ARC HITECTURE Re ft o re d , an d Improve d, by AGreatVarietyof Grand and ufefull Designs, In (he OOTJITCK MODE For the Ornamenting' of Exceeding ever y Thing thats Extant, OnZXZV large Quarto Copper-Plates and printed on Superfine Royal Paper Vyy/ZdTTF zvL&T/jro^tAS JjUJtgzuy Buildings *n pen*tol J^^/. Artificers; AVorks fflmmvd Eftates m Jtand^vrtn ^euMyt,JPla*ut ' Gardens, Parks h Grottos, Cate^sTenralesf^--^^^ amdSwk, Plans W Views King Vortigern, came here with nine thoufand Saxons to affift him againft the Picls and Scots ; many of which very probable, were real Goths, altho' called Saxons, as being united, and were the fir It that came into Britain. In the Year 530, which was 83 Years after the' coming of Hengijl, and when the Saxons had made themfelves Mafters of the firft four Kingdoms of the Heptarchy, Rapin faith, /^,with their Families, came to Bri- tain, and uniting with the Saxons, their Pofterity became Saxons ~ta±- th r at , l0 o g bef °J e the Year I0I 7' when ^nund the r ii . XOns f before the Danes) died ; with whom fell the Glory of the Englifh Saxons, which was 586 Years after the Arrival of Hengifl, and 487 Years after the coming of the laft mentioned Goths, their Names and Country were oblite- rated, and every one called himfelf an English Saxon ' A P ND 'a 3 / 617 reafonable t0 believe, that as in all A £ es of the Saxon Monarchy, there was no Diftinftion of Goths" from Saxons ybut in general were called Saxons; that, therefore, all the Edifices raifed by them were in general called Saxon (and not Gothic) Build.ngs ; altho' it was to be allowed, that the Lroths firft taught the Saxons how to build, i ^ H A T the p nds of buildings were, which were ftandina hJl tUnn t ? [ he L ri T ° f thefc ^ fi^ coming, which had been built by the Britains and Romans, we hav? no Ac- ZT\) ,Z I ^ or 7j. ^or indeed, was it poffible we mould, hnce that the Art of Printing was then unknown ; and con- fidcring that the Devaftations made in Britain, by the Saxons at firft, for the Space of 234 Years, to wit, from the Year 455 ^ 689, when Cadwalladar, the laft King of the Britains loft the whole Kingdom; and then immediately afterward' for the further Space of 129 Years, whilft the Saxon Kino's ot the Heptarchy were ftriving among themfelves for Sove- reignty, which ended in the Year 818, making 367 Years De- predations in the whole ; when Egbert King of the Weft- Saxons reduced all the other to his Subjection, and became the firft Saxon fole King of England; were fo great, that allpublick and private Buildings, which had been ereded by the Britains and Romans were = laid in one common Ruin: Nothing beina to be feen (faith Gildas) but Churches burnt down and deftroyed to the very Foundations (both Goths and Saxons bein* Pagans at their firft coming here) and the Inhabitants extirpated by the Sword, and buried under the Ruins of their own Houfes t r o m the Year 455, when the firft Kingdom of the Hep- tarchy {Kent) was began by Hengift, unto the Year 597, which was for the Space of 142 Years (when Chriftianity was firft received by the Saxons) all the Saxons were Idolaters, and confequently, all their Buildings for Worfhip were Paran- fernples ; which afterward, as Chriftianity was received, were converted into Chriftian Ch urches. E t h e l b e r t , the fifth King of Kent, was the firft Saxon King who was converted to Chriftianity ; and who not only converted Sebert but in the Year 605 he affifted him in B 11 ding of the Church of St. Peter in the Weft of London, in firfl rl °a ^ Sa ^ rhornez or Thorn ^ from the firft Chriftian Church which had been built there by Lucius, King of Britain m the Year 183 ; being at the End of four" hundred Years Ruin, (after the Perfecution under Diode fian) overgrown with Bufhes, Thorns, &c. In this Place (faith Sulcardus) the Temple of Apollo ftood, at the Time when An- tomusPius was Emperor of Rome, and being afterward thrown down by an Earthquake, upon its Ruins, Sebert built the Church aforefaid which he dedicated to St Peter, as Lucius had done 422 Years before him. E t h e l b e r t alfo affifted Sebert, about the Year 6ro to build the Cathedral Church of St Paul's IdfeS :K^ £ ^P^fD_,tho'fomefi ly Ethelbert During the laft 400 Years of the Saxon Monarchy t\ e Saxons built great Numbers of Cathedrals, Churches, Channel, Abbeys, Monaftnes, &c. which at length became Sacrifice, S the Danes, who in the laft 224 Years rmferably afflided them! ^particularly from the Year 979 , to 1001 in which Time he Ravages committed by the Danes were fuch that nothing was £ be feen all over the Kingdom, but Murders Conflag rS Plundering, and other Devaftations ; fo that in the Yet 1 017 when King Edmund was murder'd by EdriJ^nd cZll had feized upon the whole Kingdom, and made iLfe he firft Danijh King of England; all the venerable B uii InZ ^^ST*** raif K J (f^^thedrall believe 01^' excepted) were then either lying in their frightful Ruins oV fo irreparably defaced, that very little Judoement could be formed of what they had ever been &<- me ™ couu be B Y this unhappy Conqueft, Pofterity was derived not only of the Saxon M*, or Orders of iZcl^ tl ^ of of the Geometrical Rules, by which their Buildings in general were defigned, fet out, ereaed, and adorned ; for it cannot be fuppoied, but that there were many ingenious Saxon Archi- tects in thofe Times, who had com po fed Manufcripts of all their valuable Rules, which,, with themfelves, were deftroyed, and buried in Ruin ; and therefore, notwithstanding, that all Buildings afterward erected might have a Similitude of the Saxon Mode ; yet 'tis much to be doubted, if any of them ever came up to that Beauty of Order , which, 'tis very rea- fonable to believe, was contained in the Saxon Architecture. N o w as I have thus fhewn that the Pofterity of the Goths, by their Union, became EngUJh Saxons ; and that the Saxon Buildings were entirely ruined and defaced by the mercylefs Danes j 'tis therefore evident, that none of the ancient Buil- dings now Handing in this Kingdom, which have been erected fmce the Danijb Conqueft, are real Gothic (or Saxon) Buil- dings, as they are commonly called. The principal Buildings that have been ereaed in this Kingdom from the Beginning of the Danijh Monarchy, to wit°the Year 1017, unto the Reign of King James the firft, when Inigo Jones lived, who I think was the firft Perfon that' introduced the Grecian Architecture in England, are the following, viz, . I n the Time of the Danijh Government, which continued but 26 Years, Canutes built the Church of Ajhdon in Effex ; the Abbey of St Benet in Norfolk, and a (lately Church and Monaftery at St Edmundjbnry ; but Hardicanute, the third andlaft DaniJhKing, {Dane like) inftead of ereaing Buildings to his Memoiy, burnt the City of Worcejler. King Edward, called the Confeflbr, came to the Crown in the Year 1043, or I0 44> and died in 1066. This King rebuilt the Church of St Peter at WeJlminJler, and a Convent adjoining, which Sebert had before ereaed, and was afterward deftroyed by the Danes- ; he alfo new-built St Margaret's Church at WeJlminJler where it now ftands ; be- fore which Time, it flood adjoining to the South Cloy iter of the old Abbey; part of which is now Handing ; and as tis very reafonable to believe, that, that Building was alio built by Sebert at the Time when he built the Church of bt Peter, or very foon afterward, therefore the Remains which now are Handing muft be upwards of eleven hundred Years old. I N the Reign of W 1 l l i a m the Conqueror, who began in the Year 1067, and died 1087, the Abbeys , ^.Battel in Suffix at Selby in Torkfiire, at St Saviours m South-war k ; the Priory of St Nicholas at Exeter ; and the Town of Newcastle on Tyne, were founded ; the Foundation of St Paul 1 Cathedral s > . , 1 . l t-„ t :~u<..,;«rv . +Un whit-p lower of St Mary Overy in Southward the new Church and Cathe- dral at Tewkfbur, the Priories of Dunflable of the Holy Trt- nity, now callecl Chrijls Church London of St Bartholomew, and its Hofpital in Smithf eld > of Kenelworth of Norton in Chejhire, of Mer ton, and of Ofney near Oxford. The Abbeys ofdrencefter, Reading, Thirbourn, Cumbermere ;, New Abbey without 'Winchefler ; and of Me aval in Warwickjhire ^The Monaftery of St John at Colchefler of St Andrew ^North- hampton /and of Plimpton in D evonJb.tr e, the Houfe of St John ofjerufalem, near Smithfeld the College of St Mary in the town of Warwick, and the Hofpitals of Kepar, and of *t Crofs near Winchefler, were all founded The Priory of St James in Briflol ; the Caftles of Brijlol, Cardife, Xalmejbury ; Shir- bourn, Windfor, and Baynard in London. The Devijes in Wilts ; theLtely Church at Salifbury: And the Stone-bridges at Bow, and Stratford in Effex ; (which were the firft btone- bridaes in England) were all built, and the Abbey of Kenjhan h suid°Caftle of Norbam u ? on the Banks of the Tweed were- be fN 'the Reign of King Stephen, who began in the Year l f «, and died in 1154, the Abbeys of Cog/hall in Effex, of ■ Furneys in Lancajhire, of Harquilers and Feverjham in Kent ; of Stratford Langthorn near London i of Box ley m Jieni >, of Non- Eaton , in Warwickjhire. of Filtey, of Ricval, of New- borough, and Beeland, of KirkJUad ™ and m an y others, were founded; fo that more Abbeys (faith Baker) were ereaed in this King's Reign, than had been within the Space of a hundred Years before. At Heigham in Kent, a Houfe for Black Nuns, and at Carew a Houfe for White Nuns, were alfo founded ; and the Hofpital of St Katherine by the Tower was new built. I n the Reign of Henry II. who began in the Year 1 154, and died in 1 ts 9 , the Abbey of Bordefly, and Wigmore Abbey, the Priories of Dover, of Stoney, and of Bafmwork, the Church of Brijlol, (which Henry VIII. ereaed into a Cathe- dral) and the Caftle of Rudlan, and the Stone-bridge at Lon- don] vet* all founded. The Monaftery of ^ugufline in ZijU, of Gorendon, of Leicejler, (called St Mary de Pratts) of J Eaton, and at Glocefter, the Caftle of Anger m Effex, and a new Timber-bridge at London, were all buil : In the Year 1 18 1, the Temple Church in London was fimftied ; and in 1 1 8? the Bifhopof Canterbury's Palace at Z,^^ was began. In the Reign of Rich ard I. who began m the Year n8q, and died 1199, the Tower- Wall was new Built, and he Ditch made about it ; a Monaftery at Weft Durham m Norfolk was founded ; another was began at Wolverhampton in JIT, IWlurigrJimi, *^,/v, — 0 and the new Church at Salifbury, were Caftle of Warwick repaired. In the Reign of Wi l l i a m the Second, who began in the Year ioB?, and died in 1100, the Abbeys at Shrewsbury, Mcrtonin Surry, at Lewes in Suffix , the Hofpital of S t Leo- nard at Tin*, the Monaftery at Norwich ; the Cathedral of Salifbury * and Iferjfc? C*/% in Oxford were founded 1 he Cathedral Church of' Lincoln, began. The Abbey at Genlock- a Fort at JMnfo^ft ; a Caftle at Lodes in Kent ; a new Wall .bout the Tower ofWw, and a great Hall at WeJlminJler,. 270 Feet in Length, and 70 Feet in Breadth were all built 7 Th e City of Carlijle, which had been deftroyed by the Danes, and laid two Hundred Years in Ruin, was rebuilt.. London Bridge was alfo rebuilt with Timber, and the Abbey of St Albans, and the Church at Rocheflerwve re- Pa i Nthe Reicn of He n R y I. who began in the Yeai : 11 00 and died in 1 135, the Cathedral Church of Exeter, the Church Monaftery of Far ringdon, and of Hales-Owen ^Shropjhire, were founded. Godftale and Wroxel re-edified ; the Chappel ^ Knarejborough enlarged, and the S/*ik-2Ms* at ^Ihe Reign of Henry III. who began in the Year 1216, and died in 1272, great Numbers of Abbeys, and St Pe- ter's College in Cambridge, were founded In the Year 220, this King began the new Work of our Lady's Chappel at Weft- m nfter, where the Chappel of fery VII. now ftands and hid the firft Stone himfelf. In the ^ear 1245, Walls and of the old Church of St Peter * Weftminfter, built by Edward the Confeflbr, to be taken down j and en- lardng the Church, caufed it to be new Built with greater Efficence; which to effea, was the Work of the next co "Years ; at which Time its Weft-end came no further than the firft Columns Weft from the Choir i all the Part from thence, together with the two old Towers, having be"n buTt fince C , C at the Expence of the Abbots of Wefuninfter^ In the Year 1222, the Tower and Spire of St Paul's, which had been burnt down in 1 087, was new built; the Stone Tower was 260 Feet from the Ground, to the Top of the Battlements, the Height of the Spire, above the Battle- ments, was 260 Feet more, making 520 Feet altitude, exclu- five of the Ball and Crofs, which was near 20 Feet more. — A matchlefs Structure.— greatly exceeding all Buildings that have been fince raifed in this Kingdom. The Savoy was alfo built about the Year 1245. In the Year 1260, the curious inlaid Floor or Pavement, yet remaining, of Jafper Porphry,Lydian, Touch/tone, Alabafter and Serpentine Stones, was made before the high Altar in Weft- minfter Abbey, at the Expence of Richard de Ware, an Abbot of Weftminfter, which is now 482 Years fince. In the Reign of Edward I. who began in the Year 1272, and died in 1307, the Abbey of Vale Royal in Che/hire ©f the Cijleaux Order, and erton College in Oxford, were founded. Baliol College in Oxford was built, and the Church of St Peter at Wejiminjier was nearly finifhed. In the Reign of Edward II. who began in the Year 1307, and died in 1327, Oriel College, St Mary-halk'm Ox- ford, and a Church of Fryers, in his i^anour of Langley, were rounded. In the Reign of Edward III. who began in the Year 1327, and died in 1377, the Eaft-Minfter (an Abbey of the Ctfteaux Order) near the Tower of London; Kings-hall, Tri- nity-hall, and Pembroke-hall in Cambridge, £hieens College, Exeter College ; Hart- Hall, and Canterbury College in Ox- ford, the College of Cobham in Kent, and the Charter-houfe near Smithfield, were all founded. The Chappel of St Stephen at Weftminfter, (which is now the Houfe of Commons) and St Michaels Church, near Crooked Lane London, were built ; the Chappel at Windfor augmented, and the Caftle re-edified. In this King's Reign, Abbot Nicholas Litlington built the Hall, Jerufalem Chamber, and the South and Weft Side of the great Cloifter, adjoining to Weftminfter Abbey; with the Gra- nary and an adjoining Tower, which afterward was made the Dormitory for the King's Scholars. In the Reign of Richard U. who began in the Year 1377, and died in 1399, Trinity-hall 'in Cambridge, the Gate- houfe to Ely-houfe in Holbourn, were new built ; and Weft- minjler-hall, with its ftately Porch, was rebuilt in the Year J 397- ; w In the Reign of Henry IV. who began in the Year 1399, and died in 1413, a College at Battlefield in Shropjhire, a College at Pomfrei ; and a new College in Winchejler, were all founded. The Guild-hall in London was began in the Year 141 1 ; the Stone-bridge at Rochejler , and Newgate in London, were built, the laft by Richard Whittington, Lord Mayor of London, I n the Reign of H e n r y V. who began his Reign in the Year 1413, and died in 1422 ; Bernards, and All-Souls Colleges in Oxford, were founded. In the Reign of Henry VI. who began in the Year 1422, and died in 1460, the College Royal, and Queens College at Cambridge, Eaton College by Windfor, and Mary Magda- lene College in Oxford, were all founded ; and the Divinity- School in Oxford, the College of Tatjhall'm Lincoln/hire, and Leaden-hall in London were built. In the Reign of Edward IV. who began in the Year 1460, and died in 1483, he laid the Foundation of the new Chappel at Windfor. Landon- Wall was alfo built from Cripple- gate, to Bijhopfgate ; and Bifoopfgate was rebuilt alfo. In the Reign of Ed w a rd V. and of Richard III. which began in the Year 1483, and ended in 1485, no Buildings of Note were erected, In the Reign of Henry VII. who began in- the Year 1485, and died in 1508, John Iflip an Abbot of Wejiminjier, in the Year 1500, built that Houfe, in which the Dean of Weftminfter now lives, and fet up the Statues of all the Kings and Queens, who had been Benefactors to that Church. The Chappel of our Lady, built at Wejiminjier by Henry III, was taken down in 1502, and a new Chappel of much greater Dimenfions was began to be built in its Place, with Stone, which is faid was brought from Huddle/lone Quarry in York- Jhire. » - This Building, which is commonly called Henry Vllth's Chappel, is of a quite different Mode, or Order of Architecture, from that of the Abbey, built by Henry III. and indeed, the Invention of their Difference is much greater than is con- tained between any two of the Grecian Orders. It is a great Pity, that the Architect of this Chappel did not communicate toPofterity the Rules by which it was erected and adorned, which he might very eafily have done, becaufe the Art of Printing had been then known for full thirty Years ; and. the fir ft Printing done in England was in an old Chappel of St Ann, then ftanding in the Eleemofinary, Almnery, or Almory,. where anciently Alms were given (now corruptly called the Ambry) by John Ijlip, aforefaid, who I believe was the Archi- tect of this venerable Edifice, which Leland calls the Miracle- of the World. In this King's Reign, Chrifl's College, Jefus College, and St John's College at Cambridge ; Corpus Chrijli College, and Brazen-nofe College at Oxford ; and the School of St Paul's, ■ London, were all founded. I n the Reign of Henry VIII. who began in the Year 1508, and died in 1547, Chrijl Church College at Oxford was founded j Hampton Court, and White-hall (then called York Place) and the Old Gate near the "Tilt-yard now belonging to the Lord Falmouth, and Coventry Crofs (in the Year 1542,) were all built. In the Reign of Edward VI. who began in the Year 1547, and died in 1553., Somerfet-houfe was built by the Earl of Hertford in 1549. In the Reign of Ma r y I who began in the Year 1553, and died in 1558, St John's Colkge in Oxford was built. In the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, who began in the Year 1558, and died in 1603, Sidney College, and Ema- nuel College in Cambridge, were founded ; and the public Library at Oxford was built and fumifhed. In the Reign of James I. who began in the Year 1603, and died in 1625, Hicks' s-hall near Smithfield Bars, and the Banquetting-houfe at Whitehall, were built — the laft by Iniga Jones. Now as it is very reafonable to believe that the Modes in which all thefe Buildings have been erected, the Banquetting Houfe excepted, were taken from Fragments, found among the Saxon Ruins, they may therefore be called Saxon Buil- dings ; but why they have been called Gothic, I cannot account for. And as to continue the Saxon Modes of Building, under the Gothic Appellation, may be more agreeable and fooner un- derftood by many, than they would be, was I to call them Saxon as they actually are ; therefore, all the following Defigns are called Gothick. And as thefe Modes of Building have been and are con- demned by many, on a Suppofitioa that their principal Parts have been put together, without Rules or Proportion ; to prove that fuch is the Effect of want of Judgment, I have, in Plates A and B, as a Specimen of the Beautiful Rules of the Ancients, illuftrated the Geometrical Plans and Elevations of the Bafes and Capitals, to the two Varieties of Columns, now ftanding in Weftminfter Abbey, viz, A 2. First,. First, thofe in the Choir Part, built by Henry III. and thofe from the Choir, to the two Towers in the Wefl-End, which were built afterward, by the Abbots of Weftminfter, as aforefaid, wherein every impartial Judge will fee by In- flection, that their Members, both as to their Heights and Projectures, are determined and defcribed with thofe beautiful Proportions, and Geometrical Rules, which are not excelled (if equalled) in any Parts of the Grecian or Roman Orders. Nor is that Delicacy and Deception, which is contained in thele Columns, to be feen in any Grecian or Roman Columns, of the fame Diameters. For, altho' thefe Columns in the Weft- part of the Abbey appear to be much /lender er, weaker, and of lefs Diameter, than the Corinthian Columns, in the Portico of StPaul's Cathedral (which are 4 Feet in Diameter) yet they are actually full 14 Inches more in their Diameters ; and con- fequently they are more than half as ftrong again. Becaufe 16, the Square of the Diameter of one of St Paul's Columns, is lefs than two Thirds of 26, eight- twelfths, the Square of the Dia- meter of one of thefe Columns. A Deception, not to be pa- rallel 'd, in all the Columns, yet ereiled, by both Greeks and Ro- mans, in the whole World. It is from thefe, and fuch like Refearches, that I have ex- tracted the Rules, and Proportions, by which all the Parts of the following Defigns are adjufted ; and which, being in gene- ral made plain to Infpection, by the Scales of equal Parts af- fixed to each, needs no other Explication. PL ATE I, &c. to XVI. Contain five Varieties of Co- lumns, with eleven Varieties of Entablatures, which are al- lowed by every impartial Judge to exceed all that have been done. PLATE XVII, &ff. to XXVIII. Contain 12 Varieties of Frontifpieces for Door;;, with their Members, geometri- cally defcribed at large, never done before. PLATE XXIX. Exhibits four Varieties of Arcades for Piazza's, with the Geometrical Construction of their Curves, never done before. PLATE XXX. A Saxon, or ancient Gothic Colonade. PLATE XXXI. An Umbrella in the Saxon Mode. PLATE XXXII. A Gothic Portico, fuppofed to be, at the Entrance of a Banquetting Room, &c. of the fame Mode. PLATE XXXIII. Contains fix Varieties of Circular Windows, or Lights to be placed over Doors, to illuminate Pafiages, &c. PLATE XXXIV. Contains as many fquare Windows, for Attic Stories, &c. PLATE XXXV, Iffc. to XL. Contain fix Varieties of Windows, for State Rooms, Pavillions, £ffr. PLATE XLI, &c. to XLVIII. Contain 8 Varieties of Chimney Pieces, not to be matched in the World. PLATE XLIX, &c. to LXII. Contain fourteen Va- rieties of Umbrello's, Temples, and Pavillions, which are be- lieved to come the neareft to the ancient Saxon Architecture, of all that has been done, fince the Danijh. Conqueft. And as this Specimen of my Endeavours toreftore, and illu- ftrate the Beauties of the Saxon Architecture, for the Good of Pofterity, is honoured with the Encouragement of the preceding Nobility and Gentry, I make no Doubt, but that by their good Examples, all other Lovers and Encouragers of Arts and Indujlry will further encourage it ; that thereby I may be enabled, to communicate, in a fecond Volume, many other ufe- ful Defigns, for Cielling-Pieces, Infides of Rooms, Pavements, Stair Cafes, Pagan Temples, Sylvan Towers, Saxon Tents, Niche's, Canopy s, Monumental Pyramids, £ff Door s/Wmdo ws, Chimney-Piece & Infides y Rooms <%c. *rvt/i* Co thick manner. 21 Ptvrts, awe\ i to eatA Fi/fet, AT! t/u, emUv^e S^ecaAt onto a ffiartj, j^wv l Co EF. tAe Ju^o/oruA, s tAe meet to D~Ei.tAe SBdJe ; l^e • neat? to CD t/ie Shaft; the. ma>t d toBC tAz Capital, and t/ie topper 2 to AB t/ie <£n*Mui*re . . JJeconJ Gothick Entablature | Capital,^ la*ye for Order I. PlaJ&TSL I riiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiii iiiiiiiiHiitiiiiiiiimiiinitHiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiHi'ii'HW^ iiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiuni 11111111111111 iiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiminiiiiiitiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiii iiiiJinu^m^iinHm^^^mjm': $atiy aru/ ThmnaJ Ija/tujU&y J^nisefit and \/culp. J?4i Jecond £ r^taMaJz^'re^ ^(rr Order 31 . JBcUtif and Tfurtnad Jjan^/ey J?mwtt and tfcu/p. jp4J T/i& Faz^mi Order of tAe- Gothic k Architecture. ^/^X. \BLte XVET. -vy T^njrma/i JLtin^J&jf. ^/n/is&nt and Choir vn W&tTnmrt&r My, imfo fy~B.eri.JBBL'. i%& A The general Proportion* 1 %5 ) \Jma/lJ)dit I I J. I