SEVENTH MEMOIR OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND. (EXTRA VOLUME FOE, 1888-9.) THE MOUND OF THE JEW AND THE CITY OF ONIAS. BELBEIS, SAMANOOD. ABUSIR, TUKH EL KARMUS. By edouard naville. THE ANTIQUITIES OF TELL EL YAHUDlYEH. AND MISCELLANEOUS WORK IN LOWER EGYPT DURING THE YEARS 1887-1888. By F. Ll. GRIFFITH. WITH TWENTY-SIX PLATES. PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE. LONDON: MESSRS. KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., 57 & 59, LUDGATE HILL, E.G. 1890. SEVENTH MEMOIR OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND. (EXTRA YOLUME FOR 1888-9.) THE MOUND OF THE JEW AND THE CITY OF ONIAS. BELBEIS, SAMANOOD, ABUSIE, TUKH EL KAEMDS. 1887. By EDOUAliD NAVILLE. THE ANTIQUITIES OF TELL EL YAHtJDIYEH, MISCELLANEOUS WORK IN LOWER EGYPT DURING THE YEARS 1887-1888. By F. Ll. GRIFFITH. WITH TWENTY-SIX PLATES. PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE. LONDON : MESSRS. KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., 57 & 59, LUDGATE HILL, EC. 1890. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 https://archive.org/details/nnoundofjewcityofOOnavi contents; I. THE CITY OF ONIAS AND THE MOUND OF THE JEW. By EDOUARD Pebface 3 TELL EL YAHOODIEH. The Egyptian City : Former accounts . . .5 The Tell . . . . . .6 Excavations of Brugsch-Bey . . 6 Discoveries of Mr. Chester and others . 6 Enamelled disks .... 6 Monuments visible in 1887 . . . 7 Monument of Seti L . . .. • . 7 Reason for fresh excavations . . 8 Remains of the middle kingdom, doubtful 9 Hyksos period and XVIIIth dynasty . 9 Seti L and Rameses II. . . .9 Menephtah . . . . .10 Rameses III. . . . . .10 Discovery of an unknown king . .10 the same name in the XXIInd dynasty , . . . .10 the same name in the inscription of Piankhi . . . .11 probable identity . . .11 Not Heliopolis . . . . .11 Perhaps referred to in the Harris Pa- pyrus ...... 12 The Necropolis : Discovery of late rock-cut tombs . .13 similar tombs in Syria . .13 inscriptions resembling those from Sidon 13 ^ The following Tables were prepai-ed by Mr. Griffitb. NAVILLB. PiGE The Necropolis — continued. translations . . . .14 Jewish and other proper names . 14 a metrical epitaph . . .15 evidently a Jewish cemetery. . 15 Further cemetery . . . .15 interments in heaps of basalt . 15 a child's tomb . . . .16 painted coffins . . . .16 . inscriptions . . . . .16 Cypriote pottery . . .17 probable Greek or Roman date . 17 evidence of amulets and scarabs untrustworthy . . .17 The City op Onias : Accounts of Josephus ' . . . 18 Was it at Tell el Yahoodieh ? . .19 Leontopolis . . . . .20 City of Destruction . . . .20 City of the sun . . ■ . . .20 Scenes Veteranorum . . . .20 Conclusion . . . . .21 BELBEIS, SAMANOOD, ABUSIR, TUKH EL KARMUS. BeLBEIS : The City of Bailos . . . .22 Remains at Belbeis . . . .22 Bubastis agria . . . . .23 Another Tell el Yahoodieh . . .23 Vicus Judseorum . . . .23 Saft el Henneh . . . .23 iv CONTENTS. PAGE Samanood : The name 23 Local deity . . . . . 24 Early references . . . .24 Saite statue . . . . .24 Aakanusli ...... 25 XXXth dynasty . . . .25 Nekhthorheb . . . .25 Belibeit el Hagar ; Nekhthorheb and Philadelphus . . .26 Alexander II. . . . . .26 Ptolemaic inscriptions . . .27 Ptolemy Philadelphus . . .27 Monuments now in Europe . . .27 Birthplace of Manetho . . .27 Abusir : Block of Darius . . . .27 The goddess Menkhetheb . . .27 Euthenia 28 Name, local myth, and festival . . 28 Saite fragment . . . . .28 Fragment with the name of Sheshonk . 28 TuKH EL Karmus : The Tell 28 The temple 28 Corner deposits 28 Central deposit . . , . .28 Enamelled vase with inscription . . 28 The inscription . . . . .29 Bronze tongs . . . . .29 II. THE ANTIQUITIES 01" TELL EL YAHTJDIYEH, AND iillSCELLANEOUS WOEK IN LOWER EaYPT DUEINa THE YEARS 1887-1888. By F. Ll. GRIFFITH. Introduction : Antiquities of the XlXtli dynasty : Archseological research 33 Seti I . 40 Plan of the memoir . . . . 34 Eameses II. . . 41 Canopus . . . . . . 34 Merenptah . 41 Journey to El 'Arish . . . . 35 Seti II . 41 Antiquities of the XXth dynasty : Tell el Yahudiyeh : pavilion .... . 41 The great tell . . . . . 38 stones and statues . . 42 Thejezireh .... 38 scarabs, &c. . . 42 Cemeteries in the desert 38 cemetery .... . 42 Antiquities of the middle kingdom — mode of burial . 42 graves .... 39 two tumuli of unknown age . 43 scarabs .... . 89 tumulus I. — VII. . . 43 flint tools . 39 interments . ' 44 pottery , . . . . 39 pottery coffins . 45 altar .... . 40 large vases . 45 Apepi .... . 40 small vases . . 46 tumulus I. — YII. — continued. bronze . . . . .46 wood 46 iron . . . . .46 stone . . . . .46 shell 46 ornaments . . . .47 potters' marks . . .47 tumulus VIII. (dynasty XX.-XXVI.) 47 general results . . . .48 factory of glass and porcelain . . 48 fortifications, inner and outer en- closures . . . . .49 miscellaneous . . . .50 Antiquities from dynasty XXII.-XXVI. 50 inscriptions . . . . .50 graves in the jezireh . . .50 Antiquities from dynasty XXVII. (Per- sian) to Ptolemies . . .50 Antiquities of the Eoman period . . 51 suburbs and buildings . . .51 Jewish tombs ... 51 types of tombs . . .62 south cemetery . . .52 middle cemetery . . .52 north cemetery . . .53 Miscellaneous antiquities . . .53 Limestone baths . . . .53 Domes of clay . . . . .58 Temple of Onias . . . .53 TuKH EL Qaramus : Buins ...... 53 S.E. enclosure . . . . .54 JST.W. enclosure 54 Temenos ...... 54 temple . . . . .55 foundation deposits in the corners 55 central deposit . . .55 inner temple ? . . .55 Storehouses . . . . .55 Buildings on the sandbank . . .56 Miscellaneous antiquities . . .56 Place-names . . . . .56 CONTENTS. PAGE Khata'neh : Antiquities of the middle kingdom Glazed plaque .... Tell abu'l Fulus Qantir ..... Tell Kotab : Antiquities .... Miscellanea : Zagazig (Tell Basta) . Semennud .... Tell Muqdam .... Benha ..... V FAGS 56 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 Notes : A. The names Tell el Yahudiyeh and Tell el Yahud . . . .58 B. Jezireh, and its relation to human settlements . . . .58 0. Rocks found at Tell el Yahudiyeh . 59 D. Foundation of a temple . . .59 The Season 1887-8.— Minor Exploeations. Tarraneh : Situation . Site of Terenuthis Stone remains . Christian building Site of the temple Soter's work Philadelphus' work iSTew cartouche ^ . Remains of the town Cemetery . Bedawin . Heliopolis : Trial in the cemetery . Trial in a temple 60 60 60 61 61 62 62 63 63 63 64 64 64 ^ To Professor Poole is due the correct reading of the name as Pen amen, which I failed to decipher at its first discovery. — P. L. G. vi CONTENTS. Heliopolis — continued. Kelics, at Qubbet Tufiq . . .65 at Matariyeh . . . .65 on Tell Hisn . . . .65 at Mestarad . . . .66 at Behtim . . . .66 at Belaqs . . . .66 at Khasus . . . .66 at El Merg .... 67 Ancestors of Pathenef . . . .67 List of cartouches . . . .69 Miscellaneous : Skhedia 69 Abu Kowash . . . . .69 PAGK Miscellaneous — continued. Usim . . . . ; .69 Beshadi ...... 69 Naqrash ...... 69 Tell Baqliyeh 69 Tell Billeh . . . . .70 Qantareh . • . . . . .70 El 'Arish : Shrine 70 Goshen 70 Sept and Zeus Casius . . 70 description . , . .71 inscriptions . . . .71 Christian building , . . .74 Contents of Plates, with Refeeences to the Pages of the Memoir 75 THE MOUND OF THE JEW AND THE CITY OF ONIAS. BELBEIS, SAMANOOD, ABU SIB, TUKH EL KABMUS. EDOUARD NAYILLE. PEEFACE. The present memoir describes only those, excavations which were made during the first half of the winter of 1887. This circumstance accounts for its shortness. Immediately after leaving Tukh el Xarmus, we settled at Tell Basta, a site which required the two following winters for its thorough excavation, the considerable results of which will be published in a separate volume. During the winter of 1 887 I had the valuable help of Mr. Griffith, who in the present work deals chiefly with the archaeological side of the excavations. The reader will notice that our opinions disagree as to the age to which some of the objects discovered in the necropolis of Tell el Yahoodieh should be attributed. Each of us is alone responsible for the views he states on this point, which we submit to the judgment of the reader. EDOUARD NAVILLE. / TELL EL YAHOODIEH, THE EGYPTIAN CITY. The first account we have of Tell el Yahoodieh, the mound of the Jews, is that of Linant/ who visited the place in 1825. The French engineer describes the size of the Tell, its appearance, and the few antiquities which he saw there ; and noticing how actively the fellaheen were even then digging sehakh (manure), he pro- phesies that the mound will some day entirely disappear. Many years afterwards it was visited by several explorers. Mr. Greville Chester, Prof. Hayter Lewis, and Brugsch-Bey have directed the attention of travellers to that locality and to its name, which indicates a tradition, the authenticity of which it would be interesting to ascertain. The excavations made there by Brugsch-Bey brought to light the remains of a chamber lined with enamelled tiles of the time of Rameses III., fragments of which are scattered through various museums of Egypt and Europe. But the discovery has been fatal to the mound. There is no place in Egypt where the fellaheen have worked such wanton destruction, or so thoroughly carried away whatever could be taken. Near the present station of Shibeen el Kanater, the traveller sees the mound in the distance. I need not insist much on the form of the Tell, a plan of which has been published by Prof. Hayter Lewis in illustration of his interesting paper on Tell el Yahoodieh.^ The mound is limited by a rectangular enclosure oriented from east to west. Its long axis is about half a mile in length, while in breadth it measures a quarter of a mile from north to south. The enclosure consists of two parallel walls, separated by a space filled in with sand. The basement of these walls is built of large limestone blocks, which are constantly being quarried out by the natives. The eastern side of the enclosure is much higher than the rest, and is formed of two artificial hills, against which the sand seems to have been heaped up intentionally. Between them there is a gap which probably was occupied by a gateway. Mr. Lewis's plan indicates that these two hills have a kind of core formed by a strong wall with projecting buttresses ; but I observed no trace of these constructions. In advance of that side, towards the desert, extend the ruins of a regularly built Eoman city ; the houses line the two main streets, exactly as one would expect to find quarters built by a colony of soldiers. The ghezireh (sand island) on which the mound rests extends further to the north, and * " M^moires sur les principaux travaux d'utilite publique," p. 138. ^ " Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archaeology," vol. vii., part 2, 6 TELL EL Y is now a modern burial-place. The mound of the ancient city must have had different levels, which are now difficult to recognize ; in some parts it has been dug down to the original sand ; while in others there are remains of walls which may be fifty feet high. The eastern part seems to have been higher than the western ; and in the north-eastern corner the nature of the soil is quite different. Instead of decayed bricks interspersed with remains of pottery, it consists of enormous heaps of chips of limestone. A few monuments still remain on the spot, and will be noticed later on. The only excavations hitherto made are due to Brugsch-Bey, who gave some account of his work, and stated his opinion on the name of Tell el Yahoodieh in an interesting paper lately pub- lished under the title of " On et Onion." ^ When Brugsch-Bey came to Tell el Yahoodieh for the first time in 1870, his attention had been directed to the place by some very fine enamelled tiles and inlaid ornaments which he had purchased from a dealer at Shibeen el Kanater. He began by excavating a small mound in the longer axis of the city, towards the western side of the Tell. It was about twenty-four or thirty feet high, and near it the Arabs had found fragments of columns and pillars, and traces of an alabaster pave- ment. Having cleared as much as remained of the pavement, Brugsch there found a consider- able number of enamelled and porcelain tiles ; but the building itself was so much ruined, that it was impossible to reconstruct the plan. He brought back from this mound 3600 disks of various sizes, and a great number of tiles more ^ Eecueil de travaux relatifs a la philologie et a I'archeo- logie cgyptienne et assyiienne," vol, viii., p. 1. AHOOniEH. or less broken, bearing either flower ornaments, or birds, animals, and portraits of Asiatic or negro prisoners ; besides fragments of hiero- glyphic inscriptions, giving the names and titles of Rameses III. ; also the base of an alabaster column similarly inscribed. All these fragments are now in the museum of Boolak. Before Brugsch began his exca,vations, Mr. Eaton and Mr. Greville Chester had explored the Tell : the fine collection now at the British Museum, the principal monuments of which have been elaborately described by Prof. Hayter Lewis in the paper above referred to, is due to Mr. Chester's exertions. As Mr. Lewis rightly ob- serves, this work strikingly reminds us of Persian art, both modern and antique. In Persia it seems to have been made on a larger scale than in Egypt. At present, except the chamber of Uameses III., which was not very large, a door- way in a pyramid, and a few specimens coming from tombs, Egypt has given us no large monu- ments made in enamelled material; there is nothing such as the large sculptures discovered at Susa by Mons. Dieulafoy. There is a curious fact about the disks which have been found in such a large number ; some of them are inscribed on the back with Greek letters A, E, A, X, while others bear Egyptian signs. The Greek letters show that strangers Were at some time employed in the work. The greatest part of the building was however thoroughly Egyptian in style, as may be judged from the remains of columns still in situ. The enamel ornaments, though unusual, cannot be considered as a foreign import, as something similar has already been found in one of the pyramids of Sakkarah. It is not likely that later THE EGYPTIAl^T CITY. kings, such as the Saites or the Ptolemies, should have taken the trouble to build for their prede- cessor, Rameses III., such a beautiful chamber, the walls of which were not only ornamented with representations of plants or animals, but also recorded the feats of war of Rameses, and depicted the prisoners he had brought to Egypt. I believe, therefore, that the chamber of Rameses III. was built under his reign and by his order, and that it was damaged in one of the numerous wars or invasions which swept over the Delta. One of the subsequent kings, possibly a Ptolemy, may have had it repaired in the same style by the hands of Greek workmen. The disks which adorned the friezes of the chamber were the pieces the most likely to fall off and be lost; a great number would therefore have to be re- newed, and that would account for the fact that it is chiefly on the disks that we find the Greek letters. When I arrived at Tell el Yahoodieh in the winter of 1887, the chamber of Rameses III. had entirely disappeared. There remained only a mud platform where a few of the alabaster blocks were left, and some bases of columns in- scribed with the name of Rameses III. I cut through the platform to see whether it rested on more ancient constructions, but without any result. Not only the chamber, but nearly all the monuments indicated either by Brugsch or by Prof. Lewis have vanished, and I could find no traces of them. Brugsch mentions certain limestone blocks carved with the cartouche of Seti I., which evidently had been quarried out by the natives long ago, just as they are to this day quarrying the basement of the enclosure wall. I looked in vain for fragments of statues of Bast or Sekhet, which, according to the same author, had been brought thither from the temple of Mut in Thebes. I found on the spot only one of the monuments indicated in the plan of Mr. Hayter Lewis, namely, a group of Ra and Turn. The two tanks or baths in limestone, of which Mr. Lewis gives a drawing, are also gone. The only remaining monuments, besides the bases of columns of Rameses III., are the group of Ra and Tum, a standing statue of Rameses II., several pedestals with the names of Rameses II. and Rameses III., a column of Menephtah, and a stone inscribed with the name of an unknown king. Several of these monuments were in a line, and stood on the original sand, as if they had formed an avenue leading to the chamber of Rameses III., the column being, perhaps, part of a gateway at the entrance to the avenue. In the neighbouring villages may be seen many fragments of limestone and granite, most of which bear the name of Rameses III. An interesting monument was found at Tell el Yahoodieh, about twenty years ago, outside the western part of the enclosure. It was used as a bridge over one of the small irrigation canals. It has been described and reproduced quite inde- pendently by Brugsch in his paper, and by Commander Gorringe in his great work on Egyptian obelisks. Both authors agree that it is a representation of the temple oi On. I give here the description of Commander Gorringe : — ^ "It is 44*25 inches long, 34-65 inches wide, and 9 "25 inches deep. It shows the double flight of steps ascending to the level of the sanctuary. On either side" these steps are, first, sockets in "Egyptian Obelisks," p. 70. H"ew York. The monument is now at TELL EL YAHOODIEH. which were formerl}- set models of the great sphinxes guarding the entrance ; higher up, on either side, are marked the positions of the statues of the king and of the two great obeHsks. At the top of the steps are again, on either side, sockets for two smaller sphinxes. Beyond these are marked the positions of the two great pylons ; in front of these pylons were set tall masts or flag-staffs ; on the inner sides of the pylons are seen holes marking the place of the double gate of the sanctuary, beyond which monarchs and priests alone could pass. Farther on are shown the positions of the great walls enclosing the sanctuary, within which were preserved the morn- ing and the evening barges of the god. " On three sides or edges of the model are sculptm-es representing the monarch presenting offerings to the deity, and inscriptions in finely- cut hieroglyphics." Taking into account the large dimensions of the great Temple of On, it seems evident that this monument represented only the forepart of the temple. That it does represent the temple of On (Heliopolis) is placed beyond doubt by the hieroglyphic inscriptions. As the stone is not very thick, the king, Seti I., who is seen making offerings, is depicted in a semi-prostrate attitude. The front side is decorated with two of these subjects, showing the king going from left to right and from right to left. In the middle is the name of Tum Harmakhis, the great god of On. On the sides are inscriptions recording how Seti I, raised statues to his father Tum, and describing the stones with which he adorned the sanctuary of On. The whole is therefore a model of part of the temple of HeliopoHs, which was made in the form of a table of ofierings, on which a hawk, or some emblem of the divinity, was probably placed, surrounded by models of the obelisks and sphinxes erected in advance of the temple. How did this monument come to Tell el Yahoodieh ? Was it brought there from Helio- polis, or was it placed there for any other reason ? It is a fact that on all the inscriptions of Rameses III., and most of those of Rameses II., we find no other god mentioned than Tum Har- makhis ; and no other qualification is given to him than the "God of On." No other geographical name appears except the name of On, and this circumstance, added to the presence of tables of ofierings, has led Brugsch-Bey to the conclusion that Tell el Yahoodieh was the real On, the true Heliopolis which was seen by Herodotus; and that the old city near Matarieh, where the obelisk is still standing, had been abandoned after the Hyksos period, and remained as a sanctuary more or less ruined, the inhabitants settling farther north. But was Tell el Yahoodieh really Heliopolis ? This important question was one of the chief motives which induced me to attempt excavations at the place. I entertained the hope, which un- fortunately proved false, that I might find the hieroglyphical name of the place ; but there was another problem to be solved. How far could the tradition be trusted, which says that Tell el Yahoodieh was a Jewdsh settlement, built at the time when the high priest Onias fled from the persecution of the king of Syria and took refuge in Egypt ? Was Tell el Yahoodieh Onion, the city founded by Onias ? These two points seemed to be sufficiently important to justify an excavation ; I consequently settled there early in THE EGYPTIAN CITY. February, beginning the work on the Tell itself, near the site of the chamber of Barneses III. I cut through the mud platform on which the alabaster pavement had stood, in the hope that I should reach earlier constructions, but without any result. It was the same with several attempts made in other parts of the mound ; they brought no monuments to light. Thus we have but a few monuments to describe, and these give us but little information about the city. As to the foundation, it is possible that it may go as far back as the Twelfth Dynasty. No monument of that epoch has been seen by other explorers or by myself ; but it is a curious fact that a considerable number of the small pots dug out by the natives in different parts of the Tell are of exactly the same pattern as those which I discovered at Khataanah two years ago, and which, from the style of the scarabs found with these, may be attributed to the Twelfth and Thirteenth Dynasties. They are made of black earthenware, ornamented by lines of white dots. I do not feel so confident about the age of these pots as I did at Khataanah, where there were monuments of the Twelfth Dynasty, and especially remains of a temple of that age. Nothing of the kind is now left at Tell el Yahoodieh, except, perhaps, a broken table of offerings, which is in one of the houses of the neighbouring village.^ It may be that the larger monuments of the Twelfth Dynasty have been destroyed, but it is possible also that that kind of pottery may be much more recent ; it may have been a local fashion, a special style much in use in the eastern part of the Delta, and which was preserved through many centuries like the so-called Cypriote pots found in the necropolis. However, it seems to me probable that the first settlers at Tell el Yahoodieh may have belonged to the Twelfth Dynasty, an age especially distinguished by its extensive building works in all the cities of the eastern Delta, from Heliopolis to Tanis. No remains of the Hyksos period have been found here, nor any traces of the warlike Eighteenth Dynasty. The first historical name discovered is that of Seti I., as seen by Brugsch- Bey, as engraved also on a small fragment belong- ing to Dr. G-rant, and as inscribed upon the table of offerings described above. After Seti, his son, Bameses II., would scarcely omit to decorate so important a city with monuments to his own glory. We have a standing statue of this king which was originally placed beside a gateway. In the inscription engraved upon this statue he is said to be a worshipper of Set, the son of Nut, a god to whom several cities of the Delta were dedicated under his reign.^ The name of the god has been erased, but is still visible. The text contains the usual promises of an immense number of panegyrics. Another monument of the same king is a group nearly seven feet high, of two sitting figures.^ On the right is Bameses II., with a solar disk on his head ; the head of the figure on the left is broken off, and is now built into the doorpost of the house of a fellah. It is evidently Tum Har- makhis who speaks the following words : — *' 1 am thy venerable father, the lord of thy beauties. . . . King Rameses, thou ai't prosperous like Turn in the great hall . . . like Khepra every morning crowned on the throne of Ea in the vestibule of Tum. I am protectimj thy limbs every day : thy might and the \ PL II. B. PI. 11. D. PI. II. C. 0 10 TELL EL YAHOODIEH. poiccr of tltij sword is above all lands. Tlnj hand is never opposed in all countries, King Barneses, friend of HarmaMis, the great god." The cartouche of Rameses II. is found also on several bases which must have supported either sphinxes or statues. Menephtah, perhaps, built the pylon at the entrance to the avenue leading to the chamber of Rameses III. , for he left there a fluted column with a lotus-bud capital, bearing his name. By far the greatest number of cartouches found are those of Rameses III., who seems to have had a special connection with Heliopolis, as he put the name of that city in his cartouche. Monuments dedicated by him have already been published by Prof. Brugsch.^ The inscriptions of the enamelled chamber also recorded his warlike deeds, and represented the captives whom he had brought back from his foreign campaigns. So the granite columns belonging to his reign are still to be seen on the Tell, and fragments are scattered through the villages,^ but not one of these stones gives us any clue to the name of the city. While looking at the blocks which were lying here and there in the neighbourhood of the enamelled chamber, I noticed the corner of a granite fragment inscribed with hieroglyphs, which, when cleared, turned out to be a base, or pedestal, on which either a shrine or the statue of a god * had originally stood. The arrangement is the ^ Since tliis was written the fellahs have uncovered, the .base of the statue of a kneeling man^ in limestone. On the back and on the sides are the cartouches of Seti II. with this qualification "^"^ ^ " the be- loved of Turn." (April, 1889.) ^ "Zeitschr.," 1871, p. 87. PI. II. A. * PI. I. The stone is now at the Boolak Museum same as on the above-described table of offerings. On the front side the king is twice represented as presenting offerings of oil and the Sacred Eye, To right and left stand men with raised hands in the attitude of worship, each having one of the cartouches of the king engraved in the space under his arms. The cartouches have never been met with before, and they represent a king who is not found in the hsts. The qualification of Si Bast, the son of Bast, and the identity of the first cartouche with that of Osorkon II. and of Pimai, would induce me to put him in the twenty-second dynasty. But there seems to be no gap in the dynasty, for which we have the nine kings quoted by Manetho. He must therefore be placed elsewhere. But the name of the king indicates another connection with the twenty-second Dynasty. ^ ° ^ Auput is new in this form ; and in my opinion it is only a variant of the name ^ ° ^ Auput, which was borne by several princes at that epoch. One of them is the high priest of Amon, the king of the gods ; the first general, the chief Auput, who is at the head of the great soldiers of the South, all of them, the royal son of King Shishah,^ the first king of the twenty-second Dynasty. He is often seen accompanying his father when worshipping the gods of Thebes or Silsilis. He is also known to us as having had access to the hiding-place of Deir el Bahari.^ He there buried one of the princes, and stamped his name on the braces of his mummy. But I do not think that it was he who took a coronation cartouche, and assumed the royal title. Probably the first Auput never came ' "Leps. Denkm.," III., 253, 254. ' Maspero, " La trouvaille de Deir el Bahari," p. 31. THE EaYPTIAN CITY. n 1 1 1 to the throne. I believe the king of Tell el Yahoodieh is mentioned in an inscription of later date, namely the famous text known as the Stele of Piankhi. There, the Ethiopian conqueror gives the names of all the petty princes who had divided Lower Egypt between themselves, and had made a coalition against him. One of them is King Auput,^ \ ^^^^^^^J, who is said to have occupied the cities of Tentremu, the fish city, and , Taanto ; and who, after having been beaten with his allies in the battle of Heracleopolis, came to the king, and submitted himself as his tributary. The two geographical names have not been identified, they are mentioned only in this Stele, I hardly think any of them can be considered as the name of Tell el Yahoodieh. In the inscription of Piankhi, the capital of each king, ix. the most important city over which he reigns, is mentioned first ; and in this case it must be Tentremu, the fish city} There does not seem to be any reason why this name should apply to Tell el Yahoodieh ; it probably designates a city near the sea, or near a lake, and Taanto must be in the neighbourhood. Tentremu was either in the east near the Bed Sea, or more likely towards the coast of the Mediterranean. Auput is mentioned by Piankhi as a king, and his name is enclosed in a cartouche, like that of OsorJcon, the King of Bubastis, and two others, Namrath and Pefaabast. His enemy considered him as of royal blood, and it is not extraordinary that on the monuments which he himself erected he should have adopted two cartouches. We may some day find that Namrath, Osorkon and ' "Inscr. of Piankhi," 1. 18, 99, 114. ^ Tentremu is perhaps a variant of Papremis, which would be the Iwuse or the temple of the fish. Pefaabast did the same; and if the inscription had been engraved for them, and by their order, instead of being a record of the victories of the Ethiopian invader, we should possibly have seen their names written with two cartouches like that of Auput. Having failed to discover the hieroglyphic name inscribed on the monuments of Tell el Yahoodieh still in situ, we may perhaps find some indication elsewhere. I cannot agree with Brugsch-Bey's idea that Tell el Yahoodieh was the true Heliopolis, whither the inhabitants of the other city migrated, after it had been destroyed by the Hyksos. The remains of the temple which are still visible at Matarieh, the plan which Brugsch-Bey publishes from the table of offerings' in New York, and which belongs to the eighteenth dynasty, do not give the idea of a building in ruins at that epoch ; it must, on the contrary, have been enlarged and restored by the great kings of the Theban Dynasties. The sacred enclosure still existing, the obelisk which is yet erect, the remains of the sphinxes at the entrance, all these bear witness to the existence of a temple of great importance, and proportionate to the rank which Heliopolis occupied among the cities of Egypt. We see no traces of a large temple at Tell el Yahoodieh, Nor do I admit that the description given by Strabo can be adduced as an argument against the old site assigned to On. The Greek geographer says : ivravda 8' iarlv -q tov 'HXlov TToXiS inl ^(u/xaros d^toXoyov K€Ljxevrj. There is the city of Heliopolis situate on a consider- able mound. It is true that now the mound of Heliopolis is not very lofty, but it must be remembered that it is a place where the surface of the soil has considerably changed. The base c 2 12 TELL EL YAHOODIEH. of the obelisk is only about five feet below the present surface, but it probably stood upon a hill which is no longer noticeable because of the quantity of alluvial soil deposited by subsequent inundations of the Nile. In the excavations which have been made at a short distance, on the verge of the desert, by Dr. von Niemeyer, among large brick walls which are still existing, the alluvial cultivated soil has been found at a great depth below the sand, showing how the surface has been modified ; and if we could remove the deposits of centuries, we should probably find that Helio- polis originally stood upon a mound, not perhaps a very high mound, but one which might be called considerable, d^tdXoyos, because of its great extent. In the Great Harris papyrus we have a docu- ment describing at great length all the buildings erected by Eameses III., and his donations to many Egyptian temples, especially to the important sanctuaries of Memphis, Heliopolis and Thebes. In the detailed account there given of all that was done for Heliopolis, we may expect to find some mention of Tell el Yahoodieh, since it belonged to the province of On ; and, in fact, we find three times the mention of^ '^^ Q n C^Jli^Ill I n 1\ 1^©'=]'^'°^ jl C5 ^5 ^j^^ abode of Barneses A I I I I o 111© III., in the house of Ra, which is north of On." This abode of Eameses had a special name, it was called ^ J .m m n o ^11 1 III (I n Zl f I Jl The abode of millions of years of Eameses. This might apply very well to Tell el Yahoodieh, which was situate north of Heliopolis; also the most handsome building, the enamelled chamber, had certain religious characteristics, though at the same time it might have been the private apartment, the abode of the king. Doubtless Tell el Yahoodieh, hke HeHopoHs, was dedicated to Ka Harmakhis ; we have seen many proofs of this fact ; and I know of no other place which might so correctly be termed 11^, the house ofEa, north of On. The same papyrus mentions the flower-gardens and the herds of cattle which Rameses gave to the grand house P which he built there, as well as the men he dedicated to the service of the temple, two thousand one hundred and seventy- seven in number. The great temple of Heliopolis itself was served by more than twice as many. It is stated also that all that belonged to the abode of Rameses in the house of Ra north of On, the buildings as ivell as the cattle, is under the authority of the priests of Heliopolis, the ueru,for their yearly tribute. Thus, as I believe, we have found at least one of the names of this city : i.e. its sacred name under the Twentieth Dynasty. Its civil name has not been discovered. The monuments on which it would probably be en- graved are the dedicated statues of high officials, or inscriptions of Ptolemaic times ; but none such have been unearthed. Generally speaking, the tablets of the Greek kings are richer in geo- graphical information than the inscriptions of the Pharaohs ; the latter treating chiefly of the great gods of the country, as Set, Horus or Amon, rather than of the local gods. If in addition to Harmakhis there was a local Divinity, a Ptolemaic inscription would certainly have mentioned it in connection with the name of the place of which that Divinity was regarded as king or lord. 1 Pap. Harris, pi. XXIX., 8 ; XXXI, 5 ; XXXIL, 8. THE NECKOPOLIS. The excavations in the Tell itself were so unsatis- factory that there was no object in prolonging them ; I therefore moved out to the desert, a mile farther, in the hope of finding the necropolis. Just on the verge of the desert are two villages inhabited by Bedouins. The ground is flat, or slightly undulating, and the bed of the desert consists of a soft laminiferous stone very easy to cut. I here discovered a necropolis of late epoch. The whole ground on which the villages are built, covering a space of more than half a mile in length, and several hundred yards in breadth, is in fact undermined with tombs, which, as usual, have been rifled in ancient times. On the northern side, the rock being of a better quality, the tombs have been cut more carefully and are in a better state of preservation. They are excavated more or less on the same plan as the typical example in Mr. Griffith's plate (PI. XVI.). There does not seem to have been any construction above ground. Three or four steps lead to a small door giving access to a central chamber, in the sides of which open horizontal niches of the size of a human body. The niches were for the most part empty ; in a few instances, however, we found the body in situ, without ornament and showing no mummification. Under the head, there was always a burnt brick for a pillow. Wherever the stone is good enough, stairs and doors are well cut ; but where it is too soft, there is only a slope leading down to the entrance. The door was originally closed by a lime- stone slab, and the tomb contained stelae of the same material, of which we found a few. All had probably been rifled for the sake of the limestone, which is invariably carried away by the fellaheen when there are no quarries in the neighbourhood. THE NECROPOLIS. 13 The entrances to the tombs were afterwards filled up with sand and blocks of basalt. The plan and arrangement of these tombs re- semble strongly those found outside of Egypt in Phoenicia and Palestine. They are similar to some in the necropolis of Amrith, in Phoenicia, and to certain Carthaginian tombs. ^ They are in fact the favourite type of the Jewish tomb in many parts of Judsea/ and are known by the French name given to them by the eminent archaeologist De Saulcy, as fours a cerciieils. This type of burial is described in the Talmud in the book called Baba Bathra, due to the Rabbi Maimonides. The niches are called in Hebrew opij.^ Thus I had some a priori reason for conjecturing that I had found a Jewish necropolis. We discovered a few tablets which yet remained in some of the tombs, and the names inscribed on these stelae confirmed me in this opinion. I removed all these relics, and they are now deposited in the Boolak Museum (Plates m. and IV.). These tablets strikingly resemble some which were found in the necropolis of Sidon,^ and are published by Mr. Eenan. The architectural ornaments in relievo are the same ; the fiat surface on which the inscription is engraved having been cut out. It is not only in the general appearance of the tablets, but also in the text of the inscrip- tions that this likeness is observable. The deceased is addressed in the vocative, with the word x'^^P^' farewell. The most frequent epithet 1 Perrofc et Chipiez, "Hist, de I'Art," vol. iii. pp. 148 and 228. ^ Perrot et Cliipi.ez, vol. iv. p. 359, quoting the leading authorities of the Palestine Exploration Fund. ^ "JSTicolai de Sepulcris Ebraeorum," p. 174, et ff. " Garrucci Cimetero degli antichi Ebrei," p. 13. * Kenan, "Expedition de Phenicie," pi. XLTII., et p. 380 et ff. 14 TELL EL YAHOODIEH. "U'hich is given to him, is xpv^'^^i hind, as at Sidon ; also aXvue, which Mr. Eenan interprets ^ not as painless, but as not liaving caused pain to others, and being the equivalent of aXvTrox; ^njaras, found elsewhere. He is called Trao-i (j)'ike, loving to all, (jiLkoTeKve, loving his children, and frequently by a poetical word dojpe, sometimes wrongly spelt aope,^ meaning idIio dies before his time. They are all very much alike in form, as will be seen from the translation of two. Plate III. c, Miklios, the son of Nethaneus, loving to all, kind, dying before his time, far eiv ell at the age of 35 years, year 19th, the 11th of Paophi. He died at the age of thirty-five years. He is there- fore called awpos. The date of his dea,th is the year 19, the 11th of Paophi. Plate III. D., Eleazar, died at the age of twenty years and five months. I read the last line Plate IV. E., Barchias, the son of Barchias, who caused no pain, hind, faretvell at the age of fifty. In the yearns the first day ofChoiak, fareivell from thy wife and children. . . . Plate IV. H., The eleventh year, the 12th of Payni, died a man called Glaucias, who had attained the age of 102 years. It is natural that the epithet of aoipe should not be applied to him. Plate IV. I., The inscription of Salamis is much defaced. It is dated year 11 (?) lA., and the eleventh of Choiak. Plate IV. K., A man whose name is erased died at 23, year 11 (?), the third of Tybi. > Eenan, 1.1., p. 381. 2 Renan, 1.1., p. 383 et 384. The illustrious Hebrew scholar compares the word to the expression Tiy bn, before my time, which occurs twice in the inscription of Eshmun- nazar. Vide also Neroutzos-Bey, "Rev. Arch.," 1887, ii., p. 212. Plate IV. L., The number M 40, is very likely to be applied to the age of the man who died without children. Plate IV. G., It is the same with Agathocles, the son of Onesimos. Plate IV. M., is a very small fragment giving the date of the year 27. Plate IV. c, 0ev8((yp)a, vid. Eenan, p. 384^ I copied from a much- erased tablet the follow- ing words referring to a man called Aristobulos : — APICTOBOTAEAO . . . ACOPEnACl^IAEXPH ... Plate III. A., is the top of a tablet of which nothing more is preserved. It bears the Jewish ornament of the grape. Plate IV. N. does not represent a tablet, but a wall in the tomb, covered with white stucco, on which the names of the mother, Tnjphcena, and her daughter, Eiras, have been painted in red. The bones of both women were in the niches, without ornament of any kind ; they were turned towards the east, and they each had a brick under the head, as was the case with all the deceased whose bones were found in this necro- polis. The interest of these tablets lies chiefiy in the names they contain. Some of them are purely Greek, and may be found in any country where Greek was spoken : Glaucias, Agathocles, Aris- toboulos, Onesimos, Trypheena, Biras. But others are decidedly not Greek, and are either Grecized Hebrew or. pure Hebrew, so reminding us of names met with in Scripture. Mikkos is Micah ; Nethaneus is either Nathan or Nethaniah ; Barchias is Barak or Baracliiah ; Salamis is Salome. As for Eleazar, there can be no doubt about the origin of the man who bore that name. THE NECEOPOLIS. 15 Hence we are led to conclude that the necropolis of Tell el Yahoodieh was a cemetery of J ews, and that the adjoining city was therefore a Jewish settlement. The Jewish character is also apparent in a broken inscription, Plate III. b., which is much longer than the others, and in which there is evidently such an attempt at writing verse as might be made by a man who had little respect for orthography and grammar. The top of the tablet is gone, and the rest is broken in two. I am indebted to my countryman, Prof. Nicole, for the following division of the inscription, which gives the best reading to be made out of it. Prof. Nicole finds in these lines elegiac verse, hexa- meters and pentameters, but all abounding in mistakes of rhythm and quantity. . . . fie Koi vvv {iTap)oBeLTa 6 yevvtjcra'? yap fi—^,^ nevdei TrjKoiievos x}fV)Q} or^v yivei 1786 <^tXot9. et S' e^eXet?, yvoivai Bvvaaai TTOcre. rj ttlcttl'S rjBk -)(apLeuj<;. No/;ios S' ovros 'HXtoTroXiTiys /caXetTat, ev6a (f>povpLov Kara- cr/cevacrd/;i€j/os 'Ovtas tov p.ev vabv ov^ op-oiov toKoS6p.7]ae T(Z iv 'lepoo-oXv/xots, Bell. Jud. viii, 10. 3. Ot TYjv 'Oviov irpopav /coTe^ovTCs 'louSatot AiyiJTrTtot, i. 9. 4. D 2 20 TELL EL YAHOODIEH. the place chosen was called Lconlopolis of the HeliopoUtan nome, or the fort of Biihnstis agria. Brugsch-Bey thmks that the name of Leontopolis is justified at Tell el Yalioodieli by the fact that he saw there fragments of statues of Bast which had been brought from the temple of Mut at Thebes. Those fragments had disappeared when I made my excavations, and nothing which I saw indicated a sanctuary dedicated to Bast. I am inclined to think that in the letters Josephus has mixed together and applied to one settlement circumstances which refer to several Jewish establishments. North of the Heliopolitan Nome was the Nome of Bubastis, i.e. the Nome of the lioness-headed or cat-headed goddess. In that Nome were several cities dedicated to Bubastis, and in one of them, the present Belbeis, was worshipped the goddess Selchet, whose name has been translated in Greek, Bubastis ogria.^ This city might very well be considered as a Leontopolis, of which there were several in Lower Egypt. Moreover, about six miles south of Belbeis there is another Tell el Yahoodieh, which bears the appearance of a ruined Roman settlement, covered by the sand. The tradition of a Jewish colony has in fact survived in various parts of that district. I might also quote the argument to which Josephus refers twice ; namely, the passage in Isaiah (xix. 18) : — " In that day there shall be five cities in the land of Egypt that speak the language of Canaan, and swear to the Lord of hosts ; one shall be called, The City of Destruction. In that day there shall be an altar to the Lord in the midst of the ' The country Bubastis, or Bubastis the huntress, lower, Belbeis, Vid. land of Egypt, and a pillar at the border thereof to the Lord." The passage states clearly that there was more than one settlement, and it mentions that one shall be called The Citg of Destniction. The margin of the revised version gives the following note on the word destruction : or, according to another reading, " the sun." The Vulgate gives civitas solis ; the Septuagint a word which might be an Egyptian name, 770X15 aaeSeK; the Coptic, as usual, follows the Septuagint, '^"KAKiqe^eK. The Hebrew is p'^i?'^ "'''V ; while many authorities, among which the Chaldaean and Saadiah, read l^ini^, city of the sun. If this last reading be adopted, it is interesting to notice that it would correspond to the name we found mentioned in the Great Harris papyrus, and which I have identified with Tell el Yahoodieh, © ^ J, ^ I I I I o> 111© the house of Ba, the sun, north of On. I believe we have the later name of Tell el Yahoodieh in two Roman official documents, namely, the Itinerary of Antoninus and the Notitia Dignitatum. I mentioned above that, in front of the eastern part of the enclosure, just in advance of the two artificial hills, which may have been part of a fortification, and which are separated by a gateway, there are remains of a Roman city, regularly built, where two main streets are distinctly traceable. It has all the appearance of a city where the houses were simultane- ously built, and which might have been the abode of a military colony. It was suggested to me by Mr. Griffith that it might be the Scence Veteranorum of the Itinerary. Taking into account the positions of the other stations, I believe this identification coincides well with the data of the document, allowing always for THE CITY a margin of error which it is impossible not to recognize when the Itinerary is checked by the sight of actual ruins, and by explorations made on the spot.-' Scence Veteranorum is mentioned twice : once on the road from Pelusium to Memphis,^ at a distance of twenty-six miles from Thoii, and twenty-four from HeliopoUs ; again when ^ it is said to be twenty-two miles distant from HeliopoUs and twenty-four from Thou, from which it is separated by Vicus Judceoriim, situate midway between the two. The distance from Heliopolis is at least ten miles too long, even if the lowest number, twenty-two, is con- sidered ; it is therefore impossible not to agree with Jomard (who also places Scense Veteranorum at Tell el Yahoodieh) in adopting for the first of the above quotations the reading 14 (miles) of several manuscripts, instead of 24 (miles). Another circumstance which induces me to ^ Vid. " Store City of Pithom," Srd ed., Appendix I, and map. - P. 163, ed. Wesseling. ' P. 169. OF ONIAS. 21 think that Scense Veteranorum was the present Tell el Yahoodieh is the importance which the Romans gave to the place. The Notitia Dignitatum tells us that it was occupied by the cavalry of an Arab tribe called TJiamii- dcni, and by a wing of Rhcetians. There is no other place of the size of Tell el Yahoodieh between Heliopolis and Bubastis, and none so strongly fortified and so well adapted to receive a comparatively large garrison. Summing up the results of this investigation, I venture to conclude that Tell el Yahoodieh was known in the time of Rameses III. as n o i^b =^ J o house of Ra, on the north I I I I o 111©' *^ ' of On ; this being the sacred name of the city. The civil name has not yet been discovered. After Ptolemy Philometor had granted to the Jews the right of settling in Egypt, and of building a temple, it became Onion, or the city of Onias ; and under the Romans it was called in the official documents Scence Veteranorum.. BELBBIS, SAMANOOD, ABUSIE, TUKH EL KAEMUS. BELBEIS. In the appendix to my memoir on Goshen,^ I pointed out how important it would be to identify the city ofj^^jg© or 7J^^4*il© which is mentioned in the Great Harris papyrus, as being in the region called the water of Ba ; as also in the inscription of Menephtah, recording the attack of the Mediterranean nations against Egypt. Brugsch supposes this city to be Belbeis. It was the desire to contribute, if possible, to the solution of this question which induced me to explore the place, which is entirely built on a mound consisting of the debris of ancient houses, extending beyond the present city towards the Ismailieh canal. No monument of any import- ance had been discovered there until now; but in going all over the city, and entering many houses, I succeeded in seeing a great number of fragments of hard stone with inscriptions, from which I derived some information, and some of which are reproduced, plate II. a, b, c. They are very fragmentary. I also found the cartouche of Eameses II., but only on a single stone. All the others are of Nekhthorheb, who there built a temple with a sculptured sanctuary.^ The ' "Goshen," pp. 19 and 26. I saw there also, used as a manger, a stone nearly identical with the fragment of Saft el Henneh, standing as corner-stone ("Goshen," pi. VIII.). Another manger in limestone, of Roman work, ended on the side in a lion's head. broken doorposts (plate II. a) show that it was dedicated to the great SeJchet ivho resides at Bitbastis. I found also a mention of HorhiJcen {h) who is the second god of the Bubastite nome ; and a divinity (c) who is said to reside iii ^ sehhetnuter, the hohj field, which is known as being the territory (the ^^j^) of the Bubastite nome. These scanty remains indicate that Belbeis belonged to the nome of Bubastis, and that the local worship was that of the gods of that nome. There was probably an earlier edifice in the time of Eameses II. ; but it may have been of small importance, and after him there is no trace of anything before the reign of Nekhthorheb. These circumstances confirm the identification of Brugsch. J^^<==*jj : AAAA^^ I (WW\A Bailos in the water of Ba, was dedicated to Bast, and its temple received donations from Eameses III. ; but the account which the inscription of Menephtah gives of the place is particularly interesting. It is said (1. 8) that the country loas not cultivated, but left as pasture for cattle, because of the strangers. It ivas abandoned since the time of the ancestors. In fact, no king seems to have built there between Eameses II. and Nekhthorheb. In my former memoir I had identified the country around Belbeis with the land of Goshen ; and it is curious to find this passage, stating that the ^-^l, left region was BELBEIS— SAMANOOD. 23 as marsh of cattle, as pasture land, and not inhabited since the days of old ; showing that it was no part of an organized province, and could be taken or given away to the first occupier. It is possible that Belbeis is mentioned in Josephus, As I said before, I believe there is some confusion in the geographical indications given by the Jewish author about the site chosen by Onias. Josephus speaks of the so-called fort of Biihastis agria, the country Bubastis or Bubastis the huntress. This name is clearly the Greek translation of Selcliet, usually written ^ ® but which occurs at Bubastis under the form P ® [)^[]|]^ o ^ , the country goddess, the goddess of the fields or also the huntress ; as the word ^ ^ ' ^^^^ fi^^^^ common name of the hunter. Belbeis may have been one of the Jewish settlements on the Eastern border. The traditions of the locality point to several Jewish cities. About six miles south of Belbeis, close to the village of Ehetah, on the eastern side of the Ismailieh canal, is a large Eoman settle- ment generally covered with sand, but which during three or four months of the year is actively worked by the fellaheen for sebakh. This place, like the large mound near ShibeenelKanater, is called Tell el Yahoodieh, or Beled el Yahoodieh. If we refer to the Itinerary of Antoninus, we see it mentioned after Scenas veteranoruni as Vicus Judceorum} The Roman document indicates a distance of twelve Roman miles from Scenas veteranorum to Vico Judseorum, and of twelve miles also from Vico Judseorum to Thou. I have given elsewhere^ the reasons which make me think that the only site which may be assigned to ' Linant, "Memoires sur les principaux travaux," p. 144. * " Store City of Pithom," iii. ed., Appendix 1. Thou is the extensive field of ruins called now Shugafieh, south of Tell el Kebir. In that case, the distance from Scense veteranorum to Vicus Judseorum should be two miles too short, and the other at least eight ; but that agrees well with the rate of error usually found in the measures given by the Itinerary. Possibly Vicus Judaeorum of the Itinerary is the same as Castra Judceorum of the Notitia dignitatum, where a cohors of Epirotes was stationed ; but I should apply the last name either to the fortified part of Onion, as distinct from the colony of veterans, or to a place like Belbeis, which stood on a high hill, and is likely to have been fortified. If this was so, it is natural to recognize in Belbeis the oxvpcofjua, the fort of Bubastis agria, of Sekhet, mentioned by Josephus. Belbeis is not far from Saft el Henneh, where I had previously excavated, and where I went in the hope that the fellaheen might perchance have found some monument. The son of the sheikh gave me a fragment of a standing statue, of the time of the Saites (plate II. d.) with few remains of text giving the name of Saft : the house of the sycamore. It is stated in the inscription that the personage for whom this monument was executed had something to do with the temple of the goddess of Amem, the place discovered by Mr. Petrie to be Nebesheh. SAMANOOD. Samanood, in Egyptian Thehnuter, in Coptic SSeJurtoYT, is the site of the city called by the Greeks Sehenmjtos. It is a city of some import- ance, situate about twelve miles S.W. of Man- soorah, and is famous for its pottery. It is a curious instance of the changes through which 24 SAMANOOD. the names are apt to go in Egypt, The different strata of populations modified the name not according to its sense in its original form ; they did not translate it, they altered it just enough to give it in their language a sense which has nothing in common with the first. Thehnuter, the original Egyptian, means ^ the divine calf ; 2^eAArfOY'T, the miglihj god; and Samanood, the shj of Nood. The Arah name has given rise to a legend which is current not only among the Arahs, but also among the Christian inhabitants. Nood was a great king who built a crystal sky over his palace. My informants so fully believed this story that they assured me that fragments of this crystal were still found in the neighbouring Tell. The large mound which is all that remains of the ancient city lies to the westward of the present town ; the site of the temple is indicated by a number of blocks which are nearly always stand- ing in water. Several had been dragged towards the city, and left on the spot where I saw them, several feet deep in water. Samanood is one of those places in Lower Egypt where the greater number of interesting fragments have been used for building materials in walls and houses, to which I often had some difficulty to obtain access, in consequence of the superstitious fear of the inhabitants. The name of the city, which in the lists of names is written in different ways, always appeared in the same form in all the monuments I saw : Thehnuter, the divine calf. The god of the place is Anhur 2 a divinity who was Shu, son of Ra ^^'^^ worshipped also in the city of Thinis near Abydos, ^ There ia some uncertainty about the animal, which is most often a calf, but which is often represented Avith a long neck like a hind. in Upper Egypt. The god is represented as a man standing, wearing a head-dress of two, or more frequently four feathers, and sometimes holding a lance. The Greeks called him'Oi'ovpt?, and trans- lated his name by Ares, showing that he was con- sidered as a warlike god. Another form of Anhur was Horthema.^ No very early monuments are as yet known to belong to Sebennytos.^ Rameses II. has not yet been discovered. However, the city certainly existed before his time, as its name is one of the fifteen of Lower Egypt mentioned in the list of Seti I. at Abydos. Under Piankhi, as we shall see farther, it was the residence of one of the petty princes who rebelled against the Ethiopian. The oldest monument I saw was a stone, the inscriptions of which are represented on Plate V. It is a sitting statue in black granite, of natural size. The face is destroyed, and all the front of the figure is much defaced. It is lying down with the back upwards before the door of the police station, where it is used as a seat by the soldiers. The text on the back gives us the date of the monument ; it is Saite, of the time of Psammitichus I. The titles of the deceased are erased in the vertical column; but they are repeated in the horizontal line and on the sides. He was the prince of the first order, the prophet of Anhur Shu son of Ba, [_]' T^TH, ^ 2 PI. VI. 0. Cf. " Goshen," p. 6. It is "Ovovpt^ Anhur who is represented under the face of Mars on the coins of Sebennytos. Of. Tochon, " Eecherches," p. 192 et ff. The animal at the feet of the god, and called a deer (cervahts, Zoega), I consider to be the same as in the hierogiyphical name Thebnuter. Cf. Eouge, " Quelques monnaies nou- velles," p. 11. " Since this was written the inhabitants have come across a stone bearing the names of two of the last kings of the eighteenth dynasty, Khuenaten and Horemheb. SAMANOOD. 25 Aahanush. On the sides of his throne Isis and Nephthys proclaim his praises, and promise him all kinds of blessings, in the nsaal emphatic style, of which the words of Isis may be taken as specimen. " Said by the great Isis, the divine mother : Prince, prophet of Anhiir Shu, son of Ra, lord of Thebnuter, Aakanush ! here are thy rewards for what thou hast done for me. Years in exceeding great numbers are granted to thee ; thou pleasest thine own god ; thy statue is standing before him ; thou art beloved by every man of thy city, great and small ; thy children . . . they are like thee in everything ; they will convey thee to thy eternal abode ; thou art beloved." Words to the same effect are uttered by Nephthys, and are also engraved on the back. The horizontal line promises him the usual offer- ings of food, drink, and frankincense. This part of the inscription may have been added afterwards, for the man does not seem to have been dead when the statue was dedicated. The most interesting point in the inscription is the name of the deceased: u-^-^i AaJcanush. It has a foreign appearance. It is a graphic variant of j=z\_J ^ |^ of the time of Piankhi,^ who was |^ 1 ^ , commander of the Libyan mercenaries, and =^ ° J ' © ^~j^^J tj^l® chief in Thebnuter (Sebennytos), Pa Hebi (Behbeit), and Samhud (Damietta). He was one of the allied rebels who fought against the Ethiopian with Tafnekht, prince of Sais, the ancestor of Psammitichus who succeeded, about 130 years afterwards, in reuniting the whole of Egypt under his sceptre, 1 L. 99 and 115. . The first Aakanush, with the help of his foreign troops, had probably conquered the three im- portant cities over which he ruled. The second was a priest of the first order, and held an important priestly dignity. It is reasonable to suppose that he was a descendant of the con- temporary of Tafnekht, and that he derived from his ancestor the high rank which he held under Psammitichus. Manetho assigns a Sebennyte origin to the XXXth dynasty. I have insisted in another memoir on the considerable number of monuments found in the Delta, which date from the two Nectanebos, and which give a much more exalted idea of their power than we gather from the narratives of the Greek writers. It is not only extraordinary that they should have erected so many large buildings, but that they should have executed them in so beautiful a style, reminding us of the art of the Xllth dynasty. It was natural that Nekhthorheb should not forget his native city ; and it is he who must have restored and rebuilt the temple, blocks of which are on the mound of Samanood, or built into the houses. Plate VI. A. gives three fragments of the base- ment stones of the temple, which were engraved with a hst of nomes. Between the figures representing the nomes are large cartouches of Nekhthorheb, fourteen inches high, and in good preservation. I made a paper cast of them. There we find a variant of the name of Nekhthorheb. The sign which one would expect to be ^^X7 heh is here distinctly ^^37 neb, and the name reads NeJchthorneh or HornebneJcht mer Anhur.^ I at ^ Neither Lepsius nor Brugscti-Bey in their books of Kings quote a cartouche of Nekhthorheb where the sign heh is ; it is always the large one. Nor is the name of the city of Hel written otherwise than ^} ^. E 2(1 SAMANOOD. first tlionght it might he a mistake of the en- graver ; hut lately I discovered at Buhastis a frag- ment of a statue on which the name was written thus the god Anhur at the top of the cartouche being broken off. I believe therefore the cartouche of Samanood to be correct ; and I should think that it was the original name of the king, who changed the word neh for Heh, when he had built the important sanctuary, consider- able ruins of which are still visible. About six miles below Samanood are remains hardly inferior to those of San. The immense number of granite blocks, heaped up to a height of twelve or fifteen feet, and the very fine and elaborate sculptures with which they are covered bear witness to the importance of the temple, which is so much destroyed that even its plan cannot be reconstructed. According to Wilkinson, its original length was from 400 to 600 feet. It was dedicated to Isis, the divine mother ; hence the name of Iseum, under which it appears in the works of the ancient geo- graphers. The Egyptians called it ^, Heh, or Hehi, whence the Arabs made Behheit with the affix of el hagar, ''of the stones," because of its great ruins. The sanctuary was called ^^^i ^^^^ loftTj house. It is curious that this very important temple, which considerably exceeded Samanood in importance, is not mentioned in the lists of nomes, although it belonged to the nome of Sebennytos. Nekhthorheb considered the construction of Hebi as one of the greatest deeds of his reign, as he inserted the name of the place in his own cartouche. It certainly existed before his time, as in front of the sheikh's house I found part of the shaft of a column about two and a half feet in diameter, with the name of Rameses II. ; besides, Heb is mentioned in the inscription of Piankhi. There are fragments of a beautiful shrine of Nekhthorheb, while nearly all the innumerable granite blocks which are there are inscribed with the name of Ptolemy Phila- delphos. It is doubtful whether this style of granite building can be attributed to a Ptolemy. I am of opinion that the sculptures only are Ptolemaic, while the temple itself was a work of Nekhthorheb, who for some reason or other did not have its walls sculptured. I have reproduced (plate VI.) a fragment of the shrine where Isis is mentioned as a cat goddess with the name Meht. She occurs also with the same name at Thinis, the other sanctuary of Anhur.^ More frequently she is called °^^Pn » Mehent, which I found at Bubastis, or ^ g^, which occurs at Denderah as the form of Hathor in the Sebennyte nome.^ To return to Samanood. Besides Nekhthorheb, a king who is frequently met with is (plate VI.) Alexander II., the posthumous son of the great conqueror, and of his Persian wife Eoxane ; the unfortunate prince who, shortly after he had been recognized king by the rival generals who quar- relled over the inheritance of their deceased lord, was treacherously murdered, with his mother, by Cassandros, in whose keeping he had been for several years. The six or seven years of the reign of this boy-king have left many 1 Mariette, "Abydos," ii. pi. 39 et 58. 2 Q ^1, O 5Q Thou art Tefnut, the daughter of Ra, loving him, ivho sees Mehent croivning his head, "Duem. Geogr. Inschr.," iv. pi. 118. ABUSIR traces in Egypt. ^ Though practically indepen- dent, Ptolemy seems to have been anxious to show that Egypt was still part of the Macedonian empire, and that the empire had a single head ; for it was not till several years after the death of Alexander II., when the line of the great king was quite extinct, that he assumed the title of king of Egypt. Besides these fragments of Alexander, there are Ptolemaic inscriptions. One (plate VI. b.) is part of a hymn to the rising sun, without the name of any king, but in good Ptolemaic charac- ters. Another (e) is very small ; it is engraved with the name and the head of Ptolemy Phila- delphos, he who covered the temple of Heb with his inscriptions. The text seems to refer to the donation of a piece of land made by the king to the temple, in order to enlarge the sacred domain. As far as I know, there is only one monument in the museums of Europe which is known with certainty to come from Samanood.^ It is a fine torso in black granite, now deposited in Paris in the Cabinet des Medailles. It bears the name of Nectanebo II. It was used doorpost in a house at Samanood, and carried away by a French general, at the end of the last century.' A Greek papyrus at Leyden contains a record of a dream which Nectanebo II. had at Memphis, after which he commissioned a man called Petesios to adorn the temple of Sebennytos, a task which that official conscientiously fulfilled. Sebennytos is famous as having been the birth- place of the historian Manetho. 27 ' " Leps. Denkm.," iv. 1. Brugsch, " Zeitschr." 1871, p. 1 . ^ Millin, "Mon. inedits," i. p. 383. " Descr. de I'Egypt A.nt." V. pi. 69, 7 et 8. ^ Since the above was written the statue of Aakanusch has been removed to the Boolak Museum. ABUSIR. A few miles south-west of Samanood, on the same branch of the Nile, is the picturesquely situated city of Abusir. It is nearly as large as Samanood, and is also built on an ancient Tell overlooking the river. At a short distance to the westward is another large mound, which may have been the necropolis, where I saw a few blocks of hard stone without inscription. At some former time there must undoubtedly have been some important buildings at this place, to judge by the considerable number of millstones cut from shafts of red granite columns, which are met with in the streets of the city, most of which are now disused. My attention was directed to this place by the fact that Mr. Petrie there discovered a block bearing the name of Darius, which is to be brought to the British Museum, but which we have not yet succeeded in removing. It stands in front of the sheikh's house, a large and stately building on the bank of the river. It is a square block of red granite of about three feet in each direction. On one side is a hole, probably for a press of some kind ; on the other side is a sculpture, not very deeply cut, which is reproduced on Plate VII. a. It repre- sents a sitting goddess, having above her left hand the emblems of life, stabiUty, and purity, which she promises to give to Darius. The vertical column in front of her reads : — lord of the tioo lands, Darius thou reignest over the two lands, thou directest (them) like Pui . . . Over the head of the goddess is her name, which reads MenJchetheh,^^'^ I jfj]^, a name which does not to my knowledge occur on any other monument. It may have belonged to a local E 2 28 ABUSIR— TUKH goddess of Busiris. The sense of the word is revealed to us by a sentence in the inscription of the shrine of Saft-el Henneh.^ ^^.IC '^^^ l , tlw fieUl is cxccUcnt for enriching [mcnlxlihch) your altars. The goddess must be a goddess of riches and abundance. Mr, Poole suggested to me that she might be the Egyptian equivalent of the evdyjvCa, who appears on coins of Hadrianus and Antoninus,^ and is represented as reclining on a sphinx, and holding in her right hand ears and poppies. Abusir, the Busiris of the Greeks, has pre- served part of the old Egyptian name, the house of Osiris the lord of Dad, ^ j] I'^^^KK©' was a very famous place. Plutarch ^ says that, according to Eudoxos, it was pretended that Busiris was the site of the tomb of Osiris. Herodotus* describes the kind of sacrifices which were offered there at the great annual festival ; and he adds : — " It is there that the whole multitude, both of men and women, many thousands in number, beat themselves in honour of a god whose name a religious scruple forbids me to mention." The sacred name of the city was Dad, it is of frequent occur- rence in texts connected with religion or mytho- logy. A great festival was celebrated on the 30th of Choiak, and the hieroglyphic inscrip- tions seem to confirm the tradition related by Plutarch. I succeeded in purchasing at Abusir a small fragment of green basalt, of excellent workmanship, found in the neighbouring tell, and which is now in the Boolak Museum.^ It is part of a statue of the XXVIth dynasty of ' " Goshen," pi. v. 4. ^ Zoega, " Num. Aeg.," pi. vi. et x. 3 "De Is. et Os.," cap. 21. ' TT. 39, 40, 61. ^ PI. vii. b. EL KAllMUS. the time of Psammiticlms I. The personage represented is said to be beloved by the gods, the lords of Dad. He was chancellor of Psammitichus, and in one of the lines occur these interesting words : (to put) Osiris Dad in his eternal dwelling, meaning his tomb. In the bazaar, I also saw a limestone fragment," which is interesting on account of the name it bears. It is part of a funerary inscription for a man called SheshonJc. If we again turn to the inscription of Piankhi, so important by reason of the information it gives us about the geography of Lower Egypt, we see that one of the rebel princes who fought against him was the chief of the Ma or the Mashoiiasch, the Libyan mercenaries, Sheshonh of Busiris, J^T^T JJ}T Zl ] ^ Jj u"^^. He bears the same name and titles 11 - , it was a present offered to Osiris, while the more valuable vase described in the horizontal lines, was for Isis. ^ Naville, " Les quatre steles orientees de Musce de Marseille," p. 20. "Die Metalle," p. 125. KARMUS. Another difficulty lies in the genealogy of the persons named. It is said that the donation is made in favour of Pauarma by his son Horemsa, the same who is said to be the son of Penhna. How can this be ? The only solution I can pro- pose to this embarrassing question is to suggest that in the first case the word " son " must not be taken in its literal sense, but as a kind of title like the son ivho loves him, a well-known sacerdotal rank of one of the funerary priests. The real interest of this inscription lies in the name Pauarma. Here again we have to refer to inscription of Piankhi.^ When the Ethiopian sovereign hears of the rebellion of Tafnekht, he orders the two commanders of his troops in Egypt, to march against him. One of them is □ '^^^^ same name, with some slight graphic variants, as we have on the vase. After the successful termination of the war, it is the same man, □ ^ , the general Pauarma, who receives the submission of the vanquished princes. It seems to me very likely that the Pauarma of the inscription and the Pauarma of the vase are one and the same. In both cases he bears a military title. Here he has the determinative of foreigners ; but it is not possible to decipher the name of the people of whom he is said to be the chief, and who might be mercenaries. I do not know to which reign belongs the date 30 or more, which is at the end of the inscription. No other valuable antiquities were found at Tukh el Karmus, except a pair of bronze tongs now at the British Museum, which come from a high building behind the temple, probably con- nected with the sanctuary. ' L. 8 and 140. THE ANTIQUITIES OP TELL EL YAHtTDlYEH, AND MISCELLANEOUS WOKK IN LOWEE EGYPT DUEING THE YEAES 1887—1888. BY F. Ll. GRIFFITH. INTEOD UCTION. For antiquarian research, Egypt is a land that is quite unsurpassed. The valley of the Nile has hidden in its sandy borders a continuous series of relics, of perhaps the earliest civilization that the world has seen, abundantly illustrated by con- temporary writings, and preserved in some cases for 6000 years, not indeed by a miracle, but by an almost rainless atmosphere. If any European country had been so endowed, what a marvellous and authentic picture of ancient history would have been revealed to us through the labour of industrious antiquaries ! Unfortunately for its past, Egypt is not the fatherland of Germans, Switzers, Frenchmen, or Scandinavians, but of an oriental race which seems to stand almost impassive before the wonderful works of its predecessors, and is ready to destroy them on the slightest pretext. Yet so abundant are the treasures of that country that it has presented us with certainly a most wonderful series of records. It has been the hunting-ground of collectors who have secured many beautiful and striking monu- ments. The inscriptions especially have had a singular attraction for those who dehght in linguistic and graphic puzzles. One great expedition after another, one scientific tourist after another, has gathered a harvest from the writings of tomb and temple, and a great mass of such materials is already available for historians to use with confidence. Now, when the philologist has firmly outhned the history, is a golden opportunity for the antiquarian to fill in the details, and show the progress and vicissitudes of culture, its action and reaction upon surrounding nations. A century ago the monuments were far more com- plete, the greed and haste of the collector and the dealer, of the factory builder and the " dis- coverer " had not united in Egypt as in every other country to spoil its choicest monuments, and tear up and waste its records. But still the present is the golden opportunity. Egypt is easy of access, labour is very cheap, the native labourers are manageable. The antiquarian spirit that now pervades Europe and America has been of slow growth, and only lately has become sufficiently catholic to take an interest in foreign and extra-Hellenic lands ; but the connection of Egypt with Palestine, Syria, Phoenicia, and Greece, is being more clearly shown each day, and there is no need to prove the worthiness and many-sided interest of the field of research, increased a thousand-fold by the ease with which the hieroglyphics are interpreted. Half-hearted, hurried excavations, apart from the positive harm they do, are almost worse than useless for science. It is a misfortune, inherent in the nature of most archaeological evidence, that it can be made available only by its own destruc- tion ! A grave is excavated, and in the course of 34 INTRODUCTION. that excavation the connection of its contents, forming the most important item of tlie evidence, is hopelessly disturbed, and it will depend entirely on the observation and records made by the individual excavator at the moment of discovery whether any profit is to be derived from the ex- ploration. An inscribed stone or a papyrus is, happily, not so constituted, and with ordinary care can be made to tell its tale from century to century ; errors in the copy of a document may always be corrected, but the observations of an excavator can be proved false only by a painful balancing of evidence. With regard to Egyptian archaeology in particular, it is certain that at present we are very much in the dark, and that strange surprises await us. Mr. Petrie's discoveries at El Lahun this year — the work of a master in the art of ex- ploration — give a glimpse of what we must expect. For my own part I am determined on reasonable evidence to accept everything that comes as a fact until disproved, but not to hope that any of these bare facts will be explained immediately. Coins, Chinese glass bottles, sprouting corn, certain inscriptions, and certain modern inven- tions alone are to be excluded from the rule that whatever opinion one may have as to the age of objects, the Egyptologist's mind should always be open to conviction. The archaeologist who wishes to make a steady advance should take a work like Canon Greenwell's " British Barrows " for his guide, and be content so to arrange his operations that only one grave at a time is actually opened, and always in his presence. One fairly productive grave well described is worth far more for science than a hash of fifty. It would perhaps be too much in the brilliant field of Egyptian archae- ology to expect the painful minuteness of descrip- tion which is necessary in a record of British barrow-digging, but the observations, if not always recorded singly, should at the time be as painstaking as -in the monumental work which I have just mentioned. It must be understood that the explorer's method varies according to circumstances ; a single person may without fear employ 200 men on one occasion, while on another, and, in my opinion, more frequently a score of hands are as many as a person of ordinary activity can manage by giving them his whole attention during the working hours. It is perhaps impossible to stop the depreda- tions of the Arabs, but it is incumbent upon us at home to encourage the most careful of our explorers to be yet more exacting and minute in their difficult researches, carried on in a somewhat trying climate ; and above all to see that a rising generation is trained to exploration in accordance with the highest standard of archaeology. The present memoir may be divided into two sections ; in the first I have attempted to describe, from an antiquarian point of view, the results of work at Tell el Yahudiyeh and Tukh el Qaramus during the season of 1886-7. In the second are recorded some minor explorations which I was commissioned to undertake by my- self in the following season. Besides the sites which I have there mentioned, I visited the ruins of Canopus at the kind invitation of Mr. William G-rant, who has prosecuted with so much energy the scheme of reclaiming Lake Abu Qir. Every- thing visible there dates from the Koman occupa- tion, excepting some Saite sphinxes that lie just JOURNEY TO EL 'ARISH. 35 covered by the waves amongst the ruins of a quay. The engineers of the English company had converted a modern circular fort into substantially comfortable headquarters, and there I was hospitably entertained by them. The journey to El 'Arish was a more ambitious undertaking. The interesting reports of Mr. Greville Chester, the pioneer of research in this direction, and of Professor Sayce, have made known the present condition of the ancient caravan route to Syria, and the communication of Professor Eobertson Smith in the Academy (Feb. 1888, p. 133), has invested it with fresh interest by bringing into focus the testimony of Arab authors, A few more notes from a tourist's point of view may not be unacceptable. Leaving our encampment on the 30th March, I started from Tell Basteh with a camel and its Bedawi driver, and my reyis Said. Our hasty outfit consisted of my much-tried and much- mended tent, which had recently been split from side to side in a heavy gale, three saddle-bags, with clothes, books, tinned meat, and oranges, my blankets, two spades, and a fds, together with sundry cooking utensils, roped, pinned, and hung about the camel's back. Half way through Zaqaziq, we were joined by another camel. Some of the baggage was trans- ferred, and a comfortable platform arranged with the blankets. Our cavalcade being thus com- pleted, we took turns in sitting on the platform, and so moved on steadily. Following the railway, we stopped first at Faqus. At that season the feature of the country was the abundance of thistles in flower, large and small, purple and white, occupying the waste grounds on the canal and railway banks, and patches of desert-like sand about Geziret abu Yesin. These thistles swarmed with insects, amongst which was the cosmopolitan "painted lady" (Vanessa Cardui), and a much finer but- terfly which seems to have no relative in England. At midday I saw two beautiful pink and green DeilepMla hawk moths hovering over them. In no other place have I seen so many large insects. Locusts were flying like birds, starting up three feet in front, and flying perhaps twenty yards at a time. From Faqus we continued our journey to Salhiyeh, the monotony of the Delta scenery (?) being broken at one spot, where we passed by a bridge over one narrow streak of great beauty, a canal half choked with tall reeds, the open patches covered with lotus flowers, and swarming with water hens and wild duck. May the hand of the improver long spare it ! Beaching Salhiyeh, we were fairly in the desert, and so continued to the end of the journey, for more than a hundred miles. At Qantareh we crossed the Suez Canal, but civilization never left us, for had we not the telegraph wire to point out our road, and measure it by its scale of twenty poles to the English mile ? Most of the route is bad, traversing soft sand and often high ridges of shifting sand. The best part is over the sibdkh (singular sabkheh) or salt- plains near the coast, where the surface is hard and absolutely level. Lake Serbonis, which was such a terrible name to caravans and armies in ancient times, is now nothing but a soft, damp sabkheh. Its length and width will, however, always make its neighbourhood formidable, owing to the absence of herbage. This lake, now called sabkhat Berdawil or Baldwin's Salting, was F 2 36 INTRODUCTION. supposed to have swallowed an entire army of Persians in its treacherous quicksands. Being at the worst point of a difficult journey, and lying just at the side of the route, tales naturally gathered round it, and were amplified by the story- tellers of the caravans. Herodotus relates that Typhon was supposed to dwell there. Diodorus is the authority for the equally mythical Persian disaster, and the Arabs of the last few centuries have a tradition that a pagan giant named Berdawil dwelt in a stronghold on the borders of the lake, but was attacked and slain by the national hero, Abu Zed. This myth, it is well known, has grown round a little nucleus of truth. Baldwin, the crusading king of Jerusalem, called Berdawil by the Arabs, in the midst of a success- ful raid into Egypt, fell ill, and hastening to return from Pelusium, died before his bearers came to El 'Arish. His body was embalmed then and there, and was taken to Jerusalem, but the entrails were buried on the spot. The Arabs still cast stones upon his tumulus, calling it by error " 'Adm Berdawil," or " the hones of Baldwin." Unfortunately I knew little or nothing of this Arab myth, otherwise I should perhaps have taken more pains, in spite of the lack of time, to •visit the site of Baldwin's castle. According to the Archduke Ludwig of Austria, there are ruins close to the spot where I saw the " 'Adm Berdawil," but the information I received pointed to a Qasr Berdawil or " castle of Baldwin " further north. I trust that my good friend at Qantareh, Signor Paoletti, will soon set this question at rest. Over most of the route there is plenty of herbage, giving excellent food for camels, which are bred in great numbers. There are many wells of brackish water, generally sunk where the surface is about five feet above the water level, so that the water may be shaded from the sun, the mouths being kept open by a lining of spht palm logs. The principal wells have plenty of clear and clean water, but they are all very brackish. Coffee made with it is scarcely drinkable, and sugar is of course unbearable in it. Bir el Mazar, the last well before El 'Arish, was so salt that our camels would not drink : those who know take enough water for two days at Bir el 'Abd. The Badawin who pasture camels at Bir el Mazar make use of their milk, and only occasionally obtain a draught of water by begging it from the travellers. The brackish water, so far as I could tell, and I had little else to drink for three days, is perfectly wholesome, but unpleasant, and does not fully satisfy one's thirst. The Arabs carry it in a skin which is well smoked from time to time : it requires further efforts to become reconciled to the flavour imparted by the smoking. Insects abound. Of butterflies the painted lady swarms, and is found even in the most dreary sibakh. Of moths, the English entomologist would recognize Deiopeia pulchella, which is fairly common, with plenty of crambi and knot- horns (Phycidse). Some kind of Acontia is also very common. Walking along the shore, I saw several large black Agrotis actually settle for an instant on the sea. Of beetles, scarabs were the only creatures I could recognize. Some kind of snail Helix cajperata ? swarms in the driest places. The shrivelled animal melts, revives, and crawls about after a heavy dew or rain. It was on this journey that I first made acquaintance with a number of oddities, such as land tortoises and chameleons ; the latter show the JOUENEY TO most fearful temper when they are first caught, but afterwards feign death. They are, I think, the most curious creatures I have ever seen. The crabs make a good second to them. They are amphibious, and as one walks along the shore, suddenly half-a-dozen are landed by a wave twenty feet ahead. As soon as they see a person approaching, they either bolt up to their holes in the sand, which are situated perhaps twenty yards in shore, or else scurry back again into the sea. They stand very high, and move at a prodigious rate, so that it is almost impossible to run them down even in open level ground. The way in which they take advantage of a wave for landing, and also for getting into the sea, is most amusing. When landing, they appear all in an instant, five or six together, and run up the bank. When they bolt for the sea, they shoot down the bank, crouch as a wavelet comes near, and start again EL 'AEISH. 37 as soon as it covers them. A cautious old crab will never allow itself to be taken ofi" its feet, but a hare-brained youngster will rush full tilt into the middle of a wave, and be thrown head over heels in an instant. To chase the crabs, to snatch at the dogfish which, thrown up by each wave, invariably struggle back into safety with the next, are necessary diversions, for the interesting points on the shore are few and far between, and the horizon is very limited. Yet that shore is sacred to the memory of Pompey the Great, who met his cruel fate at Casius ; and between El 'Artsh and Pelusium we search for the ruins of Ostracine, " the city of shells " : the tomb of Pompey and the temple of Zeus Casius : the camp of the Athenian Chabrias, and the station called by some Pentaschoenum, by others Gerrha. TELL EL YAHtJDIYEH. ¥ Tell el Yahudiyeh,^ " The mound of the Jewess," (about two miles south-east of Shibin el Qanatir on the railway from Cairo to Zagaziq, and about fourteen miles from Cairo) stands on the south-west end of a sand jezireh ^ about one mile from the edge of the desert. The principal archseological features of the place are contained in: (1) Et Tell el KeMr " the great Tell," which consists of the remains of the ancient town and fortifications. The town was protected by a ditch and lofty bank of sand, and on the east (if not on all sides) these were doubled. Inside the fortifications besides ordinary town debris, are the remains of graves of the middle kingdom and some stone relics of an important building, probably a temple, which was adorned by Eameses II. and his successors with large statues, and to which Eameses III. added a beautiful little pavilion ? of which the porcelain and alabaster decorations have given such a special interest to the place. The enclosure ^ is actually five-sided, but forms approximately a square of 1000 feet. It has been deeply excavated by the sabhdJcMn or manure- diggers, but lofty pillars of solid debris remain 1 See Note A. * See map PI. ix. and Note B. ^ See rough plan in PI. ix. here and there, indicating the elevation which the city reached in Roman times. The rubbish slopes up on all sides to the fortifications, but in the central part little remains beyond heaps of pottery from which the dust has been sifted, half conceal- ing the granite monuments of the temple. The felldhin have even in some places laid bare the soft stone that closely underlies the sandy surface : on the other hand, further west, down the slant of the jezireh, they have almost reached water level without passing below the Ramesside stratum. 2. On the jezireh east of the enclosure is a stretch of shallow ruins called Et Tell es siigaiyer, "the smaller Tell." This was once a Roman (-Jewish ?) suburb, laid out in an orderly manner with streets crossing at right angles. Of the two main thoroughfares one led direct to the east gateway of the enclosure, the other was in the line of an important building of the same date which stood on the top of the eastern rampart, and was perhaps the citadel of the Roman garrison. Of the remaining space a large part was filled with interments of the middle kingdom, Saite, and other periods, but the decomposed rock which underlies them has attracted the sabbakhin and thus most of the graves have been removed. 3. On the extreme edge of the desert, opposite PEEIOD OF THE MIDDLE KINGDOM. 39 the Tell, the Eomano-Jewish inhabitants of the town found a narrow strip of workable stone in which they cut the rock tombs of an extensive cemetery. In other parts the desert sand lay either on red sand or on basalt, and in the flourishing times of the XXth dynasty it was the custom to hide the painted coffins in heaps of stones or tumuli above the surface level. The earliest dateable antiquities from Tell el Yahudiyeh are of the middle kingdom. Two of the graves which we opened in the jeztreh con- tained some of the peculiar black pottery of that period, but most of our pottery scarabs and flints were bought from the fellahin who were digging in the Great Tell. They were found at the base of the town-remains in the east-central part of the enclosure. I examined these diggings several times and we dug two or three pits in the same part, finding fragments of bones with one or two flints in the dirty sand which thinly covered the rock. The town spreading over this cemetery had disturbed the graves, and few of the pots were found perfect by the sabbakhin. Scarabs — of these in pale steatite with white nacreous surface I purchased about fifty that may safely be attributed to the middle kingdom, and I saw several others. See Plate X. (where No. 15 only is doubtful as to period). Perhaps also PI. xi. No. 12—14, and 17, 18 ; also PI. xvi. 15, 16. I have in some cases noted the form of the head. In dark steatite unglazed there are three scarabs, PI. x. 9, 27, 31 ; in soft dark green limestone one, and in amethyst three. A large piece of unworked amethyst shows that they were probably made on the spot. One, PI. x. 1, reads ^ i@ \ jj , i.e. Usertesen I. [friend of ?] Ptah.^ Dr. Grant has a note of purchasing one of the same king on the spotj in 1878. Another device, No, 2, ^QfS<^l_J^ , is doubtless suggested by the cartouche of Amenemhatll.^ No. 3 is of an unknown ^ This is also figured by Flinders Petrie, "Historical Scarabs," London, 1889, No. 180. ^ Cf. Hist. Sc., No. 205, If. queen, ^^( ^^]()"] official e / o Tauta (ty (?) The next is of a hi"h The chancellor, the keeper of the seal ' Ha ur 1 or Har ? His scarabs are well known,* and it would be interesting to localize them. A well- worked specimen, with a unique legend, which I unfortunately did not copy, was kept at Bulaq. It can be identified by mn r, /wvAAA The type (shown in PI. x. 7 and 8, cf. also xvi. 15) of a lion overpowering a crocodile in the presence of the sun, seems to be referable to a myth embodied in the Edfu inscriptions, according to which Horus of Mesen (as the lion) slew the Asiatic enemy (crocodile) of Harmachis (the sun).""^ This is a fragment of the local mythology of ^> ] (Heracleopolis Parva ?), and may well have influenced all the towns on the eastern border. The patterns upon some of the scarabs are tasteful, but usually without meaning, and show the ignorance of the engravers, who frequently reduced characters and groups to nonsense without thereby improving the designs : while finer workmen introduced wrong signs for the sake of effect. Flint flakes and instruments were numerous. In colour they are pale yellowish grey, slightly translucent, and often show a portion of the white outer crust. Some are broad, thin and irregular in outline, about 3 inches x If; others are slender, flat on one side and doubly ridged on the other, measuring from 3 inches to If in length. The tiny flakes, as found at Helwan, are absent. One knife is moderately well chipped. Several are serrated along one edge, which is often much polished by use. The thin-edged specimens of this variety may have been used as saws, but many specimens have a more or less blunt edge and must be scrapers. The largest implement is a well-formed axe 5 inches long, which I picked up amongst the waste heaps of pottery rejected by the sabbakhin. If its situation could be absolutely trusted, it was Ramesside or later, but as its colour was similar to the above flakes, it may have been dropped there recently by a workman.^ Pottery. — To find this in anything like a perfect state is extremely rare except in graves and burnt houses : the ordinary rubbish mounds and house remains contain only sherds. The fact, therefore, of the pots being ofi'ered to us more or less complete, together with scarabs and flints as at Khata'neh, afl'ords fair proof of their having been found together in graves. The early date of all is shown by their complete absence from our numerous excavations and re- searches amongst remains that are known to be late, and by their presence deep under Eamesside rubbish; apart from the legends and style of the scarabs. 2 Figured Hist. Sc., No, 100. * Cf. Hist. Sc., No. 449, ff^. ' NaviUe, Mythe d'Horus, PI. XYIII. 1. 3. ! ^ See Note C. 40 TELL EL YAHUDiyEH. The pottery that we purchased is exclusively of black ware (except the tawny fragment mentioned below), although M. Naville's discoveries at Khata'neh ' show that red ware may be looked for in the graves at the same period. The colour is brownish black, inclining in places to tawny. The vases are ornamented with punctured patterns imitating the branches of a palm 1 or the leaves of some kind of herb ? The leaf either hangs from the neck of the vase, or rises from the foot, or encircles the body. In the latter case it often assumes the appearance of herring-bone pattern. Judging from the appearance of some examples, the punc- tures may have been filled with a white paste. After the ornamentation had been completed (often very coarsely), the remaining level surfaces were polished by strokes, either vertical or horizontal. The six examples in Plate xi. show the types, 1 being the commonest. Ten specimens were collected as follows :, — 1. Two specimens very similar ; another from grave 3 in the jezireh is much larger (5f inches high) and coarser. A fourth specimen is intermediate between 1 and 2. 2. One specimen. 3. (Neck broken away) two specimens ; upon another of much larger size the bands of ornament consist of leaves placed upright and modified as on 6. Another has dotted lines radiating from the neck and foot. 4. One specimen. 5. One specimen. Two others more drop-shaped, i.e. narrowed in the upper part of the body. 6. One specimen. The palm-leaf pattern is here consider- ably modified. "We opened two early graves in the jezireh. Grave 3 was much disturbed by Eoman building, and the pottery was crushed. It contained the fragments of two coarse, black, punctured vases (types 1 and 3) ; plain saucer of red-ware without rim but base flattened like that in PI. No. 10 : and the lower half of a vase resembling in shape and size type 3 (of the black ware), but of fine, polished, pale yellow-red ware painted above the keel with horizontal circles in black. This ware does not occur amongst the specimens from Khata'neh. In colour it resembles the pilgrim bottles of the twentieth dynasty. No scarabs or flints were found, possibly they were overlooked. This grave presented a most unpromising appearance ; it had been turned upside down, and the potsherds of the Romans were mixed with the earlier fragments. It (and the next) lay at the N.W. corner of the Eoman suburb. Some of the later graves were close to it, but most were situated further east. Our working of these early remains was very insufficient, and I suspect that a still more ancient cemetery might be found further west, i.e. partly under water. Grave 2. The pottery lay close to an arched grave of the usual pattern (see PI. No. 17) built of bricks 6|xl3 inches, but it is possible that as the cemetery was used at subsequent periods, the brick grave is later and the bones of the early interment had disappeared. The pottery is all of plain red ' See below, pp. 56, 57. ware ; deep jar, nearly as PL xv. 4, but more pointed at the bottom, a pot, PI. xi. 11, resembling those from Khata'neh : and a rude saucer. Also a small bottle PI. xi. 9 of yellowish white ware, slightly polished, with serpentine and other patterns in brown. The mouth of it, 9a, is very difi'erent from that of the black ware, which is always like 7. The curious pointed ear or handle 8, broken from a bowl, was purchased from the sabbakhin. The ware is polished, dark tawny. It is necessarily earlier than the twenty-sixth dynasty, and may be of the twelfth. We purchased also two kohl pots, in alabaster and obsidian, which I believe were found in a grave in the Great Tell. The alabaster vase PI. xi. 15 furnishes a curious instance of the devices by which the Egyptians avoided technical difiiculties , Instead of hollowing the body through the narrow neck, they made the latter in a separate piece, and cemented it to the body when that was finished. The cement is now de- composed. A stopper also fitted into the neck. Of the early town we found no distinct traces. It probably lies below water level in the western part of the Tell. At Kafr esh Shobak is a fragment of sculptured basalt that looks early. It is half of an altar, with . o . and cakes on the top in the usual style. The corners of the altar were formed by tall wine vases, looking like ornamental pillars. An inscription ran round the edge, but all the cartouches were upon the missing half. The act of homage terminated with gfljfl © mer, &c. There is no geographical name like this known in the Delta. It occurs occasionally in the titles of the goddess of the south, ^ J, hut regularly in those of ® . The pyramid of El Kuleh stands close to the twin cities of El Kab and Kum El Ahmar, @, and suggests a royal residence there. This altar, if it had been perfect, might have solved an important question. The name of the Hyksos king, Apepi, has also been found at Tell el Tahudiyeh.'' We must now pass on to the XlXth dynasty, represented by Seti I., Rameses II., Merenptah and Seti II. Seti I. — Dr. Grant has a fragment of greenstone with his cartouche which he picked up in 1878. It is noted in the plan which accompanies Professor Hayter Lewis's paper on this site.^ B. Brugsch Bey has published a curious monu- ment, stated to have been found only a few yards outside the enclosure, recording the building of a temple of Tum in (sic) On (Heliopolis) by Seti I., and the erection of pylons, sphinxes and obelisks,* but this can hardly have had any original connection with the place. The temples of Heliopolis were the chief source from which the Romano-Egyptians in ^ G. J. Chester in P.E.F. Quarterly Statement, 1880, p. 138, where for Sheshonk I. read Sheshonk II. ^ Transactions S.B.A. vii. p. 177, ff. * Eec. de trav. 1886, vol. viii. p. 1, ff. AGE OF THE EAMESSIDES. 41 the Delta drew their supplies of granite nnd other hard stone. The only trace we found of Seti's name is on the steatite scarahoid PI. xi. 20, which seems to give several blundered versions of ^Oj|^^J. 19 of glazed pottery, is of very fine work and material^ and may also be placed at the begin- ning of the dynasty 1 No . 26 bears the name of Thothmes IV. 1*^^ ^ , but I believe is not earlier than the twentieth dynasty. Barneses II. is represented in the temple by a group of two disk-capped figures in red granite, with an inscription on the back referring to the gods of Heliopolis. The head has been broken from one of the fig-ures, and now supports the corner of a wall at El Umrej. The only other record is the interesting pendant of steatite PI. xi. 21^ which I bought in the ruins; bearing the cartouches of Rameses II. on oiie side, and on the other the name and titles of ' the queen Maat e/rw Rd, daughter of the supreme prince of Kheta I Q-P f\/\/-i 1 The same queen is found at Tanis.^ Of Merenptah there are two monuments^ viz. a double group in red granit« of the king with Set, from which the upper part of the god has been carefully chiselled away; and a small column 15 feet high, now broken in half. The latter is of the usual lotus bud type with octagonal clustered shaft, but has been cut down nearly through the centre, and two of the remaining stems in the cluster have been polished away (for re-use). The capital, which is three feet high, bears the cartouche of Merenptah. Upon the shaft three scenes remain : (1) offering to Ptah ° J, (2) to Set ( name erased), (3) to Amen (name lost). Above and beloAV the scenes are rows of the same cartouches. A fragment of an alabaster vessel bears part of his name, Prof. Hayter Lewis ^ states that on the monuments the cartouche containing Phthah (i.e. Merenptah) is always mutilated (the figure of Set being erased). It is a matter that I had not speciafly noticed, and possesses some interest. Of Seti II. Dr. Grant has fortunately preserved the record. He found in the mound a kneeling statue in lime- stone with an inscription. At the beginning of his study of Egyptology, he took this to represent a ' priest of Seti and Merenptah He kindly showed me his notes on the site last winter (1887), and I found the copy of the inscription which consists of the usual cartouches, &c., of Seti II. This is all that I can record of the nineteenth dynasty. Of the temple that must then have existed, only a few of the toughest morsels have survived the wear and destruction of ages. ^ Figured also Hist. Sc., No. 1603. ' Tanis I., pi. V., insc. 36. ^ Trans. I.e. pp. 185- * Hayter Lewis l'.c. Arriving at the XXth dynasty we reach perhaps the most interesting point in the history of the city. Setnekht has left no trace, but of his son Barneses III. a variety of memorials have been found. Chief amongst them is the building which lay at the west end of the temple. It was on a small scale, but beautifully decorated with choice materials. The floor was of oriental alabaster ; the roof was supported by columns resting on bases of alabaster and red granite ; the limestone walls were covered with patterns in mosaic, and their uniformity was broken by semi- circular stands rising in steps, each of which was ornamented with rosettes and other devices in variegated enamel.^ The Eamesside date of thes& remains has been contested by E. Brugsch, who assigns the enamels to the Ptolemaic period. Hayter Lewis also supposes that they are in part Ptolemaic restorations. The question involves a great diffi- culty. The potters' marks include, besides less definite cyphers, several hieroglyphics and the following, which may be interpreted as Greek letters, AEIAMOCTX. The rosettes are abundant, and bear all varieties of marks. Good examples of the other tiles being rarer, there is some doubt about them ; but I have found T endorsed on a captive's head, and on one of a similar series a label is attached to the girdle, bearing the name of Rameses III. Besides the rosettes and the figure series, there are tiles inlaid, with hieroglyphic legends only. Of this class Brugsch found no specimens with " Greek " letters. But I do not see how the classes can be kept distinct as to date. The hiero- glyphic and figure tiles relate to Rameses III., but the figure tiles bear Greek letters : why should not the rosettes be of the same period ? That they are natural representatives of Eamesside work is shown, I think, by the enamelled cartouches of Seti II. from Khata'neh and elsewhere. A few very similar enamelled tiles from Nimrud are of the ninth century. B.C., and it is not unlikely that this was an Asiatic art introduced by the conquerors of the New Kingdom. But are they imitations made for a Ptolemaic restoration % This seems to me very improbable, even when the king to be thus honoured was Rhampsinitus himself. Light will be thrown on the question some day. A few of the marks are shown in PI. xi. 27 to 30. There is a fine collection of the tile- ' See the Plates accompanying the papers of Hayter Lewis and E. Brugsch. 42 TELL EL YAHUDIYEH. work ill till' lU'itifjh Museum. No dedications to deities are found in the inscriptions ; I therefore suppose that this royal hall was erected for some secular purpose, but formed perhaps an adjunct to the temple. There are no brick walls remaining that can be attributed to the temple enclosure or foundations. The earliest account of the stone remains is given by H. Brugsch.' He enumerates the materials thus : "Alabaster, pavement: granite, columns: limestone, walls and pillars.' By the granite columns, no doubt, are j meant the column of Merenptah (eastward from the hall) < and the granite base of Rameses IIL The limestone pillars of the hall are now of course destroyed. The inscriptions upon them contained the name of Eameses III., beloved of the usual gods, and throw no light on the name of the city. 1 ™ ? ^ is indeed tempting ; but as there is no mention of the local god of the Athribite nome, and as from its situation Tell el Yahudiyeh must be outside that nome, we can only translate "Amen ra bull of Egypt." Many years ago the artist Boiiomi, if we may credit a story he told in his last days,^ saw the limestone gateway which led into the enclosure from the south at the moment that it was uncovered by the Arabs, and read upon it the cartouches of Eameses III. If the Sheikh's white house at El Unirej were pulled to pieces, possibly a large part of this gateway might be found there. At the entrance I saw a stone with some hieroglyphs upon it being worked into shape by a mason. Two fragments of limestone, loose in a house at Kafr esh Shobak, bear the name and standard of Eameses III. : so also a base-block 1 of red granite in the eastern part of the enclosure. The inscription, almost effaced, is upon the sides. Later, a large rectangular cavity has been made in it, pro- bably to receive the pivot-socket of a door. A scarab of white glazed pottery, PI. xi. 22, from the town, is of Eameses IIL, and a pretty oval ornament of white glazed ware with hieroglyphs in blue, 23,^ shows a portion of his cartouche. It seems to imitate a date stone in form. The scarabs 24 and 25, in steatite, are probably of this period. No other precisely dateable remains of the XXth dynasty were found in the town, and we will now turn to The Cemetery in the Desert. — It seems that, under the XXth dynasty, the inhabitants enjoyed a certain degree of prosperity which was equalled again only in the Roman period. No longer content with humble graves in the jezireh, they chose a spot in the desert, within sight of the city, where they could pile the loose basalt blocks into tumuli of some pretensions. ' Zeitschrift fiir Aegyptische Sprache, 1871, p. 87. - Eecorded by Hayter Lewis, I.e. p. 183. ^ Figured also Hist. Sc., No. 1470. To reach the new cemetery their path lay to the nearest portion of the desert across the fields, then passing over a narrow strip of soft rock and a depression beyond of half-cultivable land, they arrived at a place where loose rock abounded. Here the bodies, enclosed in coffins of painted earthenware, were laid on the surface of a natural or artificial heap of basalt blocks or on the sandy floor of the desert. Around each coffin, which was protected by a simple arch (the section showing four bricks), were placed a certain number of utensils in pottery, bronze, &c., and then the whole funeral apparatus was covered over with stones and sand to the depth of about two feet. The coffins were numerous, lying parallel to each other in rows. We found that the plunderers in ancient times had been busy amongst them, and all the coffins of adults had been opened and pillaged. On the other hand, the graves of children were intact — the thieves knew well that they contained no valuables. In one of these, two pottery scarabs were found which bear the name of Rameses III., and thus give most satisfactory evidence for the precise date of the Tumuli. It is doubtful whether the bodies were mummified. The coffins with their bogus inscriptions do not record a single name, but they must have con- tained some trinkets to attract the thieves, and in fact two scarabs, set in silver and gold, are amongst the leavings. The name of Setnekht is rudely inscribed upon one of the scarabs. The antiquities found outside the coffins, partly within the brick arch, partly arj-anged round the grave, include vases, jugs and bottles of several shapes, bronze bowls, bronze arrow-heads and knife, and one flint tool. The children's graves THE TUMULI. 43 contained, besides the scarabs above mentioned, necklaces of glass, glazed pottery, and shells. The basalt liere is split up and seamed, and in one place we cleared a natural well descending about fifteen feet with nearly straight sides. "When cutting into tlie tumuli, after clearing to the hard reddish sandy floor of the desert, loose blocks with sand were found beneath, and these became more compact until the original rock was reached, still fissured in all directions. The tumuli were grouped round the east and south sides of the depression from the north-east corner to the south-west, and Avere not placed in a conspicuous situation. One and a half miles beyond lies a kind of wady through which the canal of Ismailiyeh flows, side by side with the direct road from Khanqeh to Belbes. At the top of the intervening rise, south of the main cemetery, are two low circular tumuli, perhaps prehistoric^ perhaps of a later nomad race. From this elevated situation the Tell can be seen, but that is of little importance, as they are a long way from it. We cut into them deeply and in all directions, finding nothing, except close to the surface the body of an unfortu- nate Eedawi, who had probably been murdered thirty or forty years before. He was wrapped in his woollen cloak, and covered with sand and stones. The skull is in the Natural History Museum. A more careful search might be rewarded with the discovery of flint implements, &c. Tumulus I. was the northernmost and the most striking. Its diameter was 150 feet, and its height 9 feet above the floor, the sides sloping very gradually. It was, as usual, composed of basalt chips and blocks with sand, by no means easy to work in. In shape it must have been somewhat oval or oblong, but it had been deformed by the extensive excavations of a Greek, Avho about twenty years before cut into it on the south side, and, not content Avith reaching the desert level, had gone so deep in search of great treasure that we had a good oppor- tunity of testing the rock by simply clearing his digging. Our Arab informant told us that the Greek found a sanduq ahyad and a liliatm, which, as Ave learnt through our sub- sequent experience, meant a Avhite pottery coffin Avith a scarab-ring. There Avas no sign elscAvhere that the Arabs had dug in the tumuli. The Greek must have found the coffin close to the surface, and dug deep, hoping to discover a richer interment beneath : but the Avork proving unpro- fitable, he did not try any of the other mounds. Some pieces of diorite resembling granite gave us a hope of granite sarcophagi, but, before long, Ave came to the conclusion that they Avere all chips from rounded pebbles Avhich had probably been on the surface of the desert for centuries before being used in the tumulus. We found them in several places, and probably there is a vein of diorite in the neighbourhood. After clearing the old Avorking to the original rock Ave cut a trench frOm the north end of the pit to the north- Avest side of the tumulus along the floor of the desert. Near the centre we hit upon an earthenware coffin, lying high up near the surface and Avith its head .to the Avcst. As in nearly all cases, the grave had been ransacked and the face-piece of the coffin destroyed. The latter Avas of the usual painted type. It Avas protected in the ordinary Avay by crude bricks, measuring 6f to 7 inches X 14 to 14i.' Two pilgrim bottles, a Avooden handle (dagger ?), tAvo plain Tridacna shells, one small, the other large, and a hardly recognizable fragment of an earthenware ushabti were found by the Avorkmen near the head. I myself cleared the interior of the coffin, finding ]iothing but the skull and some bones. There Avere no other interments. Tumulus II. lay east of I. It Avas circular and only 2| feet high. It contained three graves close together in the centre, lying on the desert floor. The coffins in this caseAvere covered, not by a brick vault, but by small basalt blocks cemented together Avith mud. The south grave II. 1 Avas tAvo feet deep, rounded at the head and foot, the central grave foming its northern Avail. It had been entirely wrecked. The coffin Avas of white eartheuAvare unpainted, of the usual type, but |\/| Avas incised upon the head-piece before baking (see PI. xvi. G)- It contained fragments of bones and part of a decayed duin- tree nut. I rebuilt the coffin almost entire, but it had been opened from the side on which the letter Avas impressed, and the continuation of the inscription (if there was any) Avas entirely destroyed. A jug (PI. xv. 10) was found beneath the remains of the coffin. The other tAvo graves north of it Avere also much disturbed ; a scrap of bronze and the remains of a painted coffin Avere found. Tumulus III, south of I., and on the east side of the depression (VII. being continuous with it but not so high), Avas one of the most productive, and contaired many inter- ments. It formed a broad ridge, sixty yards longfronj north to south and tAvelve feet high, near the top of Avhich tlie coffins Avere laid, heading westward, in three roAvs, We dug deep to the undisturbed floor without result. All the coffins Avere Avithin two or three feet of the surface, but a small double- vaulted tomb of bricks. III. 2, descended seven feet. We found about tAventy interments, placed in regular order. I will describe those of Avhich I took special notes. At the north end was an unpainted coffin (III, 21) with rude head and arms, PI. xiv. 2, close to the surface and Avithout bricks. It contained no antiquities, but between it and the next were three food jars (as PI. xiv. 6), one of Avhich probably belonged to it. There were many peculiarities about it ; the absence of bricks, the small size and rude work of the coffin, the strange head and curly locks of hair. HoAvever, I think it is of the same date as the rest, though probably it AA'as the last interment at the north end. Near the north end Avas a child's graA'e, III. 5, Avithout coffin, built of bricks 17 X 7^ and 16 X 7f. It had not been rifled (because not Avorth it) and contained beads of porcelain and variegated glass, with a central pendant re- presenting the eye-ball, also of glass (see PI. xv.). ^ See section of a grave in PI. xiv. G 2 •14 TELL EL YAHUDIYEH. Eound a grave of the usual kind, numbered III. 1, there was the usual pottery, one specimen of the " false amphora^" PI. XV. 15, bronze arrow-heads, 22, bronze bowl 166, and another bronze object, 24, like a knife, but with rather blunt edges. Another of the usual type, III. 3, bricks 15 x Tj and 17 X 17f, contained a fine red-ware jug of the smaller size^ a shallow basin of similar ware, and a lid like a saucer with a rim inside. Another contained a jar (as PI. xiv. C or 7) south of the head ; a very broad two-handled jar (as PI. xiv. i, but with peg-shaped base) : also fragments of pottery of three kinds — red, drab and red faced with white. Another grave. III. 10, near the north end furnishes a good instance. The grave was of the usual kind, bricks 15 X 7i. The coffin, which had been broken into from the top of the head, was painted as usual with yellow, black, blue and red colours. Down the centre was the only legible piece of inscription that was anywhere found on the coffins, but unfortunately the name was left blank. A large platter Avas cemented over the joint of the head-piece as a protection. At the right side of the foot outside the grave was a large jar containing vegetable matter and a bronze grater. On the left side of the head were three pilgrim bottles, one bein'g of unusual type, and on the right side two jars, one of which Avas closed by a small platter. From the debris of other interments, this would seem to be a typical arrangement of the pottery, though the number of specimens was unusually great. The whole of the remains, with the skull, are shown in PI. xii. 1. III. -2, a cist tomb on the N.E. side of the tumulus con- tained a spoon of shell, ^ bronze needle (?) or piercer, and a large two-handled vase xiv. 5, on the body of which was scratched a rudely-shaped C- Tumulus IV. was another ridge with three rows of coffins south of III. At the south end of the middle and longest row, a grave, IV. 4, contained a long, pointed two-handled vase (see PL xii. 2 and xiv. 8), with an indistinct hieratico- demotic inscription painted upon it in black. The coffin was of white-faced terra-cotta, not painted. Next to it, northward, was a child's coffin with moulded head-piece, IV. 8, four feet long, and intact. There was a large hole at the foot covered by a platter of red earthenware. Inside was the skeleton, much decayed, with the remains of a bead necklace. A small pilgrim bottle lay over the stomach, rather on the left side, but below the ribs. At the left hand (placed down the side) lay a scarab, ^^O^^^Jj, and more beads. The skull was decayed. On the right side of it, over the shoulder, lay a spondylus shell, with some decayed wood or dom nut (1) beneath it. A small pot (broken) lay high up near the head. All these are shown on the left side of PI. xiii. 3 ; for the beads, see PI. xvi. Next to it Avas an adult grave, IV. 6, bricks 15-inch : coffin painted yellow, red and black, with figures of deities and illegible inscription. Outside the brick grave, at the head, two small vases were found of the oenochoe and " false amphora " patterns. Probably tliey had been placed in the brick arch, and had been thrown out by the riflers. A large long-necked food jar and a food jar of the typical pattern were found outside on the left of the head. The mouth of one of these was covered with a platter. On the coffin, over the region of the stomach, was placed a bowl Avith broad red edging. The remains from this grave are shoAvn on the right side of PI. xiii. 5. Another tomb at the south side had tAvo food jars, as PI. xiv. 6, at the head. IV. 10, at the north end, contained a pilgrim bottle and an alabaster spoon, tAVO small jars (as PI. xiv. 6 or 7) and a large jar (as 4 or 5), coffin painted, face-piece lost, except the topmost portion, Avhich slioAved a lotus floAver painted over the forehead. Bricks 7| X 14 to 7| X 15. IV. 1, a large pot, PI. xiv. o, contained a bronze grater, PL XV. 21. Coffin painted yelloAV Avith red bands. A red haAvk (?) or goddess (?) on breast Avith spread Avings. Inside the coffin AA^as a small vase of peculiar shape, PL xv. 12. IV. 3 contained the pottery shoAvn in PL xii. 2, except the long-pointed vase from IV. 4 and the platter. Tumulus v., east of III., Avas circular and small. One plain coffin Avithout bricks Avas found on the west side and facing west, above the desert level. A small oenochoe Avas Avith it. Nothing else Avas found except fragments of a large flat iron instrument. This was in the disturbed part near the surface : perhaps, therefore, of later date. Tumulus VI., on the south side of the depression, contained about tAventy coffins heading west. It Avas a large, Ioav tumulus, consisting chiefly of sand, and the coffins, buried rather deep, were principally on the Avest side and up to the centre. VI. 1, a bricked grave with three platters and three small vases, PL xv. 6, 7, and a " false amphora," as 15, out- side the grave at the head. The face-piece has earrings. VI. 3 contained bronze arrow-heads, PL xv. 22, a large vase, PL xiv. 4, and painted coffin. Tumulus VII. , a low mound forming the northern end of III. It contained six coffins, placed irregularly facing south- Avest. Being very thinly covered with sand and stones, they Avere much damaged, but seemed - to be of the usual type. Only one vase Avas found entire. Analysis of the remains in the Tumuli I. — VII. The tumuli, as we have seen, are circular, ridge-like, or irregular, the shape and size depending partly on the num- ber of interments, partly on the rank of the deceased, partly on the natural drifts and deposits of stones and sand. The blocks of Avhich they Avere composed sometimes AA^eighed nearly 1 CAvt. The graves themselves Averc generally surrounded by some lighter material. They Avere oriented roughly to the Avest, and sometimes rested on the desert floor, but generally Avere raised considerably above it. III. 2 and the neighbouring grave consisted of deep oblong cists of brickAvork built side by side, and no trace of a coffin was found in them. ANTIQUITIES FROM THE TUMULI. 45 In III. 5, bricks were arched over a child's body without coffin. In the vast majority of cases the body was placed with its ornaments in a cylindrical coffin, being introduced through an opening at the head, which was afterwards closed by a movable face-piece, on which the features were more or less rudely represented. The coffin was then enclosed by a single row of bricks laid on edge, and others arched over the top in pairs, small vases or bronze vessels being inserted in the arch. Bronze implements, food vessels, and wine-flasks were placed in order round the grave, and the whole was covered with sand and blocks of stone. In III. 21, an exceptional interment, there were no bricks. In II. the stones held together by mud were used instead of bricks. All the coffins of adults had been opened by people who were in the secret, knowing what was worth rifling, where they would find the coffins, and what was the best place for opening them. The robbers removed a few bricks at the head, broke out half the face-piece, snatched the valuables from the breast, neck, and fingers, and left the rest in some disorder. Sand and stones fell into the coffin through the hole which they had made ; otherwise it was empty, except that a few bones remained, and occasionally a careful search produced a scarab that had been overlooked. In only two or three instances had the robbers opened the coffin over the breast, and never at the foot. The bones were in an extremely friable state, and I saved only one skull in fair condition. It is now in the Natural History Museum at South Kensington. The legs and body were generally left inside the coffin, but the skull in several cases had been wrenched off and lay outside. This shows that the rifling took place after the body had decayed, per- haps in the XXIInd dynasty. I much doubt whether the bodies had been mummified, the painted and moulded coffin oflering a cheaper substitute. At Nebesheh the mummies of the fifth to third centuries B.C. were easily recognizable, or even fairly well preserved, but much depends on the nature of the ground. Pottery, Each coffin, including the head-piece, seemed to have been made in one piece, through the foot, which was closed up after- wards. The head-piece was clearly sliced out of the coffin after it had been formed, and thus fitted exactly. A small round hole was pierced at the head and foot. The coffins of adults varied in length and girth to some extent. An average measurement was 6ft. Gin. long by 1ft. 8in. broad. Many of them were unpainted, the pottery having a whitish surface. Most were painted on the front half only, in three colours, red, yellow, and black ; some in four, adding blue. Of the four colours there were instances in II., III., and IV. The pattern was the same on all, as far as it could be traced, and was an imitation of the bands of a mummy car- tonnage. On the breast there was generally a winged figure kneeling ; between the legs ran a line of blundered hierogly- phics, intended to represent a common formula, with the name of the deceased (in one case,in tumulus III.,it was written quite legibly, fed cm ama-^ -^er Asar maa ^eru . . . viad ■^(eru, the name unfortunately being left blank). On each side of this strip were four or five seated deities, including Thoth, and the four genii, separated by bands, on which (ML^ occurred, with more sham hieroglyphics.' The back of the coffin was always plain. The colours and designs were sel- dom in an intelligible state, especially from the breast upwards. The heads varied considerably. Sometimes the whole face, sometimes only the most prominent features, were added in separate lumps of clay to the curved surface. Painted stucco was occasionally used to complete them. Apparently all the coffins had the moulded face-pieces, but they were generally opened at that place by the robbers and the fragments of the face-pieces were scattered. Those that belonged to painted coffins were also painted, one having a lotus floAver over the forehead. Moulded earrings, crossed arms, &c., were sometimes added. Most of the coffins were accompanied by vases ; of these a sufficient number of perfect specimens were found to give a good series of types. Two small fragments were of the blue-painted red pottery that occurs at Hajj Qandil, Qurneh, and other sites of the XVIIIth to XlXth dynasties. The remainder was of a plain red, yellowish, or whitish ware, with a fine and sometimes polished surface. Sometimes deep red staining was employed to give a broad edging to jars and platters of pale reddish ware, and brownish lines were painted on the pilgrim bottles. The large pottery was placed outside the grave, the smaller pieces were laid inside the coffin, or in the brick arch over it, or at the head outside, if the latter position was not due to the robbers, PI. xiv. 3, heart-shaped, from VI,, one only. 4, from VI., IV, 3, &c., several. 5, many, generally near the foot. On emptying them a quantity of decayed vegetable matter was invariably found at the bottom, in the middle of which was a bronze rasp or grater. In III. 2, marked with a rude C j another has a -f- on the handle. 6, usually in pairs near the head, one of them being closed by a small platter. Varied considerably in shape. The specimen figured is a fine type, coloured red, from III. 10. 7 may be considered an extreme variety of 6. It is yellowish brown, polished, and with red bands painted round the neck and upper part, from IV. 3. The above, I suppose, are food jars. "9. Two specimens, one from IV. 4, with an inscription, ' M. Naville, however, would seem to have detected a proper name, where I could only recognize blundered formulae .5;^^ followed by the name of Osiris and other divinities. 46 TELL EL YAHUDIYEH. very faint, in the hieratico-demotic .script of the new kingdom. These are, perhaps, wine jars. Bowls and platters. PI. xv. 2 (plain brownish), covered a vase in IV. 6 (see PI. xiii. 3, in which the same platter is represented. Larger platters, often with a broad red border, were used to cover joints and gaps in coffins. In III. 10, the broken platter in PI. xii. 1 was cemented over the joint of the head-piece. A similar one VI. 1. In IV. 8, the platter PI. xiii. 3 covered the large hole in the foot of the child's coffin. PI. XV. 1. BoAvl of the same ware, reddened inside, and with a broad red edging outside. 3. Lamp, two specimens from two graves in VI., plain, much larger than the similar ones from Naukratis. Traces of burning at the spout. 4. Prom VI., another IV. 8, photo. 5. One only in VII. of a fine pale red ware. In form, but not in material, it resembles the tomb pottery of Tel Basta of the XXIInd dynasty 1 Unfortunately, tbe pottery in VII. was crushed to pieces, and nothing else was found. 6. One in VI. 1, polished pale brown with lines and wicker pattern round it, black. 7. Also from VI. 1, stained red and polished. 8. Yellowish, from III. 9. Yellowish, from IV. 6 ; an intermediate form of white- faced ware with horizontal circles of brown from V.,and VI. 1. 10. Jug, white-faced, II. 1, and another red. A smaller variety, 3| inches high, white-faced, two specimens in III. or IV. and one red polished. 11. With three handles, one in III. or IV., whitish. 12. One specimen IV. 1. 13. Pilgrim bottle. One side usually less pointed than the other. The decoration consists of brown lines on the mouth and handles, cross lines beneath the handles, and close spirals (as if concentric circles) on each side. The lines are broad (sometimes narrow, on small specimens). Two as figure in III. 10 (cf. PI. xii. 1, one contained a lump of resin) ; smaller IV. 8 (PI. xiii. 3 found in child's coffin over the heart), and IV. 10.; a much larger one in VI. Also one plain, stained red, another small of plain, polished, white-faced ware (in fragments, PI. xii. 2) from IV. 3. 14. A long-necked variety, one specimen III. 10, with narrow concentric lines. 15. "False amphora," as Mr. A. S. Murray has termed it, rV. 6, cf. PI. xiii. 3, dark yellowish ; another with a flat foot and horizontal circles, stained red, from VI. 1 . Frag- ments of a large specimen with red ornament, in VI., and several others. One is represented amongst the paintings in the tomb of Eameses III. One of green porcelain in Bulaq. The form was universally adopted and elaborated in Greece at a very early date. A rude ushabti of terra-cotta, much decayed and hardly recognizable, in I. ; several others found together in III. Bronze. Bowls, PL xv. 16 (form of rim b) in fragments, III. 1 ; another, similar, but without handles, perfect (rim a), in the brick arch of III. 20 ; another form, 17 (Eira 17fl) from III. Knife (1), PI. xv., 24 flat, edge apparently blunt, III. 1. There arc traces of hafting at one end. Arrowheads, PI. xv. 22, varying very slightly, in five specimens III. 1. 23. Much stouter and the central rib distinct, four speci- mens, VI. 3. Both of these types are tanged, not socketed. They thus bear some resemblance to the iron (hammered) arrowheads from Def eneh, but differ entirely from the bronze of Defeneh, which by clever casting were made with sockets.' Graters, PI. xv. 20, from IIL 10 ; 21, from IV. 1. Traces of these were found with vegetable matter in nearly all the vessels of type PI. xiv. 5. They are hollow and circular, made from a sheet of bronze punched with holes like the domestic nutmeg-grater. They are very fragile." A thin sharp piercer of bronze, from III. 2, was, I think, perforated as a needle when found, but is now much damaged. Wood. PI. XV. 27, rounded wooden handles (or kohl sticks), four together, in IIL 20. A stout swelling handle for a small axe or adze in I. much decayed. If the head was of stone it may easily have been overlooked by the workmen. Iron. In Tumulus V. a thin bar was found, much rusted and broken, but I doubt its great antiquity. If any iron objects belonged to the interments, they have entirely dis- appeared owing to the rains and the loose sand and stones in which they were embedded. Stone. Flint flake, PI. xv. 26, oblong, translucent brownish ; one face is quite flat, the other shows three flakings. The ends squared and trimmed, on the upper side only, with a few small chippings. It was handed to me quite fresh and direct from a grave in IIL Its colour is entirely different from any in the desert and Tell, and so is its type. I have therefore no hesitation in accepting it as from these graves. V The flat whetstone 25, of the same material as the tapering square-sectioned ones from Defeneh, was found in IIL' Spoon of alabaster, 18, with the bowl ground out in a true circle, from IV. 10. Shell. The names of the shells are due to the kindness of Mr. Edgar Smith, keeper of the Conchological Department in the Natural History Museum at South Kensington, who spared no pains in identifying the mutilated and faded speci- mens that were found in these tumuli. As far as can be ^ For iron arrowheads, see Petrie's m.emoir on Nebesheh and Defenneh, PI. XXXVIL, especially 14 (12 and 13, of circular section, were by far the most abundant) ; for bronze, PL XXXIX; in this metal Nos. 8 and 12, triangular, are infinitely the most abundant; 11 and 20 are the only types in which the tang survives, and they are very rare. * Similar graters, of bronze, rarely from Naucratis and Defeneh ; but of iron, frequent at Defeneh (see Nebesheh, PI. XXXVIII. 9 and 10). ^ The Defeneh type occurred also at Naucratis, both in 1885 and 1886. ANTIQUITIES FROM THE TUMULI. 47 ascertained, they are all of Eed Sea species, and may still be found at Suez. Spoon, PI. XV, 19, made of half a large shell, Strombus tricornis (t), from the brick tomb III. 3. Tridacna elongata, two specimens in I. They would serve well for lamps, but show no trace of burning ; probably they were to be used as spoons. Another bivalve, Spondylus sp. (?), with a hole bored in the middle, from the child's grave, IV. 8. Small ornaments. In the adult's grave, III. 20, a broken bead was found of an irregular pipe shape. "Phcenician" opaque glass, white and black bands, measuring about 1'3. In three children's graves, which, as containing nothing of value, had been left unrifled, beads and other ornaments were found, viz. : III. 5. see PI. XV., an eyeball a, of black and white glass, no dotrbt formed the central pendant of a necklace. The beads were : — Material. Form in plane of axis. Size. Form in the Plate Remarks. Glass, opaqiie,baiids"| of black, pale blue 1 or green, and | wbitisli (?) _ J Glass, opaqiie,white, pale blue or green, > red eyes. ) Glass, decomposed. Porcelain, pale blue. Irregular oval. Oval. Bounded. 3> l-i X 5- A X to la ^ 16 32 •'^ 32 1 V 3 32 3a b. c. e. also d. f. One speci- men. Seversl. Several. Abundant. Also a number of pierced univalve shells g. Apparently Nerita crassilabrum. In IV. 2 (see PI. xv.), were found two ivory studs Zfor the ears ; two very coarse green glazed pottery scarabs a, with the prenomen of Eameses III., another b, with three disked ursei upon the sign ; three small eyes c, and six plain rings d, all of the same ware. Also some cowries e (Cypraea moneta (?) abundant at Suez) with the backs cut away, and other shells/ (Ancilla sp. T) like rice shells, and imitations of them in white glazed ware, g. IV. 2 was clearly a child's grave. Unfortunately the workmen opened it in my absence. I did not at the time observe that the scarabs bore inscriptions, owing to the faintuess of the impression and the dust upon them, but I was delighted to find this confirmation of the date on opening the bag containing them in England. The beads were : — Material. Glass, opaque, blue, 1 and greenish I •white (?) with red ( eyes. J Glass, greenish. | Glass, blackish, de- composed. Porcelain, greenish. Porcelain, yellowish ( white. (. Form in plane of axis. Oval and ir- regular. Irregular, rounded. Irregular, rounded, circu- lar, or oval. Short. Irregular, oval or pipe-shaped Size. 52 X i to -S- X -3- 10 ^ 10 Jl- V _5_ 32-^32 j^X^to 10 3 S -1- V 10^32 _5_ V JL 10 ■'^ 8 Form in tlie Plate. Remarks. In IV. 8, see PL xvi., the ornaments consisted of a well- formed green- glazed steatite scarab of Ea men kheper a, a small rude scarab in green glazed ware h, and the following beads : Material. Two speci- mens. One speci- men. h. j. Numerous. Tt. A few. Numerous, 9- rather irregular. Eed jasper and car- ( nelian. } Carnelian. ^ Black opaque f glass (?) 1 Pale green and blue "| translucent glass. ) Do. I Pale blue translu- ( cent glass. | Glass, variegated") yellowish white f and blue, with red ( eyes. Opaque. ) Decomposed glass, opaque, varie- gated. Pale greenish blue"^ porcelain. ) Yellow porcelain. Form in plane of axis. Bounded or oval. Sharply cari- nated. Square, corners cut off. Bounded. Bluntly carina- ted to rounded. Sharply cari- nated. Circular or oval. Irregular oval. Short. Size. (Axial length X diameter,^ h X i to ¥ X tVXfto 1 V ' 1 V 1 ■5" X ^ 10*^ 10 ^Xito 3 2 4 V ^ 1 i\ ^ H J X-fVto A y i 1^X^*0 _5_ V 16*^ 10 _i_ V ^ 1 0 10 and rather smaller. -1- X -J- 3 2'^ 10 J— V JL, 1 0 3 2 Form in the Plate, e., &c. 9- e. c. and d Remarks, Numerous, Numerous. One speci- men. A few. Several, rather ir- regular. One epeci. men. Several, /. Many, Abundant, A few. Several, some 1 chained in pairs. An intact adult's grave would, no doubt, have furnished us with more valuable ornaments. We found a few objects that had been overlooked by the robbers, namely : — In III. 20 a broken bead, irregular pipe-shaped^ of opaque " Phoenician " glass, banded white and black. 1 inch X -f^. From III. and IV ; a beautiful jasper scarab in gold setting, but miserably engraved with (appa- rently) the prenomen of Eameses VI., PI. xvi. 1. O Fig. 2, in glazed steatite, with a fragment of its bronze and silver setting. Fig. 3, in greenish porcelain. Fig. 4, set in gold with a silver ring, green glazed steatite. All of these differ entirely in condition from those found in the Tell. They were handed to me at the graves fresh- found, and with the fragile settings still with them. I do not hesitate to accept them as found in these tumuli. Two letter-like marks were found, one resembling M, PI. xvi. 6, or the Phoenician s/im, was incised before baking on the hQad-piece of II. 1 ; the other C, PI. xvi., 5, perhaps doubt- fully authentic, was rudely scraped on a vase in III. 2. The remains in both of these graves are necessarily of the same date as the rest, viz., XXth dynasty. Tumulus YIII. stands by itself nearer the edge of the desert, west of the depression, and on a bank between it and a second depression. It is probably a natural drift in which the graves were excavated. 48 TELL EL YAHtTDIYEH. About ten rude and unpainted cofi&ns were found in it, without any brick work/ and two burial urns for children, of the form of the largest vessel shown in the photograph.^ This one was closed by a plain saucer. The remains in VIII, are ruder than in I. —VI. I think they are poor burials of the XXth dynasty, mixed with later ones. Food vase, deep rimmed jar, and saucer from one grave, (the three smaller vessels shown in PI. xii. 3), XXth dynasty. Vase, type PI. xiv. 6, with grater, XXth dynasty. Jug, type PI. XV. 10, white-faced ware, XXth dynasty. Vase, type PI. xv. 4, coarse red ware. Vase, PI. xvi. 7, very irregular, coarse white ware. Flat flask with long handles, 8, coarse white ware, XXIInd (?) A grave, probably of a child, furnished a necklace, PI. xvi. Turn. viii. a-e. It consisted of a small incised right eye of green porcelain, the pupil black (resembling those of the XXVIth dynasty, and not coarsely moulded in the round like the earlier ones) a small scarab in agate, and the follow- ing beads: — Material. Form in plane of axis. Size. (Axial length X diameter.) Form in the Plate. Bemarks. Jasper and carnelian. EoTinded. ¥ X T e. Several. Carnelian. Agate. Oval, &o. Sharply cari- nated. 7 V " 32 ^ 32 d. c. One. Carnelian, ij Ax i& smaller. c. A few. Also a number of decomposed glass and inferior porcelain beads which were blown away by a gust of wind. The general result of the excavations in the tumuli is to show that they belong to the XXth dynasty, at least as the central period. Out of the first seven tumuli, there is nothing certainly later or earlier than this, while the finding of scarabs of Rameses III. and VI., in agreement with the fact that the most striking type amongst the pottery, " the false amphora," is found in the paintings of the tomb of Eameses III., fixes the date. At the same period the royal hall was built in the city, and although there were no great local dignitaries who would live and die in the place and be buried in stately tombs, there must » See PI. xiii. 1. * PI. xii. 3. have been many well-to-do people in the city who could afford themselves respectable burial in these tumuli. A factory of glass and porcelain beads, &c., in the south-east part of the town, belonged to about the same period, and furnished us with many objects. The greater part of the waste-heap, or floor, on which they had been deposited, had been cut away ; but a corner remained at the base of a high pillar of rubbish. The un- touched earth was full of beads and minute ornaments in porcelain, and in an hour (all that could be spared) I col- lected a sufficient number of examples to verify most of the objects produced from it by the sabbakhm, see PI. xi. Terra Cotta Moulds, neatly and smoothly formed, of an oval shape, and grooved to admit of piercing the amulet, viz. for Sacred eyes of three sizes. Pigmy Ptah, small and plain. Sekhet, small, one. Small flower pendant, as I. Products. White glazed ware (faded from green (?) ). The hippopotamus c (bought from a sebakh digger close to the spot to which I afterwards traced the workshop) ; small uta's, flower pendants I.; circular buttons with loops at the back li. (Some of the uta's, pendants and buttons, together with several plain rings, are green.) Black glazed ware. Small eyes, flower pendants I. Miscellaneous. Pieces of greenish slag. Fragments of pottery crucible (?) with bubbles of irides- cent pearly- white glass. A number of cylindrical rods of the same pearly half- decomposed glass. Fragments of a bronze pin or needle, evidently the tool for piercing amulets while in the moulds. Irregular flake of flint (from the sabbakhin) a. Instrument of flint resembling a borer fairly well chipped (found not by myself, but in my presence, and I have every reason to believe in its authen- ticity) h. Beads. Material. Form in plane of axis. ' PhcBnician ' opaque glass, the colours faded to white with darker bands Similar, white. Similar, traces other cokmrs. Do. on Irregular, pipe- shaped. Globular, or rounded,oroval Globular. Oval. Size. (Axial length X diameterl. 1 X ^ X ^& smaller. Form in the Plate, Remarks. One. Abundant One or two. One. THE FOKTiriCATIONS. 49 Beads. — Continued. Material. Form in plane of axis. Size. (Axial length X diameter^. Form in ilie Plate. Remarks. Blue, translucent ') glass. j Irregular, round. 3 V 5- Ta X t 1, perhaps doubtful. Dark brown porce- ") lain. j Brick. 3 V ■'• To 3 2 i. Annexed (6 together), numerous. Do. » Do., scarce- ly divided (4 together) White do. Pipe. 5 V X Annexed. White or yellowish do. Flower-shaped. 3 a 4 g. Numerous. White do. with ~\ longitudinal dark > brown stripe. j Dark brown do. Brick,imitating cowries ? Bounded. 3 8 la toJjXi e. to /. Do. Do., some chained. Pale bine do. Short. smaller. Many chained. Do. Pipe-shaped. 33^32 A few. Yellow do. Short. 16^32"" smaller. Many chained. Four moulds were brought to me which possibly belong to a different deposit, the clay of which they are formed being coarser. They are for an atef crown, a pendant with a crocodile d, a similar pendant with bull, and lastly one to stamp the reverse of a sacred eye. The design is in relief, with a wide margin in order to receive the edges of the upper mould. The style is the same as in those from the factory, but the details are different. It is noteworthy that on comparing the from the factory and a few other specimens from Tell el Yahudiyeh with those from the mummy-chambers of Tell Basta, an important difference is traceable in the style. In the Ramesside examples the eyes are roughly moulded, with very deep channelling. The amulet-makers of the XXIInd dynasty on the other hand prefer to have the spaces between the details wide and smooth, with a gentle curve, and the details, although sometimes skeletonized, are never deeply embossed. The Eamesside eyes, too., seem to be almost uniform and always of moderate size, while those of the XXIInd are much varied, and often of great size. During the Saite period the eyes were flat and the details incised. The occurrence of Ptah and Sekhet in this Eamesside factory is noticeable. They are abundant also in the XXIInd dynasty. The great fortifications, which cut in two the cemetery of the Middle Kingdom, may be attri- buted to the New Kingdom. They appear to be double, consisting of two ramparts, each of which is protected by a ditch.^ Unfortunately a hurried excavation, which I began in May, in order to ascertain on what stratum the sand ram- ^ See plan in PI. ix. parts rested, had to be stopped before the base was reached, in order to give me time for an expedition to the neighbour, hood of Siut. I have, however, noted the following points : Tlie inner enclosure consists of a rampart, and outside it a ditch, which furnished the materials of the rampart. In the eastern part this consists of fairly clean sand, the ditch having been excavated in the jezireh ; in other parts, espe- cially south-west and west, chiefly of mud and rubbish. The height of the sand in the loftiest part is not less than 18 ft. The ditch in some places, at least on the sandy east, north, north-west, and south sides, was lined with stone to hold back the sand. In others the upper part of the mud slope of the rampart was carefuUy smoothed down, and sometimes bricked in receding courses (afterwards smoothed with mud), in order both to hold the rubbish in and to pre- sent a slippery surface to an attacking party. The ditch may have been lined here also, but is still choked up, while in other parts the fellahin are actively digging out the blocks of stone lining. I at first thought, like my predecessors, that these blocks had been the stone facing of a brick wall (cut away) instead of the lining of a ditch, but they are found equally on the inner side against the sand rampart. As far as I could tell, only loose blocks were found in the middle of the ditch, so it was not a solid stone wall carried down to a rock foundation (which, with its width of 32 feet, would have been in the last degree unlikely, for even in Upper Egypt, where stone is abundant, all town walls are of brick) . I doubt whether a wall was ever built on this rampart. Nothing of the kind can be found now. A gateway can be identified, I think, at the junction of the north and north-west sides, where there is a complete break in the sand. Other level entrances are not likely to have existed, and though I searched carefully, I could trace none. The outer enclosure consisted also of rampart and ditch, but is now visible only where the ditch crossed the jezireh at the east end. The remainder being beyond the sand, consisted no doubt of mud, and has been levelled. On the jezireh, at about 100 feet from the first rampart, rise two sandbanks, separated by a less elevated space. The northern bank reaches a height of fifty feet^ and so com- pletely commands the inner rampart, that it cannot be con- temporary with it unless it has been increased by later additions. Outside it is another stone-lined ditch, unfortu- nately choked up, except on each side of the passage between the two mounds. Here I cleared a small space and found the lining on both sides. The width, including the lining, which appeared to be double at the base, is 32 feet. The rampart is crowned by a massive wall, built, as usual, in separate towers. Some of the blocks or towers are placed at right angles to the rest of the wall, appearing like but- tresses, and although, on such an insecure foundation, they could not have the strengthening effect of true buttresses, they doubtless gave the defenders better opportunities of molesting assailants. A considerable part of this wah remains, but the natives are digging away the mixed rubble H 60 TELL EL YAHUDIYEH. and sand of the rampart from below, and are gradually bring- ing it all down. There is no appearance of a gateway in the inner rampart at the east side, but in the outer enclosure, the break between the two mounds appears to be for a gateway. There are traces of brick walls to hold back the sand at the sides ; but the foundations of these walls are above the level of the top of the inner rampart. I suspect that at first, after the Xllth dynasty, a double rampart and ditch were constructed without any eastward entrance. Later^ in prosperous times, the town rose high, overflowed the inner fortification^ and filled up the ditch. It was then re-fortified by heightening the outer rampart, except at one point where a gate was required, opening east- wards. At the same time the great wall was built on the top of the ramparts. This latter may date from Pre-Eames- side to early Roman times, excepting probably the period between the XXVth dynasty and the later Ptolemies. The bricks measure about 14 inches. The scarabs PL xvi. 9 to 1 2 are of green glazed porcelain, pro- bably XXth dynasty. 1 0 is a curiously blundered variety of 9 . The mediseval-looking head of a captive 13 carved in limestone, was bought on the mound. The only attachment seems to have been at the top of the cap. Was it a cornice ornament like the heads under the window of the tower at Medinet Habu ? Between the XXtli dynasty and the Eoman Empire there is little to record. Mr. Chester obtained here two basalt fragments, one with the nomen of a Shashanq, the other with part of a "standard" or /ca-name,^ XXIInd dynasty. Professor Lanzone found a statuette of Osorkon I.,^ XXIInd dynasty. Next comes the base-block of King Uapet, discovered by M. Naville, XXIIIrd dynasty. Dr. Grant picked up here a fragment mentioning the Theban governors Nesptah and Mentu mha. He is sure of the locality — XXVth dynasty. The fragment of a statue, PI. xvi. 23 (bought of a peasant, who also travels to some extent, collecting as a middle-man for dealers), is of the XXVIth dynasty, but, to judge from the inscription, should come from Sais. It contained a prayer to Osiris in the house of the bee' at Sais for funeral offer- 1 Birch., A.Z., 1872, p. 122 ; in B.M., Nos. 936, 937. * S.B.A. Proc. VI., p. 205. ings to * . . . kep Net, son of Pedu Net.' The two names are compounded with that of the goddess Net or Neith of Sais. As to burials, I have attributed some in tumulus VIII. to this period. There must have been many in the jezireh, but the Eomans destroyed numbers in clearing the ground for their suburb, and many more have been removed by the sabbakhin. Those that remained were of various dates. Graves found in the jezireTi. A. Bodies not mummified (?) simply laid in the sand ; several without antiquities. In one case with porcelain beads and a pair of bronze earrings, and bones of child laid at right angles behind the head. circa dynasty XXVI. (?) B. At some height above body a low grave, section showing four bricks, PI. xvi. 17 (in one case only three, 18), the outside often smoothed with mud, the usual method. All had been opened at the head and rifled. Inside one a face modelled in clay (not burnt), stuccoed and painted. In grave 8, traces of an inner cofiin of (unburnt) clay painted and roughly shaped over the skeleton, which lay with head to the south. Some long and short green glaze beads with it, dynasty XXVI. (?) Grave 2 (see above p. 40). Outside, and apparently belong- ing to it, some pots of the Xllth dynasty ware. Grave 4. Pilgrim bottle green glazed ware^ and bronze double kohl stick placed at the head loose in the sand out- side. (Head to east) XXVIth. (?) C. Earthenware cover substituted for bricks, several. No antiquities, Eoman (?) In one case the cover was in two halves, divided at the shoulder ; the body not mummified, arms down the sides. At the foot, at right angles to it, and at the same depth, another body wrapped in a cloth, of which there were remains on the skull. D. Child burials in jars, a hole being knocked in the bot- tom (of. the pierced cofiins in the tumuli). One contained bones only ; the other, Grave 7, with amulets : viz., green glazed skeleton uta, winged and framed in a rectangle, pupil and eye black ; some very small figures of deities, pigmy Ptah, BeSj a pig, Nefer turn, the last having blotches of yellow glaze; also flattened beads, apparently derived from PI. xvi. 1 9, and a few green, black, and red short beads. PL xvi. 19 a is a rough sketch of the jar. Found with two adult burials, one of which showed traces of cartonnage blue and green, G. XXIInd dynasty. In the town I bought, or picked out of the upper strata, several rude scarabs and seals of limestone and porcelain of c. XXIInd dynasty. PI. xvi. 20-26. To Macedonian times and thereabouts belong the Persian seal PL xvi. 27, the clepsydra or water-clock of Alexander the Grreat ^ and the ' Academy, Nov. 19, 1887, p. 342. ROMAN amphora handle, 28. It is strange that no legible coins were found of any period. The Koman coins on the surface may have decayed or been picked up, but even the massive Ptolemaic coins are entirely absent. Under the Eoman rule the place rose to its highest level of prosperity, perhaps during the second century a.d. The whole of the old site was then inhabited, for Koman pottery is found mixed with the loose rubbish of earlier date in all parts of the mound. Probably the city expanded on all sides. In the course of centuries it had risen high on its own detritus and ruins, and sloped up to the top of the outer rampart, over the innet choked ditch. At the highest point of the outer rampart, near the north-east corner, new buildings were erected on the top of the ruined city wall, containing limestone columns and pavements, and forming probably a Jewish synagogue, if not a temple,^ and citadel, which commanded the whole extent of the town, in- cluding the newly-built suburb on the jezireh. The constant size of the bricks in the suburb, in the buildings on the top of the rampart-wall, and in the rock-cut tombs on the edge of the desert, show how suddenly the prosperity of the city began and ended. 5 inches X 10 is the invari- able measurement, except where the suburb occasionally covered over an earlier house of 5^ X 11 on the jezireh, where also one building is met with of very black brick, 7 X 14. ■ ^ The cemetery proves the wealth and numbers of the Jews, who seem even to have formed the whole population of the town. The city of Onias lay in this neighbourhood. According to Josephus, it had been deserted for some time when Ptolemy Philometor, about the year 160 B.C., gave it to the Jews in order that they might build a temple there, and so be induced to pay less reverence to that at Jerusalem, which was in the territory of his enemy Antiochus. PERIOD. 51 In the tell itself nothing of importance remains. On the summit of the rampart the building I have mentioned is completely ruined. I trenched through the fallen bricks, finding portions of pavement in thin slabs of limestone, and pieces of limestone columns. The suburb on the jezireh is built with considerable regularity. A large space, part of the ancient cemetery, was cleared of sand, and the rubbish, full of bones and potsherds, was piled up in a low irregular bank on the north side. The space thus cleared was laid out with straight streets crossing at right angles to the cardinal points. There are two main streets : one leads direct to the gateway in the rampart; the other runs parallel to it towards the highest part of the outer rampart, on the top of which is the citadel (?) of the same date. The other streets do not continue in straight lines, but have frequent turns at right angles^ or stop suddenly. The plans of many of the houses are clear, and 3 coatings of plaster remain on some of the walls. Burnt brick was used only to make a firm backing for cement, in the lining of what appeared to be baths, drinking-fountains, washing- slabs, &c. In many of the larger houses is a small chamber with a cemented bath sunk into solid brickwork or rubbish, the inner layer being of red brick. I cleared one that was perfect : the red bricks measured 5x10 inches. The bath measured 4f feet by 3 and was 3 feet deep, the corners rounded ; a foothole 22 inches above the floor at one end, and 11 inches above it a ledge 6 inches deep, forming a narrow step out of the bath. A small waste-hole was pierced in the centre, but it was stopped with ' cement, . and excavation beneath showed no trace of a pipe or channel. The antiquities that I picked up here include stamped handles, a few pieces of friable green-glazed ware with figures and ornaments in relief, ribbed pottery, glass, peg bottoms of jars and amphora handles made double. The suburb throughout is practically of one date, and probably did not exist more than a century. I should be inclined to attribute the bulk of the remains to a later date than the reign of Vespasian, when the temple of Onias was closed. Unhappily, not a single legible coin was found. There were also scattered buildings. At the extreme north- east end of the jezireh, on the south side of the modern cemetery of Esh Shobak, there are the foundations of a cir- cular building 85 feet in diameter, with crude brick walls 9 feet thick, bricks 5 X 10 inches ; around it are a few other remains, with stamped handles. At the extreme edge of the desert, on the way to the tumuli, is a level strip of soft rock,^ full of Jewish tombs with characteristic locuh. I call it * The rock is similar to the limestone of the jezireh, but seems to have been affected by the basalt. Sometimes there is a considerable depth of pebbly sand above it ; red sand is found further south, and the basalt overlies this as far as I could ascertain. H 2 52 TELL EL YAHUDIYEH. the Southern cemetery. It extends northwards about a quarter of a mile to the village of El Liqat. After a short space begins the Middle cemetery, just north of the village, and after another space the Northern cemetery, lying between the village 'Arab es Sawaleh and the cultivated land. There must have been several hundreds of tombs in the three cemeteries. We excavated about fifty. All of them had been broken into, and one had been opened recently by the Arabs. Southern Cemetery. — I suppose, from its mixed tombs and its position, that it is earlier than the other two. It consists of — (1.) Square pits, descending vertically about 10 feet, and ending in an oblong cavity. Nothing found in them. (2.) Kectangular graves, neatly cut in the rock, measuring 5x8 feet, with rabbet for covering slab. Three, side by side, at the back edge of the rock, amongst those of the third and fourth class. No bones or antiquities. (3.) Similar to (4), but the chamber contains a double row of niches superimposed. Two or three, ruined, at the south end. (4.) The plan in PL xvi. is a typical instance taken from the Middle cemetery. From the level surface a flight of four or five steep and high steps leads down to a narrow doorway three feet high. This opens into a chamber the floor of which is 3^ feet below the doorway ; a further step is therefore left in the rock on the inside. In the walls of the chamber, on the same level as the entrance, are ten rock-cut niches, each six feet deep.^ ^ Tomlbs at Acre similar to 2 and 4 are described by Herr Schumacher. P.E. Fund Quarterly Statement, Jan. 1887, pp. 26, 27. This description applies exactly to most of the tombs. In the South Cemetery the entrances usually faced east or west. In one case two niches were built of red brick and stucco at the end of the excavated chamber. The heads of the tM O tenants, as M. Naville has reminded me, were raised on a brick and the names TPYAINA GYrATHP, &c., painted on the stucco over the open entrances of the niches. The epitaphs of MIKKOC, GEVAC, eA€AZAP, and the fragment with LKE "were found in this cemetery. Also a fragment of sculpture with a bunch of grapes. The antiquities found consisted of a thick glass " lachry- matory," a spouted jug with strainer in the neck, like the modern abriq, but of whitish pottery, PI. xvi. 35. Also three vases like 36, from one tomb, and one 37. Middle Cemetery, half mile east of the tail of the jezireh, and therefore most convenient for the inhabitants of the suburb, while the road from the Tell itself may have led then, as it does now, from the south-east corner to the Southern cemetery and the tumuli. The rock is soft, whitish, with green coppery (?) patches. The tombs, all of type (4), are so closely packed in about an acre, that the niches of different tombs often met and had to be diverted. We partially or entirely cleared about 25 in all parts. Of the entrances sixteen faced N., six E., two S., and one West towards the city. The steps were sometimes cut in the rock, but the hard- ness varied, and often the exposed parts, i.e. the steps, the sides of the staircase, and the doorposts were of burnt or crude brick or hard cement. Sometimes a slab of limestone formed the lintel. The burnt bricks measured about ^\ x 9, the crude brick 5 X 10. The measurements quoted above applied to most of the tombs correctly, even in detail ; but one carefully made with three steps led into a very small chamber with three niches only, one in each side, and the third opposite the door. The roofs of two chambers, otherwise of the normal type, were supported by a pillar in the centre. In most cases the roofs had fallen in. One with central pillar had been stuccoed, and in it were found fragments of plaster from the cornice (?) with painted wave pattern, the colours being green and yellow. In the chamber were pieces of a friable blue-glazed vessel with ornament in relief. Two thick glass " lachrymatories " came from another tomb. Many slabs of limestone, generally plain, were found close to the doorway outside, or lying in the chamber. Possibly they had served to close the entrance. Sometimes there was a pediment sculptured upon them, sometimes an epitaph with or without the pediment. The inscriptions included that of Agathocles and the long metrical one. Several skeletons were found^ but generally they had been disturbed or destroyed by the damp. One in somewhat better preservation, but without the skuU, lay upon the remains of a cloth, the upper part turned to the inside of the chamber. Another was placed similarly, but no traces of the cloth remained. It also was headless. The niches had, apparently, never been filled up, or even TUKH EL plugged, although the sand had often drifted into and half- filled the chamber. North cemetery. — We cleared a few tombs, all of type (4), but found nothing noteworthy except some fragments of inscription. Miscellanea from the Tell. — A piece of orpiment with sulphur, two pieces of amethyst, green microcline felspar,' blue paste for amulets ; bronze cat-headed Bast holding aegis ; large bronze fish-hook. Of porcelain amulets (which are so common in town remains from Saite to Ptolemaic times) only three or four fragmentary specimens of Sekhet, one perfect Isis suckling Horus, and one Bes. I believe these are all the identifiable amulets or fragments that I saw from the 1st to the 31st March (1887), and during two days' collecting 18th and 19th May. The limestone baths west of the hall of Eameses III.® have long since been destroyed. Dr. Grant in 1878 noted them as 15 feet above the alabaster blocks of the pavement. One was oval, the other rectangular, 12 feet 5 inches X 8 feet 7 inches, the sides being 14 inches thick. In May (1887) when I revisited the place with Count D'Hulst, I found that the sabbakhin, in digging at the base of the inner side of the northern half of the outer rampart, had loosened the sandy rubbish 15 feet above them: and this, in falling, laid bare a number of beehive-shaped con- structions of unbaked clay about 2 feet high and the same in diameter. The sides were thin, and at the top was a large circular hole. They rested each on a base formed of two or three small slabs of limestone or bricks, and perhaps the hole at the top had been covered by a brick ; but this having slipped off, the interior was filled with sand from the ram- part. Inside, upon the floor, was a thin layer of charcoal, with traces of burnt bones, and the interior was sometimes reddened by fire. In one case the fire had been prematurely extinguished, and charred grass stems could be discerned. Two rows of them were visible at different heights, and the rows were at least double horizontally, the beehives being buried in the bank, one behind the other. Many were destroyed by the fall, but some remained intact, while others probably lay deeper in the bank. It seemed as if bricks or stones had been laid flat, some brushwood put upon them, and an animal, or a portion of one, laid upon the brushwood, the whole then being domed over with clay : after which a piece of burning material was dropped through the opening at the top and the fire left to take its course or to go out, while the aperture was closed by a brick. I cannot guess the object of such a ceremony. I have been told both by visitors and by natives that there had existed a great heap of burnt bones at the N. end of the outer rampart. It was removed some years ago by a Euro- pean for some agricultural or manufacturing purpose and the site, consisting of massive crude brick walls and chambers, ' These minerals were kindly identified for me by Mr. Fletcher, keeper of the Department of Mineralogy in the British Museum. * S.B.A. Trans. VII., p. 187. ■ QARAMUS. 53 has been much dug into. I heard also of limestone remains being found. A quantity of the burnt bones remain, and although they are reduced to the merest fragments, the well- known anatomists Dr. Garson and Mr. O. Thomas have identified some of the best preserved as probably of calf, and lamb or kid. "Why are they burnt, if they are not the remains of Jewish sacrifices ? The most probable site for the temple of Onias, if it stood here at all, is on the top of the mound just south of this point. From this spot the whole city is commanded, and one of the two main streets in the suburb led directly towards it. Josephus, in one passage, compares the Jewish temple to a tower {irvpyo's), and probably it woull form a kind of Acropohs, as at Jerusalem. But if this is the site, the temple must have been rebuilt in Roman times, for the structure, with its column bases and pavement of hmestone, is built of small Roman brick, 5 X 10 inches, and has every appearance of late date. Notwithstanding the Greek letters on the glazed tiles, the whole evidence of the antiquities, in my opinion, is against a Ptolemaic, or even early Roman occu- pation of the city, and while it is certain that Jews ^ formed a very important part of its popula- tion for some time under the empire, I beheve that the temple of Onias must be sought for not here, but in one of the neighbouring Tells. TUKH EL QARAMUS. Tukh (el Qaramus) ^^^21 ^> is the name of a village 121 miles N.E. from Tell Basta and 4 mUes S. from Hurbet. Half a mile S.S.W. is the small mound called Tell Tiikh. Unfortunately very little sebakh is dug there, consequently antiquities were extremely scarce. The plan in PI. ix., made from a rough tape-and-compasa survey, shows an enclosure measuring about 500 X 40O yards, and cut in two by a cross bank. Besides this, at the distance "of a few hundred yards N.W., is a broad strip of rubbish marking the site of a Eoman village. ^ Hebrew inscriptions may well have existed on the site, cf. E. Brugsch. Eec. de Trav. VIII. p. 6. 54 TELL EL YAHUDIyEH. The visible fortifications consist of a rampart surmounted by tlie ruins of a massive crude-brick wall. The jezireh sand of which, the rampart is composed leaves off abruptly on the S.E. side Avhere the ditch that must have furnished the materials reached the alluvium. This shows clearly on which side of the jezireh the settlement was first made. In agreement with it we find the temple and the earliest anti- quities in the south-east half of the enclosure. Now the cross-bank, which is also of sand, implying a ditch in the jezireh, seems to have no raisori' d'etre except as an exterior rampart. Thus I think we may conclude that the settlement on the S.E. was at first enclosed by a ram- part, the N.W. side of which now forms the " cross bank," while the S.W. side had to be carried out on to the alluvium owing to the buildings at the edge. The plan of this was irregular, and at a later period it was squared, and the whole jezireh taken in, by adding another enclosure on the N.W. >S.^. enclosure. — S.W. side formed by a wall of light- coloured compact brickj 7x14 inches, on a rampart of alluvial mud and rubbish (indicated in a trench). The wall seems to have been repaired more than once by masses of brickwork (50 feet thick in places), laid on the top and against it on the outside. These bricks are larger, 7-| x 1 5 in., black, of looser make than the first, and much coveted by the sabbakhin, who have cleared away great quantities. The wall is composed, as usual, of separate sections or towers of very variable sizes ; some being more than 120 feet in length, others less than 20. They are placed at slightly different angles, and one will sometimes project 20 feet beyond the next (cf. plan of wall-face PI. xviii., which willgive an idea of the proportions of the sections ; but it must be noted that the angles are not all right angles as there represented, and that it was sometimes impossible to trace the divisions when the alignment was straight). As to the thickness, I obtained no satisfactory measure, except of one mass, 12 feet thick, backed against another.^ - The N.E. side of the enclosure is formed by the sand rampart, on which are traces of a similar light brick wall, and remains of another wall of black bricks 8 x 16 which was built against the sand on the outside so as to hold it in, and was then carried up to the top. On the S.W. the structure had been much the same, although very little of the wall remained. These walls that are built on sand always suffer most. The cross-bank of sand is very broad, representing perhaps ^ Each of these masses must represent the work allotted to a gang in corvee, convict (cf. perhaps Hdt. II. 137), or contract work. As to the passage in Herodotus, there was no need to raise the foundations of a town by artificial means, except perhaps at its first foundation, or when it was necessarily extended over the alluvium, as was the case probably under the XXIInd dynasty at Bubastis. By that time every trace of the jezireh must have vanished, while the city expanded greatly. I have not, however, been able to recognize any sign of such raising in any locality. an unusually deep ditch. In the centre of it is the only gateway in this enclosure. The sand appears to have been walled in on both sides ; on the south the line of the black brick wall is very clear ; on the S.W. from the gateway it has been almost all dug away to the foundation, leaving the rubbish on each side standing perpendicular. The northern wall could, no doubt, be traced by trenching, but all the evidence I could see was the foundation of the pylon. On the_ top of the rampart are some curious chambers, described beloAV. N.W. enclosure. — The rampart on all sides is high and clear, but there are few traces of walls upon it. There were buildings on the top of the E. portion of the ISr.E. side ; and along the N.W. and S.W. sides there were others built against the inner side of the embankment : some of them are well preserved and have arched doorways. In one a large whitish earthen jar, PI. xviii. 7, a smaller one with impressed ornament (reddish) 6, and a number of whorls of unbaked clay were found. They are probably of the Greek period. The interior of this enclosure is very solid and hard to dig, and has not been touched by the sabbakhin. We dug a few pits and trenches, especially along the line between the gate- ways, showing a considerable depth of clay, with some pottery and limestone chips, but no definite structures, except towards the S. corner a sand foundation-chamber about £0 feet square, marking, no doubt, the site of a small stone building. The sand is only six feet deep, lying on rubbish. In the centre of the enclosure is some ribbed pottery on the surface, the only sign of the late Koman or early Arab occu- pation that I could discover. In the S.W. rampart are several gaps, but it is very doubtful whether they mark original entrances. The main entrance was on the N.W., where there is a well-marked gap, yet there was not the slightest trace of a stone or brick gateway, or building of any sort, either on the surface or in the trenches. Pits dug at the side of the road-line between this entrance and the entrance of the S.E. enclosure brought to light some scanty chips at a depth of a few feet, but nothing definite was found until, just outside the cross-bank, the sand and brick foundation of a (stone) gateway appeared almost at the surface (PI. ix., A. 43 X 34 feet). I searched for f 6undation deposits without success : the wall of the sand chamber had been abraded almost to the level of the jezireh, on which it was founded. At the opening in the sand rampart itself were limestone chips, and beyond the irregular foundation of another gate- way or pylon (PI. ix., B. 34 feet square) also on the jezireh, which the destroyers of the gateway had almost laid bare. Further on the debris became deeper until the temenos pylon (C) was reached, The foundation -wall of this struc- ture (36 X 38 feet) was not neatly squared ; blocks of unbonded brick -work formed the four sides, the space in the centre being filled, as usual, with sand. The Temenos. — The S.E. side was formed by the main S.E. wall, from which the N.E, sprang at a distance of 160 feet from the E. corner of the enclosure. The S.W. side was bounded apparently by the walls of TUKH EL QARAMUS. 55 houses and other chambered buildings, connected together by blocks of brick- work. Inside, on the left entering, are some massive brick chambers and passages, with arched doorways built against the wall ; immediately beyond is the foundation wall of the temple, measuring S.W. 193 feet 5 inches, N.E. the same precisely, Iv^.W. 108 feet 2 in., S.E. 108 ft. 6 in. The temple seems to have consisted entirely of limestone, and although there were in places two or three feet of chips over the sand, nothing was found except a piece of limestone sculptured with the head of a female of good Ptolemaic- Egyptian work, from the walls, and an inscribed fragment from the back pillar of a statue in the same material. We worked out the corners of the foundation- wall with the greatest care, using a fine sieve for the best of the sand. The results, however, were only : — 2^. Plaque, blue glazed ware, PI. xvii. 12, between the sand and the chips. W. 1 gold (No. 18), 1 carnelian (No. 17 or 19). S. 2 beryl (16 and 20), 1 carnelian. E. (Blank). None of these were inscribed. The comparatively unen- cumbered state of the ground may have led to the discovery of the deposits anciently, when the corner stones were removed. However, a day or two before we closed work we had a wind-fall. The workmen were ordered to cut a trench through the rubbish down the axis of the temple, and at a point 37 feet S.E. of the centre and a few inches N.E. of the axis, and simultaneously at another point, on the axis itself, and about 10 feet N. of the first, they came upon a deposit. This was so unexpected that both M. Naville and I were away, but, fortunately, M. Naville returned in time to see the last of the objects taken out of the deposit. M. Naville gave me the particulars of what he saw, and from this, added to the account of the workmen, the division of the objects seems to have been thus : — S.E. deposit : 32 blue glazed cups (No. 10), 4 mortars, 4 (1) pairs of corn-rubbers, 4 (1) jars and bones above them. N.W., 3 bronze bricks (No. 13 to 15), one or more pots. There were four jars complete and one fragment — all similar, and only one was ascertained to have come from the N.W. Thus the deposit in the S.E. was quadruple, and may explain the scanty finds at the four corners. "We hunted over and sifted nearly all the sand that had been thrown out here, and found (from the S.E. (?) ) 3 (originally 4 (?) ) needle-like pegs of cameKan, pieces of bitumen, and pieces of clay coated with copper salts.^ The saucers, of rather rough ware, held specimens of materials. One (No. 10) contained resin; another (No. 11) had traces of the coppery earth ; the rest probably bitumen (as No. 9) and other more perishable substances. The minia- ture mortars were, as usual, of limestone ; the corn-rubbers ^ ^ Identified by Mr. Eletcher. - Similar to the specimens from Naucratis (Vol. I. pi. XXVI.). of sandstone ; the pots of rough red earthenware. The bones (21) were identified by Dr. Garson as belonging to a calf ; the carnelian pegs were unfortunately lost in transit to England. Nothing was found on the other side of the axis, nor in further diggings on the same line ; but the workmen having received a present for their discovery, produced next day the green-glazed cartouche-plaque of Philip Arrhidaeus (fig. 8), which they had undoubtedly found the day before and kept back. The signs upon this interesting object are impressed and coloured dark blue under the glaze. In the N. corner of the foundational wall we dug a deep pit, reaching the base of the wall at a depth of 15 feet, the bricks throughout measuring 15x7^x5. The clean sand continued at least 18 inches lower, and we must then have been deep in the jezireh.^ Behind this temple, or front -apartment, was a space of 40 feet of mud and rubbish, and then another foundation- wall enclosing a space measuring. 91 feet X 56, bricks 7| x 15 inches. This chamber is raised six or seven feet above that of the front-apartment, and is, like it, filled with sand covered with chips. "We dug 10 or 12 feet into the sand. Probably upon it was built the raised inner chamber of the temple. In trenching the disturbed sand, a fine and unique pair of bronze tongues was discovered, PI. xviii. 1, the arms terminating in rude imitations of human hands. The orientation of the temple throughout is careless. The Egyptian method of making the sides face the cardinal points was set aside ; the direction has been roughly accom- modated to that of the ramparts and walls of the S.W. enclo- sure, and the result is a near approximation to the Babylonian method. In the temenos the N.W., S.W., and N.E. walls agree roughly in direction with the corresponding walls of the S.W. enclosure. The N.W. has been flattened to produce a better square. The N. hall of the temple is nearly square, with the N.W. side of the enclosure ; the axis of the S. hall is different, to correspond with the wall at the back. (Axis of gateways B. — C. 1241°; from C. through axis on hall 124° ; axis of S. hall 130°.) In the temple area near the E. corner I have marked a building of nine chambers. Many similar storehouses were found both inside and outside the temenos, especially towards the S.E. rampart. Each chamber appeared to contain a cir- cular shaft of brick- work, which was in contact with the sides, but left the corners filled only with rubbish. These were probably the remains of domed roofs fallen in. The upper part was often filled with exceedingly hard mud, probably also from the roof. We cleared some to a depth of twelve feet, finding rough red pottery of the types PI. xviii. 4 and 5 (pot and lid). We were unable to trace any means of com- munication between the chambers. A large part of the S.E. enclosure was covered with a thick deposit of hard mud, as if alluvial : no doubt the wash of centuries from the brick walls of the long-deserted fortress. ^ See Note D. 56 TELL EL YAHUDITEH. On the sandbank between the two enclosures are a num- ber of small rectangular buildings with low circular shafts or bee-hive-shaped erections, separate or connected with the former. One of these yielded the glazed and inscribed vase described by M. Naville, and part of a figure of Bes of the XXIIIrd dynasty. The antiquities from Tukh not yet mentioned include a number of fragments in coarse red pottery of figures of animals, PI. xvii. 2, 5, and one Aphrodite 1. These seem to be foreign, but certainly not Roman; possibly they belong to the mercenaries of the XXIInd — ^XXVth dynasties. 4 is a terra cotta mould (?) or rosette ; 3 a draughtsman of pale glazed ware. To the XXIIIrd (?) dynasty I should attribute the two figures of Aphrodite in glazed ware. 6 is greenish, 7 blue. They are both flattened at the back. The scarab, PI. xviii. 10, is circa XXIInd; 3, XXVIth dynasty. I collected the following village and place-names : — Tel Tukh. JJ. (^=teU before vowels, tel before consonants generally, but I have heard telle BasteTi. Before the article it is generally pronounced as if with one I, tel el ; and sometimes the article coalesces with it, tel-l.) Adjoining the Tell on the north-west are — Shirshemeh (Esh Shurshui E.^) Es sekakereh Half a mile distant N.E. is Tiikh, distinguished from other villages of the same name by the addition el Qaramus The following names may generally be identified on the maps. Geziret abj Bigam ^U^, and Belaqs ^,«iib> are noteworthy names. 15. I visited the latter, but found only a small sandstone fragment with the name of Harmachis. There are here the ruins of a large dyeing (?) establishment, that I was told was built by Muhammad ('Ali) Pasha. The ruined condition of this very massive building is extraordinary. It seems to have been undermined by floods. 16. At KhasilSf north of Heliopolis, are many fragments, viz., at a weli on the south-west, part of the cartouche of Nekhtnebef (rather than Usertesen I.), Gebel Ahmar sandstone. 17. Car- touche of Rameses II. on a slab of limestone in the door of a mosque. Near it is the top of a small Ptolemaic (?) shrine, having two winged disks superposed in front over the door, but no inscription. A small, much-bruised statue, with a few signs (18) on the back pilaster, and a kneeling statue of sandstone (20), holding a shrine which contains a hawk, d is round the base, a on the left side of the shrine, b on the right, c on the front of the shrine, right side ; the left of the same is destroyed. The statue is in a bad con- dition, and the upper part lost. It represented a high ofacial of the XVIIIth or XXth dynasty named Sah nefer, called also Nekht Ra maa neb. WORK AT HELIOPOLIS. 67 He was " divine father, her seshta of Heliopolis ?, governor," &c. At a shekh's tomb on the east side of Khasus is a block with three lines of the standard titles of Barneses III., and another also of three lines. The first line consists of the names of the same king, the remainder is given in the plate 19. A stone in one of the huts that we uncovered with much labour proved to be the tail and part of the hind quarters of a colossal sphinx in black granite ; the fragment of inscription on the base was merely ^ &c. 21 and 22 are copies made by Dr. J. A. S. Grant of inscriptions at El 'Arab, between Khasus and Tell Hisn. The first is on the figure of a bull (Mnevis) in limestone, with erased cartouches and the name of an official Bal. The copy can be corrected by the original, which was removed some years ago to Bulaq. The other relates to the dead Mnevis and the King Apries. On the north side of the enclosure of Ibrahim Pasha's palace is a small weli. The doorstep is a square block of sandstone sculptured round the edges HI , — a most disappointing fragment of the base of a statue, since it gave me much trouble to examine. PI. xxii. A. At El Merj, in a hut, was a lime- stone slab from the tomb of a high priest of Heliopolis, named Pathenef, in which he was re- presented making offerings to his ancestors of twelve generations. In the upper half Pathenef is represented "performing the ceremony of offerings for his fathers and mothers." In front are five of his ancestors seated. He is called " their son making their names to live, and loving them, the true relative of the king, loved by him, the hereditary prince, the chancellor, the favourite friend, the superintendent of the altar in the great temple of the northern On (Heliopolis), the prophet of . . . the priest, the Si meref, the servant of Neith, the superintendent of the prophets in the nomes, prophet of Hor Khent Khat (the god of Athribis), of Horus, lord of Shen, and of the gods of Ta [uhat ?] . . . Pathenef." In the second row, where there are seventy-three ancestors, his titles are " the hereditary prince, the prophet of Anhur-Shu, son of Ra (god of the Sebennytus)." His ancestors were: — (1) The hereditary prince, the chancellor, the favourite friend, the veneration of (?) the two lands, the chief prophet of Hor Khent Khat, lord of Athribis : of Amen ra, lord of the Northern Diospolis : the chief prophet of Anhur-Shu, son of Ra, lord of Sebennytus : of Isit the Elder, the divine mother, mistress of Hebit (Iseum): of Horus, lord of Shen (?) : the superintendent of the altars in the great temple, the Si meref Khel, deceased, born of the sistrum-bearer of Ra Tum Septit, daughter of the regulator of the altar in the great temple, the prophet of Shu and Tefunt, the king's relative Pedu . . . (2) Son of the superintendent of the altars in the great temple, the Si meref . . . the priest of Amen ra in Heliopolis, the true and beloved relative of the king Pedu , . . bom of the sistrum- bearer of Ra Tum . . . Isit, (3) Son of the superintendent of the altars in the great temple, the king's relative Khel, born of the sistrum-bearer . . . daughter of Khel. (4) Son of the superintendent, &c., prophet of Amen ra, in Heliopolis, the Si mer ef . . . the true and loving relative of the king, the K 2 es MINOR EXPLOEATIONS. superintendent of the treasury, Pikar, born of the sistrum-bearer. . . (5) Son of the superintendent of the altars in the great temple. , . . (6) Son of the superintendent of the altars in the great temple, Peniusaas, born of the sistrum- bearer of Ka Turn Isit n kheb, daughter of the divine father Aufankh. (7) Son of the superintendent of the altars in the great temple [Pi ?] kar, born of the sistrum- bearer of Ka Tum, Ankhesenmet, daughter of the priest Har nefer, son of Nesiusaas. (8) Son of the superintendent of the altars in the great temple, Hor si Isit, born of the sistrum- bearer of Ea Tum Metmerts, daughter of . . . son of . . . (9) Son of the superintendent of the altars of the great temple . . . n Hap, born of the sistrum- bearer [of Ea Tum], Isit n kheb, daughter of [Pen] iusaas. (10) Son of . . . Hor, son of Isit. (11) Son of the prophet of Hap, father of the gods (the Nile) and of Neb Hotep, the great lady of . . . Ai. (12) Son of the divine father, prophet of Hap [Pen ?] Iusaas. It is evident that Pathenef and his father lived under the Sebennyte dynasty, since they held the priesthood of the Sebennyte god (1. 29 and 10). The two preceding generations, and perhaps the third, marked their passage through the XXVIIIth and XXIXth dynasties by holding the priesthood of Amen ra in Heliopolis; and probably the twelfth ancestor [Pen] iusaas fell in the XXVIth dynasty. Pathenef was no doubt buried before the second Persian invasion in 350 B.C., and thirteen generations before this date gives an additional 400 years ; the accession of the twelfth ancestor to his paternal honours, such as they might be, reaching as far back as the year 750 B.C. The long line of ^1^^ is very curious, but our inscription does not III rival the story told to Herodotus at Thebes, in regard to the priesthood of the Egyptian Zeus,^ but Pathenef s first recorded ancestor may well have seen the Ethiopian and Assyrian invasions. The copy was made only as a temporary one. The hieroglyphs, sculptured in relief, are much worn : more time than I could spare, and a better position than the floor of a mud hut, are required to make an exact copy. When found, the slab was probably in excellent condition, but some ignorant person had tried to take a squeeze of it for the Cairo dealers, and the delicate relief had undergone much scraping with the sand and brush. This slab is edged on two sides with a project- ing cornice. A very similar piece was in a garden on the Tell, displaying a figure of Pathenef catching birds, &c., in the marshes. The latter, together with the rudely-worked stela (PI. xxi. No. 23), and an incised figure from the village on the Tell, I secured and took to Bulaq ; but I was compelled to leave the genealogical slab, as the owner would not come to terms. Later on, when I found myself unable to re-visit the place, Count E. d'Hulst kindly undertook to secure this stone at an advance on the price first ofiiered, and it is now safely lodged with its fellow, though I confess that I had hoped to see them in England. I was informed that these two stones had been found recently in the Tell. ^ Hdt. II. 143. Iri the hall of the temple were the statues of 341 high priests who had held the office in a regular succession from father to son. MISCELLANEOUS. 69 PL xxii. B. The name of Eameses I., together with the gods of HeHopoHs, deciphered with some difficulty on a hmestone fragment, completes the list. The kings whose name I noted are therefore Usertesen I. (obelisk), Amenhotep II., Eameses I. and II., Merenptah, Setnekht, Eameses III., and Nekhtnebef III.— MISCELLANEOUS. The site of Skhedia (o-;Ye§ia or the toll bridges on the Canopic branch of the Nile), usually called Nishoo and Karioon, and Arabized by Mahmud Bey, ^^j^ (j;^/' actually pronounced Nishweh, Qaryun, and it was a long time before the natives of Ka,fr ed dawar recognized what places I was inquiring for. There are extensive mounds, the debris being of the same class as at Alexandria and Canopus with comparatively little crude brick. The Eoman rubbish is of great depth. Unfortu- nately I could not hear of any inscriptions, and the Eamesside blocks, mentioned by Wilkinson, have disappeared. They were probably only Eoman importations. At Abu Eowash^ there are numerous rock-cut tombs near the Tub isodeh, one of which, visible from the top of the rock as a large square opening in a face of white limestone on a hill northwards, contains figures and a false door. At the lower end of the causeway, from the stone pyramid (which points to Usim'), there are large quantities of diorite chips, all sand-worn, and showing no traces of sculpture. Small square and round holes or sockets have been cut in the rock of the causeway at the same point. At IJsim and its near neighbour Shembareh, visited in 1886, I failed to find any inscription. Beshadi ^^iti^t, which I hoped would prove to be not only ncy<5^-|- (Pshati, pronounced Bshadi), but also perhaps one or all of the classical cities of Nlklov MwixeixcfiL^, and IIpocrcDTTL's, together with some hieroglyphic equivalent, is the most insignificant village that can well be imagined, without a trace of antiquity about it. Near by, at Dimishe ^^ju^> is a shght mound, but nothing important, and I could not hear of any likely site in the neighbourhood. Naqrash. At this village, the name-sake of Naukratis, there is a hieroglyphic inscription^ <^ vertical Ime between an- drogynous Nile-figures. It may perhaps be trans- lated, " thou bringest offerings, he hides it from his children, the truly great, smiting the perverse." At Tell Baqliyeh, south from Mansureh, is a temple enclosure covered with chips of limestone and Gebel Ahmar sandstone ; but the site of the temple itself has been deeply excavated (not recently), and water is standing in it. At the western entrance are numerous blocks of red and black granite, unsculptured, and some capitals apparently unfinished. The enormous blocks have been split to pieces by wedges in the usual way. There are no visible town remains, but round the temple enclosure is an artificially raised cemetery with remains of human and animal (cats ?) mummies, limestone coffins, &c. I found two debased Saite ushabti thrown out from a newly-opened grave. This cemetery has been ^ Petrie Pyramids, 2iid ed., p. 54. - cf. Naukratis IL, p. 80. 70 MINOR EXPLORATIONS almost entirely ravaged by fellaliin and dealers, and little or nothing can now be learned from it. There can be no doubt that the place was occupied only for a short time, probably during the reigns of the Mendesian or Sebennyte kings. The tombs are all on a small scale. Telle Billeh, north-east from Mansureh ; a small mound. At this place I found abundantly a large marsh-loving shell that was much used for food in Roman times at Naukratis, to judge from the numbers of old shells in the topmost strata. Mr. Edgar Smith, of the Natural History Museum, has identified it as Ampullaria ovata, Olivier var, Kordofana Parreyss. Noteworthy names on the road are : Tannah, with some signs of antiquity, Baranaqs, near a small late mound, and Sablent. At Damanhur, the capital of the province Gharbiyeh, and the ancient Hermopolis parva, I could not find any inscriptions. Qantareh. The inscription on the base of the larger monolith^ should read IV.— EL 'ARISH. J (][l^|f ei "He (Rameses H.), made it as his monument to his father, Horus, Lord of Mesen, and he set up his image in stone of hat. Behold, his majesty found it becoming covered up, upon the foundation many centuries old." The image was therefore an ancient one. ^ Nebesheh, PI. li., cf. Prisse, Mon., PI. xix. 2, and Nebe- sheh, p. 104. After making considerable collections of material for a memoir on the northern caravan route from Egypt to Syria, I find myself compelled, by the pressure of other work, to throw them aside and restrict myself to the shortest possible explanation of the four plates headed El 'Arish. The shrine forms the piece de resistance, and to copy its inscriptions was the object of my journey through the desert. This long text refers to the sanctuary of the twentieth nome of Lower Egypt, that of Arabia, whose capital Qes, or Qesem, has been identified with the Biblical Goshen.^ The warlike God Sepd was worshipped at Qes, and guarded the eastern frontier; it is therefore possible that Sepd was worshipped in the Egyptian coast cities east of Pelusium/ and the classical reader might think that Zeus Casius, whose temple stood at the present Qels, or Qess, on the north side of Lake Serbonis (Sabkhat Berdawil) was really the God of Qes, transported from his seat at Saft el Henneh ; but if Sepd has been changed to Zeus (Zevs), it can only be by the error of ignorant Greek sailors ; for Sepd is identified with Shu,* and Shu is properly Ares not Zeus : so until a Sepd neb Qes ' Sepd of Qes,' ' Sepd Casius ' is found to have been worshipped at Casius, we must not conclude anything rashly about the name. It seems practically certain that the shrine of Sepd or Shu, now at El 'Arish, was ^ See M. Naville's memoir on Goshen. ' There is reason to suppose that Horus of Mesen, the god of T'aru or T'al, was the principal god in this district. Cf. Nebesheh, &c., p. 106. * PI. xxiv. 1. 10 and Goshen, PI. ii. and p. 10, but also probably with Harmachis and some other deities. EL 'ARISH. 71 carried thither from Goshen after the fall of paganism. This naos is no doubt of the Ptolemaic epoch. It is of black granite, pointed at the top, four feet high, two feet seven inches broad, and two feet from back to front. Turned ignominiously on its back, it has seen hard service as a water-trough, so that the stone has been worn away from the front to the depth of an inch, carrying with it all the dedicatory inscription. The angles and edges are also worn away, and the inscription on the left ^ side has been destroyed by natural scaling. How- ever, the inscriptions of the right side and back are complete excepting at the edges ; in all there remain seventy-four lines, besides some scraps visible on the left side. The left hand ends of 1. 4 — 6 in PI. XXV. are terminated by a vertical line, probably the last trace of a compartment which contained an incised figure of some deity, relic or building. The hieroglyphics throughout are small and rather ill-defined. The shrine was closed by double doors, fitting in a frame (see PL xxiii.). The upper sockets (a) are f in. in diameter, the lower ones (b) are | in. There is a bolt-hole at the bottom (c), but not at the top. The text engraved on the outside enumerated the sacred spots in At nebus, " the place of the Sycamore ? " a name by which the priests desig- nated the city of Qesem, assigning them at the same time their position in mythical history during the successive reigns of the gods Ra, or Tum, Shu, and Seb. 1 The terms " left " and " right " here and in the plates are to he taken in the sense of " proper left " and " proper right," as if the spectator were looking out from the shrine ; but I admit that the position would be exceedingly un- comfortable. It commences on the right side, PI. xxiv. 1. " The majesty of Shu was as a good 1 king of heaven, earth, and the underworld, of water and winds, of the primeval waters, of hills and of the sea, [giving] all regulations upon the throne of his father Ra Harmakhis as triumphant. iS'ow behold the majesty of Shu was in [his] palace in Memphis : his majesty said to the great cycle of nine gods which followed him," Come now, let us proceed to the Eastern'-^ [horizon], to my palace in At iSTebes,^ and see our father Ra-Harmakhis in the Eastern horizon : let us pass 1 [thither] by the canal (11), let us employ ourselves 1 in ordering our palace in At ISTebes." Then they did according to all that his majesty decreed : The majesty of Shu [proceeded] to his palace in the House of the Aart.'* Then were built all the apartments 1 of Hat Nebes^ [like] heaven upon its four sup- ports : then was built the house of Sepd anew for (1) the majesty of Shu, it is the temple that he loves ; [account of] all its arrangements as to the points to which it faced, whether towards the south the north the west or the east : the temples were erected [in] all the [pla]ces where they had been ; eight chapels were made on the left, eight on the right, eight in the court 1 of the Eastern Horizon :^ This [temple belongeth] to Shu in his name of Sepd lord of the East : the face of each of these chapels was towards its fellow : [they were] the apartments ? [of the] great cycle of nine gods, and of the lesser cycle, of the gods who attend on Ea and the gods who attend on Shu : moreover there were built enclosures for Shu in [Hat Nebe]s ? surrounding his temple : (now) the face of this temple was towards the East, the sun's rising ; and those (deities) who dwelt [in the places of] the temples of each nome dwelt in it, in case ? the nome should fall into confusion, let one explain 1 '' this arrange ment : [the enclosure of Hat ?] JSTebes reached to Hat Nebes on its north, and its face was towards the South : the temples were on [its] sides and their faces [were] towards the East : a pool was on its South side, a pool on its North side : a great storehouse ? of [ . . . . ] was in front of this temple reaching to Per Art. jS'ow Per Art was of the time of % Ra: the majesty of Shu placed his staff upon the At [ . . . and it became] a sacred locality in At Nebes, its southern face was towards the Per Art : gods, goddesses, men, and all ^ Or the horizon of Bekhat. Bekhat was the mountain from which the sun rose. At Nebes was particularly the city of the rising sun. The solar connection is shoAvn also by the fragment of a shrine in the Louvre, on which are figured the decanal deities. [Louvre, D. 37.] ' The place of the Sycamore ? sanctuary of the city of Goshen. * Of. Per Art in 1. 16 &c., a new name of a locality in Goshen. ^ The house of the Sycamore ? * Probably the sanctuary. ' Very doubtful. . 72 MINOR EXPLORATIONS. flesh (animal creation 1) had not entered it [to] see the secrets in the horizon : it (the privilege 1) was granted in the time of Ea, who made a great wall standing around it of [ .... ] cubits on its four sides, 20 cubits high, 15 cubits thick. As to the sacred lake in At Nebes it was [ ] cubits [....] of At Nebes : Shu himself digged it in the time of the majesty of Ea : its arrangement Avas not * seen nor sealed 1 to [gods — goddesses ■?] men and flesh : A circuit was set up on every side of it, of 190 cubits (in length), 110 1 cubits in its breadth [ . . . . cubits] in height, 15 cubits in thickness: separating all temples from ? it ^ by mysterious and secret work 1 in [...,] Then came the majesty of Shu arid raised up At Nebes even as the sky is fixed, and all its temples even as the horizon. Now it happened that [he] departed [to be enthroned] as king of the gods in At Nebes, at the time that he ascended 1 the throne of Harmakhis.^ Then the children of the dragon Apep, the evil-doers [of Usheru ?] and of the red country * came upon the road of At Nebes, invading Egypt at nightfall now these evil-doers came from the Eastern hills [upon] all the roads of At Nebes r^then the majesty of Shu, the gods who attend Ea and the gods who attend Shu caused [to be fortified ?] all the places around At Nebes : these places were since the time of Ea when the majesty of Ea was in At Nebes At Nebes they are the mighty walls of Egypt repelling the evil-doers when Apep penetrates ? to Egypt : the gods who are in them are the defences of this land, they are the supports of heaven that watch 1 the ... of the eternal horizon : they are the throne 1 of Shu in Hat Nebes : those who dwell in the places in At Nebes they raise the land Per Sepd : they are the spirits of the East to . . . Ea Harmachis they elevate Ea to heaven in the morning upon 1 the pillars of heaven : they are the possessors of the Eastern hills : they are the rescuers of Ea from Apep. Account of all the [places] around Hat Nebes together with the gods who are in them : the Place of the Whirlpool V in At Nebes is a pool upon the East of Hat Nebes in which the majesty of Ea proceeded." (Another pool is mentioned on the East of Hat Nebes.) PI. xxvi. 1, 2. The fragments of the inscription show that the list of localities was continued on the left side. PL XXV. (back). "Now it came to pass that the majesty of Shu obtained the whole land, none could stand before him, no other god was in the mouth of his soldiers 1 [but sickness came upon him ?] confusion seized the eyes ? he made his chapel .... evil feU upon this land, a great disturbance in the palace, disturbed those who ^ I have omitted before — ^ in the plate (xxv. 1. 20). ^ Or " contained in it." » At Heliopolis 1 *The desert on the north -eist border. ^ The reading of this name is unknown. were of the household of Shu. Then Seb saw [Tefnut] and loved her greatly, his heart desired her : he wandered over ? the earth in search of? her in great affliction." The majesty of Shu departed to heaven with his attendants: Tefnut was in the place of her enthronement in Memphis. Now she proceeded to the royal house of Shu in the time of mid-day : the great cycle of nine gods were upon the path of eternity,' the road of his father Ea Harmakhis. Then the majesty of [Seb met her] he found her in this ? place which is called Pekharti 1 : he seized her by force : [the palace was in great [affliction]. Shu had departed to heaven: there was no exit from the palace by the space of nine days. Now these [nine] days were in violence and tempest : none whether god or man could see the face of his fellow. The majesty of Seb came forth appearing 1 upon the throne of his father Shu : every royal dwelling 1 did him homage. Then after 75 days Seb proceeded to the North country: Shu had flown up to heaven, the great chief of the plain at the head of his city 1 ? the prince of the hills . . . came 1 he went not to Heliopolis : moreover ? certain Asiatics carried his sceptre, called Degai, who live on what the gods abominate ; behold he went to the East of Usher: ^ He entered the house of the Aar the Eastern gate 1 of At Nebes : he dis- cussed the history of this city with the gods who attended him [and they told him] all that happened when the majesty of Ea was in At Nebes, the conflicts of the king Turn in this locality, the valour of the majesty of Shu in this city, the deeds of Shu in ... . the [wonders] of the goddess Ankhet done to Ea when he was with her : ' the victories of the majesty of Shu, smiting the evil ones, when he placed her (the serpent) upon his brow. Then said the majesty of Seb I also [will place] her upon my head even as my father Shu did. Seb entered Per Aart together with the gods who were with him: then he stretched forth his hand to take the case in which [Ankhet] was : the snake came forth and breathed its vapour upon the majesty of Seb, confound- ing him greatly: those who followed him fell dead: his majesty ? burned with this venom 1 his majesty proceeded to the north of At Nebes with this burning of the uraeus Hert Tep, then his majesty reached the fields of henna " but [his ^ Or for a long time. Accompanying the sun 1 ^ Usher which seems to occur also PI. xxiv. 25, would literally mean " desert." " After 1. 13 the loss from the left-hand end of the lines seems to be exaggerated in the plate. ^° The word used is ankh for the sake of alliteration with the name Anlchti. " Henu plant ^ ^ ^ : in 1. 25 the district is called /\ /www the ''land of the henu." The modern name of Goshen, Saft el henna, suggests a meaning : large quantities of henna La. Lawsonia inermis, are grown there now. The henu plant was used in the treatment of stings or snake-bite? (cf. Pap. Ebers 29, 11), and the name occurs even in the Pyramid texts as of a green plant or shrub (Pyr. Teta 1. 100) ; EL 'ARISH. 73 majesty] was not healed ? then he said to the gods who followed him, " Come ! let this Aar (cap 1 or wig ?) of Ea be brought here." [They said to him: "Nay] let thy majesty go to see its mystery: it will heal his majesty [of that which is y . . . upon thee": behold the majesty of Seb had the Aart placed upon his head in 1 the Per Aart and had made for it a box of real hard stone (or metal), it was hidden in [this 1] place, namely, the Per Aart near the sacred Aart of the majesty of Ea: then was healed this heat in the limbs of the majesty of Seb. Now years passed after this, then this Aart of the majesty of Seb was taken [back] to the Per Aart in ? the At Nebes : it was carried to the great lake of Per Aart : (the place of the whirlpool 1 is its name) to wash it: behold this Aart became a crocodile: when it reached the water it became Sebek in At ISTebes. Now when the majesty of Ea Harmachis [fought] with the evil-doers in this pool, the Place of the Whirlpool, the evil-doers prevailed not over his majesty. His majesty leapt into the so-called Place of the Whirlpool 1 his legs became those of a crocodile, his head that of a hawk with bull's horns upon it: he smote the evil-doers in the Place of the Whirlpool 1 in the Place of the Sycamore : the Aart of Seb also in its turn did after this sort. Now the majesty of Seb appeared in the seat of the crocodile gods, of Sebek-Ea, of Shu, of Seb, and of Osiris- Ea, upon the throne of his father Shu as king of gods of men and all flesh, in heaven, earth and the underworld, water, hills, winds, the ocean and the rocks: his majesty was in his castle of Euling the Two Lands in the Land of Henna ? his majesty had sent messengers to summon to him the foreigners au'i Asiatics from their land. Now the majesty of Seb said to the great cycle of nine gods that accompanied him, " What did my father Shu when first he appeared upon the throne of his father Atum, when the majesty of Shu was in his castle in At Nebes." This cycle of nine gods said to the majesty of Seb: " When thy father Shu appeared upon the throne of his father Atum, he smote all those who injured his father Atum : he slew the children of Apep : he made all the enemies of his father Ea to shrink. Now after he had given refreshing shade 1 to the two lands, to the gods and mortals who followed Atem, lord of the Northern 1 Anu,^ he brought water to the cities, he ordered the nomes, he raised up the walls of Egypt, he built the temples in the South country and the North ": the majesty of Seb said to these gods, " Tell me the places which were made in the time of the majesty of Ea which he set up over but there is no positive evidence for identifying it. I am informed by Mr. P. E. Newberry (cf. his note in Petrie's Hawara, p. 53) that Schweinfurth found henna amongst the plants from a tomb of the eighteenth dynasty. The Copts seem to have applied to it the Greek name Kwpos, and the native Coptic name is unknown to us. ^ Heliopolis ; in the original. Southern An or Hermonthis must be a mistake. the land: also tell me the nomes which the majesty of Shu formed (lit. built) in his time : I will proclaim 1 the places of the time of the majesty of Ea in all the nomes formed by the majesty of [Shu]. For I shall form them anew, I desire to make them in my reign." They read before the majesty of Shu, out of the hieroglyphics myriads of I? localities proclaimed by the majesty of Ea in all the nomes which the majesty of Shu formed and registered in writing in the time of the majesty of Atum when he was [on earth 1] and at the time that Shu ascended the throne of his father Ea, and at the time that Seb ascended the throne of his father Shu. Names of 1 the places themselves 1 the nomes according to their names, excepting the nomes formed by the majesty of Ea in his time. Abu (Elephantine), Nekheb (Eileithyiapolis), Southern Behud (ApoUinopolis Magna), Neshent, Northern ' TJas (Diospolis in the Delta), Anu (Heliopolis), Ahl Khenit (Silsilis) Makhenu, Per Merit, . . . Hef, Anit (Latopolis) Southern An (Hermonthis), Abdu (Abydos), Hat Sekhem (Diospolis parva), Neshit, Per Benu, Hat Desher, Eastern Behud, Met (Aphroditopolis), Ap (Panopolis), LTnnu (Hermopolis Magna), . . . urt Eeqrert (Lycopolis), Aner Tehen, Per Desher, At Eed, Khai, Henensuten (Heracleo- polis Magna), Ta She (in the Fayoum), Hat Shedi (Crocodilopolis), Bend, Ta Desher 1, She .... These names unfortunately do not follow any order, and many of the localities are difficult to identify. Inside, the sculpture is much worn and choked with incrustation. The back was plain, but on either side there were five bands of scubture, each about twelve inches long and four inches wide, consisting of several representations of deities, sacred animals and emblems, shrines, pylons, &c., with short explanatory texts (see PI. xxiii. 1, 2, 3, 4). These may have presented a plan of some portion of the temple area, marking the sacred localities and shrines. We see in 2 the serpent goddess "Her tept in the Place of the Sycamore" (see PI. xxv. 1. 16), and behind her "the gate of .... in the time of Ea." In 3 are shrines containing head-dresses of the form known as nems, but possibly the Aart of Shu and Seb, and the Sata or "cobra" which bit Seb (pi. xxv. 1. 15). 4 is one of two crocodiles, aud L 74 MINOR EXPLORATIONS. must represent the crocodile form of Ra (1. 22) or Seb (1. 21) ; see p. 73. A prolonged examina- tion might lead to the recovery of the figures and inscriptions, but I could decipher only a few scraps. The shrine is now placed in the citadel as a trough for cattle and reservoir for a small fountain in the courtyard. On the south side of El 'Arish are the ruins of Rhinocolura, partly buried under sand drifts. Not far from the citadel a stone building of Christian period was discovered by a man planting palm trees; I give a plan on PI. xxvi. of the portion that was cleared by the order of the governor. The walls are built of, and faced with, thin slabs of fossili- ferous limestone, a harder ochreous or reddish stone being used for the pavement and thresholds. The numerous niches are raised about 2 ft. 6 in. above the floor. The most elaborate of these (fig. 3), with crosses on the pilasters, is at a in the plan. It measures 1 foot 3 inches in depth, and the framing projects 5 inches from the wall. At & is a similar niche, but without the crosses and rather smaller : c and g are like h, 8 feet high : d and e are round- headed, small, one foot in depth, and the edges flush witli the wall. / and ]i are similar to d, but 2 feet 8 inches high ; % resembles h but is almost flush ; j, h are of the type fig. 2, the former 2 feet high. In the corner at ? is a large semicircular or apsoidal domed niche, reaching to the pavement, and intended possibly for a religious purpose ; m. n, o are imperfect, p resembles h ; and q, the position of which I did not note, is like fig. 2, measuring 18 inches by 2 feet 2 ; r is a trap-door with frame to receive a slab, forming the entrance into a crypt with barrel roof, measuring 10 ft. 6 x 6 ft. 6, well built and the walls plastered, but without graffiti. In the centre of each end is a small square niche, plain, with projecting edges, and in each side a similar niche flush with the wall. I should suppose that this chamber was a treasury or strong-room rather than a prison-cell. (See also Academy, May, 1888, p. 132 ; in the last line of the letter, North-East should be cor- rected to North-West. Note also that Ka^plov X^-po-i means the ' camp ' not the ' ditch ' of Chabrias.) 1 CONTENTS OF PLATES, With Eeferences to the Pages of the Two Memoirs. PLATE PA&E I. Tell el Yahoodieh :— pedestal ■with name of King Auput (Uapet)... 10, 50 II. Tell el Yahoodieh :— A. inscription on limestone slab at Kafr esh Shohak 10, 42 B. fragment of altar at Kafr esh Shobak ... 9, 40 C. inscription on the back of a granite group in the Tell 9, 41 D. inscription on a statue (or group) ... 9, 41 ' E. inscriptions on coffins from the tumuli ... 1 6, 45 Belbeis : — a. fragments from the doorposts of a shrine, black granite ... ... ... ... 22^ h. fragment, red granite ... ... ... 22 c. fragments ... ... ... ... ... 22 Saft el Henneh.: — d. fragment of statue .. . ... ... ... 23 III. , IV. TeU el Yahoodieh :— limestone sculptures and epitaphs from the Jewish tombs ... ... ... 14,15,54 [III. A., c, D.J IV. M.J 0., and n (painted on stucco) were in the southern cemetery. III. b., IV. g. were found in the middle cemetery.] V. Samanood : — inscriptions on base of statue... ... ... 24, 25 VI. Samanood : — A. 1, 2, 3, fragments of nome-list ... ... 25 B. inscription, Ptolemaic ... ... ... 27 C. D. inscriptions, Alexander 11. ... ... 26, 27 E. inscription, Ptolemy Philadelphus ... 27 Behbeit el hagar : — block ... 26 ^ At p. 43 I have wrongly attributed this to Merenptah. The head of Set was cut away and then probably replaced by that of Osiris in stucco : the group now presents a curious appearance. — E. L. G. With regard to M. Naville's ingenious comparison of Bu.bastis Agria with the name ntr skht (p. 23), it may be pointed out that a more natural interpretation of the first would be " the fierce Bast," a term by which the Greeks, familiar with the mild goddess of Bubastis, designated the avenging goddess Sekhet ; and " the divine inhabitant of the meadows of the god " is not improbable for the second. The two expressions have, at least on this view, little in common. — E. L. G. PLATE PAOB VII. Abusir : — A block 27 B. fragment of basalt... ... ... ... 28 C. fragment of limestone ... ... ... 28 VIII. Tukh el Karmus :— A. vase with inscription ... ... 29,30,56 B. glazed plaque (see also pi. xvii.) ... ... 29, 55 IX. Tell el Yahoodieh :— plan and map of the neighbourhood ... 5 £f., 38 ff. Tell Tukh :— plan 29, 53 fi". X. Tell el Yahudiyeh :— scarabs of the middle kingdom ... ... 39 XI. Tell el Yahudiyeh :— 1 — 6, types of black pottery, middle kingdom 9, 39, 40 7, section of mouth of types 1 — 6 ... ... 40 8, attempted restoration of vessel with horn- like handle 40 9, 9a, vase (with section of the. mouth) from grave 2 in the jezireh ... ... ... 40 10, 11, red pottery from grave 3 in the jezireh 40 12 — 14, scarabs ... ... ... ... 39 15, 16, small stone vessels ... ... ... 40 17, 18, scarabs 39 20, scarab, Seti lA 41 21, steatite plaque ... ... ... ... 41 22, scarab 42 23, ornament ... ... ... ... ... 42 26, scarab 41 27 — 30, some marks on glazed pottery 6, 7, 42 a — m, objects from a factory... ... ... 48, 49 XII. Tell el Yahudiyeh : Tumuli XXth dyn.— 1, pottery from tumulus III. 10, showing the head-piece, skull food-vessels (figured also xiv. 6), large vase containing rasp, pilgrim-bottles (figured also xv. 13, 14), and a large platter which was cemented over the joint of the head-piece ... 44 2, some pottery from tumulus IV. (the food- vessel is figured again, pL xiv. 7, and the plate re-appears, pi. xiii. 3, XV. 2) ... 44 3, tumulus VIII., vessels from a grave, and large vase containing the bones of a child, closed by a platter ... ... 48 76 CONTENTS OF PLATES. XIII. Tell el Yahudiyeh : Tumuli— 1, coffin in tumulus VIII. opened at the breast 48 2, „ III., face-piece destroyed, showing traces of the painted- decoration 16, 45 3, coffin 6 in tumulus IV., with oinochoe, false amphora, platter (pi. xv. 2), skull, bowl, food-vessel, and large vessel containing rasp ... ... ... ... ... 44 to the left is the coffin of a child (iv. 8), with face-piece, pilgrim-bottle, large platter^ and shell spoon (pi. xv. 1 9) ... ... ... 44 XIV. Tell el Yahiidiyeh : Tumuli— at the top, section of a brick grave with coffin 16,42, 45 1, 2, head-pieces 1, 2, types of large pottery XV. Tell el Yahudiyeh: Tumuli- ... 16, 45 ... 16, 45 1 — 15, types of small pottery ... 16, 46 16, 17, bronze bowls ... 46 18, alabaster spoon 46 19, shell 46 20—24, bronze 46 26, 26, stone ... 46 27, wood 46 tumulus III., 5, small ornaments 47 IV 2 47 XVI. Tell el Yahiidiyeh : Tumuli- tumulus IV., 8, small ornaments 1 — 4, scarabs ... 5, 6, marks on pottery 7, 8, tumulus VIII., pottery ... a — e, „ ornaments 8 — 12, scarabs from the town 13, limestone head ... 14 — 16, scarabs, middle kingdom 1 ... 17, 18, section of graves in the jezireh 19, bead, 19a, sketch of large vase ... 20—22, scarabs, dynasty XXII.— XXVI. 23, inscription... 24—26, scarabs, dynasty XXII.— XXVI. 27, seal of Persian style 47 47 47 48 48 50 50 39 50 50 50 50 50 50 PLATE XVI. Tell el Yahudiyeh :— PASS 28, amphora handle ... 50 29 — 33, Roman amphora bandies 51 34, oval stamp on potsherd. 35, incised mark on a fragment of pottery. plan of Eomano-Jewish tomb, type 4 .. 13, 52 35 {bis) — 37, pottery ... 52 XVII. Tell Tukh :— 1 — 7, antiquities 56 8 — 21, foundation deposit .. 29, 54 Tell Eastah, 22 57 XVIII. Tell Tukh:— wall face 54 1, tongs . 30, 55 2, 3, 10, scarabs 58 4, 5, from a storehouse 55 6, 7, pottery from N.-W. enclosure ... 54 8, 9, pottery from foundation deposit .. 31, 55 11 — 13, various 57 XIX. Khata'neh, &c. .. 56, 57 XX. Tarraneh: — 1 , tablet 2,3 4, block 5, 6 7, plan of building constructed the temple 8—13 14 15 XXI. Heliopolis XXII. Heliopolis— A B XXIII. — XXV. El 'Arish :— shrine ... XXVI. EI 'Arish :— 1, 2 plan of building and 3, 4 of blocks from 60 60 60, 61 61 61 . 62, 63 63 63 65—67 ... 67, 68 69 70—74 72 74 Priuted by Gilbebt & Rivinqton, Limited, St. John's House, Clerkenwell Rofid, London E.G. TELL EL YAHOODIEH TELL EL YAHOODIEN II A 11 Oi A? §1 o O B E L B E I S CL m Tn I Q III ^3 o \\\ o » O g J) o ii o I I I »} ft V \\\ € O o 4' A SAFT EL HENN TELL EL YAHOODiEH A C mjkKocNEgan'EujC D AaJPlAOT^KNe KpHcreKAipe / C A AAMlC K A Nf^C XA j P#/A|#Aof 6ATeKA/e ec tpy^Aina ei pAceYFAi 6> 0HYA A C AEXPH C TH XAlPE A B U S I R TUKH EL KARMUi TELL ELYAHUDIYEH DYN. XII. scc^rais, yi<.xcd steauu. X . r.L G. del. TELL EL YAHUDIYEH D YN. XM to DY N. XX. XI TELL EL YAHUDIYEH. TUMULI 10, IV. and VIII. Plate 12. 1. 1. Tumulus III. 10. 2. Tumulus IV. 3. Tuhiulus VIIL TELL EL YAHUDIYEH. TUMULI VllL, IIL and IV. Plate 1:5. L ToMDLUs VIIL 2. Tumulus III. 3. Tumulus IV. 6 and 8. TELL EL YAHUDIYEH. TUMULI XX^-^ DYN. XV. I -.8 . F.L.G. del. ELL EL YAHUDiYEH XX-DYN. TO ROMAN. XVI O O @ Sen.-rcclis> TjA/TrlX.Ifll ""vol I V. Q 0< Ik. ^ o ) '9 so Ljii p , □ ^3 21* 1- 3^ PoMRi/^U^'' 2,K 3^; F.LG.deL. TUKH EL QARAMUS etc. XVII. i KHATA'NEH etc. XIX F.LGdel. TAR RAN EH XX D B F.L.G.deZ. HELIOPOLI S XXI n M ■:\.ta.T4y aK a.-t^ TclLH^sn t? I —CO ■ iTir I It •=a=. .if ' 1 lug) 7 BeHttm J — t-i '//> 3: io a ^^^^ .i 14 Sill to o 2& '/// era, 1^ — - H=f» 13 FLG.del. HELIOPO LI S <3 to It: II k3 loZL_ 1 f oOo' X 1 i 1 ? c q3 ■ ■ ■ OOO^ IK A 00°< n CX3 4^ I i F.L.G.del. EL- A R I S H right si-de, of shrine' XXIV 1 1 1 '11. ^ — ^ ^-"^ — ^/^^^ A e^.-Ai-/e:::',^if?'.'.:',a^',:::^mr^°^jr:^ggk 1'^ '//O < or :^ 9 ?^°s?/«s.Tpr?P4forP'; □ »n|=, ^^o I o <3E> ■PV;^,ET^n"C . A. T I I M it; ' I I i^L- r — f I III > ' ' - ^ O — H — AwwA ^137 /w-A- A^*.^ ■^:i:iTP=TS}1L' I ^< C5 £2: F=S <:::> o— ^ Q-y- « o I I I □ □/uZro—i Q-^//, //'A^io.LT''4l'lL ^ A . . . t==^ ^ il 1 1//, n i5 k6 at JO J/ JZ 5i 3iL i5 F.L.G.del. EL 'a R I S H hack of shrirve. XXV. ^ 1 •• ^ r I ^A'k^- W^'r^' °^^-y/////@ 5 7n !i 4°z:itjiii.0Aj^r;°\ Ljl. r_ 'V SaTxd Sca.lt, 1:120 cur / EGYPT EXPLORATION rllND PUBLICATIONS. I. The Store-City of Pit horn and the Route of the Exodus. By Edouard Naville. With Thirteen Plates and Two Maps. Third Edition. 1888. 25^. II. Tanis. Part I. By W. M. Flinders Petrie, With Nineteen Plates and Plans, Second Edition. 1888. 25J. III. Naukratis. Part I. By W. M. Flinders Petrie. With Chapters by Cecil Smith, Ernest A. Gardner, and Barclay V. Head. With Forty-six Plates and Plans. Second Edition. 1888. 25^, IV. Tanis. Part II., Nebesheh (Am) and Defenneh (Tahpanhes). By W. M. Flinders Petrie. With Chapters by A. S. Murray and F. Ll. Griffith. With Fifty-one Plates and Plans. 1888. 255. V. Goshen, and the Shrine of Saft-el-Henneh. By Edouard Naville. With Eleven Plates and Plans. Second Edition. 1888. 25^, VI. Naukratis. Part II. By Ernest A. Gardner. With an Appendix by F. Ll. Griffith. With Twenty-four Plates and Plans. 1889. 25^. VII. The City of Onias, The Antiquities of Tell el YahUdiyeh, and the Mound of the yew. By Edouard Naville and F. Ll. Griffith. With Twenty-six Plates and Plans. 1890. 25^, EXTRA MEMOIR. Two Hieroglyphic Papyri from Tanis. Translated by F. Ll. Griffith and W. M. Flinders Petrie. With Remarks by Professor Heinrich Brugsch. 15 Plates. 1889, sj. IN PREPARATION. Bubastis. By Edouard Naville. With sixty-three Plates and Plans. SIR JOHN FOWLER, Bart., K.C.M.G., &c., &c. (©fii«S of t^j CBflppt (2E)iplofatiou jFunTJ. 17, OXFORD MANSIONS, OXFORD CIRCUS, LONDON, W.