pR/iNKLiN Institute [j^raki Class All Book. Accession t FHIL/tbELFHI/l ^ Article V. — The Library shall be divided into two classes ; the first f( comprising such works as, from their rarity or value, should not be lent ^ out, all unbound periodicals, and such text books as ought to be found ijl. in a library of reference except when required by Committees of the y Institute, or by members or holders of second class stock, who have 2^ obtained the sanction of the Committee. The second class shall include those books intended for circulation. Article VI. — The Secretary shall have authority to loan to ]\[embers ^ and to holders of second class stock, any work belonging to the second ^ CLASS, subject to the following regulations : Section L — No individual shall be permitted to have more than two ^)Ooks out at one time, without a written permission, signed by at least ^.two members of the Library Committe ; nor shall a book be kept out >£^more than two weeks 5 bat if no one has applied for it, the former bor- f(, rower may renew the loan. Should any person have applied for it, the flatter shall have the preference. [o> Section 2. — A fine of ten cents per week shall be exacted for the ^(r' detention of a book beyond the limited time ; and if a book be not re- ^ turned within three months it shall be deemed lost, and the borrower shall, in addition to his fines, forfeit its value. Section 8. — Should any book be returned injured, the borrower shall pay for the injury, or replace the book, as the Library Committee may ^ direct ; and if one or more books, belonging to a set or sets, be lost, the borrower shall replace them or make full restitution. i-) Article YII. — Any person removing from the Hall, without perrais- ^Jjsion from the proper authorities, any book, newspaper or other property ^ in charge of the Library Committee, shall be reported to the Committee, r^,|who may inflict any fine not exceeding twenty-five dollars, j^':; Article VJII. — No member or holder of second class stock, whose o -annual contribution for the current year shall be unpaid or who is in ^ '•^^^arrears for fines, shall be entitled to the privileges of the Library or j] iYJleading Room. g ^H, Article IX. — If any member or holder of second class stock, shall j ^^M-efuse or neglect to comply with the foregoing rules, it shall be the duty % ; ;-of the Secretary to report him to the Committee on the Library. [\ Article X. — Any Member or holder of second class stock, detected p ^^•^in mutilating the newspapers,, pamphlets or books belonging to the Insti- K ^'^..tute shall be deprived of his right of membership, and the name of the p{.' JCJolIender shall be made public. t?^ s I WEALE'S SERIES. J SANITARY WORK IN THE SMALLER TOWNS AND IN VILLAGES. By Cuakles 8lago, Assoc. lil. Inst. C.E. Second Edition, enlarged. 3s. ; cloth boards, 3s. 6d. WELLS AND WELL-SINKING. By John George Swindell, A.R.I.B.A., and G. R. Burnell, C.E. lievised Edition, with an additional Chapter, and anew Appendix on the Qualities of Water. Illustrated. 23. T)7 n\TTrTP j:* jp\TriT-\TTp-m?T\m k m — a:^. — te it. 1 I^loomfield Moore TVlemorial ^und. al m id e, c- w c- IS, 3. e- a- le 1- d. of d. 7- le ts R. MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENTS. By J. F. Heather, M.A. Enlarged Edition, for the most part entirely re- written. The 3 Parts, as above, in One thick Volume. With numerous Illustrations. 43. 6d. ; cloth boards, 5s. STATICS AND DYNAMICS, the Principles and Prac- tice of; with those of Liquids and Gases. By T. Baker, C.E. Third Edition, revised by E. Nugent, C.E. Illustrated. Is. 6d. CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON, 7, STATIONERS' HALL COURT, E.G. THE SHEET-METAL WORKER'S GUIDE Uniform with the present volume^ price 25. ^d. THE SMITHY AND FORGE: A RUDIMENTARY TREATISE. Including Instructions in the Farrier's Art, and a Chapter on Coach-smithing, By W. J. E. CEANE. With numerous Illustrations. CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON, 7, Stationers' Hall Court, London. THE SHEET-METAL WORKER'S GUIDE A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK FOR TINSMITHS, GOPPEESMITHS, ZINCWOEKERS, ETC. COMPRISING NUMEROUS GEOMETEICAL DIAGRAMS AND WORKING PATTERNS, WITH DESCRIPTIVE TEXT By W. J. E. CEANE AUTHOR OF "the SMITHY AND FORGE " SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND GO ERECTED LONDON CROSBY LOCKWOOD AND SON 7, STATIONERS' HALL COURT, LUDGATE HILL 1888 [All rights reserved,'] LONDON : PRINTED BY J. S. VIRTUE AND CO., LIMITED, CITY ROAD. PEEFACE. This little volume is intended to present to tlie trades concerned in working sheet-metal a collec- tion of the most useful patterns in the several branches. It therefore includes those adapted for tin-plate, zinc, and copper ; also, for the first time, as far as the Author is aware, in any- English book, some for galvanized iron cornice work. Lead has been excepted, it having been dealt with by many other authors in books upon Plumbing. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. pagf: Sheet-Metal Working 1 CHAPTER II. Soldering .15 CHAPTER III. Geometry as applied to Sheet-Metal Working . 27 CHAPTER IV. Patterns 68 THE SHEET-METAL WOEKEE'S GUIDE. CHAPTER I. SHEET-METAL WORKING. This book is mainly one of patterns, and these are necessarily divided between the various branches dealing with sheet metal — viz. tin, zinc, copper, and sheet iron. Having premised that this is principally a pattern-book, let us give a cur- sory glance at the processes of sheet-metal work before proceeding to the patterns. First of all, when the form of the pattern is marked out on the sheet metal, the next business is to cut it out : this is generally effected with a large pair of shears, either screwed up in the vice or with their shank dropped into a hole in the bench, and worked by hand (Fig. 1). In some instances, how- ever, the cold (/ -_,-.^„'""^ O J -'i> chisel and ham- C ; ' ~ ^ mer are employed, 11/ the work being ^^S* either laid on the anvil direct or on a cutting- 2 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER^S GUIDE. plate ; in others, being screwed up in the jaws of the vice and cut off by the hammer and chisel, the latter being kept in contact with the upper sur- face of the vice-jaw as a guide. Sometimes, the thick plates employed for boilers are screwed up in very long vices with a screw at each end and cut off by the chisel. There are also slitting- plates in large works. The hammers (Fig. 2) are alike at both ends as a rule, sometimes with large faces either flat or convex. The faces or panes are always kept very bright, in order that they may impart some of their polish to the work, a process which is Fig. 2. termed planishing.' ' Wooden hammers or mallets are often used to prevent stretching the sheet metal. The anvils are of very varied shapes, and generally placed in a hole in the work-bench. The smaller ones are usually called '^stakes," and go down to o M half an inch square. Fig. 3 is the hatchet- stake,'' and is much used for turning over edges, &c. ; this varies from 2 inches to 10 inches wide. Fig. 4 is a taper-stake," also much used. Fig. 6 is the creasing tool,*' which is used for making small beads, tubes, &c. Fig. 6 is the seam set,'^ used for closing the Fig. 3. seams prepared at the hatchet- stake. Fig. 7 is the Holliper " or Oliver '' : it consists TOOLS. 3 of two jointed arms, in which various kinds of top and bottom tools, swao^es, &c,. can be fixed, and the metal being placed between the dies, and the top forcibly struck with a hammer, the piece of tin, &c., is at once stamped out ^^S- 4* exactly to the contour of the dies. The sides of the vessel (which is a shallow tray) represented in Fig. 8, if the metal be thin, would ^ig- .8. be bent to the required angles by laying the metal horizontally on the hatchet- stake, with each angle line exactly over the edge of the same, and blows would be given with the mallet, or with the hammer for more accurate angles, so as to indent the metal with the edge of the stake ; it would then be bent down by the fingers, unless B 2 4 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER's GUIDE. the edges were very narrow, as for the seam, when the mallet would alone be used. Thicker metal is more commonly bent over the square edge of the anvil, a square set-up hammer being held upon its upper surface ; and sometimes the work is pinched fast in the vice, and is bent over with the blows of a flat-ended punch or set, applied close to the angle, and then hammered down square with the hammer. Very stout metal is seldom bent, but cut and the angles riveted. Thin metal is bent to curves by holding one edge and placing the other edge on the beak-iron, around which the sheet is (Figs. 9 and 10) Fig. 9. Fig. 10. curled by the mallet. The crease (Fig. 5) is frequently used for making seams or edging. A strip of sheet metal is laid in the appropriate groove, and an iron wire is driven down upon it by the mallet. The wire, of course, bends the strips when driven down ; the edges are then folded down upon the wire by the mallet, and it is then finished by a punch or top tool (Fig. 11) matching the groove in the crease. JOINTS. 5 Joints. Let us now glance at the various methods of making joints at angles of sheet metal, as at Fig. 12. A and b are for the thinnest metals, such as tin, which requires a film of soft solder on one or the other side. Sheet lead is similarly joined, and both are usually soldered from within. c and D are the hutt and mitre joints, used for thicker metals, with hard solders. Sometimes d is dovetailed together, the edges being filed to cor- respond coarsely ; some- times they are partly ri- veted before being soldered from within. These joints are very weak when united with soft solder. E is the lap joint, the metal being creased over the hatchet-stake. Tin plate requires an external layer of solder ; spelter solder runs through the crack and need not project. F is folded by means of the hatchet- stake, the two are then hammered to- gether, but require a film of solder to prevent their sliding asunder. Fig. 12. 6 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER's GUIDE. G is the folded angle joint, used for fireproof deed-boxes and other strong work, in which solder would be inadmissible. It is common in tin and copper work, but less so in iron and zinc, which do not bend so readily. H is a riveted joint, which is very commonly used in strong iron plate and copper work, as in boilers, &c. Gene- rally a rivet is in- serted at each end, then the other >^ ^ holes are punched — — ^ — ^ • through the two thicknesses on a block of lead. The head of the rivet is put within, the L M 0 P ^ G=^ metal is flattened /^>, around it, by plac- Q ^ ^^ ^ ing the small hole R of a riveting set over the pin of the rivet, and giving a ^ blow ; the rivet is Xj ^ , then clenched, and is finished to cir- V ^''^ ■ ^ cular form by the Yi^, 13. concave hollow in the riveting set. In I K one plate is punched with a long mortise, the other being formed into tenons, which are in- serted and riveted, k, however, has tenons with JOINTS. 7 transverse keys, whicli can be taken out and the plate released. Let us now see to tlie straight joints. L (Fig. 13) is the lap joint, employed with solder for tin plates, sheet lead, &c., and for tubes bent of these materials. M is the butt joint, used for plates and small tubes of the various metals. When united by hard solders or brazed, such joints are moderately strong, but with soft solders the joints are very weak, from the limited superficies of the adhering surface. N is the cramp joint. The edges are thinned by the hammer, the one is left plain, the other is notched obliquely with shears for one-eighth of an inch deep ; each alternate cramp is bent up, the other down, for the insertion of the plain edge ; they are then hammered together and brazed ; after which they may be made nearly flat by the hammer, and quite so by the file. The cramp joint is used for thin work requiring strength ^ and amongst numerous others, for the parts of musical instruments. Sometimes the lap joint (l) is feather- edged. This improves it, but it is still inferior to the cramp joint in strength. o is the lap joint, without solder, for tin, cop- per, iron, &c. It is set down flat with a seam set, and is used for smoke-pipes and numerous works not required to be steam and water tight. p is used for zinc works and others. It saves the double bend of the preceding. It is some- times called the "patent strip overlap." 8 THE SHEET-METAL WORKEr's GUIDE. Q is the roll joint, used for lead roofs. R is a hollow crease, used till recently for vessels and chambers for making sulphuric acid. The metal is scraped perfectly clean, filled with lead heated nearly to redness, and the whole united by burning with an iron also heated to redness. Solder which contained tin would be attacked by the acid. Now superseded by autogenous soldering. s T, joints united by screw-bolts or rivets, for iron and copper boilers, &c. u, united with rivets, in ordinary manner of uniting the plates of marine boilers and other work requiring to be flush externally. V is a similar case, used of late years for con- structing the largest iron steam-ships, &c. The ribs of the vessel are made of T iron, varying from about 4 inches to 8 inches wide, which is bent to the curves by the employment of very large surface-plates cast full of holes, upon which the wood model of the rib is laid down, and a chalk mark is made around its edge. Dogs or pins are wedged at short intervals in all these holes, which intersect the course ; the rib, heated to redness in a reverberating furnace, is wedged fast at one end and bent around the pins by sets and sledge hammers, and as it yields to the curve each pin is secured by wedges until the whole is completed. Zinc. Our illustrations of this metal principally refer to junctions of external rainwater gutters or troughs. ZINC-WORK. 9 In London and large towns the gutters and pipes are usually of cast iron, sometimes of gal- vanized iron ; but in very many country places zinc has followed lead in this capacity, and proves a convenient and safe substitute. Gutters are very easily formed of zinc. The slip of the desired width being cut off the roll with shears or knife, is gently hammered to the correct curvature over a mould of wood made to Fig. 14. order by the carpenter, something like in section A, Fig. 14, which is screwed up in one or a couple of vices, or otherwise fixed firmly on the shop- board. When this is done, the trough is turned right way up, and the stays,'' which are formed of a small piece of zinc, rolled up round into a kind of close tube, are soldered across from side to side of the top at intervals (a a. Fig. 14), to hold the trough together and brace it. Of course, the angles at which the guttering joins at any in- B 3 10 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER'S GUIDE. ternal or external angles of the roof will be cut to shape before the zinc is curved, and it is in this case that plans of proper cutting out are useful. It must be remembered that zinc is a less pliable metal than lead or copper, or even than tinned iron, and very springy. This last qualification renders it difficult to get zinc to take and retain a new shape when worked cold. But if it be heated over the fire to nearly boiling-point (212^ Fahr.) there will be no more trouble on this score. It is not so easy to solder as tin, and resin is rather uncertain with it. The hydro- chloric acid (commercially called "spirits of salts") acts better, and so does " Baker's solder- ing fluid. ^' The copper bit, well tinned, is the tool used. There are several newly invented gas blow-pipes or soldering-jets (one by Mr. Fletcher, of Warrington, very good) which act well with moderate care. The surface of the zinc at the joints should be clean and scraped bright. Do not use too much solder. Galvanized Iron. This is comparatively a recent material. Of course, ordinary thin sheet-iron has been in use almost from time immemorial, but its range was limited from its excessive tendency to rust, and it was only for such purposes as stove-pipes, &c., that it was applicable. The discovery of coating it with zinc {i.e. " galvanizing " it) has largely added to its utility. With us it is principally used for rain-water guttering, but in the United GALVANIZED IRON. 11 States there is a large industry concerned in the production of galvanized iron cornices for archi- tectural purposes. In place of using cornices and string-courses of stone in the fronts of brick houses, as we do, the American prefers those of sheet iron made in long lengths, and fixed to wooden blocks let into the brickwork, or to suitable rod-iron supports similarly fixed. As it is not unlikely that the fashion may spread here, where it would probably be of great use to small and country builders, we deem it fit to notice the practice here, and append a few specimens of joints. Some of these cornices, when containing many members of mouldings, especially if they are circular in plan, need much skill. In general principle the metal is bent over the hatchet- stake with mallet or hammer, much as in making zinc guttering, assisting with swages where necessary. The following observations on Cir- cular Work are by Mr. 0. Vaile, Superinten- dent of the Cornice Works at Richmond, la., U.S.A. " In making up circular mouldings, it is neces- sary to have the material sufficiently heavy to bear shrinking and stretching without breaking or becoming brittle. The best plan for bringing m ouldings to the required shape is in the follow- ing manner : Take a piece of hard wood (oak) 4 inches by 4 inches and 12 inches long, make a profile of work intended, and on one end of this piece make a die of the desired shape ; to this must be fitted a plunger, allowing the thickness 12 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER's GUIDE. of iron to intervene. The die is shown in the following figures: Fig. 15 is the top; Fig. 16 is the sectional view of the plunger and die for a half-round mould. Fig. 15 is to be made in the same circle as work. Figs. 17 and 18 are the same, of a different moulding. Figs. 16 or 18 is to be placed in an oak block, as Fig. 19. The right-hand portion should be of sufficient length to answer for a seat to the operator. Fig. 20 is a Fig. 15. Fig. 16. Fig. 17. mallet about 12 inches long. To make these dies, imagine the cap to be stamped from one piece, and get out the die and plunger accordingly. The tools required will be a saw, brace, and |-inch bit, a straight chisel, two or three sizes of gouges, a straight rasp, and a rasp curved at one end. When the iron is cut to the required pattern, it is raised in these dies, shifting the mould to and fro each time it is forced into the die with a blow on the plunger from the mallet, CORNICE WORK. 13 until it is brought to the required shape. A little practice will soon demonstrate the utility of this method, and also its superiority over the hammer- ing process. ^' When work is to be put together, never place two raw edges together. On one of the members turn I of an inch edge, and lap the member on this and soak the solder in well, so as to firmly Fig. 18. Fig. 20. unite the pieces, and on the top strip that is to be built in the wall turn a ^-inch edge, to stiffen and answer the purpose of straps to hold the cap in position. An edge of the same kind should also be turned on bottom strip, to extend over the frame ; and if the cap is to have a drop or corbel, let the inside of the drop or corbel extend back 14 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER's GUIDE. past the frame at least one incli, to secure the corbel to the frame, and the other side of corbel have a |-inch edge to fit against the wall. Should the work be for a building already up, the strip should have an edge sufficient to nail through into mortar joints. Good judgment is required in putting up work of this character, to make it a success." CHAPTER ir. SOLDERING. Sor.DEKiNG is the process of uniting the edges or surfaces of similar or dissimilar metals and alloys by partial fusion. In general, alloys or solders of various and greater degrees of fusibility than the metals to be joined or placed between them, and the solder, when fused, unites the three parts into a solid mass ; less frequently the surfaces, or edges, are simply melted together with an additional portion of the same metal. The solders are alloys of various kinds, and are broadly distinguished as hard-solders and soft- solders. The former only fuse at the red heat, and are consequently suitable alone to metals and alloys that will endure that temperature; the soft-solders melt at very low degrees of tempera- ture, and may be used for nearly all the metals. The forms of soldered joints in the sheet metal have been already given at pages 5 and 6. The following table exhibits most of the facts necessary to be known, relating to the solders and their use. It contains the composition of the various solders, the fluxes suitable for each, and 16 THE SHEET-METAL WOHKER's GUIDE. the manner of applying the heat. This is abridged from HoltzapffeFs Mechanical Mani- pulations.'' Soldering may be divided generally into two branches, viz. ^ hard-soldering ' and ^ soft- soldermg.' The first process may be used with all metals less fusible than the solders, the modes of treatment being nearly similar. The hard- solders used are generally spelter solders, the flux usually borax, A, and the mode of heating the naked fire, the muffle, or furnace, and the blow- pipe {ay b, g). Laminated gold is used for soldering platinum, copper for iron, gold for gold alloys ; spelter solders, granulated, for iron, copper, brass, gun-metal, German silver, &c. Soft-soldering is applicable to most of the metals. The methods pursued are very various. The soft- solder mostly used is composed of two parts of tin and one part of lead ; sometimes, from eco- nomical motives, much more lead is employed, and 1 J of tin to 1 of lead is the most fusible of the group, unless bismuth is used. The fluxes B to Gr, and the modes of heating a to are all used with the soft- solders. In the following examples the metals to be soldered are placed first, then the number of the alloy to be used as solder, next the capital letter signifying the flux to be employed, and lastly the italic letter which indicates the mode by which the heat should be applied. Iron, cast-iron, and steel, 8, B D ; if thick heated by a, h, or c, and also by g. Tinned iron, 8, 0, D,/. SOLDERING. 17 *^ Silver and gold are soldered with pure tin or with 8, E, a, g, or h. Copper and many of its alloys, namely, brass, gilding metal, gun-metal, &c., 8, B, 0, D, when thick heated by a, b, c, e, or g, and when thin by / or ^. Speculum metal, 8, B, D, C ; the sand-bath is perhaps the best mode to apply heat, which should be done cautiously. *^Zinc, 8, cj. ^'Lead and lead pipes, or ordinary plumber's work, 4 to 8, F, d or e, " Lead and tin pipes, 8, D and G mixed, g and also /. Britannia metal, 8, C, D, g. Pewters — the solders must yary in fusibility according to the fusibility of the metal ; generally G and i are used, sometimes also G and g or /. "Burning together is sometimes adopted for brass and iron, and lead is united by pouring on red-hot lead, with the aid of a red-hot iron. Alloys and their Melting Heats." No. Fahr. 1. .. 1 tin 25 lead 558 2. .. 1 — 10 — 541 3. .. 1 -- 5 — 511 4. . . 1 — 3 — 482 5. .. 1 — 2 — 441 6. . . 1 — 1 — 370 7. . . IJ — 1 — 334 8. . . 2 — 1 — 340 9. .. 3 — 1 — 356 10. 4 — 1 — 365 IL .. 5 — 1 — 378 12. .. 6 — 1 — .. 381 13. . . 4 lead 1 tin 1 bismuth 320 14. .. 3 — 3 — 1 — 310 18 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER's GUIDE. No. 15. 16. 17. 18. 2 lead 2 tin 1 bismuth 1 — 1 — 1 — 2 — 1 — 2 — 3 _ 5 _ 8 — Fahr.' 292 254 236 202 Note. — By the addition of 3 parts of mercury to No. 8 it melts at 122 deg. Fahr., and may be used for anatomical injec- tions and for stopping teeth. A Borax. B Sal-ammoniac or mur. of ammonia. C Muriate or chloride of zinc. D Common resin. E Venice turpentine. F Tallow. G Gallipoli oil or common sweet oil. a Naked fire. h Hollow furnace or muffle. c Immersion in molten solder. d Molten solder or metal poured on, e Heated iron not tinned. / Heated copper tool tinned. g Blow-pipe flame. h Flame alone, generally alcohol. % Stream of heated air." For the soft- solders, the soldering-iron is the most general agent for applying the heat ; for the hard-solder, forge or other fires, or the blow- pipe, are generally adopted. Brazing (used with sheet brass and sheet copper) may be defined as soldering with fusible brass, and hence as a form of hard-soldering. It is necessary that all soft- soldered joints should be very clean and quite free from any metallic oxide. It is therefore the general practice to scrape the adjacent parts for everything except clean tin-plate. The copper soldering-bit (usually misnamed Fluxes. Modes of applying Heat. — From the Mechanics^ Manual. SOLDERING. 19 the soldeYmg'iron is shown at A, Fig 21. It consists of a small piece of solid copper riveted between the forked end of a split iron rod, the Fig. 21. whole being provided with a wooden handle. Sometimes the copper-bit is made of the form of B, and fixed as there shown. These are usually termed hatchet-bits'^ from their shape. All works in tinned and sheet iron, and many of those in copper and brass are soldered with the copper-bit, which in general suffices to convey all the heat required to melt the more fusible solders now employed. If the copper-bit has not been previously tinned, it is heated in a small charcoal stove, or otherwise, to a dull red, and hastily filed to a clean metallic surface ; it is then rubbed immedi- ately, first upon a lump of sal-ammoniac, and next upon a copper or tin plate upon which a few drops of solder have been placed. This will com- pletely coat the tool ; it is then wiped clean with a piece of tow, and is ready for use. The copper " bit," or end, must always, as we have said, be tinned," or covered with tin, before using. This will always need to be done. 20 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER 's GUIDE. Here is anotlier plan : File it bright with a fine file and give it a pointed end, not too sharp, and then put it into your charcoal or coke fire. Get a soft red brick and scoop out a hole about as big as a cherry in its top surface. When the bit is not quite red hot, hold the bar of solder in your left hand over the hole in the brick, and touch it with the hot bit in such sort that the metal drops in the cavity ; drop also a pinch of powdered resin on it. Now rub the bit round and round in the brick until it gets cool, and by that time, if the operation has been properly performed, it will be coated with solder. In soldering coarse works, when their edges have been brought together they are slightly strewed with powdered resin, contained for con- venience in the side compartment of the box. Fig. 21. The soldering-iron is held in the right hand, the cake of solder in the other, and these being brought into contact, at short intervals, as the hand passes down the seam, a few drops of solder are let fall on the joint here and there. The end of the bit is then applied to the joint and passed along it, so that it fuses the solder and distributes it along all parts of the joint, so as to fill it entirely up. Only a portion of the joints, say about 6 inches or 8 inches, is thus dealt with at a time. It is very usual to keep two soldering-bits in use, so that while one is in hand the other may be heating in the stove. It is impossible to make satisfactory work unless the tool be kept at a SOLDERING. 21 sufficient heat. It should not, however, be raised to too great a heat, or the tinning will be burned off and will need to be replaced. It is often found convenient to fix the cake of solder upright in the flat box that contains the flux. In this position a few drops can be taken from it, on the heated bit. (Fig. 21, c.) Dexterous workmen will often make a good joint by passing the soldering-iron once only along the edge or fold of the metal, and leave a very fine and regular line of solder. To ensure this, the bit must be kept very thin and sharp at the edge, and the flux must be the muriate of zinc or killed hydrochloric acid (spirits of salts, mentioned at page 10) ; the joints being moistened with this by means of a skewer, pre- viously to the application of the iron. Copper works are more commonly fluxed with powdered sal-ammoniac, and so is likewise sheet- iron, although some mix powdered resin and sal-ammoniac; others moisten the edges of the w^ork with a saturated solution of sal-ammoniac, using a piece of cane, the end of which is split up into a kind of brush, and subsequently apply resin. Each plan has its advocates, and each appears to work well in accustomed hands. Besides the usual copper-bit, the plumber employs a large heavy bulbous iron in soldering. This is especially used for joints in lead pipe, which requires to be very sound. These are generally extremely clumsy in appearance, as by the aid of the hot iron and a piece of tick held in 22 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER's GUIDE. the left hand the plumber manages to plaster a great bulbous patch of solder round the point of junction, which they term a wiped joint. The blow-pipe (mouth) is used to some degree in soft- soldering, principally by the gasfitter, who is generally remarkably expert in making joints in his composition pipes therewith. These are not made like the plumber's, by inserting one end of the pipe in the other and the plastering a bulb of solder around the place, but by cutting off the pipes with a fine saw and filing them up square and smooth to butt together into a mitre or a T-joint. These joints have frequently to be made in very awkward and confined situations amongst joists under floors, &c., and are generally efface ted by applying the heat from one side only, by holding a small bundle of dried ignited rushes there, and forc- ing the flame thus obtained upon the joints with a blow-pipe. They generally use a rich tin solder, and employ a flux of oil and resin in equal parts. The pewterers generally use the hot-air blast, by means of a peculiar cast-iron apparatus em- ployed only in their trade. They use fusible solder containing bismuth, and for flux a common green olive oil termed Gallipoli oil. For hard-soldering an intense fire-heat is re- quired, similar to that obtained in the smith's forge. In fact, the ordinary blacksmith's forge is frequently used for brazing, although the pro- cess is injurious to the fuel as concerns its normal purpose. The brazier's hearth, for extensive works, is SOLDERING* 23 generally a plate of iron about 4 feet by 3 feet, supported on four legs at its corners, and with a central opening about 2 feet by 1 foot and 6 inches deep for the fuel. The blast is genarally sup- plied by a fan, and the tuyere-irons have large apertures. Fresh coal should never be used, but charcoal, or, failing that, coke or cinders. Lard in the fire is very prejudicial. In all cases of hard- soldo ring or brazing the meeting edges are to be scraped or filed clean (especially when the heat used will not reach the red degree). The work in copper, iron, brass, &c., having been prepared and the joints retained in position by binding with iron wire when needful, the granulated spelter and powdered borax are mixed in a cup with a very little water, and spread along the joints by a slip of sheet metal or a small spoon. The work is now placed above the clear fire, first at a small distance to gradually evaporate the moisture and deprive the borax of its water of crystallization. During this process the flux boils up with a frothy look, and sometimes shifts the solder away. The heat is now increased, and when the metal assumes a faint red the borax melts like glass. As the metal gets deeper red the solder fuses also, generally with a slight blue flame if it contains any zinc. Generally at this point the solder ^'flushes" or disappears in the work. Should it not do so, and appear refractory on the score of running into the joint, the work 24 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER's GUIDE. may be tapped with the tongs, in order to make it move. Care must, of course, be taken that the heat is not so much raised as to melt the work as well as the solder. If the work be iron, there is, of course, little need of precaution. If it is iron which you wish to braze, you have to file the meeting surfaces bright ; make a little borax into a paste with water, and smear them over with this. Next tie them together with some fine iron wire, just enough to prevent the pieces from coming apart. Then wind them round and round at the place of the joint with several coils of fine brass wire, rubbing them over with the borax paste. This is then laid on the fire and the blast put on. Presently a small blue flame will be seen reflecting over the place. This is a sign that the brass wire is melting and that the heat is dissipating the zinc constituents of the brass, and the brass having melted and run into the joint the job is done. It is only iron, however, to which you can apply so much heat. For brass and copper you must have a more fusible metal than brass. This solder is called spelter'' (incorrectly), and is composed of copper and zinc in equal parts. Indeed it is a very soft kind of brass, and liquefies at a much lower temperature than would melt copper or ordinary brass. There are two varieties of spelter, hard and soft, both procurable at any metal warehouse. The borax (borate of soda) can be got at the same place, or at a drysalter's or chemist's. We SOLDERING. 25 have mentioned its quality of swelling up wlien heated, and that this swelling displaces the solder on the work. In order to obviate this it is not unusual to heat the borax previously, till this considerable swelling up has subsided and the water of crystallization is driven off, when it can be pounded and kept in a stoppered jar. The blow-pipe is largely used in hard-soldering and brazing, especially for work in the precious metals. The ordinary blow-pipe is a light conical brass tube, about 10 inches or 12 inches long, from ^ inch to J inch in diameter at the end for the mouth, and from xV i^ich to -5V inch at the aper- ture or jet. The small end is bent in a quadrant, that the flame may be immediately under obser- vation. Very usually it is fitted with a small hollow brass ball just below the quadrant, to serve as a receptacle for the condensed vapour from the lungs. This instrument is generally used with a lamp of a wick from J inch to 1 inch in diameter and produces a flame of great heat, the object exposed to it being generally placed upoi:, charcoal. Gas is frequently used in conjunction with the blow-pipe, and this is especially useful for sheet brass, the work being held in place by wire ties if necessary, and either laid upon a flat piece of pumice-stone or held in a pair of pliers. One of the most useful of blow-pipes is that introduced some short time since by Mr. Fletcher, of Museum Street, Warrington, whose effective gas-furnaces c 26 THE SHEET-METAL WORKEr's GUIDE. and stoves are so widely known for lavatory and teclinical work. This blow-pipe has the nozzle coiled around a time or two. By putting this coiled nozzle in the flame with its orifice in the right position relative to the work, a hot blast is obtained in place of a cold one, rendering the brazing or hard- soldering delightfully easy and satisfactory. CHAPTER III. GEOMETRY AS APPLIED TO SHEET-METAL WORKING. The utility of a tolerable knowledge of practical geometry to those engaged in the sheet-metal trades scarcely needs be insisted upon. It is next to impossible to strike difl&cult patterns by mere rule of thumb, and although in many workshops templates may be found for the great number of ordinary patterns, still, even then, occasions will certainly arise for the construction of others for special work. Besides, in the present days of technical instruction and active competition, no young man who desires to excel in his trade should be content without the best knowledge available about it. If he will take the trouble, however, to acquire a certain amount of geometri- cal information, he will be prepared for all emer- gencies. He will be enabled to work from the roughly drawn outline sketches of a customer with the same unfailing certainty as if the job was one which he had executed hundreds of times instead of being, perhaps, quite new to him. And besides the pleasant consciousness of mastery of c2 28 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER's GUIDE. his work tlie artisan will effect a considerable saying in time, material, and temper on many occasions. The subject appeals to every worker in sheet metal in a greater or less degree. In the mani- pulation of tin, sheet iron, zinc, copper, lead, and brass it is brought into exercise. The geometrical process mainly called in by the sheet-metal worker is that known technically as the " development of solids ; in other wordsj the representation on a plane of the exterior sur- face of a cylinder, cone, prism, or many-sided figure. But, besides this, the manner in which such solid bodies are cut, and the " sections thus arising and their intersections, are not less neces- sary to be studied, as will become apparent as we proceed. In many cases the sheet-metal worker's pattern or template for a certain job is simply a develop- ment of the geometrical form of the article. If it is one (as is usually the case) which requires to be soldered or brazed together, and there are two or three possible ways of cutting the pattern, the operator will select that whereby he may, as far as possible^ reduce such joints. Thus, take a hexagonal-sided tin or sheet-iron box shown at A (Fig. 22). For the purpose of the artisan it may be developed into either the pattern shown at b or that at c. The saving of time effected over cutting its sides and bottom into separate pieces is evident. Let us now, to render our purpose more plain, GEOMETRYo 29 detail the process to be pursued in " developing one of the simplest of the geometrical solids — namely, the cylinder. When the surface of a cylinder is developed a right-angled parallelogram (all the geometrical Fig. 22. terms will be explained as we proceed) is obtained, as at F G H 1 (Fig. 23), the height of which, g H, is equal to the length of the cylinder, which we will imagine in this case to be equal to the diameter of the cylinder, and the length, r g or H I, is equal to the length of the circumference of the circle, as b e j c. The development of this cylinder will indicate the principle upon which all problems of this kind are based. Let it be required to have the surface of a half-cylinder, as B E c, developed, the height, b g or r d, being equal to the radius, a c. Through a draw the diameter, b c, and extend it indefinitely, as to 30 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER's GUIDE'. Fig. 23. D ; from e draw parallel to c d a line e f, and from B a line at right angles cutting e f in g. Divide the semi-cir- cumference, B c, into any number of equal parts, as ten in the present case. From B on B D set off these parts to D, from it draw D F at right angles to b D ; then F D, B G is the de- velopment, or stretch-out,'' as it is frequently called, of the semi-cylinder, B E c, and if cut out and wrapped around the said half- cylin- der would exactly cover it. If the entire cylinder, as at b e c j, needed to be deve- loped, the stretch- out '' would be twice that of B D, F G. / ^ \ \ — — / / «0 — Again, let us suppose that it is required by the zinc worker to make a mitre-joint at right angles in a half-round rain-water gutter, or trough, he will proceed geometrically as follows : — Let the semicircle a b c (Fig. 24) represent the sectional outline of the gutter. Draw the line a b, and GEOMETRY. 31 draw the lines a f and b e at right angles to a b, also draw the line d e parallel to a b. Make d F equal to a b, and draw the line f e. Divide the semicircle into any number of equal parts (in the present case ten). Draw lines parallel to a f Fig. 24, Fig. 25. through these points in the semicircle, as at 1, 2, 3, 4, &c. Next draw (Fig. 25) a c equal in length to the semicircle, a c b (Fig. 24). Draw the lines a b, c d (Fig. 25) at right angles to a c, and make a b (Fig. 25) equal to b e (Fig. 24), 32 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER'S GUIDE. and c D in tlie former figure equal to a f in the latter. Set off on the line a c (Fig. 25) the same number of equal distances as the semicircle was divided into. Draw lines parallel to c d (Fig. 25) from each point of division, as 1, 2, 3, 4, &c., and make each of these of equal length to the line correspondingly numbered at Fig. 24. Finally trace the curved line b d (Fig. 25), through the extremities of these lines, and the required pat- tern of the mitre-joint will be obtained. As in many other subjects, there is a certain amount of preliminary dry details to be mastered before the subject can be fairly approached. It is just these preliminary, simple, and apparently needless processes that often disgust the learner. He is apt to think that the special knowledge he desires to gain can be attained by a hop, skip, and jump over these — hey, presto ! — to the point which appears to him useful and practical. This is the greatest of mistakes. It is as if a child should hope to learn to read without first painfully acquiring the alphabet. There is no royal road to any knowledge, although care on the part of an instructor may help to smooth the roughness of the way, and this, in the present instance, we shall endeavour carefully to do. Let us now speak of the tools required, that is, the appliances to enable us to draw the various diagrams. These are neither numerous nor costly. The following will be sufiicient for the present : — A drawing-board of seasoned pine (any board per- Geometry. 33 fectly square at its angles will do), a T-sqnare, two set squares, a flat foot-rule with scales, a pair of compasses with moveable leg for pencil, a pro- tractor, a drawing-pen, a pair of dividers, a couple of black-lead pencils (H and H B or F), and a dozen drawing-pins. The entire outfit need cost but a few shillings. We will speak of the use of the instruments as we proceed. Stout cartridge paper (costing about Id. per sheet) is the best for the purposes of our student. Before proceeding to teach our readers to con- struct the various figures most usually required in the trades comprehended by the title of this book, it is requisite that certain terms used in geometry should be explained, as without a good understanding of these our subsequent instruc- tions will not be properly comprehended. We wish our readers to clearly understand that We do not profess in this lesson to teach them the science of geometry, or the art of practical geometry, but merely to illustrate so much of the latter as is applicable to certain special purposes. It would be infinitely to the advantage of every artisan concerned in these trades to make himself master of the rudiments of geometry. An element- ary work on the subject can be got for a shilling, and mastered in a month. But to proceed with our terms or definitions. A point simply marks position. Theoreti- cally it is said to have no magnitude or size. Practically the smallest point or dot that we can make has size, and therefore is really a surface^ c 3 34 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER's GUIDE. and not a point. A mathematical point would be the centre of a dot of ink, &c., but for practical purposes the dot itself is spoken of as the point. Sometimes a point is represented by a dot with a small circle around it. Lines. A line has, theoretically, length or direction only, without breadth. We all know that the finest line which we can produce by a pen or any tool has some breadth. This is not, therefore, the mathematical or ideal line, although we call it a line for convenience of practical purposes. A straight line or a right line is the shortest distance from one point to another. In drawing heavy lines are called " strong,'' and light ones " fine.'' Dotted lines are also used for various purposes. Those formed of different-sized dots (principally employed on plans) are termed chain lines." At a (Fig. 26) the top line is " strong," B Fig. 26. the next ''fine," the next "dotted," and the lower one '' chain." To produce a line signifies to lengthen it at either end. LINES. 35 A curve or curved line constantly changes its direction, and is, therefore, nowhere straight (c. Fig. 26). Curves are infinitely variable, and may be simple or compound. Curved lines may be parallel. When they are parts of different circles struck from the same centre they are termed concentric (c. Fig. 26). Parallels or parallel lines are those which are everywhere the same distance apart, and which if produced or lengthened for ever, would never meet (see a and b. Fig. 26). A horizontal line is one perfectly level, a vertical line is one perfectly upright, having regard to the horizon, as, for example, the line of a plumb-bob. A perpendicular ^ or a perpendicular line, is one that is vertical or at right angles to some other line. It is not necessarily vertical in Fig. 27. the strict sense, but may incline to or even be parallel with the horizon line. (The horizon is the line where sea and sky appear to meet when one looks from the shore.) It is thus clear that while a vertical line is perpendicular to a horizon- tal one, a horizontal line is perpendicular to a vertical one. The line a b, Fig. 27, is perpendi- cular to the line c d. An oblique line is one neither 36 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER's GUIDE. vertical nor horizontal, but slanting in regard to some other line, as e e and i k (Fig. 27.) Angles. An angle (from the Latin anguluSy '^a corner/') is formed by the inclination of two lines until they meet in a point called the vertex of the angle. The magnitude or size of an angle does not depend upon the length of the lines forming it, but upon their inclination to each other. Thus, in an angle of 45° (or any other number) the lines may be an inch in length or may be produced or lengthened to a foot or a yard without affecting the angle, which still remains one of 45°. A right angle is one formed by one straight line standing upon or being perpendicular to another. Thus the line ab (Fig. 27), being per- pendicular to the line c d, both the adjacent angles are right angles and equal. This is the angle of 90°. An acute angle is sharper or less than a right angle, as at e r g (Fig. 27). An obtuse a»gle is blunter or greater than a right angle, as at i kl (Fig. 27). Triangles. Triangles are figures bounded by three straight sides, and having in consequence three angles. They are also termed trilateral (meaning three- sided '^) figures. There are six varieties of TRIANGLES. 37 triangles, tliree named with reference to the length of their sides, and three with regard to the sizes of their angles. The first three are : — The equilateral triangle, which has its sides equal (a, Fig. 28). The angles are also equal, and each contains 60°. Fig. 28. The isosceles triangle (b, Fig. 28), which has two sides equal. These sides may be longer or shorter than the third side. The unequal side is always termed the base, in whatever position the triangle maybe represented; the angles at the base are equal to each other. A scalene triangle (c. Fig. 28) has all its sides and angles unequal. ' The second division of angles embraces : — The right-angled triangle (left-hand figure of Fig. 29). The side opposite the angle is called the hypotenuse, the others being termed the base and perpendicular, as shown. These terms remain the same in whatever position this triangle is placed. The obtuse-angled triangle (centre figure of Fig. 29) has one obtuse angle 38 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER's GUIDE. The acute-angled triangle (right-hand figure of Fig. 29) is that which has three acute angles. Although we have specified six kinds of triangles it will become clear that, on a little consideration, one of the three latter kinds must Fig. 29. also belong to one of the three former classes. In this manner a right-angled triangle must be either an isosceles or a scalene triangle, and an acute-angled triangle may be also an equilateral, isosceles, or scalene triangle. The highest angle of a triangle is termed its vertex (in the plural ve^^tices), or apex (plural apices or apexes), or vertical angle ; the lowest side is called the base. With the exception of the isosceles and the right-angled triangle (see page 37), the terms just given are applied to each angle that may be uppermost, or each side that may be lowest when the position of the triangle is altered. The altitude of a triangle is a straight line drawn from the apex to the base, as at a b (Fig. 29). Any two sides of a triangle, if added together, are greater than the remaining side. It would hence not be possible to form a triangle whose QUADRANGLES. 39 respective sides were, say, 4 inches, 6 inches, and 10 inches in length. The three angles of a triangle when added together always equal 180°, or the half of a circle. Quadrilateral Figures. Quadrilateral figures are those bounded by four straight sides. They are also called quadrangles or four-angled figures. Their united angles always amount to 360°, or four right angles. If the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are parallel to each other it is termed a parallelogram. The sqimre (left-hand figure. Fig. 30) is a parallelogram of four equal sides and four equal J£7 Fig. 30. angles. A line drawn across a parallelogram from opposite corners is called a diagonal. The rectangle or oblong (centre figure, Fig. 30) is a parallelogram, all of whose angles are equal, but only its opposite sides are equal. The rJiombiis (right-hand figure. Fig. 30) is a parallelogram with four equal sides, having two obtuse angles opposite to each other, and two acute angles opposite to each other. The rhomboid (left-hand figure, Fig. 31) 40 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER's GUIDE. is a parallelogram having only the two oppo- site sides equal and also the opposite angles equal. The trapezoid (centre figure, Fig. 31), which has two parallel sides only, but may have some Fig. 31. of the sides or some of the angles equal to each other or not. The trapezium (right-hand figure, Fig. 31), which has none of its sides parallel, but some of the sides and some of the angles may or may not be equal to each other, or all the sides and the angles may be unequal. A trapezium, one of whose diagonals will divide it into a couple of unequal isosceles triangles (see ab. Fig. 31) is called a trapezion or kite. A polygon is a rectilinear or straight-lined figure, bounded by more than four straight lines. Polygons are sometimes called multilateral (or many-sided ") figures. They may have any number of sides. A regular polygon has all its sides and angles equal, and can always be so surrounded by a circle, that the circumference thereof shall pass through all the angles of the polygon. The QUADRANGLES. 41 forms shown at Fig. 32, are regular polygons, tliat on the left being a pentagon, that in the Fig. 32. centre a hexagon, and that on the right a hepta- gon. An irregular polygon may have unequal sides and equal angles^ or equal sides and unequal angles, or neither may be equal. Polygons are named according to the number of sides they possess. A polygon may have any number of sides, but for general pur- poses is seldom found with more than 12 sides. A Polygon having 5 sides is a Pentagon ; 6, Hexagon ; 7, Heptagon ; 8, Octagon ; 9, Nonagon ; 10, Decagon; 11, Undecagon ; 12, Do-decagon; 13, Tri-decagon; 14, Tetra-decagon; 15, Penta-decagon ; 16, Hexa-decagon ; 17, Hepta-decagon ; 18, Octa-decagon ; 19, Nona- decagon ; 20, Bis-decagon ; 21, TJn-bis- decagon, &c. Irregular Polygons have the same names, but the word irregular is added. The circle is a plain figure bounded by one continuous curved line called the circumference; every portion of which is equidistant from a point which is called the centre (see Fig. 33). 42 THE SHEET- METAL WORKER's GUIDE. The radhis (plural radii) is a straight line drawn from the centre to any point in the cir- Fig. 33. cumference ; the diameter is a straight line drawn through the centre and terminating at the cir- cumference at each extremity. A diameter divides a circle into two equal portions, called semicircles. The a7x is a portion only of the cir- cumference of any circle. A chord is any straight line drawn across a circle which does not pass through the centre ; a segme7it is a slice cut off from a circle by a chord ; a sector is a portion of a circle enclosed by an arc and two radii. When that portion is exactly the fourth part of a circle, it is also called a quadrant. A tangent is a straight line drawn outside of a circle, and which just touches the circumference in one point ; in other words, it does not cut off a portion of the circle. To bisect (divide equally) any given straight line, as A B (Fig. 34) : — Take the compasses, and with the centre a, describe (that is, draw) the arc of a circle 2, 3. With the centre b ANGLES. 43 and the same radius, describe ttie arc 4, 6, cutti7ig (or crossing) the first arc at 6 and 7. Lastly, through the points 6 and 7 draw the right (or straight) 2 line shown, and this will bisect the line AB in the point 8, and be perpen- ^ dicular to the line A B. From a given point, as c (Fig. 35), to draw a line per- pendicular to AB : — With c as centre, and any radius, mark off the points 1 and 2 at equal distances from c. With 1 as centre, and any radius? 3 i^'ig. 34. A G rig. 35. describe the arc 3, 4 ; with 2 same radius, cut this arc at 5. is centre and the Join this point 5 44 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER's GUIDE. and c by a right line, and tliis line will be per- pendicular to A B and at right angles thereto. To draw a line parallel to a given line, a b, and at a given distance, equivalent to c d (Fig. 36) : — From it, with the centres a and b Fig. 36. respectively, and the distance c d as a radius, describe the arcs 1 and 2. Draw the line 3, 4, resting upon these arcs at their highest point, and this line will be parallel to A b and at the required distance from it. To find the centre of any given circle or arc of any circle : — Draw any two chords, as 1, 2 and 2, 3 (Fig 37). Bisect each chord by a per- pendicular (this can be accomplished by the means indicated at page 43 for bisecting a right line), and produce these perpendiculars 4, 5 and 6, 7, until they intersect at a. The point a thus found is the centre of the required circle. We have spoken before of angles (see page 36), and it may be well here to allude to the manner of measuring them by instruments. The circumference of a complete circle contains 360°; a semicircle 180°; and a quadrant (or quarter-circle), 90°. If then, we take a semi- ANGLES. 46 circle of thin brass and divide it into 180 equal parts we form a protractor (Fig 38), or instrument for measuring angles in drawings, &c. Let a b Fig. 37 be the base line, from which ascends a line c e. If we apply the lower straight edge of the instru- c Fig. 38. ment to the former line, and bring the small nick or mark in the centre of its straight side to c, we shall find that the line e d c cuts the circum- 46 THE SHEET-METAL WORKEr's GUIDE. ference of the protractor at 90°, e c b is, there- fore, an angle of 90°, or a right angle. Similarly F c A is an angle of 45°, or half a right angle, and G c B is an angle of 60° (the mark ° indicates a degree or degrees), and g c a is an angle of 120.° Sometimes the protractor has the form of a parallelogram, as at Fig. 39, but its use is the same. A protractor of one of these forms is generally found in every box of instruments. To draw an angle of 60° geometrically : — With centre b (Fig. 40), and any radius, describe Fig. 40. the arc 1,2. With centre 1, and the same radius, describe the are b 3. Draw the right line, a b, ANGLES. 47 through the point found by the intersection of the arcs, and a b c is an angle of 60°. To draw an angle of 30° geometrically: — With centre b (Fig. 41), describe the arc 1, 2. A Fig. 41. With the centre 1, and the same radius, describe the arc B 3. With centre 2, and the same radius, describe the arc 1, 4. Join b 4, and the angle a b c is an angle of 30°. To bisect (divide into two equal angles) any Fig. 42. given angle, as a b c (Fig. 42) : — With b as centre and any radius, describe the arc 1 ; with 1 as 48 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER's GUIDE. centre, and any radius, describe tlie arc 3 ; with the opposite point as centre, and the same radius, cut the arc 3 at 2. Join b 2, and the line b 2 will bisect the angle A b c — that is to say, the angle a b 2 will be equal to the angle 2 b c. To trisect (divide into three equal angles) a right angle a b c (Fig. 43) : — With centre b, B C Fig. 43. and any radius, describe the arc 2 ; with the centres 1 and 2, and the same radius, describe the arcs 3 and 4. Draw b 3 and b 4, and the right angle will be trisected or divided into three equal angles. In a given circle to inscribe any regular polygon, say a pentagon. One method : — First draw the diameter a 5 (Fig. 44), and divide it into as many equal parts as it is required that the polygon should have sides (in the present instance five). With points a 5 as radius describe arcs intersecting each other at 6. From 6 draw a line through point 2 to b. Join a b, POLYGONS. 49 which is one side of required polygon. Mark ofi distance A b from b to r, from r to d, and d to h, round circumference. Join b f, f d, d h, and h A, and these lines will all be equals and the j9 Fig. 44. figure will be the required regular polygon ; in this instance a pentagon. By this plan a regular polygon haying any desired number of sides can be inscribed within a given circle. If, for instance, it was required to inscribe an octagon, the student would divide the diameter into eight equal parts, and then proceed as above ; but to obtain the first side of the polygon he would invariably draw a line from D 50 THE SHEET-METAL WOKKER's GUIDE. point 6, through the second division of the diameter, no matter how many sides the polygon was to have. The centre of a polygon coincides with the centre of the circumscribed circle. In any polygon having an even number of sides a line drawn from one angle to the angle opposite (which would be a diagonal) must go through the centre. When there are odd sizes, a line drawn Fig. 45. from any angle, through the centre, bisects the side opposite. The development of regular solids, or polyhe- drons (viz., ''many-sided" figures), which are bounded by planes, is very simple and easy. Indeed, in most instances the instincts of the operator could scarcely fail to guide him aright. Still, in order that our lessons may be tolerably complete, we think it is just as well to advert to the subject here. All solids having plane (or '' flat ") surfaces must form '' solid angles where their faces unite. And as three plane angles at least are required to POLYHEDRONS. 5] form a solid angle, it follows that the most elementary and simple of the solids is a pyramid Fig. 46. whose base is triangular, and whose sides are formed by three triangles, which unite in the angle at the apex, or top, of the pyramid. D 2 52 THE SHEET-METAL WORKEU's GUIDE. The stretch-out " of this solid (h. Fig. 45) is obtained by first describing the equilateral triangle, d r e, by the method previously adver- ted to, and then erecting on the three sides B Fig. 47. or base lines the three triangles T) a r, r b e, and D c e (Fig. 45), whose surfaces are inclined when the development is closed up, so that the three triangles meet at the apex g. The solid just spoken of is the simplest of the POLYHEDRONS. 53 five regular polyhedrons. It is termed, geo- metrically, a tetrahedron, or four- sided figure. The next most simple solid is the cube Fig. 48. (a, Fig. 46). This is known by the geometrical name of a hexahedron, or six-sided " figure, The development (shown also at Fig. 46) needs no explanation. A square, c b e d, is first Fig. 49. formed by any process, and the adjacent squares BGFE, MNCB, EOPD, and c D H T, added to its sides, the last side being completed by the addition of the square h i k l (Fig. 46), 54 THE SHEET-METAL WORKEr's GUIDE. The octahedron, or " eight -sided figurie (a, Fig. 47), is composed of eight equilateral triangles, as shown. One face, c d e, having been constructed in the usual manner, the other seven Fig. 50. sides are subsequently added, as shown at Fig. 47. (One face has been omitted in engraving.) The next regular solid is the dodecahedron, or ^'twelve-sided" figure (Fig. 48). The faces of Fig. 51. this solid are composed of twelve regular pen- tagons (or five-sided '^) figures, and it is hence necessary to construct a pentagon according to any approved method, and then form others on its sides in the manner shown at Fig. 49. POLYHEDRONS. 55 The last regular polyhedron is the icosahedron (Fig. 50), which is bounded by twenty equilateral triangles. For obtaining the stretch-out these may be arranged as shown at Fig. 51. All the preceding developments, if cut in card- board, scaleboard, or thin metal, will, when their edges are brought together, assume the appear- ance of regular solids. Although the equilateral triangle, the square, and the pentagon are the only figures from which can be formed regular polyhedrons whose angles and sides are equal, yet by cutting the solid angles of the said polyhedrons in a regular manner, we can obtain regularly symmetrical solids whose sides are formed of two similar faces. Such is, for example, the polyhedron of eight- sides obtained by cutting equally the angles of a tetrahedron. Of these eight faces four are hexa- gons (or six-sided figures), and four are equi- lateral triangles. In the same manner if we cut the solid angles of the cube regularly we obtain a polyhedron of fourteen sides, viz., six octagonal (or eight- sided '') faces and eight triangular. The octahedron, similarly dealt with, gives also a polyhedron of fourteen faces — six square and eight octagonal. The dodecahedron, when thus cut, yields a solid of thirty-two sides, of which twelve are pentagons and twenty are hexagons. We have already given the mode of getting the stretch-out of a cylinder from the circum- ference, and now present another problem having 56 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER S GUIDE. to do with cylindrical bodies and exemplifying the use of ordinates. Fig. 52. The sections obtained by cutting a cylinder otherwise than longitudinally, or at right angles PIPE JUNCTIONS. 57 to its length, are of considerable importance in many works. Fig. 52 shows how to get at the figure produced by cutting a cylinder in a diago- nal or slanting direction. If we cut a cylinder at right angles to its length, or, in other words, parallel to its base, as at c e (Fig. 52), we get a circle ; but if we cut the cylinder obliquely to its base, as at E G (Fig. 52), the section produced is an ellipse. In many cases a knowledge of the method of finding the precise form of the ellipse produced by such oblique cuttings of a cylinder is of considerable importance to the artisan, and this we proceed to describe. Let A B c E (Fig. 52) be a cylindrical pipe, or tube, or rod, which has to pass through some flat surface (as a roof, ceiling, iron-plate, &c.) f g, which lies obliquely to the base of the pipe or tube, and let it, moreover, be desired to find the form of ellipse that will need to be made or per- forated in such roof or plate, to allow it to pass through. Through h (Fig. 52) draw c e at right angles to ca and eb respectively. Divide the semi-circumference c ab cdefg hik^ into any number of equal parts (the more the better, as the ordinates will give a greater number of points through which to trace the curve of the ellipse). From the points thus obtained in the circum- ference draw lines parallel to c a or e b, as A ih g, &C.J cutting the line c e in the points d h ik, &c., and produce them until they cut the diagonal line FG in Inpr, &c. Next, from the latter points, and at right angles to f g, draw the lines I m, no, D 3 58 THE SHEET-MKTAL WORKEll's GUIDE. p r Sj &c. Then from d measure to the semi- circle, and set off this distance from I to m on the line I m. Next measure from h to the semi-circle and set the distance ofE from n to o on the line n o. In the same manner transfer the other distances to p q, r s, &c. Repeat these operations upon the other side of the line r g. Finally, through the points thus obtained draw the ellipse by hand. Now let us treat of the cone and its develop- ment. A cone may be produced in any thin material, as shown in Fig. 53. Let a be the circle of the base ; through b, its centre, draw a line b c ; make e c equal to the length of the sloping side ; from c with c e, describe the arc e d f ; take, in Fig. 53. THE CONE. 59 inches, or in parts of inches, the radius b d of the base, and multiply by 180°, and divide it by the number of parts there are in c e, the length of the slanting side. The result is the angle with the sloping side, as c e makes with the centre line c d. In the example there are two parts in the radius B D, and six in the length of side, which gives the angle, e c d, of 60°. From c, with a chord of 60°, decribe the arc e f and set off 60° from the same scale of chords from e to d ; draw c d and make c F equal to c e ; join c f. Then bend the outline e f till the edges c f e meet, the edge e d f passing found the periphery of the circle a, the cone will be completed. To find the development, or the covering sur- face, of part of a cone (Fig. 54). Let a b c d be the portion of the cone to be covered ; the sides A B c D being produced to e to complete the cone. Divide the base a d into two equal parts in point F, and draw f e at right angles to a d. With radius fa from f describe a semicircle, A 6 d. Divide this into any number of equal parts, as twelve. From e as a centre, with e a as a radius, describe an arc a g, and with e b, another arc b h, and set ofE from a on the arc a g the same number of equal parts as a 6 d is divided into, the last of these terminating at 12. From e, through each of these points, draw lines as in the drawing ; and also from the points in a 6 d, obtained by drawing the ordinates, as 5 i parallel to 6 f e. Then the part A 12 H B is the stretch-out'^ required, which, when cut out, will be found to cover the surface 60 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER's GUIDE. A B c D, part of the cone. This covering may be supposed to be made up of a number of boards, as shown by the crossed lined Darts at 12, or a sheet of metal. 6 Fig. 54. To develope the surface or find the " stretch- out for part of a cone's surface as in Fig. 55 : — Let a be d he the parts of the cone to be covered, and the sides, a 5, d c, produced to e to complete THE CONE. 61 the cone. Divide ad in the point / into two equal parts, and from /, with fa, describe the semicircle a 6 cL Divide this with any number of equal parts, say twelve, and from these points, on a Q d, Fig. 55. draw ordinates cutting the base line, ad, of the cone in the points, as h /] &c., &c. From these points draw lines to the apex or vertex of the cone cutting the line b c in the points i k m, &c. 62 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER's GUIDE. From these, at right angles to c 6, draw lines, as k ly ip, m n, &c. From the point e, with radius e a, describe the arc a and from a set off to- wards g the same number of equal parts as the semicircle, a Q d, is divided into, terminating in the point 12. From the points on the arc, a 12, draw lines to the point e. Then from 12 in a ^ measure to the pointy, making 12 p) equal to co, the first of the perpendicular lines drawn from the points on the line cb\ in like manner set off from the points 11, 10 and 9, on a g, the distances obtained from the line b c ; thus the distance 7 is equal to m n, the distance 5 s equal to i h, and 4 r to k /, and so on. Then through the points thus obtained, as p ts r, draw a curve by hand, and the part a 12 pb will be the stretch-out,^' which when cut out will cover the part of the cone, a b cd. The "stretch-out" may be considered as made up of a number of pieces, as 12 p, 11 Uy 10 V. It is sometimes necessary to find the section which a cone transected or cut at any particular angle will present. For this purpose proceed as follows : — To find the section of a cone cut by a line oblique to its base (Fig. 56). Let abc be the given cone, and d e the cutting line. Divide the base line a b into two equal parts at the point /, and draw fc perpendicular to the base line a b. Draw any number of lines parallel to the base a as e g, h iyjk, and so on. From the points where these intersect the side dc of the cone, as g ik, &c., drop perpendicular lines, cutting a fin the THE CONE. Ot3 points 1, 2, 3, 4, &c., and from the points n l, jh, P Fig. 56. other perpendicular lines as in the diagram. From / as a centre, with / 1 as a radius, describe 64 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER's GUIDE. the semicircle 1, 7 ; with / 3 as a radius, the semicircle 3, 8 ; with / 4, the semicircle 4, 9 ; with /5, the semicircle 6, 5 ; and with /lO, 10, 11. Then from the point where the semicircle 3, 8 cuts the line dropped from /?, measure to 8, and set off this distance v8 on a line h a\ drawn at right angles to the cutting line e rf, the distance A a' equal to v 8. Next from the point where A ' 1 ^ ^ \ 1 1 Bl 1 1- 1 " 1 ! 1 1 \ 1 1 j 1.^- ^ ) 1 c Fig. 57. the circle 4, 9 cuts the perpendicular 9j\ measure to 9, and set off this distance from j to on the line J* b/ at right angles to de. In like manner set off the distance, cc 5, from I to c, and .^11 from n to ; a curve drawn by hand, or carried through the points d^ d V a,' will give one-fourth of the ellipse, and the remainder of the ellipse will be found as described in connection with Fig. 52. THE SPHERE. 65 The solid whose development we will next briefly consider is the sphere, Fig. 57. The sphere itself does not, perhaps, enter very largely into the province of the sheet-metal worker, although it has occasionally to be constructed ; but other solids (such, for instance, as the hemi- sphere. Fig. 58) derived from it, are largely em- ployed both in engineering and in architecture ; as, for example, in the former, the hemispherical ends of boilers, &c., and in the latter, cupolas, domes, pen- dentives, niches, &c. A sphere is a solid, the boundary of which is a curve, every point of which is situated at the same dis- tance from the centre, the latter being the generating point of the sphere. It is not possible to develop a spherical surface with accurate exactness, and we must be satisfied with arriving at an approximation, which, however, mostly answers all practical purposes. In order to obtain this it is usual to conceive of the outside or boundary surface of the sphere as divided into a number of parts, which form a series of polygonal sides of solids, the surfaces of these polygonal portions of the stretch-out " terminating at common points at the vertices of the sphere. Two methods of arriving at the shape of these segmental portions of the covering of a sphere are Fig. 58. 66 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER's GUIDE. in use. The most common is to divide the surfaces into such parts as are indicated by the lines a, b, c, D (Fig. 57), which are usually termed " gores. If we look at an ordinary terrestrial globe or a map of the world we shall find that the meridian lines or lines of latitude, which are shown as equi- distant at the equator and meeting in points at the poles, divide the surface of the globe into a series of gores.*' The other plan in use in the development of spherical surfaces is to consider the sphere or hemisphere, or any segment of the sphere, as made up of a series of conical rings as at E, F, G, H, and g, h, i, k (Fig. 57), the " stretch- out " of which gives a series of curved slips. It may be observed that these latter lines correspond with those of longitude on a terres- trial globe, and that this principle of development is the one adopted in the next example given. To develop the covering of a hemisphere, as in Fig. 59, let ab he the hemisphere, and the part to be covered in depth equal to c d. This is assumed to be the side of the portion of a cone, of which c (i/ 14 is the elevation, and the sides pro- duced to complete the cone. Draw the line c d as to represent the base of the part of the cone, and divide it in the point e, and draw through e the line ^ e 7, at right angles from the base, a b, of the hemisphere. From the point e, with c 6 as radius, describe the semicircle c 7, 14. Divide this into any number of equal parts, as 14 in the drawing. From g, the apex of the cone, as centre, with g g d radii, describe the arcs, THE SPHERE. 67 chy d i, and set off in the arc c h the same number of equal parts as are in 14, 7 c towards A. Through the last of these, as 14, draw 14^, and through all the other parts similar lines converging to g ; Fig. 59. j d is the covering of the part, c d f 14. The whole surface of the hemisphere may be covered by a series of such parts, the quadrant being divided into equal parts, to give an equal depth to the covering surfaces. CHAPTER IV. PATTERNS. To descnbe an envelope for a cone. Let ABE (Fig. 60) be the given cone. From e as centre, and with the radius e a, describe the arc c d ; make c d equal in length to the circumference of A B (which is rather more than three times), Fig. 60* draw the lines o e and d e, when the figure c d e will be that of the required covering for the cone- Edges for folding or lapping should be allowed by drawing the lines parallel to c e and d e, as shown by the dotted lines. FRUSTRUM OF A CONE. 69 To describe the frustrum of a cone. Let A B (Fig. 61) equal diameter of large end, r H diameter of small end, g k altitude.* Pro- duce A F and B H until they meet at e ; with e as centre and radii e f and e a, describe the arcs c d and I / ; set off c D equal to that portion of the Fig. 61. circumference of a b required for a pattern, draw the lines c i and T>f, cutting the centre at e. Edge for folding or lapping to be allowed, drawing the lines parallel to c i and d /, as shown by the dotted lines. To describe a can-top or deck flange. Let A B (Fig. 62) equal diameter of can or base of flange, c d diameter of opening in top, f g altitude. Produce a c and b d until they meet at e ; with e as centre, and the radii e d and e b, describe the curves i j and h k ; set off i J equal to the * The term altitude" denotes perpendicular height, as rom G to K in above diagram. 70 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER's GUIDE. circumference of the base a b draw the lines i H. Fig. 63. and J K, cutting the centre e. Edges to be allowed. Describe the right angle abe (Fig. 63), make bd the altitude, draw the line cd at right angles to b e, make a b equal one half the diameter of the To describe a pattern for an envelope for the frustrum of a cone* TAPERING OVAL ARTICLES. 71 large, end c d one half tlie diameter of the small end ; draw a line cutting the points a and c, and the line b e ; with e as a centre, and radii e c and E A, describe the arcs r g and hi; set off f g equal to that portion of the circumference of the smallest end required for a pattern, draw the lines H F and I G, cutting the centre at e. Edges for folding and capping to be allowed, drawing the lines parallel to h f and i g. When the work is to be riveted, punch the holes for rivets on the lines h f and i g. When the work is to be wired, or a flange laid ofi*, it must be allowed as shown in the dotted Imes over the arc h i. To describe a pattern for a tapering oval article^ to be in two sections. Describe the bottom, the length, and breadth required, as in Fig. 64, then describe the body as in Figs. 65 and 66o Describe the right angle A b c (Fig. 65) ; make B F the altitude, draw the line, D f at right angles to b c ; make D E equal to a b in Fig, 64 ; make a b equal to d e and the taper required on a side ; draw a line cutting the points A and D, and the line b c. On any right line, as a b in Fig. 67, with the radii c b and e b describe the arcs c d and e f ; set off E f equal to e b d (Fig. 64), draw the lines c e and d f, cutting the centre at b. 72 THE SHEET -METAL WORKEr's GUIDE. (Fig. 65) make e f equal to c e in Fig 64 ; make g b equal to c d, and the taper required on a side ; draw line cutting the points r and g and the line c b, with the radius h e, and in Fig. 67, with E and F as centres, cut the lines c b and n b as at L and M ; with L and m as centres describe the arcs F K and E h, also the arcs d t and c g ; set off f H and E h equal to e D in Fig. 64, draw the lines I K and G h, cutting the centres of m and L. Edge to be allowed. Taper must be equal on all sides. To describe the pattern for a tapering oval article, to be in four sections. Describe the bottom, the length, and breadth required as in Fig. 64 ; describe the sides as in Figs. 65 and 66. Describe the right angle a bc (Fig. 65), make b f the altitude, draw the line d f at right angles to B c, make d f equal to a b in Fig. 64, make a b TAPERING OVAL ARTICLES. 73 equal to d f and the taper required on a side, draw a line cutting the points A and d, and the line b c. (Fig. 65) make e f equal to c e in Fig. 64 ; make g b equal to e f, and the taper required on a side ; draw a line cutting the points g and e and the line b c. On any right line, as a b in Fig. 66, with Fig. 67. the radii c e and c d, describe the arcs f d and g E ; set off F D equal to e d g in Fig. 64 ; draw the lines g f and e d, cutting the centre at c. To describe the pattern for a tapering oval article^ to he in two sections. Describe the bottom, the length, and breadth required as at Fig. 64, then describe the body as in Figs. 65 and 67 ; describe the right angle ABC (Fig. 65) ; make b f the altitude, draw the line D F at right angles to b c, make d e equal to A B in Fig. 64, make a b equal to d e and 74 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER's GUIDE, the taper required on a side ; draw a line cutting the points a and d and the line b c. On any right line, as a b, in Fig. 67, with the radii c b and e b, describe the arcs c d and E r ; set off E F equal to e b d in Fig. 64 ; draw the lines E c and e d. Fig. 68. Fig. 69. Fig. 70 (Fig. 65) make e f equal to c e in Fig. 64 ; make g b equal to e f and the taper required on a side ; draw a line cutting the points g and e and the line b c ; with the radius h e, and (in Fig. 67), E and f as centres, cut the lines c b and D b as at L and m ; with l and m as centres, describe the arcs f k and h e, also the arcs d i and c g ; set off F K and e h equal to e d in Fig. 64, draw the lines I K and g h, cutting the centres at m and l. TAPERING OVAL ARTICLES, 75 Edges to be allowed. The taper must be equal on all sides. To describe a pattern for a tapering oval article^ to he in tiw sections. Describe the bottom, the length, and breadth required as at Fig. 69 ; then describe the body- as in Figs. 68 and 70. Describe the right angle ABC (Fig. 70) ; make b e the altitude, draw the line D E at right angles to c c ; make d e equal to F c in Fig. 69 ; make a b equal to r> e, and the taper required on a side. Draw a line cutting the points a and d, and the line b c. On any right line, as a b in Fig. 68, with the radii c d and c A, describe the arcs c d and e f ; set off c D equal to c d in Fig. 69 ; draw the lines e c and e d, cutting the centre at b. (Fig. 70) make f e equal to a c in Fig. 69 ; make g b equal to f e, and the taper required on one side ; draw a line cutting the points g and f, and the line b c ; with the radius J f, and, in Fig. 68, D as a centre, cut the line f b as at k ; with K as a centre describe the arc u h ; also the arc E G, cutting the centre at k. Fig. 68, make H E equal to g e ; Fig. 69, make i b equal to h e, and the taper required of a side ; draw a line cutting the points i and h, and the line b c ; with the radius k h, and in Fig. 70, c as a centre, cut the line c b as at l ; with l as a centre, describe the arc i c ; also, the arc J e ; set off i c equal to D e in Fig. 69. Draw the line j i cutting the centre at l. e 2 76 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER's GUIDE. Edges to be allowed. The taper must be equal on all sides. Fig. 72. Fig. 71. Fig. 73. To describe a pattern for a tapering oval article. Describe tbe bottom, the length, and breadth required, as in Fig. 71 ; describe the body, as in Figs. 72 and 73 ; describe the right angle, a b c (Fig. 73) ; make b e the altitude ; draw the line TAPERING OVAL ARTICLES. 77 D E at right angles to b c ; make f e equal to H G in Fig. 71 ; make g b equal to f e, and tlie taper required at a side ; draw a line cutting the point g and f, and the line b c. On any right line, as a b in Fig. 72, with the radii h f and h g, describe the arcs g h and e f ; set off G H equal to i g f in Fig. 71 ; draw the lines E G and f e, cutting the centre at g. (Fig 73) make d e equal to a b in Fig. 71 ; make a b equal to d e, and the taper required on a side ; draw a line cutting the points a and d, and the line b c ; with the radius c d and (in Fig. 72) with I and h as centres, cut the lines g l and G M, as at M and l ; with m and l as centres, describe the arcs h i and H i ; also the arcs j k and J K. Set off h i and h i equal to i b in Fig. 70 ; draw the lines j h and k l, cutting the centres at L and m. (Fig 73) make i e equal to c d in Fig. 71 ; make j b equal to i e, and the taper required on a side ; draw a line cutting the points J and I and the line b c ; with the radius k i, and (in Fig. 72) o and n as centres, cut the lines l b and M b as at R and s ; with r and s as centres, describe the arcs N o and n o, also the arcs p g and p Q ; set off NO and n o equal to b d in Fig. 71 ; draw the lines q o and p n, cutting the centres as s and R. Edges to be allowed. The taper must be equal on all sides. The pattern can be cut in any number of sec- tions. 78 THE SHEET- METAL WORKER's GUIDE. To describe a pattern for a tapering oval or oblong article, the sides to be straight, with quarter- circle corners, to be in two sections. Describe the bottom, tbe length, and breadth required as in Fig. 75, the body as in Figs. 74 and 76 ; describe the right angle a b c. (Fig. 76) make b e the altitude ; draw the line d e at right angles to b c ; make d e equal to e c in Fig. 76 ; lb. make a b equal to d e, and the taper required on a side ; draw a line cutting the points a and d and the line b c. (Fig. 74) make a d and b e equal to a d in Fig. 76 ; make a b equal to a b in Fig. 75 ; draw the lines d m and e n (Fig. 74) ; with the radius c D, and, in Fig. 74, a and b as centres, cut the lines D M and e n, as at m and n ; with m and n OBLONG ARTICLES. 79 as centres, describe tlie arcs b c and a j, also the arcs E F and d h ; set off b c and A J equal to b c in Fig. 75 ; draw the lines h i and f c, cutting the centres m and n ; draw the lines f g and c l at right angles to f also the lines k h and j i at right angles to h m ; make c l and j l equal to one half of c d in Fig. 75 ; draw the lines k j and G L at right angles to k h and r g. Edges to be allowed. The taper to be equal on all sides. To describe a pattern for a tapering oval or oblong articky the sides to be straight, one end to be a semicircle, the other to be straight, with quarter- circle corners, to be in two sections. Describe the bottom, the length, and breadth Fig. 77. c Fig. 78. Fig. 79. required, as in Fig. 78 ; the body as in Figs. 77 80 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER's GUIDE. and 79 ; describe the right angle a b c (Fig. 79) ; make b g the altitude ; draw the line d g at right angles to b c ; make d g equal to a r in Fig. 78 ; make a b equal to D g and the taper required on a side : draw a line cutting the points a and d and the line b c ; make r g equal to e d in Fig, 78 ; make e b equal to r g and the taper required on a side ; draw a line cutting the points e and f and the line b c. (Fig. 77) make a c and b d equal to d a in Fig. 79; make cd and ab equal to b c in Fig. 78; draw the lines c k and d l in Fig. 77 ; with the radius c and in Fig. 77, a as a centre, cut the line c K as at K ; with k as a centre, describe the arc A I, also the arc c j ; set off a i equal to a b in Fig. 78 ; draw the line J i cutting the centre at K. (Fig. 79) with the radius h f, and in Fig. 77, b as a centre, cut the line d l as at l ; with l as a centre, describe the arc b f, also the arc d e ; set off* B F equal to c d in Fig. 78, draw the line e f, cutting the centre at l ; draw the lines f g and E H at right angles to e l ; make f g equal to D E in Fig. 78 ; draw the line h g at right angles to E H. Edges to be allowed. The taper to be equal on all sides. To describe a pattern for a tapering oval or ohlong article, the sides to he straight, to be in two sections. Describe the bottom, the length, and breadth OBLONG ARTICLES. 81 required, as in Fig. 81, and the body as in Figs. 80 and 82. Describe the right angle A b c (Fig. 82) ; make B E the altitude ; draw the line d e at right angles to B c ; make d g equal to a b in Fig. 81, and the taper required on a side ; draw a line cutting the points A and d and the line b c (Fig. 82) ; make A c and B D equal to A d in Fig. 82. Make a b and c d equal to d c in Fig. 81 ; draw the lines c i and d i (Fig. 80) ; with the radius Fig. 80. c ^ Fig. 81. Fig. c D, and, in Fig. 80, a and b as centres, cut the lines c i and d j as at i and J ; with i and j as centres, describe the arcs a h and b f, also the arcs c G and d e ; set off A h and b f, equal to c b in Fig. 81. Draw the lines g h and e f, cutting the centres at i and j. e3 82 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER's GUIDE. Edges to be allowed. The taper will be equal on all sides. In a large article it may be more convenient to lay out the end-pieces to fit the semicircle and join them to the sides, as at d and c, Fig. 81. Fish Kettles, A fish kettle with straight sides. — Suppose Fig. 82 to be the shape of hollow- Fig. 83. ing side and end views, and Fig. 83 the shape of the kettle. Divide the length of curve from centre to end in an indefinite number of equal points, or take the length of curve with a strip of tin (which is the most accurate), then draw a line F & on a sheet of tin ; set off the points equal in ELBOW PIPES. 83 number to those round the curve at each side of the centre, which will be the length of the cover before it is hollowed (of course you must allow for edging on). The same process must be gone through with regard to the width, but it is ne- cessary to obtain the length of the curve at a, and the point taken as before, and set off, as shown at h (Fig. 83). This done we find that the sides of the pattern are a little curved, though we want them straight when finished. These curves may be made with the compasses, but to be perfectly true there should be a greater number of points, b c d e, taken, and a curve drawn through the points by free-hand ; but I think this method will suit practical purposes. This process of obtaining a pattern cannot fail ; it is certain to be right so long as the hollowing is done right. The same process will answer in the describing of patterns of kettles with curved sides, i,e. a true oval or ellipse. A round article will also be made the proper size, if the length of curve be taken at which the cover or bottom must be finished. Elbow Pipe, or junction of circular pipe at right angles (bolted together). Draw the pipe as at Fig. 84. Draw the semi- circles, and divide them by radius and half radius, which will make six parts; draw lines through these points to the section line a b. It is not necessary to waste time by drawing any more of this figure than what is shown as lined off, as economy has as much to do with work as any- thing else. Next lay down the three plaste 84 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER's GUTDE. bolted together as before mentioned, divide off into twice the number of spaces as Fig. 84, and with the trammels take the heights from line a h (Fig. 84) to section line a b, and transfer them on each side of centre line o (Fig. 85) ; trace the B 6 ll / Eig. 84. curve through these points, and you have the whole thing at once. Our illustrations, though equally applicable to thin zinc tubing, are intended for tubes of boiler plate, riveted. In such case the outer pipe would have to be flanged, and this is shown in the third sketch, Fig. 86. ELBOW PIPES. 85 If the workman cliooses to draw another curve Fig. 85. line within the edge of inside course, as shown in rig. 86. Fig. 86, he can safely divide off his holes, and 86 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER's GUIDE. punch previous to being rolled. This itself will be a saving of much time and trouble. The out- side course is flanged, as shown in Fig. 86, and if the workman begins to flange let him do so at points c c, as the top and bottom points of pipe are at right angles, and at the points c c there is no flange scarcely ; it only begins there, and is gradually bent over as you get round. Unless the material is of good quality it is best not to bend it over too much at once, as too often takes place, and to heat it slowly so as to allow the heat to search through the iron. We have also shown that the section line (Fig. 86) on the pipe when shaped out and rolled, develops the form of an ellipse. To ascertain the outlines of a course of covering for a dome, tvithout reference to a section of the dome. Let A B (Fig. 87) be the breadth of the course. Bisect it at b by the perpendicular c E ; make b e equal to the length of the arc from the base of the dome to the top of it (which may be found either by measurement or calculation), divide the semi- circle A c D into any number of equal parts, and draw the lines parallel to b d ; divide b e into the same number of equal parts, and draw lines parallel to a d ; mark ordinates on each side of b e, as Xa —i2 yd Fig. 87. 1, 2, 3, and 4, equal to the lines of b c d, and a DOME COVERS. 87 curve drawn througli their terminations, 1, 2, 3, and 4, on both sides will give the outline of the course. To cover a dome hy the first method. Let ABC (Fig. 88) be the section of a dome. Draw the axis d produce to J ; divide the curve of one-half the figure into equal parts, as efg and H, the width of these divisions being th t required by the metal with which the dome is be covered ; produce a e, e f, eg, g h, and h b severally, until they intersect at the axis, b d ; then (for example) from the point i, with the length i g and I F, describe the curves g m, f n ; then set off that portion of the circumference of the base f l required for a pattern to cover the course f g. In the same manner the covering of other portions can be found. Fig. 88. 88 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER's GUIDE. To cover a dome by the second method. Let AFC (Fig. 89) be the section of a dome, when the length of a course of covering is obtained as follows : — The length of the course f f is equal to the course a f, and e g the breadth of it ; join E D, and the lines 1, 2, 3, and 4, intersected there- by, will be the half -breadth (from the vertical u f Fig. 89. Fig. 90. of the course at the corresponding lines on e f) through which points a line can be drawn which will give the form of the course required. To describe a pattern for a tapering square article. Erect the perpendicular line g e (Fig. 90) ; draw the line a b at right angles to g e ; make e f equal to the slant height, and draw the line c d parallel to a B ; make a b equal in length to one side of the SQUARi; , ARTICLES. 89 base; make c d equal in lengiK.to one Qicp^of. tlie top or smallest end ; draw the lines a g and b g, cutting the poAnt-^^ c, b r ;;w:ith;G >is h 0^^t>:^e^^nd the radii GC and G A, describe the arcs km and j i; set off on the arc j i, j a, b h, and h i, equal in length to A B, and draw the lines j g, h g, and i g ; also the lines j a, b h, h and k c, d l, and l m. Edges to be allowed. To describe a pattern for a square tapering article, to be in two sections. Erect the perpendicular line c f (Fig. 91) equal to the slant heights of the article ; draw the line a B at right angles to c f ; draw the line e d parallel Fig. 91. to A B ; make a b equal in length to one side of the base ; make e d equal in length to one side of the top or smaller end ; draw the lines a e and b b ; E and D as centres, with a radius equal to one-half the difference of the two ends, as from b to g, describe the arcs i and n ; draw the right-angled line I A J, and n b k ; set off j a and k b equal to F B, and draw the lines j l and km at right 90 THE SHEET-METAL WOKKER's GUIDE. anglea to J a hihI k 3 ; also tlie Lues l e and m d at right angles to l j and m k. ... Edges to be aUowed. Square Base with Circular Top. To describe a pattern for a tapering article^ the base to he square and the top a circle^ to he in two sections. Erect the perpendicular :me nf (Fig. 92) ; draw the line Ab at right angles to nf ; make e f equal to the slant height, and draw the line cd parallel to AB ; make a b equal in length to one side of the base ; make c d equal in length to one-fourth the circumference of the top, and draw the lines a c and b D ; c and d as centres, with a radius equal to one-half the difference of the two ends, describe the arcs i and h ; draw the right-angle lines i A J and h B K ; set off J a and k b, equal to f b, and draw the lines J n and k n at right angles to j a RECTANGLE. 91 and K B ; N as a centre, with the radius n e, describe the arc l e m. Edges to be allowed. Rectangle Base with a Square Top. To describe a pattern for a tapering article^ the base to be a rectangle and top square^ to be in two sections. Erect the perpendicular line k c (Fig. 93) ; draw the line a b at right angles to k c ; make K c equal to the slant height, and draw the line D E parallel to a b ; make a b equal in length to ^ S C F O r B Fig. 93. the longest side of the base ; make d e. equal in length to one side of the top ; draw the lines a d and B e ; make c g equal to one-half the shortest side of the base ; d and e as centres, with radius equal to one-half the difference of the top and the shortest side of the base, as from b to e, describe the arcs J and i ; draw the right-angled lines J A L and IBM; set off a l and b m equal in length to c g, and draw the lines M n and l o at right angles to b m and l a, also the lines n e and o d at right angles to n m and o l. Edges to be allowed. 92 THE SHEET-METAL WORKER'S GUIDE. Rectangular Base with a Circular Top. To describe a pattern for a tapering article, the base to be a rectangle, and the top a circle, to be in two sections. Draw the perpendicular lines d c (Fig. 94) ; draw the line a b at right angles to d c ; make c E equal to the slant height and draw the line F G parallel to a b ; make a b equal in length to the longest side of the base ; make r g equal in length to one-fourth the circumference of the Fig. 94. top ; draw the lines a f and b g ; make c k equal to one-half of the shortest side of the base ; erect the line l g parallel to e c ; f and g as centres, with the radius k l, describe the arcs i and h ; draw the right-angled lines h b n and i a m ; set off B N and A M equal in length to c k and draw the line m d and n d at right angles to m a and N B ; D as a centre, with the radius d e, describe the arc dep. Edges to be allowed. INDEX. j^^CUTE angle, an, 36 Acute-angled triangle, 38 Alloys and their melting heats, 17 Altitude of a triangle, 38 Angle of 30°, to draw geome- trically, 47 of 60°, to draw geometri- cally, 46 Angles, 36 first division of, 37 second division of, 37 Anvils, 2 various shapes of, 2 Apex or vertical angle, 38 Arc, the, 42 Autogenous soldering, 8 "BAKER'S soldering fluid, 10 Beak iron, use of, 4 Bending metal to required angles, 3 thin metal to curves, 4 Bisect any given angle, to, 47 to, 42 Bismuth in soft solder, 16 Blow-pipe, 22 and gas, 25 and lamp, 25 (Mr. Fletcher's), 25 the, 25 with coiled nozzle, 26 Blow-pipes, and soldering jets, 10 Borax, heating previous to use, 25 where procurable, 24 Brazier's hearth, 22 hearth, fuel for, 23 Brazing, 22 care needed in, 24 description of, 23 iron, 24 method of, 23 Butt and mitre joints, 5 QAN top or deck flange, to describe, 69 Cast iron, pipes and gutters made of, 8 Centre, to find, of given arc, 44 Chord, the, 42 Circle, the, 41 Circular work, observations on, 11 Circumference of circles, 44 Cleanliness necessary for soft- soldered joints, 18 Cold chisel and hammer, 1 Cone cot by oblique line to its base, to find section of, 62 the, and its development, 58 to find the development of the, 59 to find the stretch out of part of, 60 Copper bit, manner of tinning, 19 94 INDEX. Copper bit, another way of tin- ning, 20 bit must always be tinned before using, 19 bit, the, 10 bit, necessity of tinning a, 19 flux, sal-ammoniac as a, 21 soldering bit, 18 Cover a dome, to, by the first method, 87 a dome, to, by the second method, 88 Covering for a dome, to ascertain the outlines of, without reference to a section of the dome, 86 Cramp joint used for musical instruments, 7 Crease, use of, 4 Creasing tool, 2 Cube, the, 63 Curve or curved line, a, 35 Cutting and riveting stout metal, 4 angles in zinc troughs, 10 out boiler, 2 out sheet metal, I Cylinder, developing a half, 29 QESCEIBE an envelope for a cone, to, 68 Describe a regular polygon in given circle, to, 48 the frustrum of a cone, to, 69 Development of regular solids, or polyhedrons, 50 of solids, 28 Developing a cylinder, process of, 29 Diagonal, the, 39 Die, difi'erent parts of, 12 to make a wooden, 11 Dies, tools required for making, 12 Different methods of developing patterns, 28 Dodecahedron, the, 54 Drawin(,^ tools, the cost of, 33 J]LBOW pipe, 83 Envelope for the frustrum of a cone, to describe a pat- tern for an, 70 Equilateral triangle, 37 Examples of solders, 16 pEATHER-EDGED lap joint, Fish kettles, 82 Fluxes, 18 Fusing heat of hard solders, 15 Q-ALLIPOLI oil, 22 Galvanised iron, 10 Galvanised iron cornices, 11 iron, extensively used in the United States, 10 iron for gutters, 9 Geometry, advantage to a workman of, 27 as applied to sheet-metal working, 27 definitions of, 33 necessary to all sheet-metal workers, 28 rudiments of, 33 use of, 27 Gold solder used for gold alloys, 16 Gutters formed of zinc, 9 JJAMMER, wooden, 2 Hammering angles, 4 Hammers, the, 2 Hard solders, borax flux for, 16 their composition, 16 Hatchet bit, 19 stake, 2 stake, use of, 3 Heating solders, open fire, mufile, or furnace, or blow-pipe, 16 Hemisphere, to develop the covering of, 66 Hexahedron, development of the, 53 the, 53 Holliper or Oliver, 2 INDEX. 95 Hollow crease, 8 Horizontal line, a, 35 Hot-air blast used by pewterers, 22 Hydrochloric acid used in sold- ering zinc, 10 JCOSAHEDRON, the, 55 Iron wire, its use in making seams, 4 Irregular polygon, an, 41 Isosceles triangle, 37 JOINT, dexterous manner of making a, 21 Joint, the butt, 7 the cramp, 7 the lap, 5 the roll, 8 used for fireproof and deed boxes, 6 used in zinc work, 7 folded angle, 6 folded by means of the hatchet stake, 5 for smoke pipes, 7 mortise and tenon, 6 riveted, 6 Joints, 5 dovetailed, riveted, and soldered, 5 at angles, 5 for marine boiler plates, 8 in composition pipes, 22 in sheet lead, 5 in tin, 5 united by screw bolts, 8 UDited with rivets, 8 used in iron steamships, 8 J^AP joint for bent tubes, 7 Lead and tin, proportion of, in soft solder, 16 Lines, 34 J/[AKING up circular mould- ings, 11 Mallets, 2 Manner of using large iron in soldering, 21 Measurement of triangles, 39 Melting heat of soft solders, 15 Mistakes of learners, 32 Mitre-joint for zinc workers, 30 geometrically obtained, 30 Mitre or T-joint, 22 Modes of applying heat, 18 Moulding, to cut a, 12 to put together a, 13 to raise a, 12 Mouldings, edges of, 13 good judgment required in putting up, 14 OBLIQUE line, an, 35 Obtuse angle, an, 36 angled triangle, 37 Octagon, to describe in given circle, 49 Octahedron, the, 54 Oliver, description and use of, 3 or holliper, 2 Other irons used in soldering, 21 PARALLEL to a given line, to draw a, 44 Parallels, or parallel lines, 35 Patent strip overlap, 7 Pattern or template of the sheet- metal worker, 28 Patterns, 68 Pentagon, a, 41 Perpendicular line, a, 35 line, to draw a, 43 Pipe junctions, 57 Point, a, 33 Polygon, a, 40 Polygons, description of poly- gons, 41 Polyhedron of fourteen sides, 55 Polyhedrons, simplest of the five regular, 53 Preparing zinc for a joint, 10 Produce, meaning of the term, 34 Protractor, parallelogram form of, 46 ; the, 45 QUADPILATEHAL figures, ^ 39 96 INDEX. B^ADITJS, the, 42 Eectangular base, with a circular top tapering article, the base to be a rectangle, and the top a circle, to be in two sec- tions, to describe a pat- tern for a, 92 Rectangle base with a square top, 91 the, 39 Regular polygon, a, 40 Resin, its use in soldering, 20 Rhomboid, the, 39 Rhombus, the, 39 Right angle, a, 36 Right-angled triangle, 37 gCALENE triangle, 37 Seam set, 2 Seams or edging, method of making, 4 Sections of cylinders, 56 Shallow tray, to form, 3 Shears used in cutting out, 1 Sheet iron, coating with zinc, 10 iron string courses, 11 iron, the discovery of gal- vanising, 10 metal working, 1 Simple solid, 51 Skill needed in the making of sheet iron mouldings, 11 Soft solder, its composition, 16 Solder, convenient method of keeping, 21 Soldering, 15 a less frequent manner of, 15 bit, description of, 19 two branches of, 16 bit, two forms of, 19 iron, 18 iron, manner of using, 20 iron, proper heat for, 20 usual method of, 15 zinc, 10 Solder, laminated gold as, 16 Solders, fluxes suitable for, 15 Solders, hard and soft, 15 manner of anplying heat to, 16 Solids with plane surfaces, 50 Spelter for brass and copper, 24 hard and soft, 24 Sphere, common method of dividing the surface, 66 description of the, 65 the, 65 two methods of arriving at the covering of the, 65 Square base with a circular top, 90 tapering article to be in two sections, to describe a pattern for, 89 the, 39 " Stakes," 2 Stamping out metal, 3 Stays, 9 Straight joints, 7 Stretch out of semi- cylinder, 30 Stretch out of the solid, 52 Symmetrical solids, 55 TABLE of solders, 16 Tangent, a, 42 Tapering article, the base to be a rectangle and top square, to be in two sec- tions, to describe a pat- tern for a, 91 article, the base to be square, and the top a circle, to be in two sec- tions, to describe a pat- tern for, 90 oval article in two sections, to describe a pattern for, 71 oval article to be in four sections, to describe the pattern for a, 72 oval article to be in two sections, to describe the pattern for a, 73 oval article, to describe a pattern for a, 75 INDEX. 97 Tapering oval article, to de- scribe piittern for a, 76 oval or oblong article, the sides to be straight, one end to be semicircular, the other to be straight, with quarter-circle corners^ to be in two sections, to describe a pattern for a, 79 oval or oblong article, the sides to be straight, to be in two sections, to de- scribe a pattern for, 80 oval or oblong article, the sides to be straight, with quarter-circle corners, to be in two sections, to describe a pattern for a, 78 ^ square article, to describe a pattern for, 8B Taper stake, 2 Tendency of thin sheet iron to rust, 10 Terms used in geometry, 33 Thick metal, to bend, 4 Thin sheet iron, 10 Tools required to draw diagrams, 32 Transecting a cone, 62 Trapezium^ the, 40 Trapezoid, the, 40 Triangles, 36 Trisect a right anglo, to, 48 yEETEX, meaning of the word, 38 •^yiPED joint, 22 Woodeu mould for zinc gutters, 9 7;iN0, difficult to tshapo 'cold, 10 Zinc, extensive use of, 8 Zine gutters, manner of making, 9 Zinc, proper heat to work, 10 Zinc, used for rainwater gutters, THE END, PRINTED BY J. 8. 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Adapted to Young Students and Amateurs in Architecture, Painting, &c. By George Pyne. 2s. 40 GLASS STAINING, AND THE ART OF PAINTING ON GLASS. From the German of Dr. Gessert and Emanuel Otto From- berg. With an Appendix on The Art of Enamelling. 2s. 6d. 69. MUSIC, A Rudimentary and Practical Treatise on. With numerous Examples. By Charles Child Spencer. 2s. 6d. 71. PIANOFORTE, The Art of Playing the. With numerous Exer- cises & Lessons from the Best Masters. By Charles Child Spencer. is.6d. 69-71. MUSIC SON'S CATALOGUE, Handbook for JVorks^ Managers. THE WORKS' MANAGER'S HANDBOOK OF MODERN RULES, TABLES, AND DATA. For Engineers, Millwrights, and Boiler Makers; Tool Makers, Machinists, and Metal Workers; Iron and Brass Founders, &c. By W. S. Hutton, Civil and Mechanical Engineer, Author of "The Practical Engineer's Handbook." Third Edition, carefully Revised, with Additions. In One handsome Vol., medium 8vo price 15s. strongly bound. B^S" The Author having compiled Rules and Data for his own use in a great variety of modern engineering work, and having found his notes extremely useful, decided to publish them — revised to date — believing that a practical work, suited to the DAILY REQUIREMENTS OF MODERN ENGINEERS, would be favourably received. In the Third Edition^ the following among other additions have been made, viz.: Rules for the Proportions of Riveted Joints in Soft Steel Plates, the Results of Experi- ments by Professor Kennedy for the Institution of Mechanical Engineers — Rules for the Proportions of Turbines— Rules for the Strength of Hollow Shafts of Whit' worth's Compressed Steel, &c. Opinions of the Press. "The author treats every subject from the point of view of one who has collected workshop uotcs for application in workshop practice, rather than from the theoretical or literary aspect. The volume contains a great deal of that kind of information which is gained only by practical experi- ence, and is seldom written in \iodk.s."— Engineer. "The volume is an exceedingly useful one, brimful with engineers' notes, memoranda, and rules, and well worthy of being on every mechanical engineer's bookshelf." — Mechanical World. "A formidable mass of facts and figures, readily accessible through an elaborate index .... Such a volume will be found absolutely necessary as a book of reference in all sorts of 'works ' connected with the metal trades." — Ryland's Iron Trades Circular. " Brimful of useful information, stated in a concise form, Mr. Hutton's books have met a press- ing want among engineers. The book must prove extremely useful to every practical man possessing a copy."— Practical Engineer, ''The Modernised Templeton.'^ THE PRACTICAL MECHANICS WORKSHOP COM- PANION. Comprising a great variety of the most useful Rules and Formulsa in Mechanical Science, with numerous Tables of Practical Data and Calcu- lated Results for Facilitating Mechanical Operations. By William Temple- ton, Author of "The Engineer's Practical Assistant," &c. &c. Fifteenth Edition, Revised, Modernised, and considerably Enlarged by Walter S. Hutton, C.E., Author of "The Works' Manager's Handbook," "The Practical Engineer's Handbook," &c. Fcap. 8vo, nearly 500 pp., with Eight Plates and upwards of 250 Illustrative Diagrams, 6s., strongly bound for workshop or pocket wear and tear. Templeton's '* Mechanic's Workshop Companion " has been for mors than a quarter of a century deservedly popular, and, as the well-worn and thumb- marked vade mecum of several generations of intelligent and aspiring workmen, it has had the reputation'of having been the means of raising many of them in their position in life. In consequence of the lapse of time since the Author's death, and the great advances in Mechanical Science, the Publishers have thought it advisable to have it entirely Reconstructed and Modernised ; and in its present greatly Enlarged and Improved form, they are sure that it will commend itself to the English workmen oj the present day all the world over, and become^ like its predecessors^ their indispens- able friend and referee. A smaller type having been adopted, and the page increased in size, while the number of pages has advanced from about 330 to nearly 500, the book practically con^ tains double the amount of matter that tvas comprised in the original work, \* Opinions of the Press. " In Its modernised form Hutton's ' Templeton ' should have a wide sale, for it contains much valuable information which the mechanic will often find of use, and not a few tables and notes which he might look for in vain in other works. This modernised edition will be appreciated by all who have learned to value the original editions of ' Templeton.' " — English Mechanic. " It has met with great success in the engineering workshop, as we can testify ; and there are a great many men who, in a great measure, ov. e their rise in life to this little book." — Building A/^eTos. " This familiar text-book — well known to all mechanics and engineers— is of essential service to the every-day requirements of engineers, millwrights, and the various trades connected with engineering and building. The new modernised edition is worth its weight in gold."— Building News. (Second Notice.) " The publishers wisely entrusted the task of revision of this popular, valuable and useful boo of Mr. Hutton, than whom a more competent man they could not have found."— Iron. MECHANICS, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, etc. 3 Stone-working Machinerj/, STONE-WORKING MACHINERY, and the Rafid and EconomU cal Conversion of Stone. With Hints on the Arrangement and Management of Stone Works. By M. Powis Bale, M.I.M.E. Crown 8vo, gs. "Should be in the hands of every mason or student of stone-work." — Celliery Guardian. "It is in every sense of the word a standard work upon a subject which the author is fully competent to deal exhaustively with." — Btiilder's Weekly Reporter. A capital handbook for all who manipulate stone for buildingf or ornamental purposes."— Machinery Market. Tump Construction and Management. PUMPS AND PUMPING : A Handbook for Pump Users. Being Notes on Selection, Construction and Management. By M. Powis Bale, , M.I.M.E., Author of " Woodworking Machinery," " Saw Mills," &c. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. cloth. [Just published. " The matter is set forth as concisely as possible. In fact, condensation rather than diffuseness has been the author's aim throughout ; yet he does not seem to have omitted anything likely to be of use."— yotirnat of Gas Lighting. " Thoroughly practical and simply and clearly written." — Glasgow Herald. Turning. LATHE-WORK : A Practical Treatise on the Tools, Appliances, and Processes employed in the Art of Turning. By Paul N. Hasluck. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 5s. cloth. " Written by a man who knows, not only how work ought to be done, but who also knows how to do it, and how to convey his knowledge to others. To all turners this book would be valuable." — Engineering. " We can safely recommend the work to young engineers. To the amateur it will simply be Invaluable. To the student it will convey a great deal of useful information." — Engineer. "A compact, succinct, and handy guide to lathe- work did not exist in our language until Mr. Hasluck, by the publication of this treatise, gave the turner dit.xnQ vade-mecum." —House Decorator. Screw-Cutting* SCREW THREADS : And Methods of Producing Them. With Numerous Tables, and complete directions for using Screw-Cutting Lathes. By Paul N. Hasluck, Author of " Lathe- Work," &c. With Fifty Illustra- tions. Second Edition. Waistcoat-pocket size, price 15. cloth. " Full of useful information, hints and practical criticism. Taps, dies and screwing-tools gene- rally are illustrated and their action descxihed."— Mechanical World. Smithes Tables for Mechanics, etc* TABLES, MEMORANDA, AND CALCULATED RESULTS, FOR MECHANICS, ENGINEERS, ARCHITECTS, BUILDERS, etc. Selected and Arranged by Francis Smith. Fourth Edition, Revised and En- larged, 250 pp., waistcoat-pocket size, is. 6d. limp leather. " It would, perhaps, be as difficult to make a small pocket-book selection of notes and formulae to suit all engineers as it would be to make a universal medicine ; but Mr. Smith's waistcoat- pocket collection may be looked upon as a successful attempt." — Engineer. "The best example we have ever seen of 250 pages of useful matter packed into the dimen- sions of a card-case." — Building News. "A veritable pocket treasury of knowledge." — Iron. Engineer's and Machinist's Assistant. THE ENGINEER'S, MILLWRIGHT'S, and MACHINIST'S PRACTICAL ASSISTANT. A collection of Useful Tables, Rules and Data. By William Templeton. 7th Edition, with Additions. iSmo, 2s. 6d. cloth. " Occupies a foremost place among books of this kind. A more suitable present to an appren tice to any of the mechanical trades could not possibly be made." — Building News. "A deservedly popular .work, it should be in the 'drawer' of every mechanic."— Mecha>iic. Iron and Steel. " IRON AND STEEL " ; A Work for the Forge, Foundry, Factory, and Office. Containing ready, useful, and trustworthy Information for Iron- masters and their Stock-takers ; Managers of Bar, Rail, Plate, and Sheet Rolling Mills ; Iron and Metal Founders ; Iron Ship and Bridge Builders ; Mecnanical, Mining, and Consulting Engineers ; Architects, Builders, and Draughtsmen. By Charles Hoare, Author of " The Slide Rule," &c. Eighth Edition, Revised and considerably Enlarged. 32mo, 65. leather. " One of the best of the pocket books." — English Mechanic. "We cordially recommend this book to those engaged in considering the details of all kinds of iron and steel works."— Waz/a/ Science. 4 CROSBY LOCKWOOD 6- SON'S CATALOGUE. Engineering Construction. PATTERN-MAKING : A Practical Treatise, embracing the Main Types of Engineering Construction, and including Gearing, both Hand and Machine made, Engine Work, Sheaves and Pulleys, Pipes and Columns, Screws, Machine Parts, Pumps and Cocks, the Moulding of Patterns in Loam and Greensand, &c., together with the methods of Estimating the weight of Castings; to which is added an Appendix of Tables for Workshop Reference. By a Foreman Pattern Maker. With upwards of Three Hundred and Seventy Illustrations. Crown 8vo, ys. 6d. cloth. " A well- ■written technical gfuide, evidentlj' written by a man who understands and has prac- tised what he has written about. We cordially recommend it to engineering- students, young journeymen, and others desirous of being initiated into the mysteries of pattern-making." — Builder. " Likely to prove a welcome guide to many workmen, especially to draughtsmen who have lacked a training in the shops, pupils pursuing their practical studies in our factories, and to em- ployers and managers in engineering vioxV.^!'— Hardivare Trade Joicrnal. "More than 370 illustrations help to explain the text, which is, however, always clear and ex- plicit, thus rendering the work an excellent vade mecum for the apprentice who desires to become master of his trade." — English Mechatiic. Dictionary of Mechanical Engineering Terms. LOCKWOOD' S DICTIONARY OF TERMS USED IN THE PRACTICE OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, embracing those current in the Drawing Office, Pattern Shop, Foundry, Fitting, Turning, Smith's and Boiler Shops, &c. &c. Comprising upwards of 6,000 Definitions. Edited by A Foreman Pattern-Maker, Author of "Pattern Making." Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. cloth. "Just the sort of handy dictionary required by the various trades engaged in mechanical en- gineering. The practical engineering pupil will find the book of great value in his studies, and every foreman engineer and mechanic should have a copy. — Btdlding N'eivs. "After a careful examination of the book, and trying all manner of words, we think that the engineer will here find all he is likely to require. It will be argely used." — Practical Eftgineer. "This admirable dictionary, although primarily intended for the use of draughtsmen and other technical craftsmen, is of much larger value as a book of reference, and will find a ready welcome in many libraries."— G/aj-^^^w Herald, "One of the most useful books which can be presented to a mechanic or student." — English Mechanic. " Not merely a dictionary, but. to a certatn extent, also a most valuable guide. It strikes us as a happy idea to combine with a definition of the phrase useful information on the subject of which it treats." — AlaJii^tery Market. "This careiuUy-compiled volume forms a kind of pocket cj'clopsedia of the extensive subject to which it is devoted. No word having connection with any branch of constructive engineering seems to be omitted. No more comprehensive work has been, so far, issued." — Knoiuledge. " We strongly commend this useful and reliable adviser to our friends in the workshop, and to students everywhere."— Cc/ZiVrj' Gtiardian. Steam Boilers. A TREATISE ON STEAM BOILERS: Their Strength, Con- struction, a,nd Economical Working, By Robert Wilson, C.E. Fifth Edition. i2mo, 6s. cloth. "The best treatise that has ever 1 een published on steam boilers." — Engineer. "The author shows himself perfect master of his subject, and we heartily recommend all em- ploying steam power to possess themselves of the \{Qx\i."—Ry land's Iron Trade Circular. Eoiler Chimneys. BOILER AND FACTORY CHIMNEYS; Their Draught-Power and Stability. With a Chapter on Lightning Conductors. By Robert Vv^iLSON, C.E., Author of "A Treatise on Steam Boilers," &c. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 3^-. 6d. cloth. "Full of useful information, definite in statement, and thoroughly practical in treatment." — The Local Gcrvernme^it Chronicle. " A valuable contribution to the literature of scientific building. . . . The whole subject is a very interesting and important one, and it is gratifying to know that it has fallen into such com- petent hands."— T^A^ Builder. Boiler MaMng. THE BOILER-MAKER'S READY RECKONER. With Ex- amples of Practical Geometry and Templating, for the Use of Platers, Smiths and Riveters. By John Courtney, Edited by D. K. Clark, M.I. C.E. Second Edition, Revised, with Additions, i2mo, 5s. half-bound. " No workman or apprentice should be without this hooV.."— Iron Trade Circular. " A reliable guide to the working boiler-maker." — Jron. " Boiler-makers will readily recognise the value of this volume. . . . The tables are clearly printed, and so arranged that they can be referred to with the greatest facility, so that it cannot be doubted that they will be generally appreciated and much used,"— Mming Journal, MECHANICS, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, etc. 5 Steam Engine, TEXT-BOOK ON THE STEAM ENGINE, With a Sup- plement oa Gas Engines. By T. M. Goodeve, M.A., Barrister-at-Law, Author of "The Elements of Mechanism," &c. Tenth Edition, Enlarged. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 6s. cloth. IJtist published. " Professor Goodeve has given us a treatise on the steam engine which will bear comparison with anything written by Huxley or Maxwell, and we can award it no hig-her praise." — Engineer. " Professor Goodeve's book is ably and clearly written. It is a sound work." — Athenceum. " Mr. Goodeve's text-book is a work of which every young engineer should posses himself." —Mining Journal. "Essentially practical in ts aim. The manner of exposition leaves nothing to be desired."— Scotsman. Gas Engines, ON GAS-ENGINES, Being a Reprint, with some Additions, of the Supplement to the Text-book on the Steam Engine, by T. M. Goodeve, M.A. Crown 8vo, 2S. 6d. cloth. ijust published, " Like all Mr. Goodeve's writings, the presenti s no exception in point of general excellence. It is a valuable little volume." — Mechanical World. ^" This little book will be useful to those who desire to understand how the gas-engine works." — English Mechanic, Steam, THE SAFE USE OF STEAM, Containing Rules for Un- professional Steam-users. By an Engineer. Sixth Edition. Sewed, 6d. " If steam-users would but learn this little book by heart boiler explosions would become sensations by their rarity." — English Mechanic, Coal and Speed Tables, A POCKET BOOK OF COAL AND SPEED TABLES, for Engineers and Steam-users. By Nelson Foley, Author of " Boiler Con- struction." Pocket-size, 3s. 6d. cloth ; 4s. leather. " This is a very useful book, containing very useful tables. The results given are well chosen, and the volume contains evidence that the author really understands his subject. We can recom- mend the work with pleasure." — Mechanical IVorld. " These tables are designed to meet the requirements of every-day use ; they are of sufficient scope for most practical purposes, and may be commended to engineers and users of steam."— Iron. " This pocket-book well merits the attention of the practical eng;ineer. Mr. Foley has com- piled a very useful set of tables, the information contained in which is frequently required by engineers, coal consumers and users of steam." — Iron and Coal Trades Review. Fire Engineering, FIRES, FIRE-ENGINES, AND FIRE-BRIGADES, With a History of Fire-Engines, their Construction, Use, and Management ; Re- marks on Fire-Proof Buildings, and the Preservation of Life from Fire 5 Statistics of the Fire Appliances in English Towns ; Foreign Fire Systems ; Hints on Fire Brigades, &c. &c. By Charles F. T. Young, C.E. With numerous Illustrations, 544 pp., demy 8vo, £1 4s. cloth. *' To such of our readers as are interested in the subject of fires and fire apparatus, we can most heartily commend this book. It is really the only English work we now have upon the subject."— En^ if leering. " It displays much evidence of careful research ; and Mr. Young has put his facts neatly together. It is evident enough that his acquaintance with the practical details of the construction of steam fire engines, old and new, and the conditions with which it is necessary they should comply, is accurate and full." — Engineer. Gas Lighting, COMMON SENSE FOR GAS-USERS: A Catechism of Gas- Lighting for Householders, Gasfitters, Millownevs, Architects, Engineers, etc. By Robert Wilson, C.E., Author of " A Treatise on Steam Boilers.** Second Edition, with Folding Plates and Wood Engravings. Crown 8vo, price IS. in wrapper. " All gas-users will decidedly benefit, both In pocket and comfort, if they will avail themselves of Mr. Wilson's co\xwse.\s."—Efigineering. jyynamo Construction, HOW TO MAKE A DYNAMO : A Practical Treatise for Amateurs. Containing numerous Illustrations and Detailed Instructions for Construct- ing a Small Dynamo, to Produce the Electric Light. By Alfred Crofts. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 2s. cloth. [_Just published.. "The instructions given in this unpretentious little book are sufli:iently clear and explicit to enable any amateur mechanic possessed of average skill and the usual tools to be found in aa amateur's workshop, to build a practical dynamo,machine." — Electrician. 6 CROSBY LOCKWOOD SON'S CATALOGUE, THE POPULAR WORKS OF MICHAEL REYNOLDS ("The Engine Driver's Friend"). Locomotive-Engine Driving, LOCOMOTIVE-ENGINE DRIVING : A Practical Manual for Engineers in charge of Locomotive Engines. By Michael Reynolds, Member of the Society of Engineers, formerly Locomotive Inspector L. B. and S. C. R. Eighth Edition. Including a Key to the Locomotive Engine. With Illus- trations and Portrait of Author. Crown 8vo, 4s. 6d. cloth. "Mr. Reynolds has supplied a want, and has supplied it well. We can confidently recommend the book, not only to the practical driver, but to everyone who takes an interest in the performance of locomotive engines." — The Ensineer. " Mr. Reynolds has opened a new chapter in the literature of the day. This admirable practical treatise, of the practical utility of which we have to speak in terms of warm commendation." — " Evidently the work of one who knows his subject thoroughly."— Ratltvay Service Gazette. "Were the cautions and rules given in the book to become part of the every-day working of our eng-ine- drivers, we migfht have fewer distressing accidents to deplore."— i^ct'/jwaw. Stationary Engine Driving, STATIONARY ENGINE DRIVING : A Practical Manual for Engineers in charge of Stationary Engines. By Michael Reynolds. Third Edition, Enlarged. With Plates and Woodcuts. Crown 8vo, 4s. 6d. cloth. " The author is thoroughly acquainted with his subjects, and his advice on the various points treated is clear and practical. ... He has produced a manual which is an exceedingly useful one for the class for whom it is specially intended." — Eitgineering^. " Our author leaves no stone unturned. He is determined that his readers shall not only know something about the stationary engine, but all z!oo\iX.\\.."—Engi7ieer. "An engineman who has mastered the contents oPMr.Rej'nolds's bookwill require but little actual experience with boilers and engines before he can be trusted to look after them." — EiiglishMechanic, The Engineer^ Fireman, and Engine-Boy. THE MODEL LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEER, FIREMAN, a7id ENGINE-BOY. Comprising a Historical Notice of the Pioneer Locomotive Engines and their Inventors. By Michael Reynolds. With numerous Illus- trations and a fine Portrait of George Stephenson. Crown 8vo, 4s. 6d. cloth. " From the technical knowledge of the author it will appeal to the railway man of to-day more forcibly than anything written by Dr. Smiles. . . . The volume contains information of a tech- nical kind, and facts that every driver should be familiar with." — Engt-ish Afechanic. "We should be glad to see this book in the possession of everyone in the kingdom who has ever laid, or is to lay, hands on a locomotive engine." — Iron, Continuous Hailway Brakes, CONTINUOUS RAILWAY BRAKES : A Practical Treatise on the several Systems in Use in the United Kingdom; their Construction and Performance. With copious Illustrations and numerous Tables. By Michael Reynolds, Large crown Svo, gs. cloth. " A popular explanation of the different brakes. It will be of great assistance in forming public opinion, and will be studied with benefit by those who take an interest in the brake." — English Mechanic. " Written with sufficient technical detail to enable the principle and relative connection of the various parts of each particular brake to be readily grasped." — Mecha^tical World. Engine-Driving Life, ENGINE-DRIVING LIFE : Stirring AdvcJitures and Incidents in the Lives of Locomotive-Engine Drivers. By Michael Reynolds. Second Edition, with Additional Chapters. Crown Svo, 2S. cloth. \^Just published, "From first to last perfectly fascinating. Wilkie Collins's most thrilling conceptions are thrown into the shade by true incidents, endless in their variety, related in every page." — North British Mail. "Anyone who wishes to get a real insight into railway life cannot do better than read ' Engine- Driving Life ' for himself ; and if he once take it up he will find that the author's enthusiasm and real love of the engine-driving profession will carry him on till he has read every '^■a.^Q."— Saturday Review. Pocket Companion for Enginemen, THE ENGINEMAN'S POCKET COMPANION AND PRAC- TICAL EDUCATOR FOR ENGINEMEN, BOILER ATTENDANTS, AND MECHANICS. By Michael Reynolds. With Forty-five Illustra- tions and numerous Diagrams. Second Edition, Revised. Royal iSmo, 3s. 6d., strongly bound for pocket wear. " This admirable work is well suited to accomplish its object, being the honest workmanship of a competent engineer." — Glasgoio Herald. " A most meritorious work, giving in a succinct and practical form all the information an engine- minder desirous of mastering the scientific principles of his daily calling would require." — Miller, " A boon to those who are striving to become efficient mechanics." — Daily Chronicle. CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, etc. 7 French-English Glossary for Engineers, etc. A POCKET GLOSSARY of TECHNICAL TERMS: ENGLISH- FRENCH, FRENCH-ENGLISH ; with Tables snitable for the Architectural, Engineering, Manufacturing and Nautical Professions. By John James Fletcher, Engineer and Surveyor ; 200 pp. Waistcoat-pocket size, is. dd.^ limp leather. " It ought certainly to be in the waistcoat-pocket of every professional man. —Iron. " It is a very great advantage for readers and correspondents in France and England to have so large a number of the words relating to engineering and manufacturers collected m a liliputian volume. The little book will be useful both to students and travellers." — Architect. " The g-lossary of terms is very complete, and many of the tables are new and well arranged. We cordiafiy commend the book.' — Mechanical JVorld, Portable Engines. THE PORTABLE ENGINE; ITS CONSTRUCTION AND MANAGEMENT. A Practical Manual for Owners and Users of Steam Engines generally. By William Dyson Wansbrough. With 90 Illustra- tions. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth. This is a work of value to those who use steam machinery. . . . Should be read by every- one who has a steam engine, on a farm or elsewhere." — Mark Lane Express. " We cordially commend this work to buyers and owners of steam engines, and to those who have to do with their construction or use." — Timber Trades journal. " Such a general knowledge of the steam engine as Mr. Wansbrough furnishes to the reader should be acquired by all intelligent owners and others who use the steam engine." — Building- News. CIVIL ENGI NEERING, SUR VEYING, etc. MR. NUMBER'S IMPORTANT ENGINEERING BOOKS. TJie Water Supply of Cities and Towns. A COMPREHENSIVE TREATISE on the WATER-SUPPLY OF CITIES AND TOWNS. By William Humber, A-M.Inst.C.E., and M. Inst. M.E., Author of "Cast and Wrought Iron Bridge Construction," &c. &c. Illustrated with 50 Double Plates, i Single Plate, Coloured Frontispiece, and upwards of 250 Woodcuts, and containing 400 pages of Text. Imp. 4to, £6 6s. elegantly and substantially half-bound in morocco. Ltst of Contents. I. Historical Sketch of some of the means that have been adopted for the Supply of Water to Cities and Towns. — II. Water and the Fo- reign Matter usually associated with it.— III. Ramfall and Evaporation. — IV. Springs and the water-bearing formations of various dis- tricts. — V. Measurement and Estimation of the flow of Water— VI. On the Selection of the Source of Supply.— VII. Wells.— VIII. Reser- voirs. — IX. The Purification of Water. — X. Pumps. — XI. Pumping Machinery. — XII. Conduits.— XIII. Distribution of Water.— XIV. Meters, Service Pipes, and House Fittings. — XV. The Law and Economy of Water Works. XVI. Constant and Intermittent Supply.— XVII. Description of Plates, — Appendices, giving Tables of Rates of Supply, Velocities, &c. &c., together with Specifications of several Works illustrated, among which will be found : Aberdeen, Bideford, Canterbury, Dundee, Halifax, Lambeth, Rotherham, Dublin, and others. " The most systematic and valuable work upon water supply hitherto produced in English, or In any other language. . . . Mr. Number's vv'ork is characterised almost throughout by an exhaustiveness much more distinctive of French and German than of English technical treatises." —En£-ineer. " We can congratulate Mr. Humber on having been able to give so large an amount of infor- mation on a subject so important as the water supply of cities and towns. The plates, fifty in number, are mostly drawings of executed works, and alone would have commanded the attention of every engineer whose practice may lie in this branch of the profession."— Builder. Cast and Wrought Iron Bridge Construction. A COMPLETE AND PRACTICAL TREATISE ON CAST AND WROUGHT IRON BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION, including Iron Foundations. In Three Parts — Theoretical, Practical, and Descriptive. By William Humber, A.M.Inst.C.E., and M.Inst. M.E. Third Edition, Re- vised and much improved, with 115 Double Plates (20 of which now first appear in this edition), and numerous Additions to the Text. In Two Vols., imp. 4to, £6 i6s. 6d. half-bound in morocco. "A very valuable contribution to the standard literature of civil engineering. In addition to elevations, plans and sections, large scale details are given which very much enhance the instruc- tive worth of those illustrations." — Civil Engifteer and Architect' s Journal. "Mr. number's stately volumes, lately issued— in which the most important bridges erected during the last five years, under the direction of the late Mr. Brunei, Sir W. Cubitt, Mr. Hawk- shaw, Mr. Page, Mr. Fowler, Mr. Hemans, and others among our most emiaent engineers, are drawn and specified in great detail."— 8 CROSBY LOCK WOOD 6- SON'S CATALOGUE. MR. NUMBER'S GREAT WORK ON MODERN ENGINEERING. Complete in Four Volumes, imperial 4to, price £12 12s., half-morocco. Each Volume sold separately as follows : — i RECORD OF THE PROGRESS OF MODERN ENGINEER- ING. First Series. Comprismg Civil, Mechanical, Marine, Hydraulic, Railway, Bridge, and other Engineering Works, &c. By William Humber, A-M.Inst.C.E., &c. Imp. 4to, with 36 Double Plates, drawn to a large scale, Photographic Portrait of John Hawkshaw, C.E., F.R.S., &c., and copious, descriptive Letterpress, Specifications, &c., £3 3s. half-morocco. List of the Plates and Diagrams. Thames, West London Extension Railway (S plates) ; Armour Plates : Suspension Bridge, Thames (4 plates); The Allen Engine; Sus- pension Bridge. Avon (3 plates) ; Underground Railway (3 plates). i ill find favour with many who desire to preserve Victoria Station and Roof, L. B. & S. C. R. (8 plates); Southport Pier (2 plates); Victoria Station and Roof, L. C. & D. and G. W. R. (6 plates) ; Roof of Cremorne Music Hall ; Bridge over G. N. Railway ; Roof of Station, Dutch Rhenish Rail (2 plates) ; Bridge over the " Handsomely lithographed and printed. It In a permanent form copies of the plans and specifications prepared for the guidance of the con- tractors for many important engineering -works."— Engineer. HUMBERTS RECORD OF MODERN ENGINEERING, Second Series. Imp. 4to, with 36 Double Plates, Photographic Portrait of Robert Stephenson, C.E., M.P., F.R.S., &c., and copious descriptive Letterpress, Specifications, &c., £s 3s. half-morocco. List of the Plates and Diagrams. and Abergavenny Railway; Ebbw Viaduct, Merthyr, Tredegar, and Abergavenny Rail- way; College Wood Viaduct, Cornwall Rail- Birkenhead Docks, Low Water Basin (15 piates) ; Charing Cross Station Roof, C. C. Railway (3 plates) ; Digswell Viaduct, Great Northern Railway ; Robbery Wood Viaduct, Great Northern Railway ; Iron Permanent "Way; Clydach Viaduct, Merthyr, Tredegar, way ; Dublin Winter Palace Roof (3 plates) ; Bridge over the Thames, L. C. & D. Railway (6 plates) ; Albert Harbour, Greenock (4 plates). " Mr. Humber has done the profession good and true service, by the fine collection of examples he has here brought before the profession and the public." — Practical Mcchatiic's Journal. HUMBERTS RECORD OF MODERN ENGINEERING. Third Series. Imp. 4to, with 40 Double Plates, Photographic Portrait of J. R. M'Clean, late Pres. Inst. C.E., and copious descriptive Letterpress, Speci- fications, &c., £3 3s. half-morocco. List of the Plates and Diagrams. Main drainage. Metropolis.— Ai?^^;* Side. — Map showing Interception of Sev/ers ; Middle Level Sewer (2 piates) ; Outfall Sewer, Bridge over River Lea (3 plates) ; Outfall Sewer, Bridge over Marsh Lane, North Woolwich Railway, and Bow and Barking Railway Junc- tion; Outfall Sewer, Bridge over Bow and Barking Railway (3 plates) ; Outfall Sewer, Bridge over East Loi'clon Waterworks' Feeder (2 plates); Outfall Se\\er, Reservoir (2 plates) ; Outfall Sewer, Tumbling Bay and Outlet ; Out- fall Sewer, Penstocks. South Outfall Sewer, Bermondsey Branch (2 plates) ; Outfall *' The drawings have a constantly increasing value, and whoever desires to possess clear repre- sentations of the two great works carried out by our Metropolitan Board will obtain Mr. Humber 's volume." — E7igi)ieer. HUMBERTS RECORD OF MODERN ENGINEERING. Fourth Series. Imp. 4to, v^^ith 36 Double Plates, Photographic Portrait of John Fowler, late Pres. Inst. C.E., and copious descriptive Letterpress, Speci- fications, &c., £3 3s. half-morocco. List of the Plates and Diagrams. Sewer, Reser\'o:r and Outlet (4 plates) ; OutfaW Sewer, Filth Koist ; Sections of Sewers (North and South Sides). Thames Embankment.— Section cf River Wall ; Steamboat Pier, Westminster (2 plates) ; I^anding Stairs between Charing Cross and Waterloo Bridges ; York Gate (2 plates) : Over- flow and Outlet at Savoy Street Sewer (3 plates) ; Steamboat Pier, Waterloo Bridge (3 plates) ; Junction of Sewers, Plans and Sections ; Gullies, Plans and Sections; Rolling Stock; Granite and Iron Forts. Abbey Mills Pumping Station, Main Drain- age, Metropolis (4 plates) ; Barrow Docks (5 plates) ; Manquis Viaduct, Santiago and Val- paraiso Railway (2 plates) ; Adam's Locomo- tive, St. Helen's Canal Railway (2 plates) ; Cannon Street Station Roof, Charmg Cross Railway (3 plates) ; Road Bridge over the River Moka (2 plates) ; Telegraphic Apparatus for "We gladly welcome another year's issue of this valuable publication from the able pen of Mr. Humber. The accuracy and general excellence of this work are well known, while its useful- ness in giving the measurements and details of some of the latest examples of engineering, as carried out by the most eminent men in the profession, cannot be too highly prized."— ^r/j*an. Mesopotamia ; Viaduct over the River Wye, Midland Railway (3 plates) ; St. Germans Via- duct, Cornwall Railway (2 plates) ; Wrought- Iron Cylinder for Diving Bell ; Millwall Docks (6 plates) ; Milroy's Patent Excavator ; Metro- politan District Railway (6 plates) ; Harbours, Ports, and Breakwaters (3 plates). CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, etc. 9 MR. NUMBER'S ENGINEERING BOOKS— continued. Strains^ Calculation of. A HANDY BOOK FOR THE CALCULATION OF STRAINS IN GIRDERS AND SIMILAR STRUCTURES, AND THEIR STRENGTH^ Consisting of Formulae and Corresponding Diatjrams, with numerous details for Practical Application, &c. By William Huncijer, A-M.Inst.C.E., &c. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo, nearly lOo Woodcuts and 3 Plates, 7s. 6d. cloth. " The formulae are neatly expressed, and the diag-rams goocV—AthencEum. " We heartily commend this really handy book to our engineer and architect readers." — En^' lish Mechanic. Barlotv^s Strength of Materials^ enlarged by Hti^nher A TREATISE ON THE STRENGTH OF MATERIALS ; with Rules for Application in Architecture, the Construction of Suspension Bridges, Railways, &c. By Peter Barlow, F.R.S. A New Edition, revised by his Sons, P. W. Barlow, F.R.S., and W. H. Barlow, F.R.S. ; to which are added, Experiments by Kodgkinson, Fairbairn, and Kirkaldy ; and Formulas for Calculating Girders, &c. Arranged and Edited by W. Humber, A-M.Inst.C.E. Demy 8vo, 400 pp., with 19 large Plates and numerous Wood- cuts, i8s. cloth. " Valuable alike to the student, tyro, and the experienced practitioner, it will always rank in. future, as it has hitherto done, as the standard treatise on that particular subject." — Etigineer. " There is no g^reater authority than Barlow." — Building News. " As a scientific work of the first class, it deserves a foremost place on the bookshelves of every civil engineer and practical mech'dnic."— English Mechanic. Trigonometrical Surveying. AN OUTLINE OF THE METHOD OF CONDUCTING A TRIGONOMETRICAL SURVEY, for the Formation of Geographical and Topographical Maps and Plans, Military Reconnaissance, Levelling, &c., with Useful Problems, Formulae, and Tables. By Lieut.-General Frome, R.E. Fourth Edition, Revised and partly Re- written by Major General Sir Charles Warren, G.C.M.G., R.E. With 19 Plates and 115 Woodcuts, royal Svo, 16s, cloth. "The simple fact that a fourth edition has been called for Is the best testimony to Its meritSi. No words of praise from us can strengthen the position so well and so steadily maintamed by this work. Sir Charles Warren has revised the entire work, and made such additions as were necessary to bring every portion of the contents up to the present d&te."— Broad A rroiv. Oblique Bridges, A PR A CTICA LAND THEORETIC A L ESS A Y ON OBLIQ UE BRIDGES. With 13 large Plates. By the late George Watson Buck, M.I.C.E. Third Edition, revised by his Son, J. H. Vv^atson Buck, M.I.C.E. j and with the addition of Description to Diagrams for Facilitating the Con- struction of Oblique Bridges, by W. H. Barlow, M.I.C.E. Royal Svo, 12s, cloth. " The standard text-book for all engineers regarding skew arches is Mr. Buck's treatise, and it would be impossible to consult a better. ' — Engineer. "Mr. Buck's treatise is recognised as a standard text-book, and his treatment has divested the subject of many of the intricacies supposed to belong to it. As a guide to the engineer and archi~ tect, on a confessedly difficult subject, Mr. Buck's work is nnsxxr^diSSQd.."— Building Nctvs. Water Storage, Conveyance and Utilisation, WATER ENGINEERING : A Practical Treatise on the Measure-- ment, Storage, Conveyance and Utilisation of Water for the Supply of Towns^ for Mill Power, and for other Purposes. By Charles Slagg, Water and. Drainage Engineer, A.M. Inst. C.E., Author of " Sanitary Work in the Smaller Towns, and in Villages," &c. With numerous Illustrations. Crown Svo. 7s. 6d. cloth. Ijfiist published. "As a small practical treatise on the water supply of towns, and on some applications oF water-ppwer, the work is in many respects exellent." — Engineering. " Tile author has collated the results deduced from the experiments of the most eminent authorities, and has presented them in a compact and practical form, accompanied by very clear and detailed explanations. . . . The application of water as a motive power is treated very; carefully and exhaustively ''—Builder. I' For anyone Avho desires to begin the study of hydraulics with a consideration of the practical applications of the science there is no better guide. '—Architect. 10 CROSBY LOCK WOOD (Sh SON'S CATALOGUE. Statics, Graphic and Analytic. GRAPHIC AND ANALYTIC STATICS, in their Practical Appli- cation to the Treatment of Stresses in Roofs, Selid Girders, Lattice^ Bowstring and Suspension Bridges, Braced Iron Arches and Piers, and other Frameworks, By R. Hudson Graham, C.E. Containing Diagrams and Plates to Scale. With numerous Examples, many taken from existing Structures. Specially arranged for Class-work in Colleges and Universities. Second Edition, Re- vised and Enlarged. 8vo, i6s. cloth. "Mr. Graham's book will find a place wherever graphic and analytic statics are used or studied." —En^neer. " The work is excellent from a practical point of view, and has evidently been prepared with much care. The directions for working are ample, and are illustrated by an abundance of well- selected examples. It is an excellent text-book for the practical dxa.ughtsman,"—Aihenaum, StudenVs Text-Booh on Surveying. PRACTICAL SURVEYING : A Text-Book for Students pre- paring for Examination or for Survey-work in the Colonies. By George W. UsiLL, A.M.I. C.E. , Author of "The Statistics of the Water Supply of Great Britain." With Four Lithographic Plates and upwards of 330 Illustra- tions. Crown 8vo, ys. 6d. cloth. ljust published, *' The best forms of instruments are described as to their construction, uses and modes of employment, and there are innumerable hints on work and equipment such as the author, in his experience as surveyor, draughtsman and teacher, has found necessary, and which the student in his inexperience will find most serviceable." — Engineer. " We have no hesitation in saying that the student will find this treatise a better guide than any of its predecessors. ... It deserves to be recognised as the first book which should be put in the hands of a pupil of Civil Engineering, and every gentleman of education who sets out for the Colonies would find it well to have a copy." — Architect. " A very useful, practical handbook on field practice. Clear, accurate and not too con- densed." — yoicrnal of Ed7icatio7t. Survey Practice. AID TO SURVEY PRACTICE, for Reference in Surveying, Level- ling, Setting-out and in Route Surveys of Travellers by Land and Sea. With Tables, Illustrations, and Records. By Lowis D'A. Jackson, A.M.I.C.E., Author of '* Hydraulic Manual," " Modern Metrology," &c. Second Edition, Enlarged. Large crown 8vo, 12s. 6d. cloth. " Mr. Jackson has produced a valuable vade-mecum for the surveyor. We can recommend this book as containing an admirable supplement to the teaching of the accomplished surveyor." — Athentzzim. " As a text-book we should advise all surveyors to place it in their libraries, and study well the matured instructions afforded in its pages." — Colliery Guardian. " The author brings to his work a fortunate union of theory and practical experience which, aided by a clear and lucid style of writing, renders the book a very useful qx^q"— Builder. Surveying, Land and Marine. LAND AND MARINE 5?7ieF£y/iVG, in Reference to the Pre- paration of Plans for Roads and Railways ; Canals, Rivers, Towns' Water Supplies ; Docks and Harbours. With Description and Use of Surveying Instruments. By W. D. Haskoll, C.E., Author of " Bridge and Viaduct Con- struction," &c. Second Edition, with Additions. Large crown 8vo, gs. cloth. " This book must prove of great value to the student. We have no hesitation in recommend- tng it, feeling assured that it will more than repay a careful study .''—Mechanical World. " We can strongly recommend it as a carefully- written and valuable text-book. It enjoys a well- deserved repute among surveyors."— B7nlder. " This volume cannot fail to prove of the utmost practical utility. It may be safely recommended to all students who aspire to become clean and expert surveyors." — Minin£- journal. Tunnelling, PRACTICAL TUNNELLING. Explaining in detail the Setting. out of the works, Shaft-sinking and Heading-driving, Ranging the Lines and Levelling underground, Sub-Excavating, Timbering, and the Construction of the Brickwork of Tunnels, with the amount of Labour required for, and the Cost of, the various portions of the work. By Frederick W. Simms, F.G.S., M.Inst.C.E. Third Edition, Revised and Extended by D. Kinnear Clark, M.Inst. C.E. ; Imperial 8vo, with 21 Folding Plates and numerous Wood Engravings, 30s. cloth. '•The estimation in which Mr. Simms's book on tunnelling has been held for over thirty years cannot be more truly expressed than in the words of the late Prof. Rankine : — ' The best source of in- formation on the subject of tunnels is Mr.F.W. Simms's work on Practical TunneUing.'"— Architect. " It has been regarded from the first as a text book of the subject. . . . Mr. Clarke has added immensely to the value of the book." — En^-ineer. CI VIL ENGINEERING , SURVE YING, etc. ii Levelling. A TREATISE ON THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF LEVELLING. Showing its Application to purposes of Railway and Civil Engineering, in the Construction of Roads ; with Mr. Telford's Rules for the same. By Frederick W. Simms,F.G.S., M.Inst.C.E. Seventh Edition, with the addition of Law's Practical Examples for Setting-out Railway Curves, and Trautwine's Field Practice of Laying-out Circular Curves. With 7 Plates and numerous Woodcuts, 8vo, 85. 6d, cloth. Trautwine on Curves may be had separate, 5s. " The text-book on levelling- in most of our engineering schools and coUeg-es." — Engineer. " The publishers have rendered a substantial service to the profession, especially to the younger members, by bringing out the present edition of Mr. Simms's useful yiQx\i."—Enginecrins. Seat, Expansion hy. EXPANSION OF STRUCTURES BY HEAT. By John Keily, C.E., late of the Indian Public Works and Victorian Railway Depart- ments. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth. Summary of Contents. Section L Formulas and Data, Section VL Mechanical Force of Section II. Metal Bars. Heat. Section III. Simple Frames. Section VII. Work of Expansion Section IV. Complex Frames ] and and Contraction. Plates. " Section VIII. Suspension Bridges. Section V. Thermal Conductivity. Section IX. Masonry Structures. " The aim the author has set before him, viz., to show the effects of heat upon metallic and other structures, is a laudable one, for this is a branch of physics upon w^hich the engineer or archi- tect can find but little reliable and comprehensive data in books." — Builder. " Whoever is concerned to know the effect of changes of temperature on such structures as suspension bridges and the like, could not do better than consult Mr. Kelly's valuable and handy exposition of the geometrical principles involved in these changes." — Scotsman. JPractical Mathematics. MATHEMATICS FOR PRACTICAL MEN: Being a Common- place Book of Pure and Mixed Mathematics. Designed chiefly for the use of Civil Engineers, Architects and Surveyors. By Olinthus Gregory, LL.D., F.R.A.S., Enlarged by Henry Law, C.E. 4th Edition, carefully Revised by J. R.Young, formerly Professor of Mathematics, Belfast Collegei With 13 Plates, 8vo, £1 is. cloth. " The engineer or architect will here find ready to his hand i-ules for solving nearly every mathe- matical difficulty that may arise in his practice The rules are in all cases explained by means of examples, in which every step of the process is clearly worked out."— Builder. " It is an instructive book for the student, and a text-book for him who, having once mastered the subjects it treats of, needs occasionally to refresh his memory upon t\\e.m."— Building News, Hydraulic Tables. HYDRAULIC TABLES, CO-EFFICIENTS, and FORMULAS for finding the Discharge of Water from Orifices, Notches, Weirs, Pipes, and Rivers. With New Formulae, Tables, and General Information on Rainfall, Catchment-Basins, Drainage, Sewerage, Water Supply for Towns and Mill Power. By John Neville, Civil Engineer, M.R.I.A. Third Edition, care- fully Revised, with Additions. Numerous Illustrations. Cr. 8vo, 14s. cloth. " Alike valuable to students and engineers in practice ; its study will prevent the annoyance of avoidable failures, and assist them to select the readiest means of successfully carrying out any given work connected with hydraulic engineering."— Jotirnal. " It is, of all English books on the subject, the one nearest to completeness. . . . From the good arrangement of the matter, the clear explanations, and abundance of formulae, the carefully calculated tables, and, above all, the thorough acquaintance with both theory and construction, which is displayed from first to last, the book will be found to be an z.z<^\s\w Herald. Mineral Surveying and Valuing. THE MINERAL SURVEYOR AND VALUER'S COMPLETE GUIDE, comprising a Treatise on Improved Mining Surveying and the Valua- tion of Mining Properties, with New Traverse Tables. By Wm. Lintern, Mining and Civil Engineer. Third Edition, with an Appendix on " Magnetic and Angular Surveying," With Four Plates. i2mo, 4s. cloth. *• An enormous fund of information of great value." — Mining' Jottrital. ** Mr. Lintern's book forms a valuable and thoroughly trustworthy gnidQ."—Iron and Coal Trades Review. " This new edition must be of the highest value to colliery surveyors, proprietors and mana- gers." — Colliery Guardian. Metalliferous Minerals and Mining. TREATISE ON METALLIFEROUS MINERALS AND MINING. By D. C. Davies, F.G.S., Mining Engineer, &c., Author of "A Treatise on Slate and Slate Quarrying." Illustrated with numerous Wood Engravings. Fourth Edition, carefully Revised. Crown 8vo, 12s. 6d. cloth. "Neither the practical miner nor the general reader interested in mines can have a better book for his companion and his guide." — Mhiing Jotirnal. "The volume is one which no student of mineralogy should be without." — Colliery Guardian^ " A book that will not only be useful to the geologist, the practical miner, and the metallurgist, but also very interesting to the general public." — Iron. "As a history of the present state of mining throughout the world this book has a real value, and it supplies an actual want, for no such information has hitherto been brought together within such limited %^2.CQ."—Athenaum. Earthy Minerals and Mining. TREATISE ON EARTHY AND OTHER MINERALS AND MINING. By D. C. Davies, F.G.S. Uniform with, and forming a Com- panion Volume to, the same Author's " Metalliferous Minerals and Mining." With 76 Wood Engravings. Second Edition. Crown Svo, 12s. 6d. cloth. "It is essentially a practical work, intended primarily for the use of practical men. ... We do not remember to have met with any English work on mining matters that contains the same amount of information packed in equally convenient form." — Academy. " The book is clearly the result of many years' careful work and thought, and we should be inclined to rank it as among the very best of the handy technical and trades manuals which have recently appeared." — British Quarterly Review. "The volume contains a great mass of practical information carefully methodised and pre- sented in a very intelligible shape." — Scotsman. "The subject matter of the volume will be found of high value by all — and they are a numer- ous class — who trade in earthy minerals." — Athencsum, 24 CROSBY LOCKWOOD SON'S CATALOGUE. Underground ^Pumping 3Iachinery. MINE DRAINAGE. Being a Complete and Practical Treatise on Direct-Acting Underground Steam Pumping Machinery, with a Descrip- tion of a large number of the best known Engines, their General Utility and the Special Sphere of their Action, the Mode of their Application, and their merits compared with other forms of Pumping Machinery. By Stephen MiCHELL. 8vo, 15s, cloth. "Will be highly esteemed by colliery owners and lessees, mining- engineers, and students generally who require to be acquainted with the best means of securing the drainage of mines. It 13 a most valuable work, and stands almost alone in the literature of steam pumping machinery." — Colliery Guardian. " Much valuable information is given, so that the book is thoroughly worthy of an extensive circulation amongst practical men and purchasers of machinery." — Mhiing 'Journal. Mining Tools, A MANUAL OF MINING TOOLS. For the Use of Mine Managers, Agents, Students, 8cc. By William Morgans, Lecturer on Prac- tical Mining at the Bristol School of Mines. i2mo, 2S. 6^:/. cloth limp. ATLAS OF ENGRAVINGS to Illustrate the above, contain- ing 235 Illustrations of Mining Tools, drawn to scale. 4to, 4s. 6d. cloth. " Students in the science of mining, and overmen, captains, managers, and viewers may gain practical knowledge and useful hints by the study of Mr. Morgans' manual." — Colliery Guardian. "A valuable work, which will tend materially to improve our mining literature." — Mining journal. Voal Mining, COAL AND COAL MINING: A Rndimejitary Treatise on. By Sir Warington W. Smyth, M.A,, F.R.S., &c., Chief Inspector of the Mines of the Crown. New Edition, Revised and Corrected. With numerous Illus- trations. i2mo, 4s. cloth boards. "As an outline is given of every knoAvn coal-field in this and other countries, as well as of the principal methods of working, the book will doubtless interest a very large number of readers."— Mining' Journal. Granite Quarrying, GRANITES AND OUR GRANITE INDUSTRIES. By George F. Harris, F.G.S., Membre de la Societe Beige de Geologic, Lec- turer on Economic Geology at the Birkbeck Institution, &c. With Illustra- tions. Crown 8vo, 2S. 6d. cloth. " A clearly and well-written manual for persons engaged or interested in the granite industry." — Scotsman. " An interesting work, which will be deservedly esteemed. We advise the author to write again." — Colliery Guardian. " An exceedingly interesting and valuable monograph, on a subject which has hitherto received unaccountably little attention in the shape of systematic literary treatment." — Sc ottish Leader. NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCE. Teoct BooU of Electricity, THE STUDENTS TEXT-BOOK OF ELECTRICITY. By Henry M. Noad, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S. New Edition, carefully Revised. With an Introduction and Additional Chapters, by W. H. Preece, M.I.C.E., Vice-President of the Society of Telegraph Engineers, &c. With 470 Illustra- tions. Crown 8vo, 12^. 6d. cloth. •'The original plan of this book has been carefully adhered to so as to make it a reflex of the existing state of electrical science, adapted for students, . . . Discovery seems to have pro- gressed with marvellous strides ; nevertheless it has now apparently ceased, and practical applica- tions have commenced their career ; and it is to give a faithful account of these that this fresh edition of Dr. Noad's valuable text-book is launched {oxth."—Extract/rom Introduction by W. H. Preece, Esq. . " Vv'e can recommend Dr. Noad's book for clear style, great range of subject, a good mdex and a plethora of woodcuts. Such collections as the present are indispensable." — Aihenaum. "An admirable teU book for every student — beginner or advanced — of electricity."— Engineering. Electricity, A MANUAL OF ELECTRICITY: Including Galvanism, Mag- netism, Dia-Magnetism, Electro-Dynaviics, Magno-Electricity, and the Electric Telegraph. By Henry M. Noad, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S. Fourth Edition. With 500 Woodcuts. 8vo, ^^i 4s. cloth. "It is worthy of a place in the library of every public institution."— Journal. NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCE. 25 Electric Light, ELECTRIC LIGHT : Its Production and Use. Embodying Plain Directions for the Treatment of Voltaic Batteries, Electric Lamps, and Dynamo-Electric Machines. By J. W. Urquhart, C.E., Author of " Electro- plating : A Practical Handbook." Edited by F. C. Webb, M.I.C.E., M.S.T.E. Second Edition, Revised, with large Additions and 128 Illusts. 7s. 6d. cloth. " The book is by far the best that we have yet met with on the subject." — Atheruzum. •'It is the only work at present available which gives, in language intelligible for the most part to the ordinary reader, a general but concise history of the means which have been adopted up to the present time in producing the electric light." — Metropolitan. "The book contains a general account of the means adopted in producing the electric light, not only as obtained from voltaic or galvanic batteries, but treats at length of the dynamo-electrrc machine in several of its forms." — Colliery Guardian, Electric Lighting. THE ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRIC LIGHT- ING. By Alan A. Campbell Swinton, Associate I.E.E. Second Edition, Enlarged and Revised. With 16 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, is. 6d. cloth. "Anyone who desires a short and thoroughly clear exposition of the elementary principles of electric-lighting cannot do better than read this little work." — Bradford Observer. JDr, Lardner's School Handbooks. NATURAL PHILOSOPHY FOR SCHOOLS. By Dr. Lardnef. 328 Illustrations. Sixth Edition. One Vol., 3s. 6d. cloth. " A very convenient class-book for junior students in private schools. It is intended to convey, in clear and precise terms, general notions of all the prmcipal divisions of Physical Science."— British Quarterly Review. ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY FOR SCHOOLS. By Dr. Lardner. With 190 Illustrations. Second Edition. One Vol., 35. 6d. cloth. "Clearly written, well arranged, and excellently illustrated." — Gardener's Chronicle, Dr. Lardner's Electric Telegraph. THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH, By Dr. Lardner. Re- vised and Re-written by E. B. Bright, F.R.A.S. 140 Illustrations. Small 8vo, 2S. 6d. cloth. " One of the most readable books extant on the Electric Telegraph."— Mechanic. .AL stron/Ont/^f. ASTRONOMY. By the late Rev. Robert Main, M.A., F.R.S,, formerly Radcliffe Observer at Oxford. Third Edition, Revised and Cor- rected to the present time, by William Thynne Lynn, B.A., F.R.A.S., formerly of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. i2mo, 2s. cloth limp. " A sound and simple treatise, very carefully edited, and a capital book for beginners." — Knoivledgt. \tional Times. " Accurately brought down to the requirements of the present time by Mr. Lynn." — Educa- The Blowpipe. THE BLOWPIPE IN CHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY, AND_ GEOLOGY. Containing all known Methods of Anhydrous Analysis, many Working Examples, and Instructions for Making Apparatus. By Lieut. - Colonel W. A. Ross, R.A., E.G. S. With 120 Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 55. cloth. I.j'ws^ published, "The student who goes conscientiously through the course of experimentation here laid down will gain a better insight into inorganic chemistry and mineralogy than if he had 'got up' any of the best text-books ot the day, and p'assed any number of examinations in their contents." — Chemi- cal News. The Military Sciences. AIDE-MEMOIRE TO THE MILITARY SCIENCES. Framed from Contributions of Ofl&cers and others connected with the different Ser- vices. Originally edited by a Committee of the Corps of Royal Engineers. Second Edition, {most carefully Revised by an Officer of^the Corps, with man^y Additions; containing nearly 350 Engravings and many hundred Woodcuts. Three Vols., royal 8vo, extra cloth boards, and lettered, £^ los. "A compendious encyclopaedia of military knowledge, to which we are greatly indebted."— Edinburgh Review. "The most comprehensive book of reference to the military and collateral sciences." — Volunteer Service Gazette. Field Fortification. A TREATISE ON FIELD FORTIFICATION, THE ATTACK OF FORTRESSES, MILITARY MINING, AND RECONNOITRING. By Colonel I. S. Macaulay, late Professor of Fortification in the R.M.A., Wool- wich. Sixth Edition, crown 8vo, cloth, with separate Atlas of 13 Plates, las. 26 CROSBY LOCKWOOD &- SON'S CATALOGUE. Temperaments. OUR TEMPERAMENTS, THEIR STUDY AND THEIR TEACHING. A Popular Outline. By Alexander Stewart, F.R.C.S. Edin. In one large 8vo volume, with 30 Illustrations, including A Selection from Lodge's Historical Portraits," showing the Chief Forms of Faces, Price 15s. cloth, gilt top. "The book is exceedingly interesting, even for those who are not systematic students of an- thropology. . . . To those who think the proper study of mankind is man, it will be full of attrac- tion."— Z?az/j/ Telegraph. "The author's object is to enable a student to read a man's temperament in his aspect. The work is well adapted to its end. It is worthy of the attention of students of human nature."— Scotsman. " The volume is heavy to hold, but light to read. Though the author has treated his subject exhaustively, he writes in a popular and pleasant manner that renders it attractive to the general reader."— PwwcA. Antiseptic Nursing. ANTISEPTICS: A Handbook for Nurses. Being an Epitome of Antiseptic Treatment. With Notes on Antiseptic Substances, Disinfection, Monthly Nursing, &c. By Mrs. Annie Hewer, late Hospital Sister, Diplomee Obs. Soc. Lond. Crown 8vo, is. 6^^. cloth. [Just published. "This excellent httle work ... is very readable and contains much information. We can strongly recommend it to those vv'ho are undergoing training at the various hospitals, and also to those who are engaged in the practice of nursing, as they cannot fail to obtain practical hints from its pQtMsaX."— Lancet. " The student or the busy practitioner would do well to look through its pages, offering as they do a suggestive and faithful picture of antiseptic methods."— //^jj/zVa/ Gazette. "A clear, concise, and excellent little handbook."— r/f^ Hospital. JPnetimatics and Acoustics. PNEUMATICS : including Acoustics and the Phenomena of Wind Currents, for the Use of Beginners. By Charles Tomlinson, F.R.S., F.C.S., &c. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. With numerous Illustrations. i2mo, 15. 6d. cloth. " Beginners in the study of this important application of science could not have a better manual. " ^Scotsman. "A valuable and suitable text-book for students of Acoustics and the Phenomena of Wind ,Currents."—Sc/too/master. Conchology. A MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSC A : Being a Treatise on Recent and Fossil Shells. By S. P. Woodward, A.L.S., F.G.S., late Assistant Palaeontologist in the British Museum. Fifth Edition. With an Appendix on Recent and Fossil Conchological Discoveries, by Ralph Tate, A.L.S., F.G.S. Illustrated by A. N. Waterhouse and Joseph Wilson Lowry. With 23 Plates and upwards of 300 Woodcuts. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. cloth boards. *' A most valuable storehouse of conchological and geological information."— 5«V«c^ Gossip. Geology. RUDIMENTARY TREATISE ON GEOLOGY, PHYSICAL AND HISTORICAL. Consisting of "Physical Geology," which sets forth the leading Principles of the Science ; and ** Historical Geology," which treats of the Mineral and Organic Conditions of the Earth at each successive epoch, especial reference being made to the British Series of Rocks. By Ralph Tate, A.L.S., F.G.S. , &c., &c. With 250 Illustrations. i2mo, 5s. cloth boards. " The fulness of the matter has elevated the book into a manual. Its information Is exhaustive and well arranged."— 5f/fi7\ill save much time in making elaborate calculations. —E?i£^lish Mechanic. INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS. INDUSTRI AL AND USEF UL ARTS. Soap-making. THE ART OF SOAP-MAKING : A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Hard and Soft Soaps, Toilet Soaps, etc. ^ Including many New Processes, and a Chapter on the Recovery of Glycerine from Waste Leys. By Alexander Watt, Author of •* Electro-Metallurgy Practically Treated," &c. With numerous Illustrations. Third Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo^ 7s. 6d, cloth. "The work wiH prove very useful, not merely to the technological student, but to the practical soap-boiler who wishes to understand the theory of his art." — Chemical News. "Really an excellent example of a technical manual, entering-, as it does, thoroughly and exhaustively both into the theory and practice of soap manufacture. The book is well and honestly done, and deserves the considerable circulation with which it will doubtless meet." — Knowledge. "Mr. "Watt's book is a thoroughly practical treatise on an art which has almost no literature in our languag-e. We congratulate the author on the success of his endeavour to fill a void in Englisib technical literature." — Nature* JPap^T* JH^aTct/ftg* THE ART OF PAPER MANUFACTURE : A Practical Hand- book of the Manufacture of Paper from Rags, Esparto, Wood and other Fibres. By Alexander Watt, Author of "The Art of Soap-Making," -'The Art of Leather Manufacture," &c. With numerous Illustrations. Cr, 8vo. [In the press. Leather Manufacture* THE ART OF LEATHER MANUFACTURE. Being a Practical Handbook, in which the Operations ot Tanning, Currying, and Leather Dressing are fully Described, and the Principles of Tanning Ex- plained, and many Recent Processes introduced; as also Methods for the Estimation of Tannin, and a Description of the Arts of Glue Boiling, Gui Dressing, &c. By Alexander Watt, Author of " Soap-Making," " Electro- Metallurgy," &c. With numerous Illustrations. Second Edition, Crown 8vo, gs. cloth, "A sound, comprehensive treatise on tanning and its accessories. _ . . An eminently valuable production, which redounds to the credit of both author and' publishers." — Chemical Heview. "This volume is technical without being tedious, comprehensive and complete without being prosy, and it bears on every page the impress of a master hand. We have never come across a better trade treatise, nor one that so thoroughly supplied an absolute want."— and Leather Trades' Chronicle. Boot and Shoe Making, THE ART OF BOOT AND SHOE-MAKING. A Practical Handbook, including Measurement, Last-Fitting, Cutting-Out, Closing and Making, with a Description of the most approved Machinery employed. By John B. Leno, late Editor of St. Crispin, and The Boot and Shoe-Maker, With numerous Illustrations. Third Edition. i2mo, 2s. cloth limp. " This excellent treatise is by far the best work ever written on the subject. A new work, embracing all modern improvements, was much wanted. This want is now satisfied. The chapter on clicking, which shows how waste may be prevented, will save fifty times the price of the book." — Scottish Leather Trader. " This volume is replete with matter Avell worthy the perusal of boot and shoe manufacturers and expeiienced craftsmen, and instructive and valuable in the highest degree to all young beginners and craftsmen in the trade of which it treats." — Leather Trades' Circular. Dentistry. MECHANICAL DENTISTRY : A Practical Treatise on the Construction of the various kinds of Artificial Dentures. Comprising also Use- ful Formulas, Tables and Receipts for Gold Plate, Clasps, Solders, &c. &c. By Charles Hunter. Third Edition, Revised. With upwards of loo Wood Engravings. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth. " The work is very 'pra.ctical." — Monthly Review of Dental Stcrgery. " We can strongly recommend Mr. Hunter's treatise to all students preparing for the profession of dentistry, as well as to every mechanical dentist." — Dublin jfqurnal of Medical Science. " A work in a concise form that few could read without gaining information from." — British journal of Dental Science. Wood Engraving. A PRACTICAL MANUAL OF WOOD ENGRAVING. With a Brief Account of the History of the Art. By William Norman Brown. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 2s. cloth. " The author deals with the subject in a thoroughly practical and easy series of representative lessons." — Paper and Printing Trades yoiirnaK " The book is clear and complete, and will be useful to anyone wanting to understand the first elements of the beautiful art of wood engraving."— Gr«^/{jtr. 32 CROSBY LOCKWOOD cS- SON'S CATALOGUE, HANDYBOOKS FOR HANDICRAFTS. By PAUL N. HASLUOK. These Handybooks are written to supply Handicraftsmen with informa- Hon on workshop practice, and are intended to convey, in plain languaj^e, technical knowledge of the several crafts. Workshop terms are used, and workshop practice described, the text being freely illustrated with drawings of modern tools, appliances and processes. N.B. The following Volumes are already published, and others are in preparation. Metal Turning, THE METAL TURNER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual for Workers at the Foot-Lathe : Embracing Information on the Tools, Appliances and Processes employed in Metal Turning. By Paul N. Has- LUCK, Author of "Lathe-Work." With upwards of One Hundred Illustra- tions. Second Edition, Revised. Crov/n 8vo, 2S. cloth. " Altogether admirably adapted to initiate students into the art of turning-." — Leicester Post. " Clearly and concisely written, excellent in every way, we heartily commend it to all interested In metal turning." — Mechafiical World. Wood Tuiming. THE WOOD TURNER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual for Workers at the Lathe: Embracing Information on the Tools, Appliances and Processes Employed in Wood Turning. By Paul N. Hasluck. With upwards of One Hundred Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 2S, cloth. "We recommend the book to young turners and amateurs. A multitude of workmen have hitherto sought in vain for a manual of this special industry." — Mechaftical World. Watch Mep airing, THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual on Cleaning, Repairing and Adjusting. Embracing Information on the Tools, Materials, Appliances and Processes Employed in Watchwork. By Paul N. Hasluck. With upwards of One Hundred Illustrations. Cr. 8vo, 2S. cloth. "AH young persons connected with the trade should acquire and study this excellent, and at t5ie same time, inexpensive work." — Clerkemuell Cnronicle, Tattern MaMng. THE PATTERN MAKER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual, embracing Information on the Tools, Materials and Appliances em- ployed in Constructing Patterns for Founders. By Paul N. Hasluck. V/ith One Hundred Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 2s. cloth. " We commend it to all who are interested in the counsels it so ably gives." — Colliery Guardian. "This handy volume contains sound information of considerable value to students and artificers." — Hardware T^rad^s jfournal. Mechanical Manipulation. THE ME CHA NICS WORKSHOP HA ND YBOOK. A Practical Manual on Mechanical Manipulation. Embracing Information on various Handicraft Processes, 'with Useful Notes and Miscellaneous Memoranda. By Paul N. Hasluck. Crown 8vo, zs. cloth. " It is a book which should be found in every workshop, as it is one which will be continually referred to for a very great amount of standard information." — Saturday Review. Model JEngineering. THE MODEL ENGINEER'S HANDYBOOK : A Practical Manual on Model Steam Engines. Embracing Information on the Tools. Materials and Processes Employed in their Construction. By Paul N.' Hasluck. With upwards of loo Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 2s. cloth. " Mr. Hasluck's latest volume is of greater importance than would at first appear ; and indeed he has produced a very good Httle book." — Builder. " By carefully going through the work, amateurs may pick up an excellent notion of the con- struction of full-sized steam tixi^m^'i." —Telegraphic Journal. Clock Bepairing. THE CLOCK JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK : A Practical Manual on Cleaning, Repairing and Adjusting. Embracing Information on the Tools Materials, Appliances and Processes Employed in Clockwork. By Paul N.' Hasluck, With upwards of ioo Illustrations. Cr. 8vo.2s. cloth, ijusi ready. INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS. 33 Electrolysis of Gold, Silver, Copper, etc. ELECTRO-DEPOSITION : A Practical Treatise on the Electrolysis of Gold, Silver, Copper, Nickel, and other Metals and Alloys. With descrip- tions of Voltaic Batteries, Magneto and Dynamo-Electric Machines, Ther- mopiles, and of the Materials and Processes used in every Department of the Art, and several Chapters on Electro-Metallurgy. By Alexander Watt, Author of " Electro-Metallurgy," &c. With numerous Illustrations. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo, gs. cloth. " Eminently a book for the practical worker in electro-deposition. It contains minute and practical descriptions of methods, processes and materials as actually pursued and used in the w orkshop. Mr. Watt's book recommends itself to all interested in its subjects. "—En^^ineer, Electro- Metallurgy. ^ ELECTRO -MET A LL URG Y ; Practically Treated. By Alexander ' Watt, Author of " Electro-Deposition," &c. Ninth Edition, including the most recent Processes. lamo, 4s. cloth boards. "From this book both amateur and artisan may learn everything necessary for the successful prosecution of electroplating."— /rt7«. Electro2ylating. ELECTROPLATING : A Practical Handbook on the Deposi- tion of Copper, Silver, Nickel, Gold, Aluminium, Brass, Platinum, &c. &c. With Descriptions of the Chemicals, Materials, Batteries and Dynamo Machines used in the Art. By J. W. Urquharj, C.E., Author of "Electric Light," &c. Second Edition, Revised, with Additions. Numerous Illustra- tions. Crown 8vo, 5s. cloth. " An excellent practical manual." — Engineeruig, " This book will show any person how to become an expert in electro-deposition,"— 5?^z7(:^^n " An excellent work, giving the newest information." — Horological Journal. Electrotyping. ELECTROTYPING : The Reproduction and Multiplication of Print- ing Surfaces and Works of Art by the Electro-deposition of Metals. By J. W. Urquhart, C.E. Crown 8vo, 5s. cloth. • The book is thoroughly practical. The reader is, therefore, conducted through the leading laws of electricity, then through the metals used by electrotypers, the apparatus, and the depositing processes, up to the final preparation of the work."— Journal. Goldsmiths' Work. THE GOLDSMITH'S HANDBOOK. By George E. Gee, Jeweller, &c. Third Edition, considerably Enlarged, i2mo, 3s. 6d, cloth. "A good, sound, technical educator, and will be generally accepted as an authority."— logical Jourttal. "A standard book which few v/ill care to be -wiiYiowt." —Jeweller ant". Metalworker. Silversmiths' Work. THE SILVERSMITH'S HANDBOOK. By George E. Gee, Jeweller, &c. Second Edition, Revised, with Illustrations. i2mo, 3s. 6d. cloth. " The chief merit of the work is its practical character. . . . The workers in the trade will speedily discover its merits when they sit down to study it." — English Mechajtic. The above two works together, strongly half-bound, price ys. Bread and Biscuit Baking. THE BREAD AND BISCUIT BAKER'S AND SUGAR- BOILER'S ASSISTANT. Including a large variety of Modern Recipes. With Remarks on the Art of Bread-making. By Robert Wells, Practical Baker. Crown 8vo, 2^. cloth. [Just published. ", A large number of wrinkles for the ordinary cook, as well as the hdLk.er."—Satu7'day Review. "A book of instruction for learners and for daily reference in the bakehouse."— ^a>^^rj-' Tifncs Confectionery. THE PASTRYCOOK AND CONFECTIONER'S GUIDE. For Hotels, Restaurants and the Trade in general, adapted also for Family Use. By Robert Wells, Author of " The Bread and Biscuit Baker's and Sugar Boiler's Assistant." Crown 8vo, 2s. cloth. [Just published. We cannot speak too highly of this really excellent work. In these days of keen competition our readers cannot do better than purchase this book." — Bayers' Times. " Will be found as serviceable by private families as by restaurant chefs and victuallers in general." — Miller. f J a/itj Yii dr y or~k. A HANDBOOK OF LAUNDRY MANAGEMENT. For Use in Steam and Hand-Power Laundries and Private Houses. By the Editor of The Laundry Journal. Crown 8vo, 2*. 6d. cloth. [Just published. D 34 CROSBY LOCK WOOD SON'S CATALOGUE, Horology. A TREATISE ON MODERN HOROLOGY, in Theory and Prac- tice. Translated from the French of Claudius Saunier, ex-Director of the School oi Horology at Macon, by Julien Tripplin, F.R.A.S., Besancon, Watch Manufacturer, and Edward Rigg, M.A., Assayer in the Royal Mint. With Seventy-eight Woodcuts and Twenty-two Coloured Copper Plates. Second Edition. Super-royal 8vo, £2 2S. cloth ; £2 los. half-calf. " There is no horological work in the English language at all to be compared to this produc- tion of M. Saunier's for clearness and completeness. It is alike good as a guide for tiie student and as a reference for the experienced horologist and skilled workman."— Horolog-zcal Journal, " The latest, the most complete, and the most reliable of those literary productions to which continental watchmakers are indebted for the mechanical superiority over their English brethren —in fact, the Book of Books, is M. Saunier's ' Treatise.'"-- IVatchma^er, Jeweller a7id Silversmiih. WatchmaMng, THE WATCHMAKER'S HANDBOOK. Translated from the French of Claudius Saunier, and considerably Enlarged by Julien Tripp- lin, F.R.A.S., Vice-President of the Horological Institute, and Edward Rigg, M.A., Assayer in the Royal Mint. With Numerous Woodcuts and Fourteen Copper Plates. Second Edition, Revised. With Appendix. Cr. 8vo, gs. cloth. Each part is truly a treatise in itself. The arrangement is good and the language is clear and concise. It is an admirable guide for the young watchmaker." — Ettgineerin^. " It is impossible to speak too highly of its excellence. It fulfils every requirement in a hand- book intended for the use of a workman. Should be found in every workshop."— ?Fa^c/t and Clockmaker. CHEMICAL MA NUFACTURES & COMMERCE. Alkali Trade, Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid, etc. A MANUAL OF THE ALKALI TRADE, including the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid, Sulphate of Soda, and Bleaching Powder. By John Lomas, Alkali Manufacturer, Newcastle-upon-Tyne and London. With 232 Illustrations and Working Drawings, and containing 390 pages of Text. Second Edition, with Additions. Super-royal 8vo, £1 los. cloth. "This book is written by a manufacturer for manufacturers. The working details of the most approved forms of apparatus are given, and these are accompanied by no less than 2^2 wood en- gravings, all of which may be used for the purposes of construction. Every step in the manufac- ture is very fully described in this manual, and each improvement explained."— A tkencej^m. " We find here not merely a sound and luminous explanation of the chemical principles of the trade, but a notice of numerous matters which have a most important bearing on the successful conduct of alkali works, but which are generally overlooked by even experienced technological authors." — Chemical Review . brewing. A HANDBOOK FOR YOUNG BREWERS. By Herbert Edwards Wright, B.A. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth. ' This little volume, containing such a large amount of good sense in so small a compass, ought to recommend itself to every brewery pupil, and many who have passed that stage." — Brewers' Gtcardian. "The book is very clearly written, and the author has successfully brought his scientific know ledge to bear upon the various processes and details of brewing."— ^r^w^r. Commercial Chemical Analysis, THE COMMERCIAL HANDBOOK OF CHEMICAL ANA- LYSIS; or, Practical Instructions tor the determination ot the Intrinsic or Commercial Value of Substances used in Manufactures, in Trades, and in the Arts. By A. Normandy, Editor of Rose's "Treatise on Chemical Analysis." New Edition, to a great extent Re-written by Henry M. Noad, Ph.D., F.R.S. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 12s. 6d. cloth, "VVe strongly recommend this book to our readers as a guide, alike indispensable to the house- wife as to the pharmaceutical practitioner." — Medical Times. ' ' Essentia) to the analysts appointed under the new Act. The most recent results are given, and the work is well edited and carefully -wrinen."— Nature. Explosives, A HANDBOOK OF MODERN EXPLOSIVES. Being a Practical Treatise on the Manufacture and Application of Dynamite, Gun- Cotton, Nitro-Glycerine, and other Explosive Compounds. By M. Eissler, Mining Engineer , Author of "The Metallurgy of Gold," " The Metallurgy of Silver," <.\:c. With about 100 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. [In the press. AGRICULTURE, FARMING, GARDENING, etc. 35 Dye^Wares and Colours. THE MANUAL OF COLOURS AND DYE-WARES : Their Properties, Applications, Valuation, Impurities, and Sophistications. For the use of Dyers, Printers, Drysalters, Brokers, &c. By J. W. Slater. Second Edition, Revised and greatly Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. cloth. "A complete encyclopaedia of the materia tinctoria. The information given respecting each article is full and precise, and the methods of determining the value of articles such as the^e, so liable to sophistication, are given with clearness, and are practical as well as valuable."— C/f«?«/V t and Dr uteris t. " There is no other work which covers precisely the same ground. To students preparing for examinations in dyeing and printing it will prove exceedingly useful."— Chemical News. JPigrnents. THE ARTIST'S MANUAL OF PIGMENTS, Showing their Composition, Conditions of Permanency, Non-Permanency, and Adul- terations; Effects in Combination with Each Other and with Vehicles ; and the most Reliable Tests of Purity. Together with the Science and Arts Department's Examination Questions on Painting. By H. C. Standage. Second Edition, Revised. Small crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. cloth. " This work is indeed miiltum-in-parvo, and we can, with good conscience, recommend it to all who come in contact with pigments, whether as makers, dealers or users." — Chemical Review. "This manual cannot fail to be a very valuable aid to all painters who wish their work to endure and be of a sound character ; it is complete and comprehensive." — Spectator. " The author supplies a great deal of very valuable information and memoranda cis to the chemical qualities and artistic effect of the principal pigments used by painters." — Builder. Gmiging, Tables and Rules for Revenue Officers, A POCKET BOOK OF MENSURATION AND GAUGING: Containing Tables, Rules and Memoranda for Revenue Officers, Brewers, Spirit Merchants, &c. By J. B. Manx (Inland Revenue). Oblong i8mo, 4s. leather, with elastic band. " This handy and useful book is adapted to the requirements of the Inland Revenue Depart- ment, and will be a favourite book of reference. The range of subjects is comprehensive, and the arrangement simple and clear." — Civilian. " A most useful book. It should be in the hands of every practical brewer."— ^r^w^i-' !/ournal. AGRICULTURE, FARMING, GARDENING, etc. Agricultural Facts and Figures, NOTE-BOOK OF AGRICULTURAL FACTS AND FIGURES FOR FARMERS AND FARM STUDENTS. By Primrose McCgnnell, Fellow of the Highland and Agricultural Society ; late Professor of Agricul- ture, Glasgow Veterinary College. Third Edition. Royal 32mo, full roan, gilt edses, with elastic b-and, 4s. " The most comnlete and comprehensive Note-book for Farmers and Farm Students that we have seen. It literally teems with information, and we can cordially recommend it to all connected with a^r cuilture." —JVorlh British Ag^riculturist. Youatt and JBurn^s Complete Grazier, THE COMPLETE GRAZIER, and FARMER'S and CATTLE^ BREEDER'S ASSISTANT. A Compendium of Husbandry; especially in the departments connected with the Breeding, Rearing, Feeding, and General Management of Stock ; the Management oi the Dairy, &c. With Directions for the Culture and Management of Grass Land, of Grain and Root Crops, the Arrangement of Farm Offices, the use of Implements and Machines, and on Draining, Irrigation, Warping, &c. ; and the Application and Relative Value of Manures. By William Youatt, Esq., V.S. Twelfth Edition, En- larged by Robert Scott Burn, Author of " Outlines of Modern Farming,'^ " Systematic Small Farming," &c. One large Svo volume, 860 pp., with 244 Illustrations, £1 is. half-bound. «' The standard and text-book with the farmer and grazier." — Farmer's Magazine. "A treatise which will remain a standard work on the subject as long as British agriculture endures." — Mark La7te Express (First Notice). " The book deals with all departments of agriculture, and contains an immense amount of valuable information. It is, in fact, an encyclopaedia of agriculture put into readable form, and it is the only work equally comprehensive brought down to present date. It is excellently printed on thick paper, and strongly bound, and deserves a place in the library of every agriculturist."— Afar,4 Lane Express (Second Notice). "This esteemed work is well worthy of a place in the libraries of agriculturists."— 7V<»'/A British Agriculturist, 36 CROSBY LOCK WOOD SON'S CATALOGUE. Flour Manufacture f Milling^ etc, FLOUR MANUFACTURE : A Treatise on Milling Science and Practice. By Friedrich Kick, Imperial Regierungsrath, Professor of Mechanical Technology in the Imperial German Polytechnic Institute, Prague. Translated from the Second Enlarged and Revised Edition with Supplement. By H. H. P. Powles, A.M.I.C.E. Nearly 400 pp. lUustrateo with 28 Folding Plates, and 167 Woodcuts. Royal 8vo, 25s. cloth. " This valuable work is, and will remain, the standard authority on the science of milling. . . The miller v/ho has read and digested this work will have laid the foundation, so to speak, of a suc- cessful career ; he will have acquired a number of general principles which he can proceed to apply. In this handsome volume we at last have the accepted text-book of modern milling in good, sound English, which has little, if any, trace of the German idiom." — The Miller. " The appearance of this celebrated work in English is very opportune, and British millers Tdll, we are sure, not be slow in availing themselves of its pages."— Millers' Gazette. Small Farming, SYSTEMATIC SMALL FARMING; or, The Lessons of my Farm. Being an Introduction to Modern Farm Practice for Small Farmers. By Robert Scott Burn, Author of " Outlines of Modern Farming." With numerous Illustrations, crown Svo, 6s. cloth. "This is the completest book of its class we have seen, and one which every amateur farmer will read with pleasure and accept as a guide." — Field. "The volume contains a vast amount of useful information. No branch of farming is left untouched, from the labour to be done to the results achieved. It may be safely recommended to all who think they will be in paradise when they buy or rent a three-acre farm." — Glasgow Herald. Modem Farming* OUTLINES OF MODERN FARMING, By R. Scott Burn. Soils, Manures, and Crops — Farming and Farming Economy — Cattle, Sheep, and Horses — Management of Dairy, Pigs and Poultry — Utilisation of Town-Sewage, Irrigation, &c. Sixth Edition. In One Vol., 1,250 pp., half- bound, profusely Illustrated, 12s. _ The airn of the author has been to make his work at once comprehensive and trustworthy, and in this aim he has succeeded to a degree which entitles him to much credit." — Morning Advertiser. " No farmer should be without this \)Oo\i."~-Banb7iry Guardiaft. Agricultural Engineering. FARM ENGINEERING, THE COMPLETE TEXT-BOOK OF. Comprising Draining and Embanking; Irrigation and Water Supply ; Farm Roads, Fences, and Gates ; Farm Buildings, their Arrangement and Con- struction, with Plans and Estimates; Barn Implements and Machines; Field Implements and Machines; Agricultural Surveying, Levelling, &c. By Prof. John Scott, Professor of Agriculture at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, &:ci In One Vol., 1,150 pages, half-bound, 600 Illustrations, 12s. " Written with great care, as well ab with knowledge and ability. The author has done his work well ; we have found him a very trustworthy guide wherever we have tested his statements. The volume will be of great value to agricultural students," — Mark Lane Express. "For a young agriculturist we know of no handy volume so likely to be more usefully studied. —Bell's Weekly Messenger. English Agriculture, THE FIELDS OF GREAT BRITAIN : A Text-Book of Agriculture, adapted to the Syllabus of the Science and Art Department. For Elementary and Advanced Students. By Hugh Clements (Board of Trade). Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. i8mo, 2S. 6d. cloth. "A most comprehensive volume, giving a mass of information."— Agricultural Economist. "It is a long time since we have seen a book which has pleased us more, or which contains such a vast and useful fund of knowledge."— Educational Times, New Pocket Book for Farmers^ TABLES, MEMORANDA, AND CALCULATED RESULTS for Farmers, Graziers, Agricultural Students, Surveyors, Land Agents Auc- tioneers, etc. With a New System of Farm Book-keeping. Selected and Arranged by Sidney Francis. Second Edition, Revised. 272 pp., waist- coat-pocket size, IS. 6i., limp leather. [Just published. " Weighing less than i oz., and occupying no more space than a matclj box, it contains a mass of facts and calculations which has never before, in such handy form, been obtainable. , Every operation on the farm is dealt with. The work may be taken as thoroughly accurate, having been revised by Dr. Fream. We cordially recommend it." — Bell's Weekly Messenger. " A marvellous little book. . . . The agriculturist who possesses himself of it will not be disappointed with his investment."— T^A^ Fa7'm. AGRICULTURE, FARMING, GARDENING, etc, 37 Farm and Estate BooJc-keeping. BOOK-KEEPING FOR FARMERS & ESTATE OWNERS. A Practical Treatise, presenting, in Three Plans, a System adapted to all Classes of Farms. By Johnson M. Woodman, Chartered Accountant. Second Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, 3s, 6d. cloth boards ; or 2S. 6d. cloth limp. " The volume is a capital study of a most important subject." — AgricnlUiral Gazette. "Will be found of great assistance by those who intend to commence a system of book-keep- ing-, the author's examples being clear and explicit, and his explanations, while full and accurate, being to a large extent free from technicalities." — Liue Stock Journal, Farm Account Book, WOODMAN'S YEARLY FARM ACCOUNT BOOK. Giving a Weekly Labour Account and Diary, and showing the Income and Expen- diture under each Department of Crops, Live Stock, Dairy, &c. &c. With Valuation, Profit and Loss Account, and Balance Sheet at the end of the Year, and an Appendix of Forms. Ruled and Headed for Entering a Com- plete Record of the Farming Operations. By Johnson M. Woodman, Chartered Accountant, Author of "Book-keeping for Farmers." Folio, 75. 6d. half bound. {.culture. "Contains every requisite form for keeping farm accounts readily and accurately." — Ag-ri- Early Fruits^ Flowers and Vegetables. THE FORCING GARDEN ; or, How to Grow Early Fruits, Flowers, and Vegetables. With Plans and Estimates for Building Glass- houses, Pits and Frames. Containing also Original Plans for Double Glazing, a New Method of Growing the Gooseberry under Glass, &c. &c., and on Venti- lation, &c. With Illustrations. By Samuel Wood. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth. " A good book, and fairly fills a place that was in some degree vacant. The book is written with great care, and contains a great deal of valuable teaching." — Gardeners' Magazine. "Mr. Wood's book is an original and exhaustive answer to the question 'How to Grow Early Fruits, Flowers and Vegetables ? ' " — Land and Water. Good Gardening. A PLAIN GUIDE TO GOOD GARDENING \ or, How to Grow Vegetables, Fruits, and Flowers. With Practical Notes on Soils, Manures, Seeds, Planting, Laying-out of Gardens and Grounds, &c. By S. Wood. Third Edition, with considerable Additions, &c., and numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 5s. cloth. "A very good book, and one to be highly recommended as a practical guide. The practical directions are excellent." — Atkenceum. " May be recommended to young gardeners, cottagers and amateurs, for the plain and trust- worthy information it gives on common matters too often neglected." — Gardeners' Chronicle. Gainful Gardening. MULTUM-IN-PARVO GARDENING; or, How to make One Acre of Land produce £620 a-year by the Cultivation of Fruits and Vegetables ; also. How to Grow Flowers in Three Glass Houses, so as to realise £176 per annum clear Profit. By Samuel Wood, Author of ** Good Gardening," &c. Fourth and cheaper Edition, Revised, with Additions. Crown 8vo, is. sewed. "We are bound to recommend it as not only suited to the case of the amateur and gentleman's gardener, but to the market grower."— Gardeners' Magazine, Gardening for Ladies. THE LADIES' MULTUM-IN-PARVO FLOWER GARDEN, and Amateurs^ Complete Guide. By S. Wood. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth. " This volume contains a good deal of sound, common sense mstmclxon."— Florist. " Full of shrewd hints and useful instructions, based on a lifetime of experience." — Scotsman. Receipts for Gardeners. GARDEN RECEIPTS. Edited by Charles W. Quin. i2mo, IS. 6d. cloth limp. "A useful and handy book, containing a good deal of valuable 'irdorraaX\on."—Athen (4 Docks, Dredg- MODE. Marine ing Mi WiNTOI IRON A in the ( Armoui POWE^ Wheel ByJ.^ THE OTEE THE TP I) RATI Drawir THEl of Assj H. Bax Numer COAL . Smyth, Crown and enl THE P 'ive Flour Mills, aiiu to givo muLiuu Lu X ui umes anu oiner Hydrostatic Engines. By J. Glynn, F.K.S., &c. 28. ; cloth boards, 2s. 6d. THE SMITHY AND FORGE, including the Farrier's Art and Coach Smithing. By W. J. E. Crane. Second Edition, reyised. Illustrated. 2s. 6d. ; cloth boards, 38. THE SHEET-METAL WORKER'S GUIDE: for Tinsmiths, Coppersmiths, Zincworkers, &c. By W. J. E. Cranb. With 94 Diagrams and Working Patterns. Is. 6d. IRON BRIDGES OF MODERATE SPAN: Their Ccwtruction and Erection. By Hamilton W. PaNDRicu late ^ GETTY _CE_NTER LIBRARY ' " 'd COrpOratiOH. 28. By J. G. iconcerned *ers. By J. a boards, 3s. - Toothed- liar Forces. >ards, 2g. 6d. 'E CON- )FS, AND cl. bds., 3s. EERING Ingineering cl. bds., 4s. I Methods el, &c. By d enlarged. ^GTON W. ^ines of the ion, revised LONEBS' HALL OOTOT, £.a 3125 00070 7303 i 'J • 1 i