arches, 35, 154, 191, 236, 249 — Coliunns, 35, 176, 263, 27 8, 282 Trocadero, the . . .189 Tuileries, Palace of the . 144 — Garden of the . 150, 485 Turrets, 273, 296, 390, 393 Universal Exhibition xi., 183 University of France. . 92 Valets de Place . . .12 Vaugirard . . . .447 Vehicles, Public . . 2, 4, 6 — to Environs, see Preface. Venetian Bridge . .450 Versailles . . . .552 — Best mode of visiting, viii — Gardens of. . . .570 — ^Museum of. . . .557 — Palace of. . . .553 — To^\n of. . . ,578 Vesinet . . . .546 Veterinary School. . .495 Views of Paris, see Paris. — fine 448, 452, 538 n., 581 Ville d’Avray . . . 536 Villette, la. . . . 450 Villcneuve I’fitang . . 535 Vincennes . . . .580 — park of . . . .585 — Ih’isoners confined at, 581 n. — Asylum at . . .58 5 — Military hospital at .58 6 Visconti, Monument to . 455 Voltaire, where he died, 369 — tomb of . . . 402 n. — birth-place of. . .502 Wages in Paris ... 44 Walks, Public . . . 484 Water, supply of. . . 28 —Purified . . . .296 Weights, French and Eng- lish. . . . 17 to 20 Wesleyan Chapel. . .115 Wills, Laws on . . .83 Wine Market . . .425 Workmen,housesfor,45n. ,233 280, 546, 587 Workmen's Societies. . 127 Workwomen, asylum for . 546 Zoology, gallery of . .434 ST OF THE STREETS, SQUARES, ETC., IK PARIS. I Explanation. ie capital letter and Figure placed after the name of the street indicates part of the map in which it is found ; for example, if you wish to find dll Colys(5e, C. 2, draw your finger down under the letter C., from top of the map, till it arrives opposite the figure 2, between the lines thicli is rue du Colys(5e. d. boulevard. i.v. avenue, ass. passage iq. square, q. place, nip. impasse. Ibbaye (de P), Mont- martre, D. E. \. Uibaye (de P), D. 4. kbbaye (place de P), D. 4. ibbC de PEpde, E. 5. kbbeville (d’), E. 2. tboukir, E. 3. tcacias (des) Rcht., E. 1. icacias, Ternes, B. 2. Lffre, F. i. Lguesseau (d’|, c. 2. Liguillerie (de P), e. 3. ilbouy, F. 2. Jger (d’l, D. 3. libert, F. 2. .ligre (d’l, G. 5. .lleraagne (d’|, G. H. t. Jleray (d^), B. C. e. .Ima (Bd. de P; Ij. 2. 3. Ima (Font de P) B. 3. niandiers - Popincourt des). G. H. 3. niandiers (des), saiute- Jenevi^ve, E. 5. _ niandiers (bd.),F. g. 3. nboise (d’), E. 2. mbroise Pard, E. i. nliroise (St-) G. 3. ndlie, C. 4. nelot, G. 3. ABBREVIATIONS. Ch. chemin. Mar. niarais. Fg. faubourg. Bat. Batignolles. Ter. Ternes. Relit. Rocliecliouart. Ancre (passage de P), E. 3. Andre-des-Arts(St.-),E.4. Andrd (St.-) av., A. 4. Andrd-des-Arts (placest-), E. 4. Anglade (de P), D. 3. Anglais (des), E. 4. Anglaises (des), E. G. Angouldme (d’), F. 3. Angouldme (passage d’), G. 3 Angoulenie- St-Ilonord, See Morny. Anjou-St-Honord, D.2. Anjou au Marais, F. 3. Anjou-Daupiiine, D. 4. Anjou (quai d'j.F. 4. Anne (Sainte), D. 3. Annelets (des). IT. 2. Antin (cite d’j, D. 2. Antin (d’), D. 3. Antin (av. d’), C. 3. Antoine (St-), F. 4. — (Mazas), G, 4. 5. Antoine (du faub. St-), G. 4. H. 5. Antoine-Dubois, E. 4. Apolline (Ste-), E. 3. 4. Arago, G. B. - (bd.). D. E. 0. Arbaldte (do P), E. 5. ^ Arbre-Sec (de P), E. 3. 4. Arc-dc-Triomplie (de P), Bel. Belleville. Courc. Courcelles. Mtge. Montrouge. Gren. Grenelle. Vgd. Vaugirard. Mtre. Montmartre. B. 2. Arcade (de P) D. 2. Archeveebd (quai), E. 4. Arcbevechd (pont), E. 4. Arcole (pont d^), E. 4. Arcole (rue d'), E. 4. Arcueil (boulev.), D. G. Ardennes (des), G. H. 1. Argenteuil (d’) U. 3. Argenteuil (route), C. t. Arnaiid (St-), C. D. 2. Arras (d’), E. 5. Arrivee (de P), D. 5. Arsenal (place de P), F. 4. Arts (pont des), E. 4. ' Arts-et-M6tiers (square et Conservatoire), F. 3. Asile (de P), G. 4. Assas (d’), D. 4. 5. Assomption (de P), A. 4. Astorg (d'), C. 2. Auber, D. 2. 1 Aubry-le-Boucber, E. 3. 1 Aumaire, F. 3. ' Aumale (d’) D. 2. Aunay (boulev. d’), G.3. 4 Austerlitz (d’), F. 6. — (bd.),F-G. 5. — (quai),G. 5. G. — (pont d'), F. 5 Autfiuil (bd. d’), A. B. I . Aval (d’), F. 4. Babille, E. .3. •d nstcrdaiii (if), ii. 1. 2. lastase (St-), F. 3. , ~ I Mouffelard, F. G. irnot, D. 5. iron, F. 4. rre Marigny, C. ,3. rri6rcs(des), A. 3. rrouscl (place), f). 3. irronscl (iiontdii), D, 4. ^simir Delnvigne, E. 4. Siniir Pdrier, C. 4. jssettc, D. 4. 5. ssini, E. 6, OF STREETS, SQUARES, Castellanc, U. 2. Castex, F. 4. Castiglione (de), D. 3 Catacoinhcs, U. E. 6. Catherine (Ste-), E. 5. Catinat (de), E. 3. Cauniartin, D. 2. Cdcile (Ste-), E. 2. Ceinturc (de), F. I. Celestins (qiiai des), F. 4. Cendrier (du), F. G. Censier, E. F. 5 Centre (dii), B. 2. Cerisaie (de la), F. 4. Chabannais (de), D. 3. Chabrol (de), E. F. 2. Chabrol, Grenello, B. 4. Chaillot (de), B. 2. 3. Chaise (de la), D. 4. Clialigny, C. 5. Chalgrin, A. B. 2. Chalons (de), G. 5. Chanipagny, C. 4. Champ de I’Alouette (du), K. G. — d’Asile, D. G. Champ-de-Mars (du), B.4. Champ-de-iMars, B. 4. Champs (dcs)^ A. 3. Chani])s-Elysees (des), see Boissy d’Anglas. Chamiis- Ely, sees (avenue des), B. 2. C. 2. 3. Chanaleilles, C. 4. Change (pout au), E. 4. Chanoinesse, E. 4. Chaiitiers (des), F. 5. Chantres (des), E. 4. Chapelle (pi. de la), F. I. Chapclle (bd, de la), F. 1. Chapelle (de la Salute-), E. 4. Chapelle (com- de la Ste-), au Palais, E. 4. Chapon, F. 3. Chaptal, U. I. Cliarboiiniere (de la), E. F. 1. Charbonniers (des), G. 5. Charbonniers (des), fau- bourg St-Marccau, E. S. Cliarenlon (do), G. 4. 5. H. G. Charenton (route de), II. G. Charlemagne, F. 4. Charles v., F. 4. Charles (SI-), E. Chariot, F. 3. Chariot, Ternes, B. 2. ETC. iii Charonne (de), G. H. 4. — boulevard dc), H. 4. Charpentier, I). 4. Cliarrctiere, E. 5. Chartres (galeric dc), Pa- lais-Royal, E. 3. Chdteau-d'Eau (du), F. 2. 3. Chatcaubriant (av.), B. 2. Clidteau-Landon, F’. 1. Chateau-Rouge (du), E. f. Chatelet (place du), E. 4. Chatigny, G. 5. Chanchat, E. 2. Chandron, F. f. Chaume (du), F. 3. 4. Chauss6e-d’Antin, D. 2. Chaussee - des - Miniines (de la), F. 4. Chaussde-du-Maine (ave- nue de la), D. 5. 6. Cliausson (passage), F. 2. Chauveau-Lagarde, D. 2. Chazellcs, C. 1. 2. Chemin de ter (avenue du), C. 5. 6. — (du), C. 6. Chemin de fer de Paris ii Corbeil,a Orlcans,Tours, Bordeaux, ct Nantes, F. 5. Chemin de fer de Paris a Lyon et Marseille, G. 5. Chemin dc fer de Paris a Sceaux, D. 6. Chemin de fer de Paris A St-Germain, a Rouen, Dieppe et le Havre, D. 2. Chemin de fer de Paris a Strasliourg, F. 2. Chemin de fer de Paris a Versailles, left bank,D. 5. — right bank, D. 2. Chemin de fer du Nord F. f. Cliemin de for de Char- tres et du Mans, D. 5. Chemin de fer de Vin- cennes, G. 4. Chemin du Maine (av. du), D. 6. Chemin-Vert (du), G. 4. Chemin Vicinal, H. 5. Chenier, E. 3. Cherchc-Midi, C. 5. D. 4. 5. Cherubini, D. 3 Chevalcrot (du), F. G. 6. Chevert, C. 4. Chevreuse, I). 5. Childehert, D. 4. iv list Clioiseul (de), D. 2. 3. Choiscul (passage), D. 3. Clioisy le Roi (route), F. 0. Cliopinctle (de la), G. 2. Chous (pent aux), F. 4. Christine, A. 15. 2. Cimarosa, B. 3. Cimetifire (du), H. 6. Cirque (du), C. 2. 3. Ciseaux (des), D. 4. Citd (de la), E. 4. — (quai de la), E. 4. — (pout de la), E. 4. — d^Antin, D. 2. — Berrycr, D. 3. — Josset, G. 4. — Odiot,B.2. — d’Orl6ans, D. 2. — Riverin, F. 2. 3. — Trdvise, E. 2. — Vindd, D. 3. Citcaux, G. 4. 5. Clary (square), D. 2. Claude (St-), Mar, F. 3. Claude Lorrain, A. 5. Clausel, E. 2. Clef (de la), E. 5. Clement, D. 4. Cler, C. 4. Clery (de), E. 3. Clicliy (de), D. t. 2. Clichy (de), av., C. D. t. Clicliy (lid. de), D. E. l . Clichy (place de), D. t. Clignancourt, chaussde, E. C Clisson, F. 6. Cloche-Perce, F. 4. Cloitre N.-D. (du), E. 4. St-Merri (du), E. 4. — St-Ilonor6 (passage), E. 3. — St-Benoit, E. 4. Clopin, E. 5. Clos-Bruneau, E. 5 Clos-Gcorgeot (du), D. 3. Clotaire, E. 5. Clotilde, E. 5. Clovis, E. 5. Cochin, E. 6. Colhert, E. 3. Colbert ^passage), E. 3. Coligny (de), F, 5. Colonnes (des), E. 3. Colysee (du), C. 2. Comfetc (de la), C. 4. Commerce (cour ei pas- sage du), E. 4. OF STREETS, SQUARES, Commerce du Roule, (cour du), C. 2 Commerce, Bcrcy, H. 6. Commerce, Crenelle, B. 5. Com pans, H. 2. Concorde'lpl. de la),C. 3.4. Concorde (pout de la), C.3. Cond6 (de), D. 4. Conference (quai),B. C. 3. Conservatoire (du), E. 2. Constantine, E. 4. Constantine (pont), F. 4. S Constantine, Chaiielle, E. F. 1 . — Montrouge, C. D. 6. Constantinople, C. t. D. 2. Condd, E. 4. Conti (quai),E. 4. Contrescarpe (hd.), F. 4. 5. Copern ic, A. B. 3. Coq-H6ron, E. 3. Coqnillcre, E. 3. Corheau, F. 2. G. 2. Cordclihres (des), E. 6. Cordiers (des), E. 5. Corneille (de), E. 5. Comes (des), F. 6. Cossonnerie (de la), E. 3. Cotte, G. 4. 5. Courcelles (de), B. t. 2. C. 3. Courcelles (hd.),B. C. t. 2. Couronnes (des),G. 2. 3. Cours-la-Reine, C. 3. Courtalon, E. 3. Couity (dc),D. 3. Coustou, D. t. Coutures-St-Gervais, F. 3. Crdhillon, E. 4. Crillon, F. 4. 5. Crimde (de), G. t. II. 2. Croissant (du), E.'3. Croix Boissiere, B. 3. — (chcmln de la), H. 6. — Jarry, G. 6. — de - la - Bretonnerie (Ste-), F. 4. — Nivert, B. 5. — des - Petits - Champs, E. 3. — Rouge (carrefour de la), D. 4. — Rouge, Gare, G. o, du-Roule (de la), B. 2. Croulcharhe (de), E. G. Crozatier, G. 4. 3. Crussol, F. G. 3. Ciijas, E. 3. Cullure-Ste»Calherine,F. 4 ETC. Cuvier, F. S. j Cygne (dii), E. 3. j Oalayrac, D. 3. j Rames, Ternes, B. 1.4 Barnes, MontmartreJI Dames, Batignolles,|D Dames de la Visitat (des), D. 4. Damiette (de), E. 3. Dangeau, A. 4 . Daily (impasse), C. I. Dauhenton, E. F. 5. Daumesnil (av.), G. H — (place), 11. c. Dauphin (du), D. 3. Dauiihinc, E. 4. Daiiphine (place), E. 4 ' David, A. 3. Davy, D. 1 . DdJiarcadf're (du), A^ Dehellcyme, F. 3. ^ Decamps, A. 3. Ddchargeurs (des), E.^l Delaizement, A. I. Delamhre, D. 3. Delarochc, A. 3. 4. Delessert, A. 4. B. 3.|? Delorme (passage), Dj Delta (du), E. i. Demaisne, D. t. Demours, B. t. j DenaiiijF. 2. Denis, St-), E. 3. 4. Denis (St-) St-Ant< H. 4. 5. Denis (hd. St-), E. Denis (du fg. St-), F. Ddpart (du); D. 5. Ddpartement (du), Fi Deparcieux, D. 0. Desaix, B. 4. Desaix (quai), E. 4. Deshordes Valmore, Descartes, E. 5. D6sir (passage du), 1 Deux Boules, E. 4. Deux-Ecus (des), E. 3 Deiix-Ermites, E. 4. Deux-Moulins (des), Deux-Ponts (des), F. J Deux-Portes - Sl-Sau (des), E. 3. Deux-Portes-St-Jean ( E. 4. Didier (St-), A. 3, Domat, E. 4. Dominique (St-), B. ' 4. D. 4. — passage, B, 4. LIST r6, F. fl. uai (de), D. i. uane (dc la), F. 3. able (pent au), E. 4. ud6auville, E. F. 1. fagon (du), D. 4. lagon (cour du), D. 4. foiiot, E. 2. iicouedic, U. G. ulong, C. 1. ugay-Trouin, D. 5. li Giicsclin, B. 4. «m6ril, F. 6. ■uinont d’Urville, B. 2. imkcrque, E. F. 1. 2. unois, F. G. G. uperre, U. i . uphot, D. 3. lupin, 0. 4. 5. uplcix, B. 4. upleix (place), B. 4. upont, B. 3 lupuis, F. 3. lupuytren, E. 4. luquesiie (av.), C. 4. lui as (de), C. 2. iiiroc, C. 5. luvivier, C. 4. V ible, C. 5, ichaudG (do F), D. 4. iclielle (de 1’), 1). 3. Ichiquier dc F), E. 2. icluses St-Marlin, F. 2. Jcole (quai de F), E. 4, Ccolc (place de F), D. 3. IcoIe-de-Mddecine, E. 4- Icolc Polyteclinique (de F), E. 5. kioles (dos), E. 4. S. Scosse (d’), E. 5. tcouffes (des), F. 4. Jcuries d’Artois (des), B. C. 2. 3glisc (bd. de F);, F. 0. jglise (de F),Bat .,C. D. 1. iglisc (pi. de F), Ilat., C. 1. feoul (del’), faubourg St- (jiermaiii, D, 4. Jlisabetli (Ste-), E. 3. jloy (St-), E. 4. ^Iys6e (palais de),c. 3. ilysdes (dc F), C. 3. jnipcreur (avenue de F), A. B. 3. Snfants-Bouges, F. 3. Infer (d’), D. C. li. 5. :iifdr (boiilev, d^, d. 5 . g infer (place d’), D. 6. ingliien (d>), E. 2. OF STREETS, SQUARES. ETC. V Entrepdt (de F), F. 2. 3. Entrepreneurs, B. 4. 5. Ep6e-de-Bois (dc F), E. 5. Eperon (de F), E. 4. Erard, G. 5. G. Erfurth (d’), U. 4. Ernestine, F. i. Essai (dc F), F. 6. Estrees (d’), C. 4. Etoilc (dc F), B. 2. Etoilc (place de F), B. 2. Eugene (boul.), A. 1. Europe (place d’), D. 1. Eustaclie (place St-), E. 3. Evfique (F), O. 3. Eylau (avenue dc), A. 3. B. 2. Eylau (place d’), A. 3. Fabert, C. 3. 4. Faisandcrie (de la), A. 2. 3. Fargeau (St-), H. 2. Fauconnier (du), F. 4. Favart, E. 2. Felibien, D. 4. Fdlicitd (de la), C. 1. Fenime-sans-T6te, F. 4. F6nelon, E. 2. Fcr-^-Moulin, E. F. G. Ferdinand (St-), A. B. 2. Ferdinand-Bertboud,F. 3. Ferme-des-Mathurins (de la), D. 2. Ferou, D, 4. 5. Ferronnerie (de la), E. 3. Ferrus, E. G. Fessard,G. H. 2. Feuillade (la), E. 3. I Feuillantines (des), E. 5. Feydeau, E. 3. Feydeau (galerie), passage Panoramas, E. 3. Fiacre (St-), E. 2. 3. Figuier (du), F. 4. Filles-Dicu (des), E. 3. Filles-du-Calvaire, F. 3. — (boulevard des), F. 3. Filles-St-Tbonias (des), E. 3. Flandre (de), G. i ■ Fiddlier, E. 2. FlcuruS (de), D. 5 Florentin (St-), D 3. Foil! (du), an Marais, F. 4. Folic-Mdricoiirt, F. G. 3. Rcgnault, G. 3. H. 4. Fondary, B. 5. Fontaine-au-Roi, F. G. 3. Fontaine St. Georges, D. i. Fontaine-Molidre, D. 3. Fontainebleau (route), F. G. Fontaines (des), F. 3. Fontaines (cour des), E. 3. Fontarabic, II. 4. Fontenoy (place de), C. 4. Forest. D. 1 . Forez (du), F. 3. Forges (des), auCaire, E. 3 Fortin, C. 2. Fosses-St-Bernard, F. 5. — St -)Germain - I’Auxer- rois (des), E. 3. — St-Jacques (des),E. 5. — St-Marcel, E. G. — du-Teinple (des), G. 3. Fouarre (du), E. 4. Four-St-Germain, D. 4. Four-St-Jacques, E. 5. Fourcy-St-Antoine (de>, F. 4. Fourneaux (des), C. 5. Fourrieaux (ch. des), C. G. Foy (Ste-), E. 3. Frangaise, E. 3. Francois ler, B. 3. 4.1 — (place), C. 3. Francs-Bourgeois. (des), au Marais, F. 4 . Francs-Bourgeois (des), St-Marcel, F. 0. Franklin, A. 3. 4. Fresnel, E. 5. Fricdland (avenue de), B. C. 2. Frochot, E. 1 . Frondeurs (des), D. 3. Fulton, G. 6. Furstemberg, D. 4. Gabriel (avenue), C. 2- Gaillard, U. i. Gaillon, D. 3. Gaillon (carrefour). D 3!. Gaitd, D. 5. 6. — chcinin de la, C. 0. Galande, E. 4. Galildc, B. 2. 3. Galvani, B. 1. Gambey, G. 3, Garancidre, 1>. 4. 5. Gardes (des), E. 1. Garc (bd. dc la), F. G. 6. — (quai de la), G. G. Garc (de la), F. 5. G. Gastd, B. 3. Gaullirin (passage), C. 5. Gay-Lussac, E. 5. Genevieve (S(e-), H, 2. VI LIST OF STREETS, SQUARES, ETC Genty (passagel, G, 5. Gcntilly, E. F. 6 . Geoffroy-l’Angevin, F. 3. Geoffroy-l’Asnier, F. Geoffroy-Mai-ic, E. 2 . Geoffroy-St-Hilaire, F. 5. Georges (St-), E. 2 Georges (pi. St-) D. E. 2. GerFert, B. 4. 5 . ‘ Germain (Marcli 6 St-),D .4 Germain (bd. St-), E.'a. 5. F.5. Germain-FAuxerrois (St-), E.4. Germain - I’Auxerrois (place St-), E. 4. Germain Pllon, D. E. 1 . Gerson, E. 5. Gervais (St-), F. 3. 4. G6vres (qtiai de), E. 4. Gilles (St-), F. 4. Gindre (du, I). 4. Git-le-C(Eur, E. 4. ftlaciOre (de la), E. 6 Glatigny (de), E. 4 Gobelins (des), E. 0. Godefroy, F. e. Godot-de-Maiiroy, D. 2. Gomboust, D. 3. Goutte d’Or, E. F. 1. Gozlin, D. 4. Gracieuse, E. 5. Grammont (de), 1), 2. 3. Grand-Cerf (pass.dii), E. 3. Grand-Chan tier, F. 3. Grand-Hurlenr (du), E. 3. Grand-Prieurd (du), F. 3. Grand-St-Micliel, F. 2. Grande Armde (avenue de la), A. B. 2. Grande - Chaumidre (de la), D. 5. Grande, Cbapellc, F. 1. Grande, Passy, A. 4. Grande, Auteuil, A. 4. Grands-Augustins (des), E. 4. Grands - Augustins (quai des), D. 4. Grands-Dcgrd? (des), E. 4. Grandc-Truanderie, E. 3. Grange aux Belles, F. G. 2. Grange-Batelidrc, E. 2. Gravilliers (des), F. 3. Grcffuhle, D. 2. Grdgoire de Tours, E. 4. Grenelle-St-Germain,B. C. D. 4. Grenclle-St-Honor6, E. 3. Crenelle (quai de), B. 4. Crenelle (boul. de),B. 4.5. C. 5. Crenelle, e Crenelle, B. 4. 5. — (pent do), A. B. 4. Greneta, E. F. 3. • Grenier-St-Lazare, E. F. 3. Grenier-sur-PEau, F. 4. Grdtry, E. 2. Greuze, A. 3. Greve (quai de la), E. F. 4. Gribeauval, D. 4. Gril (du), E. 5. Gros, A. 4. Gueni6n6e (impasse), F. 4. Guendgaud, E. 4. Gudrin-Boisseau, F. 3. Guillaume,,D. 4. Guillaume (St-), D. 4. Guillaume (cour St-),D. 3. Guillot, B. C. 1. Guisarde, D. 4. Guy-Labrosse, F. 5. Haies (des), 11. 4. Halevy, D. 2. Halle au Bid, E. 3. Halid, D. G. Halles Centrales, E. 3. . Hambourg (de), C. 2 Hanovre (de), 1). 2. Harlay (de), au Marais, F 3. Harlay du Palais, E. 4. Harpe (de la), E. 4. Hasard (du), D. 3. Haussmann (boul.),C.D.2. Haulefcuille, E. 4. Hautcville, E. 2. Hautpoul (d’), H. 2. Havre (passage du),D. 2. Havre (rue et place du), D. 2. Haxo, H. 2. Helder (du), I). 2. Henri-Quatre (place de), Pont-ueuf, E. 4. Henri-Quatre (quai),F.4.5. Hdrold, A. 4. Hirondelle (de P) E. 4. Hippolyte (St-), E. 6. Hoche, B. 4. Holzbacher (cite et pas- sage), G. 3. Ilomme-Armd (de P),F. 4. llonord-Clievalicr, 1). 5. Honord (St-), 1). E. 3. llonord (cloUrc St-),H. 3 Honord (marcbd St-), on des Jacol)ins, D. 2. 3. Honord(du faubourg St-), B. C. 2. D. 3. Hdpital (bd. deP),. Hdpilal (place de p' HoiToge (galerie pres I'Opdra, E. 2.^ Horinge (quai de P)1 Hospi talieres - Saint vais, F. 4. 'i H6lel-Colbert (de PQ H6tcl-des-Fermes (m de P), E. 3. 1 H6tel-dc-Ville (de P); Hdtel de Ville (j Batignollcs, D. 1 . ' Hdtel-dc-ville (plai P), E. 4 Hdtel-Dieu, E. 4. Houdon, E. 1. Huchette (de la), E Humboldt, E. 0. Hyacinlhe (St-),St-j rd, U. 3. Idna (d>), C. 3. 4. Idna (avenue d’), D Idna (pout d’), B. 3/ He Louviers (de P), Impdratrice, D. 3. Impdratrice (av. A. B. 2. Industrie (pass, de ! Industrie (bazar del Ingres (av.), A. 4. Innocents (des), E. ; Innocents (sq. des) Invalides (bd. des),C Invalides (pent des) Invalides (esplanade C. 3 4. Irlandais (des), E. 5 Isly (passage de P), Isly (de P), D. 2. Italic (boulevard d’) — (place d’), F. G. Italiens (bd. des), D Jacob, D. 4. Jacquart, G. 3. Jacques de Brosse, I Jacques (St-), E. 4 5 Jacques (bd. St-) D. Jacques (du faubour E. 6. Jacques de la Boiu (square and tour), Jacqucs-PHdpilal (St Jardin et ga lories du ! Royal, E. 3. Jardin du Luxcml D. E. 5. Jardin des Plantes, ] Jardinct (du), E. 4. Vii LIST rdii)s (des), F. 4. rente, 4. vel (qnai de), A- 4- 5. an-Baptiste (St-), C. 2. an-Bart, 1). 5. an-Beausirc, F. 4. an Bologna, A. 4. an-Bouton,G.5. lan-de-Beauvais (St-), !. 4. 5. lan-Gonjon, C. 3. fan-J. Rousseau, E. 3. ean-Lantier, E. 4. Ban Robert, F. t. eanne d'Arc (pi.), F- 6. bannisson, D. 3. ^mmapes (quai de), F. i. 2. 3. jssaint (de), F. t. evineurs (des), E. 3. oinville (passage), G. 2. olivet, D. S. oquelet, E. 3. pseph (St-), E. 3. jsephine (avenue), B.2.3. asset (cil6 ct pass.), G. 4 oubert, D. 2. puffroy, F. 3. ouftioy (passage), E. 2. our (du), E. 3. ouvenet, A. 3. ouy (de), F. 4. uges-Consuls (des), E. 4. uifs (des), F. 4. uillet (du 29) D. 3. ules Cesar, F. 4. ulien-le-Pauvre(St-),E. 4 ulienne,-E. 6. ussienne (de la), E. 3. ussieu, F. 5. nstice (place du Palais le). E. 4. ustice (palais de), E. 4. .eller, G. 4 .eppler B. 3. IBber, B. 4. abeaunie, C. 2. abordc, C. D. 2. ^bruyere, D. 2. pedpMe, E. F. 5, acu6e, F. 5. atayeltc, E. 2. F. i. 2. afayette (place), E. 2. alciTi^re, D. E. 2. aflitle, E. 2. a Fontaine, A. i. agny (. 3. Madeleine (place), D. 2 3. Mademoiselle, B. 5. Madrid (de), C. D. 2. ■ Magdebourg (de), B 3 Magenta (bd.),E, I. F,2. t Mail (du), E. 3. Maillot, Porte, A. 2. Maine (chaussde du), l>. 5. 6. — jdace du, D. 5. — (av. du), C. D- 5. Mairie (de la), A. t. Maitre-Albcrt, E. 4. Malakoff, avenue, A. 2 3. Malaquais (quai), I). 4 Malar, C. 3. Maleslierbes, C. t. 2. Maleslierbcs (bd.), C 1 ■ ; D. 2. Malcsherbes (place), ( . 1 Mallier, F. 4. Malte (de), G. 3. Mandar, E. 3. Maude (avenue St-), II “> Mansart, D. 1. Marais (des), faubourg St Martin, F. 2. 3. Marais (entrepdt des) an canal, F. 3. Marbeuf, B. C. 3 Marbeuf (allce), B C ,3. Marc (St-), E. 2. Marcel (Si-), E. G. — (boulevard), E. F. 0. Marchd (du), -A. 1. II LIST Marclii' (l’Aguesseau,C. 2 . — Kcauvcau, G. 5 . aux-aievaux,F. C. — aux-FleurSj E. 4 . anx-Fourragos. D. 5, — aux-Vcanx^ E. 4. 5. -- ties Cannes, E. 4. 5. Nenf (quai), E. 4. St-Gennain, I). 4. — St-Gervais, F. 4 . — St-Hoiiore, I). ;i. — de la Vallec, E. 4. St-Mai'tin, F. 3 . Marengo, E. 3 . Marguerite (Ste-), lau- boiirg St-Antoine, G. 4 . Marie (ponl), F. 4. Starie (Stc-), 4 Cliaillot, B. 3. Marie (Ste-), Ternes, A. B.2. ’ Marie (passage Stc-),' fau- bourg St.-Germain, D. 4. Marie-Stuart, E. 3. Marigrian (de), C. 3 . Alarigny (avenue), C. 2. 3 Marivaux, E. 2. Marmoiisets (des),E. 4 . Maroc idii), F. G. 1 . Marquefoy, F, 2 . Marseille (de), F. 2- Marseille, Viliette, G. t. Marsollier, D. 3 . Martel, E. F. 3. Martignac, C. 4 . Marthe (Ste-), T). 4 . Martin (St-), E. 3. 4. F. 3. Martin (St-), canal, F. 1 . 2 . Martin (bd. St-), F. 3. Martin (du faubourg St-), F. 1. 2. Martyrs (des), E. 1 . 2. Ma rtyrs (chaus 6 e des), E. I Masseran, C. 5. Massillon, E. 4. 4latburins (des), E. 4. ii. Matignon (av.), B. 2. C. 3. Matignon, C. 2. 3 . Maubert (place), E. 4. Maubeuge (de), E. F. i. iMaiibude, E. F. 3. Mauconscil, E. 3 . Main- (St-) Popincourt, F. 2. G. 2. 3. 4. Maur (St-), faubourg St- (ierniain, D. 5 . Maurc (du), E. 3 . Maiivais Garfons (des). OF STREETS, SQUARES, Mayet, C. 5. Mazagran, E. 2. — (impasse), E. 2. Mazarine, E. 4. Mazas (bd.), F. G. H. 5. Mazas (place), F. 5. Msaiix (de), G. 1.2. Mechaiii, E. 6. Medieis, E. 5. Megisserie (quai), E. 4. M6hul, D. 3. Mdriars, E. 3. Mdiiilinontant (chaussde de), G. If. 3. — (boulev. de), G. U. 3 . Mercier, E. 3. Mercoeur, G. 4. Meslay, F. 3. Messageries (des), E. 2. Messageries - Impdriales (coin- des), E. 3. Messine (de), C. 2. Metz (de), F. 2. Meiiniers (ch. des), H. 6. Mdziferes, D. 4. Michel-lc-Comle, F. 3. Michel (place du pent St-),E.4. Michel (porit St-), E. 4 Michel (bd. St-), E. 4. 5. Michel (quai St-), E. 4 . Michel-Ange, A. 5. Michodici c (de la), D. 2. 3. Mignon, E. 4. Milan (do), D. 2. Miniincs (des), F. 4. Miollis, B. C. 5. Miracles (place du Caire), E. 3. Miromcsnil, C. 2. Mogador, D. 2 . Moines (des), C. D. i. Moincaux (des), D. 3. Molay, F. 3. Molibre, .A. 4. Moliftre (passage), E. 4. Monceau (de), B. C. 2, Monceau (pare de), C. 2. Moncey, D. 1.2. Monddtour, E. 3. Mondovi (dc), D. 3. Monjol, G. 2. Monnaie (de la), E. 4. Monsieur (de), C. 4. Monsieur-le-Prinee,E. 4.5. Monsign y, D. 3. Moniagne'-Ste - Genevieve (dc la), E. 5. Montaigne (dc), C. 2 . 3. Montaigne, (Av.), B. C 3, ETC. j Montebello (quai), U Montesquieu, E. 3. | Montesquieu (pasf E. 3. 1 Montfaucon, D. 4. | Montgallct, 11. 5. | Montgollier, F. 3. 1 Montholon (squarc)jt Monthyon, E. 2. > Montmartre (cimeff D. 1. i Montmartre (bouleiB E. 2. ; Montmartre, E. 2. Montmartre (du j bourg), E. 2. ! Montmorency, E. FJj Montorgucil, E. 3. j Mont-Parnasse (cinji re), D. 5. G. I Mont-Parnasse (du), Mont - Parnasse (1 vard), C. D. 5. ’’ Montpensier (galeri|| lais-Royal, 1). E. 3. ( Montpensier, D. E. Montreu.il (dc), G. I Montrouge (bd. de), Mont Rozier, A, 1. 1 Mont-Thabor (du), ( Morand, G. 3. | Moreau, G. 5. Morillons (des), B. ' Morland (boulev.), I Mornay, F. 4. Morny (dc), C. 2. Moscou (de), 1». 1. Mothe-Piquet (avert la), B. C. 4. Mouffelard, E. 5. 0. Moulin, II. 5. Moulin-Vcrt (du), II Moulins (des), 1). 3. Moulins, Chaumoiit, Moussy (dc), F. 4. Muettc (de la), G. II, Mulcts (des), I). 3. Mulhousc (dc), E. 3. Muricr (du), E. 5. Nancy (de), F. 2. Naples (de), C. 2. Napoleon (cit6), E. 1 Napoleon III.(placcl Napoleon (quai), E. — (pont), G. C. Nationalc, F. G. Navarin (dc), E. 2. Necker, MarclKi S( tlicrinc, F. 4. NecUcr (liGpiial), ('.. IX list; j-ier, C. 4. aours (cour ct galeric Jjj Palais-Royal, E. 3. Dours (de), G. 3. if (poiil), E. 4. ^lly(avemiede),A. 1.2 lilly (lioulev.l, B. C. i. |vc-Bourg-l’Ai)i)6, E. 3. des-Bons-Eufants,E. 3. des-CapuciiiGS, D. 3. iCoquenard, E. 2. des-Mathurins, D. 2. (e I’Universitd, D. 4. des-Petits-Champs, D. 4. des-Pelits-Piires, E. 3. Eonlainc-St- George, . 1 . Guilleniin, D. 4. Lappe, G. 4. ■Rlonlniorency, E. 2. ■Kolre-Dame, E. 4. ■Popincourt, G. 3. .St-Augustin, D. 3. 4. .Ste-Catherine, E. 4. -St-Etieiine, E. F. S. «St->l6dard, E. 5. -St-Merri, E. 3. 4. -St-Sauveur, E. 3. -de-la-Vierge, B. 4. rers (de), E. 4. wton, B. 2. 30 lai, II. 6. lolas (St-), Chaussde- Anlin, D. 2. 3 olas (St-), faubourg St- ntoiiie, G. 4. 3 olas - du - Cliardonnet »-), E. 5. 3olas-Flamel, E. 4. colet, C. 3. polo, A. 3. 4. cot, C. 3. >llet, C. U. I. iginains d’Hybres (des), lu- ll'd (place du), E. i. jrinandie (dc), F. 3. )tre - Dame - de-Bonne- rouvclle, E. 2. 3. -de- Grace, Cliauss6e- I’Anlin, D. 2. ,-de-Loreltc, D. i. 2. I- -■ -Nazaretli, F. 3. |-Rccouvrance, E. 2. .1 des GlianipSj D. 5. - des Victoires, E. 3. *(pont), E. 4. OF STREETS, SQUARES, ETC. Ifoyers (des), E. 4. OberKanipf, F. G. 3. Oldin, E. 3. Observatoire, D. 6. Obscrvatoirc (carref(>ur de F), D. E. 5. — (avenue de F), D. 6. Oddon (de F), E. 4. Odeon (place de F), E. 4. Oddon (carrefour), E. 4. Odiot (cild), B. 2. Olivier, D. E. 2. Ombasle (d>), B. 0. Opera (passage de F), E.2. Opportune (place Sle-), Oran (d'), E. F. 1. Orangcrie (de F),E. S. Oratoirc-du-Roule (de F), B. C. 2. Oraloire (de F), St-Hono- rd, E. 3. Orfevrcs (des), E. 4. Orfevres (qiiai des), E. 4. Orillon (dc F), G. 2. 3. Orleans (d’l, G. 1 . — (d>), Bcrcy, G. G. — (route d’), D. 6. Orldans (citd d’), D. 2. Orldans-St-llonore, E. 3. Orldans (galerie d’), Pa- lais-Royal, E. 3. Orldans (quai d’), E. F. 4. Orme (de F), F. 4. Ormeaux (des), H. 4. Ornies (quai des), F. 4. Orsay (quai d’) B. 3. 4. C. D. 3. Orties (des), D. 3. Oseille (de F), au Marais, F. 3. Oudinot, C. 4. Ouen (St-), avenue, D. 1. Oucst (dc F), D. 5. — (Sablonvillc), A. 1. — Maine, C. D. 0. Oureq, canal de F), G. 1. Ours (aux), E. 3. Pagevin, E. 3. Paillet, E. 5. Paix (de la), 11. 3. Paix (de la) Bat., D. 1. Pajol, F. 1. Pajou), A. 4. Palais (lie du), E. 4. Palais-Bourbon(placc du), C. 3. Palais de FInslitut (place du), U. 3. Palais (bd. du), E. 4. Palais de Flndustrie,C. 3. Palais-Royal, E. 3. Palatine, D. 4. Panoramas (passage des), E. 2. Panthdon, E. 5 Panthdon (place du), E. 5 Pantin (cbemin dc la Barriere de), 11. 2. G. 2. Papillon, E. 2. Papin, E. 3. Paradis (dc), faubourg St’ Denis, E. F. 2. Paradis (de), Mar., F. 3. 4. Parc (du), A. 1. Parclicminerie (dela),E. 4 Parc-Royal (du), F. 4. Paris (Courcelles), C. 1. — (St-Gerv.), G. II. 2. — (quai), A. B. 4. Parme (de), D. 1. Parmentier (avenue), G .3 Parvis-Notre-Dame (place du), E. 4. Pascal, E. 6. Pas-de-la-Mule (du), F. 4. Passages, see their names Pasquier, I). 2. Pastourclle, F’. 3. Paul belong, E. 3. Paul (St-), F. 4. —(quai et port St-). F. 4. Pauquet dc Villejust, B 3. Pavde, au Marais, F. 4. Payenne, F'. 4. Peclet, B. 5. pdlerins-St-Jacques, E i Pdlican (du), E. 3. Pelletier (quai), E. 4. Pentagonalc (pi.), C. 1. Pcnlhidvrc (de), C, .. Popinievc (de la), C U 2 Perede-St-Antoine, F. 1. Perceval, D. 6. Pcrclie (du), F. 3. Percier (avenue), C. 2. Pereire (boulev.), A. B. ’ Perc-la-Cbaise (cimetifu ) 11. 3. 4. Peres (des Sts-), D. 4. Pdres (pout des Sts-), !>. ' Pergolcse, A. 2. Pdrier, A. B. I. Perignon (dc), C. 3. Perle (dc la), F. 3. 4. Pernelle, E. 'i. Perouse (dc la), B- 2. 3. Perpignan (de),E. 4, X L»ST Perron (passage d Pa- lais Royal, E. 3. Pcrronet, A. I. Perronef, D. 4. PetersPourg (deSt-).0, 1 . 2 Petit, H. 1 . — Carreau (dii), E. — Lion (do), St-Sa' 'f or, E. 3. — Moine (du), E. 6. — Muse (do), E. 4 — Pont (du), E. 4. — Thouars (du), F. 3. Pctite-Corderie, F. 3. — rue dll Banquier, F. 6. — Rue St-Pierre. F. 4 . — Ecuries (des), E. F. 2. — Ecuries (passage des), E.2. — H6tcls (des), E. F. 2. — Peres (passage des), E.3. — P^res (place des), E. 3 , Pdtrcllc, E. 1 , Plidlippcaux, F. 3. Philippe de Girard, F. 1. Philippe (passage St-), du Route, C. 2 Philippe (St-), Bonne- Nouvelle, E. 3. Picard, G. 6. Piepus (de), H. S. Picpiis (boulevard de),lT.5. Pierre (pass. St-), F. G. 3. — (St-), Popincourt, F.3.4 — (St-), Mtre , E. 3. ~ Assis, E. 6. — au-Lard, E. 4. — Lescot, E. 3. 4. — LevPe, G. 3. — Lombard, E. 6. — Sarrazin, E. 4. Pigalle, D. 1 . 2. Pigallc (place), E. 1. Pinel, F. 0. Pirouette, E. 3. Places (see their names) Placide (Ste-), D. 4. 5 Planchette ( impassse de la), F 3. Plantes (eh. des), D. 6. Plat-d’Etain (du), Ste-Op- portune, E. 3. Platrc(dii),Ste-Avoyc, F. 4 Pointe-St-Eustache (carre- tour de la), E. 3. Poirier (du), E. 3. Poisson, A. 2. PoissonniCre, E. 2. 3. Poissonniers (des), E. 1 . i OF STREETS, SQUARES, ETC. JPoissonniCre (boulevard), E. 2. Poissonnifere (du fau- bourg), E. 1. 2. Poissy (de), E. 4. S. Poitevins (des), E. 4. Poitiers (do), D. 4. Poitou, F. 3. Police (prefecture de),E .4 Polivcaii, F. 5. Polvteclinique (de I’Ecole) E. 5. Pompc (de la), Passy, A. 2. 3. Pompe (pass.), B. 3 . Ponceau (dii), E. F. 3 Pont-Loiiis-Philippe, F. 4 . - (Petit), E. 4 — a ux-B iches-St-Marcel , E.F. 4. 5. — aux-CIioiix (du), F. 3 . dc-Lodi (du), E. 4 , — Neuf (passage du) E. 4 . — (place du), E. 4 . Ponts (see their names). Ponthieu (de), C. 2. Pontoisc (de), E. 4 Popincourt (de), G. 3. 4 . Port-Mahou (de)', 1 ). 3 . Port-Royal (de), E. 5. Porte-l’oin, F. 3 . Posies (des), E. 5. Poste aux ehevaux, D. 2. rue 't'our-des-1 lames. Poste aux lettres, gi’ande, E. 3. rue .J.-J. Rousseau. Pot-dc-Fer, (du), Saint- Slarcel, E. 5 . Poterie (de la) des Arcis, E. 4. Poterie (de la), Halle aux draps, E. 3. Ponies (des),E. 5. Poulletier, F. 4 . Poussin, A. 4. PrCcheurs (dej), E. 3 Prdfecture du Departe- ment, a l’H6tel-de-Viiie, E. 4. Pretecture de Police, E. 4, Pr6s (des), H. 2. Pr6s St. Gervais (des), G. H. 1 Princes (Passage Princesse, D. 4 . Procession (de la), Prouvaircs (des), E. Provence (de), D. Prudhon (av.), A. 3 Piiits (du), F. 4 . ruiis-de-l’Ermite, t Puits-qui-Parle iduj Pyramidcs (des), U? Quatre-Chemins, Quatre-Fils (des), _ Quatrc-Venls (des), Quentin (deSt-), E. Quinaiilt, B. 5 . Quincanipoix, E. 3. Quintinie (la), B. Cm Rabelais, C. 2. A Racine, E. 4 . Radziwill (passage)fl lais-Royal, E. 3. " Ramboiiillet (de), G^jj Rambuteau, E. F. 3.T Rameau, D. E . 3 . * Rampe (aven. de la)| Rainpon, F. 3. ^ Ranelagh (du), A. Raphael (av.), A. 4 Rap6e (quai), G. 5 Rai>p (avenue), B. Rats (des), H. 4 . Rdale (de la), E. 3. Reaumur. F. 3 . Rebeval, G. 2. Recollets (des), F. 2. Regard (du), t). s. Regnard, Odeon, E. < Reims (de), E. 5. Reine-Blanche ( de F. 6. Reine llorlense (ay dela), B. C. 2. R enard-St-Sau veur. Renard-St-Merri, E, j Rennequin, B. 1. Rennes (de), D. 5. Reservoirs, (des), A. Retiro (passage du) bourgSI-Ilonore, E Reuilly (de), G H. E — (passage), G. 5. Reuilly (bonil.), 11. 5. Pre.sbourg, R .2. Pretres -Saint - Germain- I’AuxcjTois (des), E. 4. Prctres-SI-S6verin (des), prcsFeglisc, E. 4 . Prince Eugene (boui. du) F. 3. G. 3. 4, H, 4. — (cbemin de), II. ( Reunion (placo de la Revolte (route de la B. 1 Reynie (la), ou Tro Vache, E. 3. Riboutd, E. 2, X LIST jrd-Lenoir (.lioulev.’l, i.3. 4. Clieil, D. 3. E. 3. 2 ppanse, D. 3. er, E. 2. cr (galeric), r. jGeot- f-Maric, E. 2. herand (avenue), F. 2 jllcs (des), 11. 2. »ict, O. 1. erin (cU6). F. 2. oil (do), D. E. 3. 4. F. 4 ►oli (place de), D. 3. ;h(St-),D. 3. !h (passage St-), D. 3. ihecliouart, E. i. 2. dicchouart (boulevard ),E. 1. i lietoucauld (La), D. 2. ’Enfer, D. 6. dier, (du), C. D. 2. froy (de), E. 1. |ier, E. 1. 2 *an, D. 3. de Rome lav. du), 12. 3. -de-Sicilc (du), F. 4. Doi’6, F. 4 kie (de), D. 1 . 2 nain (SI-), D. 5. id Point Ch.-Elys., C. 3 I uepine, C. 2. uetle (de la), G. 4. (lace de la, G. 4. ^iers (des), F. 4. jsini, E. 2, onde,Villette, (place), !g. 1. ibaix (place de), F. 1 (bo, 11. 4. Idle, B. 4. ^en (de), G. 1. lie (du), E. 3. igemoni, E. 2. issclet, C. 4. 5. issin,B. 5. |al (pont), D. 3. 4. I ale (place), F. 4 ale-Sl-llonord, I). 3. Jale, Villeltc, G. (. jcr-Collard, E. 5. f)cns, F. 0 (in (.SI-), G. 4 tdonvillc, .4. 1 . lot (du), 1). 4. Jnt ct Sainte (see their lines). ijntongc (de), F. 3. nl6 (de la), E. 0 rtine (.de), E. 3. OF STREETS, SQUARES, Saulnier (passage), E. 2. Saumon (passage), E. 3. Saussayes (des), C. 2. Saussayes (des), CUcliy, E. 1. Saussure, C. 1 . Saiival, E. 3. Sauveur (St-), E. 3. Savoyc (de), E. 4. Saxe (avenue de), C. 4. 5. Scheffer, A. 3. Schomberg (de), F. 4 Seipion (place), E. F. G. Scipion, E. F. 0. Scribe, D 2. Sebastien (St-), F. G, 3. Sebastopol i.b(l.), E.3.4.F.3 Sedaine, G. 4. Siguier, E. 4. Segue (avenue), C. 4. Seine (de), IJ. E. 4. Seine, quai de la, G. 1. Sentier (du), E. 2. 3. Sept Voies (des), E. 5. Serpente, E. 4. Servandoni. 1). 4. . S6verin (St-),E. 4. S6vrcs (de), C. 5. 1). 4. 5. Seze (de), D. 2. Sibour, F. 2. Simon-lc-Franc,E. F. 3. Singer, A. 4. Singes (des), F. 4. Soeurs (passage des Oeux-). E. 2. Soissons, G. f. Solferino (pont de), C. 3 Soly, E. 3. Sorbonne (de), E. 5. Sorbonne U>lace), E. 3 Soufllot, E. 5. 1 Soulages, G. G Source (de la), A. 4 SourdiGre (de la), Saint- Roch, D. 3. Sourdis (rticlle), F. 3. Spire (St-), E. 3. Sponti*R A. S. 3 Stani.slas, II. 5. Stinvillc (passage), 11. 5. Stockholm, D. 2 Strasbourg (do), F. 2. I Strasbourg ( Boulevard do), F. 2. 3 Suebet (boidcvard;, A 4. Siiffrcn (avenue de),B. 4. Sugcr, E. 4. lully, d l’.4rscnal^ F. 4. Sulpicc (place St-), L). ' Etc. Sulpice (St* , 0. E. 4. Surdue (de), C. 1). . Taillcbourg (av.), 11. Taillc-Paiu, E. 4 Taitbout, L). 2. Tangcr, F. G i Ta ramie, D. 4. Telegrapbc (du), E. ( Temple (du), b . .1 4 Teuiplc (faubourg du), F. 3. G. j. Temple (boulev. du), F. ;t Temple (marcbe du) near the Temple, F. 3. Temple (square du), F. > Ternaux, G. 3. '(ernes, B. (. 'iie;-iies (av.), A I. B. 2. 'ferres-Fortes (des), F. 4, G. 5 Tberdse, D. 3. Tbeveuot, E. 3. Tbierrd (passage). G. Tbionville (de) G i. Tboloze, L). ( . Tbomas-d’Aqu i n (Sai ti , place, D. 4. 'Ibomas-d’Enfer (St ). F. 3 Thorigiiy (de), F. 4. Tboiiiu, E. 3. Tilsilt, B. 2. Tiquetonne, E. 3. Tircctiappc, E. 3. Tivoli, 1). 2. —(passage et place), D. 2. Tom be Issoirc (de la), D. 6. Tour (de la), Passy, A. 3 Tour-d^Auvergne (de !aj E. 2. Tour-des-Dames, D. 2. Toui eilcs (des), H. 2. Tournclle (pont),F. 4.) Tournellc (quai), E. F 4 Tournefort, E, 5. I’ourneUes (des),F. 4. Tournoii (de), 11. E. 4. Tourville (avciuic), C. 4 . ’ Trahtir, B 2. Tracy (de), E 3. Transit (du), B. c. D. g. Travcr.se (de), C. 4 . 5 .) Traversidre, F. G. 4. ^ 'rraversine, E. 4. q'rdvise,E. 2. —Cite, E. 2. Triiicrct, K. s. Tripic'i’O (de la), F. G. Trois-Bornes (desj,G. 3 XU List ■ — Chandellos (rnclle des), G. H. 6 - — Couronnes (des), G. 3 — Frdrcs (des), D. E. i. — Maries (place 'des), E .4 — -Pavilions (des), E. 4 — Fortes (des), E. 4 . — Sabres, K. S. Ti'onchct, D. 2 . Ti' 6 ne (place du), H. S. Triianderie (Gde.), E. 3 . Trudaine (avcmie), E. i. Tuilerics (palais des),D. 3 Tuilcries (quai des), I). 3 . 4 . . Turenne, F. 3 . 4 . Turgot, E. 1 . 2 . Turbigo (de), E. F. 3 . Turin (de), D. t. 2 . Ulni, E. 5 . University, B. C. 3 . U. 4 . University, au Gros-Cail- lOH, B. 3 . - Ursulines (des), E. 5 . Valadon (cite), B. 4 . Val-dc-Grdce (du), E. 5 . Valence (de), E. 6 . Valenciennes (place), F. 2 Valenciennes, F. 2 . Valmy (quai de), F. 2 . Valois. Palais-Boyal, E. 3 Valois du Roule, -C. i. 2. Vandamme, C. D. 6 . Vanne-au, C. 4 . Vanncs (do). Halle an ble, E. 3 . OF STREETS, SQUARES, Vaiicanson (passage), G. 4 Vaiigirard (de), C. D. 5. Vanquelin, E. s. — (boulevard de), C. 5 . \avln, D. 5 . Veaux (rnarclid aux), E.4. Venddme (passage), F. 3 Venddme (place), D. 3 Venise (de), E. 3. Ventadour (du), D. 3. Verdean (passage), E. 2 . Verderet, E. 3 . Vernet, B. 2. Vcrneiiil (de), D. 4. Vernier, A. B. i vyro-Dodat (passage), rue de Grcnelle, E. 3. Verrerie (de la), E. F. 4. Versailles (route), A. 4. 5. Vertbois (du), F, 3. Verte(aHiye), F. G. 3. Vertus (des), F. 3. Vertus, Cliapelle, F. 1 viarnies (de), E. 3. Vicq d’Azir. F. G. 2 Victoire(dela), D. E. 2 Victoires (place des), E. 3 . Victor (St-),'E. F. 5 . Victor Cousin, E. 5 Victor (place St-), F. 5. Victoria (avenue), E. 4. Vide-Gousset, E. 3. Vieillc-du-Tejnple.F. 3. 4 — Estrapade, E. 5. — Notre-Uame (de la), Vanves (Gde. R. de), C. 6 Varennes (de), faubourg St-Gerniain. C. F). 4 Varennes (de), Halle au i)iy, E. 3. Variytys (passage des) E. 2 vauban (place), C. 4. Vancanson, F. 3 . Vieilles-Haudriettes(des), --Etuves (des), St-Mar- tin, F. 4. Vienne, Vierge (de la), C. 4. Vieux-A%guslins(des), E .3 ETC. [ ■Vleux Cheniin (du Vieux-Colonibler, I Vignes(dcs), A. 4. ■ Vignoles, H. 4. Villars (avenue), G. Villedot, D. 3. Villiot, G. 5 . Villejuif (de), F. 6. Villcjust (de), A. 2.. Villehardouin. F.j Ville-FEveque (do D. 2 . i viliette (boulevarj F. 1 . G. 1 . 2. Viliette (bassin G. 1 . Villiers, A. B. 1. Vinaigriers (des), Vincennes (cours) Vincennes (av. d( Vincent (St-) de E. I. Vindy (city), D.’S. vincuse, A. 3. Vins (balle ct po: F. 5 . Vintiniille (place): Vintiniille, D. i. Violet, B. 4. 5. Violet (passage), E Visconti, D. 4. Vivienne, E. 2. .3. Vivienne (passage Volta, F. 3. Voltaire (quai), D Vosges (des) F. 4. Vrilliyre(dela), 1 'Wagrani (avenue ( Wagram (place), j Wauxhall (city du Walhubert (place Wilbem, A. 4. 5., Zacbarie, E. 4.